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### Acquisition of First USA
In 1997, Banc One decided to expand its national credit card business by acquiring the Dallas\-based First USA for $7\.9 billion in stock.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/banc\-one\-completes\-acquisition\-of\-first\-usa\-76113907\.html \|title\=Banc One Completes Acquisition of First USA \|work\=\[\[PR Newswire]] \|date\=June 27, 1997 \|author\=}}{{cite news \|url\=https://money.cnn.com/1997/01/20/deals/bancone/ \|title\=Banc One buys First USA \|website\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=January 20, 1997 \|author\=}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/business/banc\-one\-is\-said\-to\-plan\-bid\-of\-7\-billion\-for\-first\-usa.html \|title\=Banc One Is Said to Plan Bid Of $7 Billion for First USA \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=January 20, 1997 \|first\=Saul \|last\=Hansell}} Prior to this acquisition, most Bank One credit card accounts were issued and serviced by the various local Bank One banks. For example, most Bank One Indianapolis customers had credit cards that were issued and serviced by Bank One Indianapolis via the former American Fletcher credit card center prior to the acquisition.
Unfortunately for Banc One and especially for John B. McCoy, First USA would later cause problems for its new parent by generating unexpected losses that were caused by mismanagement and by questionable decisions that were made in the attempt to increase profitability.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/12/22/mccoy\-quits\-as\-chairman\-ends\-dynasty\-at\-bank\-one\-third\-generation\-leader\-saw\-banks\-value\-tumble\-after\-credit\-card\-venture\-banking/ \|title\=McCoy quits as chairman, ends dynasty at Bank One: Third\-generation leader saw bank's value tumble after credit\-card venture \|newspaper\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date\=December 22, 1999 \|author\=}}
#### History of First USA before Banc One
First USA original was originally formed in Dallas as a subsidiary of MCorp that was called **MNet**. It was formed in 1985 to handle the back end work for providing credit cards, electronic banking, and other consumer services through member banks of the Texas bank holding company.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-3813826\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301043930/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-3813826\.html \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2017 \|title\=MCorp Establishes MNet Subsidiary to Sell Consumer Financial Services \|work\=\[\[American Banker]] \|date\=June 13, 1985 \|author\= \|via\=\[\[Highbeam Research]] \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=MNet will include at least 12 other units, with operations ranging from credit cards and electronic banking to mortgages and insurance}} To issue credit cards, MCorp (via MNet) established a credit card issuing bank in Wilmington, Delaware, called **MBank USA**.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/157470880/ \|title\=Banking on Delaware's work force \|newspaper\=\[\[The News Journal\|The Morning News]] \|date\=October 27, 1985 \|page\=25 \|author\= \|quote\=...But that changed when MCorp, a Dallas\-based bank holding company, began setting up MBank USA. While other banks started slowly, MBank hit the ground running.}} Although, the MNet division was generating a profit, the rest of MCorp began suffering huge loses when customers began to default on their mortgage payments that were the result of the economic downturn that had begun in Texas. In attempt to save itself, MCorp sold MNet to Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corporation the following year for $300 million in cash and securities.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/18/business/company\-news\-lomas\-nettleton\-in\-deal\-for\-mnet.html \|title\=Lomas \& Nettleton In Deal for MNet \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=November 18, 1986 \|author\=}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3CECB8DC4F4AC\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=MCorp sells banking unit \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=November 18, 1986 \|page\=1D \|first\=Robert \|last\=Dodge \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=For the first nine months of 1986, MCorp reported a net loss of $91 million after adding $321 million to its reserve to cover possible loan losses. Earlier this month, the company suspended payment of its common stock dividend.}}
After the acquisition by Lomas, MNet was renamed **Lomas Bankers Corp.** and MBank USA was renamed **Lomas Bank USA**.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398113741 \|title\=Lomas \& Nettleton Financial \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=September 17, 1987 \|page\=1 \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp. said it will rename its MNet unit Lomas Bankers Corp., effective Nov. 1\. Lomas \& Nettleton acquired MNet, formerly the retail banking and credit card operation of MCorp, a Dallas bank holding company, last Dec. 30\.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398113741/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest").{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3CF5C6E5DDC4F\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=Lomas \& Nettleton dropping "M' from unit's name \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=September 17, 1987 \|page\=2D \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp., the Dallas\-based financial services and mortgage banking company, has announced it is dropping the "M' designated names associated with its retail banking company and its subsidiaries. The banking unit, now called MNet, took its M name from its former parent MCorp., the Dallas bank\-holding company whose advertising slogan and corporate identity is based on the word Momentum. The retail banking unit, which was acquired by Lomas in 1986, will be called Lomas Bankers Corp. effective Nov. 1\.}} Under Lomas, the credit card company aggressively acquired new customers by purchasing credit card accounts from other credit card issuers. In 1987, Lomas Bank USA acquired 230,000 accounts from two banks in Louisiana,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398031547 \|title\=Louisiana Bancshares Units Sell Accounts To Lomas's MNet \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=April 16, 1987 \|page\=1 \|edition\=Eastern \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=A Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp. subsidiary agreed to buy 230,000 Visa and MasterCard accounts from two Louisiana Bancshares Inc. units for $182\.1 million. The subsidiary, MNet, signed a letter of intent to buy the credit card accounts from Louisiana National Bank and Guaranty Bank \& Trust. MNet's credit card operation currently has 800,000 accounts.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398031547/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest"). 23,000 accounts from a bank in Amarillo,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398103073 \|title\=Lomas \& Nettleton Unit To Acquire Card Portfolio \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=April 30, 1987 \|page\=1 \|edition\=Eastern \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=MBank USA, a unit of Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp., said it agreed to buy the credit card portfolio of First National Bank of Amarillo for $12\.7 million. Under terms of the contract, MBank will acquire 23,000 credit card accounts.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398103073/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest"). 260,000 accounts from two banks in Oklahoma,{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3CF4AE4EB3218\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=MBank USA to Buy Banks' Card Accounts \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=July 23, 1987 \|page\=3d \|first\=Kevin B. \|last\=Blackistone \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=MNet, a financial services subsidiary of Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp. of Dallas, announced Wednesday that its credit\-card subsidiary will purchase for $143 million the outstanding credit card accounts of two Oklahoma banks. MNet's subsidiary, MBank USA, signed a letter of intent with Liberty National Bank and Trust of Oklahoma City and First National Bank and Trust of Tulsa to buy about 260,000 Visa and MasterCard accounts.}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398079624 \|title\=Lomas Unit Plans To Buy Bank's Card Accounts \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=July 23, 1987 \|page\=1 \|edition\=Eastern \|first\=Paul Jr. \|last\=Duke \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp. said its MBank USA subsidiary signed a letter of intent to buy the credit\-card accounts of Banks of Mid\-America Inc. for $143 million. The 260,000 Visa and MasterCard accounts will bring the total number of card accounts managed by MBank USA to more than 1\.3 million. The accounts currently are managed by Banks of Mid\-America's two banks, Liberty National Bank \& Trust of Oklahoma City and First National Bank \& Trust of Tulsa. The accounts have about $120 million in loans outstanding, said a spokesman for Banks of Mid\-America, based in Oklahoma City.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398079624/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest"). and 90,000 accounts from a bank in San Antonio.{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3CF1BD91EA072\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=National Bancshares to Sell Card Operation to Mnet \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=February 21, 1987 \|page\=2F \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=National Bancshares Corp. of San Antonio has agreed to sell its 90,000\-customer credit card business for $46 million to MNet, the retail banking subsidiary of Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp. of Dallas.}} In 1988, Lomas acquired 80,000 accounts from a bank in New York.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398107097 \|title\=Business Brief: Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp. \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=March 31, 1988 \|page\=1 \|edition\=Eastern \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Lomas \& Nettleton Financial Corp., Dallas, said its Lomas Bank USA unit agreed definitively to buy part of the credit card portfolio of Dollar Dry Dock Bank of White Plains, N.Y., for $107 million. Lomas said the purchase will add about 80,000 credit card accounts to the company's current portfolio of about 1\.6 million accounts. The sale is expected to be completed today.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398107097/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest"). In 1989, Lomas \& Nettleton Financial was in financial trouble and was forced to sell its credit card division. Lomas sold Lomas Bankers Corp. and Lomas Bank USA to an investor group led by [Merrill Lynch Capital Partners](/wiki/Bank_of_America_Merrill_Lynch "Bank of America Merrill Lynch") for $500 million in cash and preferred stock.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/09/business/lomas\-to\-sell\-credit\-card\-bank\-operation.html \|title\=Lomas to Sell Credit Card Bank Operation \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=June 9, 1989 \|first\=Thomas C. \|last\=Hayes}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3D087E3BCF8FA\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=Merrill Lynch buys Lomas Bankers \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=August 10, 1989 \|page\=4D \|first\=Steve \|last\=Brown \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Two months after announcing the deal, Lomas Financial Corp. has completed its sale of the company's retail banking operation to an investor group set up by Merrill Lynch Capital Partners Inc. The Merrill Lynch group bought Lomas Bankers Corp. for $435 million in cash and $65 million in preferred stock. Lomas will use net proceeds from the sale to pay off a $375 million bridge loan the company received last month "for liquidity purposes" and to reduce other corporate debts, according to Lomas chairman Jess Hay. Lomas Bankers, one of the country's largest credit\-card operators, has 1\.7 million in MasterCard and Visa accounts totaling $1\.35 billion in receivables.}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3D0A2C39BA906\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=Lomas Bankers Corp. renamed First USA \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=October 13, 1989 \|page\=2D \|author\= \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=The new owner of Lomas Bankers Corp., formerly owned by the now\-bankrupt Lomas Financial Corp., on Thursday said the bank would be renamed First USA. A group led by Merrill Lynch Capital Partners Inc., part of the investment firm based in New York, bought the bank in August from Lomas Financial. Lomas Bankers' primary subsidiary, Lomas Bank USA, ranks as the nation's 11th\-largest issuer of credit cards. On June 30, the Delaware\-based institution served 1\.7 million credit\-card accounts with outstanding receivables of $1\.35 billion. The subsidiary bank will be called First USA Bank, and nine affiliated companies will get similar monikers. Lomas Financial sold the parent bank for $435 million in cash and $65 million in 10\-year redeemable preferred stock.}}
After the sale to the consortium led by Merrill Lynch, Lomas Bankers Corp. was renamed First USA, Inc. and Lomas Bank USA was renamed First USA Bank. At the time of the Merrill Lynch acquisition in 1989, Lomas Bankers–First USA was the 11th\-largest issuer of credit cards in the nation.
In 1992, First USA reduced some of its debt by going public. First attempt to sell stock occurred in late January,{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3D2155B81A3E8\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=First USA out on top after LBO \- Stock offer in works for credit\-card bank \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=January 26, 1992 \|page\=1H \|first\=David \|last\=LaGesse \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Dallas\-based First USA, taken private in a 1989 buyout, is planning a stock offering that will triple the investment of its current owners... First USA is in the business of issuing credit cards, the most lucrative side of U.S. banking these days. First USA ranks as the nation's 14th\-largest issuer of Visa and MasterCard accounts, having distributed 2\.9 million cards with outstanding balances of $2\.2 billion... In a business where a bank hopes to earn a profit equal to 1 percent of its assets, First USA Bank makes at least twice that much. In the last six months of 1991, the bank generated a return of nearly 25 percent on its owners' investment... The bank's parent company has made less money, even dipping into the red in 1990\. But that's because the parent company must pay interest on loans it borrowed to buy First USA in the 1989 buyout. The new stock offering should help reduce that debt load... Huge profits on credit cards have not come without controversy. Congress angered at card rates as high as 22 percent, last November threatened to put a cap on the interest that banks can charge for Visas and MasterCards... Lomas, of course, failed in 1989, but not before selling its credit\-card bank to a group led by Mr. Tolleson and other managers.}} but the offer was quickly withdrawn because the stock market had dropped too low. A more successful attempt was made four months later in which $43 million was raised in the stock sale.{{cite news \|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0ED3D23F8FDEF690\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\=First USA raises almost $43 million in stock offering \|newspaper\=\[\[Dallas Morning News]] \|date\=May 28, 1992 \|page\=1D \|first\=David \|last\=LaGesse \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=On its second try, First USA on Wednesday sold a piece of itself to the public, raising nearly $43 million in its initial stock offering... First USA has said it will use most of the cash to buy back common and preferred stock now held by Lomas Financial Corp., which once owned First USA. First USA began in 1985 as the credit\-card subsidiary of MCorp. The company now ranks as the nation's 14th\-largest credit\-card company with 3 million Visa and MasterCard accounts and total balances of $2\.2 billion... On Wednesday, First USA sold 4 million shares to the public at a price of $9\.50 a share. First USA officers and Merrill Lynch bought another 500,000 shares of non\-voting stock as part of the sale. First USA's management includes former MBank executive John C. Tolleson, who was a principal in the First USA buyout from Lomas. Mr. Tolleson is chairman and chief executive officer of First USA. After Wednesday's sale, the public will hold about 20 percent of First USA. Merrill Lynch and affiliates will remain the dominant owners with little more than half of the company's shares, management will retain about 8 percent, with the rest spread among other shareholders.}} At the time of the IPO in 1992, First USA was the 14th\-largest issuer of credit cards in the nation.
Most of the growth of the company during the 1980s and early 1990s were the results from the acquisition of credit cards accounts from banks needing to sell some assets for quick cash to stave off insolvency, or from banks that had ceased issuing and servicing their own credit cards accounts because they either could not compete with the larger credit card issuers such as First USA. As more bank credit card accounts became concentrated in a few large issuers during the 1990s, fewer banks had credit card accounts to sell, so large issuers switched to direct marketing to obtain more cardholders. Those issuers started offering no annual fee cards with introductory interest rates that quickly increased after a set time. This led to fierce competition among the remaining credit card issuers, especially in the fight to attract lucrative customers: those who maintain large monthly revolving balances. These are the same customers who could cause problems for the bank if the local economy turns sour.
{{cite news \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398075389 \|title\=Pushing Plastic: Credit\-Card Issuers Ease Their Standards To Get New Accounts \-\-\- Lured by Hefty Profits, They Sign Up Many Customers Who May Prove Risky \-\-\- Borrowing From A to Pay B \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=May 22, 1989 \|page\=1 \|edition\=Eastern \|first\=Robert \|last\=Guenther \|url\-access\=subscription \|quote\=Yet lenders at times seem oblivious to their borrowers' credit histories. Joe Tyson, a Houston resident who trains paramedics, was surprised recently when offered an MBank credit card. He had had an MBank card until two years ago when he ran up a $5,000 bill on it and could no longer make his payments. Now, he is in a stretched\-out repayment plan negotiated by a credit\-counseling agency. "When I got the offer, I figured that it must have been some sort of computer glitch," says Mr. Tyson, who tossed the mailing out. MBank sold its credit\-card business to Lomas Financial Corp. in 1986, and a spokesman for the Dallas\-based company's Lomas Bank USA says, "I don't quite understand how he could have gotten such an offer. We generally pre\-screen applicants."}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398075389/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest").
At this time, First USA was generating profits as high as nearly 25% on its owners' investment, which was phenomenal since a return of 1% on its assets is usually considered great for most other sectors of banking. The high rate of return was one of the factors that attracted Banc One to the acquisition of First USA.
#### History of First USA after the acquisition by Banc One
Banc One first announced the proposed acquisition of First USA in January 1997\.{{cite news \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1997\-01\-21/business/9701200375\_1\_first\-usa\-banc\-one\-shares\-banc\-one\-s\-earnings \|title\=Banc One To Acquire First USA Of Dallas: Stocks React To Deal By Tumbling \|newspaper\=\[\[Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel]] \|date\=January 21, 1997 \|author\= \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-27 \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810115510/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1997\-01\-21/business/9701200375\_1\_first\-usa\-banc\-one\-shares\-banc\-one\-s\-earnings \|url\-status\=dead }} Wall Street reaction to news caused Banc One's stock to drop 8%. First USA was the fourth\-biggest credit card issuer in the nation at the time of the announcement. The acquisition was finalized six months later. First USA Chairman and co\-founder (in 1985\) John Tolleson was appointed a Banc One director while First USA president and co\-founder Richard Vague was appointed chairman and CEO of First USA.
|
[
"### Acquisition of First USA",
"In 1997, Banc One decided to expand its national credit card business by acquiring the Dallas\\-based First USA for $7\\.9 billion in stock.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/banc\\-one\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-of\\-first\\-usa\\-76113907\\.html \\|title\\=Banc One Completes Acquisition of First USA \\|work\\=\\[\\[PR Newswire]] \\|date\\=June 27, 1997 \\|author\\=}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/1997/01/20/deals/bancone/ \\|title\\=Banc One buys First USA \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=January 20, 1997 \\|author\\=}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/business/banc\\-one\\-is\\-said\\-to\\-plan\\-bid\\-of\\-7\\-billion\\-for\\-first\\-usa.html \\|title\\=Banc One Is Said to Plan Bid Of $7 Billion for First USA \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=January 20, 1997 \\|first\\=Saul \\|last\\=Hansell}} Prior to this acquisition, most Bank One credit card accounts were issued and serviced by the various local Bank One banks. For example, most Bank One Indianapolis customers had credit cards that were issued and serviced by Bank One Indianapolis via the former American Fletcher credit card center prior to the acquisition.",
"Unfortunately for Banc One and especially for John B. McCoy, First USA would later cause problems for its new parent by generating unexpected losses that were caused by mismanagement and by questionable decisions that were made in the attempt to increase profitability.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/12/22/mccoy\\-quits\\-as\\-chairman\\-ends\\-dynasty\\-at\\-bank\\-one\\-third\\-generation\\-leader\\-saw\\-banks\\-value\\-tumble\\-after\\-credit\\-card\\-venture\\-banking/ \\|title\\=McCoy quits as chairman, ends dynasty at Bank One: Third\\-generation leader saw bank's value tumble after credit\\-card venture \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]] \\|date\\=December 22, 1999 \\|author\\=}}",
"#### History of First USA before Banc One",
"First USA original was originally formed in Dallas as a subsidiary of MCorp that was called **MNet**. It was formed in 1985 to handle the back end work for providing credit cards, electronic banking, and other consumer services through member banks of the Texas bank holding company.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-3813826\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301043930/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-3813826\\.html \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2017 \\|title\\=MCorp Establishes MNet Subsidiary to Sell Consumer Financial Services \\|work\\=\\[\\[American Banker]] \\|date\\=June 13, 1985 \\|author\\= \\|via\\=\\[\\[Highbeam Research]] \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=MNet will include at least 12 other units, with operations ranging from credit cards and electronic banking to mortgages and insurance}} To issue credit cards, MCorp (via MNet) established a credit card issuing bank in Wilmington, Delaware, called **MBank USA**.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/157470880/ \\|title\\=Banking on Delaware's work force \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The News Journal\\|The Morning News]] \\|date\\=October 27, 1985 \\|page\\=25 \\|author\\= \\|quote\\=...But that changed when MCorp, a Dallas\\-based bank holding company, began setting up MBank USA. While other banks started slowly, MBank hit the ground running.}} Although, the MNet division was generating a profit, the rest of MCorp began suffering huge loses when customers began to default on their mortgage payments that were the result of the economic downturn that had begun in Texas. In attempt to save itself, MCorp sold MNet to Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corporation the following year for $300 million in cash and securities.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/18/business/company\\-news\\-lomas\\-nettleton\\-in\\-deal\\-for\\-mnet.html \\|title\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton In Deal for MNet \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=November 18, 1986 \\|author\\=}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3CECB8DC4F4AC\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=MCorp sells banking unit \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=November 18, 1986 \\|page\\=1D \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Dodge \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=For the first nine months of 1986, MCorp reported a net loss of $91 million after adding $321 million to its reserve to cover possible loan losses. Earlier this month, the company suspended payment of its common stock dividend.}}",
"After the acquisition by Lomas, MNet was renamed **Lomas Bankers Corp.** and MBank USA was renamed **Lomas Bank USA**.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398113741 \\|title\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=September 17, 1987 \\|page\\=1 \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp. said it will rename its MNet unit Lomas Bankers Corp., effective Nov. 1\\. Lomas \\& Nettleton acquired MNet, formerly the retail banking and credit card operation of MCorp, a Dallas bank holding company, last Dec. 30\\.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398113741/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3CF5C6E5DDC4F\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton dropping \"M' from unit's name \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=September 17, 1987 \\|page\\=2D \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp., the Dallas\\-based financial services and mortgage banking company, has announced it is dropping the \"M' designated names associated with its retail banking company and its subsidiaries. The banking unit, now called MNet, took its M name from its former parent MCorp., the Dallas bank\\-holding company whose advertising slogan and corporate identity is based on the word Momentum. The retail banking unit, which was acquired by Lomas in 1986, will be called Lomas Bankers Corp. effective Nov. 1\\.}} Under Lomas, the credit card company aggressively acquired new customers by purchasing credit card accounts from other credit card issuers. In 1987, Lomas Bank USA acquired 230,000 accounts from two banks in Louisiana,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398031547 \\|title\\=Louisiana Bancshares Units Sell Accounts To Lomas's MNet \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=April 16, 1987 \\|page\\=1 \\|edition\\=Eastern \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=A Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp. subsidiary agreed to buy 230,000 Visa and MasterCard accounts from two Louisiana Bancshares Inc. units for $182\\.1 million. The subsidiary, MNet, signed a letter of intent to buy the credit card accounts from Louisiana National Bank and Guaranty Bank \\& Trust. MNet's credit card operation currently has 800,000 accounts.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398031547/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\"). 23,000 accounts from a bank in Amarillo,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398103073 \\|title\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton Unit To Acquire Card Portfolio \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=April 30, 1987 \\|page\\=1 \\|edition\\=Eastern \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=MBank USA, a unit of Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp., said it agreed to buy the credit card portfolio of First National Bank of Amarillo for $12\\.7 million. Under terms of the contract, MBank will acquire 23,000 credit card accounts.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398103073/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\"). 260,000 accounts from two banks in Oklahoma,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3CF4AE4EB3218\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=MBank USA to Buy Banks' Card Accounts \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=July 23, 1987 \\|page\\=3d \\|first\\=Kevin B. \\|last\\=Blackistone \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=MNet, a financial services subsidiary of Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp. of Dallas, announced Wednesday that its credit\\-card subsidiary will purchase for $143 million the outstanding credit card accounts of two Oklahoma banks. MNet's subsidiary, MBank USA, signed a letter of intent with Liberty National Bank and Trust of Oklahoma City and First National Bank and Trust of Tulsa to buy about 260,000 Visa and MasterCard accounts.}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398079624 \\|title\\=Lomas Unit Plans To Buy Bank's Card Accounts \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=July 23, 1987 \\|page\\=1 \\|edition\\=Eastern \\|first\\=Paul Jr. \\|last\\=Duke \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp. said its MBank USA subsidiary signed a letter of intent to buy the credit\\-card accounts of Banks of Mid\\-America Inc. for $143 million. The 260,000 Visa and MasterCard accounts will bring the total number of card accounts managed by MBank USA to more than 1\\.3 million. The accounts currently are managed by Banks of Mid\\-America's two banks, Liberty National Bank \\& Trust of Oklahoma City and First National Bank \\& Trust of Tulsa. The accounts have about $120 million in loans outstanding, said a spokesman for Banks of Mid\\-America, based in Oklahoma City.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398079624/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\"). and 90,000 accounts from a bank in San Antonio.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3CF1BD91EA072\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=National Bancshares to Sell Card Operation to Mnet \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 1987 \\|page\\=2F \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=National Bancshares Corp. of San Antonio has agreed to sell its 90,000\\-customer credit card business for $46 million to MNet, the retail banking subsidiary of Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp. of Dallas.}} In 1988, Lomas acquired 80,000 accounts from a bank in New York.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398107097 \\|title\\=Business Brief: Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=March 31, 1988 \\|page\\=1 \\|edition\\=Eastern \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial Corp., Dallas, said its Lomas Bank USA unit agreed definitively to buy part of the credit card portfolio of Dollar Dry Dock Bank of White Plains, N.Y., for $107 million. Lomas said the purchase will add about 80,000 credit card accounts to the company's current portfolio of about 1\\.6 million accounts. The sale is expected to be completed today.}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398107097/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\"). In 1989, Lomas \\& Nettleton Financial was in financial trouble and was forced to sell its credit card division. Lomas sold Lomas Bankers Corp. and Lomas Bank USA to an investor group led by [Merrill Lynch Capital Partners](/wiki/Bank_of_America_Merrill_Lynch \"Bank of America Merrill Lynch\") for $500 million in cash and preferred stock.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/09/business/lomas\\-to\\-sell\\-credit\\-card\\-bank\\-operation.html \\|title\\=Lomas to Sell Credit Card Bank Operation \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=June 9, 1989 \\|first\\=Thomas C. \\|last\\=Hayes}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3D087E3BCF8FA\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=Merrill Lynch buys Lomas Bankers \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=August 10, 1989 \\|page\\=4D \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=Brown \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Two months after announcing the deal, Lomas Financial Corp. has completed its sale of the company's retail banking operation to an investor group set up by Merrill Lynch Capital Partners Inc. The Merrill Lynch group bought Lomas Bankers Corp. for $435 million in cash and $65 million in preferred stock. Lomas will use net proceeds from the sale to pay off a $375 million bridge loan the company received last month \"for liquidity purposes\" and to reduce other corporate debts, according to Lomas chairman Jess Hay. Lomas Bankers, one of the country's largest credit\\-card operators, has 1\\.7 million in MasterCard and Visa accounts totaling $1\\.35 billion in receivables.}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3D0A2C39BA906\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=Lomas Bankers Corp. renamed First USA \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=October 13, 1989 \\|page\\=2D \\|author\\= \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=The new owner of Lomas Bankers Corp., formerly owned by the now\\-bankrupt Lomas Financial Corp., on Thursday said the bank would be renamed First USA. A group led by Merrill Lynch Capital Partners Inc., part of the investment firm based in New York, bought the bank in August from Lomas Financial. Lomas Bankers' primary subsidiary, Lomas Bank USA, ranks as the nation's 11th\\-largest issuer of credit cards. On June 30, the Delaware\\-based institution served 1\\.7 million credit\\-card accounts with outstanding receivables of $1\\.35 billion. The subsidiary bank will be called First USA Bank, and nine affiliated companies will get similar monikers. Lomas Financial sold the parent bank for $435 million in cash and $65 million in 10\\-year redeemable preferred stock.}}",
"After the sale to the consortium led by Merrill Lynch, Lomas Bankers Corp. was renamed First USA, Inc. and Lomas Bank USA was renamed First USA Bank. At the time of the Merrill Lynch acquisition in 1989, Lomas Bankers–First USA was the 11th\\-largest issuer of credit cards in the nation.",
"In 1992, First USA reduced some of its debt by going public. First attempt to sell stock occurred in late January,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3D2155B81A3E8\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=First USA out on top after LBO \\- Stock offer in works for credit\\-card bank \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=January 26, 1992 \\|page\\=1H \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=LaGesse \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Dallas\\-based First USA, taken private in a 1989 buyout, is planning a stock offering that will triple the investment of its current owners... First USA is in the business of issuing credit cards, the most lucrative side of U.S. banking these days. First USA ranks as the nation's 14th\\-largest issuer of Visa and MasterCard accounts, having distributed 2\\.9 million cards with outstanding balances of $2\\.2 billion... In a business where a bank hopes to earn a profit equal to 1 percent of its assets, First USA Bank makes at least twice that much. In the last six months of 1991, the bank generated a return of nearly 25 percent on its owners' investment... The bank's parent company has made less money, even dipping into the red in 1990\\. But that's because the parent company must pay interest on loans it borrowed to buy First USA in the 1989 buyout. The new stock offering should help reduce that debt load... Huge profits on credit cards have not come without controversy. Congress angered at card rates as high as 22 percent, last November threatened to put a cap on the interest that banks can charge for Visas and MasterCards... Lomas, of course, failed in 1989, but not before selling its credit\\-card bank to a group led by Mr. Tolleson and other managers.}} but the offer was quickly withdrawn because the stock market had dropped too low. A more successful attempt was made four months later in which $43 million was raised in the stock sale.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0ED3D23F8FDEF690\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\=First USA raises almost $43 million in stock offering \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\|date\\=May 28, 1992 \\|page\\=1D \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=LaGesse \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=On its second try, First USA on Wednesday sold a piece of itself to the public, raising nearly $43 million in its initial stock offering... First USA has said it will use most of the cash to buy back common and preferred stock now held by Lomas Financial Corp., which once owned First USA. First USA began in 1985 as the credit\\-card subsidiary of MCorp. The company now ranks as the nation's 14th\\-largest credit\\-card company with 3 million Visa and MasterCard accounts and total balances of $2\\.2 billion... On Wednesday, First USA sold 4 million shares to the public at a price of $9\\.50 a share. First USA officers and Merrill Lynch bought another 500,000 shares of non\\-voting stock as part of the sale. First USA's management includes former MBank executive John C. Tolleson, who was a principal in the First USA buyout from Lomas. Mr. Tolleson is chairman and chief executive officer of First USA. After Wednesday's sale, the public will hold about 20 percent of First USA. Merrill Lynch and affiliates will remain the dominant owners with little more than half of the company's shares, management will retain about 8 percent, with the rest spread among other shareholders.}} At the time of the IPO in 1992, First USA was the 14th\\-largest issuer of credit cards in the nation.",
"Most of the growth of the company during the 1980s and early 1990s were the results from the acquisition of credit cards accounts from banks needing to sell some assets for quick cash to stave off insolvency, or from banks that had ceased issuing and servicing their own credit cards accounts because they either could not compete with the larger credit card issuers such as First USA. As more bank credit card accounts became concentrated in a few large issuers during the 1990s, fewer banks had credit card accounts to sell, so large issuers switched to direct marketing to obtain more cardholders. Those issuers started offering no annual fee cards with introductory interest rates that quickly increased after a set time. This led to fierce competition among the remaining credit card issuers, especially in the fight to attract lucrative customers: those who maintain large monthly revolving balances. These are the same customers who could cause problems for the bank if the local economy turns sour.\n{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398075389 \\|title\\=Pushing Plastic: Credit\\-Card Issuers Ease Their Standards To Get New Accounts \\-\\-\\- Lured by Hefty Profits, They Sign Up Many Customers Who May Prove Risky \\-\\-\\- Borrowing From A to Pay B \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=May 22, 1989 \\|page\\=1 \\|edition\\=Eastern \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Guenther \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|quote\\=Yet lenders at times seem oblivious to their borrowers' credit histories. Joe Tyson, a Houston resident who trains paramedics, was surprised recently when offered an MBank credit card. He had had an MBank card until two years ago when he ran up a $5,000 bill on it and could no longer make his payments. Now, he is in a stretched\\-out repayment plan negotiated by a credit\\-counseling agency. \"When I got the offer, I figured that it must have been some sort of computer glitch,\" says Mr. Tyson, who tossed the mailing out. MBank sold its credit\\-card business to Lomas Financial Corp. in 1986, and a spokesman for the Dallas\\-based company's Lomas Bank USA says, \"I don't quite understand how he could have gotten such an offer. We generally pre\\-screen applicants.\"}} [Alternate Link](http://search.proquest.com/docview/398075389/){{subscription required}} via [ProQuest](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\").",
"At this time, First USA was generating profits as high as nearly 25% on its owners' investment, which was phenomenal since a return of 1% on its assets is usually considered great for most other sectors of banking. The high rate of return was one of the factors that attracted Banc One to the acquisition of First USA.",
"#### History of First USA after the acquisition by Banc One",
"Banc One first announced the proposed acquisition of First USA in January 1997\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1997\\-01\\-21/business/9701200375\\_1\\_first\\-usa\\-banc\\-one\\-shares\\-banc\\-one\\-s\\-earnings \\|title\\=Banc One To Acquire First USA Of Dallas: Stocks React To Deal By Tumbling \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel]] \\|date\\=January 21, 1997 \\|author\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-27 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810115510/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1997\\-01\\-21/business/9701200375\\_1\\_first\\-usa\\-banc\\-one\\-shares\\-banc\\-one\\-s\\-earnings \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Wall Street reaction to news caused Banc One's stock to drop 8%. First USA was the fourth\\-biggest credit card issuer in the nation at the time of the announcement. The acquisition was finalized six months later. First USA Chairman and co\\-founder (in 1985\\) John Tolleson was appointed a Banc One director while First USA president and co\\-founder Richard Vague was appointed chairman and CEO of First USA.",
""
] |
Palace construction
-------------------
The works of the palace initiated in 1576 in the solar of the main houses already quoted. April 15 of the same year the banker Fabio Nelli and the teacher of stonework Juan de la Lastra signed an agreement to carry out the foundations of the walls of the building. In this document were perfectly determined measures, materials and how to work them:
[thumb\|200x200px\|Playground built under the direction of Pedro de Mazuecos el Mozo and the execution of the sculptor Francisco de la Maza.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_patio_lou.jpg "Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli patio lou.jpg")
Juan de la Lastra built the foundations and the corresponding areas. The plan was the usual one for Valladolid palaces: a hallway on the left side of the frontage, with the doors of the street and of the playground misaligned forming an oblique line without taking into account an axis of symmetry. He placed the access door to the playground from the hallway in steep form to avoid all vision from the external door.
Juan de la Lastra took as a model to carve the door of the hallway which led to the playground, the architect Baldassare Peruzzien and his work of restoration of the Maximum Colonne palace, both in form and location.Miembro de una de las principales familias de banqueros de Florencia durante el siglo XIVJuan de la Lastra nunca vio la obra de Peruzzi pero sin duda la conocía a través de los textos de Iacomo Vignola. The works continued during the following six years according to the traces of the palace in Valladolid tradition, with the typical offset hallway, as was made in the Berruguete's house, Escudero\-Herrera palace, Pimentel palace and in so many others. But the work of Juan de la Lastra was truncated by the illness and death of the artist who, in January 1582 gave testament shortly before his death.
From that year the sculptor Francisco de la Maza and the architect Pedro de Mazuecos el Mozo were commissioned to continue the construction of the building. It has news of the respective agreements thanks to the document of the Process of Hierarchical Analysis. appearing with the signature of the notary Miguel Palacios, (year of 1582, leg. 531, fol. 100\). In these documents are all sorts of instructions and details for style of columns and stairs of the main playground, from traces of Pedro de Mazuecos el Mozo. That year began the works of playground and stairs, which lasted four months as is demanded in the agreement.
In 1589 Fabio Nelli decided to personally deal with the management of the works of his palace (until the moment his brother had addressed) staying in the rear section which was the only ones finished even with decoration. The first step was the completion of the frontage and cover which turned to the young and promising Diego de Praves accepted, counting as guarantors with Juan de Nates and Juan de Mazarredonda and witness Pedro de Arce.Diego de Praves trabajaba desde 1582 en las obras de la cuarta colegiata de Valladolid, bajo la influencia de Juan de Herrera. In the agreement referred to at the time which should provide the works and the established price:
In the month of December still were working in the bay of the front, so the occupants of the palace had big difficulties to go out; Fabio Nelli asked permission to his neighbour, the bricklayer Domingo de Azcutia to be able to use an alley of his property that had access to the Bridge street (current Expósitos).Domingo de Azcutia, alarife y carpintero, tenía en efecto unas casas de su propiedad colindantes con las de Fabio Nelli por la parte de la *calle de la Puente* (Expósitos).
Works was stopped for five years. The historians do not have very clear ideas about the cause, although it may have been the economic crisis that began in the last decade of the century, compared to previous years (80's decade) when everything had been prosperity and abundance. After those five years, Fabio Nelli commissioned works of the forward and cover to Pedro de Mazuecos El Mozo, giving all his trust. Between the beginnings of the works of the palace in 1576 and the new agreement, had released new ideas in the world of the architecture in Italy.Mazuecos es el introductor de los principios clasicistas cuyo debate había comenzado ya con Juan de la Lastra incorporando éste elementos de tradición medieval. Solutions that gave Mazuecos for the location of the hallway and size and position of the playground and for the construction *of the* cover were inspired by the Treaty of [Sebastián Serlio](/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio "Sebastiano Serlio"), Of the Antiquity, Third Book. Pedro de Mazuecos was one of the most influential architects inside the Valldadolid classicistic focus.
[left\|thumb\|200x200px\|Palatial stairs from the traces of Pedro de Mazuecos El Mozo.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_escalera_lou.jpg "Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli escalera lou.jpg")
The new trace based on the principles of symmetry and centrality offered by Renaissance, following at the same time theories and Sebastián Serlio tips.
In the case of the Fabio Nelli Palace it was not to restore a Gothic building but to conclude a frontage and cover in a building whose interior did not exactly meet the new fashions. According to the taste of Fabio Nelli, the palace had to finish following the latest Italian fashion and for that purpose fully relied on Pedro de Mazuecos.
Pedro of Mazuecos moved the door of entrance to the playground from the left corner where it was to the center of the bay, thus leaving the new centering hallway. The entrance from the street was also adjusted, placing it in the middle of the frontage. From this disposal centred and confronted Mazuecos designed and distributed the rest of the building, giving to the palace the classicistic principles which so far had not experienced in the palatial architecture of the Northern plateau: symmetry, frontality and centrality.
|
[
"Palace construction\n-------------------",
"The works of the palace initiated in 1576 in the solar of the main houses already quoted. April 15 of the same year the banker Fabio Nelli and the teacher of stonework Juan de la Lastra signed an agreement to carry out the foundations of the walls of the building. In this document were perfectly determined measures, materials and how to work them:\n[thumb\\|200x200px\\|Playground built under the direction of Pedro de Mazuecos el Mozo and the execution of the sculptor Francisco de la Maza.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_patio_lou.jpg \"Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli patio lou.jpg\")\nJuan de la Lastra built the foundations and the corresponding areas. The plan was the usual one for Valladolid palaces: a hallway on the left side of the frontage, with the doors of the street and of the playground misaligned forming an oblique line without taking into account an axis of symmetry. He placed the access door to the playground from the hallway in steep form to avoid all vision from the external door.",
"Juan de la Lastra took as a model to carve the door of the hallway which led to the playground, the architect Baldassare Peruzzien and his work of restoration of the Maximum Colonne palace, both in form and location.Miembro de una de las principales familias de banqueros de Florencia durante el siglo XIVJuan de la Lastra nunca vio la obra de Peruzzi pero sin duda la conocía a través de los textos de Iacomo Vignola. The works continued during the following six years according to the traces of the palace in Valladolid tradition, with the typical offset hallway, as was made in the Berruguete's house, Escudero\\-Herrera palace, Pimentel palace and in so many others. But the work of Juan de la Lastra was truncated by the illness and death of the artist who, in January 1582 gave testament shortly before his death.",
"From that year the sculptor Francisco de la Maza and the architect Pedro de Mazuecos el Mozo were commissioned to continue the construction of the building. It has news of the respective agreements thanks to the document of the Process of Hierarchical Analysis. appearing with the signature of the notary Miguel Palacios, (year of 1582, leg. 531, fol. 100\\). In these documents are all sorts of instructions and details for style of columns and stairs of the main playground, from traces of Pedro de Mazuecos el Mozo. That year began the works of playground and stairs, which lasted four months as is demanded in the agreement.",
"In 1589 Fabio Nelli decided to personally deal with the management of the works of his palace (until the moment his brother had addressed) staying in the rear section which was the only ones finished even with decoration. The first step was the completion of the frontage and cover which turned to the young and promising Diego de Praves accepted, counting as guarantors with Juan de Nates and Juan de Mazarredonda and witness Pedro de Arce.Diego de Praves trabajaba desde 1582 en las obras de la cuarta colegiata de Valladolid, bajo la influencia de Juan de Herrera. In the agreement referred to at the time which should provide the works and the established price:",
"In the month of December still were working in the bay of the front, so the occupants of the palace had big difficulties to go out; Fabio Nelli asked permission to his neighbour, the bricklayer Domingo de Azcutia to be able to use an alley of his property that had access to the Bridge street (current Expósitos).Domingo de Azcutia, alarife y carpintero, tenía en efecto unas casas de su propiedad colindantes con las de Fabio Nelli por la parte de la *calle de la Puente* (Expósitos).",
"Works was stopped for five years. The historians do not have very clear ideas about the cause, although it may have been the economic crisis that began in the last decade of the century, compared to previous years (80's decade) when everything had been prosperity and abundance. After those five years, Fabio Nelli commissioned works of the forward and cover to Pedro de Mazuecos El Mozo, giving all his trust. Between the beginnings of the works of the palace in 1576 and the new agreement, had released new ideas in the world of the architecture in Italy.Mazuecos es el introductor de los principios clasicistas cuyo debate había comenzado ya con Juan de la Lastra incorporando éste elementos de tradición medieval. Solutions that gave Mazuecos for the location of the hallway and size and position of the playground and for the construction *of the* cover were inspired by the Treaty of [Sebastián Serlio](/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio \"Sebastiano Serlio\"), Of the Antiquity, Third Book. Pedro de Mazuecos was one of the most influential architects inside the Valldadolid classicistic focus.\n[left\\|thumb\\|200x200px\\|Palatial stairs from the traces of Pedro de Mazuecos El Mozo.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_escalera_lou.jpg \"Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli escalera lou.jpg\")\nThe new trace based on the principles of symmetry and centrality offered by Renaissance, following at the same time theories and Sebastián Serlio tips.",
"In the case of the Fabio Nelli Palace it was not to restore a Gothic building but to conclude a frontage and cover in a building whose interior did not exactly meet the new fashions. According to the taste of Fabio Nelli, the palace had to finish following the latest Italian fashion and for that purpose fully relied on Pedro de Mazuecos.",
"Pedro of Mazuecos moved the door of entrance to the playground from the left corner where it was to the center of the bay, thus leaving the new centering hallway. The entrance from the street was also adjusted, placing it in the middle of the frontage. From this disposal centred and confronted Mazuecos designed and distributed the rest of the building, giving to the palace the classicistic principles which so far had not experienced in the palatial architecture of the Northern plateau: symmetry, frontality and centrality.",
""
] |
Description of the frontages
----------------------------
[thumb\|418x418px\|Main frontage with the aligned and centred door that lets see at the end the access to the playground.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_portada_lou.jpg "Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli portada lou.jpg")
The frontage composes of the central body and two lateral towers, advanced compared to the rest. It is made in stone for the zócalo and brick for the walls, appearing all plaster except the cover.
The door is semicircular, with double grooved columns to the sides, and looks over a frieze decorated with cherubs and vegetable figures.
The second body has on average a balcony, with bronze handrail. On the lintel sees the lemma *Soli deo honour and glory.* On the sides there are also double columns, between which niches and boxes are arranged in inserted, so following fashionable geometrical aesthetics in the period in which it built. The pediment is broken, and in the gap is the shield. It is finished with pyramids and balls to the Escorial taste. The cornice has a flying with modillions with molding of heel.
[left\|thumb\|200x200px\|Vergel](/wiki/File:Vergel_del_Palacio_de_Fabio_Nelli.jpg "Vergel del Palacio de Fabio Nelli.jpg")
The lateral frontage that is in visible today gives to the ancient *street of the Bridge*, today Expósitos. It finishes a gallery of arches with ornaments of mascarones, of the Italian taste. The other lateral frontage cannot be seen because it is hidden by other buildings. Part of this frontage gives to the garden of the palace called *the vergel*.
The door of entrance is centred and drives to the hallway that presents his door of entrance to the playground faced with street and also centred in the bay.
### Ornamentation and symbolism
Between hojarascas one can see a nude character that carries a pendant of grapes that offers to an animal in fierce attitude. It is [Baco](/wiki/Dionysus "Dionysus"), soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.
There appear sand devils or [putti](/wiki/Putto "Putto") sustaining a medallion or shield, typically Florentine, of unclear significance. This ornament was widely used and spread in reliefs of the Spanish Renaissance.
It has full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns; it is a representation of abundance, often used in the Valladolid palaces in the 16th century.
In the centre of the frieze, separating the symmetrical [grotesques](/wiki/Grotesque "Grotesque") already described, is a face with sarcastic and mocking expression, almost diabolical: a figurehead who can recall the Italian models of the [satyrs](/wiki/Satyr "Satyr") or the representation of a terrifying. It has been interpreted as a Dionysian mask representing eyes or window or inner light when being situated just in the center of the door of entrance.
In the [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrel "Spandrel") of the arch of entrance there is two ornamental figurines representing children or sand devils that hold some fruits. It has wanted to relate to these figures with an allegory of the love.Meyer, F.S. (1929\)
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli Baco friso lou.jpg\|Baco Soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli columnas fachada lou.jpg\|Sand devils or putti sustaining a medallion or shield and full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns.
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli detalle friso lou.jpg\|Image of a face with sarcastic and mocking expression separating the symmetrical grotesques.
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli arco friso enjutas lou.jpg\|In the spandrels of the arch of entrance there are two ornamental figurines that represent some boys or sand devils that hold some fruits.
### Legend on the frieze
[thumb\|400x400px\|Detail of the legend on the frieze](/wiki/File:Detalle_del_lema_de_la_fachada_del_Palacio_de_Fabio_Nelli.jpg "Detalle del lema de la fachada del Palacio de Fabio Nelli.jpg")
The traditional translation of this sentence is used to be *Only to God honor and glory.* However it is very rare to see this maxim in a civil building not related to the Church. There has been speculation about the possibility that the sentence was headed to [Felipe II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain "Philip II of Spain") in praise of related to the image that was Sun\-King. In this case the translation would be: *To the sun.god honour and glory.* This dedication might be in gratitude for the concession made by Felipe II to Fabio Nelli awarding him generosity and nobility title.A.H.P. Y U. Carta ejecutoria de hidalguía y nobleza dada en abril de 1564, a favor de Fabio Nelli de Espinosa.
### Nobiliary coat of arms
The current coat of arms, which can see in the center of the pediment split of the palace, corresponds to the grandson of Fabio Nelli, Baltasar de Rivadeneira y Zúñiga. Also it belongs to this character the shield that still exists in the Boecillo village (current Vega de Porras), that was country house, property of the banker.Baltasar de Rivadeneira y Zúñiga, nieto de Fabio Nelli incorporó a su escudo la parte inferior del escudo de Fabio Nelli, transformando además la media águila imperial en una completa. However, in this same site of the frontage was in his day the pertaining shield to own Fabio Nelli which have exact news thanks to the description written that made, dated on 20 June 1608\.A.H.P. Y U. Escribano Francisco Martínez de León, leg. 1494, años 1607\-1608, fol. 268, 20 de junio de 1608\.
Fabio Nelli was proud of his ancestors, that had been favoured by the emperor [Carlos V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"), the one who gave the letter of mercy and title on 10 January 1532 and allowed can include in the familiar coat of arms the half imperial eagle.
#### Description of the current coat of arms
[thumb\|276x276px\|Current shield in the frontage with the arms of Baltasar de Rivadeneira y Zúñiga, grandson of Fabio Nelli.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_escudo_lou.jpg "Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli escudo lou.jpg")
Cut
Split of two lines and cut of one. To the right\-handed: Up a floreteada cross and loaded with 5 venerate, down on waters of 3 fish in stick. **It is Rivadeneira.**
In the centre: A band and fringed by a chain. **It is Zúñiga.**
To the sinister: it Is cut. Up. Split. On the right hand, seven lilies in strip 1,2,1,2,1\. **It is** Boy.
To the quarterly sinister cross, 1º a castle, 2º and 3º 5 anchors in saltire charged with 5 machines also in saltire, 4º a lion.
Down, 6 roundels in palo 3\.3\. **It is Castro**.
*Inferior part party of two lines and cut of* one. To the right\-handed: León rampante, bordura de roeles or bezantes. In the centre: Eagle
spread and cut. To the sinister: it Is cut. Up: A tree,
border with something resembling sheaves. Down: A tree and two goats rampantes tied to the same.
Emblems: A field loaded with three roundels or bezantes out of position.
*External attributes*: It is stamped with a crown of marquis. On the all, a cross of the Order of Cavalry of Santiago.
|
[
"Description of the frontages\n----------------------------",
"[thumb\\|418x418px\\|Main frontage with the aligned and centred door that lets see at the end the access to the playground.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_portada_lou.jpg \"Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli portada lou.jpg\")\nThe frontage composes of the central body and two lateral towers, advanced compared to the rest. It is made in stone for the zócalo and brick for the walls, appearing all plaster except the cover.",
"The door is semicircular, with double grooved columns to the sides, and looks over a frieze decorated with cherubs and vegetable figures.",
"The second body has on average a balcony, with bronze handrail. On the lintel sees the lemma *Soli deo honour and glory.* On the sides there are also double columns, between which niches and boxes are arranged in inserted, so following fashionable geometrical aesthetics in the period in which it built. The pediment is broken, and in the gap is the shield. It is finished with pyramids and balls to the Escorial taste. The cornice has a flying with modillions with molding of heel.\n[left\\|thumb\\|200x200px\\|Vergel](/wiki/File:Vergel_del_Palacio_de_Fabio_Nelli.jpg \"Vergel del Palacio de Fabio Nelli.jpg\")\nThe lateral frontage that is in visible today gives to the ancient *street of the Bridge*, today Expósitos. It finishes a gallery of arches with ornaments of mascarones, of the Italian taste. The other lateral frontage cannot be seen because it is hidden by other buildings. Part of this frontage gives to the garden of the palace called *the vergel*.",
"The door of entrance is centred and drives to the hallway that presents his door of entrance to the playground faced with street and also centred in the bay.",
"### Ornamentation and symbolism",
"Between hojarascas one can see a nude character that carries a pendant of grapes that offers to an animal in fierce attitude. It is [Baco](/wiki/Dionysus \"Dionysus\"), soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.",
"There appear sand devils or [putti](/wiki/Putto \"Putto\") sustaining a medallion or shield, typically Florentine, of unclear significance. This ornament was widely used and spread in reliefs of the Spanish Renaissance.",
"It has full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns; it is a representation of abundance, often used in the Valladolid palaces in the 16th century.",
"In the centre of the frieze, separating the symmetrical [grotesques](/wiki/Grotesque \"Grotesque\") already described, is a face with sarcastic and mocking expression, almost diabolical: a figurehead who can recall the Italian models of the [satyrs](/wiki/Satyr \"Satyr\") or the representation of a terrifying. It has been interpreted as a Dionysian mask representing eyes or window or inner light when being situated just in the center of the door of entrance.",
"In the [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrel \"Spandrel\") of the arch of entrance there is two ornamental figurines representing children or sand devils that hold some fruits. It has wanted to relate to these figures with an allegory of the love.Meyer, F.S. (1929\\)\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli Baco friso lou.jpg\\|Baco Soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli columnas fachada lou.jpg\\|Sand devils or putti sustaining a medallion or shield and full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns.\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli detalle friso lou.jpg\\|Image of a face with sarcastic and mocking expression separating the symmetrical grotesques.\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli arco friso enjutas lou.jpg\\|In the spandrels of the arch of entrance there are two ornamental figurines that represent some boys or sand devils that hold some fruits.",
"",
"### Legend on the frieze",
"[thumb\\|400x400px\\|Detail of the legend on the frieze](/wiki/File:Detalle_del_lema_de_la_fachada_del_Palacio_de_Fabio_Nelli.jpg \"Detalle del lema de la fachada del Palacio de Fabio Nelli.jpg\")\nThe traditional translation of this sentence is used to be *Only to God honor and glory.* However it is very rare to see this maxim in a civil building not related to the Church. There has been speculation about the possibility that the sentence was headed to [Felipe II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain \"Philip II of Spain\") in praise of related to the image that was Sun\\-King. In this case the translation would be: *To the sun.god honour and glory.* This dedication might be in gratitude for the concession made by Felipe II to Fabio Nelli awarding him generosity and nobility title.A.H.P. Y U. Carta ejecutoria de hidalguía y nobleza dada en abril de 1564, a favor de Fabio Nelli de Espinosa.",
"### Nobiliary coat of arms",
"The current coat of arms, which can see in the center of the pediment split of the palace, corresponds to the grandson of Fabio Nelli, Baltasar de Rivadeneira y Zúñiga. Also it belongs to this character the shield that still exists in the Boecillo village (current Vega de Porras), that was country house, property of the banker.Baltasar de Rivadeneira y Zúñiga, nieto de Fabio Nelli incorporó a su escudo la parte inferior del escudo de Fabio Nelli, transformando además la media águila imperial en una completa. However, in this same site of the frontage was in his day the pertaining shield to own Fabio Nelli which have exact news thanks to the description written that made, dated on 20 June 1608\\.A.H.P. Y U. Escribano Francisco Martínez de León, leg. 1494, años 1607\\-1608, fol. 268, 20 de junio de 1608\\.",
"Fabio Nelli was proud of his ancestors, that had been favoured by the emperor [Carlos V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\"), the one who gave the letter of mercy and title on 10 January 1532 and allowed can include in the familiar coat of arms the half imperial eagle.",
"#### Description of the current coat of arms",
"[thumb\\|276x276px\\|Current shield in the frontage with the arms of Baltasar de Rivadeneira y Zúñiga, grandson of Fabio Nelli.](/wiki/File:Valladolid_palacio_Fabio_Nelli_escudo_lou.jpg \"Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli escudo lou.jpg\")\nCut",
"Split of two lines and cut of one. To the right\\-handed: Up a floreteada cross and loaded with 5 venerate, down on waters of 3 fish in stick. **It is Rivadeneira.**",
"In the centre: A band and fringed by a chain. **It is Zúñiga.**",
"To the sinister: it Is cut. Up. Split. On the right hand, seven lilies in strip 1,2,1,2,1\\. **It is** Boy.",
"To the quarterly sinister cross, 1º a castle, 2º and 3º 5 anchors in saltire charged with 5 machines also in saltire, 4º a lion.",
"Down, 6 roundels in palo 3\\.3\\. **It is Castro**.",
"*Inferior part party of two lines and cut of* one. To the right\\-handed: León rampante, bordura de roeles or bezantes. In the centre: Eagle \nspread and cut. To the sinister: it Is cut. Up: A tree, \nborder with something resembling sheaves. Down: A tree and two goats rampantes tied to the same.",
"Emblems: A field loaded with three roundels or bezantes out of position.",
"*External attributes*: It is stamped with a crown of marquis. On the all, a cross of the Order of Cavalry of Santiago.",
""
] |
### Ornamentation and symbolism
Between hojarascas one can see a nude character that carries a pendant of grapes that offers to an animal in fierce attitude. It is [Baco](/wiki/Dionysus "Dionysus"), soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.
There appear sand devils or [putti](/wiki/Putto "Putto") sustaining a medallion or shield, typically Florentine, of unclear significance. This ornament was widely used and spread in reliefs of the Spanish Renaissance.
It has full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns; it is a representation of abundance, often used in the Valladolid palaces in the 16th century.
In the centre of the frieze, separating the symmetrical [grotesques](/wiki/Grotesque "Grotesque") already described, is a face with sarcastic and mocking expression, almost diabolical: a figurehead who can recall the Italian models of the [satyrs](/wiki/Satyr "Satyr") or the representation of a terrifying. It has been interpreted as a Dionysian mask representing eyes or window or inner light when being situated just in the center of the door of entrance.
In the [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrel "Spandrel") of the arch of entrance there is two ornamental figurines representing children or sand devils that hold some fruits. It has wanted to relate to these figures with an allegory of the love.Meyer, F.S. (1929\)
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli Baco friso lou.jpg\|Baco Soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli columnas fachada lou.jpg\|Sand devils or putti sustaining a medallion or shield and full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns.
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli detalle friso lou.jpg\|Image of a face with sarcastic and mocking expression separating the symmetrical grotesques.
Valladolid palacio Fabio Nelli arco friso enjutas lou.jpg\|In the spandrels of the arch of entrance there are two ornamental figurines that represent some boys or sand devils that hold some fruits.
|
[
"### Ornamentation and symbolism",
"Between hojarascas one can see a nude character that carries a pendant of grapes that offers to an animal in fierce attitude. It is [Baco](/wiki/Dionysus \"Dionysus\"), soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.",
"There appear sand devils or [putti](/wiki/Putto \"Putto\") sustaining a medallion or shield, typically Florentine, of unclear significance. This ornament was widely used and spread in reliefs of the Spanish Renaissance.",
"It has full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns; it is a representation of abundance, often used in the Valladolid palaces in the 16th century.",
"In the centre of the frieze, separating the symmetrical [grotesques](/wiki/Grotesque \"Grotesque\") already described, is a face with sarcastic and mocking expression, almost diabolical: a figurehead who can recall the Italian models of the [satyrs](/wiki/Satyr \"Satyr\") or the representation of a terrifying. It has been interpreted as a Dionysian mask representing eyes or window or inner light when being situated just in the center of the door of entrance.",
"In the [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrel \"Spandrel\") of the arch of entrance there is two ornamental figurines representing children or sand devils that hold some fruits. It has wanted to relate to these figures with an allegory of the love.Meyer, F.S. (1929\\)\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli Baco friso lou.jpg\\|Baco Soothing the wild beasts with the help of wine.\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli columnas fachada lou.jpg\\|Sand devils or putti sustaining a medallion or shield and full baskets of fruits, coinciding on the capitals of the four columns.\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli detalle friso lou.jpg\\|Image of a face with sarcastic and mocking expression separating the symmetrical grotesques.\nValladolid palacio Fabio Nelli arco friso enjutas lou.jpg\\|In the spandrels of the arch of entrance there are two ornamental figurines that represent some boys or sand devils that hold some fruits.",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The village of Zagórz was established in the 14th century, when [Red Ruthenia](/wiki/Red_Ruthenia "Red Ruthenia") was annexed by the [Kingdom of Poland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_%281025%E2%80%931385%29 "Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)"). In early 16th\-century documents, its name was spelled Sagorsze and Sogorsch. Zagorz belonged to the noble Tarnawski family, but in 1490, the village was sold to [Piotr Kmita Sobienski](/wiki/Piotr_Kmita_Sobienski "Piotr Kmita Sobienski"). In the 16th and 17th centuries, Zagórz frequently changed owners.
In 1710, [Voivode](/wiki/Voivode "Voivode") of [Volhynia](/wiki/Volhynia "Volhynia"), Count [Jan Adam Stadnicki](/wiki/Jan_Adam_Stadnicki "Jan Adam Stadnicki") built in Zagórz a fortified Carmelite monastery, which also served as a hospital for war veterans. The complex served as a hideout for rebels of the [Bar Confederation](/wiki/Bar_Confederation "Bar Confederation"), and in 1789, when Zagórz already belonged to Austrian [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 "Galicia (Eastern Europe)") (see [Partitions of Poland](/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland "Partitions of Poland")), the abbey was closed by [Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor"). In 1830, the complex burned in a fire.
In 1880, the population of Zagórz was 1,639, including Poles, "Rusyny" (Ukrainians), Jews and Germans. By that time, Zagorz already had a rail station, located in the district of Nowy Zagorz. The establishment of a rail junction contributed to the development of the village, whose population grew to 2,400 (in the year 1914\). During the [Polish–Ukrainian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War "Polish–Ukrainian War") (1918\-1919\), local rail workers built the [armoured train](/wiki/Armoured_train "Armoured train") [Gromobój](/wiki/Gromob%C3%B3j_%28armoured_train%29 "Gromobój (armoured train)"), which protected the area from Ukrainian raids.
In the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"), Zagorz belonged to [Lwow Voivodeship](/wiki/Lwow_Voivodeship "Lwow Voivodeship"). On September 12, 1939, the first [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") units entered the village.. During the war, a [Home Army](/wiki/Home_Army "Home Army") unit operated in the area of the village. German occupation ended on September 13, 1944, when the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") entered Zagorz.
During World War II *[dzielnica](/wiki/Dzielnica "Dzielnica")* Zasław of the town Zagórz was the location of [Zasław concentration camp](/wiki/Zas%C5%82aw_concentration_camp "Zasław concentration camp") set up by Nazi Germany for the [concentration](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp") and exploitation of [Polish Jews](/wiki/Polish_Jews "Polish Jews") soon to be exterminated in [Belzec](/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp "Belzec extermination camp").
Zagorz kolo Sanoka ante 1936 (42165685\) (cropped).jpg\|Zagórz, before 1936
Wielopole nad Oslawa widok z grobu Nieczui ante 1936 (44123310\) (cropped).jpg\|Wielopole, before 1936
Zagorze (woj. lwowskie) \- ruiny klasztoru 1939 (71311924\) (cropped).jpg\|River Osława and ruins of the monastery, 1939
Ruiny klasztoru karmelitow bosych w Zagorzu. ca 1905 (19037117\) (cropped).jpg\|Ruins of the monastery, ca 1905
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The village of Zagórz was established in the 14th century, when [Red Ruthenia](/wiki/Red_Ruthenia \"Red Ruthenia\") was annexed by the [Kingdom of Poland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_%281025%E2%80%931385%29 \"Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\"). In early 16th\\-century documents, its name was spelled Sagorsze and Sogorsch. Zagorz belonged to the noble Tarnawski family, but in 1490, the village was sold to [Piotr Kmita Sobienski](/wiki/Piotr_Kmita_Sobienski \"Piotr Kmita Sobienski\"). In the 16th and 17th centuries, Zagórz frequently changed owners.",
"In 1710, [Voivode](/wiki/Voivode \"Voivode\") of [Volhynia](/wiki/Volhynia \"Volhynia\"), Count [Jan Adam Stadnicki](/wiki/Jan_Adam_Stadnicki \"Jan Adam Stadnicki\") built in Zagórz a fortified Carmelite monastery, which also served as a hospital for war veterans. The complex served as a hideout for rebels of the [Bar Confederation](/wiki/Bar_Confederation \"Bar Confederation\"), and in 1789, when Zagórz already belonged to Austrian [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 \"Galicia (Eastern Europe)\") (see [Partitions of Poland](/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland \"Partitions of Poland\")), the abbey was closed by [Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor\"). In 1830, the complex burned in a fire.",
"In 1880, the population of Zagórz was 1,639, including Poles, \"Rusyny\" (Ukrainians), Jews and Germans. By that time, Zagorz already had a rail station, located in the district of Nowy Zagorz. The establishment of a rail junction contributed to the development of the village, whose population grew to 2,400 (in the year 1914\\). During the [Polish–Ukrainian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War \"Polish–Ukrainian War\") (1918\\-1919\\), local rail workers built the [armoured train](/wiki/Armoured_train \"Armoured train\") [Gromobój](/wiki/Gromob%C3%B3j_%28armoured_train%29 \"Gromobój (armoured train)\"), which protected the area from Ukrainian raids.",
"In the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), Zagorz belonged to [Lwow Voivodeship](/wiki/Lwow_Voivodeship \"Lwow Voivodeship\"). On September 12, 1939, the first [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") units entered the village.. During the war, a [Home Army](/wiki/Home_Army \"Home Army\") unit operated in the area of the village. German occupation ended on September 13, 1944, when the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") entered Zagorz.",
"During World War II *[dzielnica](/wiki/Dzielnica \"Dzielnica\")* Zasław of the town Zagórz was the location of [Zasław concentration camp](/wiki/Zas%C5%82aw_concentration_camp \"Zasław concentration camp\") set up by Nazi Germany for the [concentration](/wiki/Concentration_camp \"Concentration camp\") and exploitation of [Polish Jews](/wiki/Polish_Jews \"Polish Jews\") soon to be exterminated in [Belzec](/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp \"Belzec extermination camp\").",
"",
"Zagorz kolo Sanoka ante 1936 (42165685\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Zagórz, before 1936\nWielopole nad Oslawa widok z grobu Nieczui ante 1936 (44123310\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Wielopole, before 1936\nZagorze (woj. lwowskie) \\- ruiny klasztoru 1939 (71311924\\) (cropped).jpg\\|River Osława and ruins of the monastery, 1939\nRuiny klasztoru karmelitow bosych w Zagorzu. ca 1905 (19037117\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Ruins of the monastery, ca 1905",
"",
""
] |
Events
------
### Buildup
{{further\|Third Fitna}}
Beginning around 719, Hashimiyya missions began to seek adherents in [Khurasan](/wiki/Greater_Khorasan "Greater Khorasan"). Their campaign was framed as one of [proselytism](/wiki/Dawah "Dawah"). They sought support for "a member of the House of the Prophet who shall be pleasing to everyone",الرضا من ءآل محمد :al\-reżā men āl Moḥammad without making explicit mention of the Abbasids.[ABBASID CALIPHATE](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbasid-caliphate), [Encyclopædia Iranica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica "Encyclopædia Iranica"). Retrieved 8 November 2014\. These missions met with success both among Arabs and non\-Arabs, although the latter may have played a particularly important role in the growth of the movement. A number of Shi'ite rebellions – by Kaysanites, Hashimiyya and mainstream Shi'ites – took place in the final years of Umayyad rule, just around the same time that tempers were flaring among the Syrian contingents of the Umayyad army regarding alliances and wrongdoings during the [Second](/wiki/Second_Fitna "Second Fitna")*The Oxford History of Islam*, p. 24 only. and [Third Fitna](/wiki/Third_Fitna "Third Fitna").G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, pp. 105 \& 107\.
At this time [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa "Kufa") was the center for the opposition to Umayyad rule, particularly Ali's supporters and Shias. In 741–42 [Abu Muslim](/wiki/Abu_Muslim "Abu Muslim") made his first contact with Abbasid agents there, and eventually he was introduced to the head of Abbasids, Imam [Ibrahim](/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Ali "Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ali"), in [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca "Mecca"). Around 746, [Abu Muslim](/wiki/Abu_Muslim "Abu Muslim") assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan.[ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b), [Encyclopædia Iranica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica "Encyclopædia Iranica"). Retrieved 30 April 2014\. Unlike the Alid revolts which were open and straightforward about their demands, the Abbasids along with the Hashimite allies slowly built up an underground resistance movement to Umayyad rule. Secret networks were used to build a power base of support in the eastern Muslim lands to ensure the revolution's success. This buildup not only took place right on the heels of the [Zaydi Revolt](/wiki/Zaydi_Revolt "Zaydi Revolt") in Iraq, but also concurrently with the [Berber Revolt](/wiki/Berber_Revolt "Berber Revolt") in [Iberia](/wiki/Iberia "Iberia") and [Maghreb](/wiki/Maghreb "Maghreb"), the [Ibadi](/wiki/Ibadi "Ibadi") rebellion in [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen "Yemen") and [Hijaz](/wiki/Hijaz "Hijaz"),Daniel McLaughlin, *Yemen and: The Bradt Travel Guide*, p. 203\. [Guilford](/wiki/Guilford%2C_Connecticut "Guilford, Connecticut"): Brandt Travel Guides, 2007\. {{ISBN\|9781841622125}} and the [Third Fitna](/wiki/Third_Fitna "Third Fitna") in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant"), with the revolt of [al\-Harith ibn Surayj](/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj "Al-Harith ibn Surayj") in [Khurasan](/wiki/Khurasan "Khurasan") and [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia") occurring concurrently with the revolution itself. The Abbasids spent their preparation time watching as the Umayyad Empire was besieged from within itself in all four cardinal directions,[Bernard Lewis](/wiki/Bernard_Lewis "Bernard Lewis"), [The Middle East](https://books.google.com/books?id=-LWbBMm27w8C&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PT73), Introduction, final two pages on the *Umayyad caliphate*. New York: [Simon \& Schuster](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster "Simon & Schuster"), 2009\. {{ISBN\|9781439190005}} and [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies "School of Oriental and African Studies") [Professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") [Emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus "Emeritus") [G. R. Hawting](/wiki/G._R._Hawting "G. R. Hawting") has asserted that even if the Umayyad rulers had been aware of the Abbasids' preparations, it would not have been possible to mobilize against them.
#### Revolt of Ibn Surayj
{{main\|Al\-Harith ibn Surayj}}
In 746, Ibn Surayj began his revolt at [Merv](/wiki/Merv "Merv") without success at first, even losing his secretary [Jahm bin Safwan](/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan "Jahm bin Safwan").G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, p. 108\. After joining forces with other rebel factions, Ibn Surayj drove Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar and his forces to [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur "Nishapur"); the two factions double\-crossed each other shortly thereafter, with Ibn Surayj's faction being crushed. Western Khorasan was controlled by [Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya](/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya "Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya") at the time, cutting Ibn Sayyar in the east off from [Marwan II](/wiki/Marwan_II "Marwan II"). In the summer of 747, Ibn Sayyar [sued for peace](/wiki/Suing_for_peace "Suing for peace"), which was accepted by the remaining rebels. The rebel leader was assassinated by a son of Ibn Surayj in a revenge attack while at the same time, another Shi'ite revolt had begun in the villages. The son of the remaining rebels signed the peace accord and Ibn Sayyar returned to his post in Merv in August of 747 – just after Abu Muslim initiated a revolt of his own.
### Persian phase
On 9 June 747 (Ramadan 25, 129AH), Abu Muslim successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule,[The Cambridge History of Iran](/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran "The Cambridge History of Iran"), [p. 62](https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA62). Ed. Richard N. Frye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975\. {{ISBN\|9780521200936}} which was carried out under the sign of the [Black Standard](/wiki/Black_Standard "Black Standard").Bernard Lewis, *The Middle East*, Introduction, first page on the Abbasid caliphate.[The Cambridge History of Islam](https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA104), vol. 1A, p. 102\. Eds. [Peter M. Holt](/wiki/Peter_M._Holt "Peter M. Holt"), Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995\. {{ISBN\|9780521291354}} Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in [Merv](/wiki/Merv "Merv"). On 14 February 748 he established control of Merv, expelling [Nasr ibn Sayyar](/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar "Nasr ibn Sayyar") less than a year after the latter had put down Ibn Surayj's revolt, and dispatched an army westwards.Matthew Gordon, *The Rise of Islam*, p. 47\.
Newly commissioned Abbasid officer [Qahtaba ibn Shabib al\-Ta'i](/wiki/Qahtaba_ibn_Shabib_al-Ta%27i "Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i"), along with his sons [Al\-Hasan ibn Qahtaba](/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Qahtaba "Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba") and [Humayd ibn Qahtaba](/wiki/Humayd_ibn_Qahtaba "Humayd ibn Qahtaba"), pursued Ibn Sayyar to [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur "Nishapur") and then pushed him further west to [Qumis](/wiki/Qumis%2C_Iran "Qumis, Iran"), in western Persia.G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, p. 116\. That August, al\-Ta'i defeated an Umayyad force of 10,000 at [Gorgan](/wiki/Gorgan "Gorgan"), South East of Caspian Sea. Ibn Sayyar regrouped with reinforcements from the Caliph at [Rey](/wiki/Rey%2C_Iran "Rey, Iran") near today's Capital "Tehran", only for that city to fall as well as the Caliph's commander; once again, Ibn Sayyar fled west and died on 9 December 748 while trying to reach [Hamedan](/wiki/Hamedan "Hamedan") in south Western Persia. Al\-Ta'i rolled west through Khorasan, defeating a 50,000 strong Umayyad force at [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan "Isfahan") in Central Persia in March 749\.
At [Nahavand](/wiki/Nahavand "Nahavand") south western Persia, the Umayyads attempted to make their last stand in Persia. Umayyad forces fleeing Hamedan and the remainder of Ibn Sayyar's men joined with those already garrisoned. Qahtaba defeated an Umayyad relief contingent from Syria while his son al\-Hasan laid siege to Nahavand for more than two months. The Umayyad military units from Syria within the garrison cut a deal with the Abbasids, saving their own lives by selling out the Umayyad units from Khorasan who were all put to death. After almost ninety years, Umayyad rule in Khorasan had finally come to an end.
At the same time that al\-Ta'i took Nishapur Located in North Eastern Khorasan, Abu Muslim was strengthening the Abbasid grip on the Muslim North East. Abbasid governors were appointed over [Transoxiana](/wiki/Transoxiana "Transoxiana") and [Bactria](/wiki/Bactria "Bactria") (Parts of today's Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan), while the rebels who had signed a peace accord with Nasr ibn Sayyar were also offered a peace deal by Abu Muslim only to be double crossed and wiped out. With the pacification of any rebel elements in the east and the surrender of Nahavand in the west, the Abbasids were the undisputed rulers of Khorasan.
### Mesopotamia phase
[thumb\|305px\|Folio from the records of [Balami](/wiki/Muhammad_Bal%27ami "Muhammad Bal'ami") depicting As\-Saffah as he receives [pledges of allegiance](/wiki/Bay%27ah "Bay'ah") in Kufa](/wiki/File:Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Abu%27l-%27Abbas_al-Saffah_is_proclaimed_the_first_%27Abbasid_Caliph_%28cropped%29.jpg "Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg")
The Abbasids wasted no time in continuing from Persia into Mesopotamia. In August 749, Umayyad commander [Yazid ibn Umar al\-Fazari](/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Umar_al-Fazari "Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari") attempted to meet the forces of al\-Ta'i before they could reach [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa "Kufa"). Not to be outdone, the Abbasids launched a nighttime raid on al\-Fazari's forces before they had a chance to prepare. During the raid, al\-Ta'i himself was finally killed in battle. Despite the loss, al\-Fazari was routed and fled with his forces to [Wasit](/wiki/Wasit "Wasit").G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, pp. 116–117\. The [Siege of Wasit](/wiki/Siege_of_Wasit "Siege of Wasit") took place from that August until July 750\. Although a respected military commander had been lost, a large portion of the Umayyad forces were essentially trapped inside Wasit and could be left in their virtual prison while more offensive military actions were made.G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, p. 117\.
Concurrently with the siege in 749, the Abbasids crossed the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates") and took Kufa. The son of [Khalid al\-Qasri](/wiki/Khalid_al-Qasri "Khalid al-Qasri") – a disgraced Umayyad official who had been tortured to death a few years prior – began a pro\-Abbasid riot starting at the city's citadel. On 2 September 749, al\-Hasan bin Qahtaba essentially just walked right in to the city and set up shop. Some confusion followed when [Abu Salama](/wiki/Abu_Salama_Hafs_ibn_Sulayman_al-Khallal "Abu Salama Hafs ibn Sulayman al-Khallal"), an Abbasid officer, pushed for an Alid leader. Abu Muslim's confidante Abu Jahm reported what was happening, and the Abbasids acted preemptively. On Friday, 28 November 749, before the siege of Wasit had even finished, [As\-Saffah](/wiki/As-Saffah "As-Saffah"), the great\-grandson of Muhammad's uncle, [al\-Abbas](/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib "Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib"), was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa."Mahdi." [Encyclopaedia of Islam](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam "Encyclopaedia of Islam"), p. 1,233\. 2nd. ed. Eds. [Peri Bearman](/wiki/Peri_Bearman "Peri Bearman"), [Clifford Edmund Bosworth](/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth "Clifford Edmund Bosworth"), [Wolfhart Heinrichs](/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs "Wolfhart Heinrichs") et al. Abu Salama, who witnessed twelve military commanders from the revolution pledging allegiance, was embarrassed into following suit.
Just as quickly as Qahtaba's forces marched from Khorosan to Kufa, so did the forces of [Abdallah ibn Ali](/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ali "Abdallah ibn Ali") and [Abu Awn Abd al\-Malik ibn Yazid](/wiki/Abu_Awn_Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Yazid "Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid") march on [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul "Mosul")(in today's Northern Iraq). At this point Marwan II mobilized his troops from [Harran](/wiki/Harran "Harran") (Today's South Central Turkey) and advanced toward Mesopotamia. On 16 January 750 the two forces met on the left bank of a tributary of the Tigris in the [Battle of the Zab](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zab "Battle of the Zab"), and nine days later Marwan II was defeated and his army was completely destroyed.Bertold Spuler, [The Muslim World a Historical Survey](https://books.google.com/books?id=XMsUAAAAIAAJ&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA48), Part 1: the Age of the Caliphs, p. 49\. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1968\. The battle is regarded as what finally sealed the fate of the Umayyads. All Marwan II could do was flee through Syria and into Egypt, with each Umayyad town surrendering to the Abbasids as they swept through in pursuit.
[Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus") fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August [Marwan II](/wiki/Marwan_II "Marwan II") and his family were tracked down by a small force led by Abu Awn and [Salih ibn Ali](/wiki/Salih_ibn_Ali "Salih ibn Ali") (the brother of Abdallah ibn Ali) and killed in Egypt. Al\-Fazari, the Umayyad commander at Wasit, held out even after the defeat of Marwan II in January. The Abbasids promised him amnesty in July, but immediately after he exited the fortress they executed him instead. After almost exactly three years of rebellion, the Umayyad state came to an end.
|
[
"Events\n------",
"### Buildup",
"{{further\\|Third Fitna}}\nBeginning around 719, Hashimiyya missions began to seek adherents in [Khurasan](/wiki/Greater_Khorasan \"Greater Khorasan\"). Their campaign was framed as one of [proselytism](/wiki/Dawah \"Dawah\"). They sought support for \"a member of the House of the Prophet who shall be pleasing to everyone\",الرضا من ءآل محمد :al\\-reżā men āl Moḥammad without making explicit mention of the Abbasids.[ABBASID CALIPHATE](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbasid-caliphate), [Encyclopædia Iranica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica \"Encyclopædia Iranica\"). Retrieved 8 November 2014\\. These missions met with success both among Arabs and non\\-Arabs, although the latter may have played a particularly important role in the growth of the movement. A number of Shi'ite rebellions – by Kaysanites, Hashimiyya and mainstream Shi'ites – took place in the final years of Umayyad rule, just around the same time that tempers were flaring among the Syrian contingents of the Umayyad army regarding alliances and wrongdoings during the [Second](/wiki/Second_Fitna \"Second Fitna\")*The Oxford History of Islam*, p. 24 only. and [Third Fitna](/wiki/Third_Fitna \"Third Fitna\").G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, pp. 105 \\& 107\\.",
"At this time [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa \"Kufa\") was the center for the opposition to Umayyad rule, particularly Ali's supporters and Shias. In 741–42 [Abu Muslim](/wiki/Abu_Muslim \"Abu Muslim\") made his first contact with Abbasid agents there, and eventually he was introduced to the head of Abbasids, Imam [Ibrahim](/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Ali \"Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ali\"), in [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca \"Mecca\"). Around 746, [Abu Muslim](/wiki/Abu_Muslim \"Abu Muslim\") assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan.[ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b), [Encyclopædia Iranica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica \"Encyclopædia Iranica\"). Retrieved 30 April 2014\\. Unlike the Alid revolts which were open and straightforward about their demands, the Abbasids along with the Hashimite allies slowly built up an underground resistance movement to Umayyad rule. Secret networks were used to build a power base of support in the eastern Muslim lands to ensure the revolution's success. This buildup not only took place right on the heels of the [Zaydi Revolt](/wiki/Zaydi_Revolt \"Zaydi Revolt\") in Iraq, but also concurrently with the [Berber Revolt](/wiki/Berber_Revolt \"Berber Revolt\") in [Iberia](/wiki/Iberia \"Iberia\") and [Maghreb](/wiki/Maghreb \"Maghreb\"), the [Ibadi](/wiki/Ibadi \"Ibadi\") rebellion in [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen \"Yemen\") and [Hijaz](/wiki/Hijaz \"Hijaz\"),Daniel McLaughlin, *Yemen and: The Bradt Travel Guide*, p. 203\\. [Guilford](/wiki/Guilford%2C_Connecticut \"Guilford, Connecticut\"): Brandt Travel Guides, 2007\\. {{ISBN\\|9781841622125}} and the [Third Fitna](/wiki/Third_Fitna \"Third Fitna\") in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\"), with the revolt of [al\\-Harith ibn Surayj](/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj \"Al-Harith ibn Surayj\") in [Khurasan](/wiki/Khurasan \"Khurasan\") and [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia \"Central Asia\") occurring concurrently with the revolution itself. The Abbasids spent their preparation time watching as the Umayyad Empire was besieged from within itself in all four cardinal directions,[Bernard Lewis](/wiki/Bernard_Lewis \"Bernard Lewis\"), [The Middle East](https://books.google.com/books?id=-LWbBMm27w8C&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PT73), Introduction, final two pages on the *Umayyad caliphate*. New York: [Simon \\& Schuster](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\"), 2009\\. {{ISBN\\|9781439190005}} and [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies \"School of Oriental and African Studies\") [Professor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\") [Emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus \"Emeritus\") [G. R. Hawting](/wiki/G._R._Hawting \"G. R. Hawting\") has asserted that even if the Umayyad rulers had been aware of the Abbasids' preparations, it would not have been possible to mobilize against them.",
"#### Revolt of Ibn Surayj",
"{{main\\|Al\\-Harith ibn Surayj}}",
"In 746, Ibn Surayj began his revolt at [Merv](/wiki/Merv \"Merv\") without success at first, even losing his secretary [Jahm bin Safwan](/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan \"Jahm bin Safwan\").G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, p. 108\\. After joining forces with other rebel factions, Ibn Surayj drove Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar and his forces to [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur \"Nishapur\"); the two factions double\\-crossed each other shortly thereafter, with Ibn Surayj's faction being crushed. Western Khorasan was controlled by [Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya](/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya \"Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya\") at the time, cutting Ibn Sayyar in the east off from [Marwan II](/wiki/Marwan_II \"Marwan II\"). In the summer of 747, Ibn Sayyar [sued for peace](/wiki/Suing_for_peace \"Suing for peace\"), which was accepted by the remaining rebels. The rebel leader was assassinated by a son of Ibn Surayj in a revenge attack while at the same time, another Shi'ite revolt had begun in the villages. The son of the remaining rebels signed the peace accord and Ibn Sayyar returned to his post in Merv in August of 747 – just after Abu Muslim initiated a revolt of his own.",
"### Persian phase",
"On 9 June 747 (Ramadan 25, 129AH), Abu Muslim successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule,[The Cambridge History of Iran](/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran \"The Cambridge History of Iran\"), [p. 62](https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA62). Ed. Richard N. Frye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975\\. {{ISBN\\|9780521200936}} which was carried out under the sign of the [Black Standard](/wiki/Black_Standard \"Black Standard\").Bernard Lewis, *The Middle East*, Introduction, first page on the Abbasid caliphate.[The Cambridge History of Islam](https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA104), vol. 1A, p. 102\\. Eds. [Peter M. Holt](/wiki/Peter_M._Holt \"Peter M. Holt\"), Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995\\. {{ISBN\\|9780521291354}} Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in [Merv](/wiki/Merv \"Merv\"). On 14 February 748 he established control of Merv, expelling [Nasr ibn Sayyar](/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar \"Nasr ibn Sayyar\") less than a year after the latter had put down Ibn Surayj's revolt, and dispatched an army westwards.Matthew Gordon, *The Rise of Islam*, p. 47\\.",
"Newly commissioned Abbasid officer [Qahtaba ibn Shabib al\\-Ta'i](/wiki/Qahtaba_ibn_Shabib_al-Ta%27i \"Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i\"), along with his sons [Al\\-Hasan ibn Qahtaba](/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Qahtaba \"Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba\") and [Humayd ibn Qahtaba](/wiki/Humayd_ibn_Qahtaba \"Humayd ibn Qahtaba\"), pursued Ibn Sayyar to [Nishapur](/wiki/Nishapur \"Nishapur\") and then pushed him further west to [Qumis](/wiki/Qumis%2C_Iran \"Qumis, Iran\"), in western Persia.G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, p. 116\\. That August, al\\-Ta'i defeated an Umayyad force of 10,000 at [Gorgan](/wiki/Gorgan \"Gorgan\"), South East of Caspian Sea. Ibn Sayyar regrouped with reinforcements from the Caliph at [Rey](/wiki/Rey%2C_Iran \"Rey, Iran\") near today's Capital \"Tehran\", only for that city to fall as well as the Caliph's commander; once again, Ibn Sayyar fled west and died on 9 December 748 while trying to reach [Hamedan](/wiki/Hamedan \"Hamedan\") in south Western Persia. Al\\-Ta'i rolled west through Khorasan, defeating a 50,000 strong Umayyad force at [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan \"Isfahan\") in Central Persia in March 749\\.",
"At [Nahavand](/wiki/Nahavand \"Nahavand\") south western Persia, the Umayyads attempted to make their last stand in Persia. Umayyad forces fleeing Hamedan and the remainder of Ibn Sayyar's men joined with those already garrisoned. Qahtaba defeated an Umayyad relief contingent from Syria while his son al\\-Hasan laid siege to Nahavand for more than two months. The Umayyad military units from Syria within the garrison cut a deal with the Abbasids, saving their own lives by selling out the Umayyad units from Khorasan who were all put to death. After almost ninety years, Umayyad rule in Khorasan had finally come to an end.",
"At the same time that al\\-Ta'i took Nishapur Located in North Eastern Khorasan, Abu Muslim was strengthening the Abbasid grip on the Muslim North East. Abbasid governors were appointed over [Transoxiana](/wiki/Transoxiana \"Transoxiana\") and [Bactria](/wiki/Bactria \"Bactria\") (Parts of today's Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan), while the rebels who had signed a peace accord with Nasr ibn Sayyar were also offered a peace deal by Abu Muslim only to be double crossed and wiped out. With the pacification of any rebel elements in the east and the surrender of Nahavand in the west, the Abbasids were the undisputed rulers of Khorasan.",
"### Mesopotamia phase",
"[thumb\\|305px\\|Folio from the records of [Balami](/wiki/Muhammad_Bal%27ami \"Muhammad Bal'ami\") depicting As\\-Saffah as he receives [pledges of allegiance](/wiki/Bay%27ah \"Bay'ah\") in Kufa](/wiki/File:Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Abu%27l-%27Abbas_al-Saffah_is_proclaimed_the_first_%27Abbasid_Caliph_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg\")\nThe Abbasids wasted no time in continuing from Persia into Mesopotamia. In August 749, Umayyad commander [Yazid ibn Umar al\\-Fazari](/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Umar_al-Fazari \"Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari\") attempted to meet the forces of al\\-Ta'i before they could reach [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa \"Kufa\"). Not to be outdone, the Abbasids launched a nighttime raid on al\\-Fazari's forces before they had a chance to prepare. During the raid, al\\-Ta'i himself was finally killed in battle. Despite the loss, al\\-Fazari was routed and fled with his forces to [Wasit](/wiki/Wasit \"Wasit\").G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, pp. 116–117\\. The [Siege of Wasit](/wiki/Siege_of_Wasit \"Siege of Wasit\") took place from that August until July 750\\. Although a respected military commander had been lost, a large portion of the Umayyad forces were essentially trapped inside Wasit and could be left in their virtual prison while more offensive military actions were made.G.R. Hawting, *The First Dynasty of Islam*, p. 117\\.",
"Concurrently with the siege in 749, the Abbasids crossed the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\") and took Kufa. The son of [Khalid al\\-Qasri](/wiki/Khalid_al-Qasri \"Khalid al-Qasri\") – a disgraced Umayyad official who had been tortured to death a few years prior – began a pro\\-Abbasid riot starting at the city's citadel. On 2 September 749, al\\-Hasan bin Qahtaba essentially just walked right in to the city and set up shop. Some confusion followed when [Abu Salama](/wiki/Abu_Salama_Hafs_ibn_Sulayman_al-Khallal \"Abu Salama Hafs ibn Sulayman al-Khallal\"), an Abbasid officer, pushed for an Alid leader. Abu Muslim's confidante Abu Jahm reported what was happening, and the Abbasids acted preemptively. On Friday, 28 November 749, before the siege of Wasit had even finished, [As\\-Saffah](/wiki/As-Saffah \"As-Saffah\"), the great\\-grandson of Muhammad's uncle, [al\\-Abbas](/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib \"Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib\"), was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.\"Mahdi.\" [Encyclopaedia of Islam](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam \"Encyclopaedia of Islam\"), p. 1,233\\. 2nd. ed. Eds. [Peri Bearman](/wiki/Peri_Bearman \"Peri Bearman\"), [Clifford Edmund Bosworth](/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth \"Clifford Edmund Bosworth\"), [Wolfhart Heinrichs](/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs \"Wolfhart Heinrichs\") et al. Abu Salama, who witnessed twelve military commanders from the revolution pledging allegiance, was embarrassed into following suit.",
"Just as quickly as Qahtaba's forces marched from Khorosan to Kufa, so did the forces of [Abdallah ibn Ali](/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ali \"Abdallah ibn Ali\") and [Abu Awn Abd al\\-Malik ibn Yazid](/wiki/Abu_Awn_Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Yazid \"Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid\") march on [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul \"Mosul\")(in today's Northern Iraq). At this point Marwan II mobilized his troops from [Harran](/wiki/Harran \"Harran\") (Today's South Central Turkey) and advanced toward Mesopotamia. On 16 January 750 the two forces met on the left bank of a tributary of the Tigris in the [Battle of the Zab](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zab \"Battle of the Zab\"), and nine days later Marwan II was defeated and his army was completely destroyed.Bertold Spuler, [The Muslim World a Historical Survey](https://books.google.com/books?id=XMsUAAAAIAAJ&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA48), Part 1: the Age of the Caliphs, p. 49\\. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1968\\. The battle is regarded as what finally sealed the fate of the Umayyads. All Marwan II could do was flee through Syria and into Egypt, with each Umayyad town surrendering to the Abbasids as they swept through in pursuit.",
"[Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\") fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August [Marwan II](/wiki/Marwan_II \"Marwan II\") and his family were tracked down by a small force led by Abu Awn and [Salih ibn Ali](/wiki/Salih_ibn_Ali \"Salih ibn Ali\") (the brother of Abdallah ibn Ali) and killed in Egypt. Al\\-Fazari, the Umayyad commander at Wasit, held out even after the defeat of Marwan II in January. The Abbasids promised him amnesty in July, but immediately after he exited the fortress they executed him instead. After almost exactly three years of rebellion, the Umayyad state came to an end.",
""
] |
Tactics
-------
### Ethnic equality
Militarily, the unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited mixed Arab and Turks and Iranian officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno\-national affiliations but on their current places of residence. This greatly diminished tribal and ethnic solidarity and replaced both concepts with a sense of shared interests among individuals.
### Propaganda
The Abbasid revolution provides an early medieval example of the effectiveness of propaganda. The Black Standard unfurled at the start of the revolution's open phase carried messianic overtones due to past failed rebellions by members of Muhammad's family, with marked eschatological and millennial slants. The Abbasids – their leaders descended from Muhammad's uncle [Abbas ibn Abd al\-Muttalib](/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib "Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib") – held vivid historical reenactments of the murder of Muhammad's grandson [Husayn ibn Ali](/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali "Husayn ibn Ali") by the army of the second Umayyad ruler [Yazid I](/wiki/Yazid_I "Yazid I"), followed by promises of retribution. Focus was carefully placed on the legacy of Muhammad's family while details of how the Abbasids actually intended to rule were not mentioned.Bertold Spuler, *The Muslim World a Historical Survey*, p. 48\. While the Umayyads had primarily spent their energy on wiping out the Alid line of the prophetic family, the Abbasids carefully revised Muslim chronicles to put a heavier emphasis on the relationship between Muhammad and his uncle.
The Abbasids spent more than a year preparing their propaganda drive against the Umayyads. There were a total of seventy propagandists throughout the province of Khorasan, operating under twelve central officials.G.R. Hawting, *The Final Dynasty of Islam*, p. 114\.
### Secrecy
The Abbasid revolution was distinguished by a number of tactics which were absent in the other, unsuccessful anti\-Umayyad rebellions at the time. Chief among them was secrecy. While the Shi'ite and other rebellions at the time were all led by publicly known leaders making clear and well\-defined demands, the Abbasids hid not only their identities but also their preparation and mere existence.[Jonathan Berkey](/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey "Jonathan Berkey"), [The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800](https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA102), p. 104\. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003\. {{ISBN\|9780521588133}} As\-Saffah would go on to become the first Abbasid caliph, but he did not come forward to receive the pledge of allegiance from the people until after the Umayyad caliph and a large number of his princes were already killed.
[Abu Muslim al\-Khorasani](/wiki/Abu_Muslim "Abu Muslim"), who was the primary Abbasid military commander, was especially mysterious; even his name, which literally means "father of a Muslim from the large, flat area of the eastern Muslim empire" gave no meaningful information about him personally. Even today, although scholars are sure he was one real, consistent individual, there is broad agreement that all concrete suggestions of his actual identity are doubtful. Abu Muslim himself discouraged inquiries about his origins, emphasizing that his religion and place of residence were all that mattered.
Whoever he was, Abu Muslim built a secret network of pro\-Abbasid sentiment based among the mixed Arab and Iranian military officers along the [Silk Road](/wiki/Silk_Road "Silk Road") garrison cities. Through this networking, Abu Muslim ensured armed support for the Abbasids from a multi\-ethnic force years before the revolution even came out in the open. These networks proved essential, as the officers garrisoned along the Silk Road had spent years fighting the ferocious [Turkic](/wiki/Turkic_peoples "Turkic peoples") tribes of [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia") and were experienced and respected tacticians and warriors.
|
[
"Tactics\n-------",
"### Ethnic equality",
"Militarily, the unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited mixed Arab and Turks and Iranian officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno\\-national affiliations but on their current places of residence. This greatly diminished tribal and ethnic solidarity and replaced both concepts with a sense of shared interests among individuals.",
"### Propaganda",
"The Abbasid revolution provides an early medieval example of the effectiveness of propaganda. The Black Standard unfurled at the start of the revolution's open phase carried messianic overtones due to past failed rebellions by members of Muhammad's family, with marked eschatological and millennial slants. The Abbasids – their leaders descended from Muhammad's uncle [Abbas ibn Abd al\\-Muttalib](/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib \"Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib\") – held vivid historical reenactments of the murder of Muhammad's grandson [Husayn ibn Ali](/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali \"Husayn ibn Ali\") by the army of the second Umayyad ruler [Yazid I](/wiki/Yazid_I \"Yazid I\"), followed by promises of retribution. Focus was carefully placed on the legacy of Muhammad's family while details of how the Abbasids actually intended to rule were not mentioned.Bertold Spuler, *The Muslim World a Historical Survey*, p. 48\\. While the Umayyads had primarily spent their energy on wiping out the Alid line of the prophetic family, the Abbasids carefully revised Muslim chronicles to put a heavier emphasis on the relationship between Muhammad and his uncle.",
"The Abbasids spent more than a year preparing their propaganda drive against the Umayyads. There were a total of seventy propagandists throughout the province of Khorasan, operating under twelve central officials.G.R. Hawting, *The Final Dynasty of Islam*, p. 114\\.",
"### Secrecy",
"The Abbasid revolution was distinguished by a number of tactics which were absent in the other, unsuccessful anti\\-Umayyad rebellions at the time. Chief among them was secrecy. While the Shi'ite and other rebellions at the time were all led by publicly known leaders making clear and well\\-defined demands, the Abbasids hid not only their identities but also their preparation and mere existence.[Jonathan Berkey](/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey \"Jonathan Berkey\"), [The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800](https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&dq=umayyad+abbasid+non+muslim+support&pg=PA102), p. 104\\. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003\\. {{ISBN\\|9780521588133}} As\\-Saffah would go on to become the first Abbasid caliph, but he did not come forward to receive the pledge of allegiance from the people until after the Umayyad caliph and a large number of his princes were already killed.",
"[Abu Muslim al\\-Khorasani](/wiki/Abu_Muslim \"Abu Muslim\"), who was the primary Abbasid military commander, was especially mysterious; even his name, which literally means \"father of a Muslim from the large, flat area of the eastern Muslim empire\" gave no meaningful information about him personally. Even today, although scholars are sure he was one real, consistent individual, there is broad agreement that all concrete suggestions of his actual identity are doubtful. Abu Muslim himself discouraged inquiries about his origins, emphasizing that his religion and place of residence were all that mattered.",
"Whoever he was, Abu Muslim built a secret network of pro\\-Abbasid sentiment based among the mixed Arab and Iranian military officers along the [Silk Road](/wiki/Silk_Road \"Silk Road\") garrison cities. Through this networking, Abu Muslim ensured armed support for the Abbasids from a multi\\-ethnic force years before the revolution even came out in the open. These networks proved essential, as the officers garrisoned along the Silk Road had spent years fighting the ferocious [Turkic](/wiki/Turkic_peoples \"Turkic peoples\") tribes of [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia \"Central Asia\") and were experienced and respected tacticians and warriors.",
""
] |
History
-------
The company was known as Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited (or just Hong Kong Pharmaceutical; {{zh\|t\=香港葯業}} or {{zh\|t\=香港藥業\|labels\=no}} or just {{zh\|t\=港葯/港藥\|labels\=no}}) from 2000 to 2007\. It was previously known as "N P H International Holdings Limited" from 1997 to 2000,{{cite report\|chapter\-url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/182/F107\.pdf\|chapter\=Report of the Directors\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/LTN20010807065\.htm\|title\=Annual Report 2000/2001\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|date\=7 August 2001\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\|11}} as well as Nam Pei Hong International Holdings Limited in 1997\. From 2007 to 2015, the listed company was known as China WindPower Group Limited.
### Nam Pei Hong International
Nam Pei Hong International Holdings was a Bermuda\-incorporated offshore company. *[Nam Pak Hong](/wiki/Nam_Pak_Hong "Nam Pak Hong")* ({{zh\|t\=南北行}}) was a kind of trading company that import and export goods from China. [Bonham Strand](/wiki/Bonham_Strand "Bonham Strand") was also nicknamed "Nam Pak Hong street" in Chinese language. However, the listed company did not headquartered in Bonham Strand, also did not own any properties on that street.{{cite report\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/LTN20010807065\.htm\|title\=Annual Report 2000/2001\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|date\=7 August 2001\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}} However, the listed company was the parent company of Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs Company Limited ({{zh\|t\=南北行參茸葯材有限公司\|labels\=no}}), a trading company in Chinese medicine such as dried abalone, birds' nests, dried scallops, ginseng, etc.
Before 1997, the business was incorporated and listed in Hong Kong as Nam Pei Hong (Holding) Limited ({{zh\|t\=南北行（集團）有限公司}}). It was incorporated in 1984 and listed on 27 November 1991\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market\-Data/Securities\-Prices/Equities/Equities\-Quote?sym\=182≻\_lang\=en\|title\= CONCORD NEW ENERGY GROUP LTD. (182\) \|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{cite news\|script\-title\=zh:每股作價七角七仙 南北行發售新股上市 集資開設新店及廠房\|date\=12 November 1991\|newspaper\= Ta Kung Pao\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong\|page\=24\|language\=zh\-hk\|url\=https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c\=QF757YsWv59H%2FuxqfBwEJCi%2BVdemNICa\|via\=MMIS, Hong Kong Public Libraries}} Soon after the Hong Kong incorporated holding company, Nam Pei Hong (Holding), became a subsidiary of the Bermuda\-incorporated new holding company in 1997, it was renamed to Foster (Group) Limited from 1998 to 2000\.Hong Kong Company Registry database{{cite report\|chapter\-url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/182/F113\.pdf\|chapter\=Notes to Financial Statements\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/LTN20010807065\.htm\|title\=Annual Report 2000/2001\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|date\=7 August 2001\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\|53}} As of 31 March 2006, it was still a wholly owned subsidiary of the group.{{cite report\|chapter\-url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2006/0818/0182/EWF109\.pdf\|chapter\=Notes to Financial Statements\|title\=2006 Annual Report\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|date\=18 August 2006\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\|44}} However, after the listed company became an investment vehicle for a backdoor listing, the Nam Pei Hong division was sold to Johnson Ko, one of the shareholder of the listed company in 2009, for HK$34 million.{{cite press release\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2009/0306/ltn20090306372\.pdf\|title\=MAJOR AND CONNECTED TRANSACTION DISPOSAL OF NPH GROUP AND RESUMPTION OF TRADING\|date\=6 March 2009\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=China WindPower Group\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}} Nam Pei Hong (Holding) was dissolved by striking\-off in 2010\. However, as of 2019, the former subsidiaries, Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nampeihong.com\|script\-title\=zh:南北行 – 主頁\|trans\-title\=Nam Pei Hong \- main page\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=南北行參茸葯材 \[Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs]\|language\=zh\-hk\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong}} and N P H Sino\-Meditech Limited, were live companies.
### Hong Kong Pharmaceutical
It was reported that Heilongjiang Economic Development Corp. ({{zh\|t\=黑龍江經濟開發集團公司}}) acquired the controlling stake of the listed company in 1996{{sic}}. The [Hong Kong stock exchange](/wiki/Hong_Kong_stock_exchange "Hong Kong stock exchange") also publicly criticised the listed company and former managers for failing to disclose the sale of the company in time.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.scmp.com/article/266367/exchange\-raps\-nam\-pei\-hong\-over\-sale\|title\=Exchange raps Nam Pei Hong over sale\|date\=18 December 1998\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|newspaper\=South China Morning Post\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong\|first\=Enoch\|last\=Yiu}} According to *[South China Morning Post](/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")*, Victory Hunter Holdings, an investment vehicle owned by Yau Wai\-ming ({{zh\|s\=邱伟铭\|p\=Qiū Wěimíng}}) of Heilongjiang provincial government{{sic}}, acquired 33% stake of the listed company from {{ill\|International Tak Cheung Holdings\|zh\|國際德祥}}, the former significant owner of the listed company in July 1997\. According to a press release, Yau transferred the stake of Victory Hunter Holdings to Hong Tau Investment in 1999 for HK$1\.{{cite press release\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/1999/0601/ltn19990601013\.htm\|title\=Announcement\|publisher\=N P H International Holdings \|date\=31 May 1999\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}} 2 directors of the listed company, Sun Hiu\-lu{{sic}} ({{zh\|s\=孙晓路\|t\=孫曉路\|p\=Sūn Xiǎolù}}) and Chu Kwan{{sic}} ({{zh\|t\=朱均\|p\=Zhū Jūn}}), via Welcome Success Worldwide Limited, owned 51% stake of Hong Tau, however, themselves did not have "a casting vote or control of Welcome Success Worldwide". The remaining 49% stake of Hong Tau were owned by Heilongjiang Economic Development (which was later renamed to Heilongjiang China United Co., Ltd.; {{zh\|t\=黑龍江中盟集團有限公司}}{{cite report\|chapter\-url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2003/1222/0182/f105\.pdf\|chapter\=Report of the Directors\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2003/1222/LTN20031222127\.htm\|title\=Annual Report 2002/2003\|date\=22 December 2003\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\|15}}) and another government\-owned company Heilongjian International Trust Investment Corporation. According to the last publication before 2004 suspension, as at 30 September 2003, Hong Tau still owned a majority stake (67\.2%) of the listed company{{cite report\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2004/0119/0182/f101\.pdf\|title\=Interim Report 2003/2004\|date\=19 January 2004\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\|23, 26–27}} It was reported that Sun acquired the aforementioned stake from Yau in 1999, also caused a price fluctuation of the shares of the listed company.{{cite magazine\|script\-title\=zh:四通高科幕后玩家揭秘\|magazine\=财经界\|author\=何晓晴\|issue\=213\|date\=June 2003\|language\=zh\-cn}}
The listed company was renamed to Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited in 2000\. The listed company acquired several Mainland China based businesses.
However, the poor management under new owner(s), had caused the listed company in the brink of liquidation in 2004\.{{cite news\|url\=http://the\-sun.on.cc/channels/fina/20061208/20061208011841\_0000\.html\|script\-title\=zh:港葯復牌狂瀉七成半\|date\=8 December 2006\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|newspaper\=太陽報 \[The Sun ]\|publisher\=Oriental Press Group\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong \|language\=zh\-hk}}
In 2005, {{ill\|Johnson Ko Chun\-shun\|zh\|高振順}} ({{zh\|t\=高振順\|j\=Gou1 Zan3 Seon6\|cy\=Gōu Jan Seuhn}}) acquired the controlling stake (85\.2%) of the listed company from the liquidator. The listed company also sold two [Mainland](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China")\-incorporated subsidiaries to the bond holders.{{cite news\|url\=https://hk.finance.appledaily.com/finance/daily/article/20050928/5263088\|script\-title\=zh:高振順8019萬入主港藥\|trans\-title\=Ko Chun\-shun acquires Hong Kong Pharmaceutical for (HK$)80,19 million\|date\=28 September 2005\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|newspaper\=Apple Daily\|publisher\=Next Digital\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong\|language\=zh\-hk}} The listed company also said to be refocus on *Nam Pak Hong* trading business, despite the division was sold to Ko in 2009\. Johnson Ko was the chairman of the company from 2006 until 2009, which his position was changed to vice\-chairman in June 2009\.{{cite news\|url\=https://hk.finance.appledaily.com/finance/daily/article/20090612/12868693\|script\-title\=zh:中國風電正副主席玩執位\|department\=中環在線 column\|author\=李華華\|date\=12 June 2009\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|newspaper\=Apple Daily\|publisher\=Next Digital\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong\|language\=zh\-hk}} After a reverse IPO in 2007, Johnson Ko was still one of the major shareholders of the company until 2015\. In May 2015, he sold most of his shareholding (held via a company he owned: Gain Alpha) of Concord New Energy, which was decreased from 22\.36% to 2\.24% of the share capital.{{cite news\|url\=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90\-00182\-hk\-%E9%81%AD%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E6%8C%AF%E9%A0%86%E9%85%8D%E8%82%A1%E6%B8%9B%E6%8C%8118%E5%84%84%E8%82%A1\-001300477\.html\|script\-title\=zh:協合新能源(00182\.HK)遭副主席高振順配股減持18億股\|date\=15 May 2015\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|work\=aastocks.com\|language\=zh\-hk\|via\=Yahoo!HK News}} Johnson Ko and his daughter {{ill\|Samantha Ko Wing\-yan\|zh\|高穎欣}} were resigned as directors of the company in June 2015\.{{cite report\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2016/0425/LTN20160425997\.pdf\|title\=2015 Annual Report\|date\=26 April 2016\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=Concord New Energy\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing website}}
In December 2006, the listed company was resumed from trading after more than 2 years of suspension. The closing price was HK$0\.47 per share, or a decrease of HK$1\.47 in magnitude.
### China WindPower Group
In April 2007 Hong Kong Pharmaceutical acquired China Wind Power Holdings Limited{{cite report\|url\=http://www3\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2007/0706/LTN20070706409\.pdf\|title\=2007 Annual Report\|date\=6 July 2007\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|chapter\=Notes to Financial Statements\|publisher\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\|via\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing website}}{{rp\|71}} as a [reverse IPO](/wiki/Reverse_IPO "Reverse IPO").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.edigest.hk/607/%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%BD%95%E6%99%82%E5%8F%AF%E8%B2%B7%EF%BC%9F/\|script\-title\=zh:協合新能源何時可買？\|date\=3 December 2015\|type\=column\|author\=龔成\|work\=經濟一周 \[Economic Digest]\|publisher\=新傳媒集團 \[New Media Group]\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong\|language\=zh\-hk\|access\-date\=8 April 2019}} The listed company also renamed to China WindPower Group Limited (upper cap "P") after the deal. The listed company also owned a subsidiary that known as "China Windpower Group Limited" until 2009\. China Windpower (lower cap "p") was sold to Johnson Ko, which China Windpower (lower cap "p") was the direct parent company of Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs business (see above section [\#Nam Pei Hong International](/wiki/%23Nam_Pei_Hong_International "#Nam Pei Hong International") for the details).
The company and its subsidiaries were engaged in [engineering, procurement and construction](/wiki/Engineering%2C_procurement_and_construction "Engineering, procurement and construction") (EPC), operation and maintenance of [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power") plants, the manufacture of wind power equipment and other wind power related business.
In 2009, fellow listed company [CLP Group](/wiki/CLP_Group "CLP Group") acquired 50% stake of a subsidiary of China WindPower Group for HK$101\.3 million. The joint venture and former subsidiary, CLP\-CWP Wind Power Investment Limited, owned wind farms in [Fuxin](/wiki/Fuxin "Fuxin"), Liaoning Province, China.{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.clpgroup.com/en/Media\-Resources\-site/Current%20Releases/20090317\_Eng.pdf\|title\=CLP and China WindPower Group Co\-invest in Wind Projects in China\|date\=17 March 2009\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=CLP Group\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong}}
### Concord New Energy
In 2015, the listed company was renamed to Concord New Energy Group Limited.{{cite news\|url\=https://www2\.hkej.com/instantnews/announcement/article/967694/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%BB%E6%93%AC%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D%E7%82%BA%E5%8D%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90\|script\-title\=zh:中國風電擬改名為協合新能源\|date\=8 January 2015\|access\-date\=7 April 2019\|department\=online instant news\|newspaper\=\[\[Hong Kong Economic Journal]]\|language\=zh\-hk}} According to the press release, since the company had acquired [solar farm](/wiki/Solar_farm "Solar farm") in 2011, the company's newly installed power generating capacity had been mainly from solar power since 2014, thus renaming the company.{{cite news\|url\=https://quamnet.com/newscontent.action?articleId\=3995416\&listSectionCode\=NEW\_HKEX\|script\-title\=zh:中國風電(182\)擬更名為「協合新能源集團有限公司」\|trans\-title\=China WindPower (182\) was proposed to rename to Concord New Energy Group Limited\|date\=9 January 2015\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|work\=Quam Net\|publication\-place\=Hong Kong\|language\=zh\-hk}}{{Dead link\|date\=December 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
In November 2017, the company suspended the issuance of its bond. The public offering of the bond was resumed in January 2018\.{{cite news\|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2018/01/17/asiabond/\|title\=Asian Bond Issuance Is on the Rise. For Some Companies, So Are Borrowing Costs\|date\=17 January 2018\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|newspaper\=The Wall Street Journal\|publication\-place\=New York city\|author\=Manju Dalal \|url\-access\=limited}} In 2017, [Fitch Ratings](/wiki/Fitch_Ratings "Fitch Ratings") assigned a "BB−" rating to the company.{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/fitch\-assigns\-first\-time\-bb\-rating\-to\-co\-idAFFit90H4nP\|title\=Fitch Assigns First\-Time 'BB\-' Rating to Concord New Energy; Rates USD Notes 'BB\-(EXP)\|date\=7 November 2017\|access\-date\=8 April 2019\|publisher\=Fitch Ratings\|via\=Reuters.com\|location\=Hong Kong; Shanghai}}
In 2018, Concord New Energy was part of the consortium to provide venture funding to [Malta Inc.](/wiki/Malta_Inc. "Malta Inc."), a spin off of [Alphabet Inc.](/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc."){{cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018\-12\-19/gates\-bezos\-among\-billionaires\-backing\-alphabet\-energy\-spinoff\|title\=Gates Among Billionaires Backing Alphabet Energy Spinoff\|date\=19 December 2018\|access\-date\=7 April 2019\|publisher\=Bloomberg\|first1\= Mark\|last1\=Chediak\|first2\=Mark\|last2\=Bergen }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The company was known as Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited (or just Hong Kong Pharmaceutical; {{zh\\|t\\=香港葯業}} or {{zh\\|t\\=香港藥業\\|labels\\=no}} or just {{zh\\|t\\=港葯/港藥\\|labels\\=no}}) from 2000 to 2007\\. It was previously known as \"N P H International Holdings Limited\" from 1997 to 2000,{{cite report\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/182/F107\\.pdf\\|chapter\\=Report of the Directors\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/LTN20010807065\\.htm\\|title\\=Annual Report 2000/2001\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|date\\=7 August 2001\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\\|11}} as well as Nam Pei Hong International Holdings Limited in 1997\\. From 2007 to 2015, the listed company was known as China WindPower Group Limited.",
"### Nam Pei Hong International",
"Nam Pei Hong International Holdings was a Bermuda\\-incorporated offshore company. *[Nam Pak Hong](/wiki/Nam_Pak_Hong \"Nam Pak Hong\")* ({{zh\\|t\\=南北行}}) was a kind of trading company that import and export goods from China. [Bonham Strand](/wiki/Bonham_Strand \"Bonham Strand\") was also nicknamed \"Nam Pak Hong street\" in Chinese language. However, the listed company did not headquartered in Bonham Strand, also did not own any properties on that street.{{cite report\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/LTN20010807065\\.htm\\|title\\=Annual Report 2000/2001\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|date\\=7 August 2001\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}} However, the listed company was the parent company of Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs Company Limited ({{zh\\|t\\=南北行參茸葯材有限公司\\|labels\\=no}}), a trading company in Chinese medicine such as dried abalone, birds' nests, dried scallops, ginseng, etc.",
"Before 1997, the business was incorporated and listed in Hong Kong as Nam Pei Hong (Holding) Limited ({{zh\\|t\\=南北行（集團）有限公司}}). It was incorporated in 1984 and listed on 27 November 1991\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market\\-Data/Securities\\-Prices/Equities/Equities\\-Quote?sym\\=182≻\\_lang\\=en\\|title\\= CONCORD NEW ENERGY GROUP LTD. (182\\) \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{cite news\\|script\\-title\\=zh:每股作價七角七仙 南北行發售新股上市 集資開設新店及廠房\\|date\\=12 November 1991\\|newspaper\\= Ta Kung Pao\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong\\|page\\=24\\|language\\=zh\\-hk\\|url\\=https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c\\=QF757YsWv59H%2FuxqfBwEJCi%2BVdemNICa\\|via\\=MMIS, Hong Kong Public Libraries}} Soon after the Hong Kong incorporated holding company, Nam Pei Hong (Holding), became a subsidiary of the Bermuda\\-incorporated new holding company in 1997, it was renamed to Foster (Group) Limited from 1998 to 2000\\.Hong Kong Company Registry database{{cite report\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/182/F113\\.pdf\\|chapter\\=Notes to Financial Statements\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2001/0807/LTN20010807065\\.htm\\|title\\=Annual Report 2000/2001\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|date\\=7 August 2001\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\\|53}} As of 31 March 2006, it was still a wholly owned subsidiary of the group.{{cite report\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2006/0818/0182/EWF109\\.pdf\\|chapter\\=Notes to Financial Statements\\|title\\=2006 Annual Report\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|date\\=18 August 2006\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\\|44}} However, after the listed company became an investment vehicle for a backdoor listing, the Nam Pei Hong division was sold to Johnson Ko, one of the shareholder of the listed company in 2009, for HK$34 million.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2009/0306/ltn20090306372\\.pdf\\|title\\=MAJOR AND CONNECTED TRANSACTION DISPOSAL OF NPH GROUP AND RESUMPTION OF TRADING\\|date\\=6 March 2009\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=China WindPower Group\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}} Nam Pei Hong (Holding) was dissolved by striking\\-off in 2010\\. However, as of 2019, the former subsidiaries, Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nampeihong.com\\|script\\-title\\=zh:南北行 – 主頁\\|trans\\-title\\=Nam Pei Hong \\- main page\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=南北行參茸葯材 \\[Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs]\\|language\\=zh\\-hk\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong}} and N P H Sino\\-Meditech Limited, were live companies.",
"### Hong Kong Pharmaceutical",
"It was reported that Heilongjiang Economic Development Corp. ({{zh\\|t\\=黑龍江經濟開發集團公司}}) acquired the controlling stake of the listed company in 1996{{sic}}. The [Hong Kong stock exchange](/wiki/Hong_Kong_stock_exchange \"Hong Kong stock exchange\") also publicly criticised the listed company and former managers for failing to disclose the sale of the company in time.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/article/266367/exchange\\-raps\\-nam\\-pei\\-hong\\-over\\-sale\\|title\\=Exchange raps Nam Pei Hong over sale\\|date\\=18 December 1998\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|newspaper\\=South China Morning Post\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong\\|first\\=Enoch\\|last\\=Yiu}} According to *[South China Morning Post](/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post \"South China Morning Post\")*, Victory Hunter Holdings, an investment vehicle owned by Yau Wai\\-ming ({{zh\\|s\\=邱伟铭\\|p\\=Qiū Wěimíng}}) of Heilongjiang provincial government{{sic}}, acquired 33% stake of the listed company from {{ill\\|International Tak Cheung Holdings\\|zh\\|國際德祥}}, the former significant owner of the listed company in July 1997\\. According to a press release, Yau transferred the stake of Victory Hunter Holdings to Hong Tau Investment in 1999 for HK$1\\.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/1999/0601/ltn19990601013\\.htm\\|title\\=Announcement\\|publisher\\=N P H International Holdings \\|date\\=31 May 1999\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}} 2 directors of the listed company, Sun Hiu\\-lu{{sic}} ({{zh\\|s\\=孙晓路\\|t\\=孫曉路\\|p\\=Sūn Xiǎolù}}) and Chu Kwan{{sic}} ({{zh\\|t\\=朱均\\|p\\=Zhū Jūn}}), via Welcome Success Worldwide Limited, owned 51% stake of Hong Tau, however, themselves did not have \"a casting vote or control of Welcome Success Worldwide\". The remaining 49% stake of Hong Tau were owned by Heilongjiang Economic Development (which was later renamed to Heilongjiang China United Co., Ltd.; {{zh\\|t\\=黑龍江中盟集團有限公司}}{{cite report\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2003/1222/0182/f105\\.pdf\\|chapter\\=Report of the Directors\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2003/1222/LTN20031222127\\.htm\\|title\\=Annual Report 2002/2003\\|date\\=22 December 2003\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\\|15}}) and another government\\-owned company Heilongjian International Trust Investment Corporation. According to the last publication before 2004 suspension, as at 30 September 2003, Hong Tau still owned a majority stake (67\\.2%) of the listed company{{cite report\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2004/0119/0182/f101\\.pdf\\|title\\=Interim Report 2003/2004\\|date\\=19 January 2004\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing}}{{rp\\|23, 26–27}} It was reported that Sun acquired the aforementioned stake from Yau in 1999, also caused a price fluctuation of the shares of the listed company.{{cite magazine\\|script\\-title\\=zh:四通高科幕后玩家揭秘\\|magazine\\=财经界\\|author\\=何晓晴\\|issue\\=213\\|date\\=June 2003\\|language\\=zh\\-cn}}",
"The listed company was renamed to Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited in 2000\\. The listed company acquired several Mainland China based businesses.",
"However, the poor management under new owner(s), had caused the listed company in the brink of liquidation in 2004\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://the\\-sun.on.cc/channels/fina/20061208/20061208011841\\_0000\\.html\\|script\\-title\\=zh:港葯復牌狂瀉七成半\\|date\\=8 December 2006\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|newspaper\\=太陽報 \\[The Sun ]\\|publisher\\=Oriental Press Group\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong \\|language\\=zh\\-hk}}",
"In 2005, {{ill\\|Johnson Ko Chun\\-shun\\|zh\\|高振順}} ({{zh\\|t\\=高振順\\|j\\=Gou1 Zan3 Seon6\\|cy\\=Gōu Jan Seuhn}}) acquired the controlling stake (85\\.2%) of the listed company from the liquidator. The listed company also sold two [Mainland](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\")\\-incorporated subsidiaries to the bond holders.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://hk.finance.appledaily.com/finance/daily/article/20050928/5263088\\|script\\-title\\=zh:高振順8019萬入主港藥\\|trans\\-title\\=Ko Chun\\-shun acquires Hong Kong Pharmaceutical for (HK$)80,19 million\\|date\\=28 September 2005\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|newspaper\\=Apple Daily\\|publisher\\=Next Digital\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong\\|language\\=zh\\-hk}} The listed company also said to be refocus on *Nam Pak Hong* trading business, despite the division was sold to Ko in 2009\\. Johnson Ko was the chairman of the company from 2006 until 2009, which his position was changed to vice\\-chairman in June 2009\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://hk.finance.appledaily.com/finance/daily/article/20090612/12868693\\|script\\-title\\=zh:中國風電正副主席玩執位\\|department\\=中環在線 column\\|author\\=李華華\\|date\\=12 June 2009\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|newspaper\\=Apple Daily\\|publisher\\=Next Digital\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong\\|language\\=zh\\-hk}} After a reverse IPO in 2007, Johnson Ko was still one of the major shareholders of the company until 2015\\. In May 2015, he sold most of his shareholding (held via a company he owned: Gain Alpha) of Concord New Energy, which was decreased from 22\\.36% to 2\\.24% of the share capital.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90\\-00182\\-hk\\-%E9%81%AD%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E6%8C%AF%E9%A0%86%E9%85%8D%E8%82%A1%E6%B8%9B%E6%8C%8118%E5%84%84%E8%82%A1\\-001300477\\.html\\|script\\-title\\=zh:協合新能源(00182\\.HK)遭副主席高振順配股減持18億股\\|date\\=15 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|work\\=aastocks.com\\|language\\=zh\\-hk\\|via\\=Yahoo!HK News}} Johnson Ko and his daughter {{ill\\|Samantha Ko Wing\\-yan\\|zh\\|高穎欣}} were resigned as directors of the company in June 2015\\.{{cite report\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2016/0425/LTN20160425997\\.pdf\\|title\\=2015 Annual Report\\|date\\=26 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=Concord New Energy\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing website}}",
"In December 2006, the listed company was resumed from trading after more than 2 years of suspension. The closing price was HK$0\\.47 per share, or a decrease of HK$1\\.47 in magnitude.",
"### China WindPower Group",
"In April 2007 Hong Kong Pharmaceutical acquired China Wind Power Holdings Limited{{cite report\\|url\\=http://www3\\.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2007/0706/LTN20070706409\\.pdf\\|title\\=2007 Annual Report\\|date\\=6 July 2007\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|chapter\\=Notes to Financial Statements\\|publisher\\=Hong Kong Pharmaceutical Holdings\\|via\\=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing website}}{{rp\\|71}} as a [reverse IPO](/wiki/Reverse_IPO \"Reverse IPO\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.edigest.hk/607/%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%BD%95%E6%99%82%E5%8F%AF%E8%B2%B7%EF%BC%9F/\\|script\\-title\\=zh:協合新能源何時可買？\\|date\\=3 December 2015\\|type\\=column\\|author\\=龔成\\|work\\=經濟一周 \\[Economic Digest]\\|publisher\\=新傳媒集團 \\[New Media Group]\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong\\|language\\=zh\\-hk\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019}} The listed company also renamed to China WindPower Group Limited (upper cap \"P\") after the deal. The listed company also owned a subsidiary that known as \"China Windpower Group Limited\" until 2009\\. China Windpower (lower cap \"p\") was sold to Johnson Ko, which China Windpower (lower cap \"p\") was the direct parent company of Nam Pei Hong Sum Yung Drugs business (see above section [\\#Nam Pei Hong International](/wiki/%23Nam_Pei_Hong_International \"#Nam Pei Hong International\") for the details).",
"The company and its subsidiaries were engaged in [engineering, procurement and construction](/wiki/Engineering%2C_procurement_and_construction \"Engineering, procurement and construction\") (EPC), operation and maintenance of [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\") plants, the manufacture of wind power equipment and other wind power related business.",
"In 2009, fellow listed company [CLP Group](/wiki/CLP_Group \"CLP Group\") acquired 50% stake of a subsidiary of China WindPower Group for HK$101\\.3 million. The joint venture and former subsidiary, CLP\\-CWP Wind Power Investment Limited, owned wind farms in [Fuxin](/wiki/Fuxin \"Fuxin\"), Liaoning Province, China.{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.clpgroup.com/en/Media\\-Resources\\-site/Current%20Releases/20090317\\_Eng.pdf\\|title\\=CLP and China WindPower Group Co\\-invest in Wind Projects in China\\|date\\=17 March 2009\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=CLP Group\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong}}",
"### Concord New Energy",
"In 2015, the listed company was renamed to Concord New Energy Group Limited.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www2\\.hkej.com/instantnews/announcement/article/967694/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%BB%E6%93%AC%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D%E7%82%BA%E5%8D%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90\\|script\\-title\\=zh:中國風電擬改名為協合新能源\\|date\\=8 January 2015\\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2019\\|department\\=online instant news\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Hong Kong Economic Journal]]\\|language\\=zh\\-hk}} According to the press release, since the company had acquired [solar farm](/wiki/Solar_farm \"Solar farm\") in 2011, the company's newly installed power generating capacity had been mainly from solar power since 2014, thus renaming the company.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://quamnet.com/newscontent.action?articleId\\=3995416\\&listSectionCode\\=NEW\\_HKEX\\|script\\-title\\=zh:中國風電(182\\)擬更名為「協合新能源集團有限公司」\\|trans\\-title\\=China WindPower (182\\) was proposed to rename to Concord New Energy Group Limited\\|date\\=9 January 2015\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|work\\=Quam Net\\|publication\\-place\\=Hong Kong\\|language\\=zh\\-hk}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"In November 2017, the company suspended the issuance of its bond. The public offering of the bond was resumed in January 2018\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2018/01/17/asiabond/\\|title\\=Asian Bond Issuance Is on the Rise. For Some Companies, So Are Borrowing Costs\\|date\\=17 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|newspaper\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|publication\\-place\\=New York city\\|author\\=Manju Dalal \\|url\\-access\\=limited}} In 2017, [Fitch Ratings](/wiki/Fitch_Ratings \"Fitch Ratings\") assigned a \"BB−\" rating to the company.{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/fitch\\-assigns\\-first\\-time\\-bb\\-rating\\-to\\-co\\-idAFFit90H4nP\\|title\\=Fitch Assigns First\\-Time 'BB\\-' Rating to Concord New Energy; Rates USD Notes 'BB\\-(EXP)\\|date\\=7 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|publisher\\=Fitch Ratings\\|via\\=Reuters.com\\|location\\=Hong Kong; Shanghai}}",
"In 2018, Concord New Energy was part of the consortium to provide venture funding to [Malta Inc.](/wiki/Malta_Inc. \"Malta Inc.\"), a spin off of [Alphabet Inc.](/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\"){{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018\\-12\\-19/gates\\-bezos\\-among\\-billionaires\\-backing\\-alphabet\\-energy\\-spinoff\\|title\\=Gates Among Billionaires Backing Alphabet Energy Spinoff\\|date\\=19 December 2018\\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2019\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg\\|first1\\= Mark\\|last1\\=Chediak\\|first2\\=Mark\\|last2\\=Bergen }}",
""
] |
Career
------
Before arriving at MLB Network in 2009, Amsinger had worked at CBS College Sports/CSTV and at [WTHI\-TV](/wiki/WTHI-TV "WTHI-TV") in [Terre Haute, Indiana](/wiki/Terre_Haute%2C_Indiana "Terre Haute, Indiana"). A 2001 graduate of [Lindenwood University](/wiki/Lindenwood_University "Lindenwood University"), Amsinger worked at numerous part\-time radio jobs while in school including two years as producer of the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") Baseball Radio Network at [KMOX](/wiki/KMOX "KMOX"). Other side jobs included play\-by\-play broadcaster at KSLQ radio and the inaugural voice of the now defunct [River City Renegades](/wiki/River_City_Renegades "River City Renegades") indoor professional football organization.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2020}}
### CBS College Sports (CSTV)
Before signing with MLB, Amsinger was the first and primary studio host for [CBS College Sports Network](/wiki/CBS_College_Sports_Network "CBS College Sports Network") (formerly CSTV). He hosted numerous shows including *Crystal Ball*, *Inside College Football*, *The \#1 College Sports Show*, *Generation Next* and *NCAA March Madness Highlight*s (the official highlight show of the NCAA men's basketball tournament).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlb.com/network/personalities/?id\=3728771\|title\=On\-Air Personalities: Greg Amsinger\|publisher\=MLB Network\|access\-date\=August 9, 2009}} He has done play\-by\-play for women's college basketball and paintball.
In 2006, he hosted the *SEC Preview Show* with [Gary Danielson](/wiki/Gary_Danielson "Gary Danielson") and Brian Jones.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/cbssports/story/9617872\|title\=CBS Sports, CSTV huddle up with '06 SEC preview show\|work\=CBS Sports\|access\-date\=August 9, 2009}} In 2007, Amsinger co\-hosted the *World Series of Video Games* with the former [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") host [Susie Castillo](/wiki/Susie_Castillo "Susie Castillo").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/cbs\-signs\-world\-series\-of\-video\-games\-for\-second\-year/70477/?biz\=1\|title\=CBS Signs World Series of Video Games for Second Year\|website\=GameDaily\|date\=May 30, 2007\|access\-date\=August 9, 2009}} In 2008, Amsinger also hosted the [Tour de France](/wiki/Tour_de_France "Tour de France") for CBS.
### MLB Network
Amsinger is a studio host appearing across MLB Network's programming, including *MLB Tonight*, MLB Network's Emmy Award\-winning flagship studio show. Amsinger also hosts MLB Network's exclusive telecast of the MLB Draft as well as its special event coverage of the All\-Star Game and World Series.
### Big Ten Network
During the MLB offseason, Amsinger does play\-by\-play for select men's college basketball games on the [Big Ten Network](/wiki/Big_Ten_Network "Big Ten Network").
### *MLB on TBS*
Starting on July 23, 2024, Amsinger will fill in for [Ernie Johnson Jr.](/wiki/Ernie_Johnson_Jr. "Ernie Johnson Jr.") on Tuesdays for *[MLB on TBS](/wiki/MLB_on_TBS "MLB on TBS")* in studio. The reasoning is for Johnson taking care of a family member during the rest of the [2024 MLB season](/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_season "2024 Major League Baseball season").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Before arriving at MLB Network in 2009, Amsinger had worked at CBS College Sports/CSTV and at [WTHI\\-TV](/wiki/WTHI-TV \"WTHI-TV\") in [Terre Haute, Indiana](/wiki/Terre_Haute%2C_Indiana \"Terre Haute, Indiana\"). A 2001 graduate of [Lindenwood University](/wiki/Lindenwood_University \"Lindenwood University\"), Amsinger worked at numerous part\\-time radio jobs while in school including two years as producer of the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") Baseball Radio Network at [KMOX](/wiki/KMOX \"KMOX\"). Other side jobs included play\\-by\\-play broadcaster at KSLQ radio and the inaugural voice of the now defunct [River City Renegades](/wiki/River_City_Renegades \"River City Renegades\") indoor professional football organization.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"### CBS College Sports (CSTV)",
"Before signing with MLB, Amsinger was the first and primary studio host for [CBS College Sports Network](/wiki/CBS_College_Sports_Network \"CBS College Sports Network\") (formerly CSTV). He hosted numerous shows including *Crystal Ball*, *Inside College Football*, *The \\#1 College Sports Show*, *Generation Next* and *NCAA March Madness Highlight*s (the official highlight show of the NCAA men's basketball tournament).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlb.com/network/personalities/?id\\=3728771\\|title\\=On\\-Air Personalities: Greg Amsinger\\|publisher\\=MLB Network\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2009}} He has done play\\-by\\-play for women's college basketball and paintball.",
"In 2006, he hosted the *SEC Preview Show* with [Gary Danielson](/wiki/Gary_Danielson \"Gary Danielson\") and Brian Jones.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/cbssports/story/9617872\\|title\\=CBS Sports, CSTV huddle up with '06 SEC preview show\\|work\\=CBS Sports\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2009}} In 2007, Amsinger co\\-hosted the *World Series of Video Games* with the former [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") host [Susie Castillo](/wiki/Susie_Castillo \"Susie Castillo\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/cbs\\-signs\\-world\\-series\\-of\\-video\\-games\\-for\\-second\\-year/70477/?biz\\=1\\|title\\=CBS Signs World Series of Video Games for Second Year\\|website\\=GameDaily\\|date\\=May 30, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2009}} In 2008, Amsinger also hosted the [Tour de France](/wiki/Tour_de_France \"Tour de France\") for CBS.",
"### MLB Network",
"Amsinger is a studio host appearing across MLB Network's programming, including *MLB Tonight*, MLB Network's Emmy Award\\-winning flagship studio show. Amsinger also hosts MLB Network's exclusive telecast of the MLB Draft as well as its special event coverage of the All\\-Star Game and World Series.",
"### Big Ten Network",
"During the MLB offseason, Amsinger does play\\-by\\-play for select men's college basketball games on the [Big Ten Network](/wiki/Big_Ten_Network \"Big Ten Network\").",
"### *MLB on TBS*",
"Starting on July 23, 2024, Amsinger will fill in for [Ernie Johnson Jr.](/wiki/Ernie_Johnson_Jr. \"Ernie Johnson Jr.\") on Tuesdays for *[MLB on TBS](/wiki/MLB_on_TBS \"MLB on TBS\")* in studio. The reasoning is for Johnson taking care of a family member during the rest of the [2024 MLB season](/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_season \"2024 Major League Baseball season\").",
""
] |
History
-------
Each major development in religious life, particularly in the Latin West, can be seen as a response of the very devout to a particular crisis in the Church of their day.
### Eremitic life
{{Main\|Hermit}}
When [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great "Constantine the Great") was legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire in the early 4th century, and the Christian faith became the favoured religion, it lost the self\-sacrificing character that had profoundly marked it in the age of Roman persecution. In response to the loss of martyrdom for the sake of the Kingdom of God, some of the very devout men and women left the cities for the testings of the life in the desert that was meant to lead the individual back into a more intimate relationship with God, just like the wandering of the Israelites in the [Wilderness of Sin](/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin "Wilderness of Sin"). The Greek word for desert, *eremos*, gave this form of religious living the name *eremitic (or eremitical) life*, and the person leading it the name [hermit](/wiki/Hermit "Hermit"). [Anthony the Great](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great "Anthony the Great") and other early leaders provided guidance to less experienced hermits, and there were soon a large number of Christian hermits, particularly in the desert of Egypt and in parts of Syria.
Though the eremitic life would eventually be overshadowed by the far more numerous vocations to the cenobitic life, it did survive. The Middle Ages saw the emergence of a variant of the hermit, the [anchorite](/wiki/Anchorite "Anchorite"); and life in [Carthusian](/wiki/Carthusian "Carthusian") and [Camaldolese](/wiki/Camaldolese "Camaldolese") monasteries has an eremitic emphasis. The Greek Orthodox and the Russian Orthodox Churches have their own eremitic traditions, of which [Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos "Mount Athos") is perhaps the most widely heard of today.
The Code of Canon Law 1983 recognises as diocesan hermits persons who \- without being members of a religious institute \- publicly profess the three [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels "Evangelical counsels"), confirmed by [vow](/wiki/Religious_vows "Religious vows") or other sacred bond in the hands of their respective diocesan bishop, as Christian faithful that live the consecrated life (cf. canon 603, see also below).
### Religious orders
{{Main\|Religious order (Catholic)}}
#### Monastic orders
[thumb\|right\|160px\|[Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia "Benedict of Nursia") (c. 480–543\), who wrote the leading religious rule for monastic living, "evokes the Christian roots of Europe", said [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI").](/wiki/Image:Fra_Angelico_031.jpg "Fra Angelico 031.jpg")
The eremitic life was apparently healthy for some, but led to imbalance in others. [Pachomius the Great](/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great "Pachomius the Great"), a near\-contemporary of [Anthony the Great](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great "Anthony the Great"), recognised that some monks needed the guidance and rhythm of a community *(cenobium)*. He is generally credited with founding, in Egypt, the first community of monks, thus launching [cenobitic monasticism](/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism "Cenobitic monasticism").
[Basil of Caesarea](/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea "Basil of Caesarea") in the East in the 4th century, and [Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia "Benedict of Nursia") in the West in the 6th century, authored the most influential "rules" for religious living in their areas of the Christian world ("rule" in this sense refers to a collection of precepts, compiled as guidelines for how to follow the spiritual life). They organized a common life with a daily schedule of prayer, work, spiritual reading and rest.
Almost all monasteries in the [Eastern Catholic Churches](/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches "Eastern Catholic Churches") and in the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") today follow the [Rule of St Basil](/wiki/Basilian_monks%23Rule_of_St._Basil "Basilian monks#Rule of St. Basil"). The Rule of St Benedict is followed by a variety of [orders of monastics](/wiki/%23Institutes_of_consecrated_life "#Institutes of consecrated life") in the West, including the [Order of Saint Benedict](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict "Order of Saint Benedict"), [Cistercians](/wiki/Cistercians "Cistercians"), [Trappists](/wiki/Trappists "Trappists"), and [Camaldolese](/wiki/Camaldolese "Camaldolese"), and is an important influence in [Carthusian](/wiki/Carthusians "Carthusians") life.
#### Canons regular
[Canons regular](/wiki/Canons_regular "Canons regular") are members of certain bodies of priests living in community under the [Augustinian Rule](/wiki/Augustinian_Rule "Augustinian Rule") (*regula* in Latin), and sharing their property in common. Distinct from monks, who live a cloistered, contemplative life and sometimes engage in ministry to those from outside the monastery, [canons](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 "Canon (priest)") devote themselves to public ministry of [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy "Liturgy") and [sacraments](/wiki/Sacrament_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Sacrament (Catholic Church)") for those who visit their churches.
Historically, monastic life was by its nature lay, but canonical life was essentially clerical.
#### Mendicant orders
Around the 13th century during the rise of the medieval towns and cities the [mendicant orders](/wiki/Mendicant_orders "Mendicant orders") developed. While the monastic foundations were rural institutions marked by a retreat from secular society, the mendicants were urban foundations organized to engage secular city life and to meet some of its needs such as education and service to the poor. The five primary mendicant religious Order of the 13th century are the [Order of Friars Preachers](/wiki/Dominican_Order "Dominican Order") (the Dominicans), [Order of Friars Minor](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor "Order of Friars Minor") (the Franciscans), [Order of the Servants of Mary](/wiki/Order_of_the_Servants_of_Mary "Order of the Servants of Mary") (Servite Order), [Order of St. Augustine](/wiki/Order_of_St._Augustine "Order of St. Augustine") (Augustinians) and the [Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel "Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel") (the Carmelites).
### Congregations
{{Main\|Religious congregation}}
Until the 16th century recognition was granted only to institutes with solemn vows. By the constitution *Inter cetera* of 20 January 1521, [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X "Pope Leo X") appointed a rule for [tertiaries](/wiki/Third_order "Third order") with simple vows. Under this rule, [enclosure](/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders "Enclosed religious orders") was optional, enabling non\-enclosed followers of the rule to engage in various works of charity not allowed to enclosed religious. In 1566 and 1568, [Pope Pius V](/wiki/Pope_Pius_V "Pope Pius V") rejected this classification, but their presence was tolerated and they continued to increase in number. Their lives were oriented toward [social service](/wiki/Social_service "Social service") and to [evangelization](/wiki/Evangelization "Evangelization") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") and mission areas. The number of these congregations increased further in the upheavals brought by the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") and subsequent [Napoleonic](/wiki/Napoleonic "Napoleonic") invasions of other Catholic countries, depriving thousands of monks and nuns of the income that their communities held because of inheritances and forcing them to find a new way of living their religious life. On 8 December 1900, they were approved and recognised as [religious](/wiki/Religious_%28Catholicism%29 "Religious (Catholicism)").Constitution "Conditae a Christo" of 8 December 1900, cited in [Mary Nona McGreal, *Dominicans at Home in a New Nation*, chapter 11](http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150743/http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11\.pdf\|date\=2011\-09\-27}}{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\|title\=Religious Life\|publisher\=Robert Appleton Company\|location\=New York\|volume\=12\|year\=1911\|id\=12748b\|first\=Arthur\|last\=Vermeersch}}
The [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus") is an example of an institute that obtained recognition as a religious order with solemn vows, although the members were divided into the professed with solemn vows (a minority) and the "coadjutors" with simple vows.[Karl Rahner, *Sacramentum Mundi*, article "Religious Orders"](https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&dq=jesuits+%22solemn+vows%22+%22simple+vows%22&pg=PA1421) It was founded in the wake of the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"), introducing several innovations designed to meet the demands of the 16th century crisis. Its members were freed from the commitments of common life, especially the common prayer, which allowed them to minister individually in distant places. Their unusually long formation, typically thirteen years, prepared them to represent the intellectual tradition of the Church even in isolation.
### Secular institutes
{{Main\|Secular institute}}
Secular institutes have their modern beginnings in 18th century France. During the French Revolution, the government attempted to [dechristianise France](/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution "Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution"). The French government had required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal from the Church, and had forbidden any form of religious life. Fr Pierre\-Joseph de Clorivière, a [Jesuit](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus"), founded a new society of diocesan priests, the Institute of the Heart of Jesus. He also founded the Daughters of the Heart of Mary ({{Lang\-fr\|Société des Filles du Coeur de Marie}}). While living a life of perfection, they did not take vows, remaining a secular institute to avoid being considered a religious society by the government. They would eventually receive Pontifical institute status in 1952\. The Daughters of the Heart of Mary, though resembling a secular institute in some ways, were recognized as an institute of religious life. On 2 February 1947 [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII "Pope Pius XII") issued the apostolic constitution *Provida Mater Ecclesia* recognizing secular institutes as "a new category of the state of perfection" ({{Lang\-la\|nova categoria status perfectionis}}).Castano, Jose F. *Gli Istituti di Vita Consacrata; cann. 573 730*. Romae: Millennium, 1995\. The 1983 Code of Canon Law recognizes secular institutes as a form of consecrated life.Canons 710–730 They differ from religious institutes in that their members live their lives in the ordinary conditions of the world, either alone, in their families or in fraternal groups.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Each major development in religious life, particularly in the Latin West, can be seen as a response of the very devout to a particular crisis in the Church of their day.",
"### Eremitic life",
"{{Main\\|Hermit}}\nWhen [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great \"Constantine the Great\") was legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire in the early 4th century, and the Christian faith became the favoured religion, it lost the self\\-sacrificing character that had profoundly marked it in the age of Roman persecution. In response to the loss of martyrdom for the sake of the Kingdom of God, some of the very devout men and women left the cities for the testings of the life in the desert that was meant to lead the individual back into a more intimate relationship with God, just like the wandering of the Israelites in the [Wilderness of Sin](/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin \"Wilderness of Sin\"). The Greek word for desert, *eremos*, gave this form of religious living the name *eremitic (or eremitical) life*, and the person leading it the name [hermit](/wiki/Hermit \"Hermit\"). [Anthony the Great](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great \"Anthony the Great\") and other early leaders provided guidance to less experienced hermits, and there were soon a large number of Christian hermits, particularly in the desert of Egypt and in parts of Syria.",
"Though the eremitic life would eventually be overshadowed by the far more numerous vocations to the cenobitic life, it did survive. The Middle Ages saw the emergence of a variant of the hermit, the [anchorite](/wiki/Anchorite \"Anchorite\"); and life in [Carthusian](/wiki/Carthusian \"Carthusian\") and [Camaldolese](/wiki/Camaldolese \"Camaldolese\") monasteries has an eremitic emphasis. The Greek Orthodox and the Russian Orthodox Churches have their own eremitic traditions, of which [Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos \"Mount Athos\") is perhaps the most widely heard of today.",
"The Code of Canon Law 1983 recognises as diocesan hermits persons who \\- without being members of a religious institute \\- publicly profess the three [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels \"Evangelical counsels\"), confirmed by [vow](/wiki/Religious_vows \"Religious vows\") or other sacred bond in the hands of their respective diocesan bishop, as Christian faithful that live the consecrated life (cf. canon 603, see also below).",
"### Religious orders",
"{{Main\\|Religious order (Catholic)}}",
"#### Monastic orders",
"[thumb\\|right\\|160px\\|[Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia \"Benedict of Nursia\") (c. 480–543\\), who wrote the leading religious rule for monastic living, \"evokes the Christian roots of Europe\", said [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI \"Pope Benedict XVI\").](/wiki/Image:Fra_Angelico_031.jpg \"Fra Angelico 031.jpg\")\nThe eremitic life was apparently healthy for some, but led to imbalance in others. [Pachomius the Great](/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great \"Pachomius the Great\"), a near\\-contemporary of [Anthony the Great](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great \"Anthony the Great\"), recognised that some monks needed the guidance and rhythm of a community *(cenobium)*. He is generally credited with founding, in Egypt, the first community of monks, thus launching [cenobitic monasticism](/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism \"Cenobitic monasticism\").",
"[Basil of Caesarea](/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea \"Basil of Caesarea\") in the East in the 4th century, and [Benedict of Nursia](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia \"Benedict of Nursia\") in the West in the 6th century, authored the most influential \"rules\" for religious living in their areas of the Christian world (\"rule\" in this sense refers to a collection of precepts, compiled as guidelines for how to follow the spiritual life). They organized a common life with a daily schedule of prayer, work, spiritual reading and rest.",
"Almost all monasteries in the [Eastern Catholic Churches](/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches \"Eastern Catholic Churches\") and in the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") today follow the [Rule of St Basil](/wiki/Basilian_monks%23Rule_of_St._Basil \"Basilian monks#Rule of St. Basil\"). The Rule of St Benedict is followed by a variety of [orders of monastics](/wiki/%23Institutes_of_consecrated_life \"#Institutes of consecrated life\") in the West, including the [Order of Saint Benedict](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict \"Order of Saint Benedict\"), [Cistercians](/wiki/Cistercians \"Cistercians\"), [Trappists](/wiki/Trappists \"Trappists\"), and [Camaldolese](/wiki/Camaldolese \"Camaldolese\"), and is an important influence in [Carthusian](/wiki/Carthusians \"Carthusians\") life.",
"#### Canons regular",
"[Canons regular](/wiki/Canons_regular \"Canons regular\") are members of certain bodies of priests living in community under the [Augustinian Rule](/wiki/Augustinian_Rule \"Augustinian Rule\") (*regula* in Latin), and sharing their property in common. Distinct from monks, who live a cloistered, contemplative life and sometimes engage in ministry to those from outside the monastery, [canons](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 \"Canon (priest)\") devote themselves to public ministry of [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy \"Liturgy\") and [sacraments](/wiki/Sacrament_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Sacrament (Catholic Church)\") for those who visit their churches.",
"Historically, monastic life was by its nature lay, but canonical life was essentially clerical.",
"#### Mendicant orders",
"Around the 13th century during the rise of the medieval towns and cities the [mendicant orders](/wiki/Mendicant_orders \"Mendicant orders\") developed. While the monastic foundations were rural institutions marked by a retreat from secular society, the mendicants were urban foundations organized to engage secular city life and to meet some of its needs such as education and service to the poor. The five primary mendicant religious Order of the 13th century are the [Order of Friars Preachers](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\") (the Dominicans), [Order of Friars Minor](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor \"Order of Friars Minor\") (the Franciscans), [Order of the Servants of Mary](/wiki/Order_of_the_Servants_of_Mary \"Order of the Servants of Mary\") (Servite Order), [Order of St. Augustine](/wiki/Order_of_St._Augustine \"Order of St. Augustine\") (Augustinians) and the [Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel \"Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel\") (the Carmelites).",
"### Congregations",
"{{Main\\|Religious congregation}} \nUntil the 16th century recognition was granted only to institutes with solemn vows. By the constitution *Inter cetera* of 20 January 1521, [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X \"Pope Leo X\") appointed a rule for [tertiaries](/wiki/Third_order \"Third order\") with simple vows. Under this rule, [enclosure](/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders \"Enclosed religious orders\") was optional, enabling non\\-enclosed followers of the rule to engage in various works of charity not allowed to enclosed religious. In 1566 and 1568, [Pope Pius V](/wiki/Pope_Pius_V \"Pope Pius V\") rejected this classification, but their presence was tolerated and they continued to increase in number. Their lives were oriented toward [social service](/wiki/Social_service \"Social service\") and to [evangelization](/wiki/Evangelization \"Evangelization\") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") and mission areas. The number of these congregations increased further in the upheavals brought by the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") and subsequent [Napoleonic](/wiki/Napoleonic \"Napoleonic\") invasions of other Catholic countries, depriving thousands of monks and nuns of the income that their communities held because of inheritances and forcing them to find a new way of living their religious life. On 8 December 1900, they were approved and recognised as [religious](/wiki/Religious_%28Catholicism%29 \"Religious (Catholicism)\").Constitution \"Conditae a Christo\" of 8 December 1900, cited in [Mary Nona McGreal, *Dominicans at Home in a New Nation*, chapter 11](http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150743/http://www.dom.edu/export/sites/dominican/mcgreal/volumeone/DaHCHAP11\\.pdf\\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-27}}{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\\|title\\=Religious Life\\|publisher\\=Robert Appleton Company\\|location\\=New York\\|volume\\=12\\|year\\=1911\\|id\\=12748b\\|first\\=Arthur\\|last\\=Vermeersch}}",
"The [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\") is an example of an institute that obtained recognition as a religious order with solemn vows, although the members were divided into the professed with solemn vows (a minority) and the \"coadjutors\" with simple vows.[Karl Rahner, *Sacramentum Mundi*, article \"Religious Orders\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&dq=jesuits+%22solemn+vows%22+%22simple+vows%22&pg=PA1421) It was founded in the wake of the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"), introducing several innovations designed to meet the demands of the 16th century crisis. Its members were freed from the commitments of common life, especially the common prayer, which allowed them to minister individually in distant places. Their unusually long formation, typically thirteen years, prepared them to represent the intellectual tradition of the Church even in isolation.",
"### Secular institutes",
"{{Main\\|Secular institute}}\nSecular institutes have their modern beginnings in 18th century France. During the French Revolution, the government attempted to [dechristianise France](/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution \"Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution\"). The French government had required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal from the Church, and had forbidden any form of religious life. Fr Pierre\\-Joseph de Clorivière, a [Jesuit](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\"), founded a new society of diocesan priests, the Institute of the Heart of Jesus. He also founded the Daughters of the Heart of Mary ({{Lang\\-fr\\|Société des Filles du Coeur de Marie}}). While living a life of perfection, they did not take vows, remaining a secular institute to avoid being considered a religious society by the government. They would eventually receive Pontifical institute status in 1952\\. The Daughters of the Heart of Mary, though resembling a secular institute in some ways, were recognized as an institute of religious life. On 2 February 1947 [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII \"Pope Pius XII\") issued the apostolic constitution *Provida Mater Ecclesia* recognizing secular institutes as \"a new category of the state of perfection\" ({{Lang\\-la\\|nova categoria status perfectionis}}).Castano, Jose F. *Gli Istituti di Vita Consacrata; cann. 573 730*. Romae: Millennium, 1995\\. The 1983 Code of Canon Law recognizes secular institutes as a form of consecrated life.Canons 710–730 They differ from religious institutes in that their members live their lives in the ordinary conditions of the world, either alone, in their families or in fraternal groups.",
""
] |
Alternative uses
----------------
Since the spherometer is essentially a type of [micrometer](/wiki/Micrometer_%28device%29 "Micrometer (device)"), it can be employed for purposes other than measuring the curvature of a spherical surface. For example, it can be used to measure the thickness of a thin plate.
To do so, the instrument is placed on a perfectly level plane surface and the screw turned until the point just touches; the exact instant when it does so is defined by a sudden diminution of resistance followed by a considerable increase. The dial and scale are read, the screw is raised, the thin plate slipped under it, and the process is repeated. The difference between the two readings gives the required thickness.
Similarly, the instrument can measure the depression in an otherwise flat plate. The method is as for measuring the thickness of a plate, except that the micrometer portion is placed over the depression and the measurement is taken below the surface instead of above.
This type of instrument is commonly used in inspecting oil field tool pipe for metal surface pits, fractures, and roundness before being shipped to drilling sites for exploratory wells, so that weakened [drill pipe](/wiki/Drill_pipe "Drill pipe") will not fracture during drilling.{{cite book \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Robert O. \|title\=Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry \| location\=Norman, Okla. \|publisher\=University of Oklahoma Press \|year\=1984}} Tool pipe with thicker than 1" walls for a 4" diameter tube of hardened steel, fitted with tapered thread collars, are re\-used after drilling is complete and thinner\-walled tubular oil\-well casing is in place. Electronic instruments similar to the spherometer in design are used at inspection plants for casing, tubing, and drill pipe. The equivalent measurements in optics would be for a cylinder, or lens with a cylindrical component having an optical axis, where a plane through the lens would produce an oval circumference.
An alternate approach using [coordinate geometry](/wiki/Coordinate_geometry "Coordinate geometry") was developed recently{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2024}}. This approach reproduces the well\-known result for the spherometer and also leads to a scheme to study [aspherical](/wiki/Aspherical_lens "Aspherical lens") surfaces.
A related device is the cylindrometer (also known as cylindro\-spherometer or sphero\-cylindrometer), which can additionally measure the [radius of curvature](/wiki/Radius_of_curvature_%28mathematics%29 "Radius of curvature (mathematics)") of a [right\-circular cylinder](/wiki/Right_circular_cylinder "Right circular cylinder").
|
[
"Alternative uses\n----------------",
"Since the spherometer is essentially a type of [micrometer](/wiki/Micrometer_%28device%29 \"Micrometer (device)\"), it can be employed for purposes other than measuring the curvature of a spherical surface. For example, it can be used to measure the thickness of a thin plate.",
"To do so, the instrument is placed on a perfectly level plane surface and the screw turned until the point just touches; the exact instant when it does so is defined by a sudden diminution of resistance followed by a considerable increase. The dial and scale are read, the screw is raised, the thin plate slipped under it, and the process is repeated. The difference between the two readings gives the required thickness.",
"Similarly, the instrument can measure the depression in an otherwise flat plate. The method is as for measuring the thickness of a plate, except that the micrometer portion is placed over the depression and the measurement is taken below the surface instead of above.",
"This type of instrument is commonly used in inspecting oil field tool pipe for metal surface pits, fractures, and roundness before being shipped to drilling sites for exploratory wells, so that weakened [drill pipe](/wiki/Drill_pipe \"Drill pipe\") will not fracture during drilling.{{cite book \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Robert O. \\|title\\=Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry \\| location\\=Norman, Okla. \\|publisher\\=University of Oklahoma Press \\|year\\=1984}} Tool pipe with thicker than 1\" walls for a 4\" diameter tube of hardened steel, fitted with tapered thread collars, are re\\-used after drilling is complete and thinner\\-walled tubular oil\\-well casing is in place. Electronic instruments similar to the spherometer in design are used at inspection plants for casing, tubing, and drill pipe. The equivalent measurements in optics would be for a cylinder, or lens with a cylindrical component having an optical axis, where a plane through the lens would produce an oval circumference.",
"An alternate approach using [coordinate geometry](/wiki/Coordinate_geometry \"Coordinate geometry\") was developed recently{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2024}}. This approach reproduces the well\\-known result for the spherometer and also leads to a scheme to study [aspherical](/wiki/Aspherical_lens \"Aspherical lens\") surfaces.",
"A related device is the cylindrometer (also known as cylindro\\-spherometer or sphero\\-cylindrometer), which can additionally measure the [radius of curvature](/wiki/Radius_of_curvature_%28mathematics%29 \"Radius of curvature (mathematics)\") of a [right\\-circular cylinder](/wiki/Right_circular_cylinder \"Right circular cylinder\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### Pre\-construction
[thumb\|300px\|The expressway passing [Reynella](/wiki/Reynella "Reynella")](/wiki/File:Moore_Road_Park%2C_Reynella_%2848946445397%29.jpg "Moore Road Park, Reynella (48946445397).jpg")
[thumb\|[The Adelaide Southern Veloway](/wiki/Adelaide_Southern_Veloway "Adelaide Southern Veloway")](/wiki/File:Southern_veloway2.jpg "Southern veloway2.jpg")
The expressway is the southern part of a north–south freeway originally conceptualised under the [Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study](/wiki/Metropolitan_Adelaide_Transport_Study "Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study") (MATS), completed in 1965, as a freeway bypassing the city from [Dry Creek](/wiki/Dry_Creek%2C_South_Australia "Dry Creek, South Australia") to [Old Noarlunga](/wiki/Old_Noarlunga%2C_South_Australia "Old Noarlunga, South Australia").[MATS plan freeways](http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freewayplans.jpg), ozroads.com.au The MATS plan proved unpopular, and in 1971 all further highway construction in Adelaide was postponed for a period of ten years. In 1983 plans for a freeway north of [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington%2C_South_Australia "Darlington, South Australia") were abandoned, and the land that had been set aside was progressively sold off.
In 1984 the state government announced plans to develop a "third [arterial road](/wiki/Arterial_road "Arterial road")" for the south. In 1987 the project was split into two phases. The first was the upgrading of Main South Road and Marion Road in the Darlington area, and the second was a new road from Darlington to [Reynella](/wiki/Reynella%2C_South_Australia "Reynella, South Australia"). Phase one was completed in 1994 with the widening of Main South Road to eight lanes between Ayliffes Road and Seacombe Road, and the widening of Marion Road to six lanes between Main South Road and Sturt Road.
Phase 2 became the expressway, which was constructed in two stages: from Darlington to Reynella, and from Reynella to Old Noarlunga. It was developed as a one\-way reversible road, with future duplication provided for in the roadworks base, to be constructed when the need arose. It used the remaining "Noarlunga Freeway" reservation, except for the northernmost kilometre, where a new route through [O'Halloran Hill](/wiki/O%27Halloran_Hill%2C_South_Australia "O'Halloran Hill, South Australia") was chosen to provide high\-quality links with [Marion](/wiki/Marion%2C_South_Australia "Marion, South Australia") and Main South Roads without interfering with existing infrastructure at [Sturt](/wiki/Sturt%2C_South_Australia "Sturt, South Australia").
### Construction of the reversible freeway
Construction of the expressway commenced in July 1995\. The first stage was opened to traffic in December 1997\. Construction commenced on the second stage in February 1999\. It was opened to traffic in September 2001\. The total cost of the reversible freeway was A$76\.5m.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2016}}
#### Promotional FM radio transmitter
During its construction and for some time after its opening, the expressway was promoted via a dedicated [FM](/wiki/Frequency_modulation "Frequency modulation") radio station established by the Department of Transport, broadcasting via a low\-power FM transmitter in the immediate vicinity of the road.{{cite web\| url\=http://www2\.parliament.sa.gov.au/hansard\_data/1995/LC/WH171095\.lc.htm \| title\=Hansard 17 October 1995 \| author\=The Hon. Sandra Kanck MLC\|publisher\=Hansard of the Legislative Council of South Australia \| accessdate\=2008\-12\-29}} {{Dead link\|date\=September 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} The radio station broadcast a recorded message on continuous loop featuring promotional and community information messages relating to the expressway, including a jingle that Transport Minister [Diana Laidlaw](/wiki/Diana_Laidlaw "Diana Laidlaw") declared made the expressway the only road in the world to have its own jingle.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2009}}
### Operation as a one way road
Until 2014, the expressway was open approximately 21 hours per day, one way for over 10 hours in each direction. The northbound (city\-bound) direction occurred on weekday mornings (2:00 am – 12:30 pm) and weekend evenings (2:00 pm – 12:30 am). The southbound direction was open on weekday evenings (2:00 pm – 12:30 am) and weekend mornings (2:00 am – 12:30 pm).{{cite web\|title\=Southern Expressway\|url\=http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/transport,%20travel%20and%20motoring/Motoring/Roads\+and\+traffic/Road\+network/Southern\+Expressway\|publisher\=Government of South Australia\|access\-date\=3 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503175026/http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Transport%2C%2Btravel%2Band%2Bmotoring/Motoring/Roads%2Band%2Btraffic/Road%2Bnetwork/Southern%2BExpressway\|archive\-date\=3 May 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}
It was closed 12:30–2:00 am and 12:30–2:00 pm. Exceptions were Saturday and Monday mornings, when the direction remained unchanged. Weekday public holidays operated under the weekend's opening times to accommodate tourists travelling to the [Fleurieu Peninsula](/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula "Fleurieu Peninsula"). During each closure all road signs, lights and boom gates changed over, and the road was inspected by a tow truck contractor for debris and car breakdowns.
### Duplication
In 2007, the [Howard government](/wiki/Howard_government "Howard government") pledged $100m towards widening the expressway in its unsuccessful re\-election bid.[PM's $100m pledge](http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22263232-5006301,00.html), Mark Kenny, The Advertiser, 18 August 2007\.
In February 2010, during the state election campaign, Premier [Mike Rann](/wiki/Mike_Rann "Mike Rann") announced that, if re\-elected, the expressway would be duplicated in a A$445m project.[Southern Expressway To Be Doubled Announces Sa Premier Mike Rann](http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/in-depth/southern-expressway-to-be-doubled-announces-sa-premier-mike-rann/story-fn2sdwup-1225831294904) *The Advertiser* {{dead link\|date\=May 2023}} The inclusion of a new A$75m interchange at [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington%2C_South_Australia "Darlington, South Australia") was later scrapped, after the government planning for a major transport hub at Darlington discovered the need for a $50 million section of road that would have to be destroyed when the expressway was eventually duplicated.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\-australia/new\-southern\-expressway\-freeway\-darlington\-iinterchange\-scrapped/story\-e6frea83\-1226119643674 \|title\=New Southern Expressway freeway Darlington interchange scrapped \|publisher\=\[\[AdelaideNow]] \|date\=22 August 2011 \|accessdate\=22 August 2011}}
Once duplication was announced in 2010, construction started in 2011\. Due to the duplication of the Expressway, all of the bridges had to be widened to meet the new width of the road.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2015}} Some road bridges were closed during the work needed, and others required a temporary lower speed limit for safety reasons. This caused some anger to residents and businesses.[Southern Expressway upgrade affects trade for Morphett Vale businesses](http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/southern-expressway-upgrade-affects-trade-for-morphett-vale-businesses/story-e6frg6n6-1226647525627), [The Australian](/wiki/The_Australian "The Australian"), 21 May 2013
The new road was built entirely on the western side of the original roadway. It is four lanes wide between Reynella and Marion Road in the northbound. Accessibility has been improved, with completely new intersections at Beach Road and Sheriffs Road, as well as being able to left turn out at Old Noarlunga, a right turn out at Marion Road, and a left turn in at Marion Road.{{Cite web \|url\=http://dpti.sa.gov.au/southern\_expressway\_duplication/project\_overview \|title\=Project overview \- Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) \|access\-date\=8 August 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430072756/http://dpti.sa.gov.au/southern\_expressway\_duplication/project\_overview \|archive\-date\=30 April 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The expressway opened to two\-way traffic in August 2014 and a cost of about A$400m.{{Cite web\|url\=http://dpti.sa.gov.au/southern\_expressway\_duplication\|title \= Southern Expressway Duplication \- Department for Infrastructure and Transport \- South Australia}}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.victorharbortimes.com.au/story/2465383/southern\-expressway\-flows\-in\-two\-ways/?cs\=2167 \| title\=Southern Expressway flows in two ways \| date\=5 August 2014 \| newspaper\=\[\[The Times (Victor Harbor)\|The Times]] \|publisher\=\[\[Fairfax Media\|Fairfax Regional Media]] \| accessdate\=5 August 2014 }}
### Darlington Upgrade
[thumb\|The Ayliffes Road bridge: The above ground road bridges were assembled on\-site and moved into their final position using multi\-wheeled lifters.](/wiki/File:Partially_built_Ayliffes_Road_access_bridge.jpg "Partially built Ayliffes Road access bridge.jpg")
In 2014, the plans for an interchange at Darlington were revived and expanded to extend the Southern Expressway through Darlington.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au/south\_road\_upgrade/northsouthcorridor/darlington\_upgrade\_project \|title\=Darlington Upgrade Project \|publisher\=\[\[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] \|date\=5 September 2014 \|accessdate\=19 December 2014}} The original project scope was to extend the expressway with a lowered motorway corridor. The corridor passing underneath Flinders Drive (access to [Flinders University](/wiki/Flinders_University "Flinders University") and [Flinders Medical Centre](/wiki/Flinders_Medical_Centre "Flinders Medical Centre")), Sturt Road and a bridge connecting local streets Mimosa Terrace and Sutton Road, to the intersection of South Road, Ayliffes Road and Shepherds Hill Road with surface\-level service roads and segregated cycling and pedestrian paths.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au/nsc/darlington\_upgrade\_project \|title\=Darlington Upgrade Project \|publisher\=\[\[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] \|accessdate\=3 September 2018}}
The project was later revised to continue the extension past Tonsley, giving a total length of 3\.3 kilometres. A road bridge, accessible from the Main South Road surface road and the lowered motorway, allows northbound traffic free\-flowing access to Ayliffes Road. The associated Flinders Link Project extended the [Tonsley railway line](/wiki/Flinders_railway_line "Flinders railway line") over this corridor to Flinders Medical Centre.
Early works commenced late in 2014\. Gateway South, a joint venture of [Fulton Hogan](/wiki/Fulton_Hogan "Fulton Hogan") and [Laing O'Rourke](/wiki/Laing_O%27Rourke "Laing O'Rourke") was awarded the major works contract for the project in January 2016\. Major works commenced in 2016 for an expected project completion in 2018,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au/south\_road\_upgrade/northsouthcorridor/darlington\_upgrade\_project/whats\_next \|title\=What's next \|publisher\=\[\[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] \|date\=3 December 2014 \|accessdate\=19 December 2014}} later revised to December 2019\.
Completion was delayed to 2020 due to sections of the lowered motorway wall collapsing.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019\-05\-08/another\-section\-of\-darlington\-project\-collapses/11090360 \|title\=SA taxpayers will not have to 'foot the bill for shoddy work' on $620m Darlington Upgrade \|date\=8 May 2019 \|website\=ABC News \|publisher\=Australian broadcasting Corporation \|access\-date\=23 July 2019}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.9news.com.au/videos/darlington\-road\-upgrade\-set\-to\-finish\-in\-2020/cjx4hfkdb00080hpol94k5pvo \|title\=Darlington Road upgrade set to finish in 2020 \|date\=20 June 2019 \|website\=9News \|publisher\=Nine Entertainment Co \|access\-date\=23 July 2019}} Construction was completed and the lowered motorway fully opened to traffic in August 2020\.{{cite news \|last\=Smith \|first\=Matt \|date\=31 July 2020 \|title\=Darlington Upgrade Project officially opens on Saturday with full speed in all lanes \|url\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\-australia/darlington\-upgrade\-project\-officially\-opens\-on\-saturday\-with\-full\-speed\-in\-all\-lanes/news\-story/027d329d4416eb6148fa6d0450473ff1 \|work\=The Advertiser \|location\=Adelaide \|access\-date\=28 September 2020}}{{cite press release \|last\=Tudge \|first\=Alan \|date\=1 August 2020 \|title\=Darlington upgrade project fully open to traffic \|url\=https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/tudge/media\-release/darlington\-upgrade\-project\-fully\-open\-traffic \|location\=Adelaide \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055818/https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/tudge/media\-release/darlington\-upgrade\-project\-fully\-open\-traffic \|archive\-date\=28 September 2020 \|access\-date\=28 September 2020}} Final road surfacing was completed in late November through to early December 2020\.
### Majors Road interchange
Following the [2022 South Australian state election](/wiki/2022_South_Australian_state_election "2022 South Australian state election"), the incoming [Malinauskas](/wiki/Peter_Malinauskas "Peter Malinauskas") government initiated the addition of an exit at Majors Road near the top of the first climb up from the [Adelaide Plains](/wiki/Adelaide_Plains "Adelaide Plains"). The project was expected to cost $120 million, equally funded by state and federal governments. Completion was expected to be by the end of 2025\.{{cite news \|url\=https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2023/02/27/majors\-road\-interchange\-project\-commences\-work/ \|title\=Majors Road interchange project commences work \|date\=27 February 2023 \|magazine\=Infrastructure Magazine \|first\=Tayla \|last\=Oates \|access\-date\=10 March 2023}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Pre\\-construction",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|The expressway passing [Reynella](/wiki/Reynella \"Reynella\")](/wiki/File:Moore_Road_Park%2C_Reynella_%2848946445397%29.jpg \"Moore Road Park, Reynella (48946445397).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[The Adelaide Southern Veloway](/wiki/Adelaide_Southern_Veloway \"Adelaide Southern Veloway\")](/wiki/File:Southern_veloway2.jpg \"Southern veloway2.jpg\")",
"The expressway is the southern part of a north–south freeway originally conceptualised under the [Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study](/wiki/Metropolitan_Adelaide_Transport_Study \"Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study\") (MATS), completed in 1965, as a freeway bypassing the city from [Dry Creek](/wiki/Dry_Creek%2C_South_Australia \"Dry Creek, South Australia\") to [Old Noarlunga](/wiki/Old_Noarlunga%2C_South_Australia \"Old Noarlunga, South Australia\").[MATS plan freeways](http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freewayplans.jpg), ozroads.com.au The MATS plan proved unpopular, and in 1971 all further highway construction in Adelaide was postponed for a period of ten years. In 1983 plans for a freeway north of [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington%2C_South_Australia \"Darlington, South Australia\") were abandoned, and the land that had been set aside was progressively sold off.",
"In 1984 the state government announced plans to develop a \"third [arterial road](/wiki/Arterial_road \"Arterial road\")\" for the south. In 1987 the project was split into two phases. The first was the upgrading of Main South Road and Marion Road in the Darlington area, and the second was a new road from Darlington to [Reynella](/wiki/Reynella%2C_South_Australia \"Reynella, South Australia\"). Phase one was completed in 1994 with the widening of Main South Road to eight lanes between Ayliffes Road and Seacombe Road, and the widening of Marion Road to six lanes between Main South Road and Sturt Road.",
"Phase 2 became the expressway, which was constructed in two stages: from Darlington to Reynella, and from Reynella to Old Noarlunga. It was developed as a one\\-way reversible road, with future duplication provided for in the roadworks base, to be constructed when the need arose. It used the remaining \"Noarlunga Freeway\" reservation, except for the northernmost kilometre, where a new route through [O'Halloran Hill](/wiki/O%27Halloran_Hill%2C_South_Australia \"O'Halloran Hill, South Australia\") was chosen to provide high\\-quality links with [Marion](/wiki/Marion%2C_South_Australia \"Marion, South Australia\") and Main South Roads without interfering with existing infrastructure at [Sturt](/wiki/Sturt%2C_South_Australia \"Sturt, South Australia\").",
"### Construction of the reversible freeway",
"Construction of the expressway commenced in July 1995\\. The first stage was opened to traffic in December 1997\\. Construction commenced on the second stage in February 1999\\. It was opened to traffic in September 2001\\. The total cost of the reversible freeway was A$76\\.5m.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2016}}",
"#### Promotional FM radio transmitter",
"During its construction and for some time after its opening, the expressway was promoted via a dedicated [FM](/wiki/Frequency_modulation \"Frequency modulation\") radio station established by the Department of Transport, broadcasting via a low\\-power FM transmitter in the immediate vicinity of the road.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www2\\.parliament.sa.gov.au/hansard\\_data/1995/LC/WH171095\\.lc.htm \\| title\\=Hansard 17 October 1995 \\| author\\=The Hon. Sandra Kanck MLC\\|publisher\\=Hansard of the Legislative Council of South Australia \\| accessdate\\=2008\\-12\\-29}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} The radio station broadcast a recorded message on continuous loop featuring promotional and community information messages relating to the expressway, including a jingle that Transport Minister [Diana Laidlaw](/wiki/Diana_Laidlaw \"Diana Laidlaw\") declared made the expressway the only road in the world to have its own jingle.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2009}}",
"### Operation as a one way road",
"Until 2014, the expressway was open approximately 21 hours per day, one way for over 10 hours in each direction. The northbound (city\\-bound) direction occurred on weekday mornings (2:00 am – 12:30 pm) and weekend evenings (2:00 pm – 12:30 am). The southbound direction was open on weekday evenings (2:00 pm – 12:30 am) and weekend mornings (2:00 am – 12:30 pm).{{cite web\\|title\\=Southern Expressway\\|url\\=http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/transport,%20travel%20and%20motoring/Motoring/Roads\\+and\\+traffic/Road\\+network/Southern\\+Expressway\\|publisher\\=Government of South Australia\\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503175026/http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Transport%2C%2Btravel%2Band%2Bmotoring/Motoring/Roads%2Band%2Btraffic/Road%2Bnetwork/Southern%2BExpressway\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"It was closed 12:30–2:00 am and 12:30–2:00 pm. Exceptions were Saturday and Monday mornings, when the direction remained unchanged. Weekday public holidays operated under the weekend's opening times to accommodate tourists travelling to the [Fleurieu Peninsula](/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula \"Fleurieu Peninsula\"). During each closure all road signs, lights and boom gates changed over, and the road was inspected by a tow truck contractor for debris and car breakdowns.",
"### Duplication",
"In 2007, the [Howard government](/wiki/Howard_government \"Howard government\") pledged $100m towards widening the expressway in its unsuccessful re\\-election bid.[PM's $100m pledge](http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22263232-5006301,00.html), Mark Kenny, The Advertiser, 18 August 2007\\.",
"In February 2010, during the state election campaign, Premier [Mike Rann](/wiki/Mike_Rann \"Mike Rann\") announced that, if re\\-elected, the expressway would be duplicated in a A$445m project.[Southern Expressway To Be Doubled Announces Sa Premier Mike Rann](http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/in-depth/southern-expressway-to-be-doubled-announces-sa-premier-mike-rann/story-fn2sdwup-1225831294904) *The Advertiser* {{dead link\\|date\\=May 2023}} The inclusion of a new A$75m interchange at [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington%2C_South_Australia \"Darlington, South Australia\") was later scrapped, after the government planning for a major transport hub at Darlington discovered the need for a $50 million section of road that would have to be destroyed when the expressway was eventually duplicated.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\\-australia/new\\-southern\\-expressway\\-freeway\\-darlington\\-iinterchange\\-scrapped/story\\-e6frea83\\-1226119643674 \\|title\\=New Southern Expressway freeway Darlington interchange scrapped \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AdelaideNow]] \\|date\\=22 August 2011 \\|accessdate\\=22 August 2011}}",
"Once duplication was announced in 2010, construction started in 2011\\. Due to the duplication of the Expressway, all of the bridges had to be widened to meet the new width of the road.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2015}} Some road bridges were closed during the work needed, and others required a temporary lower speed limit for safety reasons. This caused some anger to residents and businesses.[Southern Expressway upgrade affects trade for Morphett Vale businesses](http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/southern-expressway-upgrade-affects-trade-for-morphett-vale-businesses/story-e6frg6n6-1226647525627), [The Australian](/wiki/The_Australian \"The Australian\"), 21 May 2013",
"The new road was built entirely on the western side of the original roadway. It is four lanes wide between Reynella and Marion Road in the northbound. Accessibility has been improved, with completely new intersections at Beach Road and Sheriffs Road, as well as being able to left turn out at Old Noarlunga, a right turn out at Marion Road, and a left turn in at Marion Road.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://dpti.sa.gov.au/southern\\_expressway\\_duplication/project\\_overview \\|title\\=Project overview \\- Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430072756/http://dpti.sa.gov.au/southern\\_expressway\\_duplication/project\\_overview \\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The expressway opened to two\\-way traffic in August 2014 and a cost of about A$400m.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://dpti.sa.gov.au/southern\\_expressway\\_duplication\\|title \\= Southern Expressway Duplication \\- Department for Infrastructure and Transport \\- South Australia}}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.victorharbortimes.com.au/story/2465383/southern\\-expressway\\-flows\\-in\\-two\\-ways/?cs\\=2167 \\| title\\=Southern Expressway flows in two ways \\| date\\=5 August 2014 \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Times (Victor Harbor)\\|The Times]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fairfax Media\\|Fairfax Regional Media]] \\| accessdate\\=5 August 2014 }}",
"### Darlington Upgrade",
"[thumb\\|The Ayliffes Road bridge: The above ground road bridges were assembled on\\-site and moved into their final position using multi\\-wheeled lifters.](/wiki/File:Partially_built_Ayliffes_Road_access_bridge.jpg \"Partially built Ayliffes Road access bridge.jpg\")",
"In 2014, the plans for an interchange at Darlington were revived and expanded to extend the Southern Expressway through Darlington.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au/south\\_road\\_upgrade/northsouthcorridor/darlington\\_upgrade\\_project \\|title\\=Darlington Upgrade Project \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] \\|date\\=5 September 2014 \\|accessdate\\=19 December 2014}} The original project scope was to extend the expressway with a lowered motorway corridor. The corridor passing underneath Flinders Drive (access to [Flinders University](/wiki/Flinders_University \"Flinders University\") and [Flinders Medical Centre](/wiki/Flinders_Medical_Centre \"Flinders Medical Centre\")), Sturt Road and a bridge connecting local streets Mimosa Terrace and Sutton Road, to the intersection of South Road, Ayliffes Road and Shepherds Hill Road with surface\\-level service roads and segregated cycling and pedestrian paths.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au/nsc/darlington\\_upgrade\\_project \\|title\\=Darlington Upgrade Project \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] \\|accessdate\\=3 September 2018}}",
"The project was later revised to continue the extension past Tonsley, giving a total length of 3\\.3 kilometres. A road bridge, accessible from the Main South Road surface road and the lowered motorway, allows northbound traffic free\\-flowing access to Ayliffes Road. The associated Flinders Link Project extended the [Tonsley railway line](/wiki/Flinders_railway_line \"Flinders railway line\") over this corridor to Flinders Medical Centre.",
"Early works commenced late in 2014\\. Gateway South, a joint venture of [Fulton Hogan](/wiki/Fulton_Hogan \"Fulton Hogan\") and [Laing O'Rourke](/wiki/Laing_O%27Rourke \"Laing O'Rourke\") was awarded the major works contract for the project in January 2016\\. Major works commenced in 2016 for an expected project completion in 2018,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au/south\\_road\\_upgrade/northsouthcorridor/darlington\\_upgrade\\_project/whats\\_next \\|title\\=What's next \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] \\|date\\=3 December 2014 \\|accessdate\\=19 December 2014}} later revised to December 2019\\.",
"Completion was delayed to 2020 due to sections of the lowered motorway wall collapsing.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019\\-05\\-08/another\\-section\\-of\\-darlington\\-project\\-collapses/11090360 \\|title\\=SA taxpayers will not have to 'foot the bill for shoddy work' on $620m Darlington Upgrade \\|date\\=8 May 2019 \\|website\\=ABC News \\|publisher\\=Australian broadcasting Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2019}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.9news.com.au/videos/darlington\\-road\\-upgrade\\-set\\-to\\-finish\\-in\\-2020/cjx4hfkdb00080hpol94k5pvo \\|title\\=Darlington Road upgrade set to finish in 2020 \\|date\\=20 June 2019 \\|website\\=9News \\|publisher\\=Nine Entertainment Co \\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2019}} Construction was completed and the lowered motorway fully opened to traffic in August 2020\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=31 July 2020 \\|title\\=Darlington Upgrade Project officially opens on Saturday with full speed in all lanes \\|url\\=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south\\-australia/darlington\\-upgrade\\-project\\-officially\\-opens\\-on\\-saturday\\-with\\-full\\-speed\\-in\\-all\\-lanes/news\\-story/027d329d4416eb6148fa6d0450473ff1 \\|work\\=The Advertiser \\|location\\=Adelaide \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2020}}{{cite press release \\|last\\=Tudge \\|first\\=Alan \\|date\\=1 August 2020 \\|title\\=Darlington upgrade project fully open to traffic \\|url\\=https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/tudge/media\\-release/darlington\\-upgrade\\-project\\-fully\\-open\\-traffic \\|location\\=Adelaide \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055818/https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/tudge/media\\-release/darlington\\-upgrade\\-project\\-fully\\-open\\-traffic \\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2020}} Final road surfacing was completed in late November through to early December 2020\\.",
"### Majors Road interchange",
"Following the [2022 South Australian state election](/wiki/2022_South_Australian_state_election \"2022 South Australian state election\"), the incoming [Malinauskas](/wiki/Peter_Malinauskas \"Peter Malinauskas\") government initiated the addition of an exit at Majors Road near the top of the first climb up from the [Adelaide Plains](/wiki/Adelaide_Plains \"Adelaide Plains\"). The project was expected to cost $120 million, equally funded by state and federal governments. Completion was expected to be by the end of 2025\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2023/02/27/majors\\-road\\-interchange\\-project\\-commences\\-work/ \\|title\\=Majors Road interchange project commences work \\|date\\=27 February 2023 \\|magazine\\=Infrastructure Magazine \\|first\\=Tayla \\|last\\=Oates \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2023}}",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Born in [Huangmei County](/wiki/Huangmei_County "Huangmei County"), [Hubei Province](/wiki/Hubei_Province "Hubei Province"), Zhou grew up during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution"). In 1978, he was part of the first batch of students admitted through the [National College Entrance Examinations](/wiki/National_College_Entrance_Examination "National College Entrance Examination") to the [Southwest University of Political Science \& Law](/wiki/Southwest_University_of_Political_Science_%26_Law "Southwest University of Political Science & Law"). Zhou obtained a master's degree in law in 1986\. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during his studies, in 1983\.
In November 1995, he was elected secretary of the central secretariat of the [Chinese Communist Youth League](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Youth_League "Chinese Communist Youth League") (CYL) at the 4th plenary session of the 13th CYL central committee. In June 1998, he was elevated to [first secretary](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 "Secretary (title)") of the CYL central secretariat, and was re\-elected in July 2003\.
In February 2007, Zhou was appointed governor of Hunan, after a five\-month period that saw him made a standing committee member and vice secretary of the CCP Hunan committee (September 3\), and then acting governor of [Hunan](/wiki/Hunan "Hunan") (September 30\), appointed by the standing committee of the 10th Hunan People's Congress; he resigned as first secretary of the central secretariat of the CYL in December. He was re\-elected governor of Hunan on January 24, 2008\.
On April 25, 2010, Zhou, then aged 50, was appointed [Communist Party Secretary](/wiki/Communist_Party_Secretary "Communist Party Secretary") of Hunan, becoming one of the youngest provincial party chiefs in the country.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/wwwHome/201004/t20100425\_204963\.htm \|title\=Zhou Qiang Appointed Party Chief of Hunan \-\- Hunan Government \|access\-date\=April 25, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721164426/http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/wwwHome/201004/t20100425\_204963\.htm \|archive\-date\=July 21, 2011 }} His rise to power is comparable to that of then\-Party general secretary [Hu Jintao](/wiki/Hu_Jintao "Hu Jintao") and then\-Vice\-Premier [Li Keqiang](/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang"); all three men [had background](/wiki/Tuanpai "Tuanpai") in the [Communist Youth League of China](/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China "Communist Youth League of China").
### President of the Supreme People's Court
In March 2013, the [NPC](/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") installed Zhou as the [president of the Supreme People's Court](/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court "President of the Supreme People's Court").
Like other top Chinese leaders, Zhou spoke often of promoting the 'rule of law' and was thought to be aligned with CCP general secretary [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping")'s stated ambition to make the court system in China fairer.{{cite news\|title\=Zhou Qiang Picked as Head of China's Supreme People's Court\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-15/zhou\-qiang\-picked\-as\-president\-of\-china\-s\-supreme\-people\-s\-court.html\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|date\=March 15, 2013\|access\-date\=December 1, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053239/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-15/zhou\-qiang\-picked\-as\-president\-of\-china\-s\-supreme\-people\-s\-court.html\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2014\|url\-status\=live}} Indeed, in his first few years in office, Zhou overturned several court decisions as unjust, including the wrongful execution of [Nie Shubin](/wiki/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases%23China "List of miscarriage of justice cases#China") in 1995; granted judges more independence; and restricted local officials' influence over court rulings, although ultimately courts at all levels had to answer to the party leadership.[China's Top Judge Warns Against the ‘Threat’ of Judicial Independence](https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas-top-judge-warns-against-the-threat-of-judicial-independence/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195144/https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas\-top\-judge\-warns\-against\-the\-threat\-of\-judicial\-independence/ \|date\=2019\-08\-16 }}, [Global Voices](/wiki/Global_Voices_Online "Global Voices Online"), 20 January 2017\.
But in 2017, speaking at a Supreme People's Court meeting on January 14, Zhou warned the courts against the 'idea of [judicial independence](/wiki/Judicial_independence "Judicial independence")'. He said:
> \[China's courts] must firmly resist the western idea of "[constitutional democracy](/wiki/Liberal_democracy "Liberal democracy")", "[separation of powers](/wiki/Separation_of_powers "Separation of powers")" and "judicial independence". These are erroneous western notions that threaten the leadership of the ruling Communist Party and defame the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law. We have to raise our flag and show our sword to struggle against such thoughts. We must not fall into the trap of western thoughts and judicial independence. We must stay firm on the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law.
This tougher line was interpreted as self\-protection amid a CCP power struggle ahead of the [19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party").
Zhou was a member of the [16th](/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"), [17th](/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"), [18th](/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") and [19th](/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") Central Committees of the CCP.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Born in [Huangmei County](/wiki/Huangmei_County \"Huangmei County\"), [Hubei Province](/wiki/Hubei_Province \"Hubei Province\"), Zhou grew up during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution \"Cultural Revolution\"). In 1978, he was part of the first batch of students admitted through the [National College Entrance Examinations](/wiki/National_College_Entrance_Examination \"National College Entrance Examination\") to the [Southwest University of Political Science \\& Law](/wiki/Southwest_University_of_Political_Science_%26_Law \"Southwest University of Political Science & Law\"). Zhou obtained a master's degree in law in 1986\\. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during his studies, in 1983\\.",
"In November 1995, he was elected secretary of the central secretariat of the [Chinese Communist Youth League](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Youth_League \"Chinese Communist Youth League\") (CYL) at the 4th plenary session of the 13th CYL central committee. In June 1998, he was elevated to [first secretary](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 \"Secretary (title)\") of the CYL central secretariat, and was re\\-elected in July 2003\\.",
"In February 2007, Zhou was appointed governor of Hunan, after a five\\-month period that saw him made a standing committee member and vice secretary of the CCP Hunan committee (September 3\\), and then acting governor of [Hunan](/wiki/Hunan \"Hunan\") (September 30\\), appointed by the standing committee of the 10th Hunan People's Congress; he resigned as first secretary of the central secretariat of the CYL in December. He was re\\-elected governor of Hunan on January 24, 2008\\.",
"On April 25, 2010, Zhou, then aged 50, was appointed [Communist Party Secretary](/wiki/Communist_Party_Secretary \"Communist Party Secretary\") of Hunan, becoming one of the youngest provincial party chiefs in the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/wwwHome/201004/t20100425\\_204963\\.htm \\|title\\=Zhou Qiang Appointed Party Chief of Hunan \\-\\- Hunan Government \\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721164426/http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/wwwHome/201004/t20100425\\_204963\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2011 }} His rise to power is comparable to that of then\\-Party general secretary [Hu Jintao](/wiki/Hu_Jintao \"Hu Jintao\") and then\\-Vice\\-Premier [Li Keqiang](/wiki/Li_Keqiang \"Li Keqiang\"); all three men [had background](/wiki/Tuanpai \"Tuanpai\") in the [Communist Youth League of China](/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China \"Communist Youth League of China\").",
"### President of the Supreme People's Court",
"In March 2013, the [NPC](/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress \"National People's Congress\") installed Zhou as the [president of the Supreme People's Court](/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court \"President of the Supreme People's Court\").",
"Like other top Chinese leaders, Zhou spoke often of promoting the 'rule of law' and was thought to be aligned with CCP general secretary [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\")'s stated ambition to make the court system in China fairer.{{cite news\\|title\\=Zhou Qiang Picked as Head of China's Supreme People's Court\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-15/zhou\\-qiang\\-picked\\-as\\-president\\-of\\-china\\-s\\-supreme\\-people\\-s\\-court.html\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|date\\=March 15, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053239/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-15/zhou\\-qiang\\-picked\\-as\\-president\\-of\\-china\\-s\\-supreme\\-people\\-s\\-court.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Indeed, in his first few years in office, Zhou overturned several court decisions as unjust, including the wrongful execution of [Nie Shubin](/wiki/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases%23China \"List of miscarriage of justice cases#China\") in 1995; granted judges more independence; and restricted local officials' influence over court rulings, although ultimately courts at all levels had to answer to the party leadership.[China's Top Judge Warns Against the ‘Threat’ of Judicial Independence](https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas-top-judge-warns-against-the-threat-of-judicial-independence/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195144/https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas\\-top\\-judge\\-warns\\-against\\-the\\-threat\\-of\\-judicial\\-independence/ \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-16 }}, [Global Voices](/wiki/Global_Voices_Online \"Global Voices Online\"), 20 January 2017\\.",
"But in 2017, speaking at a Supreme People's Court meeting on January 14, Zhou warned the courts against the 'idea of [judicial independence](/wiki/Judicial_independence \"Judicial independence\")'. He said:\n> \\[China's courts] must firmly resist the western idea of \"[constitutional democracy](/wiki/Liberal_democracy \"Liberal democracy\")\", \"[separation of powers](/wiki/Separation_of_powers \"Separation of powers\")\" and \"judicial independence\". These are erroneous western notions that threaten the leadership of the ruling Communist Party and defame the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law. We have to raise our flag and show our sword to struggle against such thoughts. We must not fall into the trap of western thoughts and judicial independence. We must stay firm on the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law.",
"This tougher line was interpreted as self\\-protection amid a CCP power struggle ahead of the [19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\").",
"Zhou was a member of the [16th](/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\"), [17th](/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\"), [18th](/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") and [19th](/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") Central Committees of the CCP.",
""
] |
### President of the Supreme People's Court
In March 2013, the [NPC](/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") installed Zhou as the [president of the Supreme People's Court](/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court "President of the Supreme People's Court").
Like other top Chinese leaders, Zhou spoke often of promoting the 'rule of law' and was thought to be aligned with CCP general secretary [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping")'s stated ambition to make the court system in China fairer.{{cite news\|title\=Zhou Qiang Picked as Head of China's Supreme People's Court\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-15/zhou\-qiang\-picked\-as\-president\-of\-china\-s\-supreme\-people\-s\-court.html\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|date\=March 15, 2013\|access\-date\=December 1, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053239/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-15/zhou\-qiang\-picked\-as\-president\-of\-china\-s\-supreme\-people\-s\-court.html\|archive\-date\=August 8, 2014\|url\-status\=live}} Indeed, in his first few years in office, Zhou overturned several court decisions as unjust, including the wrongful execution of [Nie Shubin](/wiki/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases%23China "List of miscarriage of justice cases#China") in 1995; granted judges more independence; and restricted local officials' influence over court rulings, although ultimately courts at all levels had to answer to the party leadership.[China's Top Judge Warns Against the ‘Threat’ of Judicial Independence](https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas-top-judge-warns-against-the-threat-of-judicial-independence/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195144/https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas\-top\-judge\-warns\-against\-the\-threat\-of\-judicial\-independence/ \|date\=2019\-08\-16 }}, [Global Voices](/wiki/Global_Voices_Online "Global Voices Online"), 20 January 2017\.
But in 2017, speaking at a Supreme People's Court meeting on January 14, Zhou warned the courts against the 'idea of [judicial independence](/wiki/Judicial_independence "Judicial independence")'. He said:
> \[China's courts] must firmly resist the western idea of "[constitutional democracy](/wiki/Liberal_democracy "Liberal democracy")", "[separation of powers](/wiki/Separation_of_powers "Separation of powers")" and "judicial independence". These are erroneous western notions that threaten the leadership of the ruling Communist Party and defame the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law. We have to raise our flag and show our sword to struggle against such thoughts. We must not fall into the trap of western thoughts and judicial independence. We must stay firm on the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law.
This tougher line was interpreted as self\-protection amid a CCP power struggle ahead of the [19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party").
Zhou was a member of the [16th](/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"), [17th](/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"), [18th](/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") and [19th](/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") Central Committees of the CCP.
|
[
"### President of the Supreme People's Court",
"In March 2013, the [NPC](/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress \"National People's Congress\") installed Zhou as the [president of the Supreme People's Court](/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court \"President of the Supreme People's Court\").",
"Like other top Chinese leaders, Zhou spoke often of promoting the 'rule of law' and was thought to be aligned with CCP general secretary [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\")'s stated ambition to make the court system in China fairer.{{cite news\\|title\\=Zhou Qiang Picked as Head of China's Supreme People's Court\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-15/zhou\\-qiang\\-picked\\-as\\-president\\-of\\-china\\-s\\-supreme\\-people\\-s\\-court.html\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|date\\=March 15, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053239/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-15/zhou\\-qiang\\-picked\\-as\\-president\\-of\\-china\\-s\\-supreme\\-people\\-s\\-court.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Indeed, in his first few years in office, Zhou overturned several court decisions as unjust, including the wrongful execution of [Nie Shubin](/wiki/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases%23China \"List of miscarriage of justice cases#China\") in 1995; granted judges more independence; and restricted local officials' influence over court rulings, although ultimately courts at all levels had to answer to the party leadership.[China's Top Judge Warns Against the ‘Threat’ of Judicial Independence](https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas-top-judge-warns-against-the-threat-of-judicial-independence/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195144/https://globalvoices.org/2017/01/20/chinas\\-top\\-judge\\-warns\\-against\\-the\\-threat\\-of\\-judicial\\-independence/ \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-16 }}, [Global Voices](/wiki/Global_Voices_Online \"Global Voices Online\"), 20 January 2017\\.",
"But in 2017, speaking at a Supreme People's Court meeting on January 14, Zhou warned the courts against the 'idea of [judicial independence](/wiki/Judicial_independence \"Judicial independence\")'. He said:\n> \\[China's courts] must firmly resist the western idea of \"[constitutional democracy](/wiki/Liberal_democracy \"Liberal democracy\")\", \"[separation of powers](/wiki/Separation_of_powers \"Separation of powers\")\" and \"judicial independence\". These are erroneous western notions that threaten the leadership of the ruling Communist Party and defame the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law. We have to raise our flag and show our sword to struggle against such thoughts. We must not fall into the trap of western thoughts and judicial independence. We must stay firm on the Chinese socialist path on the rule of law.",
"This tougher line was interpreted as self\\-protection amid a CCP power struggle ahead of the [19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\").",
"Zhou was a member of the [16th](/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\"), [17th](/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\"), [18th](/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") and [19th](/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") Central Committees of the CCP.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Andy Stitzer is a shy 40\-year\-old introvert who works as a stock supervisor at the electronics store Smart Tech. He gave up trying to have sex after various failed attempts and lives alone in an apartment with a collection of action figures and video games. When a conversation at a poker game with his co\-workers David, Jay, and Cal turns to past sexual exploits, they learn that he secretly is still a [virgin](/wiki/Virgin "Virgin").
Andy is mortified upon discovering the next day that everyone else at work has learned about the secret, including their boss Paula, who is attracted to him and later privately offers to take his virginity. He almost quits work in humiliation before David consoles him and recommends trying again to have sex. David, Jay, and Cal become determined to help Andy achieve this. They all give differing advice on how to interact with women.
David invites him to join them for a [speed dating](/wiki/Speed_dating "Speed dating") event and unsuccessfully tries to reconnect with his ex\-girlfriend Amy there. Jay drags Andy to various social events, books a painful chest [waxing](/wiki/Waxing "Waxing") appointment, and sets him up with a prostitute, which all end with embarrassing results. Cal advises Andy to be confident and ask women questions instead of discussing himself. He practices this on a bookstore clerk named Beth, who quickly becomes intrigued by him. David gives Andy his pornography collection, encouraging him to masturbate.
Andy eventually gets a date with a customer named Trish Piedmont. At the end of their first date, they almost have sex but are interrupted by her teenage daughter, Marla. Trish suggests they postpone having sex, and Andy enthusiastically agrees; they decide to abstain until their 20th date. Their relationship flourishes over the following weeks. She encourages Andy's dream of starting a business and helps fund it by selling his collectibles. After Marla argues with Trish over wanting birth control, Andy takes her to a group information session at a [sexual health clinic](/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic "Sexual health clinic"), where she is mocked for being a virgin. Andy admits his virginity to defend her, earning him Marla's respect.
Meanwhile, David suffers an emotional breakdown at work over his obsession with Amy. He takes a vow of [celibacy](/wiki/Celibacy "Celibacy"), which leads to Paula giving his sales duties to Andy for the day and later promoting him to floor manager due to his high sales quota. As Cal takes on Andy's previous role, he hires a woman named Bernadette to work at the store, hoping to match her with David so he can move on from Amy. After Jay's girlfriend, Jill, breaks up with him due to his infidelity, he concedes to Andy that sex can ruin a relationship. Following a reconciliation with Jill, Jay invites Andy and the others to a nightclub celebrating her pregnancy.
Trish tries to initiate sex with Andy on their 20th date and becomes upset when he resists. They argue, and Andy leaves to meet his friends at a nightclub. He gets drunk and leaves with Beth to have sex at her apartment. Cal gets David and Bernadette to hook up, while Marla convinces Trish to reconcile with Andy. At Beth's, Andy sobers up and decides to leave without having sex, just as his friends arrive and encourage him to go back to Trish.
Andy returns to his apartment to find Trish waiting for him. She has seen David's porn collection; he tries to explain, but she flees in alarm and disgust, fearing Andy may be a [sexual deviant](/wiki/Sexual_deviant "Sexual deviant"). While pursuing her on his bike, Andy collides with her car, flying through the side of a billboard truck. She rushes to his side, and Andy finally confesses that he is a virgin. Trish is relieved and accepting, and they profess their love for each other. They eventually marry in a lavish ceremony with everyone in attendance, having generated roughly $500,000 from the sales of his action figures to pay for it, before having sex for the first time. The film ends with a musical sequence where all the characters sing and dance to "[Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In](/wiki/Aquarius/Let_the_Sunshine_In "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In")".
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Andy Stitzer is a shy 40\\-year\\-old introvert who works as a stock supervisor at the electronics store Smart Tech. He gave up trying to have sex after various failed attempts and lives alone in an apartment with a collection of action figures and video games. When a conversation at a poker game with his co\\-workers David, Jay, and Cal turns to past sexual exploits, they learn that he secretly is still a [virgin](/wiki/Virgin \"Virgin\").",
"Andy is mortified upon discovering the next day that everyone else at work has learned about the secret, including their boss Paula, who is attracted to him and later privately offers to take his virginity. He almost quits work in humiliation before David consoles him and recommends trying again to have sex. David, Jay, and Cal become determined to help Andy achieve this. They all give differing advice on how to interact with women.",
"David invites him to join them for a [speed dating](/wiki/Speed_dating \"Speed dating\") event and unsuccessfully tries to reconnect with his ex\\-girlfriend Amy there. Jay drags Andy to various social events, books a painful chest [waxing](/wiki/Waxing \"Waxing\") appointment, and sets him up with a prostitute, which all end with embarrassing results. Cal advises Andy to be confident and ask women questions instead of discussing himself. He practices this on a bookstore clerk named Beth, who quickly becomes intrigued by him. David gives Andy his pornography collection, encouraging him to masturbate.",
"Andy eventually gets a date with a customer named Trish Piedmont. At the end of their first date, they almost have sex but are interrupted by her teenage daughter, Marla. Trish suggests they postpone having sex, and Andy enthusiastically agrees; they decide to abstain until their 20th date. Their relationship flourishes over the following weeks. She encourages Andy's dream of starting a business and helps fund it by selling his collectibles. After Marla argues with Trish over wanting birth control, Andy takes her to a group information session at a [sexual health clinic](/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic \"Sexual health clinic\"), where she is mocked for being a virgin. Andy admits his virginity to defend her, earning him Marla's respect.",
"Meanwhile, David suffers an emotional breakdown at work over his obsession with Amy. He takes a vow of [celibacy](/wiki/Celibacy \"Celibacy\"), which leads to Paula giving his sales duties to Andy for the day and later promoting him to floor manager due to his high sales quota. As Cal takes on Andy's previous role, he hires a woman named Bernadette to work at the store, hoping to match her with David so he can move on from Amy. After Jay's girlfriend, Jill, breaks up with him due to his infidelity, he concedes to Andy that sex can ruin a relationship. Following a reconciliation with Jill, Jay invites Andy and the others to a nightclub celebrating her pregnancy.",
"Trish tries to initiate sex with Andy on their 20th date and becomes upset when he resists. They argue, and Andy leaves to meet his friends at a nightclub. He gets drunk and leaves with Beth to have sex at her apartment. Cal gets David and Bernadette to hook up, while Marla convinces Trish to reconcile with Andy. At Beth's, Andy sobers up and decides to leave without having sex, just as his friends arrive and encourage him to go back to Trish.",
"Andy returns to his apartment to find Trish waiting for him. She has seen David's porn collection; he tries to explain, but she flees in alarm and disgust, fearing Andy may be a [sexual deviant](/wiki/Sexual_deviant \"Sexual deviant\"). While pursuing her on his bike, Andy collides with her car, flying through the side of a billboard truck. She rushes to his side, and Andy finally confesses that he is a virgin. Trish is relieved and accepting, and they profess their love for each other. They eventually marry in a lavish ceremony with everyone in attendance, having generated roughly $500,000 from the sales of his action figures to pay for it, before having sex for the first time. The film ends with a musical sequence where all the characters sing and dance to \"[Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In](/wiki/Aquarius/Let_the_Sunshine_In \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\")\".",
""
] |
Purpose
-------
Hyperpriors, like conjugate priors, are a computational convenience – they do not change the process of Bayesian inference, but simply allow one to more easily describe and compute with the prior.
### Uncertainty
Firstly, use of a hyperprior allows one to express uncertainty in a hyperparameter: taking a fixed prior is an assumption, varying a hyperparameter of the prior allows one to do sensitivity analysis on this assumption, and taking a distribution on this hyperparameter allows one to express uncertainty in this assumption: "assume that the prior is of this form (this parametric family), but that we are uncertain as to precisely what the values of the parameters should be".
### Mixture distribution
More abstractly, if one uses a hyperprior, then the prior distribution (on the parameter of the underlying model) itself is a [mixture density](/wiki/Mixture_density "Mixture density"): it is the weighted average of the various prior distributions (over different hyperparameters), with the hyperprior being the weighting. This adds additional possible distributions (beyond the parametric family one is using), because parametric families of distributions are generally not [convex sets](/wiki/Convex_set "Convex set") – as a mixture density is a [convex combination](/wiki/Convex_combination "Convex combination") of distributions, it will in general lie *outside* the family.
For instance, the mixture of two normal distributions is not a normal distribution: if one takes different means (sufficiently distant) and mix 50% of each, one obtains a bimodal distribution, which is thus not normal. In fact, the convex hull of normal distributions is dense in all distributions, so in some cases, you can arbitrarily closely approximate a given prior by using a family with a suitable hyperprior.
What makes this approach particularly useful is if one uses conjugate priors: individual conjugate priors have easily computed posteriors, and thus a mixture of conjugate priors is the same mixture of posteriors: one only needs to know how each conjugate prior changes.
Using a single conjugate prior may be too restrictive, but using a mixture of conjugate priors may give one the desired distribution in a form that is easy to compute with.
This is similar to decomposing a function in terms of eigenfunctions – see [Conjugate prior: Analogy with eigenfunctions](/wiki/Conjugate_prior%23Analogy_with_eigenfunctions "Conjugate prior#Analogy with eigenfunctions").
### Dynamical system
A hyperprior is a distribution on the space of possible hyperparameters. If one is using conjugate priors, then this space is preserved by moving to posteriors – thus as data arrives, the distribution changes, but remains on this space: as data arrives, the distribution evolves as a [dynamical system](/wiki/Dynamical_system "Dynamical system") (each point of hyperparameter space evolving to the updated hyperparameters), over time converging, just as the prior itself converges.
|
[
"Purpose\n-------",
"Hyperpriors, like conjugate priors, are a computational convenience – they do not change the process of Bayesian inference, but simply allow one to more easily describe and compute with the prior.",
"### Uncertainty",
"Firstly, use of a hyperprior allows one to express uncertainty in a hyperparameter: taking a fixed prior is an assumption, varying a hyperparameter of the prior allows one to do sensitivity analysis on this assumption, and taking a distribution on this hyperparameter allows one to express uncertainty in this assumption: \"assume that the prior is of this form (this parametric family), but that we are uncertain as to precisely what the values of the parameters should be\".",
"### Mixture distribution",
"More abstractly, if one uses a hyperprior, then the prior distribution (on the parameter of the underlying model) itself is a [mixture density](/wiki/Mixture_density \"Mixture density\"): it is the weighted average of the various prior distributions (over different hyperparameters), with the hyperprior being the weighting. This adds additional possible distributions (beyond the parametric family one is using), because parametric families of distributions are generally not [convex sets](/wiki/Convex_set \"Convex set\") – as a mixture density is a [convex combination](/wiki/Convex_combination \"Convex combination\") of distributions, it will in general lie *outside* the family.\nFor instance, the mixture of two normal distributions is not a normal distribution: if one takes different means (sufficiently distant) and mix 50% of each, one obtains a bimodal distribution, which is thus not normal. In fact, the convex hull of normal distributions is dense in all distributions, so in some cases, you can arbitrarily closely approximate a given prior by using a family with a suitable hyperprior.",
"What makes this approach particularly useful is if one uses conjugate priors: individual conjugate priors have easily computed posteriors, and thus a mixture of conjugate priors is the same mixture of posteriors: one only needs to know how each conjugate prior changes.\nUsing a single conjugate prior may be too restrictive, but using a mixture of conjugate priors may give one the desired distribution in a form that is easy to compute with.\nThis is similar to decomposing a function in terms of eigenfunctions – see [Conjugate prior: Analogy with eigenfunctions](/wiki/Conjugate_prior%23Analogy_with_eigenfunctions \"Conjugate prior#Analogy with eigenfunctions\").",
"### Dynamical system",
"A hyperprior is a distribution on the space of possible hyperparameters. If one is using conjugate priors, then this space is preserved by moving to posteriors – thus as data arrives, the distribution changes, but remains on this space: as data arrives, the distribution evolves as a [dynamical system](/wiki/Dynamical_system \"Dynamical system\") (each point of hyperparameter space evolving to the updated hyperparameters), over time converging, just as the prior itself converges.",
""
] |
Plot
----
A soldier and nurse emerge from two 1940s\-style cars in the middle of the night. As the nurse runs up to the soldier, the camera switches, revealing that this is a film scene.
Rosalee, Cathy, and Pete, [Piggly Wiggly](/wiki/Piggly_Wiggly "Piggly Wiggly") store workers in [Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia](/wiki/Fraziers_Bottom%2C_West_Virginia "Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia"), are watching the film, and as the nurse asks for forgiveness and the soldier agrees, the women in the audience are moved to tears as Pete is clearly unimpressed.
As the ladies wonder what the film's star Tad Hamilton is doing at that moment, Tad is described by his agent as "drinking, driving, smoking, leering, and groping all at the same time."
The agent tells Tad that his hedonism is damaging his reputation and career opportunities. To improve his image and convince a film director to cast him, his agents establish a competition to win a date with Tad, with proceeds benefiting the charity [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children"). Rosalee finds an online advertisement for the competition.
With the help of the Piggly Wiggly customers and a reluctant Pete, Cathy and Rosalee raise the $100 entrance fee as Pete tells his superior that he will leave for college in Richmond after he talks "with someone about going to Richmond with me."
A news crew arrives outside Rosalee's home because she has won the date with Tad. A despondent Pete accompanies her to the airport. Awed by Los Angeles, Rosalee becomes tongue\-tied in Tad's presence. The date does not go well; Rosalee vomits in the limousine, and when Tad mentions his love of animals, which Pete had warned was a signal of sexual intentions, her suspicions are raised. After seeing Tad's house, Rosalee requests to return to the hotel and soon returns home, leaving Tad thoughtful.
Pete is about to tell Rosalee about moving to Richmond when she is surprised by Tad's sudden arrival. Although she is still cynical, when he admits to not having "his priorities straight," she is convinced of his good intentions.
On a phone call with his agent, Tad insists that he wants to turn over a new leaf and won't return to Los Angeles for a while. When he gathers Rosalee for a date, he leaves a positive impression on Rosalee's father, who had studied hard for the encounter. Pete tries to stop their date by reporting them for illegally parking. He tries to convince Rosalee that Tad is using her. Despite all of Pete's efforts, Rosalee and Tad grow close over the next few days.
In a bar, Pete corners Tad in the men's room. After conceding that Rosalee is in love with Tad, Pete tells him that she is more than a "wholesome small town girl" but a wonderful person with "the kind of beauty a guy only sees once." He explains her six smiles that reveal her emotions.
Pete makes Tad swear not to break Rosalee's heart. When Rosalee is in Tad's hotel room, his agents appear and inform him that the director has cast him in the film. Tad is overjoyed and convinces Rosalee to accompany him to Los Angeles by employing Pete's "six smiles" speech.
After a rousing speech about great love by Angelica, a barmaid with a crush on him, Pete rushes to Rosalee's, confessing his love. She is confused and resolves to still travel to California with Tad. On the plane, Tad fails to identify one of Rosalee's smiles and then confesses his lie, prompting her to return home.
Rosalee runs to Piggly Wiggly and to Pete's, where Angelica tells her how Pete feels and that he is going to Richmond to escape his heartbreak. Rosalee then drives furiously toward Richmond to find Pete. In a manner similar to that of the opening scene, Rosalee and Pete exit their cars and Pete asks her to dance.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"A soldier and nurse emerge from two 1940s\\-style cars in the middle of the night. As the nurse runs up to the soldier, the camera switches, revealing that this is a film scene.",
"Rosalee, Cathy, and Pete, [Piggly Wiggly](/wiki/Piggly_Wiggly \"Piggly Wiggly\") store workers in [Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia](/wiki/Fraziers_Bottom%2C_West_Virginia \"Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia\"), are watching the film, and as the nurse asks for forgiveness and the soldier agrees, the women in the audience are moved to tears as Pete is clearly unimpressed.",
"As the ladies wonder what the film's star Tad Hamilton is doing at that moment, Tad is described by his agent as \"drinking, driving, smoking, leering, and groping all at the same time.\"",
"The agent tells Tad that his hedonism is damaging his reputation and career opportunities. To improve his image and convince a film director to cast him, his agents establish a competition to win a date with Tad, with proceeds benefiting the charity [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\"). Rosalee finds an online advertisement for the competition.",
"With the help of the Piggly Wiggly customers and a reluctant Pete, Cathy and Rosalee raise the $100 entrance fee as Pete tells his superior that he will leave for college in Richmond after he talks \"with someone about going to Richmond with me.\"",
"A news crew arrives outside Rosalee's home because she has won the date with Tad. A despondent Pete accompanies her to the airport. Awed by Los Angeles, Rosalee becomes tongue\\-tied in Tad's presence. The date does not go well; Rosalee vomits in the limousine, and when Tad mentions his love of animals, which Pete had warned was a signal of sexual intentions, her suspicions are raised. After seeing Tad's house, Rosalee requests to return to the hotel and soon returns home, leaving Tad thoughtful.",
"Pete is about to tell Rosalee about moving to Richmond when she is surprised by Tad's sudden arrival. Although she is still cynical, when he admits to not having \"his priorities straight,\" she is convinced of his good intentions.",
"On a phone call with his agent, Tad insists that he wants to turn over a new leaf and won't return to Los Angeles for a while. When he gathers Rosalee for a date, he leaves a positive impression on Rosalee's father, who had studied hard for the encounter. Pete tries to stop their date by reporting them for illegally parking. He tries to convince Rosalee that Tad is using her. Despite all of Pete's efforts, Rosalee and Tad grow close over the next few days.",
"In a bar, Pete corners Tad in the men's room. After conceding that Rosalee is in love with Tad, Pete tells him that she is more than a \"wholesome small town girl\" but a wonderful person with \"the kind of beauty a guy only sees once.\" He explains her six smiles that reveal her emotions.",
"Pete makes Tad swear not to break Rosalee's heart. When Rosalee is in Tad's hotel room, his agents appear and inform him that the director has cast him in the film. Tad is overjoyed and convinces Rosalee to accompany him to Los Angeles by employing Pete's \"six smiles\" speech.",
"After a rousing speech about great love by Angelica, a barmaid with a crush on him, Pete rushes to Rosalee's, confessing his love. She is confused and resolves to still travel to California with Tad. On the plane, Tad fails to identify one of Rosalee's smiles and then confesses his lie, prompting her to return home.",
"Rosalee runs to Piggly Wiggly and to Pete's, where Angelica tells her how Pete feels and that he is going to Richmond to escape his heartbreak. Rosalee then drives furiously toward Richmond to find Pete. In a manner similar to that of the opening scene, Rosalee and Pete exit their cars and Pete asks her to dance.",
""
] |
Republican involvement
----------------------
In September 1914 she went to [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") to study music in the [Leinster School of Music](/wiki/Leinster_School_of_Music_%26_Drama "Leinster School of Music & Drama"), under Madame Coslett Heller. It was while she was in Dublin that she became friends with the Ryan family, who were strong nationalists as well as interested in the Gaelic League and [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn Féin"). She began to sing for concerts which were fundraisers for the [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers "Irish Volunteers"). The last concert was just two weeks before the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising").
During [Easter](/wiki/Easter "Easter") week she was sent to [Tralee](/wiki/Tralee "Tralee") with "automatics and ammunition" by [Seán Mac Diarmada](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada "Seán Mac Diarmada"). While she was carrying a [violin](/wiki/Violin "Violin") case of munitions, Cregan was also carrying details for the wireless technology needed for communicating with the [Aud](/wiki/SS_Libau "SS Libau"), the boat which was carrying more weapons for the rebellion. The communications with the Aud went wrong when the car carrying the Volunteers went off a pier and the occupants were drowned. Cregan was still in the area to assist with the surviving Volunteer, who unfortunately knew nothing of the details for the Aud. She wasn't easily able to get back to Dublin, because owing to the Rising the city was cut off. By the time she got back, her friends had been arrested.
Like many of the teachers, she lost her job after the rising because of her connection to the rebels. However, she was able to get new positions over the next few years in both [Ballyshannon](/wiki/Ballyshannon "Ballyshannon") and [Portstewart](/wiki/Portstewart "Portstewart") until she married. In Ballyshannon she experienced the early expressions of support and sympathy, but Portstewart was a [Unionist](/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland "Unionism in Ireland") enclave with many houses flying union flags on polling day in 1918\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0416\.pdf\|title\=Bureau of Military History: Statement by Witness\|last\=Cregan\|first\=Mairin\|date\=\|website\=Bureau of Military History\|publisher\=\|access\-date\=11 April 2016}}
Cregan was a member of [Cumann na mBan](/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan "Cumann na mBan") and with them was active during the [Irish War of Independence](/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence "Irish War of Independence"). She was given a medal for her participation. In July 1919 she married [James Ryan](/wiki/James_Ryan_%28Irish_politician%29 "James Ryan (Irish politician)") whose whole family had been deeply involved in the Easter Rising, as well as the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. They had three children, [Eoin](/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr "Eoin Ryan Snr") who became a Senator, Nuala (Colgan) and Seamus.
The family was initially based in [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford "Wexford") during the War. The house was often raided when the [British](/wiki/British_people "British people") soldiers were looking for her husband and Cregan herself was arrested in February 1921 for refusing to put up [Martial law](/wiki/Martial_law "Martial law") posters. Later the family sold the house, and remained mobile while she worked for the Sinn Féin Government and her husband was in prison. It was during this time that she worked as a [courier](/wiki/Courier "Courier") to the continent and to [London](/wiki/London "London").
After the war, they bought Kindlestown House in [Delgany](/wiki/Delgany "Delgany"), County Wicklow where they remained.
|
[
"Republican involvement\n----------------------",
"In September 1914 she went to [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") to study music in the [Leinster School of Music](/wiki/Leinster_School_of_Music_%26_Drama \"Leinster School of Music & Drama\"), under Madame Coslett Heller. It was while she was in Dublin that she became friends with the Ryan family, who were strong nationalists as well as interested in the Gaelic League and [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in \"Sinn Féin\"). She began to sing for concerts which were fundraisers for the [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers \"Irish Volunteers\"). The last concert was just two weeks before the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising \"Easter Rising\").",
"During [Easter](/wiki/Easter \"Easter\") week she was sent to [Tralee](/wiki/Tralee \"Tralee\") with \"automatics and ammunition\" by [Seán Mac Diarmada](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada \"Seán Mac Diarmada\"). While she was carrying a [violin](/wiki/Violin \"Violin\") case of munitions, Cregan was also carrying details for the wireless technology needed for communicating with the [Aud](/wiki/SS_Libau \"SS Libau\"), the boat which was carrying more weapons for the rebellion. The communications with the Aud went wrong when the car carrying the Volunteers went off a pier and the occupants were drowned. Cregan was still in the area to assist with the surviving Volunteer, who unfortunately knew nothing of the details for the Aud. She wasn't easily able to get back to Dublin, because owing to the Rising the city was cut off. By the time she got back, her friends had been arrested.",
"Like many of the teachers, she lost her job after the rising because of her connection to the rebels. However, she was able to get new positions over the next few years in both [Ballyshannon](/wiki/Ballyshannon \"Ballyshannon\") and [Portstewart](/wiki/Portstewart \"Portstewart\") until she married. In Ballyshannon she experienced the early expressions of support and sympathy, but Portstewart was a [Unionist](/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland \"Unionism in Ireland\") enclave with many houses flying union flags on polling day in 1918\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0416\\.pdf\\|title\\=Bureau of Military History: Statement by Witness\\|last\\=Cregan\\|first\\=Mairin\\|date\\=\\|website\\=Bureau of Military History\\|publisher\\=\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2016}}",
"Cregan was a member of [Cumann na mBan](/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan \"Cumann na mBan\") and with them was active during the [Irish War of Independence](/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence \"Irish War of Independence\"). She was given a medal for her participation. In July 1919 she married [James Ryan](/wiki/James_Ryan_%28Irish_politician%29 \"James Ryan (Irish politician)\") whose whole family had been deeply involved in the Easter Rising, as well as the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. They had three children, [Eoin](/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr \"Eoin Ryan Snr\") who became a Senator, Nuala (Colgan) and Seamus.",
"The family was initially based in [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford \"Wexford\") during the War. The house was often raided when the [British](/wiki/British_people \"British people\") soldiers were looking for her husband and Cregan herself was arrested in February 1921 for refusing to put up [Martial law](/wiki/Martial_law \"Martial law\") posters. Later the family sold the house, and remained mobile while she worked for the Sinn Féin Government and her husband was in prison. It was during this time that she worked as a [courier](/wiki/Courier \"Courier\") to the continent and to [London](/wiki/London \"London\").",
"After the war, they bought Kindlestown House in [Delgany](/wiki/Delgany \"Delgany\"), County Wicklow where they remained.",
""
] |
Hankyu Railway
--------------
* + - {{Infobox station
\| name \= Osaka\-umeda Station
\| native\_name \= 大阪梅田駅
\| native\_name\_lang \= ja
\| type \= Hankyu Railway station
\| image \= Hankyu Umeda station1\.JPG
\| alt \=
\| caption \= Platforms of Hankyu Umeda Station
\| other\_name \=
\| address \= 1\-2, Shibata Itchōme, \[\[Kita\-ku, Osaka]], \[\[Osaka Prefecture]]
\| country \= Japan
\| coordinates \= {{coord\|34\|42\|19\.85\|N\|135\|29\|53\.92\|E\|type:railwaystation\_region:JP\-27\|name\=Umeda Station (Hankyu)}}
\| operator \= \[\[Hankyu Corporation]]
\| line \= {{Plainlist\|
\* \[\[Hankyu Kobe Line]]
\* \[\[Hankyu Takarazuka Line]]
\* \[\[Hankyu Kyoto Line]]
}}
\| distance \=
\| platforms \=
\| tracks \=
\| connections \=
\| structure \=
\| code \= HK\-01
\| opened \= 1910
\| closed \=
\| former \=
\| passengers \=
\| pass\_year \=
\| services \=
}}
The Umeda terminal of Hankyu Railway (officially **Osaka\-umeda Station**, but commonly called **Hankyu Osaka\-umeda Station**) is located northeast of Ōsaka Station.
The station first opened on March 10, 1910, as a ground\-level station. The original location of the station was southeast of Ōsaka Station and the Hankyu (then Minoo\-Arima Electric Tramway) tracks crossed the [Tōkaidō Main Line](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line "Tōkaidō Main Line") by an overpass. The station was elevated on July 5, 1926\.
[thumb\|left\|The former "Lagare Vision" screen of Hankyu Umeda Station](/wiki/File:%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3.JPG "京都線ラガールビジョン.JPG")
When Osaka Station was elevated in 1934, Hankyu's elevated tracks were forced to be removed and new Umeda Station was built to handle new ground\-level tracks. The switching of tracks were carried out on June 1, 1934\. This station facility was used until November 28, 1971, when the move of station to the present location was completed. This move was because of a sharp increase of transit, which forced Hankyu to operate 8\-car trains. The existence of JNR tracks on the northern end of the 1934 station prevented the expansion of the station so that the station could not handle long trains.
After the opening of the current huge elevated station, spaces around and beneath the station, as well as the site of former station, were extensively redeveloped. One of the symbols of the commercial complex surrounding the station is the BIG MAN video screen above the [Kinokuniya bookshop](/wiki/Books_Kinokuniya "Books Kinokuniya"), common and necessary places to meet in this bustling railway station.
The Hankyu Department Store, built next to the station in 1929, was a pioneer of the successful business model of department stores run by urban railway companies in Japan. The store is still in business at the original location even after the move of the station (as of 2007, the reconstruction of the store building is in progress).
Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK\-01\.{{Cite web \|date\=30 April 2013 \|title\=「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します \|trans\-title\="Sannomiya" "Hattori" "Nakayama" "Matsuo" along with the opening of "Nishiyama Tennozan" station. We will change the station names of 4 stations and introduce station numbering at all stations. \|url\=https://megalodon.jp/ref/2013\-1215\-0920\-39/holdings.hankyu\-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427234925/http://megalodon.jp/ref/2013\-1215\-0920\-39/holdings.hankyu\-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 April 2016 \|access\-date\=1 June 2022 \|website\=Hankyu Corporation Online \|language\=ja }}
### Layout
There are ten [bay platforms](/wiki/Bay_platform "Bay platform") serving nine tracks on the third floor. There are south ticket gates on the third floor and center ticket gates and on Chayamachi ticket gates on the second floor.
| \+■Kyoto Line for {{STN\|Takatsuki\-shi}}, Kyoto ({{STN\|Kawaramachi\|Kyoto\|Kawaramachi}}, {{STN\|Arashiyama\|Hankyu}}) and {{STN\|Kita\-Senri}} |
|1
■limited express trains■local trains |
| 2 | ■local trains (non rush\-hour)■commuter limited express trains (in the morning and the evening on weekdays)■Semi Limited express trains (in the morning and the evening) |
| 3 | ■semi\-express trains■local trains (partly in the morning on weekdays)■rapid limited express A trains "Kyo\-Train" (on the weekend and holidays)■rapid limited express trains "Kyo\-Train Garaku" (on the weekend and holidays) |
| \+■Takarazuka Line for {{STN\|Takarazuka}}, {{STN\|Hibarigaoka\-Hanayashiki}}, {{STN\|Kawanishi\-Noseguchi}}, {{STN\|Minoo}} and {{STN\|Nissei\-Chūō}} |
|4
■express trains (every day)■local trains (weekday morning rush hours only)■limited express trains for Nissei\-Chuo (weekday evening rush hours only) |
| 5 | ■local trains (every day)■express trains (weekday rush hours only) |
| 6 | ■local trains (weekday rush hours only) |
| \+■Kobe Line for {{STN\|Nishinomiya\-kitaguchi}}, {{STN\|Sannomiya\|\|Kobe\-sannomiya}}, {{STN\|Kosoku Kobe}} and {{STN\|Shinkaichi}} |
|7
■local trains |
| 8 | ■limited express trains (non\-rush hour)■express trains (in the morning on weekdays)■commuter express trains (from the evening until night on weekdays)■local trains (every early morning and every night) |
| 9 | ■limited express trains■commuter limited express trains■Semi limited express trains■express trains■local trains (every early morning and every night) |
### Adjacent stations of Hankyu Osaka\-umeda
{{j\-railservice start}}
{{j\-route\|route\=Kobe Main Line\|col\=blue\|f\=w}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Local\|next\={{STN\|Nakatsu\|Hankyu\|Nakatsu}} (HK\-02\)\|col\=black}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Semi\-Express (terminating only)\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=green}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Express
Commuter Express\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=orange}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Limited Express
Commuter Limited Express
Semi Limited Express\|next\={{STN\|Jūsō}} (HK\-03\)\|col\=red}}
{{j\-route\|route\=Takarazuka Main Line\|col\=orange\|f\=w}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Local\|next\=Nakatsu (HK\-02\)\|col\=black}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Semi\-Express (terminating only)\|next\=Nakatsu (HK\-02\)\|col\=green}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Express\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=orange}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Commuter Limited Express (terminating only)\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=red}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Limited (Nissei Express) Express\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=red}}
{{j\-route\|route\=Kyoto Main Line\|col\=limegreen\|f\=w}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Local\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=black\|f\=b}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Semi\-Express\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=green}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Express\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=orange}}
{{j\-rserv\|service\=Limited Express
Commuter Limited Express
Semi Limited Express
Rapid Limited Express "Kyo\-Train Garaku", "Sagano"\|next\=Jūsō (HK\-03\)\|col\=red}}
{{s\-end}}
{{clear}}
|
[
"Hankyu Railway\n--------------",
"* + - {{Infobox station\n\t\t\\| name \\= Osaka\\-umeda Station\n\t\t\\| native\\_name \\= 大阪梅田駅\n\t\t\\| native\\_name\\_lang \\= ja\n\t\t\\| type \\= Hankyu Railway station\n\t\t\\| image \\= Hankyu Umeda station1\\.JPG\n\t\t\\| alt \\= \n\t\t\\| caption \\= Platforms of Hankyu Umeda Station\n\t\t\\| other\\_name \\= \n\t\t\\| address \\= 1\\-2, Shibata Itchōme, \\[\\[Kita\\-ku, Osaka]], \\[\\[Osaka Prefecture]]\n\t\t\\| country \\= Japan\n\t\t\\| coordinates \\= {{coord\\|34\\|42\\|19\\.85\\|N\\|135\\|29\\|53\\.92\\|E\\|type:railwaystation\\_region:JP\\-27\\|name\\=Umeda Station (Hankyu)}}\n\t\t\\| operator \\= \\[\\[Hankyu Corporation]]\n\t\t\\| line \\= {{Plainlist\\|\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Hankyu Kobe Line]]\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Hankyu Takarazuka Line]]\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Hankyu Kyoto Line]]\n\t\t }}\n\t\t\\| distance \\= \n\t\t\\| platforms \\= \n\t\t\\| tracks \\= \n\t\t\\| connections \\= \n\t\t\\| structure \\= \n\t\t\\| code \\= HK\\-01\n\t\t\\| opened \\= 1910\n\t\t\\| closed \\= \n\t\t\\| former \\= \n\t\t\\| passengers \\= \n\t\t\\| pass\\_year \\= \n\t\t\\| services \\= \n\t\t}}",
"The Umeda terminal of Hankyu Railway (officially **Osaka\\-umeda Station**, but commonly called **Hankyu Osaka\\-umeda Station**) is located northeast of Ōsaka Station.",
"The station first opened on March 10, 1910, as a ground\\-level station. The original location of the station was southeast of Ōsaka Station and the Hankyu (then Minoo\\-Arima Electric Tramway) tracks crossed the [Tōkaidō Main Line](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line \"Tōkaidō Main Line\") by an overpass. The station was elevated on July 5, 1926\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The former \"Lagare Vision\" screen of Hankyu Umeda Station](/wiki/File:%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3.JPG \"京都線ラガールビジョン.JPG\")",
"When Osaka Station was elevated in 1934, Hankyu's elevated tracks were forced to be removed and new Umeda Station was built to handle new ground\\-level tracks. The switching of tracks were carried out on June 1, 1934\\. This station facility was used until November 28, 1971, when the move of station to the present location was completed. This move was because of a sharp increase of transit, which forced Hankyu to operate 8\\-car trains. The existence of JNR tracks on the northern end of the 1934 station prevented the expansion of the station so that the station could not handle long trains.",
"After the opening of the current huge elevated station, spaces around and beneath the station, as well as the site of former station, were extensively redeveloped. One of the symbols of the commercial complex surrounding the station is the BIG MAN video screen above the [Kinokuniya bookshop](/wiki/Books_Kinokuniya \"Books Kinokuniya\"), common and necessary places to meet in this bustling railway station.",
"The Hankyu Department Store, built next to the station in 1929, was a pioneer of the successful business model of department stores run by urban railway companies in Japan. The store is still in business at the original location even after the move of the station (as of 2007, the reconstruction of the store building is in progress).",
"Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK\\-01\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 April 2013 \\|title\\=「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します \\|trans\\-title\\=\"Sannomiya\" \"Hattori\" \"Nakayama\" \"Matsuo\" along with the opening of \"Nishiyama Tennozan\" station. We will change the station names of 4 stations and introduce station numbering at all stations. \\|url\\=https://megalodon.jp/ref/2013\\-1215\\-0920\\-39/holdings.hankyu\\-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427234925/http://megalodon.jp/ref/2013\\-1215\\-0920\\-39/holdings.hankyu\\-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2022 \\|website\\=Hankyu Corporation Online \\|language\\=ja }}",
"### Layout",
"There are ten [bay platforms](/wiki/Bay_platform \"Bay platform\") serving nine tracks on the third floor. There are south ticket gates on the third floor and center ticket gates and on Chayamachi ticket gates on the second floor.",
"",
"| \\+■Kyoto Line for {{STN\\|Takatsuki\\-shi}}, Kyoto ({{STN\\|Kawaramachi\\|Kyoto\\|Kawaramachi}}, {{STN\\|Arashiyama\\|Hankyu}}) and {{STN\\|Kita\\-Senri}} |",
"|1",
"■limited express trains■local trains |\n| 2 | ■local trains (non rush\\-hour)■commuter limited express trains (in the morning and the evening on weekdays)■Semi Limited express trains (in the morning and the evening) |\n| 3 | ■semi\\-express trains■local trains (partly in the morning on weekdays)■rapid limited express A trains \"Kyo\\-Train\" (on the weekend and holidays)■rapid limited express trains \"Kyo\\-Train Garaku\" (on the weekend and holidays) |",
"| \\+■Takarazuka Line for {{STN\\|Takarazuka}}, {{STN\\|Hibarigaoka\\-Hanayashiki}}, {{STN\\|Kawanishi\\-Noseguchi}}, {{STN\\|Minoo}} and {{STN\\|Nissei\\-Chūō}} |",
"|4",
"■express trains (every day)■local trains (weekday morning rush hours only)■limited express trains for Nissei\\-Chuo (weekday evening rush hours only) |\n| 5 | ■local trains (every day)■express trains (weekday rush hours only) |\n| 6 | ■local trains (weekday rush hours only) |",
"| \\+■Kobe Line for {{STN\\|Nishinomiya\\-kitaguchi}}, {{STN\\|Sannomiya\\|\\|Kobe\\-sannomiya}}, {{STN\\|Kosoku Kobe}} and {{STN\\|Shinkaichi}} |",
"|7",
"■local trains |\n| 8 | ■limited express trains (non\\-rush hour)■express trains (in the morning on weekdays)■commuter express trains (from the evening until night on weekdays)■local trains (every early morning and every night) |\n| 9 | ■limited express trains■commuter limited express trains■Semi limited express trains■express trains■local trains (every early morning and every night) |",
"",
"### Adjacent stations of Hankyu Osaka\\-umeda",
"{{j\\-railservice start}}",
"{{j\\-route\\|route\\=Kobe Main Line\\|col\\=blue\\|f\\=w}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Local\\|next\\={{STN\\|Nakatsu\\|Hankyu\\|Nakatsu}} (HK\\-02\\)\\|col\\=black}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Semi\\-Express (terminating only)\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=green}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Express \nCommuter Express\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=orange}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Limited Express \nCommuter Limited Express \nSemi Limited Express\\|next\\={{STN\\|Jūsō}} (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=red}}",
"{{j\\-route\\|route\\=Takarazuka Main Line\\|col\\=orange\\|f\\=w}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Local\\|next\\=Nakatsu (HK\\-02\\)\\|col\\=black}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Semi\\-Express (terminating only)\\|next\\=Nakatsu (HK\\-02\\)\\|col\\=green}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Express\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=orange}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Commuter Limited Express (terminating only)\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=red}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Limited (Nissei Express) Express\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=red}}",
"{{j\\-route\\|route\\=Kyoto Main Line\\|col\\=limegreen\\|f\\=w}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Local\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=black\\|f\\=b}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Semi\\-Express\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=green}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Express\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=orange}}\n{{j\\-rserv\\|service\\=Limited Express \nCommuter Limited Express \nSemi Limited Express \nRapid Limited Express \"Kyo\\-Train Garaku\", \"Sagano\"\\|next\\=Jūsō (HK\\-03\\)\\|col\\=red}}",
"{{s\\-end}}\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Kara\-ool was born into an ethnic [Tuvan](/wiki/Tuvans "Tuvans") family on 18 July 1966 in the village of {{ill\|Choduraa\|ru\|Чодураа}}, [Ulug\-Khemsky District](/wiki/Ulug-Khemsky_District "Ulug-Khemsky District") in the [Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"), and has spent most of his life in [Tuva](/wiki/Tuva "Tuva"). He spent several years as a sports instructor, eventually taking up engineering.
From 1998, he was a member of the [Federation Council](/wiki/Federation_Council_%28Russia%29 "Federation Council (Russia)"), serving as Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In December 2001, he resigned as a member of the council, then was elected as a deputy of the [Great Khural of the Tuva Republic](/wiki/Great_Khural_of_Tuva "Great Khural of Tuva") of the third convocation.
On 17 March 2002, he ran for the post of the Head of the Republic — Chairman of the Government with 22% of the votes, but lost to the former President of Tuva [Sherig\-ool Oorzhak](/wiki/Sherig-ool_Oorzhak "Sherig-ool Oorzhak") (53%). Afterwards he held the position of the First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Tuva Republic, and then, from September 2003 to January 2005, the Minister of Trade, Consumer Services and Entrepreneurship Development of the Tuva Republic.
In April 2007, he became chairman of the government of the Republic of Tuva. One of Sholban Kara\-ool's first steps in this position was to fully rehabilitate the founder of [Tuvan People's Republic](/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic "Tuvan People's Republic"), Mongush Buyan\-Badyrgy.
Since 2013, the governor's project "One village — one product" has been implemented in Tuva: the study of the resources of each municipality, then opening and development of the production of competitive agricultural goods. Another project called "*Kyshtag* for a Young Family" aimed to help young villagers to organize family livestock farms. Other initiatives of Kara\-ool's administration include (re)involving of males in education and increasing of number of male teachers in Tuva; development of sports infrastructure, recreation sites, cultural and natural monuments.
On 23 May 2016, he resigned at his own request in order to set a snap election on September the same year. He was later elected head of the Tuva Republic and served in that position from 22 September 2016 to 7 April 2021\.
On 7 April 2021, President [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") accepted his resignation at his own request from the post of Head of the Tuva Republic.{{Cite web\|title\=Владислав Ховалыг назначен врио главы Республики Тыва\|url\=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/65322\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-26\|website\=Президент России\|language\=ru}} Kara\-ool was succeeded by [Vladislav Khovalyg](/wiki/Vladislav_Khovalyg "Vladislav Khovalyg"), former mayor of [Kyzyl](/wiki/Kyzyl "Kyzyl").
### Sanctions
Kara\-ool was sanctioned by the [UK](/wiki/UK "UK") government in 2022 in relation to [Russo\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War "Russo-Ukrainian War").{{cite web \|title\=CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK \|url\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/1150217/Russia.pdf \|access\-date\=16 April 2023}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Kara\\-ool was born into an ethnic [Tuvan](/wiki/Tuvans \"Tuvans\") family on 18 July 1966 in the village of {{ill\\|Choduraa\\|ru\\|Чодураа}}, [Ulug\\-Khemsky District](/wiki/Ulug-Khemsky_District \"Ulug-Khemsky District\") in the [Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic\"), and has spent most of his life in [Tuva](/wiki/Tuva \"Tuva\"). He spent several years as a sports instructor, eventually taking up engineering.",
"From 1998, he was a member of the [Federation Council](/wiki/Federation_Council_%28Russia%29 \"Federation Council (Russia)\"), serving as Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In December 2001, he resigned as a member of the council, then was elected as a deputy of the [Great Khural of the Tuva Republic](/wiki/Great_Khural_of_Tuva \"Great Khural of Tuva\") of the third convocation.",
"On 17 March 2002, he ran for the post of the Head of the Republic — Chairman of the Government with 22% of the votes, but lost to the former President of Tuva [Sherig\\-ool Oorzhak](/wiki/Sherig-ool_Oorzhak \"Sherig-ool Oorzhak\") (53%). Afterwards he held the position of the First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Tuva Republic, and then, from September 2003 to January 2005, the Minister of Trade, Consumer Services and Entrepreneurship Development of the Tuva Republic.",
"In April 2007, he became chairman of the government of the Republic of Tuva. One of Sholban Kara\\-ool's first steps in this position was to fully rehabilitate the founder of [Tuvan People's Republic](/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic \"Tuvan People's Republic\"), Mongush Buyan\\-Badyrgy.",
"Since 2013, the governor's project \"One village — one product\" has been implemented in Tuva: the study of the resources of each municipality, then opening and development of the production of competitive agricultural goods. Another project called \"*Kyshtag* for a Young Family\" aimed to help young villagers to organize family livestock farms. Other initiatives of Kara\\-ool's administration include (re)involving of males in education and increasing of number of male teachers in Tuva; development of sports infrastructure, recreation sites, cultural and natural monuments.",
"On 23 May 2016, he resigned at his own request in order to set a snap election on September the same year. He was later elected head of the Tuva Republic and served in that position from 22 September 2016 to 7 April 2021\\.",
"On 7 April 2021, President [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") accepted his resignation at his own request from the post of Head of the Tuva Republic.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Владислав Ховалыг назначен врио главы Республики Тыва\\|url\\=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/65322\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-26\\|website\\=Президент России\\|language\\=ru}} Kara\\-ool was succeeded by [Vladislav Khovalyg](/wiki/Vladislav_Khovalyg \"Vladislav Khovalyg\"), former mayor of [Kyzyl](/wiki/Kyzyl \"Kyzyl\").",
"### Sanctions",
"Kara\\-ool was sanctioned by the [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") government in 2022 in relation to [Russo\\-Ukrainian War](/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War \"Russo-Ukrainian War\").{{cite web \\|title\\=CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK \\|url\\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/1150217/Russia.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2023}}",
""
] |
Crash and causes
----------------
[thumb\|A Northwest Orient Lockheed L\-188 Electra, similar to the one involved](/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-188C_Electra_N128US_%286925191570%29.jpg "Lockheed L-188C Electra N128US (6925191570).jpg")
The seven\-month\-old [Lockheed L\-188C Electra](/wiki/Lockheed_L-188C_Electra "Lockheed L-188C Electra") operating as Northwest Orient Flight 710 (the airline's first Electra) was a regularly scheduled flight departing [Minneapolis\-St. Paul](/wiki/Minneapolis/St._Paul%2C_Minnesota "Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota") to [Miami](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida "Miami, Florida") with a stop at Chicago [Midway Airport](/wiki/Midway_Airport "Midway Airport"). Radio contact with the Indianapolis Control Center was made at approximately 3:00 p.m. local time. About 15 minutes later, witnesses reported seeing the airplane break into two pieces, with the right wing falling as one piece and the remainder of the craft plunging to earth near Cannelton in southern Indiana.{{cite news \|title\=Disasters: Why This Failure...
\|url\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826119,00\.html
\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050216/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826119,00\.html
\|url\-status\= dead
\|archive\-date\= September 30, 2007
\|newspaper\= \[\[Time Magazine\|TIME]]
\|date\=March 28, 1960
\|accessdate\=2009\-12\-06}}
The crash was the third disaster involving an Electra aircraft in a little more than a year and the tenth major aircraft disaster of 1960, with nearly 400 people killed in less than three months.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2022\|reason\=impossible to check}} It came within days of the Washington, D.C. hearings on the death of 34 people in a [National Airlines plane crash](/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_2511 "National Airlines Flight 2511") near [Bolivia, North Carolina](/wiki/Bolivia%2C_North_Carolina "Bolivia, North Carolina") (later discovered to have been the result of a bomb).
[Civil Aeronautics Board](/wiki/United_States_government_role_in_civil_aviation%23Civil_Aeronautics_Authority "United States government role in civil aviation#Civil Aeronautics Authority") (CAB) investigators focused on three possible causes: a bomb, air turbulence and [metal fatigue](/wiki/Metal_fatigue "Metal fatigue"). Violent air turbulence had been reported over southern Indiana at about the time of the crash, and [metal fatigue](/wiki/Metal_fatigue "Metal fatigue") had recently caused other crashes.
"Obviously, this plane broke up in the air," CAB spokesman Edward Slattery said, "It is too early to tell the cause of the tragedy, but we will investigate all possibilities, including a bomb."{{Cite news\|date\=1960\-03\-19\|title\=Bomb or Metal Fatigue Cause of Airliner Crash\|pages\=1, 11\|work\=\[\[The Edwardsville Intelligencer]]}}
The [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported that at 5:44 p.m., 90 minutes after news of the crash, an anonymous caller had informed Chicago police that a bomb had been placed on board a plane at Midway Airport. The police investigated but found nothing and concluded that the call was a prank.
The plane plunged from a height of 18,000 feet into an Ohio River country farm at a speed of more than 600 miles per hour and disintegrated. [FBI](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") agents were dispatched to the scene to determine whether any violation of federal law had occurred, such as [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage "Sabotage"), and to assist with fingerprint identification of victims. The plane's last radio transmission occurred when it was over [Scotland, Indiana](/wiki/Scotland%2C_Indiana "Scotland, Indiana"), about {{convert\|70\|mi}} from the crash site, but the pilot reported no trouble and the skies were clear.
Because a great deal of wreckage had fallen over a wide area as the aircraft plunged, investigators first suspected that two planes had collided. One of the Electra's wings and its two engines were found about {{convert\|5\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} from the fuselage impact. State police faced great difficulty reaching the main crash site because of the area's thickly wooded, steep hills and a scarcity of roads in the vicinity. Rescuers discovered a scene of devastation with no survivors. A policeman at the scene remarked: "We haven't really found anything that you could count a body."{{Cite news\|date\=1960\-03\-18\|title\=63 DIE AS PLANE EXPLODES OVER INDIANA ON A FLIGHT FROM MIDWEST TO MIAMI\|page\=1\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} Some victims were identified by dental records, but most were never positively identified.{{Cite web \|date\=2014\-03\-17 \|title\=Retro Indy: The Tell City plane crash of 1960 \|url\=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/history/retroindy/2014/03/17/tell\-city\-plane\-crash/6522097/ \|access\-date\=2021\-12\-16 \|website\=The Indianapolis Star}} Hours after the crash, smoke still rose from the crater caused by the impact, which was about {{convert\|25\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} deep and {{convert\|40\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} wide.
[NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA"), [Boeing](/wiki/Boeing "Boeing") and [Lockheed](/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation "Lockheed Corporation") engineers determined that the probable cause was the structural failure and in\-flight separation of the right wing while cruising at {{convert\|18000\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} resulting from [flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter "Aeroelasticity#Flutter") caused by unexplained reduced stiffness of the engine mounts. This was subsequently defined as "whirl mode," a design weakness that Lockheed engineers termed a "freak vibration phenomenon."{{Cite web \|title\=NASA Wind Tunnel Tests \|url\=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP\-440/ch6\-5\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030224810/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP\-440/ch6\-5\.htm \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-30 \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-28}}[NWA 710 Accident Report](http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=(select+714)) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129230250/http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db\=DOT\-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS\&query\=(select\+714\)\|date\=2016\-01\-29}} Six months earlier, a [Braniff International Airways](/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways "Braniff International Airways") L\-188 Electra, [Flight 542](/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways_Flight_542 "Braniff International Airways Flight 542"), disintegrated over Buffalo, [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") at {{convert\|15000\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}, killing all on board. This second similar crash moved the [Federal Aviation Administration](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") to immediately issue a reduced cruise\-speed directive while investigators tried to determine the cause of the fatal crashes.
The CAB's final report was issued more than a year after the disaster and concurred with the conclusions reached by Lockheed in its investigation.
|
[
"Crash and causes\n----------------",
"[thumb\\|A Northwest Orient Lockheed L\\-188 Electra, similar to the one involved](/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-188C_Electra_N128US_%286925191570%29.jpg \"Lockheed L-188C Electra N128US (6925191570).jpg\")",
"The seven\\-month\\-old [Lockheed L\\-188C Electra](/wiki/Lockheed_L-188C_Electra \"Lockheed L-188C Electra\") operating as Northwest Orient Flight 710 (the airline's first Electra) was a regularly scheduled flight departing [Minneapolis\\-St. Paul](/wiki/Minneapolis/St._Paul%2C_Minnesota \"Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota\") to [Miami](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida \"Miami, Florida\") with a stop at Chicago [Midway Airport](/wiki/Midway_Airport \"Midway Airport\"). Radio contact with the Indianapolis Control Center was made at approximately 3:00 p.m. local time. About 15 minutes later, witnesses reported seeing the airplane break into two pieces, with the right wing falling as one piece and the remainder of the craft plunging to earth near Cannelton in southern Indiana.{{cite news \\|title\\=Disasters: Why This Failure...\n\\|url\\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826119,00\\.html\n\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050216/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826119,00\\.html\n\\|url\\-status\\= dead\n\\|archive\\-date\\= September 30, 2007\n\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Time Magazine\\|TIME]]\n\\|date\\=March 28, 1960\n\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-12\\-06}}",
"The crash was the third disaster involving an Electra aircraft in a little more than a year and the tenth major aircraft disaster of 1960, with nearly 400 people killed in less than three months.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022\\|reason\\=impossible to check}} It came within days of the Washington, D.C. hearings on the death of 34 people in a [National Airlines plane crash](/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_2511 \"National Airlines Flight 2511\") near [Bolivia, North Carolina](/wiki/Bolivia%2C_North_Carolina \"Bolivia, North Carolina\") (later discovered to have been the result of a bomb).",
"[Civil Aeronautics Board](/wiki/United_States_government_role_in_civil_aviation%23Civil_Aeronautics_Authority \"United States government role in civil aviation#Civil Aeronautics Authority\") (CAB) investigators focused on three possible causes: a bomb, air turbulence and [metal fatigue](/wiki/Metal_fatigue \"Metal fatigue\"). Violent air turbulence had been reported over southern Indiana at about the time of the crash, and [metal fatigue](/wiki/Metal_fatigue \"Metal fatigue\") had recently caused other crashes.",
"\"Obviously, this plane broke up in the air,\" CAB spokesman Edward Slattery said, \"It is too early to tell the cause of the tragedy, but we will investigate all possibilities, including a bomb.\"{{Cite news\\|date\\=1960\\-03\\-19\\|title\\=Bomb or Metal Fatigue Cause of Airliner Crash\\|pages\\=1, 11\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Edwardsville Intelligencer]]}}",
"The [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") reported that at 5:44 p.m., 90 minutes after news of the crash, an anonymous caller had informed Chicago police that a bomb had been placed on board a plane at Midway Airport. The police investigated but found nothing and concluded that the call was a prank.",
"The plane plunged from a height of 18,000 feet into an Ohio River country farm at a speed of more than 600 miles per hour and disintegrated. [FBI](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") agents were dispatched to the scene to determine whether any violation of federal law had occurred, such as [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\"), and to assist with fingerprint identification of victims. The plane's last radio transmission occurred when it was over [Scotland, Indiana](/wiki/Scotland%2C_Indiana \"Scotland, Indiana\"), about {{convert\\|70\\|mi}} from the crash site, but the pilot reported no trouble and the skies were clear.",
"Because a great deal of wreckage had fallen over a wide area as the aircraft plunged, investigators first suspected that two planes had collided. One of the Electra's wings and its two engines were found about {{convert\\|5\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} from the fuselage impact. State police faced great difficulty reaching the main crash site because of the area's thickly wooded, steep hills and a scarcity of roads in the vicinity. Rescuers discovered a scene of devastation with no survivors. A policeman at the scene remarked: \"We haven't really found anything that you could count a body.\"{{Cite news\\|date\\=1960\\-03\\-18\\|title\\=63 DIE AS PLANE EXPLODES OVER INDIANA ON A FLIGHT FROM MIDWEST TO MIAMI\\|page\\=1\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}} Some victims were identified by dental records, but most were never positively identified.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-17 \\|title\\=Retro Indy: The Tell City plane crash of 1960 \\|url\\=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/history/retroindy/2014/03/17/tell\\-city\\-plane\\-crash/6522097/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-16 \\|website\\=The Indianapolis Star}} Hours after the crash, smoke still rose from the crater caused by the impact, which was about {{convert\\|25\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} deep and {{convert\\|40\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} wide.",
"[NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\"), [Boeing](/wiki/Boeing \"Boeing\") and [Lockheed](/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation \"Lockheed Corporation\") engineers determined that the probable cause was the structural failure and in\\-flight separation of the right wing while cruising at {{convert\\|18000\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} resulting from [flutter](/wiki/Aeroelasticity%23Flutter \"Aeroelasticity#Flutter\") caused by unexplained reduced stiffness of the engine mounts. This was subsequently defined as \"whirl mode,\" a design weakness that Lockheed engineers termed a \"freak vibration phenomenon.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=NASA Wind Tunnel Tests \\|url\\=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP\\-440/ch6\\-5\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030224810/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP\\-440/ch6\\-5\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-28}}[NWA 710 Accident Report](http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=(select+714)) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129230250/http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db\\=DOT\\-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS\\&query\\=(select\\+714\\)\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-29}} Six months earlier, a [Braniff International Airways](/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways \"Braniff International Airways\") L\\-188 Electra, [Flight 542](/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways_Flight_542 \"Braniff International Airways Flight 542\"), disintegrated over Buffalo, [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") at {{convert\\|15000\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}, killing all on board. This second similar crash moved the [Federal Aviation Administration](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\") to immediately issue a reduced cruise\\-speed directive while investigators tried to determine the cause of the fatal crashes.",
"The CAB's final report was issued more than a year after the disaster and concurred with the conclusions reached by Lockheed in its investigation.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
{{BLP sources section\|date\=February 2018}}
Jim Bob played in various bands during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including [Jamie Wednesday](/wiki/Jamie_Wednesday "Jamie Wednesday"), who were performing between 1984 and 1987\. In 1987 [Jamie Wednesday](/wiki/Jamie_Wednesday "Jamie Wednesday") split up just before a gig at the [London Astoria](/wiki/London_Astoria "London Astoria"). Morrison and Les "[Fruitbat](/wiki/Fruitbat "Fruitbat")" Carter filled in, playing along to a backing tape, and [Carter USM](/wiki/Carter_the_Unstoppable_Sex_Machine "Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine") was born. Jim Bob and Les Carter had known each other since the late 1970s, when their bands The Ballpoints (featuring Jim on vocals) and Dead Clergy (Les on bass and vocals) used to rehearse at the same studio behind Streatham station. When The Ballpoints' bassist quit at the end of 1980, Carter joined the band, who than went on to play several gigs under the name Peter Pan's Playground.
He was a member of [Carter USM](/wiki/Carter_the_Unstoppable_Sex_Machine "Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine"). The band split up in 1997\. Since Carter USM, Jim Bob has released two albums and three singles with his [disco\-pop](/wiki/Disco-pop "Disco-pop")\-[punk](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") group Jim's Super Stereoworld, seven solo albums as Jim Bob or James Robert Morrison, and played various live shows both with his band and solo. In 2001, he joined his old Carter bandmate Fruitbat on stage once again, as part of the group [Who's The Daddy Now?](/wiki/Who%27s_The_Daddy_Now%3F "Who's The Daddy Now?").
In 2005, Cherry Red released a DVD of a live solo acoustic performance, titled *[Live From London](/wiki/Live_From_London_%28Jim_Bob%29 "Live From London (Jim Bob)")*, featuring songs from his solo career as well as many Carter USM tracks. This was followed by a concept album, *School*, released in March 2006\.
A best\-of album was released in the autumn of 2006, accompanied by a UK tour. This was originally intended as a download\-only release, but a physical CD was produced. The album was accompanied by a free CD of Jim Bob and Jim's Super Stereoworld rarities. The cover design was re\-worked by Jim Bob from an image by [Jim Connolly](/wiki/Jim_Connolly_%28illustrator%29 "Jim Connolly (illustrator)").
The album *A Humpty Dumpty Thing* was released in November 2007 by Cherry Red Records. The album came with a Jim Bob\-penned\-mini novel, "Word Count". A single from the album, "Battling The Bottle", was released with Jim Bob's re\-working of the children's song "[The Wheels on the Bus](/wiki/The_Wheels_on_the_Bus "The Wheels on the Bus")" on the B\-side.
Jim Bob's next solo record, *Goffam*, was a semi\-concept album about a city in the grip of crime, deserted by its superheroes. He toured the UK in April and September 2009 promoting the album.
In December 2009 Jim Bob performed his 2004 song "Angelstrike!" as part of the shows *[The Return of 9 Lessons and Carols for Godless People](/wiki/The_Return_of_9_Lessons_and_Carols_for_Godless_People "The Return of 9 Lessons and Carols for Godless People")* for two nights at the [Bloomsbury Theatre](/wiki/Bloomsbury_Theatre "Bloomsbury Theatre") and at [Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo "Hammersmith Apollo"). This was broadcast on BBC4 television under the title 'Nerdstack'.
His debut novel *Storage Stories* was released {{cite news \|last\=Britcher \|first\=Chris \|title\=Carter USM's Jim Bob on reunions, money and an artistic dilemma \|work\=Kentnews.co.uk \|date\=25 May 2012 \|url\=http://www.kentnews.co.uk/home/carter\_usm\_s\_jim\_bob\_on\_reunions\_money\_and\_an\_artistic\_dilemma\_1\_1389112 \|access\-date\=18 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165057/http://www.kentnews.co.uk/home/carter\_usm\_s\_jim\_bob\_on\_reunions\_money\_and\_an\_artistic\_dilemma\_1\_1389112 \|archive\-date\=14 July 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }} on the day of a UK general election, 6 May 2010, by Ten Forty Books. This was followed by three novels with major publishers: *Driving Jarvis Ham*, *The Extra Ordinary Life of Frank Derrick, Age 81* and *Frank Derrick's Holiday of a Lifetime*.
Jim Bob's autobiography, *Goodnight Jim Bob – On The Road With Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine*, was published by [Cherry Red Books](/wiki/Cherry_Red_Books "Cherry Red Books") in 2004\. The sequel, *Jim Bob from Carter*, was published by Cherry Red Books on 23 March 2019\. The double novel *A Godawful Small Affair* and *Harvey King Unboxes His Family*, written under the name J.B. Morrison, was published by Cherry Red Books in March 2020\.
The 26\-second song "2020 WTF!" was released in March 2020 on Cherry Red Records. It was the first single from Jim Bob's August 2020 album, *Pop Up Jim Bob*. The second single, "Jo's Got Papercuts", followed in June, and a third, "If it Ain't Broke", was released in July.
The album *Pop Up Jim Bob* was released on Cherry Red Records on 14 August 2020\. Entering the official UK album chart at number 26, it was Jim Bob's first top\-30 LP since Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine.
Jim Bob's 13th solo album, *Who Do We Hate Today*, was released on Cherry Red Records on 20 August 2021 and reached 34 in the UK album charts, his second top\-40 solo LP.
His 14th solo album, 'Thanks For Reaching Out' was released on Cherry Red Records on 30 June 2023\.
Jim Bob's 9th book ‘Where Songs Come From – The Lyrics and Origin Stories of 150 Solo and Carter USM Songs’, in which Jim Bob attempts to explain where his lyrics come from, how they got here, and maybe even why, is published by Cherry Red Books in October 2024\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"{{BLP sources section\\|date\\=February 2018}}\nJim Bob played in various bands during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including [Jamie Wednesday](/wiki/Jamie_Wednesday \"Jamie Wednesday\"), who were performing between 1984 and 1987\\. In 1987 [Jamie Wednesday](/wiki/Jamie_Wednesday \"Jamie Wednesday\") split up just before a gig at the [London Astoria](/wiki/London_Astoria \"London Astoria\"). Morrison and Les \"[Fruitbat](/wiki/Fruitbat \"Fruitbat\")\" Carter filled in, playing along to a backing tape, and [Carter USM](/wiki/Carter_the_Unstoppable_Sex_Machine \"Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine\") was born. Jim Bob and Les Carter had known each other since the late 1970s, when their bands The Ballpoints (featuring Jim on vocals) and Dead Clergy (Les on bass and vocals) used to rehearse at the same studio behind Streatham station. When The Ballpoints' bassist quit at the end of 1980, Carter joined the band, who than went on to play several gigs under the name Peter Pan's Playground.",
"He was a member of [Carter USM](/wiki/Carter_the_Unstoppable_Sex_Machine \"Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine\"). The band split up in 1997\\. Since Carter USM, Jim Bob has released two albums and three singles with his [disco\\-pop](/wiki/Disco-pop \"Disco-pop\")\\-[punk](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") group Jim's Super Stereoworld, seven solo albums as Jim Bob or James Robert Morrison, and played various live shows both with his band and solo. In 2001, he joined his old Carter bandmate Fruitbat on stage once again, as part of the group [Who's The Daddy Now?](/wiki/Who%27s_The_Daddy_Now%3F \"Who's The Daddy Now?\").",
"In 2005, Cherry Red released a DVD of a live solo acoustic performance, titled *[Live From London](/wiki/Live_From_London_%28Jim_Bob%29 \"Live From London (Jim Bob)\")*, featuring songs from his solo career as well as many Carter USM tracks. This was followed by a concept album, *School*, released in March 2006\\.",
"A best\\-of album was released in the autumn of 2006, accompanied by a UK tour. This was originally intended as a download\\-only release, but a physical CD was produced. The album was accompanied by a free CD of Jim Bob and Jim's Super Stereoworld rarities. The cover design was re\\-worked by Jim Bob from an image by [Jim Connolly](/wiki/Jim_Connolly_%28illustrator%29 \"Jim Connolly (illustrator)\").",
"The album *A Humpty Dumpty Thing* was released in November 2007 by Cherry Red Records. The album came with a Jim Bob\\-penned\\-mini novel, \"Word Count\". A single from the album, \"Battling The Bottle\", was released with Jim Bob's re\\-working of the children's song \"[The Wheels on the Bus](/wiki/The_Wheels_on_the_Bus \"The Wheels on the Bus\")\" on the B\\-side.",
"Jim Bob's next solo record, *Goffam*, was a semi\\-concept album about a city in the grip of crime, deserted by its superheroes. He toured the UK in April and September 2009 promoting the album.",
"In December 2009 Jim Bob performed his 2004 song \"Angelstrike!\" as part of the shows *[The Return of 9 Lessons and Carols for Godless People](/wiki/The_Return_of_9_Lessons_and_Carols_for_Godless_People \"The Return of 9 Lessons and Carols for Godless People\")* for two nights at the [Bloomsbury Theatre](/wiki/Bloomsbury_Theatre \"Bloomsbury Theatre\") and at [Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo \"Hammersmith Apollo\"). This was broadcast on BBC4 television under the title 'Nerdstack'.",
"His debut novel *Storage Stories* was released {{cite news \\|last\\=Britcher \\|first\\=Chris \\|title\\=Carter USM's Jim Bob on reunions, money and an artistic dilemma \\|work\\=Kentnews.co.uk \\|date\\=25 May 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.kentnews.co.uk/home/carter\\_usm\\_s\\_jim\\_bob\\_on\\_reunions\\_money\\_and\\_an\\_artistic\\_dilemma\\_1\\_1389112 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165057/http://www.kentnews.co.uk/home/carter\\_usm\\_s\\_jim\\_bob\\_on\\_reunions\\_money\\_and\\_an\\_artistic\\_dilemma\\_1\\_1389112 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} on the day of a UK general election, 6 May 2010, by Ten Forty Books. This was followed by three novels with major publishers: *Driving Jarvis Ham*, *The Extra Ordinary Life of Frank Derrick, Age 81* and *Frank Derrick's Holiday of a Lifetime*.",
"Jim Bob's autobiography, *Goodnight Jim Bob – On The Road With Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine*, was published by [Cherry Red Books](/wiki/Cherry_Red_Books \"Cherry Red Books\") in 2004\\. The sequel, *Jim Bob from Carter*, was published by Cherry Red Books on 23 March 2019\\. The double novel *A Godawful Small Affair* and *Harvey King Unboxes His Family*, written under the name J.B. Morrison, was published by Cherry Red Books in March 2020\\.",
"The 26\\-second song \"2020 WTF!\" was released in March 2020 on Cherry Red Records. It was the first single from Jim Bob's August 2020 album, *Pop Up Jim Bob*. The second single, \"Jo's Got Papercuts\", followed in June, and a third, \"If it Ain't Broke\", was released in July.",
"The album *Pop Up Jim Bob* was released on Cherry Red Records on 14 August 2020\\. Entering the official UK album chart at number 26, it was Jim Bob's first top\\-30 LP since Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine.",
"Jim Bob's 13th solo album, *Who Do We Hate Today*, was released on Cherry Red Records on 20 August 2021 and reached 34 in the UK album charts, his second top\\-40 solo LP.",
"His 14th solo album, 'Thanks For Reaching Out' was released on Cherry Red Records on 30 June 2023\\.",
"Jim Bob's 9th book ‘Where Songs Come From – The Lyrics and Origin Stories of 150 Solo and Carter USM Songs’, in which Jim Bob attempts to explain where his lyrics come from, how they got here, and maybe even why, is published by Cherry Red Books in October 2024\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early and Inter\-war history of the Club
Founded in 1864, University College London Boat Club was not actually registered as a separate and distinct entity from the [College](/wiki/University_College_London "University College London") itself until 1871\.
It is believed that the club's first race was recorded on 24 May 1864 as a race between itself and Guy's RC. UCL does not appear in any rowing almanacs from around 1886 so it is believed that the sport may have enjoyed a brief period of popularity thanks to a number of enthusiasts at the College. The college begins to appear frequently in such almanacs from around 1921 and it is believed that this is the time at which the sport gained real popularity amongst the students. From around this time, UCL became one of the largest contributors to [University of London Boat Club](/wiki/University_of_London_Boat_Club "University of London Boat Club") eights.
The club enjoyed the successes of many frequent Allom Cup wins throughout the 1930s. After this date there are very few open regatta or head wins listed under the club's name as it experienced a brief period of inactivity during the inter\-war period.
### First Henley appearance
University College London made its own debut at [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta "Henley Royal Regatta") in 1933 when the College lost to Reading RC in the Thames Cup. Again the club raced in the 1950 Thames cup and lost but only after a fierce battle with Leeds University which was eventually lost by no more than a canvas. The report for this race reads as follows:
*"UC\&H started at 39, were not below 35 throughout and finished at 39\. They led by ¼ length at the ¼ mile and by ½ length at the ½ mile. Leeds starting at 38 and settling to 33, closed up, took the lead after Fawley and had 1/3 length at the Mile"*
Over the following few years rowing at UCL took a turn for the worse and contributions to University of London crews diminished significantly to the point at which only one or two 'University' men would make the cut each year. The club reported very few victories between 1950 and 1957 and only racked up one significant victory in the Walton Regatta. Furthermore, the club's ranking in the Tideway Head fell below 60th place; a dismal showing for one of the 'great' British university clubs. At the same time however [University of London rowing](/wiki/University_of_London_Boat_Club "University of London Boat Club") experienced a period of renaissance which saw them post their first Henley win in the 1961 Thames Cup.
Modest signs of recovery in College rowing were apparent by 1962\. In this year UCL crews rowed to 52 place in the Tideway head and in 1965 managed to post a result of 43rd in the same race. This period of recovery was short lived as just one year later the club dived to 198th place in the Head.
### The club's golden age
With the arrival of [Latymer Upper School](/wiki/Latymer_Upper_School "Latymer Upper School")'s famed cox Jeff Easton at the College the club's fortunes really turned around. Jeff, who had coxed the school's grand eight and Prince Philip four went on to cox the College's 1972 first eight to victory in the novice division of the Men's Winter Eights. His experience with the [Leander Club](/wiki/Leander_Club "Leander Club") made him an excellent coach for the club.
In 1973 the club's ladies presented an impressive spectacle at the Ladies' henley Regatta. This Henley performance represented a major step up in standards and in 1975 the club rose to 19th in the Tideway Head, reaching the best position since 1953 despite competing against stronger opposition.
In 1975 having already beaten [Leander Club](/wiki/Leander_Club "Leander Club") a [University College London](/wiki/University_College_London "University College London") eight went on to set a new Fawley Record of 3 min 18 sec against [Potomac Boat Club](/wiki/Potomac_Boat_Club "Potomac Boat Club") of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in the semi\-final of the Wyfold Cup. Despite ultimately winning, Potomac went on to lose the final.
In 1977, UCL's first and second eights finished 15th and 13th respectively in the Tideway Head; the club then went on to enter three crews in the 1978 [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta "Henley Royal Regatta"). These were all significant achievements for the club and truly represented the peak of Easton's (now Dr Easton) successes.
### 1980s to the present
Starting from the early 1980s the club experienced a steep decline in its fortunes. By 1981 UCL had dropped to 113 in the Tideway Head and had failed to qualify for both the Ladies' and Visitors' Cups at Henley. From the early 1980s up until 1996 there were very few entries to Henley Regatta; in 1991 the club did not even manage to enter a crew in the Tideway head. This was again the case in 1994\. UCLBC finally made a comeback to the world of elite competitive club rowing in 1995 when they finally re\-qualified for the Temple Cup at [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta "Henley Royal Regatta") which was lost in the first heat.
The club had since its foundation been known as the 'University College and Hospitals Boat Club' or UC\&H, this was finally changed in 1988 to the more up to date and accurate 'University College London Boat Club'. The [British Rowing](/wiki/British_Rowing "British Rowing") club registration code for which is UCL.
The club's 1997 entry to Henley was slightly better though, with University College winning their first round heat of the Temple Cup by 1/3 length from Lady Margaret, but Harvard, a select crew, proved to be far too strong in the next round.
Since 1997 the club has experienced ups and downs but is now recognised throughout both London and the UK as a relatively successful club. 2008–09 was one of the most successful years for the club – both the Women's 4\+ and the Men's 8\+ qualified for Henley, with the men making it through to the Thursday after beating [University of Reading](/wiki/University_of_Reading "University of Reading") "Easily". The Women's 8\+ had a strong race at the Head, and the Men fielded 3 crews with the 1st 8 finishing 78th.
2011–12 was another good year for the club, particularly for the men's top boats. Starting with a top 12 finish in the international VIII's event Basel Head. Back in London, the club went on to dominate the intercollegiate [Allom Cup](/wiki/Allom_Cup "Allom Cup"), winning the cup itself (senior men's VIII's) and the senior and intermediate men's IV events. At [The Head of the River Race](/wiki/Head_of_the_River_Race "Head of the River Race") 2012 the club finished 88th, a fairy good result considering several injuries within the squad. At [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta "Henley Royal Regatta"), the club qualified for the Temple Challenge Cup and made it through to Thursday after beating [Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Lightweight_Rowing_Club "Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early and Inter\\-war history of the Club",
"Founded in 1864, University College London Boat Club was not actually registered as a separate and distinct entity from the [College](/wiki/University_College_London \"University College London\") itself until 1871\\.",
"It is believed that the club's first race was recorded on 24 May 1864 as a race between itself and Guy's RC. UCL does not appear in any rowing almanacs from around 1886 so it is believed that the sport may have enjoyed a brief period of popularity thanks to a number of enthusiasts at the College. The college begins to appear frequently in such almanacs from around 1921 and it is believed that this is the time at which the sport gained real popularity amongst the students. From around this time, UCL became one of the largest contributors to [University of London Boat Club](/wiki/University_of_London_Boat_Club \"University of London Boat Club\") eights.",
"The club enjoyed the successes of many frequent Allom Cup wins throughout the 1930s. After this date there are very few open regatta or head wins listed under the club's name as it experienced a brief period of inactivity during the inter\\-war period.",
"### First Henley appearance",
"University College London made its own debut at [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta \"Henley Royal Regatta\") in 1933 when the College lost to Reading RC in the Thames Cup. Again the club raced in the 1950 Thames cup and lost but only after a fierce battle with Leeds University which was eventually lost by no more than a canvas. The report for this race reads as follows:",
"*\"UC\\&H started at 39, were not below 35 throughout and finished at 39\\. They led by ¼ length at the ¼ mile and by ½ length at the ½ mile. Leeds starting at 38 and settling to 33, closed up, took the lead after Fawley and had 1/3 length at the Mile\"*",
"Over the following few years rowing at UCL took a turn for the worse and contributions to University of London crews diminished significantly to the point at which only one or two 'University' men would make the cut each year. The club reported very few victories between 1950 and 1957 and only racked up one significant victory in the Walton Regatta. Furthermore, the club's ranking in the Tideway Head fell below 60th place; a dismal showing for one of the 'great' British university clubs. At the same time however [University of London rowing](/wiki/University_of_London_Boat_Club \"University of London Boat Club\") experienced a period of renaissance which saw them post their first Henley win in the 1961 Thames Cup.",
"Modest signs of recovery in College rowing were apparent by 1962\\. In this year UCL crews rowed to 52 place in the Tideway head and in 1965 managed to post a result of 43rd in the same race. This period of recovery was short lived as just one year later the club dived to 198th place in the Head.",
"### The club's golden age",
"With the arrival of [Latymer Upper School](/wiki/Latymer_Upper_School \"Latymer Upper School\")'s famed cox Jeff Easton at the College the club's fortunes really turned around. Jeff, who had coxed the school's grand eight and Prince Philip four went on to cox the College's 1972 first eight to victory in the novice division of the Men's Winter Eights. His experience with the [Leander Club](/wiki/Leander_Club \"Leander Club\") made him an excellent coach for the club.",
"In 1973 the club's ladies presented an impressive spectacle at the Ladies' henley Regatta. This Henley performance represented a major step up in standards and in 1975 the club rose to 19th in the Tideway Head, reaching the best position since 1953 despite competing against stronger opposition.",
"In 1975 having already beaten [Leander Club](/wiki/Leander_Club \"Leander Club\") a [University College London](/wiki/University_College_London \"University College London\") eight went on to set a new Fawley Record of 3 min 18 sec against [Potomac Boat Club](/wiki/Potomac_Boat_Club \"Potomac Boat Club\") of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in the semi\\-final of the Wyfold Cup. Despite ultimately winning, Potomac went on to lose the final.",
"In 1977, UCL's first and second eights finished 15th and 13th respectively in the Tideway Head; the club then went on to enter three crews in the 1978 [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta \"Henley Royal Regatta\"). These were all significant achievements for the club and truly represented the peak of Easton's (now Dr Easton) successes.",
"### 1980s to the present",
"Starting from the early 1980s the club experienced a steep decline in its fortunes. By 1981 UCL had dropped to 113 in the Tideway Head and had failed to qualify for both the Ladies' and Visitors' Cups at Henley. From the early 1980s up until 1996 there were very few entries to Henley Regatta; in 1991 the club did not even manage to enter a crew in the Tideway head. This was again the case in 1994\\. UCLBC finally made a comeback to the world of elite competitive club rowing in 1995 when they finally re\\-qualified for the Temple Cup at [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta \"Henley Royal Regatta\") which was lost in the first heat.",
"The club had since its foundation been known as the 'University College and Hospitals Boat Club' or UC\\&H, this was finally changed in 1988 to the more up to date and accurate 'University College London Boat Club'. The [British Rowing](/wiki/British_Rowing \"British Rowing\") club registration code for which is UCL.",
"The club's 1997 entry to Henley was slightly better though, with University College winning their first round heat of the Temple Cup by 1/3 length from Lady Margaret, but Harvard, a select crew, proved to be far too strong in the next round.",
"Since 1997 the club has experienced ups and downs but is now recognised throughout both London and the UK as a relatively successful club. 2008–09 was one of the most successful years for the club – both the Women's 4\\+ and the Men's 8\\+ qualified for Henley, with the men making it through to the Thursday after beating [University of Reading](/wiki/University_of_Reading \"University of Reading\") \"Easily\". The Women's 8\\+ had a strong race at the Head, and the Men fielded 3 crews with the 1st 8 finishing 78th.",
"2011–12 was another good year for the club, particularly for the men's top boats. Starting with a top 12 finish in the international VIII's event Basel Head. Back in London, the club went on to dominate the intercollegiate [Allom Cup](/wiki/Allom_Cup \"Allom Cup\"), winning the cup itself (senior men's VIII's) and the senior and intermediate men's IV events. At [The Head of the River Race](/wiki/Head_of_the_River_Race \"Head of the River Race\") 2012 the club finished 88th, a fairy good result considering several injuries within the squad. At [Henley Royal Regatta](/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta \"Henley Royal Regatta\"), the club qualified for the Temple Challenge Cup and made it through to Thursday after beating [Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Lightweight_Rowing_Club \"Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club\").",
""
] |
Career
------
An ethnic [Mbochi](/wiki/Mbochi "Mbochi") and a member of the [Gamboma](/wiki/Gamboma "Gamboma") clan,["Nepotists' nirvana"](http://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/1130/No-Title), *Africa Confidential*, volume 45, number 9, 30 April 2004\. Itoua was born in [Pointe\-Noire](/wiki/Pointe-Noire "Pointe-Noire") but was considered a native of [Cuvette Department](/wiki/Cuvette_Department "Cuvette Department"). He graduated from the *[École spéciale des travaux publics](/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_des_travaux_publics "École spéciale des travaux publics")*, a French [civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering "Civil engineering") school in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), in 1982\. During the 1980s, he worked in Congo\-Brazzaville at the National Electricity Company and subsequently at the subsidiary oil company [Elf\-Congo](/wiki/Elf-Congo "Elf-Congo").["Bruno J.R. Itoua"](http://www.africaintelligence.com/AEM/who-s-who/2001/07/18/bruno-jr-itoua,2111999-ART), *Africa Energy Intelligence*, number 303, Africa Intelligence, 18 July 2001\.[*Jeune Afrique*, issues 2,430–2,438](https://books.google.com/books?id=vQE8AQAAIAAJ&q=bruno+itoua+elf+congo) (2007\), page 82 {{in lang\|fr}}. He held various posts at Elf\-Congo from 1985 to 1997\.
Under President [Denis Sassou Nguesso](/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso "Denis Sassou Nguesso"), Itoua was appointed as Adviser to the President for Hydrocarbons, Mines, Energy, and Hydraulics in 1997, and he was additionally appointed as Director\-General of the National Oil Company of Congo (*Société Nationale des Pétroles du Congo*, SNPC) in April 1998\."Who's Who", *Congo Brazzaville: Les Hommes de Pouvoir*, number 1, Africa Intelligence, 29 October 2002 {{in lang\|fr}}. He was also appointed as a member of the administrative council of *[Hydro\-Congo](/wiki/Hydro-Congo "Hydro-Congo")*, the Congolese oil exploration and exploitation company, on 31 December 1999\."Décret n°:99\-273 du 31 December 1999 portant nomination des membres du conseil d'administration de la société nationale de recherche et d'exploitation pétrolières, Hydro\-Congo", Presidency of Congo\-Brazzaville {{in lang\|fr}}. As head of the state oil company and oil adviser to President Sassou Nguesso, Itoua was considered as "one of the country's most powerful men", and he was characterized as "a sort of honorary son" of Sassou Nguesso due to his aunt's friendship with the President.
After seven years at the head of the SNPC, Itoua was appointed to the government as Minister of Energy and Hydraulics on 7 January 2005\.François Soudan, ["Les hommes du président"](http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN16015leshotnedis0/), *Jeune Afrique*, 17 January 2005 {{in lang\|fr}}."Le président Denis Sassou Nguesso remanie le gouvernement congolais", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 8 January 2005 {{in lang\|fr}}. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=7698\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=0\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=0\&select\_year\=0 \|title\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \|access\-date\=October 26, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528210546/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=7698\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=0\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=0\&select\_year\=0 \|archive\-date\=May 28, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Denis Gokana](/wiki/Denis_Gokana "Denis Gokana") was appointed to replace him at the SNPC.["Management shake\-up"](http://www.africaintelligence.com/AEM/state-owned-companies/2005/02/02/management-shake-up,12808523-BRE), *Africa Energy Intelligence*, number 386, Africa Intelligence, 2 February 2005\. As Minister of Energy and Hydraulics, Itoua was responsible for overseeing some major projects intended to increase the water supply.["Congo: Boost for water supplies"](http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78929), IRIN, 25 June 2008\.
Itoua was elected as the President of the Executive Bureau of the *Patronage Saint\-Anne* [football club](/wiki/Football_club "Football club") on 16 February 2007\. He assumed that position on 5 April.James Golden Eloué, "Football. Patronage installe officiellement ses nouveaux dirigeants", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 6 April 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=15515\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=0\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=20\&select\_month\=0\&select\_year\=0 \|title\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \|access\-date\=November 15, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708092448/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=15515\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=0\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=20\&select\_month\=0\&select\_year\=0 \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2011 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}
In the [June–August 2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "2007 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election"), Itoua was elected to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "National Assembly of the Republic of the Congo") as the candidate of the ruling [Congolese Party of Labour](/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour "Congolese Party of Labour") (PCT) for Ollombo I constituency;"La liste complète des députés", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 11 August 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=17753\&oldaction\=textes\®pay\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=\&ss\_cat\_id\=\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=08\&select\_year\=2007 \|title\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \|access\-date\=October 31, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209085156/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=17753\&oldaction\=textes\®pay\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=\&ss\_cat\_id\=\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=08\&select\_year\=2007 \|archive\-date\=February 9, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}"Elections législatives : les 44 élus du premier tour", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 2 July 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=17017\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=0\&select\_year\=0 \|title\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \|access\-date\=October 14, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063341/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=17017\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=0\&select\_year\=0 \|archive\-date\=February 26, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} he won the seat in the first round with 68\.71% of the vote, defeating independent candidate Fidèle Bossa and [Club 2002\-PUR](/wiki/Club_2002 "Club 2002") candidate Paud Rock Joseph.Willy Mbossa, "Législatives. Intense activité politique dans le nord des Plateaux", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 19 June 2007 {{in lang\|fr}}. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=16811\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=0\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=06\&select\_year\=2007 \|title\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \|access\-date\=November 19, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311075736/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/index.php?action\=depeche\&dep\_id\=16811\&oldaction\=liste\®pay\_id\=0\&them\_id\=0\&cat\_id\=0\&ss\_cat\_id\=0\&LISTE\_FROM\=0\&select\_month\=06\&select\_year\=2007 \|archive\-date\=March 11, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In a minor government reshuffle on 12 December 2011, Itoua switched ministries with [Henri Ossébi](/wiki/Henri_Oss%C3%A9bi "Henri Ossébi"), becoming Minister of Scientific Research.["Congo : léger réaménagement de l'équipe gouvernementale"](http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/12/13/afrique-centrale-192804.asp) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515051850/http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/12/13/afrique\-centrale\-192804\.asp \|date\=May 15, 2012 }}, Xinhua, 13 December 2011 {{in lang\|fr}}. Itoua stood again as the PCT candidate for Ollombo I constituency in the [July–August 2012 parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "2012 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election"); he again won the seat in the first round of voting,["Liste des élus au premier tour"](http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1539.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012642/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1539\.pdf \|date\=December 3, 2013 }}, *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, number 1,539, 23 July 2012, page 8 {{in lang\|fr}}.["Résultats du premier tour des élections législatives 2012"](http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/4244-resultats-du-premier-tour-des-elections-legislatives-2012), *La Semaine Africaine*, 24 July 2012 {{in lang\|fr}}. receiving 100% of the vote. Following the election, he was retained in his post as Minister of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation in the government named on 25 September 2012\.["La nouvelle équipe gouvernementale rendue publique le 25 septembre"](http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1584.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019080300/http://www.brazzaville\-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1584\.pdf \|date\=October 19, 2013 }}, *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, number 1,584, 26 September 2012, page 2 {{in lang\|fr}}.
After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the [March 2016 presidential election](/wiki/2016_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election "2016 Republic of the Congo presidential election"), he moved Itoua to the post of Minister of Higher Education on 30 April 2016\.["Équipe gouvernementale de la Nouvelle République"](http://adiac-congo.com/content/equipe-gouvernementale-de-la-nouvelle-republique-50100), ADIAC, 1 May 2016 {{in lang\|fr}}. In the [July 2017 parliamentary election](/wiki/2017_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election "2017 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election"), he was re\-elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in the first constituency of Ollombo, winning the seat in the first round with 75% of the vote.["Les résultats tels que publiés par le ministre de l’intérieur et de la décentralisation"](http://lasemaineafricaine.net/images/pdf/3711.pdf), *La Semaine Africaine*, number 3,711, 25 July 2017, page 7 {{in lang\|fr}}.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"An ethnic [Mbochi](/wiki/Mbochi \"Mbochi\") and a member of the [Gamboma](/wiki/Gamboma \"Gamboma\") clan,[\"Nepotists' nirvana\"](http://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/1130/No-Title), *Africa Confidential*, volume 45, number 9, 30 April 2004\\. Itoua was born in [Pointe\\-Noire](/wiki/Pointe-Noire \"Pointe-Noire\") but was considered a native of [Cuvette Department](/wiki/Cuvette_Department \"Cuvette Department\"). He graduated from the *[École spéciale des travaux publics](/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_des_travaux_publics \"École spéciale des travaux publics\")*, a French [civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering \"Civil engineering\") school in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), in 1982\\. During the 1980s, he worked in Congo\\-Brazzaville at the National Electricity Company and subsequently at the subsidiary oil company [Elf\\-Congo](/wiki/Elf-Congo \"Elf-Congo\").[\"Bruno J.R. Itoua\"](http://www.africaintelligence.com/AEM/who-s-who/2001/07/18/bruno-jr-itoua,2111999-ART), *Africa Energy Intelligence*, number 303, Africa Intelligence, 18 July 2001\\.[*Jeune Afrique*, issues 2,430–2,438](https://books.google.com/books?id=vQE8AQAAIAAJ&q=bruno+itoua+elf+congo) (2007\\), page 82 {{in lang\\|fr}}. He held various posts at Elf\\-Congo from 1985 to 1997\\.",
"Under President [Denis Sassou Nguesso](/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso \"Denis Sassou Nguesso\"), Itoua was appointed as Adviser to the President for Hydrocarbons, Mines, Energy, and Hydraulics in 1997, and he was additionally appointed as Director\\-General of the National Oil Company of Congo (*Société Nationale des Pétroles du Congo*, SNPC) in April 1998\\.\"Who's Who\", *Congo Brazzaville: Les Hommes de Pouvoir*, number 1, Africa Intelligence, 29 October 2002 {{in lang\\|fr}}. He was also appointed as a member of the administrative council of *[Hydro\\-Congo](/wiki/Hydro-Congo \"Hydro-Congo\")*, the Congolese oil exploration and exploitation company, on 31 December 1999\\.\"Décret n°:99\\-273 du 31 December 1999 portant nomination des membres du conseil d'administration de la société nationale de recherche et d'exploitation pétrolières, Hydro\\-Congo\", Presidency of Congo\\-Brazzaville {{in lang\\|fr}}. As head of the state oil company and oil adviser to President Sassou Nguesso, Itoua was considered as \"one of the country's most powerful men\", and he was characterized as \"a sort of honorary son\" of Sassou Nguesso due to his aunt's friendship with the President.",
"After seven years at the head of the SNPC, Itoua was appointed to the government as Minister of Energy and Hydraulics on 7 January 2005\\.François Soudan, [\"Les hommes du président\"](http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN16015leshotnedis0/), *Jeune Afrique*, 17 January 2005 {{in lang\\|fr}}.\"Le président Denis Sassou Nguesso remanie le gouvernement congolais\", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 8 January 2005 {{in lang\\|fr}}. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=7698\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=0\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=0\\&select\\_year\\=0 \\|title\\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528210546/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=7698\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=0\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=0\\&select\\_year\\=0 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 28, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Denis Gokana](/wiki/Denis_Gokana \"Denis Gokana\") was appointed to replace him at the SNPC.[\"Management shake\\-up\"](http://www.africaintelligence.com/AEM/state-owned-companies/2005/02/02/management-shake-up,12808523-BRE), *Africa Energy Intelligence*, number 386, Africa Intelligence, 2 February 2005\\. As Minister of Energy and Hydraulics, Itoua was responsible for overseeing some major projects intended to increase the water supply.[\"Congo: Boost for water supplies\"](http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78929), IRIN, 25 June 2008\\.",
"Itoua was elected as the President of the Executive Bureau of the *Patronage Saint\\-Anne* [football club](/wiki/Football_club \"Football club\") on 16 February 2007\\. He assumed that position on 5 April.James Golden Eloué, \"Football. Patronage installe officiellement ses nouveaux dirigeants\", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 6 April 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=15515\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=0\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=20\\&select\\_month\\=0\\&select\\_year\\=0 \\|title\\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708092448/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=15515\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=0\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=20\\&select\\_month\\=0\\&select\\_year\\=0 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}",
"In the [June–August 2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"2007 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\"), Itoua was elected to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo \"National Assembly of the Republic of the Congo\") as the candidate of the ruling [Congolese Party of Labour](/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour \"Congolese Party of Labour\") (PCT) for Ollombo I constituency;\"La liste complète des députés\", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 11 August 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=17753\\&oldaction\\=textes\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=08\\&select\\_year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209085156/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=17753\\&oldaction\\=textes\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=08\\&select\\_year\\=2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\"Elections législatives : les 44 élus du premier tour\", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 2 July 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=17017\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=0\\&select\\_year\\=0 \\|title\\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \\|access\\-date\\=October 14, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063341/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=17017\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=0\\&select\\_year\\=0 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 26, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} he won the seat in the first round with 68\\.71% of the vote, defeating independent candidate Fidèle Bossa and [Club 2002\\-PUR](/wiki/Club_2002 \"Club 2002\") candidate Paud Rock Joseph.Willy Mbossa, \"Législatives. Intense activité politique dans le nord des Plateaux\", *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, 19 June 2007 {{in lang\\|fr}}. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=16811\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=0\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=06\\&select\\_year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville \\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311075736/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/index.php?action\\=depeche\\&dep\\_id\\=16811\\&oldaction\\=liste\\®pay\\_id\\=0\\&them\\_id\\=0\\&cat\\_id\\=0\\&ss\\_cat\\_id\\=0\\&LISTE\\_FROM\\=0\\&select\\_month\\=06\\&select\\_year\\=2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In a minor government reshuffle on 12 December 2011, Itoua switched ministries with [Henri Ossébi](/wiki/Henri_Oss%C3%A9bi \"Henri Ossébi\"), becoming Minister of Scientific Research.[\"Congo : léger réaménagement de l'équipe gouvernementale\"](http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/12/13/afrique-centrale-192804.asp) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515051850/http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2011/12/13/afrique\\-centrale\\-192804\\.asp \\|date\\=May 15, 2012 }}, Xinhua, 13 December 2011 {{in lang\\|fr}}. Itoua stood again as the PCT candidate for Ollombo I constituency in the [July–August 2012 parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"2012 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\"); he again won the seat in the first round of voting,[\"Liste des élus au premier tour\"](http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1539.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012642/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1539\\.pdf \\|date\\=December 3, 2013 }}, *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, number 1,539, 23 July 2012, page 8 {{in lang\\|fr}}.[\"Résultats du premier tour des élections législatives 2012\"](http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/4244-resultats-du-premier-tour-des-elections-legislatives-2012), *La Semaine Africaine*, 24 July 2012 {{in lang\\|fr}}. receiving 100% of the vote. Following the election, he was retained in his post as Minister of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation in the government named on 25 September 2012\\.[\"La nouvelle équipe gouvernementale rendue publique le 25 septembre\"](http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1584.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019080300/http://www.brazzaville\\-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1584\\.pdf \\|date\\=October 19, 2013 }}, *Les Dépêches de Brazzaville*, number 1,584, 26 September 2012, page 2 {{in lang\\|fr}}.",
"After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the [March 2016 presidential election](/wiki/2016_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election \"2016 Republic of the Congo presidential election\"), he moved Itoua to the post of Minister of Higher Education on 30 April 2016\\.[\"Équipe gouvernementale de la Nouvelle République\"](http://adiac-congo.com/content/equipe-gouvernementale-de-la-nouvelle-republique-50100), ADIAC, 1 May 2016 {{in lang\\|fr}}. In the [July 2017 parliamentary election](/wiki/2017_Republic_of_the_Congo_parliamentary_election \"2017 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election\"), he was re\\-elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in the first constituency of Ollombo, winning the seat in the first round with 75% of the vote.[\"Les résultats tels que publiés par le ministre de l’intérieur et de la décentralisation\"](http://lasemaineafricaine.net/images/pdf/3711.pdf), *La Semaine Africaine*, number 3,711, 25 July 2017, page 7 {{in lang\\|fr}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
On 27 July 1976 the squadron was founded at [Hatzor Airbase](/wiki/Hatzor_Airbase "Hatzor Airbase") and were assigned [IAI Neshers](/wiki/IAI_Nesher "IAI Nesher").
In 4 June 1978, the 253 Squadron was told to retrain on the [Dassault Mirage III](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III "Dassault Mirage III") aircraft. Following the signage of the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty "Egypt–Israel peace treaty"), Israeli forces withdrew and had to abandon established bases in the area. The squadron's Mirages were relocated to a reserve squadron, with the 253 Squadron awaiting conversion to the F\-16B *Netz,* later becoming the IDF's third F\-16B squadron.
On October 1981, he squadron deployed to [Ramat David Airbase](/wiki/Ramat_David_Airbase "Ramat David Airbase"), before being transferred to [Ramon Airbase](/wiki/Ramon_Airbase "Ramon Airbase") in early 1982\.
The squadron's aircraft were equipped with [guided bombs](/wiki/Guided_bomb "Guided bomb") beginning in 1994\. The bombs saw operational use on 3 August 1995 during Operation Iron Eagle, with two of these guided bombs striking an observation tower manned by insurgents.
The squadron also participated in the [Second Lebanon War](/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War "Second Lebanon War").
In March 2018, Israel's government confirmed that 253 Squadron, along with [69](/wiki/69_Squadron_%28Israel%29 "69 Squadron (Israel)") and [119 Squadrons](/wiki/119_Squadron_%28Israel%29 "119 Squadron (Israel)"), took part and successfully completed [Operation Orchard](/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box "Operation Outside the Box") on 6 September 2007, destroying the nuclear installations of Syria constructed with the help of North Korea.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ending\-a\-decade\-of\-silence\-israel\-reveals\-it\-blew\-up\-assads\-nuclear\-reactor/\|title\=Ending a decade of silence, Israel confirms it blew up Assad's nuclear reactor\|access\-date\=2018\-03\-21\|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"On 27 July 1976 the squadron was founded at [Hatzor Airbase](/wiki/Hatzor_Airbase \"Hatzor Airbase\") and were assigned [IAI Neshers](/wiki/IAI_Nesher \"IAI Nesher\").",
"In 4 June 1978, the 253 Squadron was told to retrain on the [Dassault Mirage III](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III \"Dassault Mirage III\") aircraft. Following the signage of the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty \"Egypt–Israel peace treaty\"), Israeli forces withdrew and had to abandon established bases in the area. The squadron's Mirages were relocated to a reserve squadron, with the 253 Squadron awaiting conversion to the F\\-16B *Netz,* later becoming the IDF's third F\\-16B squadron.",
"On October 1981, he squadron deployed to [Ramat David Airbase](/wiki/Ramat_David_Airbase \"Ramat David Airbase\"), before being transferred to [Ramon Airbase](/wiki/Ramon_Airbase \"Ramon Airbase\") in early 1982\\.",
"The squadron's aircraft were equipped with [guided bombs](/wiki/Guided_bomb \"Guided bomb\") beginning in 1994\\. The bombs saw operational use on 3 August 1995 during Operation Iron Eagle, with two of these guided bombs striking an observation tower manned by insurgents.",
"The squadron also participated in the [Second Lebanon War](/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War \"Second Lebanon War\").",
"In March 2018, Israel's government confirmed that 253 Squadron, along with [69](/wiki/69_Squadron_%28Israel%29 \"69 Squadron (Israel)\") and [119 Squadrons](/wiki/119_Squadron_%28Israel%29 \"119 Squadron (Israel)\"), took part and successfully completed [Operation Orchard](/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box \"Operation Outside the Box\") on 6 September 2007, destroying the nuclear installations of Syria constructed with the help of North Korea.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ending\\-a\\-decade\\-of\\-silence\\-israel\\-reveals\\-it\\-blew\\-up\\-assads\\-nuclear\\-reactor/\\|title\\=Ending a decade of silence, Israel confirms it blew up Assad's nuclear reactor\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-21\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Cousin of [Franco Delli Colli](/wiki/Franco_Delli_Colli "Franco Delli Colli"), Antonio (Tonino) Delli Colli was born in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), and began work at Rome's [Cinecittà](/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0 "Cinecittà") studio in [1938](/wiki/1938_in_film "1938 in film"), at the age of sixteen. By the mid\-1940s he was working as a cinematographer and in [1952](/wiki/1952_in_film "1952 in film") shot the first Italian film in colour, *[Totò a colori](/wiki/Tot%C3%B2_a_colori "Totò a colori")*. He went on to work with a number of acclaimed and diverse directors including, [Sergio Leone](/wiki/Sergio_Leone "Sergio Leone") (*[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly")*, *[Once Upon a Time in the West](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_West "Once Upon a Time in the West")* and *[Once Upon a Time in America](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America "Once Upon a Time in America")*), [Roman Polanski](/wiki/Roman_Polanski "Roman Polanski") (*[Death and the Maiden](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%281994_movie%29 "Death and the Maiden (1994 movie)")* and *[Bitter Moon](/wiki/Bitter_Moon "Bitter Moon")*), [Louis Malle](/wiki/Louis_Malle "Louis Malle") (*[Lacombe, Lucien](/wiki/Lacombe%2C_Lucien "Lacombe, Lucien")*), [Jean\-Jacques Annaud](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud "Jean-Jacques Annaud") (*[The Name of the Rose](/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_%28film%29 "The Name of the Rose (film)")*), and [Federico Fellini](/wiki/Federico_Fellini "Federico Fellini"), whose last three films he photographed.
His collaboration with [Pier Paolo Pasolini](/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini "Pier Paolo Pasolini") was especially fruitful: they made twelve films together, including Pasolini's debut *[Accattone](/wiki/Accattone "Accattone")* (1961\), *[Mamma Roma](/wiki/Mamma_Roma "Mamma Roma")* (1962\), *[The Gospel According to St. Matthew](/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_%28film%29 "The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)")* (1964\), *[The Decameron](/wiki/The_Decameron_%28movie%29 "The Decameron (movie)")* (1971\), *[The Canterbury Tales](/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales_%28movie%29 "The Canterbury Tales (movie)")* (1972\) and *[Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma](/wiki/Sal%C3%B2%2C_or_the_120_Days_of_Sodom "Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom")* (1976\).
Although Della Colli did not work regularly with Lina Wertmuller, his cinematography for Pasqualino Settebelleze (Seven Beauties) was a major career highlight.
His last film was [Roberto Benigni](/wiki/Roberto_Benigni "Roberto Benigni")'s *[Life Is Beautiful](/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful "Life Is Beautiful")* (1997\), for which he won his fourth [David di Donatello for Best Cinematography](/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Cinematography "David di Donatello for Best Cinematography"). In 2005 he was awarded the [American Society of Cinematographers](/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers "American Society of Cinematographers")' International Achievement Award. In August of the same year, he died at home in Rome.
Tonino Delli Colli died from a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction "Myocardial infarction") in 2005 at the age of 81 in Rome, Italy.
In 2005, Delli Colli was posthumously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 13th annual [Camerimage](/wiki/Camerimage "Camerimage") Film Festival in [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA "Łódź"), Poland.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Cousin of [Franco Delli Colli](/wiki/Franco_Delli_Colli \"Franco Delli Colli\"), Antonio (Tonino) Delli Colli was born in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), and began work at Rome's [Cinecittà](/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0 \"Cinecittà\") studio in [1938](/wiki/1938_in_film \"1938 in film\"), at the age of sixteen. By the mid\\-1940s he was working as a cinematographer and in [1952](/wiki/1952_in_film \"1952 in film\") shot the first Italian film in colour, *[Totò a colori](/wiki/Tot%C3%B2_a_colori \"Totò a colori\")*. He went on to work with a number of acclaimed and diverse directors including, [Sergio Leone](/wiki/Sergio_Leone \"Sergio Leone\") (*[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\")*, *[Once Upon a Time in the West](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_West \"Once Upon a Time in the West\")* and *[Once Upon a Time in America](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America \"Once Upon a Time in America\")*), [Roman Polanski](/wiki/Roman_Polanski \"Roman Polanski\") (*[Death and the Maiden](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%281994_movie%29 \"Death and the Maiden (1994 movie)\")* and *[Bitter Moon](/wiki/Bitter_Moon \"Bitter Moon\")*), [Louis Malle](/wiki/Louis_Malle \"Louis Malle\") (*[Lacombe, Lucien](/wiki/Lacombe%2C_Lucien \"Lacombe, Lucien\")*), [Jean\\-Jacques Annaud](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud \"Jean-Jacques Annaud\") (*[The Name of the Rose](/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_%28film%29 \"The Name of the Rose (film)\")*), and [Federico Fellini](/wiki/Federico_Fellini \"Federico Fellini\"), whose last three films he photographed.",
"His collaboration with [Pier Paolo Pasolini](/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini \"Pier Paolo Pasolini\") was especially fruitful: they made twelve films together, including Pasolini's debut *[Accattone](/wiki/Accattone \"Accattone\")* (1961\\), *[Mamma Roma](/wiki/Mamma_Roma \"Mamma Roma\")* (1962\\), *[The Gospel According to St. Matthew](/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_%28film%29 \"The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)\")* (1964\\), *[The Decameron](/wiki/The_Decameron_%28movie%29 \"The Decameron (movie)\")* (1971\\), *[The Canterbury Tales](/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales_%28movie%29 \"The Canterbury Tales (movie)\")* (1972\\) and *[Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma](/wiki/Sal%C3%B2%2C_or_the_120_Days_of_Sodom \"Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom\")* (1976\\).",
"Although Della Colli did not work regularly with Lina Wertmuller, his cinematography for Pasqualino Settebelleze (Seven Beauties) was a major career highlight.",
"His last film was [Roberto Benigni](/wiki/Roberto_Benigni \"Roberto Benigni\")'s *[Life Is Beautiful](/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful \"Life Is Beautiful\")* (1997\\), for which he won his fourth [David di Donatello for Best Cinematography](/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Cinematography \"David di Donatello for Best Cinematography\"). In 2005 he was awarded the [American Society of Cinematographers](/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers \"American Society of Cinematographers\")' International Achievement Award. In August of the same year, he died at home in Rome.",
"Tonino Delli Colli died from a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction \"Myocardial infarction\") in 2005 at the age of 81 in Rome, Italy.",
"In 2005, Delli Colli was posthumously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 13th annual [Camerimage](/wiki/Camerimage \"Camerimage\") Film Festival in [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Łódź\"), Poland.",
""
] |
Middle Ages
-----------
### Norman era
{{Main\|Bristol Castle}}
[thumb\|Bristol Castle, as depicted on James Millerd's 1673 map of Bristol](/wiki/File:Bristol_Castle_South_Prospect.jpg "Bristol Castle South Prospect.jpg")
At some time after the [Norman conquest of England](/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England "Norman conquest of England") in 1066 a [motte\-and\-bailey](/wiki/Motte-and-bailey "Motte-and-bailey") was erected on the present site of [Castle Park](/wiki/Castle_Park%2C_Bristol%23Parks_close_to_the_city_centre "Castle Park, Bristol#Parks close to the city centre").{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/castle.shtml
\|title\=Bristol Past: Bristol Castle
\|publisher\=buildinghistory.org
\|date\=May 2005
\|access\-date\=14 April 2009
\|last\=Manco
\|first\=Jean
\|archive\-date\=15 June 2008
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615133941/http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/castle.shtml
}} Bristol was held by [Geoffrey de Montbray](/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Montbray "Geoffrey de Montbray"), [Bishop of Countances](/wiki/Bishop_of_Coutances "Bishop of Coutances"), one of the [knights](/wiki/Knights "Knights") who accompanied [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_I_of_England "William I of England"). William ordered stone castles to be built so it is likely that the first parts of [Bristol Castle](/wiki/Bristol_Castle "Bristol Castle") were built by Geoffrey in his reign. After the Conqueror's death (1087\), Geoffrey joined the rebellion against [William Rufus](/wiki/William_II_of_England "William II of England").{{cite web\|title\=Parishes: Chellington', A History of the County of Bedford: Volume 3\|year\=1912\|pages\=54–56\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=42381\|access\-date\=6 June 2009}} Using Bristol as his headquarters, he burned [Bath](/wiki/Bath%2C_Somerset "Bath, Somerset") and ravaged [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset "Somerset")
{{cite web
\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/bristolhistorica00harv/bristolhistorica00harv\_djvu.txt
\|title\=Bristol, a historical and topographical account of the city
\|year\=1906
\|page\=22
\|access\-date\=6 June 2009
\|last\=Harvey
\|first\=Alfred
}}
before submitting to Rufus. He eventually returned to Normandy and died at Coutances in 1093\.
{{cite EB1911
\|wstitle\=Geoffrey De Montbray
\|page\=616
\|volume\=11
\|first\=John Horace
\|last\=Round
}}
Rufus created the Honour of Gloucester, which included Bristol, from his mother [Queen Matilda](/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders "Matilda of Flanders")'s estates and granted it to [Robert Fitzhamon](/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon "Robert Fitzhamon").
{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=108163\&strquery\=bristol%20castle
\|title\=Bristol Town Duties: Chapter 1 – Origins of the grant of the town of Bristol
\|publisher\=British History Online
\|year\=1828
\|access\-date\=6 June 2009
\|last\=Bush
\|first\=Henry
}}
Fitzhamon enlarged and strengthened Bristol castle and in the latter years of the 11th century conquered and subdued much of south and west Wales. His daughter Mabel was married in 1114 to [Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England "Henry I of England")'s bastard son [Robert of Caen](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester "Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester"). Her dowry was a large part of her father's Gloucestershire and Welsh estate and Robert of Caen became the first Earl of Gloucester, c. 1122\. He is believed to have been responsible for completing Bristol castle.
In 1135 Henry I died and the Earl of Gloucester rallied to the support of his sister [Matilda](/wiki/Empress_Matilda "Empress Matilda") against [Stephen of Blois](/wiki/Stephen_of_Blois "Stephen of Blois") who had seized the throne on Henry's death. Stephen attempted to lay siege to Robert at Bristol in 1138 but gave up the attempt as the castle appeared impregnable.{{cite book \|last\=Potter \|first\=K.R. \|author2\=R.H.C. Davis \|title\=Gesta Stephani (Oxford Medieval Texts) (pp. 37–38, 43–44\.)\|year\=1976 \|publisher\=Clarendon Press \|location\=Oxford \|isbn\=0\-19\-822234\-3 }} When Stephen was captured in 1141 he was imprisoned in the castle,{{cite book \|last\=Potter \|first\=K.R.\|title\=William of Malmesbury – Historia Novella: The Contemporary History (Oxford Medieval Texts) (p. 50\) \|year\=1998 \|publisher\=Clarendon Press \|location\=Oxford \|isbn\=0\-19\-820192\-3 }} but when Robert was captured by Stephen's forces, Matilda was forced to exchange Stephen for Robert. Her son Henry, later to become [Henry II of England](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England "Henry II of England"), was kept safe in the castle, guarded and educated by his uncle Robert. The castle was later taken into royal hands,{{cite book \|last\=Sharp \|first\=Margaret \|title\=Accounts of the Constables of Bristol Castle in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries (p. xviii.)\|year\=1982 \|publisher\=Bristol Record Society }} and [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_England "Henry III of England") spent lavishly on it, adding a [barbican](/wiki/Barbican "Barbican") before the main west gate, a gate tower, and magnificent hall.{{cite book \|last\=Colvin \|first\=H.M. \|title\=Building Accounts of Henry III \|year\=1971 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|location\=Oxford \|isbn\=0\-19\-920013\-0 }} The castle was also used to imprison [Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany](/wiki/Eleanor%2C_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany "Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany") from 1224, under relatively comfortable conditions, almost to her death in 1241\.
The Earl of Gloucester had founded the Benedictine priory of [St James](/wiki/St_James%27_Priory%2C_Bristol "St James' Priory, Bristol") in 1137\.{{cite book\|title\=A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2\|editor\=William Page\|publisher\=British History Online\|year\=1907\|series\=Victoria County History\|pages\=74–75\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=40272\|access\-date\=1 October 2010\|isbn\=1\-152\-30039\-3}} In 1140 [St Augustine's Abbey](/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey%2C_Bristol "St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol") was founded by [Robert Fitzharding](/wiki/Robert_Fitzharding "Robert Fitzharding"), a wealthy Bristolian who had loyally supported the Earl and Matilda in the war. As a reward for this support he would later be made Lord of [Berkeley](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_Gloucestershire "Berkeley, Gloucestershire"). The abbey was a monastery of Augustinian [canons](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 "Canon (priest)"). In 1148 the abbey church was dedicated by the bishops of Exeter, Llandaff, and St. Asaph, and during Fitzharding's lifetime the abbey also built the [chapter house](/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral%23Chapter_House "Bristol Cathedral#Chapter House") and [gatehouse](/wiki/The_Great_Gatehouse "The Great Gatehouse").{{cite book\|title\=A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2\|editor\=William Page\|publisher\=British History Online\|year\=1907\|series\=Victoria County History\|pages\=75–79\|url\=http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\=40273\|access\-date\=1 October 2010\|isbn\=1\-152\-30039\-3}}{{Cite book \| last\=Gomme \| first\=A. \|author2\=Jenner, M. \|author3\=Little, B. \| title\=Bristol: an architectural history \| publisher\=Lund Humphries \| location\=London \| year\=1979 \| pages\=16–18 \| isbn\=0\-85331\-409\-8 }}
In 1172, following the subjugation of the *[Pale](/wiki/The_Pale "The Pale")* in Ireland, Henry II gave Bristolians the right to reside in and trade from Dublin.{{cite book\|last\=Kilfeather\|first\=Siobhán Marie\|title\=Dublin\|publisher\=Oxford University Press, US\|year\=2005\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/dublinculturalhi00kilf/page/25 25]\|quote\=In 1171–72 Henry II gave Dublin to the citizens of Bristol, which meant the Bristol merchants were entrusted with the process of colonization.\| isbn\=978\-0\-19\-518201\-9\|url\=https://archive.org/details/dublinculturalhi00kilf\|url\-access\=registration\|access\-date\=16 April 2009}}
The medieval [Jewish](/wiki/Jews "Jews") community of Bristol was one of the smaller communities in England.[Michael Adler, 'The Jews of Bristol in pre\-expulsion days', *Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England*, 12 (1931 for 1928\-1931\) pp. 174\-86\.](https://archive.org/details/adler-jews-of-bristol/page/174/mode/2up) The Jews of Bristol were accused in a [blood libel](/wiki/Blood_libel "Blood libel") in 1183, but not many details are known. At the end of the 12th century, an [archa](http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1727-archa) was established in the city, without which Jews would not have been legally allowed to conduct business. In 1210, all Jewish householders in England were imprisoned in Bristol and a hefty levy of 60,000 or 66,000 marks was imposed on them. During the [Second Barons' War](/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War "Second Barons' War"), the city's archa was burned and the Jewish community was violently attacked. There was another attack in 1275, but without fatalities. The community was [expelled](/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion "Edict of Expulsion") with the rest of England's Jews in 1290\.{{cite web \|title\=The Jewish Community of Bristol \|url\=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/bristol \|publisher\=\[\[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] \|access\-date\=2 July 2018 \|archive\-date\=2 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175707/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/bristol \|url\-status\=dead }} There is a surviving Jewish ritual bath, from this time period now known as [Jacob's Well](/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well%2C_Bristol "Jacob's Well, Bristol").{{cite journal\|last\=Emanuel \|first\=R.R. \|author2\=Ponsford, M.W. \|year\=1994 \|title\=Jacob's Well, Bristol, Britain's only known medieval Jewish Ritual Bath (Mikveh) \|journal\=Transactions \|publisher\=Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society \|location\=Bristol \|volume\=112 \|pages\=73–86 \|url\=http://www2\.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v112/bg112073\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004203038/http://www2\.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v112/bg112073\.pdf \|archive\-date\= 4 October 2011 }} First interpreted as a [mikveh](/wiki/Mikveh "Mikveh"), this was subsequently re\-evaluated as a Bet Tohorah, associated with the nearby Jewish cemetery at [Jews Acre](/wiki/Jews_Acre%2C_Bristol "Jews Acre, Bristol").I. Blair, J. Hillaby, I. Howell, R. Sermon and B. Watson, 'The discovery of two medieval mikva'ot in London and a reinterpretation of the Bristol "mikveh"', *Jewish Historical Studies* (Jewish Historical Society of England) **37** (2001\) 15\-40\. The argument was further elaborated in 2004: [J. Hillaby and R. Sermon, Jacob's Well, Bristol: Mikveh or Bet Tohorah?, *Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society* 122 (2004\) 127–152](https://www.bgas.org.uk/tbgas_bg/v122/bg122127.pdf)
### Later Middle Ages
[thumb\|left\|[Church of St John the Baptist](/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Bristol "Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol") with the tower over the city gateway](/wiki/File:Stjohnbristol.jpg "Stjohnbristol.jpg")
By the 13th century Bristol had become a busy port. Woollen cloth became its main export during the fourteenth to fifteenth century, while wine from [Gascony](/wiki/Gascony "Gascony") and [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), was the principal import. In addition the town conducted an extensive trade with the Anglo\-Irish ports of southern Ireland, such as Waterford and Cork, as well as with Portugal.E.M. Carus Wilson, 'The overseas trade of Bristol' in E. Power \& M.M. Postan (eds.), *Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century* (London, 1933\) From about 1420–1480 the port also traded with Iceland, from which it imported a type of freeze\-dried cod called 'stockfish'.E.M. Carus\-Wilson, 'The Iceland trade' in E. Power \& M.M. Postan (eds.), Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933\)
In 1147 Bristol men and ships had assisted in the [siege of Lisbon](/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon "Siege of Lisbon"), which led to that city's recapture from the [Moors](/wiki/Moors "Moors").{{cite book\|last\=Tyerman\|first\=Christopher\|author\-link \= Christopher Tyerman\|title\=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588\|publisher\=Chicago University Press\|location\=Chicago\|date\=1 October 1988\|page\=182\|isbn\=978\-0\-226\-82012\-5\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PUh78EOLB7IC\&q\=bristol\+siege\+of\+lisbon\&pg\=PA182}} A stone bridge was built across the [Avon](/wiki/River_Avon_%28Bristol%29 "River Avon (Bristol)"), c. 1247 and between the years of 1240 and 1247 a *Great Ditch* was constructed in St Augustine's Marsh to straighten out the course of the [River Frome](/wiki/River_Frome%2C_Bristol "River Frome, Bristol") and provide more space for berthing ships.
{{cite web
\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/bristolhistorica00harv/bristolhistorica00harv\_djvu.txt
\|title\=Bristol, a historical and topographical account of the city
\|year\=1906
\|pages\=30–31
\|access\-date\=6 June 2009
\|last\=Harvey
\|first\=Alfred
}}
[Redcliffe](/wiki/Redcliffe%2C_Bristol "Redcliffe, Bristol") and [Bedminster](/wiki/Bedminster%2C_Bristol "Bedminster, Bristol") were incorporated into the city in 1373\. [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III_of_England "Edward III of England") proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset and be in all things exempt both by land by sea, and that it should be a county by itself, to be called the county of Bristol in perpetuity."{{cite book\|last\=Myers\|first\=Alec Reginald\|author2\=Douglas, David Charles\|title\=English Historical Documents 1327–1485\|publisher\=Routledge\|year\=1996\|page\=560\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jRsLUVOCqbkC\|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-14369\-1}} This meant that disputes could be settled in courts in Bristol rather than at Gloucester, or at [Ilminster](/wiki/Ilminster "Ilminster") for areas south of the Avon which had been part of Somerset. The city walls extended into Redcliffe and across the eastern part of the march which now became the *Town Marsh*. The major surviving part of the walls is visible adjacent to the only remaining gateway under the tower of the [Church of St John the Baptist](/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Bristol "Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol").{{cite book \|last\=Burrough \|first\=T.H.B. \|title\=Bristol \|year\=1970 \|publisher\=Studio Vista \|location\=London \|isbn\=0\-289\-79804\-3 }}
By the mid\-14th century Bristol is considered to have been England's third\-largest town (after London and [York](/wiki/York "York")), with an estimated 15–20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") of 1348–49\. The plague inflicted a prolonged demographic setback, with the population estimated at between 10,000 and 12,000 during the 15th and 16th centuries.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.discoverbristol.co.uk/bristol\-history
\|title\=Discover Bristol
\|publisher\=Bristol Tourist Information
\|access\-date\=4 April 2012
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505142934/http://www.discoverbristol.co.uk/bristol\-history
\|archive\-date\=5 May 2014
}}
One of the first great merchants of Bristol was [William Canynge](/wiki/William_Canynge "William Canynge"). Born c. 1399, he was five times mayor of the town{{cite web\|title\=Merchant benefactor\|url\=http://www.stmaryredcliffe.co.uk/william\-canynges.html\|publisher\=St Mary Redcliffe\|access\-date\=7 November 2017}} and twice represented it as an [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29%23United_Kingdom "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)#United Kingdom"). He is said to have owned ten ships and employed over 800 sailors.
{{cite EB1911
\|volume\=5
\|wstitle\=Canynges, William
\|page\=223
}}
In later life he became a priest and spent a considerable part of his fortune in rebuilding [St Mary Redcliffe](/wiki/St_Mary_Redcliffe "St Mary Redcliffe") church, which had been severely damaged by lightning in 1446\.
{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bristol/hi/people\_and\_places/religion\_and\_ethics/newsid\_7684000/7684711\.stm
\|title\=BBC – Bristol – The church of St Mary Redcliffe
\|publisher\=news.bbc.co.uk
\|access\-date\=14 April 2009
\|date\=22 October 2008}}
[thumb\|Bristol's overseas trade as recorded in 1492/3 customs accounts.](/wiki/File:Bristol_trade_routes1492.png "Bristol trade routes1492.png")
The end of the [Hundred Years War](/wiki/Hundred_Years_War "Hundred Years War") in 1453 meant that Britain, and thus Bristol, lost its access to Gascon wines and so imports of Spanish and Portuguese wines increased.{{cite journal\|last\=Fleming\|first\=Peter\|year\=1998\|title\=Bristol in the 1490s\|journal\=Regional Historian\|location\=Bristol\|issue\=2\|url\=http://www2\.uwe.ac.uk/faculties/CAHE/Documents/Research/Regional\-history/RH2Fleming.pdf\|access\-date\=7 November 2017}} Imports from Ireland included fish, hides and cloth (probably linen). Exports to Ireland included broadcloth, foodstuffs, clothing and metals.
{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/Ireland/research.htm
\|title\=Ireland\-Bristol Trade in Sixteenth century – Research
\|publisher\=\[\[University of Bristol]]
\|access\-date\=16 April 2009
\|last1\=Jones
\|first1\=Evan
\|last2\=Flavin
\|first2\=Susan
}}
It has been suggested that the decline of Bristol's Iceland trade for 'stockfish' (freeze dried cod) was a hard blow to the local economy, encouraging Bristol merchants to turn west, launching unsuccessful voyages of exploration in the Atlantic by 1480 in search of the [phantom island](/wiki/Phantom_island "Phantom island") of [Hy\-Brazil](/wiki/Brasil_%28mythical_island%29 "Brasil (mythical island)").David Beers Quinn, *England and the Discovery of America, 1480–1620* (London, 1974\), pp. 47–50\. More recent research, however, has shown that the Iceland trade was never more than a minor part of Bristol's overseas trade and that the English fisheries off Iceland actually increased during the late 15th and 16th centuries.{{cite book \|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Evan T. \|year\=2000 \|chapter\=England's Icelandic fishery in the Early Modern period \|chapter\-url\=http://research\-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/3000424/IcelandicFishery2006\.pdf \|editor1\-last\=Starkey \|editor1\-first\=D. \|editor2\-last\=Reid \|editor2\-first\=C. \|editor3\-last\=Ashcroft \|editor3\-first\=N. \|title\=England's Sea Fisheries: The Commercial Fisheries of England and Wales since 1300 \|publisher\=Chatham Publishing \|pages\=105–110 \|isbn\=1\-86176\-124\-4 }} In 1487, when king [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England "Henry VII of England") visited the city, the inhabitants complained about their economic decline. Such complaints, however, were not uncommon among corporations that wished to avoid paying taxes, or which hoped to secure concessions from the Crown. In reality, Bristol's customs accounts show that the port's trade was growing strongly during the last two decades of the fifteenth century.E.M. Carus\-Wilson, and Olive Coleman, *England's Export Trade 1275–1547* (Oxford, 1963\), pp. 142–43\.David Harris Sacks, *The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450–1700* (University of California Press, 1991\), pp. 21–24\. In great part this was due to the increase of trade with Spain.Wendy R. Childs, *Anglo\-Castilian Trade in the Later Middle Ages* (Manchester, 1978\)Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon, *[Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480–1508](http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/cabot/cabot-and-bristols-age-of-discovery/)* (University of Bristol, Nov. 2016\), pp. 37–38\.
[thumb\|left\|The map of Bristol in *[The Maire of Bristowe is Kalendar](/wiki/The_Maire_of_Bristowe_is_Kalendar "The Maire of Bristowe is Kalendar")*. This was drawn by Robert Ricart after he became the common clerk of the town in 1478\. His drawing was the first such plan of an English town.{{citation \| url\=http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/ricart.shtml \| title\=Ricart's View of Bristol \| author\=Jean Manco \| journal\=Bristol Magazine \| year\=2006\|access\-date\=4 April 2012}}](/wiki/File:Robert_Ricart%27s_map_of_Bristol.png "Robert Ricart's map of Bristol.png")
### Exploration
In 1497 Bristol was the starting point for [John Cabot](/wiki/John_Cabot "John Cabot")'s voyage of exploration to North America. For many years Bristol merchants had bought freeze\-dried cod, called [stockfish](/wiki/Stockfish "Stockfish"), from Iceland for consumption in England. However the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League"), which was trying to control North Atlantic trade at this time, sought to cut off supplies to English merchants.E.M. Carus\-Wilson, 'The Iceland trade' in E. Power \& M.M. Postan (eds.), *Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century* (London, 1933\) It has often been suggested that this drove Bristol's merchants to look West for new sources of cod fish. On the other hand, while Bristol merchants did largely abandon Iceland in the late\-15th century, Hull merchants continued to trade there.W.R. Childs, 'England's Icelandic trade in the fifteenth century: The role of the port of Hull' *Northern Seas* (1995\) Moreover, recent research has shown that England's fisheries off Iceland actually grew significantly from the 1490s, albeit the centre for this activity shifted from Bristol to East Anglia. This makes it hard to sustain the argument that Bristol merchants were somehow 'pushed out' of Iceland.
In 1481 two local men, Thomas Croft and John Jay, sent off ships looking for the mythical island of *[Hy\-Brasil](/wiki/Brazil_%28mythical_island%29 "Brazil (mythical island)")*. There was no mention of the island being discovered but Croft was prosecuted for illegal exports of salt, on the grounds that, as a customs officer, he should not have engaged in trade.J.A. Williamson, *The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII* (Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 120, CUP, 1962\), p. 20 Professor David Beers Quinn, whose theories form the basis for a variety of popular histories, suggested that the explorers may have discovered the [Grand Banks](/wiki/Grand_Banks "Grand Banks") off [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 "Newfoundland (island)"), waters rich in cod.D.B. Quinn, *England and the Discovery of America, 1481–1620* (London, 1974\)
[John Cabot](/wiki/John_Cabot "John Cabot") was sponsored by [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England "Henry VII of England") on his voyage in 1497, looking for a new route to the Orient. Having discovered North America instead, on his return Cabot spoke of the great quantities of cod to be found near the new land.[Letter: Raimondo de Raimondi de Soncino, Milanese Ambassador in England, to Ludvico Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, 18 December 1497](http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1497soncino.htm) In 1498 Cabot set sail again from Bristol with an expedition of five ships and is believed to have never returned from this voyage, although recent research conducted at the [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"), suggests that he might have.{{cite book\|last1\=Jones\|first1\=Evan T.\|last2\=Condon\|first2\=Margaret M.\|title\=Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480–1508\|date\=2016\|publisher\=Cabot Project Publications\|isbn\=978\-0\-9956193\-0\-2}}
From 1499 to 1508 a number of other expeditions were launched from Bristol to the 'New found land', the earliest being undertaken by [William Weston](/wiki/William_Weston_%28explorer%29 "William Weston (explorer)").{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1468\-2281\.2009\.00519\.x \| volume\=83 \| title\=Henry VII and the Bristol expeditions to North America: the Condon documents \| year\=2009 \| journal\=Historical Research \| pages\=444–454 \| last1 \= Jones \| first1 \= Evan T.\| issue\=221 \| doi\-access\= }} One of these, led by John Cabot's son, [Sebastian Cabot](/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_%28explorer%29 "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)"), explored down the coast of North America until he was 'almost in the latitude of Gibraltar' and 'almost the longitude of Cuba'. This would suggest that he reached as far as the [Chesapeake](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay"), close to what is now Washington D.C.J.A. Williamson, *The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII* (Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 120, Cambridge University Press, 1962\), pp. 266–69\.
|
[
"Middle Ages\n-----------",
"### Norman era",
"{{Main\\|Bristol Castle}}",
"[thumb\\|Bristol Castle, as depicted on James Millerd's 1673 map of Bristol](/wiki/File:Bristol_Castle_South_Prospect.jpg \"Bristol Castle South Prospect.jpg\")",
"At some time after the [Norman conquest of England](/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England \"Norman conquest of England\") in 1066 a [motte\\-and\\-bailey](/wiki/Motte-and-bailey \"Motte-and-bailey\") was erected on the present site of [Castle Park](/wiki/Castle_Park%2C_Bristol%23Parks_close_to_the_city_centre \"Castle Park, Bristol#Parks close to the city centre\").{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/castle.shtml\n\\|title\\=Bristol Past: Bristol Castle\n\\|publisher\\=buildinghistory.org\n\\|date\\=May 2005\n\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2009\n\\|last\\=Manco\n\\|first\\=Jean\n\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2008\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615133941/http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/castle.shtml\n}} Bristol was held by [Geoffrey de Montbray](/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Montbray \"Geoffrey de Montbray\"), [Bishop of Countances](/wiki/Bishop_of_Coutances \"Bishop of Coutances\"), one of the [knights](/wiki/Knights \"Knights\") who accompanied [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_I_of_England \"William I of England\"). William ordered stone castles to be built so it is likely that the first parts of [Bristol Castle](/wiki/Bristol_Castle \"Bristol Castle\") were built by Geoffrey in his reign. After the Conqueror's death (1087\\), Geoffrey joined the rebellion against [William Rufus](/wiki/William_II_of_England \"William II of England\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Parishes: Chellington', A History of the County of Bedford: Volume 3\\|year\\=1912\\|pages\\=54–56\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=42381\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2009}} Using Bristol as his headquarters, he burned [Bath](/wiki/Bath%2C_Somerset \"Bath, Somerset\") and ravaged [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset \"Somerset\")\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/bristolhistorica00harv/bristolhistorica00harv\\_djvu.txt\n\\|title\\=Bristol, a historical and topographical account of the city\n\\|year\\=1906\n\\|page\\=22\n\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2009\n\\|last\\=Harvey\n\\|first\\=Alfred\n}}\n before submitting to Rufus. He eventually returned to Normandy and died at Coutances in 1093\\.\n{{cite EB1911\n\\|wstitle\\=Geoffrey De Montbray\n\\|page\\=616\n\\|volume\\=11\n\\|first\\=John Horace\n\\|last\\=Round\n}}",
"",
"Rufus created the Honour of Gloucester, which included Bristol, from his mother [Queen Matilda](/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders \"Matilda of Flanders\")'s estates and granted it to [Robert Fitzhamon](/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon \"Robert Fitzhamon\").\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=108163\\&strquery\\=bristol%20castle\n\\|title\\=Bristol Town Duties: Chapter 1 – Origins of the grant of the town of Bristol\n\\|publisher\\=British History Online\n\\|year\\=1828\n\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2009\n\\|last\\=Bush\n\\|first\\=Henry\n}}\n Fitzhamon enlarged and strengthened Bristol castle and in the latter years of the 11th century conquered and subdued much of south and west Wales. His daughter Mabel was married in 1114 to [Henry I](/wiki/Henry_I_of_England \"Henry I of England\")'s bastard son [Robert of Caen](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester \"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester\"). Her dowry was a large part of her father's Gloucestershire and Welsh estate and Robert of Caen became the first Earl of Gloucester, c. 1122\\. He is believed to have been responsible for completing Bristol castle.",
"In 1135 Henry I died and the Earl of Gloucester rallied to the support of his sister [Matilda](/wiki/Empress_Matilda \"Empress Matilda\") against [Stephen of Blois](/wiki/Stephen_of_Blois \"Stephen of Blois\") who had seized the throne on Henry's death. Stephen attempted to lay siege to Robert at Bristol in 1138 but gave up the attempt as the castle appeared impregnable.{{cite book \\|last\\=Potter \\|first\\=K.R. \\|author2\\=R.H.C. Davis \\|title\\=Gesta Stephani (Oxford Medieval Texts) (pp. 37–38, 43–44\\.)\\|year\\=1976 \\|publisher\\=Clarendon Press \\|location\\=Oxford \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-822234\\-3 }} When Stephen was captured in 1141 he was imprisoned in the castle,{{cite book \\|last\\=Potter \\|first\\=K.R.\\|title\\=William of Malmesbury – Historia Novella: The Contemporary History (Oxford Medieval Texts) (p. 50\\) \\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Clarendon Press \\|location\\=Oxford \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-820192\\-3 }} but when Robert was captured by Stephen's forces, Matilda was forced to exchange Stephen for Robert. Her son Henry, later to become [Henry II of England](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England \"Henry II of England\"), was kept safe in the castle, guarded and educated by his uncle Robert. The castle was later taken into royal hands,{{cite book \\|last\\=Sharp \\|first\\=Margaret \\|title\\=Accounts of the Constables of Bristol Castle in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries (p. xviii.)\\|year\\=1982 \\|publisher\\=Bristol Record Society }} and [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_England \"Henry III of England\") spent lavishly on it, adding a [barbican](/wiki/Barbican \"Barbican\") before the main west gate, a gate tower, and magnificent hall.{{cite book \\|last\\=Colvin \\|first\\=H.M. \\|title\\=Building Accounts of Henry III \\|year\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|location\\=Oxford \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-920013\\-0 }} The castle was also used to imprison [Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany](/wiki/Eleanor%2C_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany \"Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany\") from 1224, under relatively comfortable conditions, almost to her death in 1241\\.",
"The Earl of Gloucester had founded the Benedictine priory of [St James](/wiki/St_James%27_Priory%2C_Bristol \"St James' Priory, Bristol\") in 1137\\.{{cite book\\|title\\=A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2\\|editor\\=William Page\\|publisher\\=British History Online\\|year\\=1907\\|series\\=Victoria County History\\|pages\\=74–75\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=40272\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2010\\|isbn\\=1\\-152\\-30039\\-3}} In 1140 [St Augustine's Abbey](/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey%2C_Bristol \"St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol\") was founded by [Robert Fitzharding](/wiki/Robert_Fitzharding \"Robert Fitzharding\"), a wealthy Bristolian who had loyally supported the Earl and Matilda in the war. As a reward for this support he would later be made Lord of [Berkeley](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_Gloucestershire \"Berkeley, Gloucestershire\"). The abbey was a monastery of Augustinian [canons](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 \"Canon (priest)\"). In 1148 the abbey church was dedicated by the bishops of Exeter, Llandaff, and St. Asaph, and during Fitzharding's lifetime the abbey also built the [chapter house](/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral%23Chapter_House \"Bristol Cathedral#Chapter House\") and [gatehouse](/wiki/The_Great_Gatehouse \"The Great Gatehouse\").{{cite book\\|title\\=A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2\\|editor\\=William Page\\|publisher\\=British History Online\\|year\\=1907\\|series\\=Victoria County History\\|pages\\=75–79\\|url\\=http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid\\=40273\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2010\\|isbn\\=1\\-152\\-30039\\-3}}{{Cite book \\| last\\=Gomme \\| first\\=A. \\|author2\\=Jenner, M. \\|author3\\=Little, B. \\| title\\=Bristol: an architectural history \\| publisher\\=Lund Humphries \\| location\\=London \\| year\\=1979 \\| pages\\=16–18 \\| isbn\\=0\\-85331\\-409\\-8 }}",
"In 1172, following the subjugation of the *[Pale](/wiki/The_Pale \"The Pale\")* in Ireland, Henry II gave Bristolians the right to reside in and trade from Dublin.{{cite book\\|last\\=Kilfeather\\|first\\=Siobhán Marie\\|title\\=Dublin\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press, US\\|year\\=2005\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/dublinculturalhi00kilf/page/25 25]\\|quote\\=In 1171–72 Henry II gave Dublin to the citizens of Bristol, which meant the Bristol merchants were entrusted with the process of colonization.\\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-518201\\-9\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/dublinculturalhi00kilf\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2009}}",
"The medieval [Jewish](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") community of Bristol was one of the smaller communities in England.[Michael Adler, 'The Jews of Bristol in pre\\-expulsion days', *Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England*, 12 (1931 for 1928\\-1931\\) pp. 174\\-86\\.](https://archive.org/details/adler-jews-of-bristol/page/174/mode/2up) The Jews of Bristol were accused in a [blood libel](/wiki/Blood_libel \"Blood libel\") in 1183, but not many details are known. At the end of the 12th century, an [archa](http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1727-archa) was established in the city, without which Jews would not have been legally allowed to conduct business. In 1210, all Jewish householders in England were imprisoned in Bristol and a hefty levy of 60,000 or 66,000 marks was imposed on them. During the [Second Barons' War](/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War \"Second Barons' War\"), the city's archa was burned and the Jewish community was violently attacked. There was another attack in 1275, but without fatalities. The community was [expelled](/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion \"Edict of Expulsion\") with the rest of England's Jews in 1290\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Jewish Community of Bristol \\|url\\=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/bristol \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]] \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175707/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/bristol \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} There is a surviving Jewish ritual bath, from this time period now known as [Jacob's Well](/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well%2C_Bristol \"Jacob's Well, Bristol\").{{cite journal\\|last\\=Emanuel \\|first\\=R.R. \\|author2\\=Ponsford, M.W. \\|year\\=1994 \\|title\\=Jacob's Well, Bristol, Britain's only known medieval Jewish Ritual Bath (Mikveh) \\|journal\\=Transactions \\|publisher\\=Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society \\|location\\=Bristol \\|volume\\=112 \\|pages\\=73–86 \\|url\\=http://www2\\.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v112/bg112073\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004203038/http://www2\\.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v112/bg112073\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\= 4 October 2011 }} First interpreted as a [mikveh](/wiki/Mikveh \"Mikveh\"), this was subsequently re\\-evaluated as a Bet Tohorah, associated with the nearby Jewish cemetery at [Jews Acre](/wiki/Jews_Acre%2C_Bristol \"Jews Acre, Bristol\").I. Blair, J. Hillaby, I. Howell, R. Sermon and B. Watson, 'The discovery of two medieval mikva'ot in London and a reinterpretation of the Bristol \"mikveh\"', *Jewish Historical Studies* (Jewish Historical Society of England) **37** (2001\\) 15\\-40\\. The argument was further elaborated in 2004: [J. Hillaby and R. Sermon, Jacob's Well, Bristol: Mikveh or Bet Tohorah?, *Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society* 122 (2004\\) 127–152](https://www.bgas.org.uk/tbgas_bg/v122/bg122127.pdf)",
"### Later Middle Ages",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Church of St John the Baptist](/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Bristol \"Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol\") with the tower over the city gateway](/wiki/File:Stjohnbristol.jpg \"Stjohnbristol.jpg\")",
"By the 13th century Bristol had become a busy port. Woollen cloth became its main export during the fourteenth to fifteenth century, while wine from [Gascony](/wiki/Gascony \"Gascony\") and [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\"), was the principal import. In addition the town conducted an extensive trade with the Anglo\\-Irish ports of southern Ireland, such as Waterford and Cork, as well as with Portugal.E.M. Carus Wilson, 'The overseas trade of Bristol' in E. Power \\& M.M. Postan (eds.), *Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century* (London, 1933\\) From about 1420–1480 the port also traded with Iceland, from which it imported a type of freeze\\-dried cod called 'stockfish'.E.M. Carus\\-Wilson, 'The Iceland trade' in E. Power \\& M.M. Postan (eds.), Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933\\)",
"In 1147 Bristol men and ships had assisted in the [siege of Lisbon](/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon \"Siege of Lisbon\"), which led to that city's recapture from the [Moors](/wiki/Moors \"Moors\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Tyerman\\|first\\=Christopher\\|author\\-link \\= Christopher Tyerman\\|title\\=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588\\|publisher\\=Chicago University Press\\|location\\=Chicago\\|date\\=1 October 1988\\|page\\=182\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-226\\-82012\\-5\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PUh78EOLB7IC\\&q\\=bristol\\+siege\\+of\\+lisbon\\&pg\\=PA182}} A stone bridge was built across the [Avon](/wiki/River_Avon_%28Bristol%29 \"River Avon (Bristol)\"), c. 1247 and between the years of 1240 and 1247 a *Great Ditch* was constructed in St Augustine's Marsh to straighten out the course of the [River Frome](/wiki/River_Frome%2C_Bristol \"River Frome, Bristol\") and provide more space for berthing ships.\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/bristolhistorica00harv/bristolhistorica00harv\\_djvu.txt\n\\|title\\=Bristol, a historical and topographical account of the city\n\\|year\\=1906\n\\|pages\\=30–31\n\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2009\n\\|last\\=Harvey\n\\|first\\=Alfred\n}}",
"",
"[Redcliffe](/wiki/Redcliffe%2C_Bristol \"Redcliffe, Bristol\") and [Bedminster](/wiki/Bedminster%2C_Bristol \"Bedminster, Bristol\") were incorporated into the city in 1373\\. [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III_of_England \"Edward III of England\") proclaimed \"that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset and be in all things exempt both by land by sea, and that it should be a county by itself, to be called the county of Bristol in perpetuity.\"{{cite book\\|last\\=Myers\\|first\\=Alec Reginald\\|author2\\=Douglas, David Charles\\|title\\=English Historical Documents 1327–1485\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|year\\=1996\\|page\\=560\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jRsLUVOCqbkC\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-14369\\-1}} This meant that disputes could be settled in courts in Bristol rather than at Gloucester, or at [Ilminster](/wiki/Ilminster \"Ilminster\") for areas south of the Avon which had been part of Somerset. The city walls extended into Redcliffe and across the eastern part of the march which now became the *Town Marsh*. The major surviving part of the walls is visible adjacent to the only remaining gateway under the tower of the [Church of St John the Baptist](/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Bristol \"Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Burrough \\|first\\=T.H.B. \\|title\\=Bristol \\|year\\=1970 \\|publisher\\=Studio Vista \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=0\\-289\\-79804\\-3 }}",
"By the mid\\-14th century Bristol is considered to have been England's third\\-largest town (after London and [York](/wiki/York \"York\")), with an estimated 15–20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\") of 1348–49\\. The plague inflicted a prolonged demographic setback, with the population estimated at between 10,000 and 12,000 during the 15th and 16th centuries.{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.discoverbristol.co.uk/bristol\\-history\n\\|title\\=Discover Bristol\n\\|publisher\\=Bristol Tourist Information\n\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2012\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505142934/http://www.discoverbristol.co.uk/bristol\\-history\n\\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2014\n}}",
"One of the first great merchants of Bristol was [William Canynge](/wiki/William_Canynge \"William Canynge\"). Born c. 1399, he was five times mayor of the town{{cite web\\|title\\=Merchant benefactor\\|url\\=http://www.stmaryredcliffe.co.uk/william\\-canynges.html\\|publisher\\=St Mary Redcliffe\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2017}} and twice represented it as an [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29%23United_Kingdom \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)#United Kingdom\"). He is said to have owned ten ships and employed over 800 sailors.\n{{cite EB1911\n\\|volume\\=5\n\\|wstitle\\=Canynges, William\n\\|page\\=223\n}}\n In later life he became a priest and spent a considerable part of his fortune in rebuilding [St Mary Redcliffe](/wiki/St_Mary_Redcliffe \"St Mary Redcliffe\") church, which had been severely damaged by lightning in 1446\\.\n{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bristol/hi/people\\_and\\_places/religion\\_and\\_ethics/newsid\\_7684000/7684711\\.stm\n\\|title\\=BBC – Bristol – The church of St Mary Redcliffe\n\\|publisher\\=news.bbc.co.uk\n\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2009\n\\|date\\=22 October 2008}}",
"[thumb\\|Bristol's overseas trade as recorded in 1492/3 customs accounts.](/wiki/File:Bristol_trade_routes1492.png \"Bristol trade routes1492.png\")\nThe end of the [Hundred Years War](/wiki/Hundred_Years_War \"Hundred Years War\") in 1453 meant that Britain, and thus Bristol, lost its access to Gascon wines and so imports of Spanish and Portuguese wines increased.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Fleming\\|first\\=Peter\\|year\\=1998\\|title\\=Bristol in the 1490s\\|journal\\=Regional Historian\\|location\\=Bristol\\|issue\\=2\\|url\\=http://www2\\.uwe.ac.uk/faculties/CAHE/Documents/Research/Regional\\-history/RH2Fleming.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2017}} Imports from Ireland included fish, hides and cloth (probably linen). Exports to Ireland included broadcloth, foodstuffs, clothing and metals.\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/Ireland/research.htm\n\\|title\\=Ireland\\-Bristol Trade in Sixteenth century – Research\n\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Bristol]]\n\\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2009\n\\|last1\\=Jones\n\\|first1\\=Evan\n\\|last2\\=Flavin\n\\|first2\\=Susan\n}}",
"",
"It has been suggested that the decline of Bristol's Iceland trade for 'stockfish' (freeze dried cod) was a hard blow to the local economy, encouraging Bristol merchants to turn west, launching unsuccessful voyages of exploration in the Atlantic by 1480 in search of the [phantom island](/wiki/Phantom_island \"Phantom island\") of [Hy\\-Brazil](/wiki/Brasil_%28mythical_island%29 \"Brasil (mythical island)\").David Beers Quinn, *England and the Discovery of America, 1480–1620* (London, 1974\\), pp. 47–50\\. More recent research, however, has shown that the Iceland trade was never more than a minor part of Bristol's overseas trade and that the English fisheries off Iceland actually increased during the late 15th and 16th centuries.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Evan T. \\|year\\=2000 \\|chapter\\=England's Icelandic fishery in the Early Modern period \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://research\\-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/3000424/IcelandicFishery2006\\.pdf \\|editor1\\-last\\=Starkey \\|editor1\\-first\\=D. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Reid \\|editor2\\-first\\=C. \\|editor3\\-last\\=Ashcroft \\|editor3\\-first\\=N. \\|title\\=England's Sea Fisheries: The Commercial Fisheries of England and Wales since 1300 \\|publisher\\=Chatham Publishing \\|pages\\=105–110 \\|isbn\\=1\\-86176\\-124\\-4 }} In 1487, when king [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England \"Henry VII of England\") visited the city, the inhabitants complained about their economic decline. Such complaints, however, were not uncommon among corporations that wished to avoid paying taxes, or which hoped to secure concessions from the Crown. In reality, Bristol's customs accounts show that the port's trade was growing strongly during the last two decades of the fifteenth century.E.M. Carus\\-Wilson, and Olive Coleman, *England's Export Trade 1275–1547* (Oxford, 1963\\), pp. 142–43\\.David Harris Sacks, *The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450–1700* (University of California Press, 1991\\), pp. 21–24\\. In great part this was due to the increase of trade with Spain.Wendy R. Childs, *Anglo\\-Castilian Trade in the Later Middle Ages* (Manchester, 1978\\)Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon, *[Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480–1508](http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/cabot/cabot-and-bristols-age-of-discovery/)* (University of Bristol, Nov. 2016\\), pp. 37–38\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The map of Bristol in *[The Maire of Bristowe is Kalendar](/wiki/The_Maire_of_Bristowe_is_Kalendar \"The Maire of Bristowe is Kalendar\")*. This was drawn by Robert Ricart after he became the common clerk of the town in 1478\\. His drawing was the first such plan of an English town.{{citation \\| url\\=http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/ricart.shtml \\| title\\=Ricart's View of Bristol \\| author\\=Jean Manco \\| journal\\=Bristol Magazine \\| year\\=2006\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2012}}](/wiki/File:Robert_Ricart%27s_map_of_Bristol.png \"Robert Ricart's map of Bristol.png\")",
"### Exploration",
"In 1497 Bristol was the starting point for [John Cabot](/wiki/John_Cabot \"John Cabot\")'s voyage of exploration to North America. For many years Bristol merchants had bought freeze\\-dried cod, called [stockfish](/wiki/Stockfish \"Stockfish\"), from Iceland for consumption in England. However the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\"), which was trying to control North Atlantic trade at this time, sought to cut off supplies to English merchants.E.M. Carus\\-Wilson, 'The Iceland trade' in E. Power \\& M.M. Postan (eds.), *Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century* (London, 1933\\) It has often been suggested that this drove Bristol's merchants to look West for new sources of cod fish. On the other hand, while Bristol merchants did largely abandon Iceland in the late\\-15th century, Hull merchants continued to trade there.W.R. Childs, 'England's Icelandic trade in the fifteenth century: The role of the port of Hull' *Northern Seas* (1995\\) Moreover, recent research has shown that England's fisheries off Iceland actually grew significantly from the 1490s, albeit the centre for this activity shifted from Bristol to East Anglia. This makes it hard to sustain the argument that Bristol merchants were somehow 'pushed out' of Iceland.",
"In 1481 two local men, Thomas Croft and John Jay, sent off ships looking for the mythical island of *[Hy\\-Brasil](/wiki/Brazil_%28mythical_island%29 \"Brazil (mythical island)\")*. There was no mention of the island being discovered but Croft was prosecuted for illegal exports of salt, on the grounds that, as a customs officer, he should not have engaged in trade.J.A. Williamson, *The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII* (Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 120, CUP, 1962\\), p. 20 Professor David Beers Quinn, whose theories form the basis for a variety of popular histories, suggested that the explorers may have discovered the [Grand Banks](/wiki/Grand_Banks \"Grand Banks\") off [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 \"Newfoundland (island)\"), waters rich in cod.D.B. Quinn, *England and the Discovery of America, 1481–1620* (London, 1974\\)",
"[John Cabot](/wiki/John_Cabot \"John Cabot\") was sponsored by [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England \"Henry VII of England\") on his voyage in 1497, looking for a new route to the Orient. Having discovered North America instead, on his return Cabot spoke of the great quantities of cod to be found near the new land.[Letter: Raimondo de Raimondi de Soncino, Milanese Ambassador in England, to Ludvico Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, 18 December 1497](http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1497soncino.htm) In 1498 Cabot set sail again from Bristol with an expedition of five ships and is believed to have never returned from this voyage, although recent research conducted at the [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"), suggests that he might have.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Jones\\|first1\\=Evan T.\\|last2\\=Condon\\|first2\\=Margaret M.\\|title\\=Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480–1508\\|date\\=2016\\|publisher\\=Cabot Project Publications\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9956193\\-0\\-2}}",
"From 1499 to 1508 a number of other expeditions were launched from Bristol to the 'New found land', the earliest being undertaken by [William Weston](/wiki/William_Weston_%28explorer%29 \"William Weston (explorer)\").{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1468\\-2281\\.2009\\.00519\\.x \\| volume\\=83 \\| title\\=Henry VII and the Bristol expeditions to North America: the Condon documents \\| year\\=2009 \\| journal\\=Historical Research \\| pages\\=444–454 \\| last1 \\= Jones \\| first1 \\= Evan T.\\| issue\\=221 \\| doi\\-access\\= }} One of these, led by John Cabot's son, [Sebastian Cabot](/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_%28explorer%29 \"Sebastian Cabot (explorer)\"), explored down the coast of North America until he was 'almost in the latitude of Gibraltar' and 'almost the longitude of Cuba'. This would suggest that he reached as far as the [Chesapeake](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay \"Chesapeake Bay\"), close to what is now Washington D.C.J.A. Williamson, *The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII* (Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 120, Cambridge University Press, 1962\\), pp. 266–69\\.",
""
] |
Bianchi bicycles
----------------
### History
[thumb\|left\|Edoardo Bianchi](/wiki/File:Edoardo_Bianchi.jpg "Edoardo Bianchi.jpg")
Edoardo Bianchi, a 21\-year\-old medical instrument maker, started his bicycle\-manufacturing business in a small shop at 7 Via Nirone, [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") in 1885\. Bianchi pioneered the front\-wheel [caliper brake](/wiki/Caliper_brake "Caliper brake"). One of his first developments was to make the front wheel smaller and use the chain invented by Frenchman Vincent to reduce pedal height. In doing so, he created a safe and modern bicycle. Compared to its predecessors, it was much easier to drive because it was easier to balance. He continued to improve the bicycle and developed a construction with wheels of almost the same size. In 1888, he made the first bicycle with Dunlop tires.
In 1888, Bianchi moved to a larger shop on Via Bertani. It came into contact with John Boyd Dunlop and Giovanni Battista Pirelli, whereupon pneumatic tires were introduced as bicycle tires.{{Cite book \|last\=Colombo \|first\=Sandro \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862742384 \|title\=Dalle auto Bianchi alle Autobianchi : storia e tecnica \|date\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-88\-98344\-07\-9 \|location\=Torino \|oclc\=862742384}}
[thumb\|right\|Share of the Fabbrica Automobili e Velocipedi Edoardo Bianchi from February 1927, unissued](/wiki/File:Edoardo_Bianchi_1927.jpg "Edoardo Bianchi 1927.jpg")
As early as 1890, the next move to larger rooms on Via Borghetto was necessary. Series production began here. In 1895, he built the first women's bicycle for Queen Margaret of Italy. At the same time, he began using his bicycles at sporting events to test new technical developments.
In 1897, tests began on a bicycle with an auxiliary motor. A De Dion\-Bouton built\-in motor was mounted in front of the bicycle handlebars and drove the front wheel.
1899 followed a motor tricycle in the style of the De Dion Bouton motor tricycle, a quadricycle and the first real car.
Due to the increasing outflow figures, especially for bicycles, construction of a new plant on Via Nino Bixio began in 1900, which was occupied in 1902\.
[thumb\|Bianchi from late 1980s with [Cro\-Mo](/wiki/Cro-mo "Cro-mo") frame and 2×8 [Shimano](/wiki/Shimano "Shimano") Dura Ace](/wiki/File:Bianchi_by_Adriatic_Sea.jpg "Bianchi by Adriatic Sea.jpg")
Since May 1997, the company has been part of [Cycleurope Group](/wiki/Cycleurope_Group "Cycleurope Group"), which is owned by the [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") company of [Grimaldi Industri AB](/wiki/Grimaldi_Industri_AB "Grimaldi Industri AB").
Bianchi and [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari "Ferrari") announced in July 2017, a partnership to produce a new range of 'high\-end' models. The SF01 was their first collaboration bike.[Bianchi lancia ad Eurobike il progetto "Bianchi for Scuderia Ferrari" \| Mxlynx.blogspot.com](https://mxlynx.blogspot.com/2017/08/bianchi-ferrari-sf01-eurobike.html)
Bianchi is currently led by CEO Bob Ippolito, who before joining Bianchi was the Executive Vice President and General Manager of Pacific Cycle, headquartered in [Madison](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin"), [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin").
For several years, Bianchi has also been involved in the research of new alternative mobility systems through its Lif\-E program, dedicated to smart electric mobility.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bicimagazine.it/biciclette/elettriche\-e\-bike/2054\-lif\-e\-bianchi\-presenta\-nuova\-generazione\-di\-e\-bike.html\|title\=Lif\-E, Bianchi presenta nuova generazione di e\-Bike \- Bicimagazine.it \- Magazine online dedicato alle biciclette e alla vita su due ruote}} In 2019, the company introduced the E\-SUV (Electric Sports Utility Vehicle), an electric bike designed to move in full harmony with the environment.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pianetamountainbike.it/e\-bike/32740\-e\-bike/59076\-bianchi\-e\-suv\|title\=Bianchi e\-Suv: La nuova E\-Bike che rompe gli schemi grazie a delle linee mai viste prima \- Pianeta Mountain Bike}}
### Bianchi USA
Bianchi USA is the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") division of Bianchi based in [Hayward, California](/wiki/Hayward%2C_California "Hayward, California").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0923/p11s03\-algn.html \|title\=For hard\-core biking, try one gear, no brakes / The Christian Science Monitor \|publisher\=CSMonitor.com \|date\=September 23, 2005 \|access\-date\=November 13, 2011}}["New office for Bianchi USA", *Bicycle Retailer*, November 29, 2012](http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2012/11/29/new-office-bianchi-usa#.UMRMEIVygtE) It oversees the production of bicycles built in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") and in Italy for the worldwide market.
### Product lines
#### 2017 models
[thumb\|right\|Bianchi road models in 2018](/wiki/File:2018_Tour_Series_-_Bianchi_bicycles.jpg "2018 Tour Series - Bianchi bicycles.jpg")
*data from Bianchi website{{cite web \|title\=Bianchi \- Performance Bicycles since 1885 \|url\=https://www.bianchi.com/global/home/home.aspx}}
Racing
Specialissima
Oltre XR4
Oltre XR3
Oltre XR1
Sempre
Freccia Celeste
Oltre XR2
Aria*
Endurance racing
These models are also manufactured with women's\-specific geometry under the name Dama Bianca *("Lady in White"), a reference to champion Bianchi rider [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi "Fausto Coppi")'s lover [Giulia Occhini](/wiki/Giulia_Occhini "Giulia Occhini").
Infinito
Intenso
Intrepida
Vertigo
Impulso
Via Nirone 7*Triathlon and time\-trial
Aquila
Aria
Pico Alu
Pico crono (carbon)
Cyclocross
Zolder
Zurigo
All road
Allroad
Vigorelli
Volpe
Lupo
Strada
Vintage
Manufactured according to a configuration and with materials common in the late 20th century
Eroica
Racing and sponsorship
----------------------
{{Main\|Bianchi (cycling team)\|Team Bianchi}}
[thumb\|left\|The Bianchi–[Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli "Pirelli") team of the [1911 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/1911_Giro_d%27Italia "1911 Giro d'Italia")](/wiki/File:1911-Bianchi_-_Giro_Italia.jpg "1911-Bianchi - Giro Italia.jpg")
In 1899, [Giovanni Tommaselli](/wiki/Giovanni_Tommaselli "Giovanni Tommaselli") won the first international cycling victory for Bianchi at the world championship of track racing: the [Grand Prix of Paris](/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_Paris_%28cycling%29 "Grand Prix de Paris (cycling)")''.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bianchiusa.com/489\.html \|title\=Bianchi 1891\-1899 \|publisher\=Bianchi USA \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514154408/http://www.bianchiusa.com/489\.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-05\-14 \|url\-status\=dead }} During the existence of the Bianchi team in Italy in 1919–1920, Bianchi was also a co\-sponsor of a French team that was called Peugeot–Bianchi–Pirelli which according to a historical cycling website, the team rode on Peugeot bikes.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id\=670 \|title\=Peugeot\-Bianchi\-Pirelli 1919 \|publisher\=de wielersite \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723080954/http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id\=670 \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-23 }}
The Bianchi reputation began when the company sponsored Giovanni Tommasello, the winner of the Grand Prix de Paris sprint competition in 1899\. Fifteen years later it was making 45,000 [bicycles](/wiki/Bicycles "Bicycles"), 1,500 [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle "Motorcycle") and 1,000 [cars](/wiki/Car "Car") a year.
In 1935, Bianchi sponsored [Costante Girardengo](/wiki/Costante_Girardengo "Costante Girardengo"), one of the first Italian stars on the road, and its bicycle sales rose to 70,000 a year.L'Equipe, France, 26 July 2003
[thumb\|left\|1950\-1952 Bianchi bicycle used by [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi "Fausto Coppi"). In the collections of [Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci of Milan](/wiki/Museo_della_Scienza_e_della_Tecnologia_%22Leonardo_da_Vinci%22 "Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia ").](/wiki/File:Bicicletta_Bianchi_1950-1952_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg "Bicicletta Bianchi 1950-1952 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg")
In 1945, [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi "Fausto Coppi") joined the team and would stay with the team until 1956 and 1958\. It has been said that the team of the mid\-1940s was built around Coppi.{{cite news\|url\=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1998/aug98/aug3\.shtml\|title\=News Aug 3 1998, Interview with Felice Gimondi\|work\=Cyclingnews.com\|access\-date\=2007\-12\-16}}
During this time the Tour de France was disputed by national teams and Coppi won the Tour in 1949 and 1952\. Coppi won the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia "Giro d'Italia") for the team in 1947, 1949, 1952 and 1953\. Coppi became the first cyclist in history to achieve the Giro\-[Tour](/wiki/Tour_de_France "Tour de France") double. For which it was suggested at the time that he was the greatest cyclist ever seen.{{cite document\|title\=Coppi le plus grand routier de tous les temps?\|publisher\=L'équipe\|date\= July 26, 1949\|id\=page 1}} During this time, the directeur sportifs were Giovanni Tragella and Franco Aguggini.
In 1950 [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi "Fausto Coppi") won the [Paris–Roubaix](/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix "Paris–Roubaix") on a Bianchi equipped with what was later named the [Campagnolo](/wiki/Campagnolo "Campagnolo") Paris–Roubaix [derailleur](/wiki/Derailleur "Derailleur") gear, for which Bianchi bicycles featured the necessary special [drop\-outs](/wiki/Dropout_%28bicycle_part%29 "Dropout (bicycle part)") until 1954\. He won the race by two and a half minutes on a bicycle equipped with Universal brakes, Bianchi steel handlebars and stem, a Regina chain and a four\-speed [freewheel](/wiki/Freewheel "Freewheel") with shaped teeth. It also had Nisi rims, Campagnolo hubs and [Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli "Pirelli") tyres. It was made for sale only in 57 and 59 cm, smaller than the bike that Coppi used. A variation known as the Campione Del Mondo followed Coppi's win in the 1953 world championship.
[thumb\|right\|Bianchi used by [Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani "Marco Pantani") during the [1998 Tour de France](/wiki/1998_Tour_de_France "1998 Tour de France")](/wiki/File:Pantani_Bike_1998_TdF.jpg "Pantani Bike 1998 TdF.jpg")
Riders of different eras have been associated with Bianchi including [Felice Gimondi](/wiki/Felice_Gimondi "Felice Gimondi"), who continues his association with the company. Recent riders include [Danilo Di Luca](/wiki/Danilo_Di_Luca "Danilo Di Luca"), [Mario Cipollini](/wiki/Mario_Cipollini "Mario Cipollini"), [Gianni Bugno](/wiki/Gianni_Bugno "Gianni Bugno"), [Laurent Fignon](/wiki/Laurent_Fignon "Laurent Fignon"), [Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani "Marco Pantani"), [Moreno Argentin](/wiki/Moreno_Argentin "Moreno Argentin") and [Jan Ullrich](/wiki/Jan_Ullrich "Jan Ullrich"). The most demanding rider may have been Pantani. Sara Mercante, head of Bianchi's research and development, said: "Pantani had very specific ideas about what he wanted. He had 30 different frames a year from us—with different angles and weights on each one. He changed his bike after every ride. I'd go and meet him during the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia "Giro d'Italia") and the Tour and discuss improvements with him. He'd ask to have the geometry changed by, say, half a degree, just to make sure the bike was absolutely perfect. He'd want different angles for different races. He's ask us to tweak the length of the top tube by a millimetre or by half a degree. Pantani was quite obsessive."Framemakers' guide, Procycling, UK, undated cutting
**Team Bianchi** was a makeshift team that was put together from the remnants of the Coast team in time for the [2003 Tour de France](/wiki/2003_Tour_de_France "2003 Tour de France"). Team Coast had been unable to pay the salaries of their riders{{cite web \|title\=Team Coast suspended \|url\=https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/paris\-nice/2003/team\-coast\-suspended\_sto403806/story.shtml \|website\=Eurosport \|access\-date\=2 April 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=6 March 2003}} and Bianchi took over the team and the role of title sponsor.{{cite web \|title\=www.cyclingnews.com news and analysis \|url\=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/tech/2003/probikes/?id\=Bianchi\_Ullrich \|website\=autobus.cyclingnews.com \|access\-date\=2 April 2022 \|date\=2003}} Coast had recently signed [Jan Ullrich](/wiki/Jan_Ullrich "Jan Ullrich") following his departure from {{UCI team code\|THR\|2002}} after his drunk driving and [amphetamine](/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine") use. During the 2003 tour while riding for Bianchi, Ullrich placed second to [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong "Lance Armstrong") by just 61 seconds, his closest ever margin in any of Armstrong's seven victorious years.
After the cycling season of 2003 ended, Bianchi became co\-sponsor of the Alessio–Bianchi team and again they were a co\-sponsor of the [Liquigas\-Bianchi](/wiki/Liquigas-Bianchi "Liquigas-Bianchi") team for the 2005 season. In 2005 Bianchi also became the co\-sponsor of the [Norwegian](/wiki/Norway "Norway") cycling team [Team Maxbo Bianchi](/wiki/Team_Maxbo_Bianchi "Team Maxbo Bianchi"), a continental cycling team, with whom they co\-sponsored until the end of the 2010 season.{{cite web \|url\=http://jokermerida.no/index.php?catID\=144\&catname\=English \|title\=Team Joker Merida \|website\=jokermerida.no \|access\-date\=15 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819024047/http://jokermerida.no/index.php?catID\=144\&catname\=English \|archive\-date\=19 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}}
[thumb\|left\|[Sepp Kuss](/wiki/Sepp_Kuss "Sepp Kuss") (left) and [Maarten Wynants](/wiki/Maarten_Wynants "Maarten Wynants") (right) of [Team LottoNL\-Jumbo](/wiki/Team_LottoNL-Jumbo "Team LottoNL-Jumbo") riding Bianchi bicycles at the [2018 Tour of California](/wiki/2018_Tour_of_California "2018 Tour of California")](/wiki/File:%28L-R%29_Sep_Kuss_and_Maarten_Wynants_%2841862604655%29.jpg "(L-R) Sep Kuss and Maarten Wynants (41862604655).jpg")
Until 2007, Bianchi was a cosponsor of the [UCI ProTour](/wiki/UCI_ProTour "UCI ProTour") team, {{UCI team code\|LIQ\|2007}}. In October 2011, for the 2012 season, it was announced that Bianchi had been signed to a two\-year deal to co\-sponsor and supply bikes to the UCI ProTeams {{UCI team code\|VCD\|2012}}[Stronger Vacansoleil Ready For Second Year In WorldTour \| Cyclingnews.com](http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/stronger-vacansoleil-ready-for-second-year-in-worldtour) and {{UCI team code\|ANS\|2012}}. These sponsorships continued in 2013 and for 2014, with {{UCI team code\|VCD\|2013}} ceasing to exist, Bianchi again supplied {{UCI team code\|ANS\|2014}} for a further year, and the then new {{UCI team code\|TJV\|2014}} team. In 2015, the latter became {{UCI team code\|TJV\|2015}} and Bianchi's only UCI Pro Continental sponsored road team.[http://www.bianchi.com/Au/news/news\_detail.aspx?newsidmaster\=199295%7CBianchi.com](http://www.bianchi.com/Au/news/news_detail.aspx?newsidmaster=199295%7CBianchi.com) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015124952/http://www.bianchi.com/Au/news/news\_detail.aspx?newsidmaster\=199295\|date\=October 15, 2014}} Bianchi supplied {{UCI team code\|BEX men\|2021}} for the 2021 season{{cite web\|url\=https://www.greenedgecycling.com/news/a\-new\-chapter\-greenedge\-cycling\-to\-move\-to\-bianchi\-bikes\-from\-2021\|title\=A new chapter: GreenEDGE Cycling to move to Bianchi bikes from 2021\|publisher\=GreenEDGE Cycling\|date\=19 October 2020\|access\-date\=18 December 2020\|archive\-date\=6 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106234215/https://www.greenedgecycling.com/news/a\-new\-chapter\-greenedge\-cycling\-to\-move\-to\-bianchi\-bikes\-from\-2021\|url\-status\=dead}} Bianchi supplied [Arkéa–Samsic](/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93Samsic "Arkéa–Samsic") for the 2023 season.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/arkea\-samsic\-to\-ride\-bianchi\-bikes\-in\-2023\-worldtour/ \| title\=Arkea\-Samsic to ride Bianchi bikes in 2023 WorldTour \| date\=3 November 2022 }}
Bianchi became involved in sponsorship in Mountain biking in the early nineties. Bruno Zanchi won the first World Championship for Bianchi in 1991 in the downhill speciality. Two years later, Dario Acquaroli became World Champion in cross country for Bianchi.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\_Legend\_1970\.aspx \|title\=Legend \|publisher\=Bianchi.it \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403002452/http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\_Legend\_1970\.aspx \|archive\-date\=2007\-04\-03 }} From 2000 to 2006, the Bianchi MTB (Bianchi\-Motorex and Bianchi\-Agos) team dominated the sport with [José Antonio Hermida](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Hermida "José Antonio Hermida") and multiple World Champion [Julien Absalon](/wiki/Julien_Absalon "Julien Absalon").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\_Legend\_1995\.aspx \|title\=Legend \|publisher\=Bianchi.it \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621225456/http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\_Legend\_1995\.aspx \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-21 }} In 2007 the team was renamed Gewiss–Bianchi.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bianchi.it/it/team/teamMTBIntro.aspx\|title\=Official Team Gewiss–Bianchi\|publisher\=Bianchi.it\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026054939/http://www.bianchi.it/it/team/teamMTBIntro.aspx\|archive\-date\=26 October 2007\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Bianchi bicycles\n----------------",
"### History",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Edoardo Bianchi](/wiki/File:Edoardo_Bianchi.jpg \"Edoardo Bianchi.jpg\")\nEdoardo Bianchi, a 21\\-year\\-old medical instrument maker, started his bicycle\\-manufacturing business in a small shop at 7 Via Nirone, [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") in 1885\\. Bianchi pioneered the front\\-wheel [caliper brake](/wiki/Caliper_brake \"Caliper brake\"). One of his first developments was to make the front wheel smaller and use the chain invented by Frenchman Vincent to reduce pedal height. In doing so, he created a safe and modern bicycle. Compared to its predecessors, it was much easier to drive because it was easier to balance. He continued to improve the bicycle and developed a construction with wheels of almost the same size. In 1888, he made the first bicycle with Dunlop tires.",
"In 1888, Bianchi moved to a larger shop on Via Bertani. It came into contact with John Boyd Dunlop and Giovanni Battista Pirelli, whereupon pneumatic tires were introduced as bicycle tires.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Colombo \\|first\\=Sandro \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862742384 \\|title\\=Dalle auto Bianchi alle Autobianchi : storia e tecnica \\|date\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-98344\\-07\\-9 \\|location\\=Torino \\|oclc\\=862742384}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Share of the Fabbrica Automobili e Velocipedi Edoardo Bianchi from February 1927, unissued](/wiki/File:Edoardo_Bianchi_1927.jpg \"Edoardo Bianchi 1927.jpg\")\nAs early as 1890, the next move to larger rooms on Via Borghetto was necessary. Series production began here. In 1895, he built the first women's bicycle for Queen Margaret of Italy. At the same time, he began using his bicycles at sporting events to test new technical developments.",
"In 1897, tests began on a bicycle with an auxiliary motor. A De Dion\\-Bouton built\\-in motor was mounted in front of the bicycle handlebars and drove the front wheel.",
"1899 followed a motor tricycle in the style of the De Dion Bouton motor tricycle, a quadricycle and the first real car.",
"Due to the increasing outflow figures, especially for bicycles, construction of a new plant on Via Nino Bixio began in 1900, which was occupied in 1902\\.",
"[thumb\\|Bianchi from late 1980s with [Cro\\-Mo](/wiki/Cro-mo \"Cro-mo\") frame and 2×8 [Shimano](/wiki/Shimano \"Shimano\") Dura Ace](/wiki/File:Bianchi_by_Adriatic_Sea.jpg \"Bianchi by Adriatic Sea.jpg\") \nSince May 1997, the company has been part of [Cycleurope Group](/wiki/Cycleurope_Group \"Cycleurope Group\"), which is owned by the [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") company of [Grimaldi Industri AB](/wiki/Grimaldi_Industri_AB \"Grimaldi Industri AB\").",
"Bianchi and [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari \"Ferrari\") announced in July 2017, a partnership to produce a new range of 'high\\-end' models. The SF01 was their first collaboration bike.[Bianchi lancia ad Eurobike il progetto \"Bianchi for Scuderia Ferrari\" \\| Mxlynx.blogspot.com](https://mxlynx.blogspot.com/2017/08/bianchi-ferrari-sf01-eurobike.html)",
"Bianchi is currently led by CEO Bob Ippolito, who before joining Bianchi was the Executive Vice President and General Manager of Pacific Cycle, headquartered in [Madison](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\"), [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\").",
"For several years, Bianchi has also been involved in the research of new alternative mobility systems through its Lif\\-E program, dedicated to smart electric mobility.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bicimagazine.it/biciclette/elettriche\\-e\\-bike/2054\\-lif\\-e\\-bianchi\\-presenta\\-nuova\\-generazione\\-di\\-e\\-bike.html\\|title\\=Lif\\-E, Bianchi presenta nuova generazione di e\\-Bike \\- Bicimagazine.it \\- Magazine online dedicato alle biciclette e alla vita su due ruote}} In 2019, the company introduced the E\\-SUV (Electric Sports Utility Vehicle), an electric bike designed to move in full harmony with the environment.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pianetamountainbike.it/e\\-bike/32740\\-e\\-bike/59076\\-bianchi\\-e\\-suv\\|title\\=Bianchi e\\-Suv: La nuova E\\-Bike che rompe gli schemi grazie a delle linee mai viste prima \\- Pianeta Mountain Bike}}",
"### Bianchi USA",
"Bianchi USA is the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") division of Bianchi based in [Hayward, California](/wiki/Hayward%2C_California \"Hayward, California\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0923/p11s03\\-algn.html \\|title\\=For hard\\-core biking, try one gear, no brakes / The Christian Science Monitor \\|publisher\\=CSMonitor.com \\|date\\=September 23, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2011}}[\"New office for Bianchi USA\", *Bicycle Retailer*, November 29, 2012](http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2012/11/29/new-office-bianchi-usa#.UMRMEIVygtE) It oversees the production of bicycles built in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") and in Italy for the worldwide market.",
"### Product lines",
"#### 2017 models",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Bianchi road models in 2018](/wiki/File:2018_Tour_Series_-_Bianchi_bicycles.jpg \"2018 Tour Series - Bianchi bicycles.jpg\")\n*data from Bianchi website{{cite web \\|title\\=Bianchi \\- Performance Bicycles since 1885 \\|url\\=https://www.bianchi.com/global/home/home.aspx}}\nRacing\nSpecialissima\nOltre XR4\nOltre XR3\nOltre XR1\nSempre\nFreccia Celeste \nOltre XR2\nAria*",
"Endurance racing\nThese models are also manufactured with women's\\-specific geometry under the name Dama Bianca *(\"Lady in White\"), a reference to champion Bianchi rider [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi \"Fausto Coppi\")'s lover [Giulia Occhini](/wiki/Giulia_Occhini \"Giulia Occhini\").\nInfinito\nIntenso\nIntrepida\nVertigo\nImpulso\nVia Nirone 7*Triathlon and time\\-trial\nAquila\nAria\nPico Alu\nPico crono (carbon)\nCyclocross\nZolder\nZurigo\nAll road\nAllroad\nVigorelli\nVolpe\nLupo\nStrada\nVintage\nManufactured according to a configuration and with materials common in the late 20th century\nEroica\nRacing and sponsorship\n----------------------",
"{{Main\\|Bianchi (cycling team)\\|Team Bianchi}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|The Bianchi–[Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli \"Pirelli\") team of the [1911 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/1911_Giro_d%27Italia \"1911 Giro d'Italia\")](/wiki/File:1911-Bianchi_-_Giro_Italia.jpg \"1911-Bianchi - Giro Italia.jpg\")\nIn 1899, [Giovanni Tommaselli](/wiki/Giovanni_Tommaselli \"Giovanni Tommaselli\") won the first international cycling victory for Bianchi at the world championship of track racing: the [Grand Prix of Paris](/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_Paris_%28cycling%29 \"Grand Prix de Paris (cycling)\")''.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bianchiusa.com/489\\.html \\|title\\=Bianchi 1891\\-1899 \\|publisher\\=Bianchi USA \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514154408/http://www.bianchiusa.com/489\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} During the existence of the Bianchi team in Italy in 1919–1920, Bianchi was also a co\\-sponsor of a French team that was called Peugeot–Bianchi–Pirelli which according to a historical cycling website, the team rode on Peugeot bikes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id\\=670 \\|title\\=Peugeot\\-Bianchi\\-Pirelli 1919 \\|publisher\\=de wielersite \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723080954/http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id\\=670 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-23 }}\nThe Bianchi reputation began when the company sponsored Giovanni Tommasello, the winner of the Grand Prix de Paris sprint competition in 1899\\. Fifteen years later it was making 45,000 [bicycles](/wiki/Bicycles \"Bicycles\"), 1,500 [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\") and 1,000 [cars](/wiki/Car \"Car\") a year.",
"In 1935, Bianchi sponsored [Costante Girardengo](/wiki/Costante_Girardengo \"Costante Girardengo\"), one of the first Italian stars on the road, and its bicycle sales rose to 70,000 a year.L'Equipe, France, 26 July 2003\n[thumb\\|left\\|1950\\-1952 Bianchi bicycle used by [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi \"Fausto Coppi\"). In the collections of [Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci of Milan](/wiki/Museo_della_Scienza_e_della_Tecnologia_%22Leonardo_da_Vinci%22 \"Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia \").](/wiki/File:Bicicletta_Bianchi_1950-1952_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg \"Bicicletta Bianchi 1950-1952 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg\")\nIn 1945, [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi \"Fausto Coppi\") joined the team and would stay with the team until 1956 and 1958\\. It has been said that the team of the mid\\-1940s was built around Coppi.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1998/aug98/aug3\\.shtml\\|title\\=News Aug 3 1998, Interview with Felice Gimondi\\|work\\=Cyclingnews.com\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-16}}\nDuring this time the Tour de France was disputed by national teams and Coppi won the Tour in 1949 and 1952\\. Coppi won the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia \"Giro d'Italia\") for the team in 1947, 1949, 1952 and 1953\\. Coppi became the first cyclist in history to achieve the Giro\\-[Tour](/wiki/Tour_de_France \"Tour de France\") double. For which it was suggested at the time that he was the greatest cyclist ever seen.{{cite document\\|title\\=Coppi le plus grand routier de tous les temps?\\|publisher\\=L'équipe\\|date\\= July 26, 1949\\|id\\=page 1}} During this time, the directeur sportifs were Giovanni Tragella and Franco Aguggini.\nIn 1950 [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi \"Fausto Coppi\") won the [Paris–Roubaix](/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix \"Paris–Roubaix\") on a Bianchi equipped with what was later named the [Campagnolo](/wiki/Campagnolo \"Campagnolo\") Paris–Roubaix [derailleur](/wiki/Derailleur \"Derailleur\") gear, for which Bianchi bicycles featured the necessary special [drop\\-outs](/wiki/Dropout_%28bicycle_part%29 \"Dropout (bicycle part)\") until 1954\\. He won the race by two and a half minutes on a bicycle equipped with Universal brakes, Bianchi steel handlebars and stem, a Regina chain and a four\\-speed [freewheel](/wiki/Freewheel \"Freewheel\") with shaped teeth. It also had Nisi rims, Campagnolo hubs and [Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli \"Pirelli\") tyres. It was made for sale only in 57 and 59 cm, smaller than the bike that Coppi used. A variation known as the Campione Del Mondo followed Coppi's win in the 1953 world championship.\n[thumb\\|right\\|Bianchi used by [Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani \"Marco Pantani\") during the [1998 Tour de France](/wiki/1998_Tour_de_France \"1998 Tour de France\")](/wiki/File:Pantani_Bike_1998_TdF.jpg \"Pantani Bike 1998 TdF.jpg\")",
"Riders of different eras have been associated with Bianchi including [Felice Gimondi](/wiki/Felice_Gimondi \"Felice Gimondi\"), who continues his association with the company. Recent riders include [Danilo Di Luca](/wiki/Danilo_Di_Luca \"Danilo Di Luca\"), [Mario Cipollini](/wiki/Mario_Cipollini \"Mario Cipollini\"), [Gianni Bugno](/wiki/Gianni_Bugno \"Gianni Bugno\"), [Laurent Fignon](/wiki/Laurent_Fignon \"Laurent Fignon\"), [Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani \"Marco Pantani\"), [Moreno Argentin](/wiki/Moreno_Argentin \"Moreno Argentin\") and [Jan Ullrich](/wiki/Jan_Ullrich \"Jan Ullrich\"). The most demanding rider may have been Pantani. Sara Mercante, head of Bianchi's research and development, said: \"Pantani had very specific ideas about what he wanted. He had 30 different frames a year from us—with different angles and weights on each one. He changed his bike after every ride. I'd go and meet him during the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia \"Giro d'Italia\") and the Tour and discuss improvements with him. He'd ask to have the geometry changed by, say, half a degree, just to make sure the bike was absolutely perfect. He'd want different angles for different races. He's ask us to tweak the length of the top tube by a millimetre or by half a degree. Pantani was quite obsessive.\"Framemakers' guide, Procycling, UK, undated cutting",
"**Team Bianchi** was a makeshift team that was put together from the remnants of the Coast team in time for the [2003 Tour de France](/wiki/2003_Tour_de_France \"2003 Tour de France\"). Team Coast had been unable to pay the salaries of their riders{{cite web \\|title\\=Team Coast suspended \\|url\\=https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/paris\\-nice/2003/team\\-coast\\-suspended\\_sto403806/story.shtml \\|website\\=Eurosport \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=6 March 2003}} and Bianchi took over the team and the role of title sponsor.{{cite web \\|title\\=www.cyclingnews.com news and analysis \\|url\\=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/tech/2003/probikes/?id\\=Bianchi\\_Ullrich \\|website\\=autobus.cyclingnews.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2022 \\|date\\=2003}} Coast had recently signed [Jan Ullrich](/wiki/Jan_Ullrich \"Jan Ullrich\") following his departure from {{UCI team code\\|THR\\|2002}} after his drunk driving and [amphetamine](/wiki/Amphetamine \"Amphetamine\") use. During the 2003 tour while riding for Bianchi, Ullrich placed second to [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong \"Lance Armstrong\") by just 61 seconds, his closest ever margin in any of Armstrong's seven victorious years.",
"After the cycling season of 2003 ended, Bianchi became co\\-sponsor of the Alessio–Bianchi team and again they were a co\\-sponsor of the [Liquigas\\-Bianchi](/wiki/Liquigas-Bianchi \"Liquigas-Bianchi\") team for the 2005 season. In 2005 Bianchi also became the co\\-sponsor of the [Norwegian](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") cycling team [Team Maxbo Bianchi](/wiki/Team_Maxbo_Bianchi \"Team Maxbo Bianchi\"), a continental cycling team, with whom they co\\-sponsored until the end of the 2010 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jokermerida.no/index.php?catID\\=144\\&catname\\=English \\|title\\=Team Joker Merida \\|website\\=jokermerida.no \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819024047/http://jokermerida.no/index.php?catID\\=144\\&catname\\=English \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Sepp Kuss](/wiki/Sepp_Kuss \"Sepp Kuss\") (left) and [Maarten Wynants](/wiki/Maarten_Wynants \"Maarten Wynants\") (right) of [Team LottoNL\\-Jumbo](/wiki/Team_LottoNL-Jumbo \"Team LottoNL-Jumbo\") riding Bianchi bicycles at the [2018 Tour of California](/wiki/2018_Tour_of_California \"2018 Tour of California\")](/wiki/File:%28L-R%29_Sep_Kuss_and_Maarten_Wynants_%2841862604655%29.jpg \"(L-R) Sep Kuss and Maarten Wynants (41862604655).jpg\")\nUntil 2007, Bianchi was a cosponsor of the [UCI ProTour](/wiki/UCI_ProTour \"UCI ProTour\") team, {{UCI team code\\|LIQ\\|2007}}. In October 2011, for the 2012 season, it was announced that Bianchi had been signed to a two\\-year deal to co\\-sponsor and supply bikes to the UCI ProTeams {{UCI team code\\|VCD\\|2012}}[Stronger Vacansoleil Ready For Second Year In WorldTour \\| Cyclingnews.com](http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/stronger-vacansoleil-ready-for-second-year-in-worldtour) and {{UCI team code\\|ANS\\|2012}}. These sponsorships continued in 2013 and for 2014, with {{UCI team code\\|VCD\\|2013}} ceasing to exist, Bianchi again supplied {{UCI team code\\|ANS\\|2014}} for a further year, and the then new {{UCI team code\\|TJV\\|2014}} team. In 2015, the latter became {{UCI team code\\|TJV\\|2015}} and Bianchi's only UCI Pro Continental sponsored road team.[http://www.bianchi.com/Au/news/news\\_detail.aspx?newsidmaster\\=199295%7CBianchi.com](http://www.bianchi.com/Au/news/news_detail.aspx?newsidmaster=199295%7CBianchi.com) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015124952/http://www.bianchi.com/Au/news/news\\_detail.aspx?newsidmaster\\=199295\\|date\\=October 15, 2014}} Bianchi supplied {{UCI team code\\|BEX men\\|2021}} for the 2021 season{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.greenedgecycling.com/news/a\\-new\\-chapter\\-greenedge\\-cycling\\-to\\-move\\-to\\-bianchi\\-bikes\\-from\\-2021\\|title\\=A new chapter: GreenEDGE Cycling to move to Bianchi bikes from 2021\\|publisher\\=GreenEDGE Cycling\\|date\\=19 October 2020\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106234215/https://www.greenedgecycling.com/news/a\\-new\\-chapter\\-greenedge\\-cycling\\-to\\-move\\-to\\-bianchi\\-bikes\\-from\\-2021\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Bianchi supplied [Arkéa–Samsic](/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93Samsic \"Arkéa–Samsic\") for the 2023 season.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/arkea\\-samsic\\-to\\-ride\\-bianchi\\-bikes\\-in\\-2023\\-worldtour/ \\| title\\=Arkea\\-Samsic to ride Bianchi bikes in 2023 WorldTour \\| date\\=3 November 2022 }}",
"Bianchi became involved in sponsorship in Mountain biking in the early nineties. Bruno Zanchi won the first World Championship for Bianchi in 1991 in the downhill speciality. Two years later, Dario Acquaroli became World Champion in cross country for Bianchi.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\\_Legend\\_1970\\.aspx \\|title\\=Legend \\|publisher\\=Bianchi.it \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403002452/http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\\_Legend\\_1970\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-03 }} From 2000 to 2006, the Bianchi MTB (Bianchi\\-Motorex and Bianchi\\-Agos) team dominated the sport with [José Antonio Hermida](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Hermida \"José Antonio Hermida\") and multiple World Champion [Julien Absalon](/wiki/Julien_Absalon \"Julien Absalon\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\\_Legend\\_1995\\.aspx \\|title\\=Legend \\|publisher\\=Bianchi.it \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621225456/http://www.bianchi.it/en/corporate/corporate\\_Legend\\_1995\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-21 }} In 2007 the team was renamed Gewiss–Bianchi.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bianchi.it/it/team/teamMTBIntro.aspx\\|title\\=Official Team Gewiss–Bianchi\\|publisher\\=Bianchi.it\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026054939/http://www.bianchi.it/it/team/teamMTBIntro.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
Crimes
------
The prosecution accused Fa Ziying of kidnapping, robbery, and intentional homicide in [Nanchang](/wiki/Nanchang "Nanchang"), [Wenzhou](/wiki/Wenzhou "Wenzhou"), and [Hefei](/wiki/Hefei "Hefei"). When Lao Rongzhi was tried, the prosecution added the kidnapping and robbery case in [Changzhou](/wiki/Changzhou "Changzhou") to the list of cases. According to the trial, before the Nanchang murder, the duo had engaged in a string of crimes involving a "[honey trap](/wiki/Honey_trapping "Honey trapping")" scheme. Lao Rongzhi lured wealthy men to hotel rooms, where Fa Ziying would pose as her husband, violently rob the victims, and make off with [hush money](/wiki/Hush_money "Hush money") sums ranging from 70,000 to 80,000 yuan.{{Cite news \|date\=2020\-12\-21 \|title\=劳荣枝故意杀人抢劫绑架案今开庭，三大谜团待解 \|url\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_10473036 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140900/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_10473036 \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-16 \|accessdate\=2020\-12\-28 \|work\=澎湃新闻 \|language\=zh}} Fa Ziying confessed to kidnappings in multiple cities, including [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), Changzhou, [Nanning](/wiki/Nanning "Nanning"), Xiamen, [Dongying](/wiki/Dongying "Dongying"), and [Huangmei](/wiki/Huangmei_County "Huangmei County"). During his final meeting with his defense lawyer, he admitted to additional crimes. However, due to insufficient evidence beyond his own confession and the technological limitations of the time, these additional crimes were not included in the final judgment.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-12\-02 \|title\=法子英临刑前曾交代新案，其辩护人称劳荣枝落网或发现新悬案 \|url\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5118274 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140854/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5118274 \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-16 \|accessdate\=2020\-12\-22 \|work\=澎湃新闻 \|language\=zh}}{{Cite web \|last\= \|date\=2021\-01\-27 \|title\=劳荣枝"在人间" \|url\=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2021\-01\-28/detail\-ikftssap1407583\.d.html \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-15 \|website\=中国经营报\-等深线}}
### Nanchang murder case
Fa and Lao came to [Nanchang](/wiki/Nanchang "Nanchang") in May 1996, where Lao rented an apartment with the identity card stolen from a Shenzhen woman names Chen Jia, and she began working as an escort in a night club. In the night club Lao met a customer Xiong Qiyi, a 35\-year\-old general manager of an air conditioning sales company who also ran a hotel.{{Cite news \|date\=1999\-11\-19 \|title\="杀人魔王"的罪恶 \|url\=http://news.sina.com.cn/society/1999\-11\-19/33040\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140923/http://news.sina.com.cn/society/1999\-11\-19/33040\.html \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-16 \|accessdate\=2021\-01\-16 \|work\=江淮晨报 \|language\=zh}} According to Fa Ziying's verdict, Lao Rongzhi identified Xiong Qiyi as a kidnapping target, and Fa Ziying followed Xiong Qiyi home but without further actions. On the morning of July 28th, Lao Rongzhi called to lure Xiong Qiyi to her apartment, where Fa Ziying appeared holding a knife and tied up Xiong with ropes, then robbed him of his watch, jewelry, and other valuables. Fa forced him to divulge his address before strangling him to death with a wire and dismembering his body, packing it up into four trash bags.
At the same night, they went to Xiong's home and gained access using Xiong's keys. Xiong's wife, 28\-year\-old Zhang Li (张莉), and their three\-year\-old daughter Xiong Lingxuan (熊灵璇) were asleep. Fa awoke both, robbed Zhang at knifepoint, then tied them up as he ransacked the apartment for the next hours, leaving Lao to keep watch. Fa further intimidated Zhang and her daughter by showing off two plastic bags that contained, among other body parts, her husband's severed head. Afterwards, Fa fatally strangled both Zhang and her daughter with a belt. Their corpses were left in a bathtub along with Xiong's body parts. According to the appraisal, Fa Ziying and Lao Rongzhi robbed the victims of valuables worth 30,274 [yuan](/wiki/Renminbi "Renminbi"), 8,090 yuan, 110 Hong Kong dollars, and 10 US dollars in cash, 1,000 yuan worth of Jiangxi Post and Telecommunications Enterprise bonds, 1,000 yuan worth of Nanchang Telecommunications Bureau fundraising receipts, and a 95,000 yuan worth certificate of deposit. The rest of Xiong's remains were discovered two days later when neighbours noticed a rotten smell emanating from two black trash bags by the community dumpster. On 29 July, Nanchang Municipal [Public Security Bureau](/wiki/Public_security_bureau_%28China%29 "Public security bureau (China)") of opened a robbery and homicide investigation, eventually identifying Fa and Lao as the perpetrators, issued a wanted notice for them on 18 August that same year.{{Cite web \|last\=Qin \|first\=Chuan \|date\=December 18, 2023 \|title\=人民热评：劳荣枝伏法彰显司法正义 \|url\=http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1218/c436867\-40141626\.html \|website\=People's Daily}}
### Wenzhou murder case
After spending over a year wandering across [East China](/wiki/East_China "East China"), typically staying for no longer than 10 days at a time in each city, financing themselves through the adultery scams, Fa and Lao settled in Wenzhou in early October 1997\. Lao worked at a [KTV](/wiki/Karaoke "Karaoke") club as an escort with a stage name "[Gege](/wiki/Gege_%28title%29 "Gege (title)")" and claimed to be from [Sichuan](/wiki/Sichuan "Sichuan"). At Lao's suggestion, the duo decided to rob 22\-year\-old Liang Xiaochun (梁晓春), another escort girl working at the KTV club. Lao believed Liang to be well\-off after she saw her wearing an [Omega](/wiki/Omega_SA "Omega SA") wrist watch to work. They accessed Liang's apartment by pretending to be interested in renting out the place, at which point Fa took her at knifepoint and searched her apartment for valuables. Unsatisfied with the loot, Fa forced Liang to call over another woman, 29\-year\-old Liu Suqing (刘素清), who was a forewoman at the KTV club. Upon Liu 's arrival, Fa forced her to hand over a thousand yuan in cash and a 25,000 yuan deposit slip. He then tied her up with an electric wire. Following Fa 's instructions, Lao took Liu's phone and deposit slip to the bank to withdraw money. According to reports, the bank teller knows Liu Suqing and inquired why Lao Rongzhi, not Liu herself, was withdrawing the money. Lao replied that she was borrowing money from Liu. The teller did not stop her. Lao withdrew the entire 25,750 yuan from the account and signed Liu Suqing's name. Fa Ziying's verdict stated that after Lao Rongzhi successfully withdrew the money, she called him, and he immediately strangled both Liang and Liu using an electric wire and a belt. Fa Ziying took an Omega watch, a [Rado](/wiki/Rado_%28watchmaker%29 "Rado (watchmaker)") watch, a mobile phone, and a pager from the two victims.
They left Wenzhou the same day by long\-distance bus. Only a few hours later, Liang's phone was called several times by her boyfriend, identified by his surname Li. Lao eventually picked up, hoping to placate him with a cover story. Li immediately noted that Lao answered the call in [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese "Mandarin Chinese") rather than [Wenzhou dialect](/wiki/Wenzhounese "Wenzhounese"), yet still claimed to be an old friend of Liang, who never left Wenzhou in her whole life, and grew even more suspicious when Lao, unaware of who Li was, claimed that Liang went on a trip with her boyfriend. On 12 October, Li entered Liang's apartment by climbing over the balcony from a neighbour's room, where he discovered the bodies of the two women. Police detectives matched Fa Ziying's fingerprints on the electric mosquito repeller of which the wire was used to tie up the victims.{{Cite web \|title\=7条生命、20多年逃亡！一文梳理劳荣枝案始末\_四川在线 \|url\=https://focus.scol.com.cn/zgsz/202312/82429826\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-19 \|website\=SCOL}}
### Changzhou kidnapping and robbery case
In September 1998, Fa Ziying and Lau Rongzhi came to Changzhou. They rented a room and settled down. Lau Rongzhi worked as an escort at the Royal Ballroom near Tongji Bridge in Changzhou, where she met Liu, the owner of an auto repair shop. According to Liu's testimony, Lao tried every possible way to get him to go to her place. Around 11:30 pm one night, he drove Lao home and went in with her. He has barely entered the door when Fa Ziying stabbed him in the chest with a knife. After Liu was subdued, Lao tied Liu's legs and arms to a chair with a wire. Liu recalled that Fa and Lao communicated very little during the process, and they were very tacit. Fa searched Liu, took his car key and left. The 5,000 yuan cash in Liu's car was also taken.{{Cite news \|date\=2020\-12\-23 \|title\=劳荣枝案庭审纪实——检察机关指控劳荣枝在系列犯罪中起重要作用 \|url\=http://news.jcrb.com/jsxw/2020/202012/t20201223\_2235664\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911082531/https://kxlogo.knet.cn/seallogo.dll?sn\=e13090611010042337qhcw000000\&size\=0 \|archive\-date\=2021\-09\-11 \|accessdate\=2021\-01\-22 \|work\=正义网 \|language\=zh}} The next morning, Fa told Liu to call his wife. Liu's wife, following his instructions, went to the designated bus stop with 70,000 yuan cash to meet Lao.
According to Liu's recollection, Fa instructed Lao to go out and meet Liu's wife, saying that if Lao did not return within two hours, he would kill Liu and then escape. Lao Rongzhi took a taxi back together with Liu's wife. Seeing her husband's mouth was stuffed and his hands and feet tied up, the wife handed over the ransom right away. Fa then tied her up and gagged her. After a brief conversation in dialect between the duo, Lao Rongzhi left first with the cash. About ten minutes later, she called Fa to indicate that she had safely evacuated. Fa was now entertaining the idea of killing the couple anyway, though he eventually relented after Liu and his wife repeatedly begged him to reconsider. Liu and his wife were the only survivors of the series of robberies and murders committed by Fa Ziying and Lao Rongzhi.{{Cite news \|last1\=Chen \|first1\=Qingyuan \|last2\=Cao \|first2\=Hongyu \|date\=September 9, 2021 \|title\=法子英的三个瞬间：唯一一次笑容是为劳荣枝 \|work\=红星新闻}}
### Hefei murder case
After nearly a year of hiding around in [Guangxi](/wiki/Guangxi "Guangxi"), [Shantou](/wiki/Shantou "Shantou"), and [Hangzhou](/wiki/Hangzhou "Hangzhou") among other places, Lao and Fa arrived in Hefei on 21 June, 1999\. Using false names and identities, they checked into two separate hotels less than two kilometers apart. In July, Fa Ziying rented a two\-bedroom apartment, ordered a dog cage, and purchased a freezer. On 15 July, Lao began working as an escort at a local nightclub, with her false identity.{{Cite web \|title\=劳荣枝这二十年\_澎湃号·政务\_澎湃新闻\-The Paper \|url\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5149664 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-26 \|website\=www.thepaper.cn}} There, she met Yin Jianhua (殷建华), the founder and owner of Hefei Anjida Electric Co., Ltd. According to Fa's defense attorney later, Yin was not actually wealthy and had to pretend to be affluent in social settings to maintain his company's business.
Lao invited Yin to her and Fa's apartment on July 22 , where he was taken hostage with a knife and locked in the dog cage, with intent to extort Yin's wife Liu Min (刘敏) for ransom. Yin, however, proved defiant and refused to cooperate with his captors, even after Fa reveals that he had done this before and killed people, brushing this off as a lie, believing him to not be capable of murder. To prove they were not bluffing, Fa went out on the street and convinced a 33\-year old carpenter named Lu Zhongming (陆中明) , to come to their apartment to fix a window. There the carpenter was attacked by Fa, who dragged him into bathroom and stabbed him 20 times in the back before beheading him with an axe. Fa then showed the head to Yin while Lao stored Lu's body away in the freezer.{{Cite news \|date\=2019\-12\-02 \|title\=法子英死刑判决书全文披露：女逃犯劳荣枝如何合伙杀人劫财 \|url\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5119356\_1 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140924/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5119356\_1 \|archive\-date\=2021\-01\-16 \|accessdate\=2021\-01\-16 \|work\=澎湃新闻 \|language\=zh}} Yin, now realizing the gravity of his situation, wrote notes asking his wife to pay his kidnappers. Liu was called at 9:05 p.m. by her husband Yin asking her to go to Changjiang Hotel and handover the ransom to Fa. However, the two missed each other at the hotel somehow, and Fa rescheduled a ransom handover the next morning at Yin's home.
The next morning, Yin wrote one more note to his wife, and their home address on another note, as Fa requested. According to Fa's first instance verdict, Fa then strangled Yin with a wire, before he when to Yin's home with the two notes and a [home\-made gun](/wiki/Improvised_firearm "Improvised firearm"). At her home, Liu managed to convince Fa to wait in the apartment while she would leave to collect the money from friends and colleagues. Instead, she fled the building as police raided the location, positioning snipers on nearby buildings and stationing officers at ground level in case Fa attempt to jump from the third story apartment's window.{{Cite news \|date\=2019\-12\-06 \|title\=走上杀戮之路：消失的劳荣枝与七人命案始末 \|url\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5162842 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207095312/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_5162842 \|archive\-date\=2019\-12\-07 \|accessdate\=2024\-07\-19 \|work\=澎湃新闻 \|language\=zh}} At 11:00 a.m., after hours of negotiations failed, [tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas "Tear gas") was deployed, leading to Fa exiting the flat and opening fire upon the police officers. The standoff and subsequent fire exchange was filmed by a television crew. Fa was apprehended after being shot in the thigh.
The bodies of Yin and Lu were located on 27 July, when neighbours noticed the smell and had the landlord open the apartment to check. Yin was immediately identified by his wife. Unable to identify the body in the freezer, the police published a notice in local newspaper, but over 20 days passed and no one had contacted them. Only when Lu Zhongming's wife went to Hefei to report to police because she could not contact her husband, did the police confirm Lu's identity. Lu's wife quickly recognized his tool box.{{Cite news \|date\=2021\-08\-30 \|title\=“女魔头”劳荣枝案何时宣判？南昌中院回应 \|url\=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021\-08\-30/doc\-iktzscyx1251015\.shtml \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419094400/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021\-08\-30/doc\-iktzscyx1251015\.shtml \|archive\-date\=2022\-04\-19 \|accessdate\=2022\-03\-09 \|work\=新安晚报 \|via\=新浪}} It was initially unknown whether Yin had been killed by Fa or Lao, who had escaped, though his estimated time of death point towards Lao being the culprit. Lao left only a note addressed to Fa, saying that she'd "wait for \[him] at home".{{Cite web \|title\=劳荣枝记忆的两道分界线\_一号专案\_澎湃新闻\-The Paper \|url\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_10502671 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-25 \|website\=The Paper}}{{Cite web \|title\=当年合肥警方《警视窗》节目还跟着拍过，那个年代的记者也太拼了 \|url\=https://k.sina.cn/article\_3742966420\_mdf19229403300u2gq.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-25 \|website\=Sina}}{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-09\-09 \|title\="仙人跳"案件始末——法子英 劳荣枝 \|url\=https://www.zhihu.com/tardis/zm/art/94546651?source\_id\=1003 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-25 \|website\=Zhihu}}{{Cite web \|title\=潜逃20年"女魔"落网：曾为小学教师 伙同男友残忍杀7人 \|url\=https://news.ifeng.com/c/7s01szR2EJk \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-26 \|website\=IFeng \|language\=zh}}
|
[
"Crimes\n------",
"The prosecution accused Fa Ziying of kidnapping, robbery, and intentional homicide in [Nanchang](/wiki/Nanchang \"Nanchang\"), [Wenzhou](/wiki/Wenzhou \"Wenzhou\"), and [Hefei](/wiki/Hefei \"Hefei\"). When Lao Rongzhi was tried, the prosecution added the kidnapping and robbery case in [Changzhou](/wiki/Changzhou \"Changzhou\") to the list of cases. According to the trial, before the Nanchang murder, the duo had engaged in a string of crimes involving a \"[honey trap](/wiki/Honey_trapping \"Honey trapping\")\" scheme. Lao Rongzhi lured wealthy men to hotel rooms, where Fa Ziying would pose as her husband, violently rob the victims, and make off with [hush money](/wiki/Hush_money \"Hush money\") sums ranging from 70,000 to 80,000 yuan.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-21 \\|title\\=劳荣枝故意杀人抢劫绑架案今开庭，三大谜团待解 \\|url\\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_10473036 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140900/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_10473036 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-12\\-28 \\|work\\=澎湃新闻 \\|language\\=zh}} Fa Ziying confessed to kidnappings in multiple cities, including [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), Changzhou, [Nanning](/wiki/Nanning \"Nanning\"), Xiamen, [Dongying](/wiki/Dongying \"Dongying\"), and [Huangmei](/wiki/Huangmei_County \"Huangmei County\"). During his final meeting with his defense lawyer, he admitted to additional crimes. However, due to insufficient evidence beyond his own confession and the technological limitations of the time, these additional crimes were not included in the final judgment.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-02 \\|title\\=法子英临刑前曾交代新案，其辩护人称劳荣枝落网或发现新悬案 \\|url\\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5118274 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140854/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5118274 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-12\\-22 \\|work\\=澎湃新闻 \\|language\\=zh}}{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-27 \\|title\\=劳荣枝\"在人间\" \\|url\\=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2021\\-01\\-28/detail\\-ikftssap1407583\\.d.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-15 \\|website\\=中国经营报\\-等深线}}",
"### Nanchang murder case",
"Fa and Lao came to [Nanchang](/wiki/Nanchang \"Nanchang\") in May 1996, where Lao rented an apartment with the identity card stolen from a Shenzhen woman names Chen Jia, and she began working as an escort in a night club. In the night club Lao met a customer Xiong Qiyi, a 35\\-year\\-old general manager of an air conditioning sales company who also ran a hotel.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1999\\-11\\-19 \\|title\\=\"杀人魔王\"的罪恶 \\|url\\=http://news.sina.com.cn/society/1999\\-11\\-19/33040\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140923/http://news.sina.com.cn/society/1999\\-11\\-19/33040\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|accessdate\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|work\\=江淮晨报 \\|language\\=zh}} According to Fa Ziying's verdict, Lao Rongzhi identified Xiong Qiyi as a kidnapping target, and Fa Ziying followed Xiong Qiyi home but without further actions. On the morning of July 28th, Lao Rongzhi called to lure Xiong Qiyi to her apartment, where Fa Ziying appeared holding a knife and tied up Xiong with ropes, then robbed him of his watch, jewelry, and other valuables. Fa forced him to divulge his address before strangling him to death with a wire and dismembering his body, packing it up into four trash bags.",
"At the same night, they went to Xiong's home and gained access using Xiong's keys. Xiong's wife, 28\\-year\\-old Zhang Li (张莉), and their three\\-year\\-old daughter Xiong Lingxuan (熊灵璇) were asleep. Fa awoke both, robbed Zhang at knifepoint, then tied them up as he ransacked the apartment for the next hours, leaving Lao to keep watch. Fa further intimidated Zhang and her daughter by showing off two plastic bags that contained, among other body parts, her husband's severed head. Afterwards, Fa fatally strangled both Zhang and her daughter with a belt. Their corpses were left in a bathtub along with Xiong's body parts. According to the appraisal, Fa Ziying and Lao Rongzhi robbed the victims of valuables worth 30,274 [yuan](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\"), 8,090 yuan, 110 Hong Kong dollars, and 10 US dollars in cash, 1,000 yuan worth of Jiangxi Post and Telecommunications Enterprise bonds, 1,000 yuan worth of Nanchang Telecommunications Bureau fundraising receipts, and a 95,000 yuan worth certificate of deposit. The rest of Xiong's remains were discovered two days later when neighbours noticed a rotten smell emanating from two black trash bags by the community dumpster. On 29 July, Nanchang Municipal [Public Security Bureau](/wiki/Public_security_bureau_%28China%29 \"Public security bureau (China)\") of opened a robbery and homicide investigation, eventually identifying Fa and Lao as the perpetrators, issued a wanted notice for them on 18 August that same year.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Qin \\|first\\=Chuan \\|date\\=December 18, 2023 \\|title\\=人民热评：劳荣枝伏法彰显司法正义 \\|url\\=http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1218/c436867\\-40141626\\.html \\|website\\=People's Daily}}",
"### Wenzhou murder case",
"After spending over a year wandering across [East China](/wiki/East_China \"East China\"), typically staying for no longer than 10 days at a time in each city, financing themselves through the adultery scams, Fa and Lao settled in Wenzhou in early October 1997\\. Lao worked at a [KTV](/wiki/Karaoke \"Karaoke\") club as an escort with a stage name \"[Gege](/wiki/Gege_%28title%29 \"Gege (title)\")\" and claimed to be from [Sichuan](/wiki/Sichuan \"Sichuan\"). At Lao's suggestion, the duo decided to rob 22\\-year\\-old Liang Xiaochun (梁晓春), another escort girl working at the KTV club. Lao believed Liang to be well\\-off after she saw her wearing an [Omega](/wiki/Omega_SA \"Omega SA\") wrist watch to work. They accessed Liang's apartment by pretending to be interested in renting out the place, at which point Fa took her at knifepoint and searched her apartment for valuables. Unsatisfied with the loot, Fa forced Liang to call over another woman, 29\\-year\\-old Liu Suqing (刘素清), who was a forewoman at the KTV club. Upon Liu 's arrival, Fa forced her to hand over a thousand yuan in cash and a 25,000 yuan deposit slip. He then tied her up with an electric wire. Following Fa 's instructions, Lao took Liu's phone and deposit slip to the bank to withdraw money. According to reports, the bank teller knows Liu Suqing and inquired why Lao Rongzhi, not Liu herself, was withdrawing the money. Lao replied that she was borrowing money from Liu. The teller did not stop her. Lao withdrew the entire 25,750 yuan from the account and signed Liu Suqing's name. Fa Ziying's verdict stated that after Lao Rongzhi successfully withdrew the money, she called him, and he immediately strangled both Liang and Liu using an electric wire and a belt. Fa Ziying took an Omega watch, a [Rado](/wiki/Rado_%28watchmaker%29 \"Rado (watchmaker)\") watch, a mobile phone, and a pager from the two victims.",
"They left Wenzhou the same day by long\\-distance bus. Only a few hours later, Liang's phone was called several times by her boyfriend, identified by his surname Li. Lao eventually picked up, hoping to placate him with a cover story. Li immediately noted that Lao answered the call in [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese \"Mandarin Chinese\") rather than [Wenzhou dialect](/wiki/Wenzhounese \"Wenzhounese\"), yet still claimed to be an old friend of Liang, who never left Wenzhou in her whole life, and grew even more suspicious when Lao, unaware of who Li was, claimed that Liang went on a trip with her boyfriend. On 12 October, Li entered Liang's apartment by climbing over the balcony from a neighbour's room, where he discovered the bodies of the two women. Police detectives matched Fa Ziying's fingerprints on the electric mosquito repeller of which the wire was used to tie up the victims.{{Cite web \\|title\\=7条生命、20多年逃亡！一文梳理劳荣枝案始末\\_四川在线 \\|url\\=https://focus.scol.com.cn/zgsz/202312/82429826\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-19 \\|website\\=SCOL}}",
"### Changzhou kidnapping and robbery case",
"In September 1998, Fa Ziying and Lau Rongzhi came to Changzhou. They rented a room and settled down. Lau Rongzhi worked as an escort at the Royal Ballroom near Tongji Bridge in Changzhou, where she met Liu, the owner of an auto repair shop. According to Liu's testimony, Lao tried every possible way to get him to go to her place. Around 11:30 pm one night, he drove Lao home and went in with her. He has barely entered the door when Fa Ziying stabbed him in the chest with a knife. After Liu was subdued, Lao tied Liu's legs and arms to a chair with a wire. Liu recalled that Fa and Lao communicated very little during the process, and they were very tacit. Fa searched Liu, took his car key and left. The 5,000 yuan cash in Liu's car was also taken.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-23 \\|title\\=劳荣枝案庭审纪实——检察机关指控劳荣枝在系列犯罪中起重要作用 \\|url\\=http://news.jcrb.com/jsxw/2020/202012/t20201223\\_2235664\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911082531/https://kxlogo.knet.cn/seallogo.dll?sn\\=e13090611010042337qhcw000000\\&size\\=0 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-11 \\|accessdate\\=2021\\-01\\-22 \\|work\\=正义网 \\|language\\=zh}} The next morning, Fa told Liu to call his wife. Liu's wife, following his instructions, went to the designated bus stop with 70,000 yuan cash to meet Lao.",
"According to Liu's recollection, Fa instructed Lao to go out and meet Liu's wife, saying that if Lao did not return within two hours, he would kill Liu and then escape. Lao Rongzhi took a taxi back together with Liu's wife. Seeing her husband's mouth was stuffed and his hands and feet tied up, the wife handed over the ransom right away. Fa then tied her up and gagged her. After a brief conversation in dialect between the duo, Lao Rongzhi left first with the cash. About ten minutes later, she called Fa to indicate that she had safely evacuated. Fa was now entertaining the idea of killing the couple anyway, though he eventually relented after Liu and his wife repeatedly begged him to reconsider. Liu and his wife were the only survivors of the series of robberies and murders committed by Fa Ziying and Lao Rongzhi.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Chen \\|first1\\=Qingyuan \\|last2\\=Cao \\|first2\\=Hongyu \\|date\\=September 9, 2021 \\|title\\=法子英的三个瞬间：唯一一次笑容是为劳荣枝 \\|work\\=红星新闻}}",
"### Hefei murder case",
"After nearly a year of hiding around in [Guangxi](/wiki/Guangxi \"Guangxi\"), [Shantou](/wiki/Shantou \"Shantou\"), and [Hangzhou](/wiki/Hangzhou \"Hangzhou\") among other places, Lao and Fa arrived in Hefei on 21 June, 1999\\. Using false names and identities, they checked into two separate hotels less than two kilometers apart. In July, Fa Ziying rented a two\\-bedroom apartment, ordered a dog cage, and purchased a freezer. On 15 July, Lao began working as an escort at a local nightclub, with her false identity.{{Cite web \\|title\\=劳荣枝这二十年\\_澎湃号·政务\\_澎湃新闻\\-The Paper \\|url\\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5149664 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-26 \\|website\\=www.thepaper.cn}} There, she met Yin Jianhua (殷建华), the founder and owner of Hefei Anjida Electric Co., Ltd. According to Fa's defense attorney later, Yin was not actually wealthy and had to pretend to be affluent in social settings to maintain his company's business.",
"Lao invited Yin to her and Fa's apartment on July 22 , where he was taken hostage with a knife and locked in the dog cage, with intent to extort Yin's wife Liu Min (刘敏) for ransom. Yin, however, proved defiant and refused to cooperate with his captors, even after Fa reveals that he had done this before and killed people, brushing this off as a lie, believing him to not be capable of murder. To prove they were not bluffing, Fa went out on the street and convinced a 33\\-year old carpenter named Lu Zhongming (陆中明) , to come to their apartment to fix a window. There the carpenter was attacked by Fa, who dragged him into bathroom and stabbed him 20 times in the back before beheading him with an axe. Fa then showed the head to Yin while Lao stored Lu's body away in the freezer.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-02 \\|title\\=法子英死刑判决书全文披露：女逃犯劳荣枝如何合伙杀人劫财 \\|url\\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5119356\\_1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116140924/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5119356\\_1 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|accessdate\\=2021\\-01\\-16 \\|work\\=澎湃新闻 \\|language\\=zh}} Yin, now realizing the gravity of his situation, wrote notes asking his wife to pay his kidnappers. Liu was called at 9:05 p.m. by her husband Yin asking her to go to Changjiang Hotel and handover the ransom to Fa. However, the two missed each other at the hotel somehow, and Fa rescheduled a ransom handover the next morning at Yin's home.",
"The next morning, Yin wrote one more note to his wife, and their home address on another note, as Fa requested. According to Fa's first instance verdict, Fa then strangled Yin with a wire, before he when to Yin's home with the two notes and a [home\\-made gun](/wiki/Improvised_firearm \"Improvised firearm\"). At her home, Liu managed to convince Fa to wait in the apartment while she would leave to collect the money from friends and colleagues. Instead, she fled the building as police raided the location, positioning snipers on nearby buildings and stationing officers at ground level in case Fa attempt to jump from the third story apartment's window.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-06 \\|title\\=走上杀戮之路：消失的劳荣枝与七人命案始末 \\|url\\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5162842 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207095312/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_5162842 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-07 \\|accessdate\\=2024\\-07\\-19 \\|work\\=澎湃新闻 \\|language\\=zh}} At 11:00 a.m., after hours of negotiations failed, [tear gas](/wiki/Tear_gas \"Tear gas\") was deployed, leading to Fa exiting the flat and opening fire upon the police officers. The standoff and subsequent fire exchange was filmed by a television crew. Fa was apprehended after being shot in the thigh.",
"The bodies of Yin and Lu were located on 27 July, when neighbours noticed the smell and had the landlord open the apartment to check. Yin was immediately identified by his wife. Unable to identify the body in the freezer, the police published a notice in local newspaper, but over 20 days passed and no one had contacted them. Only when Lu Zhongming's wife went to Hefei to report to police because she could not contact her husband, did the police confirm Lu's identity. Lu's wife quickly recognized his tool box.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-30 \\|title\\=“女魔头”劳荣枝案何时宣判？南昌中院回应 \\|url\\=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021\\-08\\-30/doc\\-iktzscyx1251015\\.shtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419094400/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021\\-08\\-30/doc\\-iktzscyx1251015\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-19 \\|accessdate\\=2022\\-03\\-09 \\|work\\=新安晚报 \\|via\\=新浪}} It was initially unknown whether Yin had been killed by Fa or Lao, who had escaped, though his estimated time of death point towards Lao being the culprit. Lao left only a note addressed to Fa, saying that she'd \"wait for \\[him] at home\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=劳荣枝记忆的两道分界线\\_一号专案\\_澎湃新闻\\-The Paper \\|url\\=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\\_forward\\_10502671 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=The Paper}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=当年合肥警方《警视窗》节目还跟着拍过，那个年代的记者也太拼了 \\|url\\=https://k.sina.cn/article\\_3742966420\\_mdf19229403300u2gq.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=Sina}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-09 \\|title\\=\"仙人跳\"案件始末——法子英 劳荣枝 \\|url\\=https://www.zhihu.com/tardis/zm/art/94546651?source\\_id\\=1003 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=Zhihu}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=潜逃20年\"女魔\"落网：曾为小学教师 伙同男友残忍杀7人 \\|url\\=https://news.ifeng.com/c/7s01szR2EJk \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-26 \\|website\\=IFeng \\|language\\=zh}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
Penwith had a population of 65,000 in the mid\-2007 estimates. 96\.4% of Penwith residents were born in the UK.
72% of people in the district gave Christianity as their religion, whilst nearly 18% of people stated that they are non\-religious, compared to 15 per cent nationally.
Penwith has the 6th highest rate of divorce of any district in England and Wales at 13\.4% of the over 16 population, and correspondingly also has one of the lowest percentages of married couple households.
Penwith district has one of the lowest levels of home ownership in the country (280th/376\) and is ranked 4th for those without central heating. The district also has one of the lowest rates of second car ownership and is ranked 300 out of 376 districts in England and Wales.
The district has some of the highest indicators of bad health in the country and is ranked 28th and 41st for those described as having long term illness and general poor health respectively.
Penwith has one of the highest unemployment rates of any district, ranked 51st out of 376 districts, and also one of the lowest rates of degree level education at 16%, compared to the national average of 20% (244th/376\). Penwith is also ranked as the district having the 28th largest retired population in England and Wales.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"Penwith had a population of 65,000 in the mid\\-2007 estimates. 96\\.4% of Penwith residents were born in the UK.",
"72% of people in the district gave Christianity as their religion, whilst nearly 18% of people stated that they are non\\-religious, compared to 15 per cent nationally.",
"Penwith has the 6th highest rate of divorce of any district in England and Wales at 13\\.4% of the over 16 population, and correspondingly also has one of the lowest percentages of married couple households.",
"Penwith district has one of the lowest levels of home ownership in the country (280th/376\\) and is ranked 4th for those without central heating. The district also has one of the lowest rates of second car ownership and is ranked 300 out of 376 districts in England and Wales.",
"The district has some of the highest indicators of bad health in the country and is ranked 28th and 41st for those described as having long term illness and general poor health respectively.",
"Penwith has one of the highest unemployment rates of any district, ranked 51st out of 376 districts, and also one of the lowest rates of degree level education at 16%, compared to the national average of 20% (244th/376\\). Penwith is also ranked as the district having the 28th largest retired population in England and Wales.",
""
] |
Economy
-------
Penwith is an area of extreme economic deprivation. It is ranked as the 25th most deprived district in England,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf \|title\=Index of Local Deprivation government statistics \|access\-date\=12 June 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109231813/http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf \|archive\-date\=9 November 2006 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} and it is located in Cornwall, the poorest county in England.Peter Kingston, 2005\. "[Closed for Business](http://education.guardian.co.uk/further/story/0,5500,1479952,00.html)." *The Guardian*, Tuesday 10 May 2005\. It has been suggested that in fact this ranking understates the extent of the problem due to the difficulties of assessing deprivation in dispersed rural populations, and the socially and economically polarised nature of rural communities.
Deprivation manifests itself in the form of high youth unemployment, an above average proportion of workers in manual occupations, low mean income and a low percentage of people with higher degrees. High educational attainment up to [GCSE](/wiki/GCSE "GCSE") and [A\-level](/wiki/Advanced_Level_%28UK%29 "Advanced Level (UK)") demonstrates the depth of local talent, however, poor job opportunities and the absence, until recently, of a university in Cornwall has meant that much of this young talent leaves the area and never returns.Index of Local
Deprivation government statistics <http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109231813/http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf \|date\=9 November 2006 }} As such Penwith was listed as an [Objective 1](/wiki/Objective_1 "Objective 1") area by the [European Social Fund](/wiki/European_Social_Fund "European Social Fund"), however, this status expired in 2006 with the programme closing on 31 December 2008\.{{Cite web \| title \= ARCHIVED CONTENT \- Government Offices \- South West \- Objective 1 \| publisher \= \[\[Government Office Regions\|Government Office for South West England]] \| url \= http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/EUFunding/708543/?a\=42496 \| archive\-url \= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100528142817/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/EUFunding/708543/?a\=42496 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 28 May 2010 \| access\-date \= 30 August 2010}} Traditionally, like much of the rest of Cornwall, Penwith's economy relied heavily on mining and fishing and was badly affected by the decline of these industries. Although the district has tried to stimulate employment through tourism, many of these jobs are by definition seasonal or part\-time and do not replace the skilled jobs lost by the closure of the mines.
### Mining
[Tin mining](/wiki/Tin_mining "Tin mining") once played an important part in the economy of Penwith, with mines across the district including [Levant](/wiki/Levant_mine "Levant mine"), [Botallack](/wiki/Botallack "Botallack"), [Cape Cornwall](/wiki/Cape_Cornwall "Cape Cornwall"), [Ding Dong](/wiki/Ding_Dong_mine "Ding Dong mine") and [Wheal Hope](/wiki/Wheal_Hope "Wheal Hope"). [List of mines in west Penwith](http://west-penwith.org.uk/wpenmine.htm) Tin mines gradually became economically mined out through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as the easier seams were exhausted and more amenable sources of metal were discovered in South America.{{cite journal\|last1\=Blunden\|first1\=J. R.\|journal\=Geography \|date\=July 1970\|volume\=55\|issue\=3\|pages\=331–335}} The collapse of the world tin cartel in 1985 finished what remained of the industry.
The last working mine in the district and one of the last in Cornwall was at [Geevor](/wiki/Geevor_Tin_Mine "Geevor Tin Mine") which is now a heritage site and museum following grants totalling nearly £4 million from various sources [Cornwall24 article](http://www.cornwall24.co.uk/Article510.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011520/http://www.cornwall24\.co.uk/Article510\.htm \|date\=28 September 2007 }} including the [Heritage Lottery Fund](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund "Heritage Lottery Fund"). The north of the district has arguably suffered the worst from the closure of the mines as there have been few jobs available to replace what was lost to mining. This is most notably the towns of [St. Just](/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith "St Just in Penwith") and [Pendeen](/wiki/Pendeen "Pendeen") which have very high levels of unemployment. Many miners from the district have emigrated over the last century in order to find mining jobs abroad.
### Fishing
Despite the decline in the number of people employed in the fishing industry, it still plays an important part in the district's economy. [Newlyn](/wiki/Newlyn "Newlyn") harbour is the largest deep sea fishing port in England in terms of the value of fish landed (turnover \>£18 million 2004\) and contributes 2% of the region's GDP.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media\-611\.htm \|title\=Objective One media release \|access\-date\=23 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223641/http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media\-611\.htm \|archive\-date\=14 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} The Newlyn fleet utilises a variety of catching methods, however, the vessels are comparatively small and mostly owned by their skippers in comparison with the large factory boats of Spain and France with whom they share their fishing grounds. Accusations of illegal overfishing by the French and Spanish fleets is a source of local friction. Until the 1960s, pilchards were the major catch landed at Newlyn, which were processed at the nearby pilchard works, before the fish fell out of favour with the public. A revival of pilchard fishing in Penwith in recent years occurred after a rebranding exercise as *Cornish sardines*[Cornwall24 7 November 2005 The Newlyn Pilchard Works and grants](https://archive.today/20070422075133/http://www.cornwall24.co.uk/PNphpBB2-viewtopic-t-573.htm) (sardines are actually small pilchards). This has been helped by investment from the Objective One programme. Much of the catch is sold abroad in Spain and Italy.
### Farming
[thumb\|right\|Farmland in [St Buryan](/wiki/St_Buryan "St Buryan") parish looking south towards the [sea](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel")](/wiki/File:Famlandstburyan.JPG "Famlandstburyan.JPG")[thumb\|right\|Cattle being raised in the south of the district](/wiki/File:Cattlepenwith.JPG "Cattlepenwith.JPG")
Like much of the rest of the country, farmers in Penwith have in recent years been put under financial pressure, due to a withdrawal of subsidies from the EU [Common Agricultural Policy](/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy "Common Agricultural Policy"), pressure from supermarkets and crises such as [foot and mouth](/wiki/2001_UK_foot_and_mouth_crisis "2001 UK foot and mouth crisis") in 2001\. Agriculture in Penwith is predominantly dairy with some arable crops such as potatoes, cauliflower and broccoli (confusingly these are locally called broccoli and calebrese, respectively). Cornwall's mild climate and an absence of hard winter frosts mean that these cold\-sensitive crops can be produced much earlier than in the rest of the country, and early Cornish new potatoes are a lucrative source of income. Unfortunately this cash crop has come under pressure in recent years due to [globalization](/wiki/Globalization "Globalization"), which means competition with cheap imports from Egypt.
In 2002 the Farm Business Centre was set up to help farmers and farm businesses across Penwith. The centre aims to expand the local agricultural sector and provide advice and funding for farmers in the transition from [intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming "Intensive farming") toward more sustainable agriculture. This encourages farmers to seek out novel sources of income such as [set\-aside](/wiki/Set-aside "Set-aside") and organic and small scale specialist produce such as meat from rare breed animals. A priority 4\.6 grant from Objective One, plus funding from the [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs") totalling more than £300,000 have ensured the centre’s future until September 2008\. [Objective One 2006 grant announcements](http://www.objectiveone.com/O1htm/01-projects-date/all_projects2006.htm)
### Tourism
Penwith's scenery makes it a popular holiday destination. Local attractions including the [Minack Theatre](/wiki/Minack_Theatre "Minack Theatre"), [South West Coast Path](/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path "South West Coast Path"), [Land's End](/wiki/Land%27s_End "Land's End") and the [Blue Flag beach](/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach "Blue Flag beach") at [Sennen Cove](/wiki/Sennen_Cove "Sennen Cove"){{Cite web \|url\=http://www.blueflag.org/blueflag/2005/UnitedKingdom/SouthWest/SennenCove(Whitesands) \|title\=South West Blue Flag Beaches \|access\-date\=8 April 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122165931/http://www.blueflag.org/blueflag/2005/UnitedKingdom/SouthWest/SennenCove(Whitesands) \|archive\-date\=22 November 2005 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} ensure that tourism plays a major part in Penwith's economy. Additionally, St. Ives has in recent years become a popular New Year's Eve venue. Penwith also has the highest concentration of [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") sites in Europe, including monuments at [The Merry Maidens](/wiki/The_Merry_Maidens "The Merry Maidens"), [Lanyon Quoit](/wiki/Lanyon_Quoit "Lanyon Quoit"), [Chûn Quoit](/wiki/Ch%C3%BBn_Quoit "Chûn Quoit") and an Iron Age village at [Chysauster](/wiki/Chysauster "Chysauster"). Tourism accounts for 25% of Cornwall's [GDP](/wiki/GDP "GDP") and 19% of households in Penwith derive their income from this activity.[Penwith District Council figures](http://www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/RTL-News1.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503140135/http://www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/RTL\-News1\.pdf \|date\=3 May 2006 }}
|
[
"Economy\n-------",
"Penwith is an area of extreme economic deprivation. It is ranked as the 25th most deprived district in England,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf \\|title\\=Index of Local Deprivation government statistics \\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109231813/http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} and it is located in Cornwall, the poorest county in England.Peter Kingston, 2005\\. \"[Closed for Business](http://education.guardian.co.uk/further/story/0,5500,1479952,00.html).\" *The Guardian*, Tuesday 10 May 2005\\. It has been suggested that in fact this ranking understates the extent of the problem due to the difficulties of assessing deprivation in dispersed rural populations, and the socially and economically polarised nature of rural communities.",
"Deprivation manifests itself in the form of high youth unemployment, an above average proportion of workers in manual occupations, low mean income and a low percentage of people with higher degrees. High educational attainment up to [GCSE](/wiki/GCSE \"GCSE\") and [A\\-level](/wiki/Advanced_Level_%28UK%29 \"Advanced Level (UK)\") demonstrates the depth of local talent, however, poor job opportunities and the absence, until recently, of a university in Cornwall has meant that much of this young talent leaves the area and never returns.Index of Local\nDeprivation government statistics <http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109231813/http://www.objectiveone.com/ob1/pdfs/communit.pdf \\|date\\=9 November 2006 }} As such Penwith was listed as an [Objective 1](/wiki/Objective_1 \"Objective 1\") area by the [European Social Fund](/wiki/European_Social_Fund \"European Social Fund\"), however, this status expired in 2006 with the programme closing on 31 December 2008\\.{{Cite web \\| title \\= ARCHIVED CONTENT \\- Government Offices \\- South West \\- Objective 1 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Government Office Regions\\|Government Office for South West England]] \\| url \\= http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/EUFunding/708543/?a\\=42496 \\| archive\\-url \\= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100528142817/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/EUFunding/708543/?a\\=42496 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 May 2010 \\| access\\-date \\= 30 August 2010}} Traditionally, like much of the rest of Cornwall, Penwith's economy relied heavily on mining and fishing and was badly affected by the decline of these industries. Although the district has tried to stimulate employment through tourism, many of these jobs are by definition seasonal or part\\-time and do not replace the skilled jobs lost by the closure of the mines.",
"### Mining",
"[Tin mining](/wiki/Tin_mining \"Tin mining\") once played an important part in the economy of Penwith, with mines across the district including [Levant](/wiki/Levant_mine \"Levant mine\"), [Botallack](/wiki/Botallack \"Botallack\"), [Cape Cornwall](/wiki/Cape_Cornwall \"Cape Cornwall\"), [Ding Dong](/wiki/Ding_Dong_mine \"Ding Dong mine\") and [Wheal Hope](/wiki/Wheal_Hope \"Wheal Hope\"). [List of mines in west Penwith](http://west-penwith.org.uk/wpenmine.htm) Tin mines gradually became economically mined out through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as the easier seams were exhausted and more amenable sources of metal were discovered in South America.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Blunden\\|first1\\=J. R.\\|journal\\=Geography \\|date\\=July 1970\\|volume\\=55\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=331–335}} The collapse of the world tin cartel in 1985 finished what remained of the industry.",
"The last working mine in the district and one of the last in Cornwall was at [Geevor](/wiki/Geevor_Tin_Mine \"Geevor Tin Mine\") which is now a heritage site and museum following grants totalling nearly £4 million from various sources [Cornwall24 article](http://www.cornwall24.co.uk/Article510.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011520/http://www.cornwall24\\.co.uk/Article510\\.htm \\|date\\=28 September 2007 }} including the [Heritage Lottery Fund](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund \"Heritage Lottery Fund\"). The north of the district has arguably suffered the worst from the closure of the mines as there have been few jobs available to replace what was lost to mining. This is most notably the towns of [St. Just](/wiki/St_Just_in_Penwith \"St Just in Penwith\") and [Pendeen](/wiki/Pendeen \"Pendeen\") which have very high levels of unemployment. Many miners from the district have emigrated over the last century in order to find mining jobs abroad.",
"### Fishing",
"Despite the decline in the number of people employed in the fishing industry, it still plays an important part in the district's economy. [Newlyn](/wiki/Newlyn \"Newlyn\") harbour is the largest deep sea fishing port in England in terms of the value of fish landed (turnover \\>£18 million 2004\\) and contributes 2% of the region's GDP.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media\\-611\\.htm \\|title\\=Objective One media release \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223641/http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media\\-611\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} The Newlyn fleet utilises a variety of catching methods, however, the vessels are comparatively small and mostly owned by their skippers in comparison with the large factory boats of Spain and France with whom they share their fishing grounds. Accusations of illegal overfishing by the French and Spanish fleets is a source of local friction. Until the 1960s, pilchards were the major catch landed at Newlyn, which were processed at the nearby pilchard works, before the fish fell out of favour with the public. A revival of pilchard fishing in Penwith in recent years occurred after a rebranding exercise as *Cornish sardines*[Cornwall24 7 November 2005 The Newlyn Pilchard Works and grants](https://archive.today/20070422075133/http://www.cornwall24.co.uk/PNphpBB2-viewtopic-t-573.htm) (sardines are actually small pilchards). This has been helped by investment from the Objective One programme. Much of the catch is sold abroad in Spain and Italy.",
"### Farming",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Farmland in [St Buryan](/wiki/St_Buryan \"St Buryan\") parish looking south towards the [sea](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\")](/wiki/File:Famlandstburyan.JPG \"Famlandstburyan.JPG\")[thumb\\|right\\|Cattle being raised in the south of the district](/wiki/File:Cattlepenwith.JPG \"Cattlepenwith.JPG\")",
"Like much of the rest of the country, farmers in Penwith have in recent years been put under financial pressure, due to a withdrawal of subsidies from the EU [Common Agricultural Policy](/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy \"Common Agricultural Policy\"), pressure from supermarkets and crises such as [foot and mouth](/wiki/2001_UK_foot_and_mouth_crisis \"2001 UK foot and mouth crisis\") in 2001\\. Agriculture in Penwith is predominantly dairy with some arable crops such as potatoes, cauliflower and broccoli (confusingly these are locally called broccoli and calebrese, respectively). Cornwall's mild climate and an absence of hard winter frosts mean that these cold\\-sensitive crops can be produced much earlier than in the rest of the country, and early Cornish new potatoes are a lucrative source of income. Unfortunately this cash crop has come under pressure in recent years due to [globalization](/wiki/Globalization \"Globalization\"), which means competition with cheap imports from Egypt.",
"In 2002 the Farm Business Centre was set up to help farmers and farm businesses across Penwith. The centre aims to expand the local agricultural sector and provide advice and funding for farmers in the transition from [intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming \"Intensive farming\") toward more sustainable agriculture. This encourages farmers to seek out novel sources of income such as [set\\-aside](/wiki/Set-aside \"Set-aside\") and organic and small scale specialist produce such as meat from rare breed animals. A priority 4\\.6 grant from Objective One, plus funding from the [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\") totalling more than £300,000 have ensured the centre’s future until September 2008\\. [Objective One 2006 grant announcements](http://www.objectiveone.com/O1htm/01-projects-date/all_projects2006.htm)",
"### Tourism",
"Penwith's scenery makes it a popular holiday destination. Local attractions including the [Minack Theatre](/wiki/Minack_Theatre \"Minack Theatre\"), [South West Coast Path](/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path \"South West Coast Path\"), [Land's End](/wiki/Land%27s_End \"Land's End\") and the [Blue Flag beach](/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach \"Blue Flag beach\") at [Sennen Cove](/wiki/Sennen_Cove \"Sennen Cove\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.blueflag.org/blueflag/2005/UnitedKingdom/SouthWest/SennenCove(Whitesands) \\|title\\=South West Blue Flag Beaches \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122165931/http://www.blueflag.org/blueflag/2005/UnitedKingdom/SouthWest/SennenCove(Whitesands) \\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2005 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} ensure that tourism plays a major part in Penwith's economy. Additionally, St. Ives has in recent years become a popular New Year's Eve venue. Penwith also has the highest concentration of [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") sites in Europe, including monuments at [The Merry Maidens](/wiki/The_Merry_Maidens \"The Merry Maidens\"), [Lanyon Quoit](/wiki/Lanyon_Quoit \"Lanyon Quoit\"), [Chûn Quoit](/wiki/Ch%C3%BBn_Quoit \"Chûn Quoit\") and an Iron Age village at [Chysauster](/wiki/Chysauster \"Chysauster\"). Tourism accounts for 25% of Cornwall's [GDP](/wiki/GDP \"GDP\") and 19% of households in Penwith derive their income from this activity.[Penwith District Council figures](http://www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/RTL-News1.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503140135/http://www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/RTL\\-News1\\.pdf \\|date\\=3 May 2006 }}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in New York City, Rankin was the daughter of actor [McKee Rankin](/wiki/McKee_Rankin "McKee Rankin") and [Mabel Bert](/wiki/Mabel_Bert "Mabel Bert").{{cite book\|last1\=Beasley\|first1\=David R.\|title\=McKee Rankin and the Heyday of the American Theater\|date\=2002\|publisher\=David Beasley\|isbn\=9780889203907\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N3PAhK66NxgC\&pg\=PA209\|accessdate\=2 October 2017}} She was married to actor [Lionel Barrymore](/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore "Lionel Barrymore") from 1904 to 1922\. Doris had two older half\-sisters from her father's marriage to [Kitty Blanchard](/wiki/Kitty_Blanchard "Kitty Blanchard"): [Gladys Rankin](/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Sidney_Drew "Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew") who was married to Lionel's uncle [Sidney Drew](/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Sidney_Drew "Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Drew") and [Phyllis Rankin](/wiki/Phyllis_Rankin "Phyllis Rankin") who was married to [Harry Davenport](/wiki/Harry_Davenport_%28actor%29 "Harry Davenport (actor)") of the Davenport theatrical family.The House of Barrymore, by Margot Peters, A.A. Knopf, 1991, p. 92\.
Rankin began her career with several roles with her father's company, her best\-remembered part being as an Italian white slave in *The White Slaver*.{{cite news \|title\=Sensational Sketch by Rankin and Barrymore Entitled "The White Slaver" Will Be Presented at Orpheum Next Week \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/608389750/?terms\=rankin%20the%20white%20slaver\&match\=3 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2021 \|work\=Berkeley Daily Gazette \|date\=November 12, 1910}} Prior to this, she performed in a number of sketches with her father and Barrymore. Rankin and Barrymore married in 1904 when he was 26 and she was 16\. Both of them retired from the theater in 1906\. The couple lived for an extended period in [Paris, France](/wiki/Paris%2C_France "Paris, France"), returning to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") around 1910\. Barrymore studied music and painting while he was there. They had two daughters, Ethel and Mary, and both girls died in infancy. Barrymore was deeply affected by the loss and never got over it.
Rankin's film debut came as Mrs. Shanks in the film *[The Copperhead](/wiki/The_Copperhead_%281920_film%29 "The Copperhead (1920 film)")* (1920\) with her husband which had been a great success for them as a play on the Broadway stage. She followed this role with performances in *[The Devil's Garden](/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Garden "The Devil's Garden")* (1920\), *[The Great Adventure](/wiki/The_Great_Adventure_%281921_film%29 "The Great Adventure (1921 film)")* (1921\), *[Jim the Penman](/wiki/Jim_the_Penman_%281921_film%29 "Jim the Penman (1921 film)")* (1921\), and *Lena Rivers* (1925\). She continued in motion pictures from silent movies into the era of sound. Her last credited role was in *Society Smugglers* (1939\).
Rankin was given a divorce from Barrymore in December 1922\. Barrymore married [Irene Fenwick](/wiki/Irene_Fenwick "Irene Fenwick") in Rome, Italy, the following June.{{cite news \|title\=Family Marriage Jinx on Trail of Ethel Barrymore? Her Separation Followed by Divorce Action \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/430200323/?terms\=lionel%20barrymore%20rankin%20divorce\&match\=4 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2021 \|work\=New York Daily News \|date\=July 8, 1923 \|page\=5}} Rankin married British author Roger Malcolm Mortimer in 1923 in Frederick, Maryland, and they had two children.{{Cite book\|last\=Wilson\|first\=Scott\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FOHgDAAAQBAJ\&q\=roger\+malcolm\+mortimer\&pg\=PA614\|title\=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.\|date\=2016\-08\-19\|publisher\=McFarland\|isbn\=978\-1\-4766\-2599\-7\|language\=en}} The couple lived in Santa Monica allowing Rankin to be near film studios.
In 1931, Rankin was operated on for a thyroid ailment at the Park East Hospital in New York City.
Doris Rankin died in Washington, D.C., in 1947\. She is buried in Suitland, Maryland, at Cedar Hill Cemetery under her married name Doris Mortimer.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in New York City, Rankin was the daughter of actor [McKee Rankin](/wiki/McKee_Rankin \"McKee Rankin\") and [Mabel Bert](/wiki/Mabel_Bert \"Mabel Bert\").{{cite book\\|last1\\=Beasley\\|first1\\=David R.\\|title\\=McKee Rankin and the Heyday of the American Theater\\|date\\=2002\\|publisher\\=David Beasley\\|isbn\\=9780889203907\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N3PAhK66NxgC\\&pg\\=PA209\\|accessdate\\=2 October 2017}} She was married to actor [Lionel Barrymore](/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore \"Lionel Barrymore\") from 1904 to 1922\\. Doris had two older half\\-sisters from her father's marriage to [Kitty Blanchard](/wiki/Kitty_Blanchard \"Kitty Blanchard\"): [Gladys Rankin](/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Sidney_Drew \"Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew\") who was married to Lionel's uncle [Sidney Drew](/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Sidney_Drew \"Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Drew\") and [Phyllis Rankin](/wiki/Phyllis_Rankin \"Phyllis Rankin\") who was married to [Harry Davenport](/wiki/Harry_Davenport_%28actor%29 \"Harry Davenport (actor)\") of the Davenport theatrical family.The House of Barrymore, by Margot Peters, A.A. Knopf, 1991, p. 92\\.",
"Rankin began her career with several roles with her father's company, her best\\-remembered part being as an Italian white slave in *The White Slaver*.{{cite news \\|title\\=Sensational Sketch by Rankin and Barrymore Entitled \"The White Slaver\" Will Be Presented at Orpheum Next Week \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/608389750/?terms\\=rankin%20the%20white%20slaver\\&match\\=3 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2021 \\|work\\=Berkeley Daily Gazette \\|date\\=November 12, 1910}} Prior to this, she performed in a number of sketches with her father and Barrymore. Rankin and Barrymore married in 1904 when he was 26 and she was 16\\. Both of them retired from the theater in 1906\\. The couple lived for an extended period in [Paris, France](/wiki/Paris%2C_France \"Paris, France\"), returning to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") around 1910\\. Barrymore studied music and painting while he was there. They had two daughters, Ethel and Mary, and both girls died in infancy. Barrymore was deeply affected by the loss and never got over it.",
"Rankin's film debut came as Mrs. Shanks in the film *[The Copperhead](/wiki/The_Copperhead_%281920_film%29 \"The Copperhead (1920 film)\")* (1920\\) with her husband which had been a great success for them as a play on the Broadway stage. She followed this role with performances in *[The Devil's Garden](/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Garden \"The Devil's Garden\")* (1920\\), *[The Great Adventure](/wiki/The_Great_Adventure_%281921_film%29 \"The Great Adventure (1921 film)\")* (1921\\), *[Jim the Penman](/wiki/Jim_the_Penman_%281921_film%29 \"Jim the Penman (1921 film)\")* (1921\\), and *Lena Rivers* (1925\\). She continued in motion pictures from silent movies into the era of sound. Her last credited role was in *Society Smugglers* (1939\\).",
"Rankin was given a divorce from Barrymore in December 1922\\. Barrymore married [Irene Fenwick](/wiki/Irene_Fenwick \"Irene Fenwick\") in Rome, Italy, the following June.{{cite news \\|title\\=Family Marriage Jinx on Trail of Ethel Barrymore? Her Separation Followed by Divorce Action \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/430200323/?terms\\=lionel%20barrymore%20rankin%20divorce\\&match\\=4 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2021 \\|work\\=New York Daily News \\|date\\=July 8, 1923 \\|page\\=5}} Rankin married British author Roger Malcolm Mortimer in 1923 in Frederick, Maryland, and they had two children.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Wilson\\|first\\=Scott\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FOHgDAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=roger\\+malcolm\\+mortimer\\&pg\\=PA614\\|title\\=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.\\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-19\\|publisher\\=McFarland\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4766\\-2599\\-7\\|language\\=en}} The couple lived in Santa Monica allowing Rankin to be near film studios.",
"In 1931, Rankin was operated on for a thyroid ailment at the Park East Hospital in New York City.",
"Doris Rankin died in Washington, D.C., in 1947\\. She is buried in Suitland, Maryland, at Cedar Hill Cemetery under her married name Doris Mortimer.",
""
] |
Beginnings and activities until 1918
------------------------------------
[thumb\|Stamp affixed to postcards with images of *Beskidenverein* huts. The sale of such postcards was one way of subsidizing the association](/wiki/File:BV_stamp.jpg "BV stamp.jpg")
The second half of the 19th century marked the creation of the first tourist and mountain organizations across Europe. In [Austrian Silesia](/wiki/Austrian_Silesia "Austrian Silesia"), the first branches of the German {{Interlanguage link\|Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\|pl\|Morawsko\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}} ({{Lang\-de\|Mährisch\-Schlesischer Sudetengebirgsverein, MSSGV}}) were established – a section in [Opava](/wiki/Opava "Opava") (1882\), followed by one in [Vitkovice](/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_%28Ostrava%29 "Vítkovice (Ostrava)") (now a district of [Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava "Ostrava") – 1884\).{{Harvard citation text\|Dziedzic\|2006}} In 1884, the Czech *Pohorská jednota "Radhošť"* was founded in [Frenštát pod Radhoštěm](/wiki/Fren%C5%A1t%C3%A1t_pod_Radho%C5%A1t%C4%9Bm "Frenštát pod Radhoštěm").{{Cite book \|last1\=Anders \|first1\=Ota \|title\=Beskydy. Turistický průvodce ČSSR. Svazek 8 \|last2\=Baláš \|first2\=Miloslav \|last3\=Bača \|first3\=Jaroslav \|last4\=Bendl \|first4\=Antonín \|publisher\=Olympia \|year\=1982 \|location\=Prague \|pages\=226–227 \|language\=cs}} Already then, there were voices calling for the creation of a German tourist organization operating solely in the Beskids – active proponents of this were {{Interlanguage link\|Karl Richter (lawyer)\|lt\=Karl Richter\|pl\|Karl Richter (prawnik)}}, a politician and lawyer, and teacher {{Interlanguage link\|Johann Hadaszczok\|pl\|Johann Hadaszczok}}, both from Moravian Ostrava.{{Cite journal \|last\=Podkludová \|first\=A. \|title\=Advokáti v Moravské Ostravě před sto lety \|url\=https://www.cak.cz/files/170/BA\_04\_06\.pdf \|journal\=Belletin Advocatie \|language\=cs \|pages\=75–76}} Their dreams came true on 28 February 1893 – *Beskidenverein* was founded in [Frýdek\-Místek](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek "Frýdek-Místek"). It was modeled after the Austrian (and later all\-German) organization [Austrian Alpine Club](/wiki/Austrian_Alpine_Club "Austrian Alpine Club"). The headquarters were initially planned for Frýdek\-Místek but were eventually established in Moravian Ostrava and later moved to [Cieszyn](/wiki/Cieszyn "Cieszyn"). Karl Richter became the first chairman. At the turn of the century, the most active members were high school professors from Moravian Ostrava ({{Interlanguage link\|Josef Matzura\|pl\|Josef Matzura}}), Cieszyn (Alois Steiner), and [Bielsko](/wiki/Bielsko "Bielsko") ({{Interlanguage link\|Karl Kolbenheyer\|pl\|Karl Kolbenheyer}}).{{Cite journal \|last\=Kaluza \|first\=L. \|year\=1961 \|title\=Schulrat Josef Matzura \|journal\=BeskidenKalender \|volume\=7 \|page\=40}}
*Beskidenverein* was organized into independent sections, covering the entire area of interest. Its members were Germans living in large numbers in the [Austrian Silesia](/wiki/Austrian_Silesia "Austrian Silesia") of the time and in northern [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia"). The goal was to develop the areas from [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora "Lysá hora") in the west to [Babia Góra](/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra "Babia Góra") in the east of the Beskids for tourist purposes: *to facilitate the practical realization of goals (...) through trail marking and road improvement, through the construction and operation of mountain support points – facilitating movement in the Beskids and increasing the desire for hiking* (quote from *Beskidenverein*'s statute from 1893\).{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1977\|p\=156}}
The main sources of funding (besides membership fees) included financial support from German landowners, the German bourgeoisie, and industrialists. The association was also materially and politically supported by the Cieszyn princes from the [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg") line – [Archduke Albrecht](/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht%2C_Duke_of_Teschen "Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen"), and after his death in 1895, [Archduke Friedrich](/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich%2C_Duke_of_Teschen "Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen").{{Cite web \|title\=Trzyniec (Třinec) \- Schronisko górskie "Jaworowy" \- stare zdjęcia, mapa \|url\=https://fotopolska.eu/278684,obiekt.html?map\_z\=11 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=fotopolska.eu}}
Among the tourists visiting the [Silesian Beskids](/wiki/Silesian_Beskids "Silesian Beskids") at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, numbering tens of thousands annually, about 90% were Germans, with the remaining mainly being Czechs. The number of Poles hiking the mountain trails was estimated to be only 1%.{{Harvard citation text\|Orłowicz\|1919\|p\=501}} *Beskidenverein* was an organization of Germans, and most of its activities were conducted through the prism of the interests of this national group. For this reason, conflicts arose with similar Czech and Polish organizations, which intensified during the interwar period, under changed political and economic conditions.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1978}}
### Organizational division before World War I
In 1909, the association already had 13 sections – the strongest in Bielsko (and {{Interlanguage link\|Biała (Bielsko\-Biała)\|lt\=Biała\|pl\|Biała (Bielsko\-Biała)}} – *Sektion Bielitz\-Biala*, also *Beskiden Bielitz\-Biala Verein*), Cieszyn, and [Vítkovice](/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_%28Ostrava%29 "Vítkovice (Ostrava)"). The territorial division looked as follows: Austrian Silesia – Bielsko, Cieszyn, Frýdek\-Místek, [Bílovec](/wiki/B%C3%ADlovec "Bílovec") (since 1901\), [Bohumín](/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn "Bohumín") (since 1909\); Moravia – Moravian Ostrava, {{Interlanguage link\|Místek\|pl\|Mistek}}, Vítkovice, [Frýdlant nad Ostravicí](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant_nad_Ostravic%C3%AD "Frýdlant nad Ostravicí"), [Nový Jičín](/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Ji%C4%8D%C3%ADn "Nový Jičín"); German Upper Silesia: [Racibórz](/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz "Racibórz") (since 1897\), [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice") (since 1898\), [Bytom](/wiki/Bytom "Bytom") (since 1906\), and [Mysłowice](/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice "Mysłowice") (since 1907\). World War I did not slow down the development of *Beskidenverein* – in 1915, the number of sections increased to 18; additional sections came from Germany – [Pszczyna](/wiki/Pszczyna "Pszczyna"), [Rybnik](/wiki/Rybnik "Rybnik"), [Chorzów](/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w "Chorzów"), and even a distant section from [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław").{{Cite report \|url\=http://turyzm.edu.pl/files/olimpiada\_III/szlaki\_turyst\_calosc.pdf \|title\=Szlaki turystyczne od pomysłu do realizacji \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Wydawnictwo PTTK "Kraj" \|location\=Warsaw – Łódź \|isbn\=978\-83\-7005\-562\-2 \|editor\-last1\=Stasiak \|editor\-first1\=Andrzej \|editor\-last2\=Śledzińska \|editor\-first2\=Jolanta \|editor\-last3\=Włodarczyk \|editor\-first3\=Bogdan \|ref\=none}}
The most active was the Bielsko section – already in the year of its establishment, it had 432 members (in 1909 – 1210\) and marked trails to {{Interlanguage link\|Szyndzielnia\|pl\|Szyndzielnia}}, {{Interlanguage link\|Klimczok\|pl\|Klimczok}}, and {{Interlanguage link\|Błatnia\|pl\|Błatnia}}.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1977\|p\=159}} At the turn of the century, it was led by Paul Niepen and Robert Meinhardt.
The general meetings of *Beskidenverein* were held each time in the headquarters of a different section, which participated in the deliberations through their delegates.
### Number of *Beskidenverein* members from 1893 to 1909
* 1893 – 1534
* 1895 – 1814
* 1900 – 2835
* 1905 – 3238
* 1909 – 4618
In 1915, the number of association members exceeded 5,000\. The majority of them (about 40%) came from the German Empire, slightly fewer from Austrian Silesia, and about 25% from Moravia.{{cite web \|last\=Pelc \|first\=M. \|title\=Německý horský spolek Beskidenverein \|trans\-title\=German mountain association Beskidenverein \|url\=https://doczz.cz/doc/329514/n%C4%9Bmeck%C3%BD\-horsk%C3%BD\-spolek\-beskidenverein \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|via\=doczz.cz \|work\=Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands \|date\=2004 \|pages\=8–20 \|language\=cs}}
### Trail blazing activities in the Beskids
The association marked and established [hiking trails](/wiki/Trail_blazing "Trail blazing"). In the year of *Beskidenverein*'s establishment, it marked the first trails in the Beskids – around Klimczok, {{Interlanguage link\|Magura, Beskids\|lt\=Magura\|pl\|Magura (Beskid Śląski)}}, and Błatnia. However, it is not known in what form and which routes were marked; the first detailed description of trails concerns the areas around Babia Góra.{{Cite web \|last\=Makowski \|first\=Joachim \|date\=2012\-07\-17 \|title\=Śladami niemieckiej organizacji turystycznej "Beskidenverein" \|url\=https://stolarzowice.info/info/co\-u\-nas/dfk1/item/676\-%C5%9Bladami\-niemieckiej\-organizacji\-turystycznej\-%E2%80%9Ebeskidenverein%E2%80%9D \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=stolarzowice.info \|language\=pl\-pl}} In August 1894, Wilhelm Schlesinger (a member of the Bielsko *Beskidenverein*), Lajos Klein (a postmaster from [Oravská Polhora](/wiki/Oravsk%C3%A1_Polhora "Oravská Polhora")), and two other activists marked the {{Interlanguage link\|Slaná Voda\|lt\=\|pl\|Slaná Voda}} trail (from the *Słona woda* spa in Oravská Polhora) – Polana Hucisko–Gajówka Hviezdoslava–Głodna Woda–[Diablak](/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra "Babia Góra"). The color of the trail was red. On 11 June 1895, after obtaining permission from the Directorate of Żywiec Estates (the area belonged to [Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria](/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria "Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria")), Schlesinger, along with a team, marked the first precisely described trail in the Polish Beskids on the route [Zawoja](/wiki/Zawoja "Zawoja")–{{Interlanguage link\|Gruba Jodła\|lt\=\|pl\|Gruba Jodła}}–{{Interlanguage link\|Markowe Szczawiny\|lt\=\|pl\|Markowe Szczawiny}}–Dejakowe Szczawiny–Stary Groń–Widły.{{Harvard citation text\|Wiecheć\|2005\|p\=44}} The first Polish trail appeared in this area (and also in the entire [Western Beskids](/wiki/Western_Beskids "Western Beskids")) only in 1906\. The signposts displayed only in the German language; they directed, among others, to *Brana* ({{Interlanguage link\|Cyl (Babia Góra)\|lt\=Cyl\|pl\|Mała Babia Góra}}), *Branasattel* ({{Interlanguage link\|Brona pass\|lt\=\|pl\|Przełęcz Brona}}), and *Teufelspitze* ([Diablak](/wiki/Diablak "Diablak")).{{Cite web \|last\=Rugała \|first\=Lech \|title\=Krótki zarys historii znakowanych szlaków turystycznych na ziemiach polskich i w Wielkopolsce \|url\=http://www.wktp.pttk.pl/rokszlakow.htm \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13}}
By 1908, *Beskidenverein* had already established 300 km of trails,{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1977\|p\=163}} and the marking system – a colored strip between two white ones (established in 1897 and formally approved in 1899\) – was later adopted in many countries, and it was also used by the Polish Tatra Association.
### Publishing activities
*Beskidenverein* was a pioneer in many fields in the Beskids, and its publishing activity was extremely important. It published numerous maps, the first [mountain guides](/wiki/Guide_book "Guide book"), jubilee books, reports, and periodicals (including *Mitteilungen des Beskidenvereines*, from 1904 to 1915, first in Bielsko, then in Cieszyn; the bulletin was published 6 times a year, initially with a circulation of 4,000 copies, later increased to 5,200 copies).{{Cite web \|title\=Turystyka w Beskidzie Śląskim do 1939 roku – IBR wiki \|url\=https://ibrbs.pl/index.php/Turystyka\_w\_Beskidzie\_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim\_do\_1939\_roku \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=ibrbs.pl}}
The strongest Bielsko section began publishing its own yearbooks (*Jahresbericht der Sektion Bielitz\-Biala des Beskiden\-Vereines*) in the year of the organization's and section's founding – 1893\. Initially, they were modest, several\-page [brochures](/wiki/Brochure "Brochure") in a reporting form. From 1900 onwards, the name was changed to *Jahresbericht der Sektion Bielitz\-Biala des Beskiden\-Vereines* and the volume was increased. *[Feuilletons](/wiki/Feuilleton "Feuilleton")* and more ambitious texts began to appear. The yearbook was published until 1911, then there was a long break until the interwar period. In 1927, a report was issued for the years 1912–1925, as well as in 1928 for the years 1926–1927\. Subsequent issues were irregularly published in the form of a short brochure. The last one was published in 1943 as a report for the previous year. At that time, the section also prepared a jubilee publication on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of its activity – as it turned out, this was the last aspect of *Beskidenverein*'s publishing activity.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1977\|p\=166}}
The Bielsko section also had a significant role in preparing tourist maps and guides. The most important publications include:
* *Führer durch die Beskiden im Gebiete der Section Bielitz\-Biala des Beskiden\-Vereines* – 1891, by Karl Kolbenheyer,
* *Illustrirter Führer durch die Beskiden und die agrenzenden Landschaften* – 1891, by Josef Matzura,
* *Führer durch Bielitz\-Biala und Umgebung* – 1912,
* *Spezialkarte des schles.\-gal. Beskiden* – by Wilhelm Schlesinger.
Among other sections, the Frýdek\-Místek section was also active in publishing. The most important publication was the guide *Führer durch die Beskiden* by {{Interlanguage link\|Johann Hadaszczok\|lt\=\|pl\|Johann Hadaszczok}}, reissued several times.
The Bielsko section established a library where it collected a collection of books related to the mountains. In 1903, it contained 55 volumes.
### *Beskidenverein*'s mountain huts
[thumb\|Szyndzielna mountain hut – around 1907](/wiki/File:Szyndzielnia-1907.jpg "Szyndzielnia-1907.jpg")
[thumb\|Postcard from 1902, showing the mountain hut on Lysá hora and Biały Krzyż](/wiki/File:Gruss_aus_Beskiden.jpg "Gruss aus Beskiden.jpg")
[thumb\|Opening of the mountain hut on Czantoria in 1904](/wiki/File:Schutzhaus_Czantory_1904.jpg "Schutzhaus Czantory 1904.jpg")
[thumb\|*Hadaszczok–Hütte* – postcard from 1907](/wiki/File:Hadaszczok_-_H%C3%BCtte.jpg "Hadaszczok - Hütte.jpg")
*Beskidenverein* promoted both mountain tourism and [skiing](/wiki/Skiing "Skiing"), but above all, it built the first true [mountain huts](/wiki/Mountain_hut "Mountain hut") in the Beskids (lodging facilities already existed in the mountains before, but they were not typical tourist shelters – they were used by aristocrats and hunting clubs, not tourists). Before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), they were opened in the following locations:
* {{Interlanguage link\|Jaworowy\|lt\=\|pl\|Jaworowy (Beskid Morawsko\-Śląski)}} (*Jaworowy, Gross Jaworowy*) – April 1895; it was built by the Cieszyn section. It was the first true mountain hut in the Beskids (*Erzherzog*–*Friedrich*–*Schutzhaus* in honor of Archduke Friedrich of the Cieszyn line of the Habsburgs), very popular among tourists (already eight days after opening, the thousandth guest arrived, and on average, 6,000 people visited the facility within a year);{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\=95}}
* [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora "Lysá hora") (*Lysa*–*Berg, Kahlberg*) – 1895, created by the joint efforts of five sections under the name *Erzherzog*–*Albrecht*–*Schutzhaus*. The patron was Archduke Albrecht, who died that year. In 1908, on the trail leading to the summit, the *Ostrauer Hütte* was opened as a resting place for less experienced tourists. The facility on the summit was managed by the Main Board of *Beskidenverein*, while *Ostrauer Hütte* was managed by the [Moravian Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava "Ostrava") section;{{Cite web \|title\=Bezručova chata na Lysé hoře v Beskydech \|url\=http://www.kct.cz/chaty/bezrucova\-chata\-na\-lyse\-hore\-v\-beskydech \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=KČT \- Klub českých turistů}}
* {{Interlanguage link\|Szyndzielnia\|lt\=\|pl\|Szyndzielnia}} (*Kamitzerplatte*) – 1897\. It was the first mountain hut (*Schutzhaus auf dem Kamitzerplatte*) in the Beskids that currently belong to Poland, still existing after expansion. In 1907, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the shelter's establishment, a wooden cottage in Swiss style was added, intended as an additional shelter. The land under the shelter became the property of the association only in 1940, after a long lease period. It was managed by the Bielsko section. In 1906, next to the hut, a [botanical garden](/wiki/Botanical_garden "Botanical garden") ([alpine garden](/wiki/Alpine_garden "Alpine garden")) called the Beskidy Garden was established – it covered about 400 m2 and had 350 plants of 120 species. The idea was proposed by Dr. {{Interlanguage link\|Eduard Schnack\|lt\=\|pl\|Eduard Schnack}}, a *Beskidenverein* member, museum curator, and naturalist. The garden exists to this day;{{Cite book \|last\=Biesik \|first\=Tomasz \|title\=Schroniska górskie dawniej i dziś. Beskid Mały i Beskid Śląski \|publisher\=Logos \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-83\-925599\-3\-1 \|location\=Bielsko\-Biała \|pages\=}}
* Bílý Kříž (*Weisses Kreuz*) in the range of {{Interlanguage link\|Malý Polom\|lt\=\|pl\|Malý Polom}} – in 1897, the inn and hut *Beskidenheim* were leased from a Czech owner; in its place, in 1902, the Vitkovice section opened a new, larger hut *Schutzhütte* *Weisse* *Kreuz*. In 1907, a summer villa called *Josefinenheim* was made available to tourists, named after the wife of a great friend and donor of *Beskidenverein*, Friedrich Schuster;{{Cite web \|title\=Otevřená data AOPK ČR \|url\=https://gis\-aopkcr.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/maloplo%C5%A1n%C3%A1\-zvl%C3%A1%C5%A1t%C4%9B\-chr%C3%A1n%C4%9Bn%C3%A1\-%C3%BAzem%C3%AD/data \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=gis\-aopkcr.opendata.arcgis.com \|language\=en\-us}}
* {{Interlanguage link\|Slavíč\|lt\=\|pl\|Sławicz}} – 1898 or 1899; a small mountain hut (*Hadaszczok*–*Hütte*) dedicated to the memory of Johann Hadaszczok, the second president of *Beskidenverein*, who died in 1895 shortly after a mountain hike (he had serious health problems). Managed by the Vitkovice section;
* {{Interlanguage link\|Magurka\|lt\=\|pl\|Magurka (Wilkowicka)}} (*Josefsberg*) – 1903, burned twice, in 1907 and 1912, rebuilt twice under the name *Erzherzogin Maria Theresia* *–* *Schutzhaus auf dem Josefsberg*. It exists to this day;
* [Czantoria Wielka](/wiki/Czantoria_Wielka "Czantoria Wielka") (*Großer Czantory\-Berg*) – 1904 as *Erzherzogin Isabella* – *Schutzhaus auf dem Großer Czantory\-Berg* (the patron was Isabella von Croy\-Dülmen, wife of Archduke Friedrich, the then Duke of Cieszyn). Built and managed by the Cieszyn section. It exists to this day;
* [Babia Góra](/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra "Babia Góra") (*Teufelspitze*) – built in 1905 as *{{Interlanguage link\|Schlesinger\-Schutzhaus\|lt\=\|pl\|Schronisko turystyczne na Babiej Górze}}* (named after Wilhelm Schlesinger, who contributed greatly to the Beskid Association). Until the 1930s, it was the highest located mountain hut in the [Carpathians](/wiki/Carpathians "Carpathians"). It was located in Hungary, and after the border regulation in [Orava](/wiki/Orava_%28region%29 "Orava (region)") in 1920, it became part of Poland. In 1933, the State Forest Directorate from [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") contested *Beskidenverein*'s right to the land on which the hut stood, and after a court case, it was taken over by Germans in 1938 (actually, in 1936, it was transferred to the State Forest Cooperative "Leśnik" from Lviv). Until 1939, it functioned as a Polish shelter, popularly called *Leśnik*. Currently, it no longer exists – deprived of a caretaker in 1948, it was destroyed by a fire, and the ruins were demolished to the foundations in 1980\. Since 1905, there was also a guestbook with an appeal in three languages – German, Hungarian, and Polish. Earlier, in 1904, *Beskidenverein* installed a box with a memorial book for tourists at the top of Babia Góra, according to which an average of about 400 people visited the summit at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1977\|p\=164}}
At {{Interlanguage link\|Klimczok\|lt\=\|pl\|Klimczok}}, in the years 1894–1895, at the initiative of the association, the existing wooden hut from 1872, which mainly served hunters (called *Klementinenhütte* after the name of the owner of these lands – Klementyna von Primavesi), was expanded. Unfortunately, the building was destroyed by fire three times (in 1895 during the opening after the expansion, in 1910, and in 1913\). Consequently, with the support of *Beskidenverein*, a new stone hut was built in 1914, which has survived to the present day.{{Cite book \|last\=Moskała \|first\=Edward \|title\=Schroniska górskie PTTK \[Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno\-Krajoznawczego] w województwie bielskim: Beskid Śląski, Beskid Żywiecki, Rejon Babiej Góry, Beskid Mały \|date\=1983 \|publisher\=Wydaw. PTTK \[Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno\-Krajoznawczego] "Kraj" \|isbn\=978\-83\-00\-00548\-2 \|edition\=Wyd. 2 \|location\=Warszawa ; Kraków}}
All mentioned huts had restaurants, and accommodation was possible in separate rooms for "ladies" and "gentlemen". At the beginning of the 20th century, accommodation cost 1\.60 [krones](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone "Austro-Hungarian krone"), while a mattress cost 60 *halerzys*. With the exception of *Hadaszczok*–*Hütte*, the facilities were open all year round.
In 1894, on the slopes of {{Interlanguage link\|Dębowiec, Beskids\|lt\=Dębowiec\|pl\|Dębowiec (Beskid Śląski)}} (*Seniorberg*), in the former hunting lodge of the [Sułkowski](/wiki/Su%C5%82kowski_family "Sułkowski family") princes, the association opened a tavern (*Baumgärtel*). However, this was not a typical mountain hut, and in the early years, it mainly served as a resting place for tourists heading from Bielsko to Szyndzielnia. Only later did it begin to offer accommodation. It still exists and serves tourists as a gastronomic facility.
A wooden shelter was also built on {{Interlanguage link\|Romanka\|lt\=\|pl\|Romanka}} (known as *Ski\-hütte*), intended for skiers, but it was destroyed during World War I by highlanders.{{efn\|According to another version, it was only in 1919 that it was set on fire by "unknown perpetrators".{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\={{pn\|date\=April 2024}}}}.}}
Already in this period, conflicts arose between the association and Polish and Czech organizations. Germans mainly used the German language on their signs, markings, and in huts (it was mandatory for *Beskidenverein* members); however, there were also Hungarian inscriptions on Babia Góra, and sporadically Polish and Czech ones. Poles and Czechs demanded bilingual names, to which Germans did not agree, arguing that German\-speaking tourists constituted a significant majority on the trails.
### Organization of leisure activities for children
Similarly to other German tourist organizations, *Beskidenverein* also decided to organize summer camps for children as a way to promote active tourism from a young age. The section from Moravian Ostrava started sending children to [Jablunkov](/wiki/Jablunkov "Jablunkov") in 1901, and from 1903 to [Poruba](/wiki/Poruba_%28Ostrava%29 "Poruba (Ostrava)"). In 1908, they transferred the organization of the summer camps to an independent association called *Fereinheim*.
In addition to organizing summer camps, *Beskidenverein* initiated charitable actions towards local poor German or highlander children at the end of the 19th century. Clothing, footwear, and sweets were distributed during these initiatives.
### Popularization of skiing
In 1907, the Bielsko section established the Winter Sports Club (*Wintersportclub Bielitz\-Biala des Beskidensvereines*), which promoted winter sports, mainly skiing, among Silesian and Lesser Poland Germans. After World War I, it participated in the founding of the {{Interlanguage link\|Polish Ski Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Polski Związek Narciarski}}. The best skier from the Winter Sports Club, Teodor Winschenk (Weinschenck), became a three\-time Polish champion during the interwar period and represented Poland in alpine skiing events at the [1936 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics"). This section quickly separated from the parent organization, and its history followed a separate path.
In January 1906, before the establishment of the Winter Sports Club, six skiers from [Zabrze](/wiki/Zabrze "Zabrze"), belonging to *Beskidenverein*, were the first to reach the summit of Diablak. They started their route in [Jeleśnia](/wiki/Jele%C5%9Bnia "Jeleśnia"), braving difficult weather conditions, then headed to {{Interlanguage link\|Jałowiecka pass\|lt\=\|pl\|Przełęcz Jałowiecka Północna}}, and after conquering the "Queen of the Beskids", they spent the night in the hut under Babia Góra (which was normally closed in winter at that time).{{efn\|The first Polish ski ascent to the top of Babia Góra took place in 1908\.{{Harvard citation text\|Wiecheć\|2005\|pp\=47–53}}.}}
The first skiing competitions under the patronage of *Beskidenverein* took place in 1907 on the slopes of [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora "Lysá hora"), with 32 participants. It was for the needs of skiers, among others, that *Ostrauer Hütte* was built, as well as ski shelters on Romanka (in 1912\) and [Skrzyczne](/wiki/Skrzyczne "Skrzyczne") (in 1924\).{{Cite web \|title\=Pierwsze zawody narciarskie w Tatrach Polskich \|url\=https://z\-ne.pl/s,doc,23248,4,1725,,,.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=z\-ne.pl}}
Frequent competitions and training courses were also organized on the sub\-peak clearings of {{Interlanguage link\|Magurka\|lt\=\|pl\|Magurka (Wilkowicka)}}.
### Cooperation with other tourist associations
[thumb\|Correspondence card from the mountain hut on Szyndzielnia (1897\)](/wiki/File:Kamitzer-Platte_-_1897_-_Postkarte.jpg "Kamitzer-Platte - 1897 - Postkarte.jpg")
The authorities of *Beskidenverein* were aware that cooperation between mountain associations would be crucial for promoting tourism. Within the German Empire and Austria\-Hungary, there were many similar organizations, mainly German, focusing their activities on various mountain ranges.
In 1895, an exhibition was organized in Cieszyn, which illustrated the past activities of *Beskidenverein* and emphasized the beauty of the Beskids. Associations from other mountain ranges were also invited to participate.
In 1899, the Bielsko section of *Beskidenverein* proposed an exchange of discounts to the {{Interlanguage link\|Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Morawsko\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}}. Its members were to receive discounts at the shelter on Szyndzielnia, administered by the Bielsko section, in exchange for discounts at Sudeten shelters. The Main Board of Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association initially accepted the proposal favorably but ultimately rejected it, resolving that the exchange of discounts could only occur between associations, not with a single section.
It wasn't until 1902 that *Beskidenverein* entered into a multilateral agreement for cooperation and discount exchange. Besides Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association, numerous sections from the German and Austrian Alpine Club (*Deutscher und Oesterreichischer Alpenverein, DuÖAV*), the German Tourist Association from [Brno](/wiki/Brno "Brno") (*Verein deutscher Touristen in Brünn*), and several other smaller organizations signed the agreement (totaling over 50 sections and over 100 shelters).{{Harvard citation text\|Dziedzic\|2006\|p\=111}} The agreement was terminated in 1906 due to financial reasons; it was not advantageous for the alpine associations whose members rarely visited the Beskids or the Sudetes. In 1913, *Beskidenverein* members regained discounts at Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association huts, and from 1914, *Beskidenverein* huts applied the same discounts to members of the Moravian\-Silesian association.
|
[
"Beginnings and activities until 1918\n------------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Stamp affixed to postcards with images of *Beskidenverein* huts. The sale of such postcards was one way of subsidizing the association](/wiki/File:BV_stamp.jpg \"BV stamp.jpg\")\nThe second half of the 19th century marked the creation of the first tourist and mountain organizations across Europe. In [Austrian Silesia](/wiki/Austrian_Silesia \"Austrian Silesia\"), the first branches of the German {{Interlanguage link\\|Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\\|pl\\|Morawsko\\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}} ({{Lang\\-de\\|Mährisch\\-Schlesischer Sudetengebirgsverein, MSSGV}}) were established – a section in [Opava](/wiki/Opava \"Opava\") (1882\\), followed by one in [Vitkovice](/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_%28Ostrava%29 \"Vítkovice (Ostrava)\") (now a district of [Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava \"Ostrava\") – 1884\\).{{Harvard citation text\\|Dziedzic\\|2006}} In 1884, the Czech *Pohorská jednota \"Radhošť\"* was founded in [Frenštát pod Radhoštěm](/wiki/Fren%C5%A1t%C3%A1t_pod_Radho%C5%A1t%C4%9Bm \"Frenštát pod Radhoštěm\").{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Anders \\|first1\\=Ota \\|title\\=Beskydy. Turistický průvodce ČSSR. Svazek 8 \\|last2\\=Baláš \\|first2\\=Miloslav \\|last3\\=Bača \\|first3\\=Jaroslav \\|last4\\=Bendl \\|first4\\=Antonín \\|publisher\\=Olympia \\|year\\=1982 \\|location\\=Prague \\|pages\\=226–227 \\|language\\=cs}} Already then, there were voices calling for the creation of a German tourist organization operating solely in the Beskids – active proponents of this were {{Interlanguage link\\|Karl Richter (lawyer)\\|lt\\=Karl Richter\\|pl\\|Karl Richter (prawnik)}}, a politician and lawyer, and teacher {{Interlanguage link\\|Johann Hadaszczok\\|pl\\|Johann Hadaszczok}}, both from Moravian Ostrava.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Podkludová \\|first\\=A. \\|title\\=Advokáti v Moravské Ostravě před sto lety \\|url\\=https://www.cak.cz/files/170/BA\\_04\\_06\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Belletin Advocatie \\|language\\=cs \\|pages\\=75–76}} Their dreams came true on 28 February 1893 – *Beskidenverein* was founded in [Frýdek\\-Místek](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek \"Frýdek-Místek\"). It was modeled after the Austrian (and later all\\-German) organization [Austrian Alpine Club](/wiki/Austrian_Alpine_Club \"Austrian Alpine Club\"). The headquarters were initially planned for Frýdek\\-Místek but were eventually established in Moravian Ostrava and later moved to [Cieszyn](/wiki/Cieszyn \"Cieszyn\"). Karl Richter became the first chairman. At the turn of the century, the most active members were high school professors from Moravian Ostrava ({{Interlanguage link\\|Josef Matzura\\|pl\\|Josef Matzura}}), Cieszyn (Alois Steiner), and [Bielsko](/wiki/Bielsko \"Bielsko\") ({{Interlanguage link\\|Karl Kolbenheyer\\|pl\\|Karl Kolbenheyer}}).{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Kaluza \\|first\\=L. \\|year\\=1961 \\|title\\=Schulrat Josef Matzura \\|journal\\=BeskidenKalender \\|volume\\=7 \\|page\\=40}}",
"*Beskidenverein* was organized into independent sections, covering the entire area of interest. Its members were Germans living in large numbers in the [Austrian Silesia](/wiki/Austrian_Silesia \"Austrian Silesia\") of the time and in northern [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\"). The goal was to develop the areas from [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora \"Lysá hora\") in the west to [Babia Góra](/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra \"Babia Góra\") in the east of the Beskids for tourist purposes: *to facilitate the practical realization of goals (...) through trail marking and road improvement, through the construction and operation of mountain support points – facilitating movement in the Beskids and increasing the desire for hiking* (quote from *Beskidenverein*'s statute from 1893\\).{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1977\\|p\\=156}}",
"The main sources of funding (besides membership fees) included financial support from German landowners, the German bourgeoisie, and industrialists. The association was also materially and politically supported by the Cieszyn princes from the [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") line – [Archduke Albrecht](/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht%2C_Duke_of_Teschen \"Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen\"), and after his death in 1895, [Archduke Friedrich](/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich%2C_Duke_of_Teschen \"Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Trzyniec (Třinec) \\- Schronisko górskie \"Jaworowy\" \\- stare zdjęcia, mapa \\|url\\=https://fotopolska.eu/278684,obiekt.html?map\\_z\\=11 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=fotopolska.eu}}",
"Among the tourists visiting the [Silesian Beskids](/wiki/Silesian_Beskids \"Silesian Beskids\") at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, numbering tens of thousands annually, about 90% were Germans, with the remaining mainly being Czechs. The number of Poles hiking the mountain trails was estimated to be only 1%.{{Harvard citation text\\|Orłowicz\\|1919\\|p\\=501}} *Beskidenverein* was an organization of Germans, and most of its activities were conducted through the prism of the interests of this national group. For this reason, conflicts arose with similar Czech and Polish organizations, which intensified during the interwar period, under changed political and economic conditions.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1978}}",
"### Organizational division before World War I",
"In 1909, the association already had 13 sections – the strongest in Bielsko (and {{Interlanguage link\\|Biała (Bielsko\\-Biała)\\|lt\\=Biała\\|pl\\|Biała (Bielsko\\-Biała)}} – *Sektion Bielitz\\-Biala*, also *Beskiden Bielitz\\-Biala Verein*), Cieszyn, and [Vítkovice](/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_%28Ostrava%29 \"Vítkovice (Ostrava)\"). The territorial division looked as follows: Austrian Silesia – Bielsko, Cieszyn, Frýdek\\-Místek, [Bílovec](/wiki/B%C3%ADlovec \"Bílovec\") (since 1901\\), [Bohumín](/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn \"Bohumín\") (since 1909\\); Moravia – Moravian Ostrava, {{Interlanguage link\\|Místek\\|pl\\|Mistek}}, Vítkovice, [Frýdlant nad Ostravicí](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant_nad_Ostravic%C3%AD \"Frýdlant nad Ostravicí\"), [Nový Jičín](/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Ji%C4%8D%C3%ADn \"Nový Jičín\"); German Upper Silesia: [Racibórz](/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz \"Racibórz\") (since 1897\\), [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\") (since 1898\\), [Bytom](/wiki/Bytom \"Bytom\") (since 1906\\), and [Mysłowice](/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice \"Mysłowice\") (since 1907\\). World War I did not slow down the development of *Beskidenverein* – in 1915, the number of sections increased to 18; additional sections came from Germany – [Pszczyna](/wiki/Pszczyna \"Pszczyna\"), [Rybnik](/wiki/Rybnik \"Rybnik\"), [Chorzów](/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w \"Chorzów\"), and even a distant section from [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\").{{Cite report \\|url\\=http://turyzm.edu.pl/files/olimpiada\\_III/szlaki\\_turyst\\_calosc.pdf \\|title\\=Szlaki turystyczne od pomysłu do realizacji \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Wydawnictwo PTTK \"Kraj\" \\|location\\=Warsaw – Łódź \\|isbn\\=978\\-83\\-7005\\-562\\-2 \\|editor\\-last1\\=Stasiak \\|editor\\-first1\\=Andrzej \\|editor\\-last2\\=Śledzińska \\|editor\\-first2\\=Jolanta \\|editor\\-last3\\=Włodarczyk \\|editor\\-first3\\=Bogdan \\|ref\\=none}}",
"The most active was the Bielsko section – already in the year of its establishment, it had 432 members (in 1909 – 1210\\) and marked trails to {{Interlanguage link\\|Szyndzielnia\\|pl\\|Szyndzielnia}}, {{Interlanguage link\\|Klimczok\\|pl\\|Klimczok}}, and {{Interlanguage link\\|Błatnia\\|pl\\|Błatnia}}.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1977\\|p\\=159}} At the turn of the century, it was led by Paul Niepen and Robert Meinhardt.",
"The general meetings of *Beskidenverein* were held each time in the headquarters of a different section, which participated in the deliberations through their delegates.",
"### Number of *Beskidenverein* members from 1893 to 1909",
"* 1893 – 1534\n* 1895 – 1814\n* 1900 – 2835\n* 1905 – 3238\n* 1909 – 4618",
"In 1915, the number of association members exceeded 5,000\\. The majority of them (about 40%) came from the German Empire, slightly fewer from Austrian Silesia, and about 25% from Moravia.{{cite web \\|last\\=Pelc \\|first\\=M. \\|title\\=Německý horský spolek Beskidenverein \\|trans\\-title\\=German mountain association Beskidenverein \\|url\\=https://doczz.cz/doc/329514/n%C4%9Bmeck%C3%BD\\-horsk%C3%BD\\-spolek\\-beskidenverein \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|via\\=doczz.cz \\|work\\=Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands \\|date\\=2004 \\|pages\\=8–20 \\|language\\=cs}}",
"### Trail blazing activities in the Beskids",
"The association marked and established [hiking trails](/wiki/Trail_blazing \"Trail blazing\"). In the year of *Beskidenverein*'s establishment, it marked the first trails in the Beskids – around Klimczok, {{Interlanguage link\\|Magura, Beskids\\|lt\\=Magura\\|pl\\|Magura (Beskid Śląski)}}, and Błatnia. However, it is not known in what form and which routes were marked; the first detailed description of trails concerns the areas around Babia Góra.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Makowski \\|first\\=Joachim \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-17 \\|title\\=Śladami niemieckiej organizacji turystycznej \"Beskidenverein\" \\|url\\=https://stolarzowice.info/info/co\\-u\\-nas/dfk1/item/676\\-%C5%9Bladami\\-niemieckiej\\-organizacji\\-turystycznej\\-%E2%80%9Ebeskidenverein%E2%80%9D \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=stolarzowice.info \\|language\\=pl\\-pl}} In August 1894, Wilhelm Schlesinger (a member of the Bielsko *Beskidenverein*), Lajos Klein (a postmaster from [Oravská Polhora](/wiki/Oravsk%C3%A1_Polhora \"Oravská Polhora\")), and two other activists marked the {{Interlanguage link\\|Slaná Voda\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Slaná Voda}} trail (from the *Słona woda* spa in Oravská Polhora) – Polana Hucisko–Gajówka Hviezdoslava–Głodna Woda–[Diablak](/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra \"Babia Góra\"). The color of the trail was red. On 11 June 1895, after obtaining permission from the Directorate of Żywiec Estates (the area belonged to [Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria](/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria \"Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria\")), Schlesinger, along with a team, marked the first precisely described trail in the Polish Beskids on the route [Zawoja](/wiki/Zawoja \"Zawoja\")–{{Interlanguage link\\|Gruba Jodła\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Gruba Jodła}}–{{Interlanguage link\\|Markowe Szczawiny\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Markowe Szczawiny}}–Dejakowe Szczawiny–Stary Groń–Widły.{{Harvard citation text\\|Wiecheć\\|2005\\|p\\=44}} The first Polish trail appeared in this area (and also in the entire [Western Beskids](/wiki/Western_Beskids \"Western Beskids\")) only in 1906\\. The signposts displayed only in the German language; they directed, among others, to *Brana* ({{Interlanguage link\\|Cyl (Babia Góra)\\|lt\\=Cyl\\|pl\\|Mała Babia Góra}}), *Branasattel* ({{Interlanguage link\\|Brona pass\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Przełęcz Brona}}), and *Teufelspitze* ([Diablak](/wiki/Diablak \"Diablak\")).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rugała \\|first\\=Lech \\|title\\=Krótki zarys historii znakowanych szlaków turystycznych na ziemiach polskich i w Wielkopolsce \\|url\\=http://www.wktp.pttk.pl/rokszlakow.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13}}",
"By 1908, *Beskidenverein* had already established 300 km of trails,{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1977\\|p\\=163}} and the marking system – a colored strip between two white ones (established in 1897 and formally approved in 1899\\) – was later adopted in many countries, and it was also used by the Polish Tatra Association.",
"### Publishing activities",
"*Beskidenverein* was a pioneer in many fields in the Beskids, and its publishing activity was extremely important. It published numerous maps, the first [mountain guides](/wiki/Guide_book \"Guide book\"), jubilee books, reports, and periodicals (including *Mitteilungen des Beskidenvereines*, from 1904 to 1915, first in Bielsko, then in Cieszyn; the bulletin was published 6 times a year, initially with a circulation of 4,000 copies, later increased to 5,200 copies).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Turystyka w Beskidzie Śląskim do 1939 roku – IBR wiki \\|url\\=https://ibrbs.pl/index.php/Turystyka\\_w\\_Beskidzie\\_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim\\_do\\_1939\\_roku \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=ibrbs.pl}}",
"The strongest Bielsko section began publishing its own yearbooks (*Jahresbericht der Sektion Bielitz\\-Biala des Beskiden\\-Vereines*) in the year of the organization's and section's founding – 1893\\. Initially, they were modest, several\\-page [brochures](/wiki/Brochure \"Brochure\") in a reporting form. From 1900 onwards, the name was changed to *Jahresbericht der Sektion Bielitz\\-Biala des Beskiden\\-Vereines* and the volume was increased. *[Feuilletons](/wiki/Feuilleton \"Feuilleton\")* and more ambitious texts began to appear. The yearbook was published until 1911, then there was a long break until the interwar period. In 1927, a report was issued for the years 1912–1925, as well as in 1928 for the years 1926–1927\\. Subsequent issues were irregularly published in the form of a short brochure. The last one was published in 1943 as a report for the previous year. At that time, the section also prepared a jubilee publication on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of its activity – as it turned out, this was the last aspect of *Beskidenverein*'s publishing activity.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1977\\|p\\=166}}",
"The Bielsko section also had a significant role in preparing tourist maps and guides. The most important publications include:",
"* *Führer durch die Beskiden im Gebiete der Section Bielitz\\-Biala des Beskiden\\-Vereines* – 1891, by Karl Kolbenheyer,\n* *Illustrirter Führer durch die Beskiden und die agrenzenden Landschaften* – 1891, by Josef Matzura,\n* *Führer durch Bielitz\\-Biala und Umgebung* – 1912,\n* *Spezialkarte des schles.\\-gal. Beskiden* – by Wilhelm Schlesinger.",
"Among other sections, the Frýdek\\-Místek section was also active in publishing. The most important publication was the guide *Führer durch die Beskiden* by {{Interlanguage link\\|Johann Hadaszczok\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Johann Hadaszczok}}, reissued several times.",
"The Bielsko section established a library where it collected a collection of books related to the mountains. In 1903, it contained 55 volumes.",
"### *Beskidenverein*'s mountain huts",
"[thumb\\|Szyndzielna mountain hut – around 1907](/wiki/File:Szyndzielnia-1907.jpg \"Szyndzielnia-1907.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Postcard from 1902, showing the mountain hut on Lysá hora and Biały Krzyż](/wiki/File:Gruss_aus_Beskiden.jpg \"Gruss aus Beskiden.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Opening of the mountain hut on Czantoria in 1904](/wiki/File:Schutzhaus_Czantory_1904.jpg \"Schutzhaus Czantory 1904.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|*Hadaszczok–Hütte* – postcard from 1907](/wiki/File:Hadaszczok_-_H%C3%BCtte.jpg \"Hadaszczok - Hütte.jpg\")\n*Beskidenverein* promoted both mountain tourism and [skiing](/wiki/Skiing \"Skiing\"), but above all, it built the first true [mountain huts](/wiki/Mountain_hut \"Mountain hut\") in the Beskids (lodging facilities already existed in the mountains before, but they were not typical tourist shelters – they were used by aristocrats and hunting clubs, not tourists). Before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), they were opened in the following locations:",
"* {{Interlanguage link\\|Jaworowy\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Jaworowy (Beskid Morawsko\\-Śląski)}} (*Jaworowy, Gross Jaworowy*) – April 1895; it was built by the Cieszyn section. It was the first true mountain hut in the Beskids (*Erzherzog*–*Friedrich*–*Schutzhaus* in honor of Archduke Friedrich of the Cieszyn line of the Habsburgs), very popular among tourists (already eight days after opening, the thousandth guest arrived, and on average, 6,000 people visited the facility within a year);{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\=95}}\n* [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora \"Lysá hora\") (*Lysa*–*Berg, Kahlberg*) – 1895, created by the joint efforts of five sections under the name *Erzherzog*–*Albrecht*–*Schutzhaus*. The patron was Archduke Albrecht, who died that year. In 1908, on the trail leading to the summit, the *Ostrauer Hütte* was opened as a resting place for less experienced tourists. The facility on the summit was managed by the Main Board of *Beskidenverein*, while *Ostrauer Hütte* was managed by the [Moravian Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava \"Ostrava\") section;{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bezručova chata na Lysé hoře v Beskydech \\|url\\=http://www.kct.cz/chaty/bezrucova\\-chata\\-na\\-lyse\\-hore\\-v\\-beskydech \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=KČT \\- Klub českých turistů}}\n* {{Interlanguage link\\|Szyndzielnia\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Szyndzielnia}} (*Kamitzerplatte*) – 1897\\. It was the first mountain hut (*Schutzhaus auf dem Kamitzerplatte*) in the Beskids that currently belong to Poland, still existing after expansion. In 1907, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the shelter's establishment, a wooden cottage in Swiss style was added, intended as an additional shelter. The land under the shelter became the property of the association only in 1940, after a long lease period. It was managed by the Bielsko section. In 1906, next to the hut, a [botanical garden](/wiki/Botanical_garden \"Botanical garden\") ([alpine garden](/wiki/Alpine_garden \"Alpine garden\")) called the Beskidy Garden was established – it covered about 400 m2 and had 350 plants of 120 species. The idea was proposed by Dr. {{Interlanguage link\\|Eduard Schnack\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Eduard Schnack}}, a *Beskidenverein* member, museum curator, and naturalist. The garden exists to this day;{{Cite book \\|last\\=Biesik \\|first\\=Tomasz \\|title\\=Schroniska górskie dawniej i dziś. Beskid Mały i Beskid Śląski \\|publisher\\=Logos \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-83\\-925599\\-3\\-1 \\|location\\=Bielsko\\-Biała \\|pages\\=}}\n* Bílý Kříž (*Weisses Kreuz*) in the range of {{Interlanguage link\\|Malý Polom\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Malý Polom}} – in 1897, the inn and hut *Beskidenheim* were leased from a Czech owner; in its place, in 1902, the Vitkovice section opened a new, larger hut *Schutzhütte* *Weisse* *Kreuz*. In 1907, a summer villa called *Josefinenheim* was made available to tourists, named after the wife of a great friend and donor of *Beskidenverein*, Friedrich Schuster;{{Cite web \\|title\\=Otevřená data AOPK ČR \\|url\\=https://gis\\-aopkcr.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/maloplo%C5%A1n%C3%A1\\-zvl%C3%A1%C5%A1t%C4%9B\\-chr%C3%A1n%C4%9Bn%C3%A1\\-%C3%BAzem%C3%AD/data \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=gis\\-aopkcr.opendata.arcgis.com \\|language\\=en\\-us}}\n* {{Interlanguage link\\|Slavíč\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Sławicz}} – 1898 or 1899; a small mountain hut (*Hadaszczok*–*Hütte*) dedicated to the memory of Johann Hadaszczok, the second president of *Beskidenverein*, who died in 1895 shortly after a mountain hike (he had serious health problems). Managed by the Vitkovice section;\n* {{Interlanguage link\\|Magurka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Magurka (Wilkowicka)}} (*Josefsberg*) – 1903, burned twice, in 1907 and 1912, rebuilt twice under the name *Erzherzogin Maria Theresia* *–* *Schutzhaus auf dem Josefsberg*. It exists to this day;\n* [Czantoria Wielka](/wiki/Czantoria_Wielka \"Czantoria Wielka\") (*Großer Czantory\\-Berg*) – 1904 as *Erzherzogin Isabella* – *Schutzhaus auf dem Großer Czantory\\-Berg* (the patron was Isabella von Croy\\-Dülmen, wife of Archduke Friedrich, the then Duke of Cieszyn). Built and managed by the Cieszyn section. It exists to this day;\n* [Babia Góra](/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra \"Babia Góra\") (*Teufelspitze*) – built in 1905 as *{{Interlanguage link\\|Schlesinger\\-Schutzhaus\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Schronisko turystyczne na Babiej Górze}}* (named after Wilhelm Schlesinger, who contributed greatly to the Beskid Association). Until the 1930s, it was the highest located mountain hut in the [Carpathians](/wiki/Carpathians \"Carpathians\"). It was located in Hungary, and after the border regulation in [Orava](/wiki/Orava_%28region%29 \"Orava (region)\") in 1920, it became part of Poland. In 1933, the State Forest Directorate from [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") contested *Beskidenverein*'s right to the land on which the hut stood, and after a court case, it was taken over by Germans in 1938 (actually, in 1936, it was transferred to the State Forest Cooperative \"Leśnik\" from Lviv). Until 1939, it functioned as a Polish shelter, popularly called *Leśnik*. Currently, it no longer exists – deprived of a caretaker in 1948, it was destroyed by a fire, and the ruins were demolished to the foundations in 1980\\. Since 1905, there was also a guestbook with an appeal in three languages – German, Hungarian, and Polish. Earlier, in 1904, *Beskidenverein* installed a box with a memorial book for tourists at the top of Babia Góra, according to which an average of about 400 people visited the summit at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1977\\|p\\=164}}",
"At {{Interlanguage link\\|Klimczok\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Klimczok}}, in the years 1894–1895, at the initiative of the association, the existing wooden hut from 1872, which mainly served hunters (called *Klementinenhütte* after the name of the owner of these lands – Klementyna von Primavesi), was expanded. Unfortunately, the building was destroyed by fire three times (in 1895 during the opening after the expansion, in 1910, and in 1913\\). Consequently, with the support of *Beskidenverein*, a new stone hut was built in 1914, which has survived to the present day.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Moskała \\|first\\=Edward \\|title\\=Schroniska górskie PTTK \\[Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno\\-Krajoznawczego] w województwie bielskim: Beskid Śląski, Beskid Żywiecki, Rejon Babiej Góry, Beskid Mały \\|date\\=1983 \\|publisher\\=Wydaw. PTTK \\[Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno\\-Krajoznawczego] \"Kraj\" \\|isbn\\=978\\-83\\-00\\-00548\\-2 \\|edition\\=Wyd. 2 \\|location\\=Warszawa ; Kraków}}",
"All mentioned huts had restaurants, and accommodation was possible in separate rooms for \"ladies\" and \"gentlemen\". At the beginning of the 20th century, accommodation cost 1\\.60 [krones](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone \"Austro-Hungarian krone\"), while a mattress cost 60 *halerzys*. With the exception of *Hadaszczok*–*Hütte*, the facilities were open all year round.",
"In 1894, on the slopes of {{Interlanguage link\\|Dębowiec, Beskids\\|lt\\=Dębowiec\\|pl\\|Dębowiec (Beskid Śląski)}} (*Seniorberg*), in the former hunting lodge of the [Sułkowski](/wiki/Su%C5%82kowski_family \"Sułkowski family\") princes, the association opened a tavern (*Baumgärtel*). However, this was not a typical mountain hut, and in the early years, it mainly served as a resting place for tourists heading from Bielsko to Szyndzielnia. Only later did it begin to offer accommodation. It still exists and serves tourists as a gastronomic facility.",
"A wooden shelter was also built on {{Interlanguage link\\|Romanka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Romanka}} (known as *Ski\\-hütte*), intended for skiers, but it was destroyed during World War I by highlanders.{{efn\\|According to another version, it was only in 1919 that it was set on fire by \"unknown perpetrators\".{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\={{pn\\|date\\=April 2024}}}}.}}",
"Already in this period, conflicts arose between the association and Polish and Czech organizations. Germans mainly used the German language on their signs, markings, and in huts (it was mandatory for *Beskidenverein* members); however, there were also Hungarian inscriptions on Babia Góra, and sporadically Polish and Czech ones. Poles and Czechs demanded bilingual names, to which Germans did not agree, arguing that German\\-speaking tourists constituted a significant majority on the trails.",
"### Organization of leisure activities for children",
"Similarly to other German tourist organizations, *Beskidenverein* also decided to organize summer camps for children as a way to promote active tourism from a young age. The section from Moravian Ostrava started sending children to [Jablunkov](/wiki/Jablunkov \"Jablunkov\") in 1901, and from 1903 to [Poruba](/wiki/Poruba_%28Ostrava%29 \"Poruba (Ostrava)\"). In 1908, they transferred the organization of the summer camps to an independent association called *Fereinheim*.",
"In addition to organizing summer camps, *Beskidenverein* initiated charitable actions towards local poor German or highlander children at the end of the 19th century. Clothing, footwear, and sweets were distributed during these initiatives.",
"### Popularization of skiing",
"In 1907, the Bielsko section established the Winter Sports Club (*Wintersportclub Bielitz\\-Biala des Beskidensvereines*), which promoted winter sports, mainly skiing, among Silesian and Lesser Poland Germans. After World War I, it participated in the founding of the {{Interlanguage link\\|Polish Ski Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Polski Związek Narciarski}}. The best skier from the Winter Sports Club, Teodor Winschenk (Weinschenck), became a three\\-time Polish champion during the interwar period and represented Poland in alpine skiing events at the [1936 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics \"1936 Winter Olympics\"). This section quickly separated from the parent organization, and its history followed a separate path.",
"In January 1906, before the establishment of the Winter Sports Club, six skiers from [Zabrze](/wiki/Zabrze \"Zabrze\"), belonging to *Beskidenverein*, were the first to reach the summit of Diablak. They started their route in [Jeleśnia](/wiki/Jele%C5%9Bnia \"Jeleśnia\"), braving difficult weather conditions, then headed to {{Interlanguage link\\|Jałowiecka pass\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Przełęcz Jałowiecka Północna}}, and after conquering the \"Queen of the Beskids\", they spent the night in the hut under Babia Góra (which was normally closed in winter at that time).{{efn\\|The first Polish ski ascent to the top of Babia Góra took place in 1908\\.{{Harvard citation text\\|Wiecheć\\|2005\\|pp\\=47–53}}.}}",
"The first skiing competitions under the patronage of *Beskidenverein* took place in 1907 on the slopes of [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora \"Lysá hora\"), with 32 participants. It was for the needs of skiers, among others, that *Ostrauer Hütte* was built, as well as ski shelters on Romanka (in 1912\\) and [Skrzyczne](/wiki/Skrzyczne \"Skrzyczne\") (in 1924\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pierwsze zawody narciarskie w Tatrach Polskich \\|url\\=https://z\\-ne.pl/s,doc,23248,4,1725,,,.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=z\\-ne.pl}}",
"Frequent competitions and training courses were also organized on the sub\\-peak clearings of {{Interlanguage link\\|Magurka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Magurka (Wilkowicka)}}.",
"### Cooperation with other tourist associations",
"[thumb\\|Correspondence card from the mountain hut on Szyndzielnia (1897\\)](/wiki/File:Kamitzer-Platte_-_1897_-_Postkarte.jpg \"Kamitzer-Platte - 1897 - Postkarte.jpg\")\nThe authorities of *Beskidenverein* were aware that cooperation between mountain associations would be crucial for promoting tourism. Within the German Empire and Austria\\-Hungary, there were many similar organizations, mainly German, focusing their activities on various mountain ranges.",
"In 1895, an exhibition was organized in Cieszyn, which illustrated the past activities of *Beskidenverein* and emphasized the beauty of the Beskids. Associations from other mountain ranges were also invited to participate.",
"In 1899, the Bielsko section of *Beskidenverein* proposed an exchange of discounts to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Morawsko\\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}}. Its members were to receive discounts at the shelter on Szyndzielnia, administered by the Bielsko section, in exchange for discounts at Sudeten shelters. The Main Board of Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association initially accepted the proposal favorably but ultimately rejected it, resolving that the exchange of discounts could only occur between associations, not with a single section.",
"It wasn't until 1902 that *Beskidenverein* entered into a multilateral agreement for cooperation and discount exchange. Besides Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association, numerous sections from the German and Austrian Alpine Club (*Deutscher und Oesterreichischer Alpenverein, DuÖAV*), the German Tourist Association from [Brno](/wiki/Brno \"Brno\") (*Verein deutscher Touristen in Brünn*), and several other smaller organizations signed the agreement (totaling over 50 sections and over 100 shelters).{{Harvard citation text\\|Dziedzic\\|2006\\|p\\=111}} The agreement was terminated in 1906 due to financial reasons; it was not advantageous for the alpine associations whose members rarely visited the Beskids or the Sudetes. In 1913, *Beskidenverein* members regained discounts at Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association huts, and from 1914, *Beskidenverein* huts applied the same discounts to members of the Moravian\\-Silesian association.",
""
] |
Activities of the *Beskidenverein* in independent Poland
--------------------------------------------------------
The Polish *Beskidenverein* actively competed with Polish tourist organizations, as evidenced by the "{{Interlanguage link\|Paintbrush war\|lt\=paintbrush war\|pl\|Wojna na pędzle}}" on the slopes of Babia Góra, which dates back to the first decade of the 20th century.{{efn\|The activists of the ''Beskidenverein'' and the Polish Tatra Association painted over and destroyed each other's boards and tourist signs.}} Initially, the contacts between these two organizations were not bad, and the Tatra Association (as the {{Interlanguage link\|Polish Tatra Association\|pl\|Polskie Towarzystwo Tatrzańskie}} was called before 1920\) was even a member of the *Beskidenverein*, and both organizations granted each other discounts. However, in 1904/1905, the conflict escalated when the Tatra Association decided to establish a branch covering the Beskids and to build a mountain hut at {{Interlanguage link\|Markowe Szczawiny\|pl\|Markowe Szczawiny}}.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1978\|p\=145}} At that time, the Poles decided to stop granting discounts to *Beskidenverein* members, although formally they did not withdraw from its structures. Conflicts continued after 1918, practically until the end of the interwar period. Short periods of cooperation were interspersed with a struggle for tourists, often conducted illegally, such as sabotaging opponents' trails. The main reason for this rivalry was the national issue – *Beskidenverein* promoted German identity and mainly served German tourists, while the Tatra Association sought to limit German influence.
The Polish state made attempts to force the *Beskidenverein* to merge with the Tatra Association in order to limit its influence in the Beskids (which was not done in relation to other tourist organizations). German facilities were meticulously controlled, Tatra cards for crossing the mountain border with Czechoslovakia were not issued,{{efn\|The authority to issue Tatra cards was held by the Tatra Association, which the ''Beskidenverein'' never recognized.}} and sabotage occurred (not only trail repainting, which both sides engaged in, but also arson).{{Harvard citation text\|Wiecheć\|2005\|p\=54}} German activists complained that in the reports of Polish commissioners, better\-equipped *Beskidenverein* mountain huts fared worse than Polish ones. Another activity was the placement of Polish facilities near existing German buildings – this avoided cumbersome building procedures, and German huts had fewer tourists. *Beskidenverein*, due to its economic activity, had to pay taxes, while Polish tourist organizations were exempt as public utility entities. This raised frequent suspicions and grievances among Polish Germans that the Polish state did not treat them the same as their Polish counterparts.{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\=258}}
Similarly to before the war, the strongest section in independent Poland was the Bielsko section, which took on an informal leading role in *Beskidenverein* (in meetings with other tourist organizations, Polish *Beskidenverein* often appeared as *Beskidenverein* Bielsko) – it was the most active and had the largest number of members (the largest number of Germans in Polish Silesia and western [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland") lived in Bielsko and Biała). Bielsko also became the main headquarters of the Polish part of *Beskidenverein*, which, according to Polish law, could not be part of a foreign association, so it separated from the sections that ended up in Czechoslovakia.
In 1927, the Society had about 4,000 members, in 1933 5,000 members, but later their number gradually decreased – in 1936 it was supposed to be about 1,600, but this value seems understated.{{Harvard citation text\|Kulczycki\|1968\|p\=99}}
The strongest section from Bielsko had 2,300 members in 1927 (compared to 1,035 in 1911\), and in 1931 – 2,600\.
In the second half of the 1930s, some *Beskidenverein* activists' alignment with the *[Jungdeutsche Partei](/wiki/Jungdeutsche_Partei "Jungdeutsche Partei")* – which supported [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") and pursued an anti\-Polish policy – cast a shadow over the association. Some *Beskidenverein* members were also members of the "Young German Party" and used association facilities for supervision and espionage purposes.
### Attempts at agreement and conflicts with the Polish Tatra Association
In the early 1920s, the Tatra Association proposed to *Beskidenverein* to join the Polish organization as a separate branch (this was also demanded by Polish authorities) – *Beskidenverein* did not respond to this proposal, fearing absorption by the Poles and seeing it as an attack on its own sovereignty and the longstanding tradition of pioneering tourism in the Beskids.{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\=259}} In areas where trail blazing activities were conducted, attempts were made to obtain exclusivity.
In 1927, the Union of Beskidy Associations in Poland (*Verband Beskidenvereine in Polen*) was established with its main headquarters in Bielsko. It was formed by non\-Polish tourist organizations to have greater impact in competition with Polish organizations. In addition to *Beskidenverein*, the Society of Friends of Nature (*Naturfreunde*) from Bielsko and [Aleksandrowice](/wiki/Aleksandrowice%2C_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a "Aleksandrowice, Bielsko-Biała") (*Alexanderfeld*),{{Cite web \|title\=Nature Friends Austria \- federal organization \|url\=https://www.naturfreunde.at/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=www.naturfreunde.at}} the Winter Sports Club from Bielsko (which soon after its establishment separated from the "mountain" *Beskidenverein*), the {{Interlanguage link\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\|lt\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\|pl\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} from Bielsko, and the [German Alpine Club](/wiki/German_Alpine_Club "German Alpine Club"), which had its section in Katowice since 1913 and counted 307 members in 1930, were included. At that time, *Beskidenverein* also competed with Polish organizations in terms of membership fees – at the end of the 1920s, the fee was 5 *[złoty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty "Polish złoty")* plus 1 *złoty* entrance fee, which entitled members to a 50% discount at mountain huts belonging to the Beskidy Associations in Poland and Czechoslovakia (and at facilities of affiliated organizations) – at the same time, the Tatra Association charged 18 *złoty* and 5 *złoty*, respectively.
In early 1928, a dispute erupted over the expansion of the mountain hut on Babia Góra – Poles protested, fearing that a larger German hut would marginalize the facility at Markowe Szczawiny and simultaneously pointing out that the expansion would take place in a nature\-protected area. The Nowy Targ County sided with the Tatra Association and prohibited work on the German hut. In response to this situation, *Beskidenverein* decided to build a new facility in another part of the Beskids – in {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Lipowska\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Lipowska}}.
In October 1928, a joint conference was held at the Tatra Association premises in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice") to end the conflict. *Beskidenverein* appeared as the Beskidy Associations in Poland, representing existing branches from Bielsko and Biała, Cieszyn, [Pszczyna](/wiki/Pszczyna "Pszczyna"), [Nowy Bytom](/wiki/Nowy_Bytom "Nowy Bytom"), [Królewska Huta](/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewska_Huta "Królewska Huta"), and other allied organizations. The Poles agreed to let *Beskidenverein* conduct trail blazing according to its system in the areas around Magura, Klimczok, Błatnia, and Skrzyczne (where it was most active),{{efn\|The mountain hut on Błatnia was built by ''Naturfreunde''. Skrzyczne, on the other hand, was in the association's circle of interest because of the German skiers who often visited the mountain.}} while the trail from Przyborów to Babia Góra would remain under German supervision, but with Tatra Association trail blazing. The Polish organization did not rule out enlarging the "zone of influence" of *Beskidenverein* but demanded restrictions on activities in the area from Cieszyn to Babia Góra (thus in the southern regions of Polish Silesian and Żywiec Beskids), where Tatra Association already dominated.
In 1929, another meeting of delegates from both organizations took place, this time in Cieszyn. Once again, the territorial scope of *Beskidenverein*'s activities was established (it did not differ significantly from that in Katowice) – [Little Beskids](/wiki/Little_Beskids "Little Beskids") on the left bank of the [Soła](/wiki/So%C5%82a "Soła") river, the Klimczok group (including Błatnia) up to the Beskidek pass between [Brenna](/wiki/Brenna%2C_Poland "Brenna, Poland") and [Szczyrk](/wiki/Szczyrk "Szczyrk"), the route to Skrzyczne, and the trails to the mountain hut on Babia Góra and to the {{Interlanguage link\|Salmopolska pass\|lt\=\|pl\|Przełęcz Salmopolska}}. At the same time, *Beskidenverein* activists definitively refused to join the Polish Tatra Association and recognize its authority.
In 1931, *Beskidenverein* joined the {{Interlanguage link\|Union of Polish Tourist Associations\|lt\=\|pl\|Związek Polskich Towarzystw Turystycznych}} in Warsaw (established in 1927\), but this did not lead to any specific solutions; too many different organizations were part of it, often representing conflicting interests, and numerous conflicts led to its dissolution in 1937\.{{Cite book \|last\=Bożek \|first\=Michał \|title\=Walka o zagospodarowanie turystyczne Beskidów Zachodnich pomiędzy Związkiem Beskidzkim a Towarzystwem Tatrzańskim \|publisher\=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego \|year\=2020 \|location\=Katowice }}
The agreement reached in Katowice and Cieszyn lasted only until 1931 when the Polish Tatra Association obtained exclusivity from the Ministry of Public Works for conducting tourist activities in the mountains – all other organizations were required to coordinate their activities with Polish Tatra Association. Naturally, *Beskidenverein* activists did not accept this state of affairs. Unable to expand the mountain hut on Babia Góra, they appealed to the ministry for funding to build a new facility on {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Lipowska\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Lipowska}}. However, it turned out that the necessary funds had already been allocated to Polish Tatra Association, with whom the matter of construction and any potential subsidies needed to be discussed. The Poles positively assessed the needs of *Beskidenverein* but allocated funds for the repair of hiking trails and current maintenance in existing huts. They did not approve the construction of a new German facility, arguing that it was outside the "zone of influence" agreed upon in Katowice in 1928\. *Beskidenverein* did not accept Polish Tatra Association's authority to decide on the location of new huts and, as a legal purchaser of the appropriate land, commenced construction after obtaining the necessary administrative permits. By the end of 1931, the foundation had been laid, and the structure was winterized to accommodate tourists. It was officially opened in August of the following year (during World War II, it operated under the name *Dr. Stonawski\-Schutzhaus*); after numerous renovations, it continues to serve its purpose to this day.
In 1931, the Polish Tourist Association officially recognized all contacts with *Beskidenverein* as severed. At a meeting of one of the subcommittees, it was also decided, among other things, to demarcate the areas previously allocated to *Beskidenverein* between its own branches and to request the relevant county offices not to issue building permits without Polish Tatra Association's consent.{{efn\|It was coming to a situation that ''Beskidenverein'' did not want to come to terms with – that the Polish Tatra Association was to decide who could build hostels. This undoubtedly restricted the activities of other associations.}} In a less official manner, the Poles also intended to draw the authorities' attention to what they considered suspicious political activities by *Beskidenverein*, and the Border Guard was to carefully monitor tourists of German nationality moving along the trails without mountain passes (which were issued only by Polish Tatra Association). Other proposals included conducting a propaganda campaign in the editorial offices of the most popular Polish newspapers, taking action to remove *Beskidenverein* from the Union of Polish Tourist Associations in Warsaw, and excluding all *Beskidenverein* members who were also members of Polish Tatra Association from the Polish society.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1978\|pp\=153–155}}
The attitude of the state towards *Beskidenverein* changed in 1934 when in January Poland and Germany signed a [declaration of non\-aggression](/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression "German–Polish declaration of non-aggression"). In 1935, the Ministry of Communication demanded that Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations start inviting *Beskidenverein* as an equal partner to discuss tourist affairs, but the Territorial Conciliation Commission (composed of Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations activists) rejected this demand using procedural and regulatory loopholes.
Some improvement in mutual relations occurred in 1936 – *Beskidenverein* took into account Polish demands to lower prices in mountain huts, which was aimed at popularizing tourism (for example, in the shelter on Hala Lipowska, *Beskidenverein* members paid 1\.20 *złoty* for accommodation, non\-member tourists paid 2\.30 *złoty*, while school and group trips had significant discounts – 1\.50 *złoty* and the possibility of negotiation down to 0\.80 *złoty*, respectively).{{Cite web \|title\=Schronisko na Hali Lipowskiej \|url\=http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\=39474⟨\_id\=PL \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200716/http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\=39474⟨\_id\=PL \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04 \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-12}}
The escalation of the international situation cast a shadow on mountain tourism – in 1937, Hala Lipowska was included in the border zone, which resulted in restrictions on tourist traffic; the reason was suspicions of the shelter owners' anti\-Polish activities. These suspicions later proved to be unfounded, also in relation to the owner of the nearby shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Rysianka\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Rysianka}}, which was officially a "Polish" facility. However, since the shelters on Rysianka (located closer to the border) were not included in the border zone, *Beskidenverein* activists perceived the Polish authorities' move as another harassment towards them. In 1939, due to increasing Polish\-German tension, access to the Lipowska mountain hut was completely blocked.
In the same year, in Szczyrk, the *Beskidenverein* skiing championships took place. Thanks to the favorable attitude of the Polish state, a radio broadcast of the event was conducted on the waves of German radio – this was an unprecedented event in the history of sports events in the Silesian Beskids.
According to the last pre\-war registry in August 1939, the Polish *Beskidenverein* had 1882 members – mainly from [Upper Silesia](/wiki/Upper_Silesia "Upper Silesia"), but also from distant cities, including [Chojnice](/wiki/Chojnice "Chojnice"), [Grudziądz](/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz "Grudziądz"), [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"), [Leszno](/wiki/Leszno "Leszno"), [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań"), [Stanisławów](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w%2C_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship "Stanisławów, Greater Poland Voivodeship"), [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 "Toruń"), and [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw").{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\=256}}
### New mountain huts in independent Poland
[thumb\|Mountain hut on Klimchok (former *Klementinenhütte*), present view](/wiki/File:Schronisko_Klimczok.jpg "Schronisko Klimczok.jpg")
In addition to the aforementioned shelter on Hala Lipowska, *Beskidenverein* also acquired further shelters:
* {{Interlanguage link\|Kozia Góra, Beskids\|lt\=Kozia Góra\|pl\|Kozia Góra (Beskid Śląski)}} (*Rodelhütte*, commonly known as *Stefanka* after the name of the *Beskidenverein* president, Dr. Karol Steffan) – 1926;
* {{Interlanguage link\|Klimczok\|lt\=\|pl\|Klimczok}} (*Klementinenhütte*) – the facility was leased in 1930 from its previous owner, Baron Klobus from [Łodygowice](/wiki/%C5%81odygowice "Łodygowice"), preempting Polish Tatra Association.
There was also a tourist station named *{{Interlanguage link\|Biały Krzyż\|lt\=\|pl\|Schronisko turystyczne „Biały Krzyż”}}* (White Cross) located in a school building on Salmopolska pass – it was destroyed in 1945 during a skirmish between partisans and German troops.{{Cite book \|last\=Mianowski \|first\=Tomasz \|title\=Schroniska górskie w Karpatach Polskich w latach 1939\-1945 \|publisher\=Kraj \|year\=1987 \|isbn\=83\-7005\-142\-1 \|location\=Warsaw\-Kraków \|page\=}}
In 1924, a wooden ski shelter was built on [Skrzyczne](/wiki/Skrzyczne "Skrzyczne") (*Rauhkoppe*, less commonly known as *Skrzycznehütte*), which survived until World War II.{{efn\|Although, according to Jurek, it was reported to have been plundered during the interwar period by "unknown perpetrators", who were allegedly associated with Polish Tatra Association and hostile to the German presence in the Beskids. Similarly, Poles were said to be responsible for setting fire to the shelter on Klimczok – however, this issue is problematic, as the ''Klementinenhütte'' was last destroyed by fire in 1914\.{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|pp\=258–259}}}}
Sometimes unconfirmed reports suggest that the mountain hut built in 1935 on {{Interlanguage link\|Chrobacza Łąka\|lt\=\|pl\|Chrobacza Łąka (szczyt)}} also belonged to *Beskidenverein*.{{efn\|The shelter was supposed to be a response by ''Beskidenverein'' to the previously established Polish shelter near Magurka. However, since another ''Beskidenverein'' facility already existed nearby – on Magurka Wilkowicka – such an argument seems to lack basis in reality.{{cite web \|url\=http://beskidslaski.cogia.net/hrobacza\-laka1\.php \|title\=Szlak na Hrobaczą Łąkę \|trans\-title\=The trail to Hrobacza Łąka \|language\=pl \|website\=Beskid Śląski}}}}
|
[
"Activities of the *Beskidenverein* in independent Poland\n--------------------------------------------------------",
"The Polish *Beskidenverein* actively competed with Polish tourist organizations, as evidenced by the \"{{Interlanguage link\\|Paintbrush war\\|lt\\=paintbrush war\\|pl\\|Wojna na pędzle}}\" on the slopes of Babia Góra, which dates back to the first decade of the 20th century.{{efn\\|The activists of the ''Beskidenverein'' and the Polish Tatra Association painted over and destroyed each other's boards and tourist signs.}} Initially, the contacts between these two organizations were not bad, and the Tatra Association (as the {{Interlanguage link\\|Polish Tatra Association\\|pl\\|Polskie Towarzystwo Tatrzańskie}} was called before 1920\\) was even a member of the *Beskidenverein*, and both organizations granted each other discounts. However, in 1904/1905, the conflict escalated when the Tatra Association decided to establish a branch covering the Beskids and to build a mountain hut at {{Interlanguage link\\|Markowe Szczawiny\\|pl\\|Markowe Szczawiny}}.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1978\\|p\\=145}} At that time, the Poles decided to stop granting discounts to *Beskidenverein* members, although formally they did not withdraw from its structures. Conflicts continued after 1918, practically until the end of the interwar period. Short periods of cooperation were interspersed with a struggle for tourists, often conducted illegally, such as sabotaging opponents' trails. The main reason for this rivalry was the national issue – *Beskidenverein* promoted German identity and mainly served German tourists, while the Tatra Association sought to limit German influence.",
"The Polish state made attempts to force the *Beskidenverein* to merge with the Tatra Association in order to limit its influence in the Beskids (which was not done in relation to other tourist organizations). German facilities were meticulously controlled, Tatra cards for crossing the mountain border with Czechoslovakia were not issued,{{efn\\|The authority to issue Tatra cards was held by the Tatra Association, which the ''Beskidenverein'' never recognized.}} and sabotage occurred (not only trail repainting, which both sides engaged in, but also arson).{{Harvard citation text\\|Wiecheć\\|2005\\|p\\=54}} German activists complained that in the reports of Polish commissioners, better\\-equipped *Beskidenverein* mountain huts fared worse than Polish ones. Another activity was the placement of Polish facilities near existing German buildings – this avoided cumbersome building procedures, and German huts had fewer tourists. *Beskidenverein*, due to its economic activity, had to pay taxes, while Polish tourist organizations were exempt as public utility entities. This raised frequent suspicions and grievances among Polish Germans that the Polish state did not treat them the same as their Polish counterparts.{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\=258}}",
"Similarly to before the war, the strongest section in independent Poland was the Bielsko section, which took on an informal leading role in *Beskidenverein* (in meetings with other tourist organizations, Polish *Beskidenverein* often appeared as *Beskidenverein* Bielsko) – it was the most active and had the largest number of members (the largest number of Germans in Polish Silesia and western [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland \"Lesser Poland\") lived in Bielsko and Biała). Bielsko also became the main headquarters of the Polish part of *Beskidenverein*, which, according to Polish law, could not be part of a foreign association, so it separated from the sections that ended up in Czechoslovakia.",
"In 1927, the Society had about 4,000 members, in 1933 5,000 members, but later their number gradually decreased – in 1936 it was supposed to be about 1,600, but this value seems understated.{{Harvard citation text\\|Kulczycki\\|1968\\|p\\=99}}",
"The strongest section from Bielsko had 2,300 members in 1927 (compared to 1,035 in 1911\\), and in 1931 – 2,600\\.",
"In the second half of the 1930s, some *Beskidenverein* activists' alignment with the *[Jungdeutsche Partei](/wiki/Jungdeutsche_Partei \"Jungdeutsche Partei\")* – which supported [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") and pursued an anti\\-Polish policy – cast a shadow over the association. Some *Beskidenverein* members were also members of the \"Young German Party\" and used association facilities for supervision and espionage purposes.",
"### Attempts at agreement and conflicts with the Polish Tatra Association",
"In the early 1920s, the Tatra Association proposed to *Beskidenverein* to join the Polish organization as a separate branch (this was also demanded by Polish authorities) – *Beskidenverein* did not respond to this proposal, fearing absorption by the Poles and seeing it as an attack on its own sovereignty and the longstanding tradition of pioneering tourism in the Beskids.{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\=259}} In areas where trail blazing activities were conducted, attempts were made to obtain exclusivity.",
"In 1927, the Union of Beskidy Associations in Poland (*Verband Beskidenvereine in Polen*) was established with its main headquarters in Bielsko. It was formed by non\\-Polish tourist organizations to have greater impact in competition with Polish organizations. In addition to *Beskidenverein*, the Society of Friends of Nature (*Naturfreunde*) from Bielsko and [Aleksandrowice](/wiki/Aleksandrowice%2C_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a \"Aleksandrowice, Bielsko-Biała\") (*Alexanderfeld*),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Nature Friends Austria \\- federal organization \\|url\\=https://www.naturfreunde.at/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=www.naturfreunde.at}} the Winter Sports Club from Bielsko (which soon after its establishment separated from the \"mountain\" *Beskidenverein*), the {{Interlanguage link\\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\\|lt\\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\\|pl\\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} from Bielsko, and the [German Alpine Club](/wiki/German_Alpine_Club \"German Alpine Club\"), which had its section in Katowice since 1913 and counted 307 members in 1930, were included. At that time, *Beskidenverein* also competed with Polish organizations in terms of membership fees – at the end of the 1920s, the fee was 5 *[złoty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty \"Polish złoty\")* plus 1 *złoty* entrance fee, which entitled members to a 50% discount at mountain huts belonging to the Beskidy Associations in Poland and Czechoslovakia (and at facilities of affiliated organizations) – at the same time, the Tatra Association charged 18 *złoty* and 5 *złoty*, respectively.",
"In early 1928, a dispute erupted over the expansion of the mountain hut on Babia Góra – Poles protested, fearing that a larger German hut would marginalize the facility at Markowe Szczawiny and simultaneously pointing out that the expansion would take place in a nature\\-protected area. The Nowy Targ County sided with the Tatra Association and prohibited work on the German hut. In response to this situation, *Beskidenverein* decided to build a new facility in another part of the Beskids – in {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Lipowska\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Lipowska}}.",
"In October 1928, a joint conference was held at the Tatra Association premises in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\") to end the conflict. *Beskidenverein* appeared as the Beskidy Associations in Poland, representing existing branches from Bielsko and Biała, Cieszyn, [Pszczyna](/wiki/Pszczyna \"Pszczyna\"), [Nowy Bytom](/wiki/Nowy_Bytom \"Nowy Bytom\"), [Królewska Huta](/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewska_Huta \"Królewska Huta\"), and other allied organizations. The Poles agreed to let *Beskidenverein* conduct trail blazing according to its system in the areas around Magura, Klimczok, Błatnia, and Skrzyczne (where it was most active),{{efn\\|The mountain hut on Błatnia was built by ''Naturfreunde''. Skrzyczne, on the other hand, was in the association's circle of interest because of the German skiers who often visited the mountain.}} while the trail from Przyborów to Babia Góra would remain under German supervision, but with Tatra Association trail blazing. The Polish organization did not rule out enlarging the \"zone of influence\" of *Beskidenverein* but demanded restrictions on activities in the area from Cieszyn to Babia Góra (thus in the southern regions of Polish Silesian and Żywiec Beskids), where Tatra Association already dominated.",
"In 1929, another meeting of delegates from both organizations took place, this time in Cieszyn. Once again, the territorial scope of *Beskidenverein*'s activities was established (it did not differ significantly from that in Katowice) – [Little Beskids](/wiki/Little_Beskids \"Little Beskids\") on the left bank of the [Soła](/wiki/So%C5%82a \"Soła\") river, the Klimczok group (including Błatnia) up to the Beskidek pass between [Brenna](/wiki/Brenna%2C_Poland \"Brenna, Poland\") and [Szczyrk](/wiki/Szczyrk \"Szczyrk\"), the route to Skrzyczne, and the trails to the mountain hut on Babia Góra and to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Salmopolska pass\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Przełęcz Salmopolska}}. At the same time, *Beskidenverein* activists definitively refused to join the Polish Tatra Association and recognize its authority.",
"In 1931, *Beskidenverein* joined the {{Interlanguage link\\|Union of Polish Tourist Associations\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Związek Polskich Towarzystw Turystycznych}} in Warsaw (established in 1927\\), but this did not lead to any specific solutions; too many different organizations were part of it, often representing conflicting interests, and numerous conflicts led to its dissolution in 1937\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bożek \\|first\\=Michał \\|title\\=Walka o zagospodarowanie turystyczne Beskidów Zachodnich pomiędzy Związkiem Beskidzkim a Towarzystwem Tatrzańskim \\|publisher\\=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego \\|year\\=2020 \\|location\\=Katowice }}",
"The agreement reached in Katowice and Cieszyn lasted only until 1931 when the Polish Tatra Association obtained exclusivity from the Ministry of Public Works for conducting tourist activities in the mountains – all other organizations were required to coordinate their activities with Polish Tatra Association. Naturally, *Beskidenverein* activists did not accept this state of affairs. Unable to expand the mountain hut on Babia Góra, they appealed to the ministry for funding to build a new facility on {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Lipowska\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Lipowska}}. However, it turned out that the necessary funds had already been allocated to Polish Tatra Association, with whom the matter of construction and any potential subsidies needed to be discussed. The Poles positively assessed the needs of *Beskidenverein* but allocated funds for the repair of hiking trails and current maintenance in existing huts. They did not approve the construction of a new German facility, arguing that it was outside the \"zone of influence\" agreed upon in Katowice in 1928\\. *Beskidenverein* did not accept Polish Tatra Association's authority to decide on the location of new huts and, as a legal purchaser of the appropriate land, commenced construction after obtaining the necessary administrative permits. By the end of 1931, the foundation had been laid, and the structure was winterized to accommodate tourists. It was officially opened in August of the following year (during World War II, it operated under the name *Dr. Stonawski\\-Schutzhaus*); after numerous renovations, it continues to serve its purpose to this day.",
"In 1931, the Polish Tourist Association officially recognized all contacts with *Beskidenverein* as severed. At a meeting of one of the subcommittees, it was also decided, among other things, to demarcate the areas previously allocated to *Beskidenverein* between its own branches and to request the relevant county offices not to issue building permits without Polish Tatra Association's consent.{{efn\\|It was coming to a situation that ''Beskidenverein'' did not want to come to terms with – that the Polish Tatra Association was to decide who could build hostels. This undoubtedly restricted the activities of other associations.}} In a less official manner, the Poles also intended to draw the authorities' attention to what they considered suspicious political activities by *Beskidenverein*, and the Border Guard was to carefully monitor tourists of German nationality moving along the trails without mountain passes (which were issued only by Polish Tatra Association). Other proposals included conducting a propaganda campaign in the editorial offices of the most popular Polish newspapers, taking action to remove *Beskidenverein* from the Union of Polish Tourist Associations in Warsaw, and excluding all *Beskidenverein* members who were also members of Polish Tatra Association from the Polish society.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1978\\|pp\\=153–155}}",
"The attitude of the state towards *Beskidenverein* changed in 1934 when in January Poland and Germany signed a [declaration of non\\-aggression](/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression \"German–Polish declaration of non-aggression\"). In 1935, the Ministry of Communication demanded that Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations start inviting *Beskidenverein* as an equal partner to discuss tourist affairs, but the Territorial Conciliation Commission (composed of Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations activists) rejected this demand using procedural and regulatory loopholes.",
"Some improvement in mutual relations occurred in 1936 – *Beskidenverein* took into account Polish demands to lower prices in mountain huts, which was aimed at popularizing tourism (for example, in the shelter on Hala Lipowska, *Beskidenverein* members paid 1\\.20 *złoty* for accommodation, non\\-member tourists paid 2\\.30 *złoty*, while school and group trips had significant discounts – 1\\.50 *złoty* and the possibility of negotiation down to 0\\.80 *złoty*, respectively).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Schronisko na Hali Lipowskiej \\|url\\=http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\\=39474⟨\\_id\\=PL \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200716/http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\\=39474⟨\\_id\\=PL \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-12}}",
"The escalation of the international situation cast a shadow on mountain tourism – in 1937, Hala Lipowska was included in the border zone, which resulted in restrictions on tourist traffic; the reason was suspicions of the shelter owners' anti\\-Polish activities. These suspicions later proved to be unfounded, also in relation to the owner of the nearby shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Rysianka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Rysianka}}, which was officially a \"Polish\" facility. However, since the shelters on Rysianka (located closer to the border) were not included in the border zone, *Beskidenverein* activists perceived the Polish authorities' move as another harassment towards them. In 1939, due to increasing Polish\\-German tension, access to the Lipowska mountain hut was completely blocked.",
"In the same year, in Szczyrk, the *Beskidenverein* skiing championships took place. Thanks to the favorable attitude of the Polish state, a radio broadcast of the event was conducted on the waves of German radio – this was an unprecedented event in the history of sports events in the Silesian Beskids.",
"According to the last pre\\-war registry in August 1939, the Polish *Beskidenverein* had 1882 members – mainly from [Upper Silesia](/wiki/Upper_Silesia \"Upper Silesia\"), but also from distant cities, including [Chojnice](/wiki/Chojnice \"Chojnice\"), [Grudziądz](/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz \"Grudziądz\"), [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"), [Leszno](/wiki/Leszno \"Leszno\"), [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\"), [Stanisławów](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w%2C_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship \"Stanisławów, Greater Poland Voivodeship\"), [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 \"Toruń\"), and [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\").{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\=256}}",
"### New mountain huts in independent Poland",
"[thumb\\|Mountain hut on Klimchok (former *Klementinenhütte*), present view](/wiki/File:Schronisko_Klimczok.jpg \"Schronisko Klimczok.jpg\")\nIn addition to the aforementioned shelter on Hala Lipowska, *Beskidenverein* also acquired further shelters:",
"* {{Interlanguage link\\|Kozia Góra, Beskids\\|lt\\=Kozia Góra\\|pl\\|Kozia Góra (Beskid Śląski)}} (*Rodelhütte*, commonly known as *Stefanka* after the name of the *Beskidenverein* president, Dr. Karol Steffan) – 1926;\n* {{Interlanguage link\\|Klimczok\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Klimczok}} (*Klementinenhütte*) – the facility was leased in 1930 from its previous owner, Baron Klobus from [Łodygowice](/wiki/%C5%81odygowice \"Łodygowice\"), preempting Polish Tatra Association.",
"There was also a tourist station named *{{Interlanguage link\\|Biały Krzyż\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Schronisko turystyczne „Biały Krzyż”}}* (White Cross) located in a school building on Salmopolska pass – it was destroyed in 1945 during a skirmish between partisans and German troops.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Mianowski \\|first\\=Tomasz \\|title\\=Schroniska górskie w Karpatach Polskich w latach 1939\\-1945 \\|publisher\\=Kraj \\|year\\=1987 \\|isbn\\=83\\-7005\\-142\\-1 \\|location\\=Warsaw\\-Kraków \\|page\\=}}",
"In 1924, a wooden ski shelter was built on [Skrzyczne](/wiki/Skrzyczne \"Skrzyczne\") (*Rauhkoppe*, less commonly known as *Skrzycznehütte*), which survived until World War II.{{efn\\|Although, according to Jurek, it was reported to have been plundered during the interwar period by \"unknown perpetrators\", who were allegedly associated with Polish Tatra Association and hostile to the German presence in the Beskids. Similarly, Poles were said to be responsible for setting fire to the shelter on Klimczok – however, this issue is problematic, as the ''Klementinenhütte'' was last destroyed by fire in 1914\\.{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|pp\\=258–259}}}}",
"Sometimes unconfirmed reports suggest that the mountain hut built in 1935 on {{Interlanguage link\\|Chrobacza Łąka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Chrobacza Łąka (szczyt)}} also belonged to *Beskidenverein*.{{efn\\|The shelter was supposed to be a response by ''Beskidenverein'' to the previously established Polish shelter near Magurka. However, since another ''Beskidenverein'' facility already existed nearby – on Magurka Wilkowicka – such an argument seems to lack basis in reality.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://beskidslaski.cogia.net/hrobacza\\-laka1\\.php \\|title\\=Szlak na Hrobaczą Łąkę \\|trans\\-title\\=The trail to Hrobacza Łąka \\|language\\=pl \\|website\\=Beskid Śląski}}}}",
""
] |
### Attempts at agreement and conflicts with the Polish Tatra Association
In the early 1920s, the Tatra Association proposed to *Beskidenverein* to join the Polish organization as a separate branch (this was also demanded by Polish authorities) – *Beskidenverein* did not respond to this proposal, fearing absorption by the Poles and seeing it as an attack on its own sovereignty and the longstanding tradition of pioneering tourism in the Beskids.{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\=259}} In areas where trail blazing activities were conducted, attempts were made to obtain exclusivity.
In 1927, the Union of Beskidy Associations in Poland (*Verband Beskidenvereine in Polen*) was established with its main headquarters in Bielsko. It was formed by non\-Polish tourist organizations to have greater impact in competition with Polish organizations. In addition to *Beskidenverein*, the Society of Friends of Nature (*Naturfreunde*) from Bielsko and [Aleksandrowice](/wiki/Aleksandrowice%2C_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a "Aleksandrowice, Bielsko-Biała") (*Alexanderfeld*),{{Cite web \|title\=Nature Friends Austria \- federal organization \|url\=https://www.naturfreunde.at/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13 \|website\=www.naturfreunde.at}} the Winter Sports Club from Bielsko (which soon after its establishment separated from the "mountain" *Beskidenverein*), the {{Interlanguage link\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\|lt\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\|pl\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} from Bielsko, and the [German Alpine Club](/wiki/German_Alpine_Club "German Alpine Club"), which had its section in Katowice since 1913 and counted 307 members in 1930, were included. At that time, *Beskidenverein* also competed with Polish organizations in terms of membership fees – at the end of the 1920s, the fee was 5 *[złoty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty "Polish złoty")* plus 1 *złoty* entrance fee, which entitled members to a 50% discount at mountain huts belonging to the Beskidy Associations in Poland and Czechoslovakia (and at facilities of affiliated organizations) – at the same time, the Tatra Association charged 18 *złoty* and 5 *złoty*, respectively.
In early 1928, a dispute erupted over the expansion of the mountain hut on Babia Góra – Poles protested, fearing that a larger German hut would marginalize the facility at Markowe Szczawiny and simultaneously pointing out that the expansion would take place in a nature\-protected area. The Nowy Targ County sided with the Tatra Association and prohibited work on the German hut. In response to this situation, *Beskidenverein* decided to build a new facility in another part of the Beskids – in {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Lipowska\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Lipowska}}.
In October 1928, a joint conference was held at the Tatra Association premises in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice") to end the conflict. *Beskidenverein* appeared as the Beskidy Associations in Poland, representing existing branches from Bielsko and Biała, Cieszyn, [Pszczyna](/wiki/Pszczyna "Pszczyna"), [Nowy Bytom](/wiki/Nowy_Bytom "Nowy Bytom"), [Królewska Huta](/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewska_Huta "Królewska Huta"), and other allied organizations. The Poles agreed to let *Beskidenverein* conduct trail blazing according to its system in the areas around Magura, Klimczok, Błatnia, and Skrzyczne (where it was most active),{{efn\|The mountain hut on Błatnia was built by ''Naturfreunde''. Skrzyczne, on the other hand, was in the association's circle of interest because of the German skiers who often visited the mountain.}} while the trail from Przyborów to Babia Góra would remain under German supervision, but with Tatra Association trail blazing. The Polish organization did not rule out enlarging the "zone of influence" of *Beskidenverein* but demanded restrictions on activities in the area from Cieszyn to Babia Góra (thus in the southern regions of Polish Silesian and Żywiec Beskids), where Tatra Association already dominated.
In 1929, another meeting of delegates from both organizations took place, this time in Cieszyn. Once again, the territorial scope of *Beskidenverein*'s activities was established (it did not differ significantly from that in Katowice) – [Little Beskids](/wiki/Little_Beskids "Little Beskids") on the left bank of the [Soła](/wiki/So%C5%82a "Soła") river, the Klimczok group (including Błatnia) up to the Beskidek pass between [Brenna](/wiki/Brenna%2C_Poland "Brenna, Poland") and [Szczyrk](/wiki/Szczyrk "Szczyrk"), the route to Skrzyczne, and the trails to the mountain hut on Babia Góra and to the {{Interlanguage link\|Salmopolska pass\|lt\=\|pl\|Przełęcz Salmopolska}}. At the same time, *Beskidenverein* activists definitively refused to join the Polish Tatra Association and recognize its authority.
In 1931, *Beskidenverein* joined the {{Interlanguage link\|Union of Polish Tourist Associations\|lt\=\|pl\|Związek Polskich Towarzystw Turystycznych}} in Warsaw (established in 1927\), but this did not lead to any specific solutions; too many different organizations were part of it, often representing conflicting interests, and numerous conflicts led to its dissolution in 1937\.{{Cite book \|last\=Bożek \|first\=Michał \|title\=Walka o zagospodarowanie turystyczne Beskidów Zachodnich pomiędzy Związkiem Beskidzkim a Towarzystwem Tatrzańskim \|publisher\=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego \|year\=2020 \|location\=Katowice }}
The agreement reached in Katowice and Cieszyn lasted only until 1931 when the Polish Tatra Association obtained exclusivity from the Ministry of Public Works for conducting tourist activities in the mountains – all other organizations were required to coordinate their activities with Polish Tatra Association. Naturally, *Beskidenverein* activists did not accept this state of affairs. Unable to expand the mountain hut on Babia Góra, they appealed to the ministry for funding to build a new facility on {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Lipowska\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Lipowska}}. However, it turned out that the necessary funds had already been allocated to Polish Tatra Association, with whom the matter of construction and any potential subsidies needed to be discussed. The Poles positively assessed the needs of *Beskidenverein* but allocated funds for the repair of hiking trails and current maintenance in existing huts. They did not approve the construction of a new German facility, arguing that it was outside the "zone of influence" agreed upon in Katowice in 1928\. *Beskidenverein* did not accept Polish Tatra Association's authority to decide on the location of new huts and, as a legal purchaser of the appropriate land, commenced construction after obtaining the necessary administrative permits. By the end of 1931, the foundation had been laid, and the structure was winterized to accommodate tourists. It was officially opened in August of the following year (during World War II, it operated under the name *Dr. Stonawski\-Schutzhaus*); after numerous renovations, it continues to serve its purpose to this day.
In 1931, the Polish Tourist Association officially recognized all contacts with *Beskidenverein* as severed. At a meeting of one of the subcommittees, it was also decided, among other things, to demarcate the areas previously allocated to *Beskidenverein* between its own branches and to request the relevant county offices not to issue building permits without Polish Tatra Association's consent.{{efn\|It was coming to a situation that ''Beskidenverein'' did not want to come to terms with – that the Polish Tatra Association was to decide who could build hostels. This undoubtedly restricted the activities of other associations.}} In a less official manner, the Poles also intended to draw the authorities' attention to what they considered suspicious political activities by *Beskidenverein*, and the Border Guard was to carefully monitor tourists of German nationality moving along the trails without mountain passes (which were issued only by Polish Tatra Association). Other proposals included conducting a propaganda campaign in the editorial offices of the most popular Polish newspapers, taking action to remove *Beskidenverein* from the Union of Polish Tourist Associations in Warsaw, and excluding all *Beskidenverein* members who were also members of Polish Tatra Association from the Polish society.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1978\|pp\=153–155}}
The attitude of the state towards *Beskidenverein* changed in 1934 when in January Poland and Germany signed a [declaration of non\-aggression](/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression "German–Polish declaration of non-aggression"). In 1935, the Ministry of Communication demanded that Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations start inviting *Beskidenverein* as an equal partner to discuss tourist affairs, but the Territorial Conciliation Commission (composed of Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations activists) rejected this demand using procedural and regulatory loopholes.
Some improvement in mutual relations occurred in 1936 – *Beskidenverein* took into account Polish demands to lower prices in mountain huts, which was aimed at popularizing tourism (for example, in the shelter on Hala Lipowska, *Beskidenverein* members paid 1\.20 *złoty* for accommodation, non\-member tourists paid 2\.30 *złoty*, while school and group trips had significant discounts – 1\.50 *złoty* and the possibility of negotiation down to 0\.80 *złoty*, respectively).{{Cite web \|title\=Schronisko na Hali Lipowskiej \|url\=http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\=39474⟨\_id\=PL \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200716/http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\=39474⟨\_id\=PL \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04 \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-12}}
The escalation of the international situation cast a shadow on mountain tourism – in 1937, Hala Lipowska was included in the border zone, which resulted in restrictions on tourist traffic; the reason was suspicions of the shelter owners' anti\-Polish activities. These suspicions later proved to be unfounded, also in relation to the owner of the nearby shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Rysianka\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Rysianka}}, which was officially a "Polish" facility. However, since the shelters on Rysianka (located closer to the border) were not included in the border zone, *Beskidenverein* activists perceived the Polish authorities' move as another harassment towards them. In 1939, due to increasing Polish\-German tension, access to the Lipowska mountain hut was completely blocked.
In the same year, in Szczyrk, the *Beskidenverein* skiing championships took place. Thanks to the favorable attitude of the Polish state, a radio broadcast of the event was conducted on the waves of German radio – this was an unprecedented event in the history of sports events in the Silesian Beskids.
According to the last pre\-war registry in August 1939, the Polish *Beskidenverein* had 1882 members – mainly from [Upper Silesia](/wiki/Upper_Silesia "Upper Silesia"), but also from distant cities, including [Chojnice](/wiki/Chojnice "Chojnice"), [Grudziądz](/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz "Grudziądz"), [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk "Gdańsk"), [Leszno](/wiki/Leszno "Leszno"), [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań"), [Stanisławów](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w%2C_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship "Stanisławów, Greater Poland Voivodeship"), [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 "Toruń"), and [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw").{{Harvard citation text\|Jurek\|2002\|p\=256}}
|
[
"### Attempts at agreement and conflicts with the Polish Tatra Association",
"In the early 1920s, the Tatra Association proposed to *Beskidenverein* to join the Polish organization as a separate branch (this was also demanded by Polish authorities) – *Beskidenverein* did not respond to this proposal, fearing absorption by the Poles and seeing it as an attack on its own sovereignty and the longstanding tradition of pioneering tourism in the Beskids.{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\=259}} In areas where trail blazing activities were conducted, attempts were made to obtain exclusivity.",
"In 1927, the Union of Beskidy Associations in Poland (*Verband Beskidenvereine in Polen*) was established with its main headquarters in Bielsko. It was formed by non\\-Polish tourist organizations to have greater impact in competition with Polish organizations. In addition to *Beskidenverein*, the Society of Friends of Nature (*Naturfreunde*) from Bielsko and [Aleksandrowice](/wiki/Aleksandrowice%2C_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a \"Aleksandrowice, Bielsko-Biała\") (*Alexanderfeld*),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Nature Friends Austria \\- federal organization \\|url\\=https://www.naturfreunde.at/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=www.naturfreunde.at}} the Winter Sports Club from Bielsko (which soon after its establishment separated from the \"mountain\" *Beskidenverein*), the {{Interlanguage link\\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\\|lt\\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\\|pl\\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} from Bielsko, and the [German Alpine Club](/wiki/German_Alpine_Club \"German Alpine Club\"), which had its section in Katowice since 1913 and counted 307 members in 1930, were included. At that time, *Beskidenverein* also competed with Polish organizations in terms of membership fees – at the end of the 1920s, the fee was 5 *[złoty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty \"Polish złoty\")* plus 1 *złoty* entrance fee, which entitled members to a 50% discount at mountain huts belonging to the Beskidy Associations in Poland and Czechoslovakia (and at facilities of affiliated organizations) – at the same time, the Tatra Association charged 18 *złoty* and 5 *złoty*, respectively.",
"In early 1928, a dispute erupted over the expansion of the mountain hut on Babia Góra – Poles protested, fearing that a larger German hut would marginalize the facility at Markowe Szczawiny and simultaneously pointing out that the expansion would take place in a nature\\-protected area. The Nowy Targ County sided with the Tatra Association and prohibited work on the German hut. In response to this situation, *Beskidenverein* decided to build a new facility in another part of the Beskids – in {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Lipowska\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Lipowska}}.",
"In October 1928, a joint conference was held at the Tatra Association premises in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\") to end the conflict. *Beskidenverein* appeared as the Beskidy Associations in Poland, representing existing branches from Bielsko and Biała, Cieszyn, [Pszczyna](/wiki/Pszczyna \"Pszczyna\"), [Nowy Bytom](/wiki/Nowy_Bytom \"Nowy Bytom\"), [Królewska Huta](/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewska_Huta \"Królewska Huta\"), and other allied organizations. The Poles agreed to let *Beskidenverein* conduct trail blazing according to its system in the areas around Magura, Klimczok, Błatnia, and Skrzyczne (where it was most active),{{efn\\|The mountain hut on Błatnia was built by ''Naturfreunde''. Skrzyczne, on the other hand, was in the association's circle of interest because of the German skiers who often visited the mountain.}} while the trail from Przyborów to Babia Góra would remain under German supervision, but with Tatra Association trail blazing. The Polish organization did not rule out enlarging the \"zone of influence\" of *Beskidenverein* but demanded restrictions on activities in the area from Cieszyn to Babia Góra (thus in the southern regions of Polish Silesian and Żywiec Beskids), where Tatra Association already dominated.",
"In 1929, another meeting of delegates from both organizations took place, this time in Cieszyn. Once again, the territorial scope of *Beskidenverein*'s activities was established (it did not differ significantly from that in Katowice) – [Little Beskids](/wiki/Little_Beskids \"Little Beskids\") on the left bank of the [Soła](/wiki/So%C5%82a \"Soła\") river, the Klimczok group (including Błatnia) up to the Beskidek pass between [Brenna](/wiki/Brenna%2C_Poland \"Brenna, Poland\") and [Szczyrk](/wiki/Szczyrk \"Szczyrk\"), the route to Skrzyczne, and the trails to the mountain hut on Babia Góra and to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Salmopolska pass\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Przełęcz Salmopolska}}. At the same time, *Beskidenverein* activists definitively refused to join the Polish Tatra Association and recognize its authority.",
"In 1931, *Beskidenverein* joined the {{Interlanguage link\\|Union of Polish Tourist Associations\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Związek Polskich Towarzystw Turystycznych}} in Warsaw (established in 1927\\), but this did not lead to any specific solutions; too many different organizations were part of it, often representing conflicting interests, and numerous conflicts led to its dissolution in 1937\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bożek \\|first\\=Michał \\|title\\=Walka o zagospodarowanie turystyczne Beskidów Zachodnich pomiędzy Związkiem Beskidzkim a Towarzystwem Tatrzańskim \\|publisher\\=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego \\|year\\=2020 \\|location\\=Katowice }}",
"The agreement reached in Katowice and Cieszyn lasted only until 1931 when the Polish Tatra Association obtained exclusivity from the Ministry of Public Works for conducting tourist activities in the mountains – all other organizations were required to coordinate their activities with Polish Tatra Association. Naturally, *Beskidenverein* activists did not accept this state of affairs. Unable to expand the mountain hut on Babia Góra, they appealed to the ministry for funding to build a new facility on {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Lipowska\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Lipowska}}. However, it turned out that the necessary funds had already been allocated to Polish Tatra Association, with whom the matter of construction and any potential subsidies needed to be discussed. The Poles positively assessed the needs of *Beskidenverein* but allocated funds for the repair of hiking trails and current maintenance in existing huts. They did not approve the construction of a new German facility, arguing that it was outside the \"zone of influence\" agreed upon in Katowice in 1928\\. *Beskidenverein* did not accept Polish Tatra Association's authority to decide on the location of new huts and, as a legal purchaser of the appropriate land, commenced construction after obtaining the necessary administrative permits. By the end of 1931, the foundation had been laid, and the structure was winterized to accommodate tourists. It was officially opened in August of the following year (during World War II, it operated under the name *Dr. Stonawski\\-Schutzhaus*); after numerous renovations, it continues to serve its purpose to this day.",
"In 1931, the Polish Tourist Association officially recognized all contacts with *Beskidenverein* as severed. At a meeting of one of the subcommittees, it was also decided, among other things, to demarcate the areas previously allocated to *Beskidenverein* between its own branches and to request the relevant county offices not to issue building permits without Polish Tatra Association's consent.{{efn\\|It was coming to a situation that ''Beskidenverein'' did not want to come to terms with – that the Polish Tatra Association was to decide who could build hostels. This undoubtedly restricted the activities of other associations.}} In a less official manner, the Poles also intended to draw the authorities' attention to what they considered suspicious political activities by *Beskidenverein*, and the Border Guard was to carefully monitor tourists of German nationality moving along the trails without mountain passes (which were issued only by Polish Tatra Association). Other proposals included conducting a propaganda campaign in the editorial offices of the most popular Polish newspapers, taking action to remove *Beskidenverein* from the Union of Polish Tourist Associations in Warsaw, and excluding all *Beskidenverein* members who were also members of Polish Tatra Association from the Polish society.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1978\\|pp\\=153–155}}",
"The attitude of the state towards *Beskidenverein* changed in 1934 when in January Poland and Germany signed a [declaration of non\\-aggression](/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression \"German–Polish declaration of non-aggression\"). In 1935, the Ministry of Communication demanded that Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations start inviting *Beskidenverein* as an equal partner to discuss tourist affairs, but the Territorial Conciliation Commission (composed of Polish Tatra Association and Union of Polish Tourist Associations activists) rejected this demand using procedural and regulatory loopholes.",
"Some improvement in mutual relations occurred in 1936 – *Beskidenverein* took into account Polish demands to lower prices in mountain huts, which was aimed at popularizing tourism (for example, in the shelter on Hala Lipowska, *Beskidenverein* members paid 1\\.20 *złoty* for accommodation, non\\-member tourists paid 2\\.30 *złoty*, while school and group trips had significant discounts – 1\\.50 *złoty* and the possibility of negotiation down to 0\\.80 *złoty*, respectively).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Schronisko na Hali Lipowskiej \\|url\\=http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\\=39474⟨\\_id\\=PL \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200716/http://www.wgorach.com/index.html?id\\=39474⟨\\_id\\=PL \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-12}}",
"The escalation of the international situation cast a shadow on mountain tourism – in 1937, Hala Lipowska was included in the border zone, which resulted in restrictions on tourist traffic; the reason was suspicions of the shelter owners' anti\\-Polish activities. These suspicions later proved to be unfounded, also in relation to the owner of the nearby shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Rysianka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Rysianka}}, which was officially a \"Polish\" facility. However, since the shelters on Rysianka (located closer to the border) were not included in the border zone, *Beskidenverein* activists perceived the Polish authorities' move as another harassment towards them. In 1939, due to increasing Polish\\-German tension, access to the Lipowska mountain hut was completely blocked.",
"In the same year, in Szczyrk, the *Beskidenverein* skiing championships took place. Thanks to the favorable attitude of the Polish state, a radio broadcast of the event was conducted on the waves of German radio – this was an unprecedented event in the history of sports events in the Silesian Beskids.",
"According to the last pre\\-war registry in August 1939, the Polish *Beskidenverein* had 1882 members – mainly from [Upper Silesia](/wiki/Upper_Silesia \"Upper Silesia\"), but also from distant cities, including [Chojnice](/wiki/Chojnice \"Chojnice\"), [Grudziądz](/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz \"Grudziądz\"), [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\"), [Leszno](/wiki/Leszno \"Leszno\"), [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\"), [Stanisławów](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w%2C_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship \"Stanisławów, Greater Poland Voivodeship\"), [Toruń](/wiki/Toru%C5%84 \"Toruń\"), and [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\").{{Harvard citation text\\|Jurek\\|2002\\|p\\=256}}",
""
] |
*Beskidenverein* in Czechoslovakia
----------------------------------
After the fall of [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"), the activity of the association continued, even in Czechoslovakia. Separated from the Polish sections by the border, the Czechoslovakian *Beskidenverein* became practically and formally an independent organization,{{efn\|The Czechoslovak authorities demanded that the ''Beskidenverein'' (like other German organizations) limit its activities to the territory of Czechoslovakia, otherwise it was threatened with liquidation. Changes to the statute were necessary.}} although it still cooperated with colleagues operating in Poland (*Beskidenverein* discounts were honored on both sides of the border). The main headquarters of the Czechoslovakian part of the association became Moravian Ostrava.
After World War I, the section in [Frýdlant nad Ostravicí](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant_nad_Ostravic%C3%AD "Frýdlant nad Ostravicí") ceased to operate, but new ones emerged in places like [Fryštát](/wiki/Fry%C5%A1t%C3%A1t "Fryštát"), [Kopřivnice](/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice "Kopřivnice"), [Karviná](/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1 "Karviná"), and [Jablunkov](/wiki/Jablunkov "Jablunkov") (the latter operated only for a few years), and later also in [Fulnek](/wiki/Fulnek "Fulnek"). There were two sections in Cieszyn – on the Czechoslovakian and Polish sides. In 1926, the *Beskidenverein* sections in Czechoslovakia gathered around 3,500 members (not much fewer than in Poland); the most numerous were from Cieszyn (the former headquarters of pre\-war *Beskidenverein*, which remained on the Czechoslovakian side of the border) and Vítkovice.
The *Beskidenverein* in Czechoslovakia also published its own magazine, with a name reminiscent of the pre\-war one – *Mitteilungen des Beskidenvereines*. *Sitz des Hauptvereines Mähr\-Ostrau*. Sometimes, in promoting tourism, it resorted to modern means – for example, in 1933, a silent film *Wir und die Beskiden* was presented in Moravian Ostrava. Competitions with mountain themes were also organized by *Beskidenverein* to encourage hiking.
At the time of the creation of Czechoslovakia, *Beskidenverein* was one of the largest tourist organizations in the country. Its role remained significant throughout the entire period of the Republic, however, similar to in the Polish Republic, the association's activities sometimes met with reluctance and suspicion from the authorities, to which German activists reacted similarly. Nationalistic accents, which *Beskidenverein* never fully wanted to abandon, created constant conflicts, as did matters of signage and markings – under pressure from Czechoslovakian authorities, Germans were forced to replace German descriptions with bilingual ones, but they did so with great resistance.
### Cooperation with other German tourist associations
In the new conditions of the Czechoslovak Republic, Germans, as the ruling nation, became the largest national minority. In order to defend common interests, broader cooperation became necessary, also among German tourist associations, of which there were dozens in Czechoslovakia.
In 1920, in [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem "Ústí nad Labem"), the Union of German Mountain and Hiking Clubs in the Czechoslovak Republic (*Hauptverband deutscher Gebirgs\- und Wandervereine in der Tschechoslowakischen Republik, HDGW*) was founded, which was to represent German organizations before the government in Prague. Czechoslovak sections of the *Beskidenverein* joined the union in 1923 – members were entitled to discounts on railway journeys, various benefits in different places in Czechoslovakia, facilitations in border traffic with Germany, accident insurance, and the possibility of receiving state subsidies (which, however, were rarely granted and were small). German mountain and hiking organizations, after initial resistance (mainly regarding the amount of contributions), willingly joined the *HDGW*, and in 1928, 51 organizations belonged to it, almost all operating in Czechoslovakia. The activities of the union focused, apart from contacts with the government, on joint promotion of tourism, especially among German youth (hiking camps were organized in Germany), and jointly organized large events such as German Hiking Day. *HDGW* published its own monthly tourist magazine *Deutsches Bergland*.
In 1938, all German mountain associations in Czechoslovakia and almost all hiking associations belonged to the union – a total of 83 associations, with 70,000 members.{{Harvard citation text\|Dziedzic\|2006\|p\=119}} *HDGW* operated until the annexation of the [Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland") by the Third Reich, and then under a changed name and in changed political conditions until 1942\.
In addition to the general Czechoslovak cooperation, *Beskidenverein* also decided to create an agreement between mountain associations of Moravia, Silesia, and Slovakia. It was to include, among others, the {{Interlanguage link\|Carpathian Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Karpathenverein}} (*Karpathenverein, KV*){{efn\|An organization operating in the Czechoslovak Carpathian Mountains, mainly in the Tatra Mountains. Its members were mostly Germans.}} and *MSSGV*. Initially, the main goal was to exchange discounts between organizations (there was no mutual discount exchange in *HDGW*; individual associations regulated it in separate agreements between themselves). Until 1922, there was an old pre\-war agreement between *Beskidenverein* and *MSSGV* – after a three\-year break, the Czech *Beskidenverein* granted discounts in its shelters to members of *MSSGV* sections from Opava.
In 1928, a meeting of representatives from both sides of the border, as well as from *KV* and *MSSGV*, and representatives of Polish and Czechoslovak authorities took place in [Český Těšín](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn "Český Těšín"). It was decided to establish a free working group without official status (*Arbeitsgemanschatf*), which informally also included the {{Interlanguage link\|Kłodzko Mountain Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Kłodzkie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, and the Polish *Beskidenverein* ultimately remained outside the group but could always count on its "help and support".{{Harvard citation text\|Dziedzic\|2006\|pp\=122–123}} It was agreed that mutual discounts in tourist facilities would take the form of supplementary stamps affixed to the membership cards of their respective organizations (Polish *Beskidenverein* and *Karpathenverein* joined this system in 1931\). Initially, there was not much interest in the discounts (for example, in 1930, only 49 out of 1444 members of *MSSGV* in Opava purchased *Beskidenverein* stamps). Czech sections of *Beskidenverein* also signed mutual discount agreements with the Prague Tourist Club and the Alpine Association *Donauland*. In addition to the discount issues, the working group worked on a proposal for free border crossing between Poland and Czechoslovakia based on tourist ID cards, which was to be presented to the governments in Warsaw and Prague, but these demands were not understood by the authorities until the outbreak of World War II. The working group also planned to cooperate with the {{Interlanguage link\|Czechoslovak Tourist Club\|lt\=\|pl\|Klub Czechosłowackich Turystów}} and the *{{Interlanguage link\|Pohorská jednota "Radhošť"\|lt\=\|pl\|Pohorská jednota „Radhošť”}}*. Furthermore, *MSSGV* and *GGV* promised to promote the Beskids in the main areas of their activity.
In the 1930s, the activity of the working group significantly declined. In 1934, the *Ost und West* cell was established, which was to organize group trips for members of *Beskidenverein* and {{Interlanguage link\|Carpathian Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Karpathenverein}} to the [Jeseníky Mountains](/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADky_Mountains "Jeseníky Mountains"), and for *MSSGV* to the Beskids and [Carpathians](/wiki/Carpathians "Carpathians"). In 1937, trips to the Tatra Mountains were planned, but it is not known whether they took place. The last meeting of the working group took place in Moravská Ostrava in 1938, and after the Sudetenland was annexed to the Reich, it ceased to exist.
Some mountain sections also had winter sports sections, which were part of the Union of German Winter Sports Clubs (*Hauptverband der deutschen Wintersportvereine*). There were 8 such sections – in Vítkovice, Český Těšín, [Karviná](/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1 "Karviná"), Moravská Ostrava, [Bohumín](/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn "Bohumín"), Frýdek, Místek, and [Kopřivnice](/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice "Kopřivnice").
### *Beskidenverein* mountain huts in Czechoslovakia
[thumb\|Mountain hut on Czantoria – present state](/wiki/File:Czantoria_schronisko.JPG "Czantoria schronisko.JPG")
[thumb\|Mountain hut on Skalka (*Chata Skalka*) – present state](/wiki/File:Chata_Skalka.JPG "Chata Skalka.JPG")
[thumb\|*Berghotel* on Biały Krzyż – as of 2016](/wiki/File:B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE_%28Weisses_Kreuze%29_-_former_%22Berghotel%22.jpg "Bílý Kříž (Weisses Kreuze) - former ")
After a few years of inactivity due to the uncertain situation on the border and lack of funds, the *Beskidenverein* resumed investments in accommodation facilities, although not as large as before the war.
* The mountain hut on [Czantoria Wielka](/wiki/Czantoria_Wielka "Czantoria Wielka") (*Großer Czantory\-Berg*) now lay in the border zone between Czechoslovakia and Poland. Plundered and devastated in 1918, it underwent renovation and reopened in 1923;{{Cite book \|last\=Michał \|first\=Pilch \|title\=Pamiętnik Ustroński \|year\=1992 \|pages\=79–81 \|chapter\=Schroniska na Czantorii i Równicy}}
* At Biały Krzyż, Germans purchased additional land and erected a two\-story hotel, *Weisse Kreuz*, in 1924{{Cite web \|title\=Pocztówka Beskidenverein z 1925 \|url\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/bily\-kriz/bilykriz/skromny\-danek\-pod\-niemieckim\-berghotelem..\-.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} (the foundation stone was laid as early as 1914\). The structure was wooden and fell victim to a fire in 1936\. Even earlier, in 1927, the old facility from 1902 burned down, leaving tourists without accommodation. Fortunately, *Weisse Kreuz* was insured for a large sum, and in 1937, the grand opening of the new, luxurious modernist\-style *Berghotel* was celebrated;{{Cite web \|title\=Bílý Kříž \- między dwoma Sulovami \|url\=https://forum.sudety.it/viewtopic.php?t\=5474 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-13}}
* on [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora "Lysá hora") (*Lysa\-Berg–Kalhberg*), the *Erzherzog–Albrecht–Schutzhaus* began to run out of space for all those in need, prompting the *Beskidenverein* to build a new accommodation facility, the *Steinerne Haus*, in 1933\.{{Cite web \|title\=TOURISTENSPRECHSTUNDE \|url\=http://archiv.radio.cz/deutsch/tourist/24\-9\-97\.html \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-09 \|language\=de}} Additionally, in 1926, the *Ostrauer Hütte* underwent significant expansion;
* The Cieszyn section built a small mountain hut on {{Interlanguage link\|Chata Skalka\|lt\=\|pl\|Chata Skalka}} near [Mosty u Jablunkova](/wiki/Mosty_u_Jablunkova "Mosty u Jablunkova") in just three months in 1928;{{Cite book \|last\=Cichá \|first\=I. \|title\=Beskidzkie gronie za Olzą i Wisłą \|publisher\=Regio \|year\=2011 \|isbn\=978\-80\-904230\-5\-3 \|location\=Bystrzyca \|pages\=163–165}}
* The *Hadaszczok\-Hütte* on {{Interlanguage link\|Slavíč\|lt\=\|pl\|Sławicz}} was taken over by the Bohumin section from the Vitkovice section, and after renovation in 1936, it was reopened to tourists; Josef Ruminsky became the lessee. Near the old shelter, a new Czech facility, *{{Interlanguage link\|Kolářova chata Slavíč\|lt\=\|pl\|Kolářova chata Slavíč}}*, was opened in 1931; the owner was Jan Kolář, a former policeman from Moravia and former lessee at *Hadaszczok\-Hütte* since 1910\.{{Cite web \|title\=Hadaszczok i Slawicz \|url\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/slawicz\-i\-hadaszczok/Slawicz/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}}
### *Beskidenverein* on the eve of war
Similarly to Poland, some members of the *Beskidenverein* became associated with the pan\-German and Nazi movements in the 1930s, which were particularly active in the [Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland"). They were involved in parties such as the *Deutsche Nationalpartei*, *Sudetendeutsche Partei*, and *Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei*. The Bohumin section was the most involved, closely monitored by the Czechoslovak police, who inspected the German premises several times. However, it turned out that even in this section, neither the leadership nor the majority of members belonged (at least formally) to the aforementioned parties.
After the Polish annexation of [Trans\-Olza](/wiki/Trans-Olza "Trans-Olza") in 1938, several *Beskidenverein* mountain huts also found themselves within the borders of Poland – facilities on Jaworowy, Skalka, Slavíč Mountain, and [Czantoria Wielka](/wiki/Czantoria_Wielka "Czantoria Wielka"). However, there is no information about changes in the administration of these huts; they were managed by sections from areas that also became part of Poland – Cieszyn and Bohumin.
|
[
"*Beskidenverein* in Czechoslovakia\n----------------------------------",
"After the fall of [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\"), the activity of the association continued, even in Czechoslovakia. Separated from the Polish sections by the border, the Czechoslovakian *Beskidenverein* became practically and formally an independent organization,{{efn\\|The Czechoslovak authorities demanded that the ''Beskidenverein'' (like other German organizations) limit its activities to the territory of Czechoslovakia, otherwise it was threatened with liquidation. Changes to the statute were necessary.}} although it still cooperated with colleagues operating in Poland (*Beskidenverein* discounts were honored on both sides of the border). The main headquarters of the Czechoslovakian part of the association became Moravian Ostrava.",
"After World War I, the section in [Frýdlant nad Ostravicí](/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant_nad_Ostravic%C3%AD \"Frýdlant nad Ostravicí\") ceased to operate, but new ones emerged in places like [Fryštát](/wiki/Fry%C5%A1t%C3%A1t \"Fryštát\"), [Kopřivnice](/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice \"Kopřivnice\"), [Karviná](/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1 \"Karviná\"), and [Jablunkov](/wiki/Jablunkov \"Jablunkov\") (the latter operated only for a few years), and later also in [Fulnek](/wiki/Fulnek \"Fulnek\"). There were two sections in Cieszyn – on the Czechoslovakian and Polish sides. In 1926, the *Beskidenverein* sections in Czechoslovakia gathered around 3,500 members (not much fewer than in Poland); the most numerous were from Cieszyn (the former headquarters of pre\\-war *Beskidenverein*, which remained on the Czechoslovakian side of the border) and Vítkovice.",
"The *Beskidenverein* in Czechoslovakia also published its own magazine, with a name reminiscent of the pre\\-war one – *Mitteilungen des Beskidenvereines*. *Sitz des Hauptvereines Mähr\\-Ostrau*. Sometimes, in promoting tourism, it resorted to modern means – for example, in 1933, a silent film *Wir und die Beskiden* was presented in Moravian Ostrava. Competitions with mountain themes were also organized by *Beskidenverein* to encourage hiking.",
"At the time of the creation of Czechoslovakia, *Beskidenverein* was one of the largest tourist organizations in the country. Its role remained significant throughout the entire period of the Republic, however, similar to in the Polish Republic, the association's activities sometimes met with reluctance and suspicion from the authorities, to which German activists reacted similarly. Nationalistic accents, which *Beskidenverein* never fully wanted to abandon, created constant conflicts, as did matters of signage and markings – under pressure from Czechoslovakian authorities, Germans were forced to replace German descriptions with bilingual ones, but they did so with great resistance.",
"### Cooperation with other German tourist associations",
"In the new conditions of the Czechoslovak Republic, Germans, as the ruling nation, became the largest national minority. In order to defend common interests, broader cooperation became necessary, also among German tourist associations, of which there were dozens in Czechoslovakia.",
"In 1920, in [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem \"Ústí nad Labem\"), the Union of German Mountain and Hiking Clubs in the Czechoslovak Republic (*Hauptverband deutscher Gebirgs\\- und Wandervereine in der Tschechoslowakischen Republik, HDGW*) was founded, which was to represent German organizations before the government in Prague. Czechoslovak sections of the *Beskidenverein* joined the union in 1923 – members were entitled to discounts on railway journeys, various benefits in different places in Czechoslovakia, facilitations in border traffic with Germany, accident insurance, and the possibility of receiving state subsidies (which, however, were rarely granted and were small). German mountain and hiking organizations, after initial resistance (mainly regarding the amount of contributions), willingly joined the *HDGW*, and in 1928, 51 organizations belonged to it, almost all operating in Czechoslovakia. The activities of the union focused, apart from contacts with the government, on joint promotion of tourism, especially among German youth (hiking camps were organized in Germany), and jointly organized large events such as German Hiking Day. *HDGW* published its own monthly tourist magazine *Deutsches Bergland*.",
"In 1938, all German mountain associations in Czechoslovakia and almost all hiking associations belonged to the union – a total of 83 associations, with 70,000 members.{{Harvard citation text\\|Dziedzic\\|2006\\|p\\=119}} *HDGW* operated until the annexation of the [Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland \"Sudetenland\") by the Third Reich, and then under a changed name and in changed political conditions until 1942\\.",
"In addition to the general Czechoslovak cooperation, *Beskidenverein* also decided to create an agreement between mountain associations of Moravia, Silesia, and Slovakia. It was to include, among others, the {{Interlanguage link\\|Carpathian Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Karpathenverein}} (*Karpathenverein, KV*){{efn\\|An organization operating in the Czechoslovak Carpathian Mountains, mainly in the Tatra Mountains. Its members were mostly Germans.}} and *MSSGV*. Initially, the main goal was to exchange discounts between organizations (there was no mutual discount exchange in *HDGW*; individual associations regulated it in separate agreements between themselves). Until 1922, there was an old pre\\-war agreement between *Beskidenverein* and *MSSGV* – after a three\\-year break, the Czech *Beskidenverein* granted discounts in its shelters to members of *MSSGV* sections from Opava.",
"In 1928, a meeting of representatives from both sides of the border, as well as from *KV* and *MSSGV*, and representatives of Polish and Czechoslovak authorities took place in [Český Těšín](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn \"Český Těšín\"). It was decided to establish a free working group without official status (*Arbeitsgemanschatf*), which informally also included the {{Interlanguage link\\|Kłodzko Mountain Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Kłodzkie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, and the Polish *Beskidenverein* ultimately remained outside the group but could always count on its \"help and support\".{{Harvard citation text\\|Dziedzic\\|2006\\|pp\\=122–123}} It was agreed that mutual discounts in tourist facilities would take the form of supplementary stamps affixed to the membership cards of their respective organizations (Polish *Beskidenverein* and *Karpathenverein* joined this system in 1931\\). Initially, there was not much interest in the discounts (for example, in 1930, only 49 out of 1444 members of *MSSGV* in Opava purchased *Beskidenverein* stamps). Czech sections of *Beskidenverein* also signed mutual discount agreements with the Prague Tourist Club and the Alpine Association *Donauland*. In addition to the discount issues, the working group worked on a proposal for free border crossing between Poland and Czechoslovakia based on tourist ID cards, which was to be presented to the governments in Warsaw and Prague, but these demands were not understood by the authorities until the outbreak of World War II. The working group also planned to cooperate with the {{Interlanguage link\\|Czechoslovak Tourist Club\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Klub Czechosłowackich Turystów}} and the *{{Interlanguage link\\|Pohorská jednota \"Radhošť\"\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Pohorská jednota „Radhošť”}}*. Furthermore, *MSSGV* and *GGV* promised to promote the Beskids in the main areas of their activity.",
"In the 1930s, the activity of the working group significantly declined. In 1934, the *Ost und West* cell was established, which was to organize group trips for members of *Beskidenverein* and {{Interlanguage link\\|Carpathian Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Karpathenverein}} to the [Jeseníky Mountains](/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADky_Mountains \"Jeseníky Mountains\"), and for *MSSGV* to the Beskids and [Carpathians](/wiki/Carpathians \"Carpathians\"). In 1937, trips to the Tatra Mountains were planned, but it is not known whether they took place. The last meeting of the working group took place in Moravská Ostrava in 1938, and after the Sudetenland was annexed to the Reich, it ceased to exist.",
"Some mountain sections also had winter sports sections, which were part of the Union of German Winter Sports Clubs (*Hauptverband der deutschen Wintersportvereine*). There were 8 such sections – in Vítkovice, Český Těšín, [Karviná](/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1 \"Karviná\"), Moravská Ostrava, [Bohumín](/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn \"Bohumín\"), Frýdek, Místek, and [Kopřivnice](/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice \"Kopřivnice\").",
"### *Beskidenverein* mountain huts in Czechoslovakia",
"[thumb\\|Mountain hut on Czantoria – present state](/wiki/File:Czantoria_schronisko.JPG \"Czantoria schronisko.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Mountain hut on Skalka (*Chata Skalka*) – present state](/wiki/File:Chata_Skalka.JPG \"Chata Skalka.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|*Berghotel* on Biały Krzyż – as of 2016](/wiki/File:B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE_%28Weisses_Kreuze%29_-_former_%22Berghotel%22.jpg \"Bílý Kříž (Weisses Kreuze) - former \")\nAfter a few years of inactivity due to the uncertain situation on the border and lack of funds, the *Beskidenverein* resumed investments in accommodation facilities, although not as large as before the war.",
"* The mountain hut on [Czantoria Wielka](/wiki/Czantoria_Wielka \"Czantoria Wielka\") (*Großer Czantory\\-Berg*) now lay in the border zone between Czechoslovakia and Poland. Plundered and devastated in 1918, it underwent renovation and reopened in 1923;{{Cite book \\|last\\=Michał \\|first\\=Pilch \\|title\\=Pamiętnik Ustroński \\|year\\=1992 \\|pages\\=79–81 \\|chapter\\=Schroniska na Czantorii i Równicy}}\n* At Biały Krzyż, Germans purchased additional land and erected a two\\-story hotel, *Weisse Kreuz*, in 1924{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pocztówka Beskidenverein z 1925 \\|url\\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/bily\\-kriz/bilykriz/skromny\\-danek\\-pod\\-niemieckim\\-berghotelem..\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} (the foundation stone was laid as early as 1914\\). The structure was wooden and fell victim to a fire in 1936\\. Even earlier, in 1927, the old facility from 1902 burned down, leaving tourists without accommodation. Fortunately, *Weisse Kreuz* was insured for a large sum, and in 1937, the grand opening of the new, luxurious modernist\\-style *Berghotel* was celebrated;{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bílý Kříž \\- między dwoma Sulovami \\|url\\=https://forum.sudety.it/viewtopic.php?t\\=5474 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-13}}\n* on [Lysá hora](/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora \"Lysá hora\") (*Lysa\\-Berg–Kalhberg*), the *Erzherzog–Albrecht–Schutzhaus* began to run out of space for all those in need, prompting the *Beskidenverein* to build a new accommodation facility, the *Steinerne Haus*, in 1933\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=TOURISTENSPRECHSTUNDE \\|url\\=http://archiv.radio.cz/deutsch/tourist/24\\-9\\-97\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-09 \\|language\\=de}} Additionally, in 1926, the *Ostrauer Hütte* underwent significant expansion;\n* The Cieszyn section built a small mountain hut on {{Interlanguage link\\|Chata Skalka\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Chata Skalka}} near [Mosty u Jablunkova](/wiki/Mosty_u_Jablunkova \"Mosty u Jablunkova\") in just three months in 1928;{{Cite book \\|last\\=Cichá \\|first\\=I. \\|title\\=Beskidzkie gronie za Olzą i Wisłą \\|publisher\\=Regio \\|year\\=2011 \\|isbn\\=978\\-80\\-904230\\-5\\-3 \\|location\\=Bystrzyca \\|pages\\=163–165}}\n* The *Hadaszczok\\-Hütte* on {{Interlanguage link\\|Slavíč\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Sławicz}} was taken over by the Bohumin section from the Vitkovice section, and after renovation in 1936, it was reopened to tourists; Josef Ruminsky became the lessee. Near the old shelter, a new Czech facility, *{{Interlanguage link\\|Kolářova chata Slavíč\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Kolářova chata Slavíč}}*, was opened in 1931; the owner was Jan Kolář, a former policeman from Moravia and former lessee at *Hadaszczok\\-Hütte* since 1910\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hadaszczok i Slawicz \\|url\\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/slawicz\\-i\\-hadaszczok/Slawicz/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}}",
"### *Beskidenverein* on the eve of war",
"Similarly to Poland, some members of the *Beskidenverein* became associated with the pan\\-German and Nazi movements in the 1930s, which were particularly active in the [Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland \"Sudetenland\"). They were involved in parties such as the *Deutsche Nationalpartei*, *Sudetendeutsche Partei*, and *Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei*. The Bohumin section was the most involved, closely monitored by the Czechoslovak police, who inspected the German premises several times. However, it turned out that even in this section, neither the leadership nor the majority of members belonged (at least formally) to the aforementioned parties.",
"After the Polish annexation of [Trans\\-Olza](/wiki/Trans-Olza \"Trans-Olza\") in 1938, several *Beskidenverein* mountain huts also found themselves within the borders of Poland – facilities on Jaworowy, Skalka, Slavíč Mountain, and [Czantoria Wielka](/wiki/Czantoria_Wielka \"Czantoria Wielka\"). However, there is no information about changes in the administration of these huts; they were managed by sections from areas that also became part of Poland – Cieszyn and Bohumin.",
""
] |
### Cooperation with other German tourist associations
In the new conditions of the Czechoslovak Republic, Germans, as the ruling nation, became the largest national minority. In order to defend common interests, broader cooperation became necessary, also among German tourist associations, of which there were dozens in Czechoslovakia.
In 1920, in [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem "Ústí nad Labem"), the Union of German Mountain and Hiking Clubs in the Czechoslovak Republic (*Hauptverband deutscher Gebirgs\- und Wandervereine in der Tschechoslowakischen Republik, HDGW*) was founded, which was to represent German organizations before the government in Prague. Czechoslovak sections of the *Beskidenverein* joined the union in 1923 – members were entitled to discounts on railway journeys, various benefits in different places in Czechoslovakia, facilitations in border traffic with Germany, accident insurance, and the possibility of receiving state subsidies (which, however, were rarely granted and were small). German mountain and hiking organizations, after initial resistance (mainly regarding the amount of contributions), willingly joined the *HDGW*, and in 1928, 51 organizations belonged to it, almost all operating in Czechoslovakia. The activities of the union focused, apart from contacts with the government, on joint promotion of tourism, especially among German youth (hiking camps were organized in Germany), and jointly organized large events such as German Hiking Day. *HDGW* published its own monthly tourist magazine *Deutsches Bergland*.
In 1938, all German mountain associations in Czechoslovakia and almost all hiking associations belonged to the union – a total of 83 associations, with 70,000 members.{{Harvard citation text\|Dziedzic\|2006\|p\=119}} *HDGW* operated until the annexation of the [Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland") by the Third Reich, and then under a changed name and in changed political conditions until 1942\.
In addition to the general Czechoslovak cooperation, *Beskidenverein* also decided to create an agreement between mountain associations of Moravia, Silesia, and Slovakia. It was to include, among others, the {{Interlanguage link\|Carpathian Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Karpathenverein}} (*Karpathenverein, KV*){{efn\|An organization operating in the Czechoslovak Carpathian Mountains, mainly in the Tatra Mountains. Its members were mostly Germans.}} and *MSSGV*. Initially, the main goal was to exchange discounts between organizations (there was no mutual discount exchange in *HDGW*; individual associations regulated it in separate agreements between themselves). Until 1922, there was an old pre\-war agreement between *Beskidenverein* and *MSSGV* – after a three\-year break, the Czech *Beskidenverein* granted discounts in its shelters to members of *MSSGV* sections from Opava.
In 1928, a meeting of representatives from both sides of the border, as well as from *KV* and *MSSGV*, and representatives of Polish and Czechoslovak authorities took place in [Český Těšín](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn "Český Těšín"). It was decided to establish a free working group without official status (*Arbeitsgemanschatf*), which informally also included the {{Interlanguage link\|Kłodzko Mountain Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Kłodzkie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, and the Polish *Beskidenverein* ultimately remained outside the group but could always count on its "help and support".{{Harvard citation text\|Dziedzic\|2006\|pp\=122–123}} It was agreed that mutual discounts in tourist facilities would take the form of supplementary stamps affixed to the membership cards of their respective organizations (Polish *Beskidenverein* and *Karpathenverein* joined this system in 1931\). Initially, there was not much interest in the discounts (for example, in 1930, only 49 out of 1444 members of *MSSGV* in Opava purchased *Beskidenverein* stamps). Czech sections of *Beskidenverein* also signed mutual discount agreements with the Prague Tourist Club and the Alpine Association *Donauland*. In addition to the discount issues, the working group worked on a proposal for free border crossing between Poland and Czechoslovakia based on tourist ID cards, which was to be presented to the governments in Warsaw and Prague, but these demands were not understood by the authorities until the outbreak of World War II. The working group also planned to cooperate with the {{Interlanguage link\|Czechoslovak Tourist Club\|lt\=\|pl\|Klub Czechosłowackich Turystów}} and the *{{Interlanguage link\|Pohorská jednota "Radhošť"\|lt\=\|pl\|Pohorská jednota „Radhošť”}}*. Furthermore, *MSSGV* and *GGV* promised to promote the Beskids in the main areas of their activity.
In the 1930s, the activity of the working group significantly declined. In 1934, the *Ost und West* cell was established, which was to organize group trips for members of *Beskidenverein* and {{Interlanguage link\|Carpathian Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Karpathenverein}} to the [Jeseníky Mountains](/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADky_Mountains "Jeseníky Mountains"), and for *MSSGV* to the Beskids and [Carpathians](/wiki/Carpathians "Carpathians"). In 1937, trips to the Tatra Mountains were planned, but it is not known whether they took place. The last meeting of the working group took place in Moravská Ostrava in 1938, and after the Sudetenland was annexed to the Reich, it ceased to exist.
Some mountain sections also had winter sports sections, which were part of the Union of German Winter Sports Clubs (*Hauptverband der deutschen Wintersportvereine*). There were 8 such sections – in Vítkovice, Český Těšín, [Karviná](/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1 "Karviná"), Moravská Ostrava, [Bohumín](/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn "Bohumín"), Frýdek, Místek, and [Kopřivnice](/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice "Kopřivnice").
|
[
"### Cooperation with other German tourist associations",
"In the new conditions of the Czechoslovak Republic, Germans, as the ruling nation, became the largest national minority. In order to defend common interests, broader cooperation became necessary, also among German tourist associations, of which there were dozens in Czechoslovakia.",
"In 1920, in [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem \"Ústí nad Labem\"), the Union of German Mountain and Hiking Clubs in the Czechoslovak Republic (*Hauptverband deutscher Gebirgs\\- und Wandervereine in der Tschechoslowakischen Republik, HDGW*) was founded, which was to represent German organizations before the government in Prague. Czechoslovak sections of the *Beskidenverein* joined the union in 1923 – members were entitled to discounts on railway journeys, various benefits in different places in Czechoslovakia, facilitations in border traffic with Germany, accident insurance, and the possibility of receiving state subsidies (which, however, were rarely granted and were small). German mountain and hiking organizations, after initial resistance (mainly regarding the amount of contributions), willingly joined the *HDGW*, and in 1928, 51 organizations belonged to it, almost all operating in Czechoslovakia. The activities of the union focused, apart from contacts with the government, on joint promotion of tourism, especially among German youth (hiking camps were organized in Germany), and jointly organized large events such as German Hiking Day. *HDGW* published its own monthly tourist magazine *Deutsches Bergland*.",
"In 1938, all German mountain associations in Czechoslovakia and almost all hiking associations belonged to the union – a total of 83 associations, with 70,000 members.{{Harvard citation text\\|Dziedzic\\|2006\\|p\\=119}} *HDGW* operated until the annexation of the [Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland \"Sudetenland\") by the Third Reich, and then under a changed name and in changed political conditions until 1942\\.",
"In addition to the general Czechoslovak cooperation, *Beskidenverein* also decided to create an agreement between mountain associations of Moravia, Silesia, and Slovakia. It was to include, among others, the {{Interlanguage link\\|Carpathian Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Karpathenverein}} (*Karpathenverein, KV*){{efn\\|An organization operating in the Czechoslovak Carpathian Mountains, mainly in the Tatra Mountains. Its members were mostly Germans.}} and *MSSGV*. Initially, the main goal was to exchange discounts between organizations (there was no mutual discount exchange in *HDGW*; individual associations regulated it in separate agreements between themselves). Until 1922, there was an old pre\\-war agreement between *Beskidenverein* and *MSSGV* – after a three\\-year break, the Czech *Beskidenverein* granted discounts in its shelters to members of *MSSGV* sections from Opava.",
"In 1928, a meeting of representatives from both sides of the border, as well as from *KV* and *MSSGV*, and representatives of Polish and Czechoslovak authorities took place in [Český Těšín](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn \"Český Těšín\"). It was decided to establish a free working group without official status (*Arbeitsgemanschatf*), which informally also included the {{Interlanguage link\\|Kłodzko Mountain Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Kłodzkie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, and the Polish *Beskidenverein* ultimately remained outside the group but could always count on its \"help and support\".{{Harvard citation text\\|Dziedzic\\|2006\\|pp\\=122–123}} It was agreed that mutual discounts in tourist facilities would take the form of supplementary stamps affixed to the membership cards of their respective organizations (Polish *Beskidenverein* and *Karpathenverein* joined this system in 1931\\). Initially, there was not much interest in the discounts (for example, in 1930, only 49 out of 1444 members of *MSSGV* in Opava purchased *Beskidenverein* stamps). Czech sections of *Beskidenverein* also signed mutual discount agreements with the Prague Tourist Club and the Alpine Association *Donauland*. In addition to the discount issues, the working group worked on a proposal for free border crossing between Poland and Czechoslovakia based on tourist ID cards, which was to be presented to the governments in Warsaw and Prague, but these demands were not understood by the authorities until the outbreak of World War II. The working group also planned to cooperate with the {{Interlanguage link\\|Czechoslovak Tourist Club\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Klub Czechosłowackich Turystów}} and the *{{Interlanguage link\\|Pohorská jednota \"Radhošť\"\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Pohorská jednota „Radhošť”}}*. Furthermore, *MSSGV* and *GGV* promised to promote the Beskids in the main areas of their activity.",
"In the 1930s, the activity of the working group significantly declined. In 1934, the *Ost und West* cell was established, which was to organize group trips for members of *Beskidenverein* and {{Interlanguage link\\|Carpathian Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Karpathenverein}} to the [Jeseníky Mountains](/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADky_Mountains \"Jeseníky Mountains\"), and for *MSSGV* to the Beskids and [Carpathians](/wiki/Carpathians \"Carpathians\"). In 1937, trips to the Tatra Mountains were planned, but it is not known whether they took place. The last meeting of the working group took place in Moravská Ostrava in 1938, and after the Sudetenland was annexed to the Reich, it ceased to exist.",
"Some mountain sections also had winter sports sections, which were part of the Union of German Winter Sports Clubs (*Hauptverband der deutschen Wintersportvereine*). There were 8 such sections – in Vítkovice, Český Těšín, [Karviná](/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1 \"Karviná\"), Moravská Ostrava, [Bohumín](/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn \"Bohumín\"), Frýdek, Místek, and [Kopřivnice](/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice \"Kopřivnice\").",
""
] |
*Beskidenverein* during World War II
------------------------------------
In November 1939, the manager of the association, Dr. Edward Stonawski, became the provisional administrator of the Babiogórski Branch of the Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Association (*Beskidenverein* also took over the branch's assets after Polish Tatra Association was dissolved), and *Beskidenverein* later received several Polish mountain huts (though significantly fewer than it had expected). These were located in Polish territories incorporated into the [Third Reich](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), although the association also sought a building in Markowe Szczawiny located in the [General Government](/wiki/General_Government "General Government"). Dr. Stonawski invoked the merits of his organization and maintained contact with the previous owner, Rudolf Wielgus, whom they wanted to keep in his position. However, in the autumn of 1940, Markowe Szczawiny was taken over by the newly established Kraków branch of the [German Alpine Club](/wiki/German_Alpine_Club "German Alpine Club") (*Zweig Krakau des Deutschen Alpenvereins*). Additionally, the shelter under Babia Góra was handed over to the Slovak Border Guard, which was a severe loss for the association, as they had hoped for its return to German management or at least its transfer to the *Karpathenverein*, an organization operating in Slovakia.
### Establishment of the Main Beskid Association
Initially, after the war ended, *Beskidenverein* and its leadership received praises as an organization that had been *a pioneering force in the fight for the German Beskids and German territory*.{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1978\|p\=157}}
However, it quickly became apparent that the German authorities viewed *Beskidenverein* rather suspiciously. Nonetheless, Dr. Stonawski hoped that his organization would become the main administration for all German mountain associations in the Beskids. However, this did not happen. Firstly, in September 1939, the former Czechoslovak *Beskidenverein* was subordinated to the all\-German association of mountain and hiking clubs (*Reichsverband der Deutschen Gebirgs\- und Wandervereine*) based in [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem "Ústí nad Labem"). Then, in June 1940, a founding meeting of the new Main Beskid Association (*Beskidenhauptverein in Teschen*) was held in Cieszyn, with its headquarters to be located in this town on the [Olza](/wiki/Olza_%28river%29 "Olza (river)") river,{{efn\|According to some studies, the headquarters was located in Katowice.}} where it was decided that individual associations from the Polish and Czechoslovak sides would become branches of this organization. However, Edward Stonawski was not elected president;{{efn\|The term "chief" was also used, as in other tourist organizations of the Third Reich.}} instead, Dr. Krueger, the *[starosta](/wiki/Starosta "Starosta")* of Cieszyn, was chosen.{{efn\|Or a ''starosta'' named Kate.}}
In the course of establishing the joint association, the names of its members were specified – the Main Beskid Association in Cieszyn (*Hauptverein Beskidenverein*), while the remaining were designated as "branches" rather than "sections" (*Zweigstelle Beskidenverein*). In practice, the "old" *Beskidenverein* was subordinated to German administration and reduced to the role of one of the smaller organizations subordinate to the central association in the Reich.
The following branches became part of the merged association: Bielsko, Fryštát, Frýdek, Karviná, Bohumin, Cieszyn,{{efn\|The former Polish and Czechoslovakian sections were merged, as was the city itself, into a single organism.}} and Pszczyna from Silesia, Morawska Ostrawa, Mistek, and Vítkovice from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, as well as Kopřivnice, Fulnek, Bílovec, Nový Jičín, and Opava from the Sudetenland. Attempts were also made to reactivate the branch in Katowice and former sections in Racibórz, Królewska Huta, and Bytom, as well as to establish a new one in Gliwice.{{Cite web \|title\=Zarys dziejów Babiogórskiego Oddziału PTT \|url\=http://cotg.pttk.pl/encyklopedia\_tresc.php?id\=98\&szukaj\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213932/http://cotg.pttk.pl/encyklopedia\_tresc.php?id\=98\&szukaj\= \|archive\-date\=2021\-06\-02 \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-12}} The establishment of a branch in Zabrze (*Hindenburg*) was successful.
It is difficult to estimate the number of association members during the war – it is known that the Bielsko branch had between 1500 and 1800 members from 1940 to 1942\.
The last manifestation of activity was a brochure published in 1943, prepared to mark the half\-century existence of *Beskidenverein*. Dr. Stonawski authored it, summarizing the history of the association briefly. "*Beskidenverein* in the Polish era fulfilled its duty as a German association and during that time paved the way for German identity in the east".{{Harvard citation text\|Gąstoł\|1978\|p\=160}} In April of that year, the main branch from Moravian Ostrava was removed from the register of associations.
### Former Polish and Czechoslovakian mountain huts under German administration
The division of shelters was decided by the president of Katowice in agreement with the Eastern Commissioner, as authorized to take action in the areas newly annexed to the Reich. Most of them belonged to the Polish Tatra Association before the war, although the Germans took over both private huts and those that were within the borders of Czechoslovakia until 1938\.
To the great disappointment of the association members, many facilities were given to other German organizations, not always related to tourism. Shelters on [Kozubová](/wiki/Kozubov%C3%A1 "Kozubová") (located in Czechoslovakia but managed by the {{Interlanguage link\|Polish Tourist Society Beskid\|lt\=Polish Tourist Society ''Beskid''\|pl\|Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczne „Beskid” w Cieszynie}} from Cieszyn), {{Interlanguage link\|Malá Prašivá\|lt\=\|pl\|Mała Praszywa}}, and {{Interlanguage link\|Ropička\|lt\=\|pl\|Ropiczka}} (Czechoslovak) were taken over by the Regional Youth Hostels Association in Silesia (*Landesjugendherbergsverband Schlesien*). The building in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 "Zwardoń") was taken over by the National Socialist Labour Organization [Strength Through Joy](/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy "Strength Through Joy") for a short period until August 1940\. {{Interlanguage link\|Przysłop pod Baranią Górą\|lt\=\|pl\|Pałacyk Myśliwski Habsburgów w Wiśle}} was taken over by the State Forestry Administration, which leased it to the {{Interlanguage link\|Winter Sports Club\|lt\=\|pl\|Schlesischer Wintersportverein}} from Katowice, while the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Velký Polom\|lt\=\|pl\|Wielki Połom}} (previously in Czechoslovakia until 1938\) was placed under the administration of the Regional Transport Association (*Landesverkehrsverband*), an industrial organization operating in various parts of the Reich, with the intention of establishing a Mountain Guest House there.
The Cieszyn branch of *Beskidenverein* received former Czechoslovak facilities on [Gírová](/wiki/G%C3%ADrov%C3%A1 "Gírová") (*Schutzhaus auf der Girova*){{Cite web \|title\=Pocztówki schroniska pod Girową \|url\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/girowa\-840m/Girowa/cos\-stempelkow\-z\-girowej\-po\-lazikach\-przeszlosci..\-.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} and {{Interlanguage link\|Chata Ostrý\|lt\=Ostrý\|pl\|Chata Ostrý}} (*Schutzhaus auf dem Ostry*),{{Cite web \|title\=Pocztówki z okresu II wojny światowej \|url\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/ostry\-1044m\_koziniec/ostry/ostry\-\-cancellation\-before\-world\-war\-ii\-001\.jpg.\-.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} as well as Polish ones on [Stożek Wielki](/wiki/Sto%C5%BCek_Wielki "Stożek Wielki") and {{Interlanguage link\|Równica (summit)\|lt\=Równica\|pl\|Równica (szczyt)}}. In the latter mountain hut, in exchange for signing *Volksliste*, the previous manager Rudolf Hulanik was allowed to remain. The attendance at Równica was high during the war, and besides the German language, Polish was also heard, which was tolerated by Hulanik.
A new branch was established in [Żywiec](/wiki/%C5%BBywiec "Żywiec"), with Dr. Hering, the district administrator of Żywiec, as its chairman. He administered the former Polish huts on {{Interlanguage link\|Przegibek\|lt\=\|pl\|Przegibek (przełęcz w Beskidzie Żywieckim)}} and {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Boracza\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Boracza}} (which belonged to the {{Interlanguage link\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\|lt\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\|pl\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} before the war), and later also in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 "Zwardoń"). The branch renovated the facility on {{Interlanguage link\|Wielka Racza\|lt\=\|pl\|Wielka Racza}} and built a new utility building. Since 1940, with Hering's approval, Bronisław Jarosz resumed his management of the mountain hut as before the war. Thanks to his efficient management, the hut was properly maintained until the end of the war, and it was only after the Germans withdrew that looters destroyed it.
The Bielsko branch received only {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Miziowa\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Miziowa}},{{efn\|There was a rivalry over the facility between the Bielsko and Żywiec branches; it was eventually administered by the ''Beskidenverein'' of Bielsko (with the help of the pre\-war owner, ''reichsdeustch'' Albert Rudolf), but set aside a separate "Żywiec room" in the building remaining exclusive to Żywiec activists.}} and later {{Interlanguage link\|Leskowiec mountain hut\|lt\=Leskowiec\|pl\|Schronisko PTTK Leskowiec}}, until a decision was made about its further affiliation (this decision was never made, and the shelter remained under the *Beskidenverein*'s control until the end of the war). Due to its poor technical condition, lack of water, and its location in a heavily forested area, it did not accept tourists, and the previous caretaker, Jan Targosz, only ensured it was not completely destroyed. Perhaps in the future, the project for a shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Malinowska Skała\|lt\=Leskowiec\|pl\|Malinowska Skała}}, initiated by the president of Zabrze (who was also the president of the Zabrze branch), would also come under the administration of the union. However, the construction initiative never went beyond the planning stage.
The situation was different for private huts not belonging to the Polish Tatra Association. Skrzyczne was managed by a person of German origin, and it was often quartered there by the *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht")*. A similar situation (pre\-war German owners – *Naturfreunde* organization) existed in Błatnia. Rysianka was officially a hut operating under the auspices of the Polish Tatra Skiing Association from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"), but the land and building remained the property of a private individual, Gustaw Pustelnik. He provided many services to the Third Reich (probably spying for the Germans before the war), so during the occupation, he retained control of the hut, turning it into a rest house for soldiers and organizing military skiing courses. Similarly, the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Soszów Wielki\|lt\=\|pl\|Soszów Wielki}} belonged to private individuals – the Gajdzic family. Taking advantage of the owner's departure for forced labor, and later his call\-up to the *Wehrmacht*, the Zabrze branch of *Beskidenverein* forced the owner's wife to lease the facility. However, they were unable to completely get rid of the former owners.
Even in shelters that belonged to the *Beskidenverein* before the war, the military or members of nationalist\-socialist organizations were often quartered. For example, [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth "Hitler Youth") members were stationed at Biały Krzyż, theoretically to assist in protecting the facilities from potential partisans, but towards the end of the war, when there was a threat, they quickly evacuated from the hut.
The benefits that the *Beskidenverein* derived from the mountain huts were purely prestigious (Polish owners who remained in their positions were supposed to take care of their technical condition and submit monthly reports on their activities – they were not entitled to compensation). The turnovers were small, although some pre\-war tourists, numerous Germans, and military patrols (especially near the border with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")) appeared in some facilities. The main source of income was the sale of alcohol. The profits were enough to maintain the caretakers, but not for more active operations. Moreover, groups of partisans often appeared in the forests. Towards the end of the war, the activity of the society practically ceased. Dr. Stonawski himself admitted several times in his letters that in the face of the difficult situation, the *Beskidenverein* was helpless – there were few tourists, restrictive regulations hindered movement, and many facilities were actually requisitioned for the needs of the German military and remained in the organization's records only on paper.
The Hitler period also marked the end of active cooperation between German tourist organizations – individual associations competed with each other for influence. Often, current politics were not determined by the needs of tourism but by the ambitions of the leader of a particular section or branch. Many organizations ceased to exist due to the decline in tourist traffic, lack of funds, or were forcibly incorporated into a larger association that was easier for the authorities to control. Additionally, the former system of discount exchange was greatly restricted – the *Beskidenverein* had a relevant agreement only with the {{Interlanguage link\|Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Morawsko\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, concluded in 1941\.
|
[
"*Beskidenverein* during World War II\n------------------------------------",
"In November 1939, the manager of the association, Dr. Edward Stonawski, became the provisional administrator of the Babiogórski Branch of the Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Association (*Beskidenverein* also took over the branch's assets after Polish Tatra Association was dissolved), and *Beskidenverein* later received several Polish mountain huts (though significantly fewer than it had expected). These were located in Polish territories incorporated into the [Third Reich](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), although the association also sought a building in Markowe Szczawiny located in the [General Government](/wiki/General_Government \"General Government\"). Dr. Stonawski invoked the merits of his organization and maintained contact with the previous owner, Rudolf Wielgus, whom they wanted to keep in his position. However, in the autumn of 1940, Markowe Szczawiny was taken over by the newly established Kraków branch of the [German Alpine Club](/wiki/German_Alpine_Club \"German Alpine Club\") (*Zweig Krakau des Deutschen Alpenvereins*). Additionally, the shelter under Babia Góra was handed over to the Slovak Border Guard, which was a severe loss for the association, as they had hoped for its return to German management or at least its transfer to the *Karpathenverein*, an organization operating in Slovakia.",
"### Establishment of the Main Beskid Association",
"Initially, after the war ended, *Beskidenverein* and its leadership received praises as an organization that had been *a pioneering force in the fight for the German Beskids and German territory*.{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1978\\|p\\=157}}",
"However, it quickly became apparent that the German authorities viewed *Beskidenverein* rather suspiciously. Nonetheless, Dr. Stonawski hoped that his organization would become the main administration for all German mountain associations in the Beskids. However, this did not happen. Firstly, in September 1939, the former Czechoslovak *Beskidenverein* was subordinated to the all\\-German association of mountain and hiking clubs (*Reichsverband der Deutschen Gebirgs\\- und Wandervereine*) based in [Ústí nad Labem](/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem \"Ústí nad Labem\"). Then, in June 1940, a founding meeting of the new Main Beskid Association (*Beskidenhauptverein in Teschen*) was held in Cieszyn, with its headquarters to be located in this town on the [Olza](/wiki/Olza_%28river%29 \"Olza (river)\") river,{{efn\\|According to some studies, the headquarters was located in Katowice.}} where it was decided that individual associations from the Polish and Czechoslovak sides would become branches of this organization. However, Edward Stonawski was not elected president;{{efn\\|The term \"chief\" was also used, as in other tourist organizations of the Third Reich.}} instead, Dr. Krueger, the *[starosta](/wiki/Starosta \"Starosta\")* of Cieszyn, was chosen.{{efn\\|Or a ''starosta'' named Kate.}}",
"In the course of establishing the joint association, the names of its members were specified – the Main Beskid Association in Cieszyn (*Hauptverein Beskidenverein*), while the remaining were designated as \"branches\" rather than \"sections\" (*Zweigstelle Beskidenverein*). In practice, the \"old\" *Beskidenverein* was subordinated to German administration and reduced to the role of one of the smaller organizations subordinate to the central association in the Reich.",
"The following branches became part of the merged association: Bielsko, Fryštát, Frýdek, Karviná, Bohumin, Cieszyn,{{efn\\|The former Polish and Czechoslovakian sections were merged, as was the city itself, into a single organism.}} and Pszczyna from Silesia, Morawska Ostrawa, Mistek, and Vítkovice from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, as well as Kopřivnice, Fulnek, Bílovec, Nový Jičín, and Opava from the Sudetenland. Attempts were also made to reactivate the branch in Katowice and former sections in Racibórz, Królewska Huta, and Bytom, as well as to establish a new one in Gliwice.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Zarys dziejów Babiogórskiego Oddziału PTT \\|url\\=http://cotg.pttk.pl/encyklopedia\\_tresc.php?id\\=98\\&szukaj\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213932/http://cotg.pttk.pl/encyklopedia\\_tresc.php?id\\=98\\&szukaj\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-12}} The establishment of a branch in Zabrze (*Hindenburg*) was successful.",
"It is difficult to estimate the number of association members during the war – it is known that the Bielsko branch had between 1500 and 1800 members from 1940 to 1942\\.",
"The last manifestation of activity was a brochure published in 1943, prepared to mark the half\\-century existence of *Beskidenverein*. Dr. Stonawski authored it, summarizing the history of the association briefly. \"*Beskidenverein* in the Polish era fulfilled its duty as a German association and during that time paved the way for German identity in the east\".{{Harvard citation text\\|Gąstoł\\|1978\\|p\\=160}} In April of that year, the main branch from Moravian Ostrava was removed from the register of associations.",
"### Former Polish and Czechoslovakian mountain huts under German administration",
"The division of shelters was decided by the president of Katowice in agreement with the Eastern Commissioner, as authorized to take action in the areas newly annexed to the Reich. Most of them belonged to the Polish Tatra Association before the war, although the Germans took over both private huts and those that were within the borders of Czechoslovakia until 1938\\.",
"To the great disappointment of the association members, many facilities were given to other German organizations, not always related to tourism. Shelters on [Kozubová](/wiki/Kozubov%C3%A1 \"Kozubová\") (located in Czechoslovakia but managed by the {{Interlanguage link\\|Polish Tourist Society Beskid\\|lt\\=Polish Tourist Society ''Beskid''\\|pl\\|Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczne „Beskid” w Cieszynie}} from Cieszyn), {{Interlanguage link\\|Malá Prašivá\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Mała Praszywa}}, and {{Interlanguage link\\|Ropička\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Ropiczka}} (Czechoslovak) were taken over by the Regional Youth Hostels Association in Silesia (*Landesjugendherbergsverband Schlesien*). The building in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 \"Zwardoń\") was taken over by the National Socialist Labour Organization [Strength Through Joy](/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy \"Strength Through Joy\") for a short period until August 1940\\. {{Interlanguage link\\|Przysłop pod Baranią Górą\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Pałacyk Myśliwski Habsburgów w Wiśle}} was taken over by the State Forestry Administration, which leased it to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Winter Sports Club\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Schlesischer Wintersportverein}} from Katowice, while the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Velký Polom\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Wielki Połom}} (previously in Czechoslovakia until 1938\\) was placed under the administration of the Regional Transport Association (*Landesverkehrsverband*), an industrial organization operating in various parts of the Reich, with the intention of establishing a Mountain Guest House there.",
"The Cieszyn branch of *Beskidenverein* received former Czechoslovak facilities on [Gírová](/wiki/G%C3%ADrov%C3%A1 \"Gírová\") (*Schutzhaus auf der Girova*){{Cite web \\|title\\=Pocztówki schroniska pod Girową \\|url\\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/girowa\\-840m/Girowa/cos\\-stempelkow\\-z\\-girowej\\-po\\-lazikach\\-przeszlosci..\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} and {{Interlanguage link\\|Chata Ostrý\\|lt\\=Ostrý\\|pl\\|Chata Ostrý}} (*Schutzhaus auf dem Ostry*),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pocztówki z okresu II wojny światowej \\|url\\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/ostry\\-1044m\\_koziniec/ostry/ostry\\-\\-cancellation\\-before\\-world\\-war\\-ii\\-001\\.jpg.\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} as well as Polish ones on [Stożek Wielki](/wiki/Sto%C5%BCek_Wielki \"Stożek Wielki\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|Równica (summit)\\|lt\\=Równica\\|pl\\|Równica (szczyt)}}. In the latter mountain hut, in exchange for signing *Volksliste*, the previous manager Rudolf Hulanik was allowed to remain. The attendance at Równica was high during the war, and besides the German language, Polish was also heard, which was tolerated by Hulanik.",
"A new branch was established in [Żywiec](/wiki/%C5%BBywiec \"Żywiec\"), with Dr. Hering, the district administrator of Żywiec, as its chairman. He administered the former Polish huts on {{Interlanguage link\\|Przegibek\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Przegibek (przełęcz w Beskidzie Żywieckim)}} and {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Boracza\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Boracza}} (which belonged to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\\|lt\\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\\|pl\\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} before the war), and later also in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 \"Zwardoń\"). The branch renovated the facility on {{Interlanguage link\\|Wielka Racza\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Wielka Racza}} and built a new utility building. Since 1940, with Hering's approval, Bronisław Jarosz resumed his management of the mountain hut as before the war. Thanks to his efficient management, the hut was properly maintained until the end of the war, and it was only after the Germans withdrew that looters destroyed it.",
"The Bielsko branch received only {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Miziowa\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Miziowa}},{{efn\\|There was a rivalry over the facility between the Bielsko and Żywiec branches; it was eventually administered by the ''Beskidenverein'' of Bielsko (with the help of the pre\\-war owner, ''reichsdeustch'' Albert Rudolf), but set aside a separate \"Żywiec room\" in the building remaining exclusive to Żywiec activists.}} and later {{Interlanguage link\\|Leskowiec mountain hut\\|lt\\=Leskowiec\\|pl\\|Schronisko PTTK Leskowiec}}, until a decision was made about its further affiliation (this decision was never made, and the shelter remained under the *Beskidenverein*'s control until the end of the war). Due to its poor technical condition, lack of water, and its location in a heavily forested area, it did not accept tourists, and the previous caretaker, Jan Targosz, only ensured it was not completely destroyed. Perhaps in the future, the project for a shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Malinowska Skała\\|lt\\=Leskowiec\\|pl\\|Malinowska Skała}}, initiated by the president of Zabrze (who was also the president of the Zabrze branch), would also come under the administration of the union. However, the construction initiative never went beyond the planning stage.",
"The situation was different for private huts not belonging to the Polish Tatra Association. Skrzyczne was managed by a person of German origin, and it was often quartered there by the *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\")*. A similar situation (pre\\-war German owners – *Naturfreunde* organization) existed in Błatnia. Rysianka was officially a hut operating under the auspices of the Polish Tatra Skiing Association from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"), but the land and building remained the property of a private individual, Gustaw Pustelnik. He provided many services to the Third Reich (probably spying for the Germans before the war), so during the occupation, he retained control of the hut, turning it into a rest house for soldiers and organizing military skiing courses. Similarly, the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Soszów Wielki\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Soszów Wielki}} belonged to private individuals – the Gajdzic family. Taking advantage of the owner's departure for forced labor, and later his call\\-up to the *Wehrmacht*, the Zabrze branch of *Beskidenverein* forced the owner's wife to lease the facility. However, they were unable to completely get rid of the former owners.",
"Even in shelters that belonged to the *Beskidenverein* before the war, the military or members of nationalist\\-socialist organizations were often quartered. For example, [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth \"Hitler Youth\") members were stationed at Biały Krzyż, theoretically to assist in protecting the facilities from potential partisans, but towards the end of the war, when there was a threat, they quickly evacuated from the hut.",
"The benefits that the *Beskidenverein* derived from the mountain huts were purely prestigious (Polish owners who remained in their positions were supposed to take care of their technical condition and submit monthly reports on their activities – they were not entitled to compensation). The turnovers were small, although some pre\\-war tourists, numerous Germans, and military patrols (especially near the border with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\")) appeared in some facilities. The main source of income was the sale of alcohol. The profits were enough to maintain the caretakers, but not for more active operations. Moreover, groups of partisans often appeared in the forests. Towards the end of the war, the activity of the society practically ceased. Dr. Stonawski himself admitted several times in his letters that in the face of the difficult situation, the *Beskidenverein* was helpless – there were few tourists, restrictive regulations hindered movement, and many facilities were actually requisitioned for the needs of the German military and remained in the organization's records only on paper.",
"The Hitler period also marked the end of active cooperation between German tourist organizations – individual associations competed with each other for influence. Often, current politics were not determined by the needs of tourism but by the ambitions of the leader of a particular section or branch. Many organizations ceased to exist due to the decline in tourist traffic, lack of funds, or were forcibly incorporated into a larger association that was easier for the authorities to control. Additionally, the former system of discount exchange was greatly restricted – the *Beskidenverein* had a relevant agreement only with the {{Interlanguage link\\|Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Morawsko\\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, concluded in 1941\\.",
""
] |
### Former Polish and Czechoslovakian mountain huts under German administration
The division of shelters was decided by the president of Katowice in agreement with the Eastern Commissioner, as authorized to take action in the areas newly annexed to the Reich. Most of them belonged to the Polish Tatra Association before the war, although the Germans took over both private huts and those that were within the borders of Czechoslovakia until 1938\.
To the great disappointment of the association members, many facilities were given to other German organizations, not always related to tourism. Shelters on [Kozubová](/wiki/Kozubov%C3%A1 "Kozubová") (located in Czechoslovakia but managed by the {{Interlanguage link\|Polish Tourist Society Beskid\|lt\=Polish Tourist Society ''Beskid''\|pl\|Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczne „Beskid” w Cieszynie}} from Cieszyn), {{Interlanguage link\|Malá Prašivá\|lt\=\|pl\|Mała Praszywa}}, and {{Interlanguage link\|Ropička\|lt\=\|pl\|Ropiczka}} (Czechoslovak) were taken over by the Regional Youth Hostels Association in Silesia (*Landesjugendherbergsverband Schlesien*). The building in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 "Zwardoń") was taken over by the National Socialist Labour Organization [Strength Through Joy](/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy "Strength Through Joy") for a short period until August 1940\. {{Interlanguage link\|Przysłop pod Baranią Górą\|lt\=\|pl\|Pałacyk Myśliwski Habsburgów w Wiśle}} was taken over by the State Forestry Administration, which leased it to the {{Interlanguage link\|Winter Sports Club\|lt\=\|pl\|Schlesischer Wintersportverein}} from Katowice, while the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Velký Polom\|lt\=\|pl\|Wielki Połom}} (previously in Czechoslovakia until 1938\) was placed under the administration of the Regional Transport Association (*Landesverkehrsverband*), an industrial organization operating in various parts of the Reich, with the intention of establishing a Mountain Guest House there.
The Cieszyn branch of *Beskidenverein* received former Czechoslovak facilities on [Gírová](/wiki/G%C3%ADrov%C3%A1 "Gírová") (*Schutzhaus auf der Girova*){{Cite web \|title\=Pocztówki schroniska pod Girową \|url\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/girowa\-840m/Girowa/cos\-stempelkow\-z\-girowej\-po\-lazikach\-przeszlosci..\-.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} and {{Interlanguage link\|Chata Ostrý\|lt\=Ostrý\|pl\|Chata Ostrý}} (*Schutzhaus auf dem Ostry*),{{Cite web \|title\=Pocztówki z okresu II wojny światowej \|url\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/ostry\-1044m\_koziniec/ostry/ostry\-\-cancellation\-before\-world\-war\-ii\-001\.jpg.\-.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} as well as Polish ones on [Stożek Wielki](/wiki/Sto%C5%BCek_Wielki "Stożek Wielki") and {{Interlanguage link\|Równica (summit)\|lt\=Równica\|pl\|Równica (szczyt)}}. In the latter mountain hut, in exchange for signing *Volksliste*, the previous manager Rudolf Hulanik was allowed to remain. The attendance at Równica was high during the war, and besides the German language, Polish was also heard, which was tolerated by Hulanik.
A new branch was established in [Żywiec](/wiki/%C5%BBywiec "Żywiec"), with Dr. Hering, the district administrator of Żywiec, as its chairman. He administered the former Polish huts on {{Interlanguage link\|Przegibek\|lt\=\|pl\|Przegibek (przełęcz w Beskidzie Żywieckim)}} and {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Boracza\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Boracza}} (which belonged to the {{Interlanguage link\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\|lt\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\|pl\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} before the war), and later also in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 "Zwardoń"). The branch renovated the facility on {{Interlanguage link\|Wielka Racza\|lt\=\|pl\|Wielka Racza}} and built a new utility building. Since 1940, with Hering's approval, Bronisław Jarosz resumed his management of the mountain hut as before the war. Thanks to his efficient management, the hut was properly maintained until the end of the war, and it was only after the Germans withdrew that looters destroyed it.
The Bielsko branch received only {{Interlanguage link\|Hala Miziowa\|lt\=\|pl\|Hala Miziowa}},{{efn\|There was a rivalry over the facility between the Bielsko and Żywiec branches; it was eventually administered by the ''Beskidenverein'' of Bielsko (with the help of the pre\-war owner, ''reichsdeustch'' Albert Rudolf), but set aside a separate "Żywiec room" in the building remaining exclusive to Żywiec activists.}} and later {{Interlanguage link\|Leskowiec mountain hut\|lt\=Leskowiec\|pl\|Schronisko PTTK Leskowiec}}, until a decision was made about its further affiliation (this decision was never made, and the shelter remained under the *Beskidenverein*'s control until the end of the war). Due to its poor technical condition, lack of water, and its location in a heavily forested area, it did not accept tourists, and the previous caretaker, Jan Targosz, only ensured it was not completely destroyed. Perhaps in the future, the project for a shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Malinowska Skała\|lt\=Leskowiec\|pl\|Malinowska Skała}}, initiated by the president of Zabrze (who was also the president of the Zabrze branch), would also come under the administration of the union. However, the construction initiative never went beyond the planning stage.
The situation was different for private huts not belonging to the Polish Tatra Association. Skrzyczne was managed by a person of German origin, and it was often quartered there by the *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht")*. A similar situation (pre\-war German owners – *Naturfreunde* organization) existed in Błatnia. Rysianka was officially a hut operating under the auspices of the Polish Tatra Skiing Association from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"), but the land and building remained the property of a private individual, Gustaw Pustelnik. He provided many services to the Third Reich (probably spying for the Germans before the war), so during the occupation, he retained control of the hut, turning it into a rest house for soldiers and organizing military skiing courses. Similarly, the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\|Soszów Wielki\|lt\=\|pl\|Soszów Wielki}} belonged to private individuals – the Gajdzic family. Taking advantage of the owner's departure for forced labor, and later his call\-up to the *Wehrmacht*, the Zabrze branch of *Beskidenverein* forced the owner's wife to lease the facility. However, they were unable to completely get rid of the former owners.
Even in shelters that belonged to the *Beskidenverein* before the war, the military or members of nationalist\-socialist organizations were often quartered. For example, [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth "Hitler Youth") members were stationed at Biały Krzyż, theoretically to assist in protecting the facilities from potential partisans, but towards the end of the war, when there was a threat, they quickly evacuated from the hut.
The benefits that the *Beskidenverein* derived from the mountain huts were purely prestigious (Polish owners who remained in their positions were supposed to take care of their technical condition and submit monthly reports on their activities – they were not entitled to compensation). The turnovers were small, although some pre\-war tourists, numerous Germans, and military patrols (especially near the border with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")) appeared in some facilities. The main source of income was the sale of alcohol. The profits were enough to maintain the caretakers, but not for more active operations. Moreover, groups of partisans often appeared in the forests. Towards the end of the war, the activity of the society practically ceased. Dr. Stonawski himself admitted several times in his letters that in the face of the difficult situation, the *Beskidenverein* was helpless – there were few tourists, restrictive regulations hindered movement, and many facilities were actually requisitioned for the needs of the German military and remained in the organization's records only on paper.
The Hitler period also marked the end of active cooperation between German tourist organizations – individual associations competed with each other for influence. Often, current politics were not determined by the needs of tourism but by the ambitions of the leader of a particular section or branch. Many organizations ceased to exist due to the decline in tourist traffic, lack of funds, or were forcibly incorporated into a larger association that was easier for the authorities to control. Additionally, the former system of discount exchange was greatly restricted – the *Beskidenverein* had a relevant agreement only with the {{Interlanguage link\|Moravian\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\|lt\=\|pl\|Morawsko\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, concluded in 1941\.
|
[
"### Former Polish and Czechoslovakian mountain huts under German administration",
"The division of shelters was decided by the president of Katowice in agreement with the Eastern Commissioner, as authorized to take action in the areas newly annexed to the Reich. Most of them belonged to the Polish Tatra Association before the war, although the Germans took over both private huts and those that were within the borders of Czechoslovakia until 1938\\.",
"To the great disappointment of the association members, many facilities were given to other German organizations, not always related to tourism. Shelters on [Kozubová](/wiki/Kozubov%C3%A1 \"Kozubová\") (located in Czechoslovakia but managed by the {{Interlanguage link\\|Polish Tourist Society Beskid\\|lt\\=Polish Tourist Society ''Beskid''\\|pl\\|Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczne „Beskid” w Cieszynie}} from Cieszyn), {{Interlanguage link\\|Malá Prašivá\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Mała Praszywa}}, and {{Interlanguage link\\|Ropička\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Ropiczka}} (Czechoslovak) were taken over by the Regional Youth Hostels Association in Silesia (*Landesjugendherbergsverband Schlesien*). The building in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 \"Zwardoń\") was taken over by the National Socialist Labour Organization [Strength Through Joy](/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy \"Strength Through Joy\") for a short period until August 1940\\. {{Interlanguage link\\|Przysłop pod Baranią Górą\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Pałacyk Myśliwski Habsburgów w Wiśle}} was taken over by the State Forestry Administration, which leased it to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Winter Sports Club\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Schlesischer Wintersportverein}} from Katowice, while the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Velký Polom\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Wielki Połom}} (previously in Czechoslovakia until 1938\\) was placed under the administration of the Regional Transport Association (*Landesverkehrsverband*), an industrial organization operating in various parts of the Reich, with the intention of establishing a Mountain Guest House there.",
"The Cieszyn branch of *Beskidenverein* received former Czechoslovak facilities on [Gírová](/wiki/G%C3%ADrov%C3%A1 \"Gírová\") (*Schutzhaus auf der Girova*){{Cite web \\|title\\=Pocztówki schroniska pod Girową \\|url\\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/girowa\\-840m/Girowa/cos\\-stempelkow\\-z\\-girowej\\-po\\-lazikach\\-przeszlosci..\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} and {{Interlanguage link\\|Chata Ostrý\\|lt\\=Ostrý\\|pl\\|Chata Ostrý}} (*Schutzhaus auf dem Ostry*),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pocztówki z okresu II wojny światowej \\|url\\=https://kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/ostry\\-1044m\\_koziniec/ostry/ostry\\-\\-cancellation\\-before\\-world\\-war\\-ii\\-001\\.jpg.\\-.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=kiejsiwbeskidach.estranky.cz}} as well as Polish ones on [Stożek Wielki](/wiki/Sto%C5%BCek_Wielki \"Stożek Wielki\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|Równica (summit)\\|lt\\=Równica\\|pl\\|Równica (szczyt)}}. In the latter mountain hut, in exchange for signing *Volksliste*, the previous manager Rudolf Hulanik was allowed to remain. The attendance at Równica was high during the war, and besides the German language, Polish was also heard, which was tolerated by Hulanik.",
"A new branch was established in [Żywiec](/wiki/%C5%BBywiec \"Żywiec\"), with Dr. Hering, the district administrator of Żywiec, as its chairman. He administered the former Polish huts on {{Interlanguage link\\|Przegibek\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Przegibek (przełęcz w Beskidzie Żywieckim)}} and {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Boracza\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Boracza}} (which belonged to the {{Interlanguage link\\|Jewish Sports Society Makkabi\\|lt\\=Jewish Sports Society ''Makkabi''\\|pl\\|Żydowskie Towarzystwo Sportowe „Makkabi” z Bielska}} before the war), and later also in [Zwardoń](/wiki/Zwardo%C5%84 \"Zwardoń\"). The branch renovated the facility on {{Interlanguage link\\|Wielka Racza\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Wielka Racza}} and built a new utility building. Since 1940, with Hering's approval, Bronisław Jarosz resumed his management of the mountain hut as before the war. Thanks to his efficient management, the hut was properly maintained until the end of the war, and it was only after the Germans withdrew that looters destroyed it.",
"The Bielsko branch received only {{Interlanguage link\\|Hala Miziowa\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Hala Miziowa}},{{efn\\|There was a rivalry over the facility between the Bielsko and Żywiec branches; it was eventually administered by the ''Beskidenverein'' of Bielsko (with the help of the pre\\-war owner, ''reichsdeustch'' Albert Rudolf), but set aside a separate \"Żywiec room\" in the building remaining exclusive to Żywiec activists.}} and later {{Interlanguage link\\|Leskowiec mountain hut\\|lt\\=Leskowiec\\|pl\\|Schronisko PTTK Leskowiec}}, until a decision was made about its further affiliation (this decision was never made, and the shelter remained under the *Beskidenverein*'s control until the end of the war). Due to its poor technical condition, lack of water, and its location in a heavily forested area, it did not accept tourists, and the previous caretaker, Jan Targosz, only ensured it was not completely destroyed. Perhaps in the future, the project for a shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Malinowska Skała\\|lt\\=Leskowiec\\|pl\\|Malinowska Skała}}, initiated by the president of Zabrze (who was also the president of the Zabrze branch), would also come under the administration of the union. However, the construction initiative never went beyond the planning stage.",
"The situation was different for private huts not belonging to the Polish Tatra Association. Skrzyczne was managed by a person of German origin, and it was often quartered there by the *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\")*. A similar situation (pre\\-war German owners – *Naturfreunde* organization) existed in Błatnia. Rysianka was officially a hut operating under the auspices of the Polish Tatra Skiing Association from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"), but the land and building remained the property of a private individual, Gustaw Pustelnik. He provided many services to the Third Reich (probably spying for the Germans before the war), so during the occupation, he retained control of the hut, turning it into a rest house for soldiers and organizing military skiing courses. Similarly, the shelter on {{Interlanguage link\\|Soszów Wielki\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Soszów Wielki}} belonged to private individuals – the Gajdzic family. Taking advantage of the owner's departure for forced labor, and later his call\\-up to the *Wehrmacht*, the Zabrze branch of *Beskidenverein* forced the owner's wife to lease the facility. However, they were unable to completely get rid of the former owners.",
"Even in shelters that belonged to the *Beskidenverein* before the war, the military or members of nationalist\\-socialist organizations were often quartered. For example, [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth \"Hitler Youth\") members were stationed at Biały Krzyż, theoretically to assist in protecting the facilities from potential partisans, but towards the end of the war, when there was a threat, they quickly evacuated from the hut.",
"The benefits that the *Beskidenverein* derived from the mountain huts were purely prestigious (Polish owners who remained in their positions were supposed to take care of their technical condition and submit monthly reports on their activities – they were not entitled to compensation). The turnovers were small, although some pre\\-war tourists, numerous Germans, and military patrols (especially near the border with [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\")) appeared in some facilities. The main source of income was the sale of alcohol. The profits were enough to maintain the caretakers, but not for more active operations. Moreover, groups of partisans often appeared in the forests. Towards the end of the war, the activity of the society practically ceased. Dr. Stonawski himself admitted several times in his letters that in the face of the difficult situation, the *Beskidenverein* was helpless – there were few tourists, restrictive regulations hindered movement, and many facilities were actually requisitioned for the needs of the German military and remained in the organization's records only on paper.",
"The Hitler period also marked the end of active cooperation between German tourist organizations – individual associations competed with each other for influence. Often, current politics were not determined by the needs of tourism but by the ambitions of the leader of a particular section or branch. Many organizations ceased to exist due to the decline in tourist traffic, lack of funds, or were forcibly incorporated into a larger association that was easier for the authorities to control. Additionally, the former system of discount exchange was greatly restricted – the *Beskidenverein* had a relevant agreement only with the {{Interlanguage link\\|Moravian\\-Silesian Sudeten Mountain Association\\|lt\\=\\|pl\\|Morawsko\\-Śląskie Sudeckie Towarzystwo Górskie}}, concluded in 1941\\.",
""
] |
Episodes
--------
### Episode 1
**Original airdate:** 8 September 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-1\|title\= Episode 1 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**First impression roses:** With some one\-on\-one time in the garden at the Cocktail Party, Judy received the first rose on *The Bachelor Australia*, followed by Sarah, Emily and Emma.
**Rose ceremony:** Debra, Erin, Jody, Jolene and Nikki are eliminated.
### Episode 2
**Original airdate:** 9 September 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-2\|title\= Episode 2 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**One\-on\-one date:** Sarah was whisked away by private jet to go horseback riding on the beach at [Byron Bay](/wiki/Byron_Bay "Byron Bay"), New South Wales, for the first single date of the series. Sarah received the first rose.
**Group date:** Ali, Anna, Ashlee, Bianca, Danielle, Elizabeth, Emma, Katherine, Laura, Rochelle, Sherri and Stacey are invited on the group date. The group of girls go on a date with Tim to an elaborate photo shoot for a national magazine. With period costume, hair and make\-up, it is a glamorous affair that has the girls looking their best. Danielle received a rose for the group date. Emma withdrew from the show before the Rose Ceremony took place.
**Rose ceremony:** Amy and Elizabeth are eliminated.
### Episode 3
**Original airdate:** 15 September 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-3\|title\= Episode 3 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**One\-on\-one date:** Tim surprised Anna with a helicopter ride over the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Blue Mountains (New South Wales)"), where they had a picnic on top of the scenic skyway. Anna received the first rose.
**Group date:** On this week's group date Tim invites Alana, Ashlee, Danielle, Emily, Judy, Natalie, Rochelle and Sarah to go sand boarding on the dunes. Emily won the sand dune race, and her prize was riding on a camel with Tim.
**Rose ceremony:** Judy and Sherri are eliminated.
### Episode 4
**Original airdate:** 18 September 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-4\|title\= Episode 4 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**One\-on\-one date:** Ali was taken for a lap around [Sydney Motorsport Park](/wiki/Sydney_Motorsport_Park "Sydney Motorsport Park"). Ali received the first rose.
**Group date:** Alana, Belle, Bianca, Danielle, Katherine, Laura, Natalie, Penny, Rochelle and Stacey are invited on a group date of dodgeball. Penny won a rose on the group date.
**Rose ceremony:** Bianca is eliminated.
### Episode 5
**Original airdate:** 25 September 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-5\|title\= Episode 5 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**Group date:** With 14 girls remaining, 5 of the contestants are taken on a Group Date. Tim chose to invite Sarah, Belle, Emily, Katherine, and Danielle to an old [tall ship](/wiki/Tall_ship "Tall ship") just on the outskirts of [Sydney Harbour](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour "Sydney Harbour"). Sarah had a cuddle at the wheel with Tim. After some lessons on navigation and dropping the sail, they all spotted a whale swimming close by. Later in the day, they all jumped into the sea for a swim and Tim selected Katherine for a date back at his pad and a home cooked meal of lamb roast. Katherine received a rose.
**Pure fantasy date:** Tim had a double date with Laura and Rochelle. The girls were taken to Darling Hotel overlooking Sydney Harbour where they got dressed up in evening gowns and awaited Tim who took them to a jewelry store wherein, they were given the run of the store and were lent a piece of their choice for the evening. Both girls chose earrings. The next venue was Curzon Hall for a romantic dinner, but the atmosphere was awkward. Towards the end of the dinner, Tim took Laura out to the rotunda in the garden in hope of getting to know her better, but there was no spark and she again, did not open up. After escorting her back and bringing Rochelle outside, Tim and Rochelle had an open\-heart discussion. Tim chose to eliminate Laura. Tim then surprised Rochelle with a gift of diamond stud earrings and a rose.
**Rose ceremony:** Stacey is eliminated.
### Episode 6
**Original airdate:** 2 October 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-6\|title\= Episode 6 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**Group date:**
The remaining 12 women were all invited on a farm day at Calmsley Hill Farm at Abbotsbury, 40 km west of Sydney. Tim stated he wanted to see who embraced the simple life with a view into knowing a little more about his future partner. From the group, Tim took Dani to feed newborn lambs and Sarah to feed a calf. Later, a challenge was set to herd sheep into a pen and Anna won the challenge. This gave them some time apart from the group and they shared a kiss. They talked of how they missed each other in the last few weeks since their first one\-on\-one date. Tim told Anna he felt a connection with her. Towards the late afternoon, Tim told the girls he had a surprise set for the evening – a traditional [barn dance](/wiki/Barn_dance "Barn dance"). At nights' end, he thanked the girls for a great day and handed an envelope over, which was a one\-on\-one date invitation and Natalie was selected.
**One\-on\-one date:**
Tim and Natalie went rock climbing in the Blue Mountains. After a tricky steep climb up, they enjoyed the vast views from atop and then Tim took Natalie into the [Jenolan Caves](/wiki/Jenolan_Caves "Jenolan Caves"). They shared some conversation and wine in the quiet solitude surrounded by many candles, which set a romantic mood. However, Natalie stated she was looking more for a mate long term, rather than marriage. She asked Tim to guess how old she was as she was the oldest of the bachelorettes and she wanted to know if that bothered him. He gave Natalie a rose.
**Cocktail party:** A small group ambush was being formed by Alana to hijack anyone that Tim took down into the garden for a one\-on\-one chat. He selected Ashlee, who became heavy\-handed, asking what his intentions were. He was uncomfortable explaining he had to share what time he had with all of the girls. She felt she was wasting her time, waiting to go on a date with him. Alana, Belle and Danielle with a reluctant Rochelle trailing behind, broke up their conversation and cornered Tim at the pool bar, badgering him for more consistency with personal time and one on one dating in order to 'get to know each other better.'
**Rose ceremony:**
With 11 girls and 8 roses to give out – 3 were to go home.
Anna, Danielle, Sarah, Rochelle, Katherine, Penny, Ali and Emily received Roses.
Belle, Ashlee and Alana were eliminated. Alana whispered to Tim that Rochelle was the girl for him. Belle said that either Rochelle or Anna was his girl. They each then kissed him goodbye.
### Episode 7
**Original airdate:** 9 October 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-7\|title\= Episode 7 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**One\-on\-one date:**
"Indulge all your senses" invitation arrived and Danielle was Tim's one\-on\-one date. They were whisked away by sea plane to Berowra Waters Inn by the Hawkesbury River and indulged in a four\-course meal. Dani received a rose at the end of their date, and they shared a kiss. In a cut\-away scene, he said he was not sure what made her tick.
It was noted by the rest of the girls back at the house that Dani was in every group date and discussed they all agreed she was a mean girl – putting on a facade when Tim was around and was different when she was just with the other bachelorettes. Penny was hoping her turn for a one\-on\-one date would appear soon as she felt she was being overlooked.
**Group date:**
While Tim and Danielle were gone, an invitation arrived for the group date. Sarah, Ali, Emily, Rochelle and Penny were chosen to meet up with Tim at the Australian Guide Dogs training centre. Each were given a puppy to 'train' and play with. First up, they were taken into the kennels to do a poop\-scoop which Rochelle balked at. Tim then asked Ali to attend another chore which was to wash two puppies. Ali and Tim enjoyed a little time alone catching\-up.
Tim was wondering who in the group was the most nurturing, comforting and loving with the puppies. He chose Sarah as the most natural with those qualities – her prize from the group date was an evening alone in a pocket of bushland where they lit an open fire and toasted marshmallows.
The next morning, Tim arrived at the house unannounced to surprise the girls who had just woken and were mingling in the kitchen in their PJ's and onesies. He wanted to cook them a hot breakfast, and wondered who was the most comfortable in their own skin sans make\-up 'au naturel'.
**Rose ceremony:**
With only 6 roses to give out to the remaining 7 contestants, Tim handed roses to Rochelle, Ali, Anna, Katherine and Natalie. With the final rose left, Tim excused himself momentarily then returned, asking Emily to accompany him outside wherein he explained he did not think they had a connection and that she had a wall up. He also said he did not want her to stand on the staircase alone and that it was her time to go. Thus, Emily was eliminated, and Tim returned giving Penny the final rose.
### Episode 8
**Original airdate:** 16 October 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-8\|title\= Episode 8 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**Group date:**
All the girls were flown interstate from Sydney to Broome, Western Australia. From Perth, the capital of Western Australia, Broome is 2229 km (1385 miles.) They flew by private plane to the Crown Jewel of the Broome Coast, to Eco Beach, a beautiful and rugged part of the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. They arrived to meet with Tim, who was seen from the beach, standing on a Catamaran, the Karma IV a 70' luxurious catamaran, waving at them. Natalie chose not the join the group as she had a phobia about boats. Tim, loving his outdoor sport and adventures, was keen to see who shared his love of the water. Penny grabbed an opportunity to rub Tim down with sunscreen, much to Sarah's annoyance. Sarah said she 'shuts down' on group dates and remained moody. Anna jumped in the sea and started to drift away because of the current. Tim jumped in and went for the rescue. He said it was a smart move on her behalf if it was a ploy to get a bit of one\-on\-one time with him.
On the speed boat back to the beach, Rochelle spotted Tim caressing Anna's hand on the rail discreetly and made comment that Anna and Tim had a strong bond and that she needs to step it up.
Natalie appeared and joined them but not all the girls were pleased to see her.
Tim announced he can only take one girl on a date, and he chose Penny. They sat by a campfire and shared wine and conversation. Penny told Tim about her divorce and how she was looking for love and she told him she was falling in love with him. Tim did not feel there was a spark between them and felt conflicted. He did not want to lead Penny on. He felt there was more of a friendship that they shared.
**One\-on\-one date:**
"Catch it if you can" invitation arrived back at the resort and Anna was chosen for a one\-on\-one date. The next morning Tim and Anna headed off on a 4WD, driving the expanse of the isolated beach and met with a guide who was going to show them how to catch mud crabs in the mangroves. Later Tim and Anna ventured on to a picnic on the beach and shared some intimate discussions about their feelings for each other. Tim was impressed that Anna was not needy for love after she stated that at 26 years old, she has never had a boyfriend. In a cut away scene he stated he had a huge crush on Anna and loved her playful energy and that he felt he was falling for Anna, after experiencing giddiness and butterflies. Anna received a rose.
**Rose ceremony:**
Back at the cocktail party before the Rose Ceremony was to take place, Tim took Sarah aside. She had a small conversation with Tim privately about not feeling comfortable on group dates and hence why she gets reserved. She felt uncomfortable seeing him with the other girls. Tim felt worldliness and maturity was stronger with some girls in the group. Back inside, the mood was mellow as all the girls were feeling insecure about Tim.
Tim asked Rochelle to go for a walk and told her he felt he had a connection with her. The roses were then handed out, to Ali, Sarah, Rochelle, Danielle, Katherine and Natalie. Penny was eliminated.
### Episode 9
**Original airdate:** 23 October 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-9\|title\= Episode 9 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
As this episode opened with seven girls remaining, they are still having their week in Broome. Tim said he is in his head a lot but feels he has to now start thinking with his heart. The scene opens with the girls swimming in the sea and were called to the beach to read the new invitation, which Katherine read out loud. Rochelle stated she had not had a one\-on\-one date as yet. Sarah said she was hoping for a second date so they could spend more time with Tim on a one on one.
**One\-on\-one date:**
Rochelle was chosen to go on the "Are You Ready to Come Out of Your Shell" date. As Tim drove Rochelle along a bumpy bush gravel road towards her surprise, they arrived to see a boat waiting for them to go pearl fishing. As they were heading for the precise spot along the river, Tim was delighting in seeing different layers emerge from Rochelle during their conversation.
Tim found a shell that he handed to Rochelle, who then pulled out a natural pearl, which was hers to keep. Tim and Rochelle headed back to the resort for champagne in the evening gardens, then went for an intimate dip in the spa.
Rochelle received a Rose.
**Group date:**
Back at Cable Beach Club Resort and Spa the girls were having a casual game of tennis when another invitation arrived. Anna read out the invitation themed 'Fly to Sea – Two from Three'. Sarah, Ali, and Dani were invited. There were gasps all round – someone is going home! The girls were flown out in a helicopter to the awaiting catamaran 'Great Escape' which had a landing pad on it. There was much excitement and screaming inside the cabin, but the girls felt trepidation as one was not coming back. They landed and greeted Tim, who was awaiting their arrival. They said it felt like they were in a James Bond film. Dani stated she was glad she was with Ali and Sarah as she did not care for their feelings and hoped she was not going home.
The date had the girls jumping from a rope that was rigged up to swing them out like a pendulum, wherein they had to let go once they were out far enough. Sarah went first and did a flop, followed by Ali and then Dani. Ali decided to have another go but once she was out the rope started to spin her wildly and she fell hard on the water, injuring her knee. After being brought on board by the crew, she was in shock, and it was decided to get the helicopter to pick her up to take her to the hospital. Tim was worried that Ali might not be able to continue in the show. He said he was upset and felt she was perfect because she was so positive even after the accident and suffering in pain.
Sarah and Dani were worried it would be one of them to go home as Tim would not send Ali home under those conditions. However, the date was abandoned, and they returned to the Resort.
Natalie said Sarah needs to grow up before she gets married and be in a relationship since she was only 22\.
The girls were chatting, waiting for Tim's arrival. They were surprised at Sarah's lack of sympathy about Tim taking Ali to the hospital and staying by her side.
It was unknown if Ali would be present at the Rose Ceremony. Tim said Ali being in hospital had a massive impact on him and all he could think about was Ali.
**Rose ceremony:**
In the garden, the mood was flat, awaiting news of Ali and which two were being sent home. Tim walked in and said he felt the tension. They asked after Ali, and he said she was doing well.
Suddenly, Ali appeared hobbling on crutches.
Tim only had four roses to give out to the remaining six girls. In order, Ali, Anna, Katherine and Dani received the roses. Natalie and Sarah were eliminated.
### Episode 10
**Original airdate:** 30 October 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-10\|title\= Episode 10 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
This week's episode informs that Tim must choose which four out of the five remaining contestants he will choose to go on hometown dates with.
The contestants are mingling on the balcony with their morning coffee when an invitation arrives for a one on one date and Katherine was selected for the "Journey from the Past into the Future" date. Dani speculated that it could be a visit to a museum.
**One\-on\-one date:**
A limo pulled up and we see Tim and Katherine head off to a surprise date. Tim is concerned about Katherine as she is still quite reserved, but he wanted to know if the feelings and great night they previously shared back at his place, could be rekindled. They finally arrived in the dark of night to a paddock – Tim covers Katherine's eyes and walks her to a machine and tells her to pull the lever whereupon a Fun Fair amusement park lit up. After going on various rides and making fairy floss, they made their way to some hay bales to have champagne and to talk. Although a rose was tantalizingly sitting beside them, Tim elected not to give Katherine the rose as he did not want to get swept up on the date and make a rash decision. Katherine returned to the house with two stuffed animals but no rose, much to the remaining contestant's quiet delight.
**Group date:**
The group date saw Ali, Danielle, Anna and Rochelle being taken to an Art Gallery to get their interpretation on a few pieces of art. They were then requested to go upstairs to the VIP Gallery for a surprise. Tim escorted Anna up first where they were met with a display of her childhood memorabilia. Ali, Dani then Rochelle were escorted up separately with Tim and they each talked about fond moments and memories as presented in the display.
**Cocktail party:**
The atmosphere was intense as the girls waited for Tim to arrive. Upon his arrival he decided to take personal time out in the garden for a chat first with Ali, then Katherine and finally Rochelle – wanting to clear a few more questions he had.
**Rose ceremony:**
Tim gave the first rose to Anna, then Danielle, Ali and finally the 4th rose to Rochelle. Katherine was eliminated.
### Episode 11
**Original airdate:** 6 November 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-11\|title\= Episode 11 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
This week's episode – Meet the Families.
First stop was Goulburn, Anna's hometown. Anna was quite nervous as she had never brought a boyfriend home to meet her parents before. When Tim arrived in town, Anna showed him some of the township and revisited her primary school. Tim said he felt scared upon learning Anna's dad was a lawyer and being cross\-examined. Anna also told Tim unfortunately her two sisters could not be there, as they both lived overseas. However, after coming home and introducing Tim to her mum, there were squeals of joy as her two sisters appeared in a wonderful surprise. After Anna's father arrived, he gave Tim a bit of a grueling session, then stated to the camera that he was impressed with Tim and found him personable and genuine. Tim said he felt very comfortable with the whole family.
Next was a visit to Perth, Western Australia – to meet Rochelle's parents. When Tim arrived, Rochelle and he went off for a game of mini\-golf and a cold beer at the Waterfront. Afterwards they headed off home to meet with Rochelle's parents. During the course of dinner and the evening's conversation, Rochelle went introverted, which had Tim perplexed and it was awkward. Rochelle again stated she was too scared to open up fully to love.
Third, was a visit to the Gold Coast in sunny Queensland to visit Danielle's mum and sister. Firstly however, they met and went for a picnic and swim to the [Currumbin Rock Pools](/wiki/Currumbin_Rock "Currumbin Rock") . Danielle told Tim she had not really informed her mum about going on the show and that her mother only found out with short notice, that Tim was coming over for lunch to meet her. She felt quite anxious about her mother's reaction as she could be quite 'conservative'. Dani's mum and Tim had a quiet moment together in the garden and surprisingly enjoyed each other's company in that short time. This left a good impression and Dani's mum felt more relaxed than at the start of the home visit. Tim did not feel the relationship would go any deeper as Dani was still very reserved and had huge walls up.
Finally, they headed over to the Adelaide Hills, in South Australia, to meet Ali's parents and brother. Tim was excited to see Ali again and stated he loved her radiating energy. Ali took Tim to a small German township called Hahndorf where they shared one huge hotdog German style and couldn't finish it. Ali told Tim her parents had never approved of any ex\-boyfriends she brought home previously for them to meet, and she was very anxious as she wanted their approval. Ali's dad and Tim went for a chat in the garden, and he asked Tim what had happened to Ali's leg when she had the accident in Broome. Later, Ali's parents had a private chat with her and asked her how she felt about Tim and what would she say if he asked for her hand in marriage. Ali's dad was happy to see his daughter so taken by Tim and thought they made a really good match.
**Rose ceremony:**
With four girls left and only 3 roses to give out, Tim was in a dilemma about Rochelle and Danielle – the two home visits that did not go so well.
Ali received the first rose followed by Anna. Tim then asked Rochelle to go outside as he still had a few questions to ask her. After escorting her back inside, he then took Danielle outside for a brief moment.
The third rose went to Rochelle and Danielle was eliminated.
### Episode 12
**Original airdate:** 13 November 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-12\|title\= Episode 12 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**Overnight dates:**
With the final three contestants left, Tim first met up with Ali and they went for a drive in a Porsche up to the Blue Mountains countryside and had a small picnic. Tim stated that if he was not dating all three girls at once, he could see himself falling for Ali, but it was difficult as he 'had feelings for all three girls'. That night during dinner at a cabin in the Blue Mountains, Ali declared her love for Tim again. Tim did not feel it was fair to say anything back while dating two other girls stating that he could not fully allow himself to feel that (love). After dinner, sitting by the log fire, he handed an envelope to Ali which had a note and key inside inviting them to stay the night as a couple. Tim declined saying it would not be fair on the other girls.
Next, we see Tim meeting Rochelle for a cruise on a luxury yacht 'Aqua Bay' on Sydney Harbour. He felt she still had barriers up and withheld secrets. Rochelle felt she was falling in love with Tim. Tim again stated to Rochelle, how important communication between them was to him. They headed off taking in the stunning and unbelievable Sydney Harbour views, to a secluded beach called Store Beach, for a picnic and swim. They also thought it would be fun to write a 'message in a bottle' and throw it into the sea. That evening over a platter of a variety of seafood on board the yacht, Tim said to Rochelle 'I love my time with you, and I want to keep continuing this'. When the desserts arrived, as they were lounging on the back deck, an invitation and key was on the tray offering them to stay the night as a couple, if they wished. Tim again declined to stay the night.
Finally, Tim met with Anna for their date in the botanic gardens and had a canape and champagne brunch. Tim reflected on how they banter well, and how being with Anna is easy and fun. Tim asked Anna outright 'I need to know what you are feeling and more importantly, what you see in me'. Anna stated the problems in not having boyfriends in the past was probably due to her not being open about her emotions. She said she wanted to make sure Tim was right for her as well. Tim said he needed to know that Anna really knew who he was. Anna replied she would try to be more open but did not want to fall for Tim 100 percent due to the possibility of being hurt and not end up being with him. After dinner, at the Milton Park Country House, Bowral – (125 km south of Sydney) they retired to the fireside and read the awaiting invitation letter and key to stay the night. Tim explained he did not feel comfortable staying the night with any of the girls due to respect for all the three finalists as he had strong feelings for each of them and it just did not feel right.
Prior to the Rose Ceremony, we see Tim heading into Bunda Jewellers in the city, to ask for help in getting an engagement ring designed, which would express the emotions and feelings he had whilst on this journey and wished for it to be featured in the original design.
**Rose ceremony:**
Two roses are shown on the tray and with 3 finalists left – Ali, Anna and Rochelle. Prior to entering the Rose Ceremony, Tim was given a recording from each of them, to view, by the Host to assist Tim in his final decision. The girls awaited separately in the garden, each stating they would be devastated if they did not get a rose that night.
Rochelle received the first rose, followed by Anna and in a shock elimination, Ali was eliminated and left, broken\-hearted.
In the next episode the final 2 – Anna and Rochelle – travel to Thailand where the final rose will be handed out. This trip will also see Tim's parents in Thailand wherein Tim's mother will get to meet the final two contestants.
### Episode 13
**Original airdate:** 20 November 2013
In the season Finale, Tim's quest for love reaches its dramatic conclusion on the stunning coast of Thailand, staying at the Pullman Phuket Arcadia resort in Phuket. Tim's family get to meet the final two girls, Anna and Rochelle.
**Meet Tim's family:**
Rochelle was the first finalist to be introduced to Tim's family over lunch. Tim's mum had a private and probing conversation with Rochelle and thought Rochelle had not completely let her walls down.
Next it was Anna's turn to be introduced to the family and they noticed how uplifting her energy was and how Tim could not stop smiling. Tim's sister commented that Tim was being 'himself when he was with Anna'. Tim's mother also had a private chat with Anna and Anna found some of the questions daunting and intense and discovered she had to admit she was in love with Tim.
**Final dates:**
Tim has two final dates – Tim states 'it has gone from who will get the final rose to who will get all of my heart.'
Tim's first final date was with Anna – his surprise was a trip on a speed boat to an awaiting traditional Chinese Junk in the middle of Phang Nga Bay. They jumped off the Junk and swam to shore where they had some alone time. That evening, they went to a fire twirling dancing show. After the show, Anna gave Tim a gift box of cards she had drawn up, some 40, which she read out, the many and different reasons she loved him, and she finally declared that she was falling madly in love with him.
On Tim and Rochelle's final date, they met in the jungle and went for an elephant ride to the sea. That evening, they chatted privately, under the majestical starry night.
**Final decision:**
Rochelle was first to walk down the path on the cliffside of the Resort, to hear Tim's final decision. 'There is only one girl I cannot live without' Tim declared to the camera. With Rochelle standing before him, he told Rochelle his 'heart was leading somewhere else' and Rochelle was not chosen to be the one he had fallen deeply in love with.
When Anna walked towards Tim for the final decision and greeted him, he said 'you have my heart and I have fallen deeply and madly in love with you'. He then pulled out a small gift box which was the ring he had designed which was of two bands of platinum with an infinity loop, symbolizing their journey together and moving forward. He slipped it onto Anna's middle finger of her right hand.{{cite news\|last\=Byrnes\|first\=Holly\|url\= http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/television/runnerup\-rochelle\-emanuelsmith\-dishes\-the\-dirt\-on\-the\-bachelor\-tim\-robards/story\-fni0cc2a\-1226764755886\|title\=Runner\-up Rochelle Emanuel\-Smith dishes the dirt on The Bachelor Tim Robards\|date\=21 November 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Herald Sun]]\|access\-date\=6 August 2015}}
|
[
"Episodes\n--------",
"### Episode 1",
"**Original airdate:** 8 September 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-1\\|title\\= Episode 1 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**First impression roses:** With some one\\-on\\-one time in the garden at the Cocktail Party, Judy received the first rose on *The Bachelor Australia*, followed by Sarah, Emily and Emma.",
"**Rose ceremony:** Debra, Erin, Jody, Jolene and Nikki are eliminated.",
"### Episode 2",
"**Original airdate:** 9 September 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-2\\|title\\= Episode 2 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:** Sarah was whisked away by private jet to go horseback riding on the beach at [Byron Bay](/wiki/Byron_Bay \"Byron Bay\"), New South Wales, for the first single date of the series. Sarah received the first rose.",
"**Group date:** Ali, Anna, Ashlee, Bianca, Danielle, Elizabeth, Emma, Katherine, Laura, Rochelle, Sherri and Stacey are invited on the group date. The group of girls go on a date with Tim to an elaborate photo shoot for a national magazine. With period costume, hair and make\\-up, it is a glamorous affair that has the girls looking their best. Danielle received a rose for the group date. Emma withdrew from the show before the Rose Ceremony took place.",
"**Rose ceremony:** Amy and Elizabeth are eliminated.",
"### Episode 3",
"**Original airdate:** 15 September 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-3\\|title\\= Episode 3 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:** Tim surprised Anna with a helicopter ride over the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Blue Mountains (New South Wales)\"), where they had a picnic on top of the scenic skyway. Anna received the first rose.",
"**Group date:** On this week's group date Tim invites Alana, Ashlee, Danielle, Emily, Judy, Natalie, Rochelle and Sarah to go sand boarding on the dunes. Emily won the sand dune race, and her prize was riding on a camel with Tim.",
"**Rose ceremony:** Judy and Sherri are eliminated.",
"### Episode 4",
"**Original airdate:** 18 September 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-4\\|title\\= Episode 4 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:** Ali was taken for a lap around [Sydney Motorsport Park](/wiki/Sydney_Motorsport_Park \"Sydney Motorsport Park\"). Ali received the first rose.",
"**Group date:** Alana, Belle, Bianca, Danielle, Katherine, Laura, Natalie, Penny, Rochelle and Stacey are invited on a group date of dodgeball. Penny won a rose on the group date.",
"**Rose ceremony:** Bianca is eliminated.",
"### Episode 5",
"**Original airdate:** 25 September 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-5\\|title\\= Episode 5 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**Group date:** With 14 girls remaining, 5 of the contestants are taken on a Group Date. Tim chose to invite Sarah, Belle, Emily, Katherine, and Danielle to an old [tall ship](/wiki/Tall_ship \"Tall ship\") just on the outskirts of [Sydney Harbour](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour \"Sydney Harbour\"). Sarah had a cuddle at the wheel with Tim. After some lessons on navigation and dropping the sail, they all spotted a whale swimming close by. Later in the day, they all jumped into the sea for a swim and Tim selected Katherine for a date back at his pad and a home cooked meal of lamb roast. Katherine received a rose.",
"**Pure fantasy date:** Tim had a double date with Laura and Rochelle. The girls were taken to Darling Hotel overlooking Sydney Harbour where they got dressed up in evening gowns and awaited Tim who took them to a jewelry store wherein, they were given the run of the store and were lent a piece of their choice for the evening. Both girls chose earrings. The next venue was Curzon Hall for a romantic dinner, but the atmosphere was awkward. Towards the end of the dinner, Tim took Laura out to the rotunda in the garden in hope of getting to know her better, but there was no spark and she again, did not open up. After escorting her back and bringing Rochelle outside, Tim and Rochelle had an open\\-heart discussion. Tim chose to eliminate Laura. Tim then surprised Rochelle with a gift of diamond stud earrings and a rose.",
"**Rose ceremony:** Stacey is eliminated.",
"### Episode 6",
"**Original airdate:** 2 October 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-6\\|title\\= Episode 6 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**Group date:** \nThe remaining 12 women were all invited on a farm day at Calmsley Hill Farm at Abbotsbury, 40 km west of Sydney. Tim stated he wanted to see who embraced the simple life with a view into knowing a little more about his future partner. From the group, Tim took Dani to feed newborn lambs and Sarah to feed a calf. Later, a challenge was set to herd sheep into a pen and Anna won the challenge. This gave them some time apart from the group and they shared a kiss. They talked of how they missed each other in the last few weeks since their first one\\-on\\-one date. Tim told Anna he felt a connection with her. Towards the late afternoon, Tim told the girls he had a surprise set for the evening – a traditional [barn dance](/wiki/Barn_dance \"Barn dance\"). At nights' end, he thanked the girls for a great day and handed an envelope over, which was a one\\-on\\-one date invitation and Natalie was selected.",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:**\nTim and Natalie went rock climbing in the Blue Mountains. After a tricky steep climb up, they enjoyed the vast views from atop and then Tim took Natalie into the [Jenolan Caves](/wiki/Jenolan_Caves \"Jenolan Caves\"). They shared some conversation and wine in the quiet solitude surrounded by many candles, which set a romantic mood. However, Natalie stated she was looking more for a mate long term, rather than marriage. She asked Tim to guess how old she was as she was the oldest of the bachelorettes and she wanted to know if that bothered him. He gave Natalie a rose.",
"**Cocktail party:** A small group ambush was being formed by Alana to hijack anyone that Tim took down into the garden for a one\\-on\\-one chat. He selected Ashlee, who became heavy\\-handed, asking what his intentions were. He was uncomfortable explaining he had to share what time he had with all of the girls. She felt she was wasting her time, waiting to go on a date with him. Alana, Belle and Danielle with a reluctant Rochelle trailing behind, broke up their conversation and cornered Tim at the pool bar, badgering him for more consistency with personal time and one on one dating in order to 'get to know each other better.'",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nWith 11 girls and 8 roses to give out – 3 were to go home. \nAnna, Danielle, Sarah, Rochelle, Katherine, Penny, Ali and Emily received Roses. \nBelle, Ashlee and Alana were eliminated. Alana whispered to Tim that Rochelle was the girl for him. Belle said that either Rochelle or Anna was his girl. They each then kissed him goodbye.",
"### Episode 7",
"**Original airdate:** 9 October 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-7\\|title\\= Episode 7 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:**\n\"Indulge all your senses\" invitation arrived and Danielle was Tim's one\\-on\\-one date. They were whisked away by sea plane to Berowra Waters Inn by the Hawkesbury River and indulged in a four\\-course meal. Dani received a rose at the end of their date, and they shared a kiss. In a cut\\-away scene, he said he was not sure what made her tick.",
"It was noted by the rest of the girls back at the house that Dani was in every group date and discussed they all agreed she was a mean girl – putting on a facade when Tim was around and was different when she was just with the other bachelorettes. Penny was hoping her turn for a one\\-on\\-one date would appear soon as she felt she was being overlooked.",
"**Group date:** \nWhile Tim and Danielle were gone, an invitation arrived for the group date. Sarah, Ali, Emily, Rochelle and Penny were chosen to meet up with Tim at the Australian Guide Dogs training centre. Each were given a puppy to 'train' and play with. First up, they were taken into the kennels to do a poop\\-scoop which Rochelle balked at. Tim then asked Ali to attend another chore which was to wash two puppies. Ali and Tim enjoyed a little time alone catching\\-up.",
"Tim was wondering who in the group was the most nurturing, comforting and loving with the puppies. He chose Sarah as the most natural with those qualities – her prize from the group date was an evening alone in a pocket of bushland where they lit an open fire and toasted marshmallows.",
"The next morning, Tim arrived at the house unannounced to surprise the girls who had just woken and were mingling in the kitchen in their PJ's and onesies. He wanted to cook them a hot breakfast, and wondered who was the most comfortable in their own skin sans make\\-up 'au naturel'.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nWith only 6 roses to give out to the remaining 7 contestants, Tim handed roses to Rochelle, Ali, Anna, Katherine and Natalie. With the final rose left, Tim excused himself momentarily then returned, asking Emily to accompany him outside wherein he explained he did not think they had a connection and that she had a wall up. He also said he did not want her to stand on the staircase alone and that it was her time to go. Thus, Emily was eliminated, and Tim returned giving Penny the final rose.",
"### Episode 8",
"**Original airdate:** 16 October 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-8\\|title\\= Episode 8 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**Group date:** \nAll the girls were flown interstate from Sydney to Broome, Western Australia. From Perth, the capital of Western Australia, Broome is 2229 km (1385 miles.) They flew by private plane to the Crown Jewel of the Broome Coast, to Eco Beach, a beautiful and rugged part of the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. They arrived to meet with Tim, who was seen from the beach, standing on a Catamaran, the Karma IV a 70' luxurious catamaran, waving at them. Natalie chose not the join the group as she had a phobia about boats. Tim, loving his outdoor sport and adventures, was keen to see who shared his love of the water. Penny grabbed an opportunity to rub Tim down with sunscreen, much to Sarah's annoyance. Sarah said she 'shuts down' on group dates and remained moody. Anna jumped in the sea and started to drift away because of the current. Tim jumped in and went for the rescue. He said it was a smart move on her behalf if it was a ploy to get a bit of one\\-on\\-one time with him.",
"On the speed boat back to the beach, Rochelle spotted Tim caressing Anna's hand on the rail discreetly and made comment that Anna and Tim had a strong bond and that she needs to step it up.",
"Natalie appeared and joined them but not all the girls were pleased to see her.",
"Tim announced he can only take one girl on a date, and he chose Penny. They sat by a campfire and shared wine and conversation. Penny told Tim about her divorce and how she was looking for love and she told him she was falling in love with him. Tim did not feel there was a spark between them and felt conflicted. He did not want to lead Penny on. He felt there was more of a friendship that they shared.",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:**\n\"Catch it if you can\" invitation arrived back at the resort and Anna was chosen for a one\\-on\\-one date. The next morning Tim and Anna headed off on a 4WD, driving the expanse of the isolated beach and met with a guide who was going to show them how to catch mud crabs in the mangroves. Later Tim and Anna ventured on to a picnic on the beach and shared some intimate discussions about their feelings for each other. Tim was impressed that Anna was not needy for love after she stated that at 26 years old, she has never had a boyfriend. In a cut away scene he stated he had a huge crush on Anna and loved her playful energy and that he felt he was falling for Anna, after experiencing giddiness and butterflies. Anna received a rose.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nBack at the cocktail party before the Rose Ceremony was to take place, Tim took Sarah aside. She had a small conversation with Tim privately about not feeling comfortable on group dates and hence why she gets reserved. She felt uncomfortable seeing him with the other girls. Tim felt worldliness and maturity was stronger with some girls in the group. Back inside, the mood was mellow as all the girls were feeling insecure about Tim.",
"Tim asked Rochelle to go for a walk and told her he felt he had a connection with her. The roses were then handed out, to Ali, Sarah, Rochelle, Danielle, Katherine and Natalie. Penny was eliminated.",
"### Episode 9",
"**Original airdate:** 23 October 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-9\\|title\\= Episode 9 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"As this episode opened with seven girls remaining, they are still having their week in Broome. Tim said he is in his head a lot but feels he has to now start thinking with his heart. The scene opens with the girls swimming in the sea and were called to the beach to read the new invitation, which Katherine read out loud. Rochelle stated she had not had a one\\-on\\-one date as yet. Sarah said she was hoping for a second date so they could spend more time with Tim on a one on one.",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:**\nRochelle was chosen to go on the \"Are You Ready to Come Out of Your Shell\" date. As Tim drove Rochelle along a bumpy bush gravel road towards her surprise, they arrived to see a boat waiting for them to go pearl fishing. As they were heading for the precise spot along the river, Tim was delighting in seeing different layers emerge from Rochelle during their conversation.",
"Tim found a shell that he handed to Rochelle, who then pulled out a natural pearl, which was hers to keep. Tim and Rochelle headed back to the resort for champagne in the evening gardens, then went for an intimate dip in the spa. \nRochelle received a Rose.",
"**Group date:** \nBack at Cable Beach Club Resort and Spa the girls were having a casual game of tennis when another invitation arrived. Anna read out the invitation themed 'Fly to Sea – Two from Three'. Sarah, Ali, and Dani were invited. There were gasps all round – someone is going home! The girls were flown out in a helicopter to the awaiting catamaran 'Great Escape' which had a landing pad on it. There was much excitement and screaming inside the cabin, but the girls felt trepidation as one was not coming back. They landed and greeted Tim, who was awaiting their arrival. They said it felt like they were in a James Bond film. Dani stated she was glad she was with Ali and Sarah as she did not care for their feelings and hoped she was not going home.",
"The date had the girls jumping from a rope that was rigged up to swing them out like a pendulum, wherein they had to let go once they were out far enough. Sarah went first and did a flop, followed by Ali and then Dani. Ali decided to have another go but once she was out the rope started to spin her wildly and she fell hard on the water, injuring her knee. After being brought on board by the crew, she was in shock, and it was decided to get the helicopter to pick her up to take her to the hospital. Tim was worried that Ali might not be able to continue in the show. He said he was upset and felt she was perfect because she was so positive even after the accident and suffering in pain.",
"Sarah and Dani were worried it would be one of them to go home as Tim would not send Ali home under those conditions. However, the date was abandoned, and they returned to the Resort.",
"Natalie said Sarah needs to grow up before she gets married and be in a relationship since she was only 22\\.",
"The girls were chatting, waiting for Tim's arrival. They were surprised at Sarah's lack of sympathy about Tim taking Ali to the hospital and staying by her side. \nIt was unknown if Ali would be present at the Rose Ceremony. Tim said Ali being in hospital had a massive impact on him and all he could think about was Ali.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nIn the garden, the mood was flat, awaiting news of Ali and which two were being sent home. Tim walked in and said he felt the tension. They asked after Ali, and he said she was doing well. \nSuddenly, Ali appeared hobbling on crutches.",
"Tim only had four roses to give out to the remaining six girls. In order, Ali, Anna, Katherine and Dani received the roses. Natalie and Sarah were eliminated.",
"### Episode 10",
"**Original airdate:** 30 October 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-10\\|title\\= Episode 10 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"This week's episode informs that Tim must choose which four out of the five remaining contestants he will choose to go on hometown dates with. \nThe contestants are mingling on the balcony with their morning coffee when an invitation arrives for a one on one date and Katherine was selected for the \"Journey from the Past into the Future\" date. Dani speculated that it could be a visit to a museum.",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:**\nA limo pulled up and we see Tim and Katherine head off to a surprise date. Tim is concerned about Katherine as she is still quite reserved, but he wanted to know if the feelings and great night they previously shared back at his place, could be rekindled. They finally arrived in the dark of night to a paddock – Tim covers Katherine's eyes and walks her to a machine and tells her to pull the lever whereupon a Fun Fair amusement park lit up. After going on various rides and making fairy floss, they made their way to some hay bales to have champagne and to talk. Although a rose was tantalizingly sitting beside them, Tim elected not to give Katherine the rose as he did not want to get swept up on the date and make a rash decision. Katherine returned to the house with two stuffed animals but no rose, much to the remaining contestant's quiet delight.",
"**Group date:** \nThe group date saw Ali, Danielle, Anna and Rochelle being taken to an Art Gallery to get their interpretation on a few pieces of art. They were then requested to go upstairs to the VIP Gallery for a surprise. Tim escorted Anna up first where they were met with a display of her childhood memorabilia. Ali, Dani then Rochelle were escorted up separately with Tim and they each talked about fond moments and memories as presented in the display.",
"**Cocktail party:**\nThe atmosphere was intense as the girls waited for Tim to arrive. Upon his arrival he decided to take personal time out in the garden for a chat first with Ali, then Katherine and finally Rochelle – wanting to clear a few more questions he had.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nTim gave the first rose to Anna, then Danielle, Ali and finally the 4th rose to Rochelle. Katherine was eliminated.",
"### Episode 11",
"**Original airdate:** 6 November 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-11\\|title\\= Episode 11 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"This week's episode – Meet the Families.",
"First stop was Goulburn, Anna's hometown. Anna was quite nervous as she had never brought a boyfriend home to meet her parents before. When Tim arrived in town, Anna showed him some of the township and revisited her primary school. Tim said he felt scared upon learning Anna's dad was a lawyer and being cross\\-examined. Anna also told Tim unfortunately her two sisters could not be there, as they both lived overseas. However, after coming home and introducing Tim to her mum, there were squeals of joy as her two sisters appeared in a wonderful surprise. After Anna's father arrived, he gave Tim a bit of a grueling session, then stated to the camera that he was impressed with Tim and found him personable and genuine. Tim said he felt very comfortable with the whole family.",
"Next was a visit to Perth, Western Australia – to meet Rochelle's parents. When Tim arrived, Rochelle and he went off for a game of mini\\-golf and a cold beer at the Waterfront. Afterwards they headed off home to meet with Rochelle's parents. During the course of dinner and the evening's conversation, Rochelle went introverted, which had Tim perplexed and it was awkward. Rochelle again stated she was too scared to open up fully to love.",
"Third, was a visit to the Gold Coast in sunny Queensland to visit Danielle's mum and sister. Firstly however, they met and went for a picnic and swim to the [Currumbin Rock Pools](/wiki/Currumbin_Rock \"Currumbin Rock\") . Danielle told Tim she had not really informed her mum about going on the show and that her mother only found out with short notice, that Tim was coming over for lunch to meet her. She felt quite anxious about her mother's reaction as she could be quite 'conservative'. Dani's mum and Tim had a quiet moment together in the garden and surprisingly enjoyed each other's company in that short time. This left a good impression and Dani's mum felt more relaxed than at the start of the home visit. Tim did not feel the relationship would go any deeper as Dani was still very reserved and had huge walls up.",
"Finally, they headed over to the Adelaide Hills, in South Australia, to meet Ali's parents and brother. Tim was excited to see Ali again and stated he loved her radiating energy. Ali took Tim to a small German township called Hahndorf where they shared one huge hotdog German style and couldn't finish it. Ali told Tim her parents had never approved of any ex\\-boyfriends she brought home previously for them to meet, and she was very anxious as she wanted their approval. Ali's dad and Tim went for a chat in the garden, and he asked Tim what had happened to Ali's leg when she had the accident in Broome. Later, Ali's parents had a private chat with her and asked her how she felt about Tim and what would she say if he asked for her hand in marriage. Ali's dad was happy to see his daughter so taken by Tim and thought they made a really good match.",
"",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nWith four girls left and only 3 roses to give out, Tim was in a dilemma about Rochelle and Danielle – the two home visits that did not go so well.\nAli received the first rose followed by Anna. Tim then asked Rochelle to go outside as he still had a few questions to ask her. After escorting her back inside, he then took Danielle outside for a brief moment.\nThe third rose went to Rochelle and Danielle was eliminated.",
"### Episode 12",
"**Original airdate:** 13 November 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-12\\|title\\= Episode 12 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**Overnight dates:**\nWith the final three contestants left, Tim first met up with Ali and they went for a drive in a Porsche up to the Blue Mountains countryside and had a small picnic. Tim stated that if he was not dating all three girls at once, he could see himself falling for Ali, but it was difficult as he 'had feelings for all three girls'. That night during dinner at a cabin in the Blue Mountains, Ali declared her love for Tim again. Tim did not feel it was fair to say anything back while dating two other girls stating that he could not fully allow himself to feel that (love). After dinner, sitting by the log fire, he handed an envelope to Ali which had a note and key inside inviting them to stay the night as a couple. Tim declined saying it would not be fair on the other girls.",
"Next, we see Tim meeting Rochelle for a cruise on a luxury yacht 'Aqua Bay' on Sydney Harbour. He felt she still had barriers up and withheld secrets. Rochelle felt she was falling in love with Tim. Tim again stated to Rochelle, how important communication between them was to him. They headed off taking in the stunning and unbelievable Sydney Harbour views, to a secluded beach called Store Beach, for a picnic and swim. They also thought it would be fun to write a 'message in a bottle' and throw it into the sea. That evening over a platter of a variety of seafood on board the yacht, Tim said to Rochelle 'I love my time with you, and I want to keep continuing this'. When the desserts arrived, as they were lounging on the back deck, an invitation and key was on the tray offering them to stay the night as a couple, if they wished. Tim again declined to stay the night.",
"Finally, Tim met with Anna for their date in the botanic gardens and had a canape and champagne brunch. Tim reflected on how they banter well, and how being with Anna is easy and fun. Tim asked Anna outright 'I need to know what you are feeling and more importantly, what you see in me'. Anna stated the problems in not having boyfriends in the past was probably due to her not being open about her emotions. She said she wanted to make sure Tim was right for her as well. Tim said he needed to know that Anna really knew who he was. Anna replied she would try to be more open but did not want to fall for Tim 100 percent due to the possibility of being hurt and not end up being with him. After dinner, at the Milton Park Country House, Bowral – (125 km south of Sydney) they retired to the fireside and read the awaiting invitation letter and key to stay the night. Tim explained he did not feel comfortable staying the night with any of the girls due to respect for all the three finalists as he had strong feelings for each of them and it just did not feel right.",
"Prior to the Rose Ceremony, we see Tim heading into Bunda Jewellers in the city, to ask for help in getting an engagement ring designed, which would express the emotions and feelings he had whilst on this journey and wished for it to be featured in the original design.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nTwo roses are shown on the tray and with 3 finalists left – Ali, Anna and Rochelle. Prior to entering the Rose Ceremony, Tim was given a recording from each of them, to view, by the Host to assist Tim in his final decision. The girls awaited separately in the garden, each stating they would be devastated if they did not get a rose that night.",
"Rochelle received the first rose, followed by Anna and in a shock elimination, Ali was eliminated and left, broken\\-hearted.",
"In the next episode the final 2 – Anna and Rochelle – travel to Thailand where the final rose will be handed out. This trip will also see Tim's parents in Thailand wherein Tim's mother will get to meet the final two contestants.",
"### Episode 13",
"**Original airdate:** 20 November 2013",
"In the season Finale, Tim's quest for love reaches its dramatic conclusion on the stunning coast of Thailand, staying at the Pullman Phuket Arcadia resort in Phuket. Tim's family get to meet the final two girls, Anna and Rochelle.",
"**Meet Tim's family:**\nRochelle was the first finalist to be introduced to Tim's family over lunch. Tim's mum had a private and probing conversation with Rochelle and thought Rochelle had not completely let her walls down.\nNext it was Anna's turn to be introduced to the family and they noticed how uplifting her energy was and how Tim could not stop smiling. Tim's sister commented that Tim was being 'himself when he was with Anna'. Tim's mother also had a private chat with Anna and Anna found some of the questions daunting and intense and discovered she had to admit she was in love with Tim.",
"**Final dates:**\nTim has two final dates – Tim states 'it has gone from who will get the final rose to who will get all of my heart.'",
"Tim's first final date was with Anna – his surprise was a trip on a speed boat to an awaiting traditional Chinese Junk in the middle of Phang Nga Bay. They jumped off the Junk and swam to shore where they had some alone time. That evening, they went to a fire twirling dancing show. After the show, Anna gave Tim a gift box of cards she had drawn up, some 40, which she read out, the many and different reasons she loved him, and she finally declared that she was falling madly in love with him.",
"On Tim and Rochelle's final date, they met in the jungle and went for an elephant ride to the sea. That evening, they chatted privately, under the majestical starry night.",
"**Final decision:**\nRochelle was first to walk down the path on the cliffside of the Resort, to hear Tim's final decision. 'There is only one girl I cannot live without' Tim declared to the camera. With Rochelle standing before him, he told Rochelle his 'heart was leading somewhere else' and Rochelle was not chosen to be the one he had fallen deeply in love with.",
"When Anna walked towards Tim for the final decision and greeted him, he said 'you have my heart and I have fallen deeply and madly in love with you'. He then pulled out a small gift box which was the ring he had designed which was of two bands of platinum with an infinity loop, symbolizing their journey together and moving forward. He slipped it onto Anna's middle finger of her right hand.{{cite news\\|last\\=Byrnes\\|first\\=Holly\\|url\\= http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/television/runnerup\\-rochelle\\-emanuelsmith\\-dishes\\-the\\-dirt\\-on\\-the\\-bachelor\\-tim\\-robards/story\\-fni0cc2a\\-1226764755886\\|title\\=Runner\\-up Rochelle Emanuel\\-Smith dishes the dirt on The Bachelor Tim Robards\\|date\\=21 November 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Herald Sun]]\\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2015}}",
""
] |
### Episode 9
**Original airdate:** 23 October 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-9\|title\= Episode 9 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
As this episode opened with seven girls remaining, they are still having their week in Broome. Tim said he is in his head a lot but feels he has to now start thinking with his heart. The scene opens with the girls swimming in the sea and were called to the beach to read the new invitation, which Katherine read out loud. Rochelle stated she had not had a one\-on\-one date as yet. Sarah said she was hoping for a second date so they could spend more time with Tim on a one on one.
**One\-on\-one date:**
Rochelle was chosen to go on the "Are You Ready to Come Out of Your Shell" date. As Tim drove Rochelle along a bumpy bush gravel road towards her surprise, they arrived to see a boat waiting for them to go pearl fishing. As they were heading for the precise spot along the river, Tim was delighting in seeing different layers emerge from Rochelle during their conversation.
Tim found a shell that he handed to Rochelle, who then pulled out a natural pearl, which was hers to keep. Tim and Rochelle headed back to the resort for champagne in the evening gardens, then went for an intimate dip in the spa.
Rochelle received a Rose.
**Group date:**
Back at Cable Beach Club Resort and Spa the girls were having a casual game of tennis when another invitation arrived. Anna read out the invitation themed 'Fly to Sea – Two from Three'. Sarah, Ali, and Dani were invited. There were gasps all round – someone is going home! The girls were flown out in a helicopter to the awaiting catamaran 'Great Escape' which had a landing pad on it. There was much excitement and screaming inside the cabin, but the girls felt trepidation as one was not coming back. They landed and greeted Tim, who was awaiting their arrival. They said it felt like they were in a James Bond film. Dani stated she was glad she was with Ali and Sarah as she did not care for their feelings and hoped she was not going home.
The date had the girls jumping from a rope that was rigged up to swing them out like a pendulum, wherein they had to let go once they were out far enough. Sarah went first and did a flop, followed by Ali and then Dani. Ali decided to have another go but once she was out the rope started to spin her wildly and she fell hard on the water, injuring her knee. After being brought on board by the crew, she was in shock, and it was decided to get the helicopter to pick her up to take her to the hospital. Tim was worried that Ali might not be able to continue in the show. He said he was upset and felt she was perfect because she was so positive even after the accident and suffering in pain.
Sarah and Dani were worried it would be one of them to go home as Tim would not send Ali home under those conditions. However, the date was abandoned, and they returned to the Resort.
Natalie said Sarah needs to grow up before she gets married and be in a relationship since she was only 22\.
The girls were chatting, waiting for Tim's arrival. They were surprised at Sarah's lack of sympathy about Tim taking Ali to the hospital and staying by her side.
It was unknown if Ali would be present at the Rose Ceremony. Tim said Ali being in hospital had a massive impact on him and all he could think about was Ali.
**Rose ceremony:**
In the garden, the mood was flat, awaiting news of Ali and which two were being sent home. Tim walked in and said he felt the tension. They asked after Ali, and he said she was doing well.
Suddenly, Ali appeared hobbling on crutches.
Tim only had four roses to give out to the remaining six girls. In order, Ali, Anna, Katherine and Dani received the roses. Natalie and Sarah were eliminated.
|
[
"### Episode 9",
"**Original airdate:** 23 October 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-9\\|title\\= Episode 9 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"As this episode opened with seven girls remaining, they are still having their week in Broome. Tim said he is in his head a lot but feels he has to now start thinking with his heart. The scene opens with the girls swimming in the sea and were called to the beach to read the new invitation, which Katherine read out loud. Rochelle stated she had not had a one\\-on\\-one date as yet. Sarah said she was hoping for a second date so they could spend more time with Tim on a one on one.",
"**One\\-on\\-one date:**\nRochelle was chosen to go on the \"Are You Ready to Come Out of Your Shell\" date. As Tim drove Rochelle along a bumpy bush gravel road towards her surprise, they arrived to see a boat waiting for them to go pearl fishing. As they were heading for the precise spot along the river, Tim was delighting in seeing different layers emerge from Rochelle during their conversation.",
"Tim found a shell that he handed to Rochelle, who then pulled out a natural pearl, which was hers to keep. Tim and Rochelle headed back to the resort for champagne in the evening gardens, then went for an intimate dip in the spa. \nRochelle received a Rose.",
"**Group date:** \nBack at Cable Beach Club Resort and Spa the girls were having a casual game of tennis when another invitation arrived. Anna read out the invitation themed 'Fly to Sea – Two from Three'. Sarah, Ali, and Dani were invited. There were gasps all round – someone is going home! The girls were flown out in a helicopter to the awaiting catamaran 'Great Escape' which had a landing pad on it. There was much excitement and screaming inside the cabin, but the girls felt trepidation as one was not coming back. They landed and greeted Tim, who was awaiting their arrival. They said it felt like they were in a James Bond film. Dani stated she was glad she was with Ali and Sarah as she did not care for their feelings and hoped she was not going home.",
"The date had the girls jumping from a rope that was rigged up to swing them out like a pendulum, wherein they had to let go once they were out far enough. Sarah went first and did a flop, followed by Ali and then Dani. Ali decided to have another go but once she was out the rope started to spin her wildly and she fell hard on the water, injuring her knee. After being brought on board by the crew, she was in shock, and it was decided to get the helicopter to pick her up to take her to the hospital. Tim was worried that Ali might not be able to continue in the show. He said he was upset and felt she was perfect because she was so positive even after the accident and suffering in pain.",
"Sarah and Dani were worried it would be one of them to go home as Tim would not send Ali home under those conditions. However, the date was abandoned, and they returned to the Resort.",
"Natalie said Sarah needs to grow up before she gets married and be in a relationship since she was only 22\\.",
"The girls were chatting, waiting for Tim's arrival. They were surprised at Sarah's lack of sympathy about Tim taking Ali to the hospital and staying by her side. \nIt was unknown if Ali would be present at the Rose Ceremony. Tim said Ali being in hospital had a massive impact on him and all he could think about was Ali.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nIn the garden, the mood was flat, awaiting news of Ali and which two were being sent home. Tim walked in and said he felt the tension. They asked after Ali, and he said she was doing well. \nSuddenly, Ali appeared hobbling on crutches.",
"Tim only had four roses to give out to the remaining six girls. In order, Ali, Anna, Katherine and Dani received the roses. Natalie and Sarah were eliminated.",
""
] |
### Episode 12
**Original airdate:** 13 November 2013{{cite web\|url \= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\-ten/the\-bachelor/episode\-recaps/episode\-12\|title\= Episode 12 Recap\|work\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\|access\-date\=20 November 2013}}
**Overnight dates:**
With the final three contestants left, Tim first met up with Ali and they went for a drive in a Porsche up to the Blue Mountains countryside and had a small picnic. Tim stated that if he was not dating all three girls at once, he could see himself falling for Ali, but it was difficult as he 'had feelings for all three girls'. That night during dinner at a cabin in the Blue Mountains, Ali declared her love for Tim again. Tim did not feel it was fair to say anything back while dating two other girls stating that he could not fully allow himself to feel that (love). After dinner, sitting by the log fire, he handed an envelope to Ali which had a note and key inside inviting them to stay the night as a couple. Tim declined saying it would not be fair on the other girls.
Next, we see Tim meeting Rochelle for a cruise on a luxury yacht 'Aqua Bay' on Sydney Harbour. He felt she still had barriers up and withheld secrets. Rochelle felt she was falling in love with Tim. Tim again stated to Rochelle, how important communication between them was to him. They headed off taking in the stunning and unbelievable Sydney Harbour views, to a secluded beach called Store Beach, for a picnic and swim. They also thought it would be fun to write a 'message in a bottle' and throw it into the sea. That evening over a platter of a variety of seafood on board the yacht, Tim said to Rochelle 'I love my time with you, and I want to keep continuing this'. When the desserts arrived, as they were lounging on the back deck, an invitation and key was on the tray offering them to stay the night as a couple, if they wished. Tim again declined to stay the night.
Finally, Tim met with Anna for their date in the botanic gardens and had a canape and champagne brunch. Tim reflected on how they banter well, and how being with Anna is easy and fun. Tim asked Anna outright 'I need to know what you are feeling and more importantly, what you see in me'. Anna stated the problems in not having boyfriends in the past was probably due to her not being open about her emotions. She said she wanted to make sure Tim was right for her as well. Tim said he needed to know that Anna really knew who he was. Anna replied she would try to be more open but did not want to fall for Tim 100 percent due to the possibility of being hurt and not end up being with him. After dinner, at the Milton Park Country House, Bowral – (125 km south of Sydney) they retired to the fireside and read the awaiting invitation letter and key to stay the night. Tim explained he did not feel comfortable staying the night with any of the girls due to respect for all the three finalists as he had strong feelings for each of them and it just did not feel right.
Prior to the Rose Ceremony, we see Tim heading into Bunda Jewellers in the city, to ask for help in getting an engagement ring designed, which would express the emotions and feelings he had whilst on this journey and wished for it to be featured in the original design.
**Rose ceremony:**
Two roses are shown on the tray and with 3 finalists left – Ali, Anna and Rochelle. Prior to entering the Rose Ceremony, Tim was given a recording from each of them, to view, by the Host to assist Tim in his final decision. The girls awaited separately in the garden, each stating they would be devastated if they did not get a rose that night.
Rochelle received the first rose, followed by Anna and in a shock elimination, Ali was eliminated and left, broken\-hearted.
In the next episode the final 2 – Anna and Rochelle – travel to Thailand where the final rose will be handed out. This trip will also see Tim's parents in Thailand wherein Tim's mother will get to meet the final two contestants.
|
[
"### Episode 12",
"**Original airdate:** 13 November 2013{{cite web\\|url \\= http://tenplay.com.au/channel\\-ten/the\\-bachelor/episode\\-recaps/episode\\-12\\|title\\= Episode 12 Recap\\|work\\=The Bachelor Australia Official Site\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2013}}",
"**Overnight dates:**\nWith the final three contestants left, Tim first met up with Ali and they went for a drive in a Porsche up to the Blue Mountains countryside and had a small picnic. Tim stated that if he was not dating all three girls at once, he could see himself falling for Ali, but it was difficult as he 'had feelings for all three girls'. That night during dinner at a cabin in the Blue Mountains, Ali declared her love for Tim again. Tim did not feel it was fair to say anything back while dating two other girls stating that he could not fully allow himself to feel that (love). After dinner, sitting by the log fire, he handed an envelope to Ali which had a note and key inside inviting them to stay the night as a couple. Tim declined saying it would not be fair on the other girls.",
"Next, we see Tim meeting Rochelle for a cruise on a luxury yacht 'Aqua Bay' on Sydney Harbour. He felt she still had barriers up and withheld secrets. Rochelle felt she was falling in love with Tim. Tim again stated to Rochelle, how important communication between them was to him. They headed off taking in the stunning and unbelievable Sydney Harbour views, to a secluded beach called Store Beach, for a picnic and swim. They also thought it would be fun to write a 'message in a bottle' and throw it into the sea. That evening over a platter of a variety of seafood on board the yacht, Tim said to Rochelle 'I love my time with you, and I want to keep continuing this'. When the desserts arrived, as they were lounging on the back deck, an invitation and key was on the tray offering them to stay the night as a couple, if they wished. Tim again declined to stay the night.",
"Finally, Tim met with Anna for their date in the botanic gardens and had a canape and champagne brunch. Tim reflected on how they banter well, and how being with Anna is easy and fun. Tim asked Anna outright 'I need to know what you are feeling and more importantly, what you see in me'. Anna stated the problems in not having boyfriends in the past was probably due to her not being open about her emotions. She said she wanted to make sure Tim was right for her as well. Tim said he needed to know that Anna really knew who he was. Anna replied she would try to be more open but did not want to fall for Tim 100 percent due to the possibility of being hurt and not end up being with him. After dinner, at the Milton Park Country House, Bowral – (125 km south of Sydney) they retired to the fireside and read the awaiting invitation letter and key to stay the night. Tim explained he did not feel comfortable staying the night with any of the girls due to respect for all the three finalists as he had strong feelings for each of them and it just did not feel right.",
"Prior to the Rose Ceremony, we see Tim heading into Bunda Jewellers in the city, to ask for help in getting an engagement ring designed, which would express the emotions and feelings he had whilst on this journey and wished for it to be featured in the original design.",
"**Rose ceremony:**\nTwo roses are shown on the tray and with 3 finalists left – Ali, Anna and Rochelle. Prior to entering the Rose Ceremony, Tim was given a recording from each of them, to view, by the Host to assist Tim in his final decision. The girls awaited separately in the garden, each stating they would be devastated if they did not get a rose that night.",
"Rochelle received the first rose, followed by Anna and in a shock elimination, Ali was eliminated and left, broken\\-hearted.",
"In the next episode the final 2 – Anna and Rochelle – travel to Thailand where the final rose will be handed out. This trip will also see Tim's parents in Thailand wherein Tim's mother will get to meet the final two contestants.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Jihei works as a paper merchant in the Tenma neighborhood of Osaka. He is married to his cousin, Osan, but is having an affair with a popular courtesan named Koharu. Jihei has promised twenty\-nine times to free her from her five\-year contract at the Kinokuni brothel, but he lacks the money required: ten kan of silver. Koharu is desperate to stop her work as a prostitute and asks Jihei to kill her. Jihei says if she dies he will kill himself too, and they decide to commit shinjū.
When Koharu returns to the Kinokuni brothel, a rich merchant named Tahei comes in and says he would like to free her from her contract. Koharu accuses Tahei of spreading rumors about Jihei's lack of wealth. Tahei tells Koharu's madam that he will pay any amount to sleep with Koharu, but the madam tells him that Koharu already has a client for the night, a samurai.
When the samurai arrives, Koharu refuses to make eye contact. The samurai asks Koharu what the issue is, and she explains her contract as well as her plans to commit shinjū with Jihei. The samurai discourages her from suicide, and she realizes doing so would leave her widowed mother with no one to care for her. The samurai pledges to help Koharu pay off her contract, and the two head to bed.
Meanwhile, Tahei has gone to a bar and is loudly speaking about Koharu's samurai client. Jihei overhears this and heads to the Kinokuni brothel to confront Koharu. When he gets to the brothel, he overhears Koharu and the samurai's conversation. Furious, he tries to stab the samurai through a window, but is apprehended. The samurai ties Jihei's arm to the window and leaves him there.
Tahei then comes across Jihei tied up and mocks him and calls him a thief, assuming that's the reason he's tied up. The samurai comes out and reprimands Tahei for lying, as Jihei stole nothing. He encourages Jihei to kick Tahei, which Jihei does. A mob then surrounds Tahei and chases him out of town.
Back inside the teahouse, Jihei realizes the samurai is his brother, Magoemon, in disguise. Jihei begs for Magoemon's forgiveness and scolds Koharu for cheating on him. Magoemon tells Jihei he is a fool for letting Koharu seduce him, and says that he saw Koharu for a fraud the moment he met her. Magoemon tells Jihei that Osan's father, Gozaemon, is upset with Jihei for his affair with Koharu and plans to take Osan back. Jihei promises he is done with Koharu. Magoemon finds a letter addressed to Koharu from Osan, but doesn't mention it to Jihei.
A few weeks later in Jihei's home and paper shop, Osan's servants, Otama and Sangoro, are late for dinner. They arrive with Jihei's children, Kantaro and Osue, and Otama tells Osan that she saw Magoemon heading toward the shop with Osan's mother. Osan wakes up Jihei who was napping, and he starts pretending to work. When Osan's mother arrives with Magoemon, she tells Jihei that she heard a rumor from a member of her prayer group that a wealthy merchant from Tenma was set to free Koharu in a few days. She assumes that said merchant is Jihei, but Jihei tells her it must be Tahei. Osan's mother is consoled but say that Gozaemon will not be as easily convinced. She asks Jihei for a written oath that he is no longer involved with Koharu, which he obliges, and she leaves.
Later that night, Osan finds Jihei crying. She thinks he is crying because he still loves Koharu, but he insists he doesn't. Osan reveals that she wrote a letter to Koharu and begged her to betray Jihei so he would get over her because she was worried that he would kill himself. Osan says she is afraid Koharu will kill herself now that Jihei has left her. Jihei says they need 150 ryō in order to free Koharu from her contract. Osan takes 80 ryō from a secret stash and gives it to Jihei. She then takes all her clothing and tells Jihei to pawn it for the remaining 70 ryō. As Jihei is about to leave for the pawn shop, Gozaemon arrives and orders Jihei to write a letter of divorce from Osan. When Jihei refuses, Gozaemon drags Osan away from the shop. Osan resists and begs to stay but Jihei remains silent. Once she has left, Jihei breaks into tears and begins tearing apart the shop: throwing papers, pushing over furniture, and even pushing over walls, which collapse with ease.
Jihei finds Koharu back at the Kinokuni brothel, and the two run until they reach a graveyard where they make love. Afterwards, Koharu suggests Jihei kill her where they stand and then go to another location to kill himself. She thinks they shouldn't die together because Jihei is still married to Osan. Jihei cuts off his topknot, which he says makes him a priest, nullifying his marriage to Osan, and therefore he can die with Koharu. Likewise, Koharu then lets her hair down and declares herself a nun. They then hear the Daicho Temple bell, marking dawn. They venture into the wilderness where Jihei kills Koharu, pulls off her obi, and hangs himself with it with the help of kuroko on a lone torii on a hill. The final shot shows Jihei and Koharu laying opposite one another on a mat beneath the bridge as they were at the beginning of the film.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Jihei works as a paper merchant in the Tenma neighborhood of Osaka. He is married to his cousin, Osan, but is having an affair with a popular courtesan named Koharu. Jihei has promised twenty\\-nine times to free her from her five\\-year contract at the Kinokuni brothel, but he lacks the money required: ten kan of silver. Koharu is desperate to stop her work as a prostitute and asks Jihei to kill her. Jihei says if she dies he will kill himself too, and they decide to commit shinjū.",
"When Koharu returns to the Kinokuni brothel, a rich merchant named Tahei comes in and says he would like to free her from her contract. Koharu accuses Tahei of spreading rumors about Jihei's lack of wealth. Tahei tells Koharu's madam that he will pay any amount to sleep with Koharu, but the madam tells him that Koharu already has a client for the night, a samurai.",
"When the samurai arrives, Koharu refuses to make eye contact. The samurai asks Koharu what the issue is, and she explains her contract as well as her plans to commit shinjū with Jihei. The samurai discourages her from suicide, and she realizes doing so would leave her widowed mother with no one to care for her. The samurai pledges to help Koharu pay off her contract, and the two head to bed.",
"Meanwhile, Tahei has gone to a bar and is loudly speaking about Koharu's samurai client. Jihei overhears this and heads to the Kinokuni brothel to confront Koharu. When he gets to the brothel, he overhears Koharu and the samurai's conversation. Furious, he tries to stab the samurai through a window, but is apprehended. The samurai ties Jihei's arm to the window and leaves him there.",
"Tahei then comes across Jihei tied up and mocks him and calls him a thief, assuming that's the reason he's tied up. The samurai comes out and reprimands Tahei for lying, as Jihei stole nothing. He encourages Jihei to kick Tahei, which Jihei does. A mob then surrounds Tahei and chases him out of town.\nBack inside the teahouse, Jihei realizes the samurai is his brother, Magoemon, in disguise. Jihei begs for Magoemon's forgiveness and scolds Koharu for cheating on him. Magoemon tells Jihei he is a fool for letting Koharu seduce him, and says that he saw Koharu for a fraud the moment he met her. Magoemon tells Jihei that Osan's father, Gozaemon, is upset with Jihei for his affair with Koharu and plans to take Osan back. Jihei promises he is done with Koharu. Magoemon finds a letter addressed to Koharu from Osan, but doesn't mention it to Jihei.",
"A few weeks later in Jihei's home and paper shop, Osan's servants, Otama and Sangoro, are late for dinner. They arrive with Jihei's children, Kantaro and Osue, and Otama tells Osan that she saw Magoemon heading toward the shop with Osan's mother. Osan wakes up Jihei who was napping, and he starts pretending to work. When Osan's mother arrives with Magoemon, she tells Jihei that she heard a rumor from a member of her prayer group that a wealthy merchant from Tenma was set to free Koharu in a few days. She assumes that said merchant is Jihei, but Jihei tells her it must be Tahei. Osan's mother is consoled but say that Gozaemon will not be as easily convinced. She asks Jihei for a written oath that he is no longer involved with Koharu, which he obliges, and she leaves.",
"Later that night, Osan finds Jihei crying. She thinks he is crying because he still loves Koharu, but he insists he doesn't. Osan reveals that she wrote a letter to Koharu and begged her to betray Jihei so he would get over her because she was worried that he would kill himself. Osan says she is afraid Koharu will kill herself now that Jihei has left her. Jihei says they need 150 ryō in order to free Koharu from her contract. Osan takes 80 ryō from a secret stash and gives it to Jihei. She then takes all her clothing and tells Jihei to pawn it for the remaining 70 ryō. As Jihei is about to leave for the pawn shop, Gozaemon arrives and orders Jihei to write a letter of divorce from Osan. When Jihei refuses, Gozaemon drags Osan away from the shop. Osan resists and begs to stay but Jihei remains silent. Once she has left, Jihei breaks into tears and begins tearing apart the shop: throwing papers, pushing over furniture, and even pushing over walls, which collapse with ease.",
"Jihei finds Koharu back at the Kinokuni brothel, and the two run until they reach a graveyard where they make love. Afterwards, Koharu suggests Jihei kill her where they stand and then go to another location to kill himself. She thinks they shouldn't die together because Jihei is still married to Osan. Jihei cuts off his topknot, which he says makes him a priest, nullifying his marriage to Osan, and therefore he can die with Koharu. Likewise, Koharu then lets her hair down and declares herself a nun. They then hear the Daicho Temple bell, marking dawn. They venture into the wilderness where Jihei kills Koharu, pulls off her obi, and hangs himself with it with the help of kuroko on a lone torii on a hill. The final shot shows Jihei and Koharu laying opposite one another on a mat beneath the bridge as they were at the beginning of the film.",
""
] |
Resistance to Mysore occupation (1773–1793\)
--------------------------------------------
[thumb\|A page from Tellicherry Factory Records of British that refers to the Thiyya and Nayar troops in Pazhassi Raja's service.](/wiki/File:Cropped_File39A8599.png "Cropped File39A8599.png")
Pazhassi Raja's warfare with Mysore troops can be divided into two phases based on the rulers of the kingdom of Mysore. First phase lasted from 1773 to 1782 during which time, the Mysore ruler was [Hyder Ali](/wiki/Hyder_Ali "Hyder Ali"). The second phase extended from 1784 to 1793 and during this phase he fought the troops of [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan "Tipu Sultan"), son and successor of Hyder Ali.
### Resistance to Hyder Ali (1773–1782\)
In 1773, Hyder Ali marched into Malabar for the second time,{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=295}} for non\-payment of tributes from the Rajas (kings) of Malabar as agreed after war in 1768\. Most of the *Rajas* of Malabar, along with many *Naduvazhis* or vassals fled to Travancore. Yet numerous princes and younger noblemen refused to flee and organized partisan bands who waged guerrilla warfare on the Mysore army from the forests and mountains that covered much of Malabar. Pazhassi Raja was one among them.
In 1774, at the age of 21, Pazhassi Raja took over the throne to replace his uncle who had fled to Travancore. He vowed to resist Hyder Ali's troops, and stayed in Kottayam,{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=13}} where he gathered a force and began guerrilla battles against the troops of Mysore as he had neither guns nor troops enough to face them in an open battle. He set up a large number of bases in the nearly impenetrable forested mountains of Puralimala and Wynad and repeatedly inflicted severe minor losses on the Mysore army in Kottayam as well as in Wayanad.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=58}} Pazhassi Raja's troops were recruited from several castes and tribes\- that includes Nair forces [Nambiars](/wiki/Nambiar_%28Ambalavasi_caste%29 "Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)"), [Thiyyas](/wiki/Thiyyas "Thiyyas"), [Kurichiyas](/wiki/Kurichiyas "Kurichiyas") and Mullukurumas{{cite book\|last\=Pavitra Menon\|year\=2020\|title\=River, Laughter, Moon \& C\|publisher\=Notion Press \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=89rKDwAAQBAJ\&dq\=pazhassi\+army\&pg\=PT262\|isbn\=9781684663842}}{{cite book\|last\=K. guru Rajesh\|title\=Sarfarosh A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=c\_dLCgAAQBAJ\&dq\=pazhassi\+army\&pg\=PT49\|page\=4 chapter \|publisher\=Notion Press \|isbn\=9789352061730}}{{cite book\|last\=Willam logan\|year\=1851\|title\=Malabar Manual Volume 1 Google books\|publisher\=Madras Books\|pages\=365–366}}
Once the true Raja of Kottayam had fled, three royals rose to power in Kottayam. The nephew of the escaped Raja named [Vira Varma](/wiki/Vira_Varma "Vira Varma") and his nephews, Ravi Varma and Pazhassi Raja now took over the reins of government. Vira Varma was skilled in political intrigue and manipulation whereas Ravi Varma was too incompetent to play any serious political role and hence his role only was nominal. Pazhassi Raja become the most powerful figure in Kottayam, much to the chagrin of his uncle Vira Varma. Hence Vira Varma played a series of power games aiming to check the growing clout of his nephew. So the relation between Vira Varma and Pazhassi Raja was one of enmity right from the onset.
The military situation was grim for *Pazhassi Raja* and his troops – in 1774, [Coorgs](/wiki/Kodagu "Kodagu") had joined hands with Hyder Ali on the promise of being gifted Wynad and a large Coorg army camped in Wynad to help Mysore troops. In 1776, Hyder Ali re\-installed the Hindu Raja in Chirakkal {{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=295}} and the latter joined Mysore war effort to crush Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=13}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=24}} This triple alliance which lasted till 1780 reached nowhere near defeating the Kottayam army.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
During his long war with the Mysore and then the East India Company, Pazhassi Raja increased his sphere of influence significantly eastwards as far as the outskirts of Mysore. His men regularly looted enemy treasuries and sandalwood from southern Karnataka and his enemies could do little to check these raids. This enabled him to lay claim on a great chunk of the Mysore district – as far as Nanjangod in the east. Also, Pazhassi Raja and his men frequently raided the domains of neighbouring Rajas in northern Malabar and Coorg to harass the enemy regiments posted there and he was often supported by local population of those territories. Along with this, he had close ties with [Ravi Varma](/wiki/Ravi_Varma_of_Padinjare_Kovilakam "Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam") and [Krishna Varma](/wiki/Krishna_Varma "Krishna Varma"), who were princes of Calicut and popular rebel leaders of southern Malabar.
#### Siege of Thalasseri
[Thalasseri](/wiki/Thalassery "Thalassery") or Tellicherry in the late 18th century was a harbour\-fort which was held by the East India Company as a factory. The value of Tellicherry as a naval base meant that her capture could seriously impact the situation of the [Bombay Marine](/wiki/Bombay_Marine "Bombay Marine") on the west coast. Also rebels in North Malabar bought arms and ammunition from the East India Company in Tellicherry. So if Hyder could capture this fort, he could, at a stroke, cripple both the rebels in North Malabar as well as [Company rule in India](/wiki/Company_rule_in_India "Company rule in India") at a regional basis.
So in 1778, Hyder's vassal, the Raja of Chirakkal, besieged Thalasseri and enforced an economic blockade under order from Hyder himself.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=296}} The East India Company factories at Talassery armed Pazhassi Raja's men to enable them to recover Kottayam from the Mysorean occupation army. This move by the Company ensured that the Chirakkal army was now at risk of being struck in the rear by Pazhassi Raja's force. The Chirakkal troops began to retreat, but Pazhassi chased and devastated the Chirakkal army, and then marched to Kottayam where he obliterated the Mysorean occupation and overran all of western Kottayam. But at this critical moment when the Mysorean army in Malabar could have been destroyed by a joint action on the part of the Company and the Rajas, while their factories at Talassery were instructed by the Governor not to upset the nominal peace with Hyder.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Thus the EIC decision not to exploit the victory at Thalasseri was exploited by Mysore. The Chirakkal army reinforced by a Mysorean contingent under Balwant Rao marched into Kottayam. Pazhassi's men, though secretly supplied with arms and ammunition by the company, could not hold or defeat this huge host and soon the [Kottayam](/wiki/Kottayam_%28Malabar%29 "Kottayam (Malabar)") army was forced to disperse after a fight. Then the Mysore\-Chirakkal army captured Kadathanad and installed a puppet Raja who joined hands with Mysore. In 1779, a huge Mysore\-Chirakkal\-Kadathanad army besieged Thalasseri. Pazhassi Raja sent a force of 2000 Nairs to aid the [EIC defence of Thalassery](/wiki/Siege_of_Tellicherry "Siege of Tellicherry"), and this enabled the factories to hold on successfully.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=27}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=14}}
By the end of 1779, Sardar Khan, the Mysorean general was sent to Thalasseri to bring the siege speedily to a successful conclusion.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=296}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=14}} Sardar Khan came with a force of 10,000 troops and 30 heavy guns.{{cite book\|last1\=Murland\|first1\=Lieutenant Colonel HF\|title\=Baillie\-Ki\-Paltan: A History of the 2nd Battalion, Madras Pioneers 1759 – 1930\|date\=2005\|publisher\=The Naval and Military Press Ltd\|location\=East Sussex\|page\=48}} Sardar Khan knew that it was Pazhassi Raja's help that enabled the East India Company to resist him and so he opened negotiations with Pazhassi – his offer was the restoration of Mysore occupied territories of Kottayam if Pazhassi would ally himself with Mysore and pay an immediate tribute of 500,000 rupees. It was well beyond the capacity of Kottayam to raise so huge a sum in so short a time. But Pazhassi did his best to pay Sardar Khan \[probably in the hope that the latter would make concessions] and 60,000 rupees was paid to the latter. But Khan was not satisfied and rejected Pazhassi's request that his possessions in Malabar be restored.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=27}} This greedy and tactless approach of Sardar Khan's made sure that there was little chance for Mysore to capture Thalasseri. The Kottayam army became far stronger with their major victory in 1779 at Kalpetta (Wynad) where the whole Coorg army of 2,000 was surrounded and decimated by Pazhassi Raja's troops. The destruction of the Coorg army in Wynad enabled Raja to throw a whole new army into the contest at Thalasseri.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
In 1780, Pazhassi Raja proposed a plan to the East India Company to break the Mysorean siege of Thalassery: he and his men would strike the enemy in the rear from the east as the EIC came out of the fort and struck the Mysorean line in front. Both armies would effect a junction that would split the enemy into two. The Mysorean and allied troops could then be routed easily. But it was only in 1781 that the Company understood the value of this plan and their Bombay authorities agreed to it. An operation was carried out as per Pazhassi's plan; it ended with the destruction of the Mysorean forces. What followed was a rebellion in Kottayam by the Nayar militia led by Pazhassi Raja. Soon, the Mysoreans were ousted.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=28}}
[thumb\|Map of the Malabar Province 1809, after the death of Pazhassi Raja](/wiki/File:Province_of_Malabar_1809_-_Arrowsmith.png "Province of Malabar 1809 - Arrowsmith.png")
### Rebellion to remove Tipu Sultan (1784–1793\)
By 1782, Kottayam was once more a free land. But by the Treaty of Mangalore (1784\) after the Second Anglo\-Mysore War, the Company administration recognised [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan "Tipu Sultan")'s sphere of authority in Malabar. Thus with its only valuable ally lost, Kottayam was ready to become a vassal state of Mysore. Once more, as Sardar Khan did in 1779, Mysore exacted an exorbitant rate of tribute. Although Ravi Varma, the elder brother of Pazhassi Raja agreed to pay 65,000 rupees per year, Mysore demanded 81,000 rupees.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=28}} The hiked rate of tribute meant greater hardship for the peasantry (largely Thiyyar) who had suffered from years of foreign occupation. So Pazhassi Raja took up this issue and decided to launch a mass resistance struggle once more.Calicut University Text for paper Kerala History and Culture Distance Education MA History 2007 by Prof. SS Warrier{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=29}}
What angered Pazhassi Raja even more was that his brother Ravi Varma who paid a visit to Tipu Sultan in 1786 for peace talks was forced to sign a treaty which ceded Wayanad to Tipu Sultan. Pazhassi Raja decided not to let Tipu enjoy Wayanad in peace and kept up a guerrilla warfare that constantly harassed Mysore troops in Wayanad and its neighbourhood. War in Wayanad lasted for seven years – till 1793 – when the last of the Mysorean garrisons were expelled from the soil of Wayanad.
By the end of 1788, Pazhassi Raja's hatred of Tipu had shot up on account of the latter's policy of forcible conversion. So he strengthened his ties with the East India Company on one hand and with fellow rebel chiefs and princes in Malabar on the other. Tipu sent an army under a French general named Lally with a genocidal mission—the extermination of the [Nair](/wiki/Nair "Nair") caste from Kottayam to Palakkad – as Tipu was determined to end the menace of Nair rebels in Malabar who had foiled all attempts of him and his late father Hyder Ali to subjugate and exploit Malabar.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=29}}
The senior Rajah of Kottayam fled to Travancore fearing the Sultan. But before that, he handed over charge of government to Pazhassi Raja and asked him to save the country from Mysore's onslaught. Given below is the observation made by historian Rajayyan about Pazhassi Raja's resistance to Tipu Sultan after the exodus of Rajas from Malabar in 1788:
{{Blockquote\|Between 1787 and 1788, the ''thampurans'' or Rajahs of Malabar, threatened by the forces of Tipu, fled to Travancore. Among them were the princes of Kottayathu.....The Senior Rajah before his flight summoned Kerala Varma, the youngest prince, and instructed him to protect the country. Accordingly, the latter assembled the inhabitants, retired to the jungles and assisted them in the development of a new homeland. Frequently, in defiance to the authority of the Sultan, he with a band of determined followers issued forth from the woods and levied contributions.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=90}}}}
But in 1790, Tipu abandoned the war in Malabar as the war in Deccan drew his attention. Pazhassi Raja joined the East India Company with a force of 1500 [Nairs](/wiki/Nair "Nair") to capture the Mysorean stronghold in Katirur (near Talassery).{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=31}} After Katirur, Pazhassi Raja and his troops moved south\-east and captured the Kuttiyadi fort from Tipu's men.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=32}} Thus once more, the whole of Kottayam was under the control of Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=60}} In 1790, the Company recognised Pazhassi Raja as the head of Kottayam instead of the original Raja who was in refuge at Travancore. Raja agreed to pay 25,000 rupees as tribute to the company. But his struggle with the Mysore troops continued in Wayanad till 1793 when he freed that land also.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
But by the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792\) signed between the EIC and Tipu after the latter failed in Third Anglo\-Mysore War, Malabar was ceded to the EIC.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=60}} The East India Company then began to work for the establishment of their supremacy in Malabar.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2013}} This was where the Company administration and Pazhassi Raja had opposite opinions – Pazhassi Raja helped the East India Company not because he was ready to accept Company rule but because he wanted his country Kottayam to be an independent land.Evolution of Kerala History and Culture, Prof. T. K. Gangadharan, 2004, Calicut University Central Cooperative Stores Ltd, No.4347, Calicut University 673,635
Pazhassi Raja was disturbed when he heard about the terms which the Company put forward to the Rajas of Malabar in 1792, because the EIC had signed a cowl with him in 1790 which promised to respect the independence of Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=35}}{{cite book\|last1\=Menon\|first1\=A Sreedhara\|title\=Kerala Charitrashilpikal\|date\=2007\|publisher\=DC Books\|location\=Kottayam 686 001\|isbn\=978\-81\-264\-1584\-7\|page\=191\|ref\=none}} The summary of the East India Company terms in 1792 were as follows:
* The Raja to be able to rule as before, but the East India Company to control him "in case of oppressing inhabitants".
* A resident to be appointed to enquire about "complaints of oppression".
* Two persons on the part of the company and two persons on the part of the Raja to make valuation of the land revenue of Kottayam.
* The tax to be paid by each subject to be ascertained.
* The Raja's tribute to be settled in October 1792 according to the appearance of crop.
* The EIC share of the pepper to be delivered at a price fixed by their administration in December 1792\.
* The remainder of the pepper to be bought only by merchants appointed by the company.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
These terms converted monarchs to mere agents of the East India Company. Rajas were now stripped of their right to rule as they willed; they also lost control over their economies.
Kottayam was represented by Vira Varma, uncle of Pazhassi Raja during talks with the East India Company in 1792\. Vira Varma concluded a treaty with Company \= by which he accepted all terms and conditions put forward by them.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
|
[
"Resistance to Mysore occupation (1773–1793\\)\n--------------------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|A page from Tellicherry Factory Records of British that refers to the Thiyya and Nayar troops in Pazhassi Raja's service.](/wiki/File:Cropped_File39A8599.png \"Cropped File39A8599.png\")",
"Pazhassi Raja's warfare with Mysore troops can be divided into two phases based on the rulers of the kingdom of Mysore. First phase lasted from 1773 to 1782 during which time, the Mysore ruler was [Hyder Ali](/wiki/Hyder_Ali \"Hyder Ali\"). The second phase extended from 1784 to 1793 and during this phase he fought the troops of [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan \"Tipu Sultan\"), son and successor of Hyder Ali.",
"### Resistance to Hyder Ali (1773–1782\\)",
"In 1773, Hyder Ali marched into Malabar for the second time,{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=295}} for non\\-payment of tributes from the Rajas (kings) of Malabar as agreed after war in 1768\\. Most of the *Rajas* of Malabar, along with many *Naduvazhis* or vassals fled to Travancore. Yet numerous princes and younger noblemen refused to flee and organized partisan bands who waged guerrilla warfare on the Mysore army from the forests and mountains that covered much of Malabar. Pazhassi Raja was one among them.",
"In 1774, at the age of 21, Pazhassi Raja took over the throne to replace his uncle who had fled to Travancore. He vowed to resist Hyder Ali's troops, and stayed in Kottayam,{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=13}} where he gathered a force and began guerrilla battles against the troops of Mysore as he had neither guns nor troops enough to face them in an open battle. He set up a large number of bases in the nearly impenetrable forested mountains of Puralimala and Wynad and repeatedly inflicted severe minor losses on the Mysore army in Kottayam as well as in Wayanad.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=58}} Pazhassi Raja's troops were recruited from several castes and tribes\\- that includes Nair forces [Nambiars](/wiki/Nambiar_%28Ambalavasi_caste%29 \"Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)\"), [Thiyyas](/wiki/Thiyyas \"Thiyyas\"), [Kurichiyas](/wiki/Kurichiyas \"Kurichiyas\") and Mullukurumas{{cite book\\|last\\=Pavitra Menon\\|year\\=2020\\|title\\=River, Laughter, Moon \\& C\\|publisher\\=Notion Press \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=89rKDwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=pazhassi\\+army\\&pg\\=PT262\\|isbn\\=9781684663842}}{{cite book\\|last\\=K. guru Rajesh\\|title\\=Sarfarosh A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=c\\_dLCgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=pazhassi\\+army\\&pg\\=PT49\\|page\\=4 chapter \\|publisher\\=Notion Press \\|isbn\\=9789352061730}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Willam logan\\|year\\=1851\\|title\\=Malabar Manual Volume 1 Google books\\|publisher\\=Madras Books\\|pages\\=365–366}}",
"Once the true Raja of Kottayam had fled, three royals rose to power in Kottayam. The nephew of the escaped Raja named [Vira Varma](/wiki/Vira_Varma \"Vira Varma\") and his nephews, Ravi Varma and Pazhassi Raja now took over the reins of government. Vira Varma was skilled in political intrigue and manipulation whereas Ravi Varma was too incompetent to play any serious political role and hence his role only was nominal. Pazhassi Raja become the most powerful figure in Kottayam, much to the chagrin of his uncle Vira Varma. Hence Vira Varma played a series of power games aiming to check the growing clout of his nephew. So the relation between Vira Varma and Pazhassi Raja was one of enmity right from the onset.",
"The military situation was grim for *Pazhassi Raja* and his troops – in 1774, [Coorgs](/wiki/Kodagu \"Kodagu\") had joined hands with Hyder Ali on the promise of being gifted Wynad and a large Coorg army camped in Wynad to help Mysore troops. In 1776, Hyder Ali re\\-installed the Hindu Raja in Chirakkal {{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=295}} and the latter joined Mysore war effort to crush Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=13}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=24}} This triple alliance which lasted till 1780 reached nowhere near defeating the Kottayam army.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"During his long war with the Mysore and then the East India Company, Pazhassi Raja increased his sphere of influence significantly eastwards as far as the outskirts of Mysore. His men regularly looted enemy treasuries and sandalwood from southern Karnataka and his enemies could do little to check these raids. This enabled him to lay claim on a great chunk of the Mysore district – as far as Nanjangod in the east. Also, Pazhassi Raja and his men frequently raided the domains of neighbouring Rajas in northern Malabar and Coorg to harass the enemy regiments posted there and he was often supported by local population of those territories. Along with this, he had close ties with [Ravi Varma](/wiki/Ravi_Varma_of_Padinjare_Kovilakam \"Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam\") and [Krishna Varma](/wiki/Krishna_Varma \"Krishna Varma\"), who were princes of Calicut and popular rebel leaders of southern Malabar.",
"#### Siege of Thalasseri",
"[Thalasseri](/wiki/Thalassery \"Thalassery\") or Tellicherry in the late 18th century was a harbour\\-fort which was held by the East India Company as a factory. The value of Tellicherry as a naval base meant that her capture could seriously impact the situation of the [Bombay Marine](/wiki/Bombay_Marine \"Bombay Marine\") on the west coast. Also rebels in North Malabar bought arms and ammunition from the East India Company in Tellicherry. So if Hyder could capture this fort, he could, at a stroke, cripple both the rebels in North Malabar as well as [Company rule in India](/wiki/Company_rule_in_India \"Company rule in India\") at a regional basis.",
"So in 1778, Hyder's vassal, the Raja of Chirakkal, besieged Thalasseri and enforced an economic blockade under order from Hyder himself.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=296}} The East India Company factories at Talassery armed Pazhassi Raja's men to enable them to recover Kottayam from the Mysorean occupation army. This move by the Company ensured that the Chirakkal army was now at risk of being struck in the rear by Pazhassi Raja's force. The Chirakkal troops began to retreat, but Pazhassi chased and devastated the Chirakkal army, and then marched to Kottayam where he obliterated the Mysorean occupation and overran all of western Kottayam. But at this critical moment when the Mysorean army in Malabar could have been destroyed by a joint action on the part of the Company and the Rajas, while their factories at Talassery were instructed by the Governor not to upset the nominal peace with Hyder.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Thus the EIC decision not to exploit the victory at Thalasseri was exploited by Mysore. The Chirakkal army reinforced by a Mysorean contingent under Balwant Rao marched into Kottayam. Pazhassi's men, though secretly supplied with arms and ammunition by the company, could not hold or defeat this huge host and soon the [Kottayam](/wiki/Kottayam_%28Malabar%29 \"Kottayam (Malabar)\") army was forced to disperse after a fight. Then the Mysore\\-Chirakkal army captured Kadathanad and installed a puppet Raja who joined hands with Mysore. In 1779, a huge Mysore\\-Chirakkal\\-Kadathanad army besieged Thalasseri. Pazhassi Raja sent a force of 2000 Nairs to aid the [EIC defence of Thalassery](/wiki/Siege_of_Tellicherry \"Siege of Tellicherry\"), and this enabled the factories to hold on successfully.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=27}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=14}}",
"By the end of 1779, Sardar Khan, the Mysorean general was sent to Thalasseri to bring the siege speedily to a successful conclusion.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=296}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=14}} Sardar Khan came with a force of 10,000 troops and 30 heavy guns.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Murland\\|first1\\=Lieutenant Colonel HF\\|title\\=Baillie\\-Ki\\-Paltan: A History of the 2nd Battalion, Madras Pioneers 1759 – 1930\\|date\\=2005\\|publisher\\=The Naval and Military Press Ltd\\|location\\=East Sussex\\|page\\=48}} Sardar Khan knew that it was Pazhassi Raja's help that enabled the East India Company to resist him and so he opened negotiations with Pazhassi – his offer was the restoration of Mysore occupied territories of Kottayam if Pazhassi would ally himself with Mysore and pay an immediate tribute of 500,000 rupees. It was well beyond the capacity of Kottayam to raise so huge a sum in so short a time. But Pazhassi did his best to pay Sardar Khan \\[probably in the hope that the latter would make concessions] and 60,000 rupees was paid to the latter. But Khan was not satisfied and rejected Pazhassi's request that his possessions in Malabar be restored.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=27}} This greedy and tactless approach of Sardar Khan's made sure that there was little chance for Mysore to capture Thalasseri. The Kottayam army became far stronger with their major victory in 1779 at Kalpetta (Wynad) where the whole Coorg army of 2,000 was surrounded and decimated by Pazhassi Raja's troops. The destruction of the Coorg army in Wynad enabled Raja to throw a whole new army into the contest at Thalasseri.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"In 1780, Pazhassi Raja proposed a plan to the East India Company to break the Mysorean siege of Thalassery: he and his men would strike the enemy in the rear from the east as the EIC came out of the fort and struck the Mysorean line in front. Both armies would effect a junction that would split the enemy into two. The Mysorean and allied troops could then be routed easily. But it was only in 1781 that the Company understood the value of this plan and their Bombay authorities agreed to it. An operation was carried out as per Pazhassi's plan; it ended with the destruction of the Mysorean forces. What followed was a rebellion in Kottayam by the Nayar militia led by Pazhassi Raja. Soon, the Mysoreans were ousted.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=28}}\n[thumb\\|Map of the Malabar Province 1809, after the death of Pazhassi Raja](/wiki/File:Province_of_Malabar_1809_-_Arrowsmith.png \"Province of Malabar 1809 - Arrowsmith.png\")",
"### Rebellion to remove Tipu Sultan (1784–1793\\)",
"By 1782, Kottayam was once more a free land. But by the Treaty of Mangalore (1784\\) after the Second Anglo\\-Mysore War, the Company administration recognised [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan \"Tipu Sultan\")'s sphere of authority in Malabar. Thus with its only valuable ally lost, Kottayam was ready to become a vassal state of Mysore. Once more, as Sardar Khan did in 1779, Mysore exacted an exorbitant rate of tribute. Although Ravi Varma, the elder brother of Pazhassi Raja agreed to pay 65,000 rupees per year, Mysore demanded 81,000 rupees.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=28}} The hiked rate of tribute meant greater hardship for the peasantry (largely Thiyyar) who had suffered from years of foreign occupation. So Pazhassi Raja took up this issue and decided to launch a mass resistance struggle once more.Calicut University Text for paper Kerala History and Culture Distance Education MA History 2007 by Prof. SS Warrier{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=29}}",
"What angered Pazhassi Raja even more was that his brother Ravi Varma who paid a visit to Tipu Sultan in 1786 for peace talks was forced to sign a treaty which ceded Wayanad to Tipu Sultan. Pazhassi Raja decided not to let Tipu enjoy Wayanad in peace and kept up a guerrilla warfare that constantly harassed Mysore troops in Wayanad and its neighbourhood. War in Wayanad lasted for seven years – till 1793 – when the last of the Mysorean garrisons were expelled from the soil of Wayanad.",
"By the end of 1788, Pazhassi Raja's hatred of Tipu had shot up on account of the latter's policy of forcible conversion. So he strengthened his ties with the East India Company on one hand and with fellow rebel chiefs and princes in Malabar on the other. Tipu sent an army under a French general named Lally with a genocidal mission—the extermination of the [Nair](/wiki/Nair \"Nair\") caste from Kottayam to Palakkad – as Tipu was determined to end the menace of Nair rebels in Malabar who had foiled all attempts of him and his late father Hyder Ali to subjugate and exploit Malabar.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=29}}",
"The senior Rajah of Kottayam fled to Travancore fearing the Sultan. But before that, he handed over charge of government to Pazhassi Raja and asked him to save the country from Mysore's onslaught. Given below is the observation made by historian Rajayyan about Pazhassi Raja's resistance to Tipu Sultan after the exodus of Rajas from Malabar in 1788:",
"{{Blockquote\\|Between 1787 and 1788, the ''thampurans'' or Rajahs of Malabar, threatened by the forces of Tipu, fled to Travancore. Among them were the princes of Kottayathu.....The Senior Rajah before his flight summoned Kerala Varma, the youngest prince, and instructed him to protect the country. Accordingly, the latter assembled the inhabitants, retired to the jungles and assisted them in the development of a new homeland. Frequently, in defiance to the authority of the Sultan, he with a band of determined followers issued forth from the woods and levied contributions.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=90}}}}",
"But in 1790, Tipu abandoned the war in Malabar as the war in Deccan drew his attention. Pazhassi Raja joined the East India Company with a force of 1500 [Nairs](/wiki/Nair \"Nair\") to capture the Mysorean stronghold in Katirur (near Talassery).{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=31}} After Katirur, Pazhassi Raja and his troops moved south\\-east and captured the Kuttiyadi fort from Tipu's men.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=32}} Thus once more, the whole of Kottayam was under the control of Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=60}} In 1790, the Company recognised Pazhassi Raja as the head of Kottayam instead of the original Raja who was in refuge at Travancore. Raja agreed to pay 25,000 rupees as tribute to the company. But his struggle with the Mysore troops continued in Wayanad till 1793 when he freed that land also.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"But by the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792\\) signed between the EIC and Tipu after the latter failed in Third Anglo\\-Mysore War, Malabar was ceded to the EIC.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=60}} The East India Company then began to work for the establishment of their supremacy in Malabar.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2013}} This was where the Company administration and Pazhassi Raja had opposite opinions – Pazhassi Raja helped the East India Company not because he was ready to accept Company rule but because he wanted his country Kottayam to be an independent land.Evolution of Kerala History and Culture, Prof. T. K. Gangadharan, 2004, Calicut University Central Cooperative Stores Ltd, No.4347, Calicut University 673,635",
"Pazhassi Raja was disturbed when he heard about the terms which the Company put forward to the Rajas of Malabar in 1792, because the EIC had signed a cowl with him in 1790 which promised to respect the independence of Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=35}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Menon\\|first1\\=A Sreedhara\\|title\\=Kerala Charitrashilpikal\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=DC Books\\|location\\=Kottayam 686 001\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-264\\-1584\\-7\\|page\\=191\\|ref\\=none}} The summary of the East India Company terms in 1792 were as follows:\n* The Raja to be able to rule as before, but the East India Company to control him \"in case of oppressing inhabitants\".\n* A resident to be appointed to enquire about \"complaints of oppression\".\n* Two persons on the part of the company and two persons on the part of the Raja to make valuation of the land revenue of Kottayam.\n* The tax to be paid by each subject to be ascertained.\n* The Raja's tribute to be settled in October 1792 according to the appearance of crop.\n* The EIC share of the pepper to be delivered at a price fixed by their administration in December 1792\\.\n* The remainder of the pepper to be bought only by merchants appointed by the company.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"These terms converted monarchs to mere agents of the East India Company. Rajas were now stripped of their right to rule as they willed; they also lost control over their economies.",
"Kottayam was represented by Vira Varma, uncle of Pazhassi Raja during talks with the East India Company in 1792\\. Vira Varma concluded a treaty with Company \\= by which he accepted all terms and conditions put forward by them.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
""
] |
Resistance to Company rule in India — the Cotiote War
-----------------------------------------------------
[thumb\|left\|250px\|Pazhassi Kudeeram\-a memorial for Pazhassi Raja at his burial spot in Mananthavadi, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district "Wayanad district"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), designed by Architect [Eugene Pandala](/wiki/Eugene_Pandala "Eugene Pandala")](/wiki/Image:PazhassiMemorial.JPG "PazhassiMemorial.JPG")
Pazhassi Raja resisted the East India Company from 1793 onwards till his death in 1805\.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=60}} He fought two wars to resist Company intervention in the domestic affairs of his kingdom. From 1793 to 1797 he fought over the question of the management of Kottayam and from 1800 to 1805 over the issue of who was to be master of Wynad. The East India Company called their wars with Pazhassi Rajah as Cotiote War.
### First revolt (1793–1797\)
Pazhassi Raja was not on good terms with his uncle Vira Varma, Raja of Kurumbranad. In 1793, foxy Vira Varma who had surrendered Kottayam to the EIC back in 1792, convinced Company commissioners to let him collect tax in Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=16}} He calculated that a good collection might please the EIC and that they would let him seize all of Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=38}} The company had by this time adopted a hostile approach to Pazhassi Raja who had consistently refused to accept Company suzerainty and hence they made the obedient Vira Varma head of Kottayam{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=60}} Pazhassi Raja was angry at this move. He felt betrayed.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=91}} After all, he was the only Raja in Northern Malabar to have helped the East India Company consistently in the war with Mysore.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=313}}
Vira Varma Raja, on the one hand, undertook to collect tax in Kottayam directly, but on the other hand, he encouraged Pazhassi Raja to oppose the company's domination. Moreover, the tax imposed by the company was beyond the peasants' capacity to pay. They resisted attempts to collect these taxes by the agents of the East India Company, and Pazhassi Raja took up their cause.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=61}}
In 1793 Pazhassi Raja made sure that no tax was collected in Kottayam by the EIC – as a mark of his protest.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=60}} He also threatened that if Company officials did not give up their enumeration of pepper vines, he would have the vines destroyed.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=91}} Local Company authorities, however, debated with Raja and soon both discovered Vira Varma's deceptions. The East India Company put forward a solution acceptable to the Raja by which 20 percent of gross revenue would go to Raja and another 20 percent would go for temple expenses. No tax would be imposed on temple property in the immediate future.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=42}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=29}}
In 1793 Tipu's Vakils protested to the Company that Pazhassi Raja, who was an EIC subsidiary, had overrun most of Wayanad. Soon the Raja was supreme in the Wayanad Plateau.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=36}}
But the Governor General unwisely revoked the agreement in 1794 and gave Kottayam to Kurumbranad Raja on a five\-year lease.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=91}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=61}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=30}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=43}} The Raja was very angry at this decision and decided to retaliate by ruling his country as per customary law. The year before the lease was concluded the Raja had provided asylum to a Nayar noble, Narangoli Nambiar of the Iruvazinad royal clan, who had been declared an outlaw by the East India Company for the murder of three men who had killed his kinsman. The Raja's kind treatment of Nambiar irritated the EIC.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=62}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=45}} The EIC also became angry that the Raja had executed by impalement two robbers as per customary law.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}} The Company planned to arrest Raja 'for murder' but gave up the idea as the Raja had a bodyguard of 500 well\-armed Wayanad Nayars.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
In 1795, after a year, Vira Varma Raja got Kottayam on lease but was not able to collect tax there due to the efforts of his nephew Raja. So East India Company troops arrived in Kottayam to help Vira Varma's tax collectors, but Pazhassi Raja's men resisted them with success.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=30}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}
In 1796 orders were issued from Bombay to collect tax arrears for 2 years in Kottayam. For the Company administration, no more pretexts were needed to arrest Raja. 300 men under Lieutenant James Gordon marched from Talassery and seized Raja's fortified house at Pazhassi\-but Raja fled four days earlier to Manattana (near Kottiyur). Gordon sacked the palace where traditional treasure of Raja was kept.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=30}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=92}} Raja was angry at Gordon's actions and sent a letter to the Supervisor at Thalassery.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2013}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=62}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=48}}
Raja was also angry that one of his former generals, named [Pazhayamviden Chandu](/wiki/Pazhayamviden_Chandu "Pazhayamviden Chandu"), had become an agent of Kurumbranad Raja and what angered him even more was that this turncoat had the audacity to boss him with Vira Varma's and EIC blessings.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2013}} Raja shifted his HQ to Purali Range and then into Wayanad. Raja then blocked all Company communications between Wayanad and Low Malabar through Kuttiyadi Pass.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=48}} The EIC retaliated by cutting all communications between Raja and Low Malabar. But as they did not have enough troops to chase him they waited for reinforcements.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The East India Company commandant was Colonel Dow, who Raja knew well from the Siege of Thalassery. Raja thought that this old friend might help him mediate with the Company administration. Raja offered to give up the struggle provided he was pardoned and his treasure and house restored.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=92}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=49}} The Colonel and Raja being old soldiers hated needless bloodshed, so he forwarded Raja's request to the Commissioners, who though they were bitterly opposed to Raja's independent style, agreed to the Colonel's request as there was a risk that Raja might ally with Tipu.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=92}}
So Northern Superintendent ordered the restoration of the Raja's house \[but not treasure], and the Raja's pardon was confirmed by the Bombay and Supreme Governments.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=92}} But the orders of government were communicated to the Raja via Vira Varma – which meant that uncle Raja took care not to report to his nephew that the company had agreed to his requests. Uncle Raja had a vested interest in the war between the company and his nephew Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=49}}
Vira Varma also removed [Kaitheri Ambu](/wiki/Kaitheri_Ambu "Kaitheri Ambu"), a favourite noble and general of Raja, from home administration of Kottayam. Ambu along with followers went to Kannavam \[also spelled *Kannavath* and *Kannoth*], where he planned and executed a mass resistance with people's support, which made sure that Vira Varma could make no tax collection in Kottayam. But Ambu acted clearly on guidance of Raja, who felt the expulsion of Ambu was another of his uncle's conspiracies to undermine him.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Raja feared that the East India Company planned to seize him \[not knowing that their truce terms were kept blocked from him by his uncle] and retreated into the depths of Wayanad. Company troop build\-up in Wayanad also amplified his doubts. However, Raja was still eager to avoid a war and came to meet the Northern Superintendent with a bodyguard of 1500 armed Nayars. Vira Varma Raja was also ordered to be present. Pazhassi Raja's main demand was that Kottayam must be under his rule, a demand to which his uncle was not ready to accede.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The EIC Commissioners' attitude also was arrogant; they were already prejudiced against Raja and were therefore blind towards Raja's logical argument that Vira Varma had no business in Kottayam. As talks broke down, the Commissioners' issued a proclamation in Kottayam that if those Kottayam men in service of Raja did not desert him and come home, they would be declared enemies and their properties confiscated.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=92}} But this proclamation had little effect in Kottayam where resistance to Company\-Kurumbranad rule became stronger.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The East India Company, to their horror, found out that a large number of Vira Varma's troops had deserted to join ranks of insurgents{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=92}} and Vira Varma himself was not much interested to help the company; after all his aim was to create a flare\-up between his nephew and the EIC for sake of pure self\-interest.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Raja then visited the Mysorean commandant at Karkankotta in 1796{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=62}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=94}} and in 1797 held an audience with his old enemy Tipu in Mysore, who posted 6000 men at Karkankotta to aid Raja in case of war and to supply ammunition to rebels.{{cite book \|last1\=W. Francis \|title\=The Nilgiris \|year\=1908 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.22380/page/n121 103] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.22380 \|access\-date\=5 September 2019}} He also began to collect troops and armaments. War was imminent. 1200 troops and artillery under a Major General was sent by the Bombay Government to deal with Pazhassi. The company also began to set up outposts in Kottayam and sent more troops to Wayanad.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=32}}
In early 1797, the Nayar militia uprose all over Kottayam{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=63}} and Company outposts were trapped in a true state of siege. Partisan bands became active all over Kottayam and harassed reinforcements and supply convoys. The case was similar in Wayanad where East India Company troops that moved out of the safety of their garrisons risked being harried by Kurichia bowmen. The EIC suffered a good deal of loss in terms of men, ammunition and stores in these ambuscades.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=95}}
#### Victory at Periya Pass
This event was the most important in the whole war. In 1797, Colonel Dow \& force marches into Wayanad. His plan was to block Periya Pass and then crush a large rebel force in Kannoth once their retreat is blocked.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Reinforcements under Lieutenant Mealy were to reach Dow at Periya, but on way they were severely harassed by a force of Nayars and Kurichias and suffered a casualty of 105 men. So instead of Periya they retreated to their original base.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=63}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=58}}
Dow's troops suffered chronic shortage of supplies and so Dow applied for reinforcements and re\-supplies to be sent under Major Anderson of Bowles' regiment. But as Mappila guides of Anderson deserted at last moment. That caused a delay in journey of Anderson\-a delay that had fatal consequence for the EIC.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=59}}
Dow then received news that Tipu had sent sepoys to aid Raja as Tipu considered the Company entry into Wayanad a violation of Seringapatam Pact. Dow decided that he will go to Talassery to consult authorities there and to plan a greater operation to deal with troops of Raja and Tipu simultaneously in Wayanad. He left with a small band of men but was ambushed on way by Raja's men aided by Mysorean sepoys but Dow escaped unhurt.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=63}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=59}}
The day after he left, an EIC force of 1100 under Major Cameroon in Periya decided to descend into Kottayam via Periya Pass as their supplies have exhausted.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=64}}
But what they did not know was that Raja who learned of the true state of the Company expeditionary force laid a trap for them\-he ordered troops lay concealed in camouflaged stockades built on both sides of the pass. Once the whole Company force entered the narrow pass, hidden troops were to pounce on their enemy who must be caught unawares.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=314}}
Plan worked well and what followed was great slaughter of the Company force.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=95}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=64}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=19}} Had it not been for the arrival of Major Anderson's force the following day, hardly any would have survived due to lack of medical care. Most of the enemy were killed and all their guns, ammunition, baggage and cattle were plundered along with Union colours. Senior Company officers like Major Cameroon, Lieutenant Nugent, Lieutenant Madge, and Lieutenant Rudderman were killed in action.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=60}}
Around this time, Commissioners took a decision on the advice of Swaminatha Pattar, a Tamil Brahmin who was the minister of Zamorin that sowed the eventual downfall of Pazhassi Raja. They decided to raise an irregular force of local traitors to harass Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=60}} This force was a forerunner of the Kolkar,{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=64}} who became hated because of their support of the company and cruelty to resisters and people.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
But for time being, Raja was in a strong position.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=64}} On account of the disasters suffered by their army, Bombay Government sent a Committee of Government composed of men of highest ranks\-Commander\-In\-Chief Lieutenant\-General Stuart and Governor Jonathan Duncan.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=32}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=60}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=315}} They decided to make peace as they were anxious that guerrilla warfare in a mountainous and forested terrain could last long and that Raja might join forces with Tipu or French. They also decided that Kurumbranad Raja Vira Varma should be ousted from administration of Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=60}} Rajas of Chirakkal and Parappanad acted as mediators in negotiation between Raja and the East India Company{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=32}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=95}} and a peace pact was signed between Pazhassi and the Company in 1797\.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=315}}
The Treaty of 1797 agreed on following points:{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=95}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=64}}
* Pazhassi Raja was to be 'pardoned'.
* He will be returned his treasure.
* He will be provided an annual allowance of 8000 rupees.
* He will be given back his confiscated house at Pazhassi.
* Ravi Varma, elder brother of Pazhassi Raja will be head of Kottayam.
A pardon and restoration of property was also extended to Narangoli Nambiar of Iruvazinad.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=72}}
Thus Raja's efforts of four years ended in a political victory. Peace dawned after four years of antagonism and war.
Tipu Sultan in his letter to French government notes with glee that East India Company had lost 1,000 European soldiers and 3,000 native sepoys in four years of war between the [Presidency armies](/wiki/Presidency_armies "Presidency armies") and Kottayam army.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=60}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=20}}
### Undeclared hostilities (1797–1800\)
Despite the peace treaty of 1797, real peace did not emerge between Pazhassi Raja and the East India Company. Skirmishes continued across Kottayam. The main reason for this was that the Company did not attempt to end its efforts to annex Kottayam and collect tax. But this was successfully foiled by partisans of Pazhassi Raja headed by Kaitheri Ambu.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=77}} Pazhassi Raja also went ahead with his policy of defiance of East India Company directions, continued with his military enlargement program and even shifted his seat of power to Mananthavadi in Wayanad – all of which were deemed as "injurious to interests of Company in Kottayam" by Colonel Dow, the Company representative in Kottayam. But since Raja clearly had the upper hand since the victory of 1797, the East India Company was powerless to put an end to his activities.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=73}}
### Second revolt and death (1800–1805\)
After the fall of Tipu, Wayanad fell to the East India Company. They sent a Mysore Commission to seize Wayanad and planned to annex it to either Canara or Coimbatore.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=78}} But as Wayanad was a traditional possession of Kottayam Raja and Pazhassi had been in control of this region since 1793, Pazhassi interpreted the move as an encroachment on his country's ancient provinces. Raja retaliated by collecting a large force of Nayars which was now supplemented by Mappilas and Pathans,{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=83}} latter being ex\-soldiers of Tipu who became unemployed after Tipu's death.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=315}}
The Company administration at Madras appointed Major General [Arthur Wellesley](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington") as the Presidency army commandant of Mysore, Canara \& Malabar.
He planned a double\-pronged move from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad and began preparations for that end.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=83}} Raja observed Major General\-latter had brought reinforcements and building roads in Wayanad and outposts across rebel country. In response, Raja also recruited numerous men which so alarmed Wellesley that latter even wanted to kidnap kith and kin of rebels so as to check Raja's recruitment.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}
Raja learned that Wellesley had left to Deccan on a military mission\-Raja who understood that Major General's absence is a great chance swiftly made his move. He marched across Kuttiyadi Pass and below he made a junction with Unni Mootha Mooppan, a Walluvanad Mappila leader \& his men and soon several great nobles like Kampuratt Nambiar of Iruvazhinad, Peruvayal Nambiar and [Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar](/wiki/Kannavath_Sankaran_Nambiar "Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar") also joined Raja with their men.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=84}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=175}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=66}}
By monsoon of 1800, rebels who controlled all of country\-side of Kottayam threatened to overwhelm Company outposts in Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=315}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=85}} Wellesley sent a large force under Colonel Sartorius to recapture rebel\-held Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=175}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=85}} But the plan could not be carried out as there were not enough troops in Malabar. Wellesley advised Commissioners to stop all communications with Wayanad so as to starve Raja of supplies.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=89}} But the shortage of troops also meant this plan too remained on paper. By the time, Wellesley decided to smash Raja by a double drive from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad, Manjeri Athan Gurikkal an Ernad Mappila leader along with his followers agreed to support of Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
By 1801, a large East India Company force of over 10,000 men swarmed all over Kottayam and Wayanad and they blocked all passes that linked Wayanad{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=68}} with Malabar. Before so large numbers, rebels thought wise to go under\-ground for time being. Raja also found that he could no longer contact his supporters in Southern Wayanad and Southern Malabar.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=180}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=90}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}} Raja became a wanderer in forests but even then, to surprise of the East India Company, he ruled out compromise it seems he understood that there was no alternative to full freedom.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Raja had six close aides and 25 musketeers in his wanderings.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}} First, he went north via Payyavur along montane forests of eastern Chirakkal to rally support.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=187}} But the EIC were on his trail but failed to catch him. Raja then visited his secret bases in Kottayam{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=187}} and then moved into Kadathanad and into jungles of Kurumbranad.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=68}} The East India Company were angered that where ever he went, nobles supported him in secret and decided to punish them for their help to rebel Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=93}}
As a part of their policies to quell the rebellion, Peruvayal Nambiar who was arrested was hanged. The East India Company also threatened to issue a penalty and confiscation of property for all those rebels who failed to surrender in six weeks time. But a pardon was also issued for surrendered rebels. But none of these threats and temptations worked and Raja was still at large. But some of his chief supporters were arrested of whom Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar was most famous. Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar and his son were hanged too and their property was confiscated.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=192}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=34}}
Following execution of Kannavath Nambiar, a deceptive calm descended on North Malabar\-calm before the storm. Collector Major MacLeod believed that war was over and went ahead with his charged duties. He immediately declared total disarmament of Malabar{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=101}} and threatened those who kept arms with the death penalty. He also doubled the rate of tax and ordered a reassessment of tax of whole Malabar in a mere forty days.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=103}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=282}}
All these 'reforms' paid back in 1803 when Malabar was on verge of revolt as people quickly became incensed.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=103}} MacLeod tried to calm this with corrective measure\-He cancelled all his 'reforms' and old system was reinstated. But it was too late for Wayanad where Raja's men were prepared for a rebellion.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
#### Capture of Panamaram Fort
[thumb\|250px\|Remains of the Moat surrounded the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification "Fortification"). Now it is almost covered with creepers and bushes, Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district "Wayanad district"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Moat_around_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG "Moat around Panamaram fort site.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Koli tree near the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification "Fortification"). Talakkal Chandu was executed somewhere near this tree., Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district "Wayanad district"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Koli_tree_near_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG "Koli tree near Panamaram fort site.JPG")
The first major event was the capture of [Panamaram](/wiki/Panamaram "Panamaram") Fort. Edachena Kungan Nair planned the operation and was helped by 150 Kurichia bowmen under Talakkal Chandu. Fort had 70 men under Captain Dickenson and there was a large force of 360 men under Major Drummond only a few miles away in Pulinjali.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=103}} So if Major came to help Captain in time Kurichia force would be overwhelmed by gun\-fire and numbers. But Kungan and Chandu decided to take risk.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The whole garrison was slaughtered in the surprise attack led by the two generals and they lost only 5 dead and 10 wounded. Dickenson himself was killed.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=21}} Rebels got 112 muskets, six boxes of ammunition and 6000 rupees. They also destroyed the whole fort.(The remains of the fort can be seen now near Panamaram High School).{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}}
Wellesley was enraged at this rebel audacity and dispatched 500 men to retaliate. But by then rebel victory had roused all of Wayanad and Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}} Edachena Kungan, the hero of Panamaram success, went to Pulpally shrine and issued a proclamation to people to join Raja's war.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=282}} 3000 men volunteered.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}} They were posted at Valliyurkav at Mananthavadi, Motimjarra \[?], and Edappally and 100 of them under the brother of Kungan posted themselves at Periya Pass and 25 men were posted at Kottiyur Pass. Rebel outposts were set up en route from Dindimal to Valliyurkav. The rebel army was mostly composed of archers and swordsmen, but some had muskets.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=104}}
Edachena Kungan Nair led an attack on a Company detachment headed from Mysore to Mananthavadi. The harassment began once this force entered Wayanad till it reached a stream between Manathavadi and Bhavully river. There they were blocked by a rebel force entrenched on the opposite side of the stream. But to ill luck of rebels, a reinforcement which had caught up with blocked Company army outflanked the rebel entrenchment and took a large number of [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war").{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Besides, East India Company reinforcements arrived in Wayanad from all directions. But they could find rebels nowhere.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}
The rebels now concentrated in Kottayam. In 1802, they raided a supplies convoy near Kottiyur.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}} The Company administration were frustrated by Kottayam people's total lack of co\-operation. To add to their trouble, in 1803, a rebel force took to field in Kurumbranad\* \& Payyormala\*{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}} and people were sympathetic to rebels.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=106}} Kungan marched towards Pazhassi to wipe out the Company outpost there but had to retreat, though they suffered serious losses. Soon rebellion spread into Chirakkal where armed bands of partisans launched operations and often fought against the Presidency troops openly. Raja's army by end of 1803 was ranging as far as Kannur and Thalasseri.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=21}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=111}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=70}} An estimated 3350 partisans of Pazhassi Raja took part in this operation that extended south as far as Ernad.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}}
In March 1803, a rebel force marched as far as Calicut and captured Sub\-Jail where they killed all guards and seized their firearms and ammunition.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=106}} They also released prisoners, many of whom joined ranks of the rebel army.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=21}} This was too much for MacLeod and he resigned immediately after this event.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=107}}
In 1803, Wellesley left for Europe, after three years of inconclusive war with Pazhassi Raja, later destined to become Duke of Wellington, vanquisher of Napoleon at Waterloo.Historical preface of Kerala Simham, Sardar KM Panikker, \[1941], DC Books, 2008 Edition, Kottayam 686,001
In 1803, the East India Company had 8,147 soldiers to fight Pazhassi Raja. But as the situation was slipping out of control, the EIC military command in Malabar requested for another 5,000 men. This reinforcement arrived in early 1804 and thus increasing their total force to 13,000 men.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=70}}
In 1804, a large Presidency army arrived and 1200 Kolkar were also ready for action.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=111}} Most importantly Thomas Hervey Baber, a civil servant was appointed as Sub\-Collector.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=35}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=112}} It was he who crushed Pazhassi's Revolt forever. It is indeed ironic that what a military genius like Wellesley could not attain, was achieved by Baber – said to be just a 'civil servant.' Baber had both a personal motive – to avenge the death of his friend Major Cameron, the first husband of his wife Helen Somerville Fearon at the hand of Pazhassi Raja on 9 January 1797 at Periya Pass. Baber became a civil servant to protect the interests of a small but influential group of merchants that included his in\-laws – the Inglis and Money families of Bombay. It is noteworthy that Baber's son Henry Fearon Baber married the Granddaughter of George Harris, 1st Baron Srirangapattam and the nemesis of Tipu Sultan.
In 1804, a huge rising led by Kalyat Nambiar \[a powerful Chirakkal noble but Raja's sympathiser] and Raja's men in largely forested eastern Chirakkal was defeated by the company.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=111}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=317}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=286}} If there was large and long revolt warfare in Chirakkal, it would have immensely profited Raja. Though there was a lot of supporters of Raja in Chirakkal, as revolt collapsed fast as rebels opted for open confrontation instead of time\-honoured guerrilla warfare. Another cause for the failure of revolt was treacherous Kolkar also served their White pay\-masters well.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
So once more rebel force had retreated to Wayanad. They were hotly chased by East India Company who had 2000 Sepoys and 1000 allied Kolkars. A reward of 3000 pagodas was offered for Raja along with 1000 Pagodas for Edachena Kungan and bounties were put on heads of 10 other associates of Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
But rebels, mostly Kurumbas, struck at Churikunji \[?] in Wayanad.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=119}} Though they had to withdraw, they had devastated their enemy. That year, a party of Kolkar nearly caught Raja but he escaped thanks to timely warning of a Kurumba guard.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=36}}
But monsoon and brutal climate of Wayanad soon aided Raja. Of 1300 Kolkar only 170 were not sick by October.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=120}} Raja and Edachena Kungan organised a large force of Kurichias and Kurumbas at Pulpally shrine and positioned them to as far as Kurichiyat.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=119}} Also, the effort of Kungan to rally Nayar nobles of Wayanad to support Raja's war\-effort had also succeeded.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The EIC for past couple of years did not have to suffer the loss on a scale of Periya in 1797, but matters were not easy for the Company at all. Even in Kottayam which had become quiet might explode once more and a large rebel force with Raja as the head was still at large. But one must remember that the whole revolt is a one\-man show as Wellesley himself remarked once\-“*We are not fighting 1000 men \[Raja's army] ... but one man ... Kerala Varma*.”\-Raja's end would mean end of revolt.
#### Betrayal and death
T.H. Baber went to Mysore to direct operations himself and began a large search for informants and traitors. The East India Company themselves admitted that they did not get a lot of informants as locals were devoted to Raja, but some of those few informants proved devastating to revolt\-one of them a Chetti, found out where Raja had camped and informed Baber who took to field with 100 Kolkar and 50 Sepoys.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=121}}
There is one school of thought that blames Pazhayamviden Chandu as solely responsible for fall of Raja and end of his revolt.{{sfnp\|Ramachandran\|2008\|p\=95}} Pazhayamviden worked with the East India Company administration as an "adviser" like Pallore Eman, but in reality, spied for Raja. But in autumn of 1805 Pazhayamviden decided to betray all military secrets of his master for a large sum of money.
In light of the above points, it will not be far\-fetched to believe that Chetti who guided Company troops to Raja's hideout mentioned by Baber in his letter could be a servant or agent of Pazhayamviden Chandu.
On 30 November 1805, Raja and retainers were camped close to Karnataka on the shore of a stream named Mavila or Mavila Tod \[not far from Pulpally]. Raja and party were caught by surprise and an intense but short fight followed. Six rebels were killed. One of the earliest rebels to be killed was Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
But evidently, wounded Raja did live long enough for a few more minutes to raise his loaded gun and then tell Canara Menon, an East India Company minor official, not to come too close to his dying body and pollute it.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=123}} Raja's contempt and sarcasm for a man who chose to serve unclean foreigner are evident. But it also showed his uncompromising stand towards collaborators and foreign invaders.
The precise nature of Raja's death is controversial. Folklore insists that he committed suicide by swallowing a diamond ring to avoid capture after he was wounded{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=15}} but Baber says he was killed by a clerk named Canara Menon.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} W. J. Wilson, who wrote on the history of the Madras Regiment, credits Captain Clafam and his six sepoys for killing. This third version is more likely as Baber was not on good terms with military authority throughout the war. He is alleged to have credited Menon so as to deny credit to Clafam and his superior Colonel Hill.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=126}}
Kunjani, the wife of Raja who was taken the prisoner, committed suicide in captivity at Kappanaveedu, near Thalassery. As reprisal on his family, property was confiscated and the palace at Pazhassi was demolished and replaced with a highway.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=27}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=52}}{{sfnp\|Ramachandran\|2008\|p\=95}} The sorry state of his family aroused sympathy in local Thiyyas, who were loyal followers and built a new house for his family.{{cite book\|last1\=Elayavoor\|first1\=Vanidas\|title\=Vadakkan Aitihyamala\|date\=2002\|publisher\=Current Books\|location\=Kottayam\|isbn\=8124003963\|page\=108\|edition\=4th}}
|
[
"Resistance to Company rule in India — the Cotiote War\n-----------------------------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Pazhassi Kudeeram\\-a memorial for Pazhassi Raja at his burial spot in Mananthavadi, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district \"Wayanad district\"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), designed by Architect [Eugene Pandala](/wiki/Eugene_Pandala \"Eugene Pandala\")](/wiki/Image:PazhassiMemorial.JPG \"PazhassiMemorial.JPG\")",
"Pazhassi Raja resisted the East India Company from 1793 onwards till his death in 1805\\.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=60}} He fought two wars to resist Company intervention in the domestic affairs of his kingdom. From 1793 to 1797 he fought over the question of the management of Kottayam and from 1800 to 1805 over the issue of who was to be master of Wynad. The East India Company called their wars with Pazhassi Rajah as Cotiote War.",
"### First revolt (1793–1797\\)",
"Pazhassi Raja was not on good terms with his uncle Vira Varma, Raja of Kurumbranad. In 1793, foxy Vira Varma who had surrendered Kottayam to the EIC back in 1792, convinced Company commissioners to let him collect tax in Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=16}} He calculated that a good collection might please the EIC and that they would let him seize all of Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=38}} The company had by this time adopted a hostile approach to Pazhassi Raja who had consistently refused to accept Company suzerainty and hence they made the obedient Vira Varma head of Kottayam{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=60}} Pazhassi Raja was angry at this move. He felt betrayed.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=91}} After all, he was the only Raja in Northern Malabar to have helped the East India Company consistently in the war with Mysore.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=313}}",
"Vira Varma Raja, on the one hand, undertook to collect tax in Kottayam directly, but on the other hand, he encouraged Pazhassi Raja to oppose the company's domination. Moreover, the tax imposed by the company was beyond the peasants' capacity to pay. They resisted attempts to collect these taxes by the agents of the East India Company, and Pazhassi Raja took up their cause.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=61}}",
"In 1793 Pazhassi Raja made sure that no tax was collected in Kottayam by the EIC – as a mark of his protest.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=60}} He also threatened that if Company officials did not give up their enumeration of pepper vines, he would have the vines destroyed.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=91}} Local Company authorities, however, debated with Raja and soon both discovered Vira Varma's deceptions. The East India Company put forward a solution acceptable to the Raja by which 20 percent of gross revenue would go to Raja and another 20 percent would go for temple expenses. No tax would be imposed on temple property in the immediate future.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=42}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=29}}",
"In 1793 Tipu's Vakils protested to the Company that Pazhassi Raja, who was an EIC subsidiary, had overrun most of Wayanad. Soon the Raja was supreme in the Wayanad Plateau.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=36}}",
"But the Governor General unwisely revoked the agreement in 1794 and gave Kottayam to Kurumbranad Raja on a five\\-year lease.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=91}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=61}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=30}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=43}} The Raja was very angry at this decision and decided to retaliate by ruling his country as per customary law. The year before the lease was concluded the Raja had provided asylum to a Nayar noble, Narangoli Nambiar of the Iruvazinad royal clan, who had been declared an outlaw by the East India Company for the murder of three men who had killed his kinsman. The Raja's kind treatment of Nambiar irritated the EIC.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=62}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=45}} The EIC also became angry that the Raja had executed by impalement two robbers as per customary law.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}} The Company planned to arrest Raja 'for murder' but gave up the idea as the Raja had a bodyguard of 500 well\\-armed Wayanad Nayars.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"In 1795, after a year, Vira Varma Raja got Kottayam on lease but was not able to collect tax there due to the efforts of his nephew Raja. So East India Company troops arrived in Kottayam to help Vira Varma's tax collectors, but Pazhassi Raja's men resisted them with success.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=30}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}",
"In 1796 orders were issued from Bombay to collect tax arrears for 2 years in Kottayam. For the Company administration, no more pretexts were needed to arrest Raja. 300 men under Lieutenant James Gordon marched from Talassery and seized Raja's fortified house at Pazhassi\\-but Raja fled four days earlier to Manattana (near Kottiyur). Gordon sacked the palace where traditional treasure of Raja was kept.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=30}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=92}} Raja was angry at Gordon's actions and sent a letter to the Supervisor at Thalassery.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2013}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=62}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=48}}",
"Raja was also angry that one of his former generals, named [Pazhayamviden Chandu](/wiki/Pazhayamviden_Chandu \"Pazhayamviden Chandu\"), had become an agent of Kurumbranad Raja and what angered him even more was that this turncoat had the audacity to boss him with Vira Varma's and EIC blessings.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2013}} Raja shifted his HQ to Purali Range and then into Wayanad. Raja then blocked all Company communications between Wayanad and Low Malabar through Kuttiyadi Pass.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=48}} The EIC retaliated by cutting all communications between Raja and Low Malabar. But as they did not have enough troops to chase him they waited for reinforcements.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The East India Company commandant was Colonel Dow, who Raja knew well from the Siege of Thalassery. Raja thought that this old friend might help him mediate with the Company administration. Raja offered to give up the struggle provided he was pardoned and his treasure and house restored.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=92}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=49}} The Colonel and Raja being old soldiers hated needless bloodshed, so he forwarded Raja's request to the Commissioners, who though they were bitterly opposed to Raja's independent style, agreed to the Colonel's request as there was a risk that Raja might ally with Tipu.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=92}}",
"So Northern Superintendent ordered the restoration of the Raja's house \\[but not treasure], and the Raja's pardon was confirmed by the Bombay and Supreme Governments.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=92}} But the orders of government were communicated to the Raja via Vira Varma – which meant that uncle Raja took care not to report to his nephew that the company had agreed to his requests. Uncle Raja had a vested interest in the war between the company and his nephew Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=49}}",
"Vira Varma also removed [Kaitheri Ambu](/wiki/Kaitheri_Ambu \"Kaitheri Ambu\"), a favourite noble and general of Raja, from home administration of Kottayam. Ambu along with followers went to Kannavam \\[also spelled *Kannavath* and *Kannoth*], where he planned and executed a mass resistance with people's support, which made sure that Vira Varma could make no tax collection in Kottayam. But Ambu acted clearly on guidance of Raja, who felt the expulsion of Ambu was another of his uncle's conspiracies to undermine him.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Raja feared that the East India Company planned to seize him \\[not knowing that their truce terms were kept blocked from him by his uncle] and retreated into the depths of Wayanad. Company troop build\\-up in Wayanad also amplified his doubts. However, Raja was still eager to avoid a war and came to meet the Northern Superintendent with a bodyguard of 1500 armed Nayars. Vira Varma Raja was also ordered to be present. Pazhassi Raja's main demand was that Kottayam must be under his rule, a demand to which his uncle was not ready to accede.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The EIC Commissioners' attitude also was arrogant; they were already prejudiced against Raja and were therefore blind towards Raja's logical argument that Vira Varma had no business in Kottayam. As talks broke down, the Commissioners' issued a proclamation in Kottayam that if those Kottayam men in service of Raja did not desert him and come home, they would be declared enemies and their properties confiscated.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=92}} But this proclamation had little effect in Kottayam where resistance to Company\\-Kurumbranad rule became stronger.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The East India Company, to their horror, found out that a large number of Vira Varma's troops had deserted to join ranks of insurgents{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=92}} and Vira Varma himself was not much interested to help the company; after all his aim was to create a flare\\-up between his nephew and the EIC for sake of pure self\\-interest.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Raja then visited the Mysorean commandant at Karkankotta in 1796{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=62}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=94}} and in 1797 held an audience with his old enemy Tipu in Mysore, who posted 6000 men at Karkankotta to aid Raja in case of war and to supply ammunition to rebels.{{cite book \\|last1\\=W. Francis \\|title\\=The Nilgiris \\|year\\=1908 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.22380/page/n121 103] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.22380 \\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2019}} He also began to collect troops and armaments. War was imminent. 1200 troops and artillery under a Major General was sent by the Bombay Government to deal with Pazhassi. The company also began to set up outposts in Kottayam and sent more troops to Wayanad.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=32}}",
"In early 1797, the Nayar militia uprose all over Kottayam{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=63}} and Company outposts were trapped in a true state of siege. Partisan bands became active all over Kottayam and harassed reinforcements and supply convoys. The case was similar in Wayanad where East India Company troops that moved out of the safety of their garrisons risked being harried by Kurichia bowmen. The EIC suffered a good deal of loss in terms of men, ammunition and stores in these ambuscades.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=95}}",
"#### Victory at Periya Pass",
"This event was the most important in the whole war. In 1797, Colonel Dow \\& force marches into Wayanad. His plan was to block Periya Pass and then crush a large rebel force in Kannoth once their retreat is blocked.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Reinforcements under Lieutenant Mealy were to reach Dow at Periya, but on way they were severely harassed by a force of Nayars and Kurichias and suffered a casualty of 105 men. So instead of Periya they retreated to their original base.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=63}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=58}}",
"Dow's troops suffered chronic shortage of supplies and so Dow applied for reinforcements and re\\-supplies to be sent under Major Anderson of Bowles' regiment. But as Mappila guides of Anderson deserted at last moment. That caused a delay in journey of Anderson\\-a delay that had fatal consequence for the EIC.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=59}}",
"Dow then received news that Tipu had sent sepoys to aid Raja as Tipu considered the Company entry into Wayanad a violation of Seringapatam Pact. Dow decided that he will go to Talassery to consult authorities there and to plan a greater operation to deal with troops of Raja and Tipu simultaneously in Wayanad. He left with a small band of men but was ambushed on way by Raja's men aided by Mysorean sepoys but Dow escaped unhurt.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=63}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=59}}",
"The day after he left, an EIC force of 1100 under Major Cameroon in Periya decided to descend into Kottayam via Periya Pass as their supplies have exhausted.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=64}}",
"But what they did not know was that Raja who learned of the true state of the Company expeditionary force laid a trap for them\\-he ordered troops lay concealed in camouflaged stockades built on both sides of the pass. Once the whole Company force entered the narrow pass, hidden troops were to pounce on their enemy who must be caught unawares.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=314}}",
"Plan worked well and what followed was great slaughter of the Company force.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=95}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=64}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=19}} Had it not been for the arrival of Major Anderson's force the following day, hardly any would have survived due to lack of medical care. Most of the enemy were killed and all their guns, ammunition, baggage and cattle were plundered along with Union colours. Senior Company officers like Major Cameroon, Lieutenant Nugent, Lieutenant Madge, and Lieutenant Rudderman were killed in action.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=60}}",
"Around this time, Commissioners took a decision on the advice of Swaminatha Pattar, a Tamil Brahmin who was the minister of Zamorin that sowed the eventual downfall of Pazhassi Raja. They decided to raise an irregular force of local traitors to harass Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=60}} This force was a forerunner of the Kolkar,{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=64}} who became hated because of their support of the company and cruelty to resisters and people.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"But for time being, Raja was in a strong position.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=64}} On account of the disasters suffered by their army, Bombay Government sent a Committee of Government composed of men of highest ranks\\-Commander\\-In\\-Chief Lieutenant\\-General Stuart and Governor Jonathan Duncan.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=32}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=60}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=315}} They decided to make peace as they were anxious that guerrilla warfare in a mountainous and forested terrain could last long and that Raja might join forces with Tipu or French. They also decided that Kurumbranad Raja Vira Varma should be ousted from administration of Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=60}} Rajas of Chirakkal and Parappanad acted as mediators in negotiation between Raja and the East India Company{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=32}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=95}} and a peace pact was signed between Pazhassi and the Company in 1797\\.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=315}}",
"The Treaty of 1797 agreed on following points:{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=95}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=64}}\n* Pazhassi Raja was to be 'pardoned'.\n* He will be returned his treasure.\n* He will be provided an annual allowance of 8000 rupees.\n* He will be given back his confiscated house at Pazhassi.\n* Ravi Varma, elder brother of Pazhassi Raja will be head of Kottayam.",
"A pardon and restoration of property was also extended to Narangoli Nambiar of Iruvazinad.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=72}}",
"Thus Raja's efforts of four years ended in a political victory. Peace dawned after four years of antagonism and war.",
"Tipu Sultan in his letter to French government notes with glee that East India Company had lost 1,000 European soldiers and 3,000 native sepoys in four years of war between the [Presidency armies](/wiki/Presidency_armies \"Presidency armies\") and Kottayam army.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=60}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=20}}",
"### Undeclared hostilities (1797–1800\\)",
"Despite the peace treaty of 1797, real peace did not emerge between Pazhassi Raja and the East India Company. Skirmishes continued across Kottayam. The main reason for this was that the Company did not attempt to end its efforts to annex Kottayam and collect tax. But this was successfully foiled by partisans of Pazhassi Raja headed by Kaitheri Ambu.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=77}} Pazhassi Raja also went ahead with his policy of defiance of East India Company directions, continued with his military enlargement program and even shifted his seat of power to Mananthavadi in Wayanad – all of which were deemed as \"injurious to interests of Company in Kottayam\" by Colonel Dow, the Company representative in Kottayam. But since Raja clearly had the upper hand since the victory of 1797, the East India Company was powerless to put an end to his activities.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=73}}",
"### Second revolt and death (1800–1805\\)",
"After the fall of Tipu, Wayanad fell to the East India Company. They sent a Mysore Commission to seize Wayanad and planned to annex it to either Canara or Coimbatore.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=78}} But as Wayanad was a traditional possession of Kottayam Raja and Pazhassi had been in control of this region since 1793, Pazhassi interpreted the move as an encroachment on his country's ancient provinces. Raja retaliated by collecting a large force of Nayars which was now supplemented by Mappilas and Pathans,{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=83}} latter being ex\\-soldiers of Tipu who became unemployed after Tipu's death.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=315}}",
"The Company administration at Madras appointed Major General [Arthur Wellesley](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\") as the Presidency army commandant of Mysore, Canara \\& Malabar.",
"He planned a double\\-pronged move from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad and began preparations for that end.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=83}} Raja observed Major General\\-latter had brought reinforcements and building roads in Wayanad and outposts across rebel country. In response, Raja also recruited numerous men which so alarmed Wellesley that latter even wanted to kidnap kith and kin of rebels so as to check Raja's recruitment.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}",
"Raja learned that Wellesley had left to Deccan on a military mission\\-Raja who understood that Major General's absence is a great chance swiftly made his move. He marched across Kuttiyadi Pass and below he made a junction with Unni Mootha Mooppan, a Walluvanad Mappila leader \\& his men and soon several great nobles like Kampuratt Nambiar of Iruvazhinad, Peruvayal Nambiar and [Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar](/wiki/Kannavath_Sankaran_Nambiar \"Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar\") also joined Raja with their men.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=84}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=175}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=66}}",
"By monsoon of 1800, rebels who controlled all of country\\-side of Kottayam threatened to overwhelm Company outposts in Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=315}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=85}} Wellesley sent a large force under Colonel Sartorius to recapture rebel\\-held Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=175}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=85}} But the plan could not be carried out as there were not enough troops in Malabar. Wellesley advised Commissioners to stop all communications with Wayanad so as to starve Raja of supplies.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=89}} But the shortage of troops also meant this plan too remained on paper. By the time, Wellesley decided to smash Raja by a double drive from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad, Manjeri Athan Gurikkal an Ernad Mappila leader along with his followers agreed to support of Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"By 1801, a large East India Company force of over 10,000 men swarmed all over Kottayam and Wayanad and they blocked all passes that linked Wayanad{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=68}} with Malabar. Before so large numbers, rebels thought wise to go under\\-ground for time being. Raja also found that he could no longer contact his supporters in Southern Wayanad and Southern Malabar.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=180}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=90}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}} Raja became a wanderer in forests but even then, to surprise of the East India Company, he ruled out compromise it seems he understood that there was no alternative to full freedom.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Raja had six close aides and 25 musketeers in his wanderings.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}} First, he went north via Payyavur along montane forests of eastern Chirakkal to rally support.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=187}} But the EIC were on his trail but failed to catch him. Raja then visited his secret bases in Kottayam{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=187}} and then moved into Kadathanad and into jungles of Kurumbranad.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=68}} The East India Company were angered that where ever he went, nobles supported him in secret and decided to punish them for their help to rebel Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=93}}",
"As a part of their policies to quell the rebellion, Peruvayal Nambiar who was arrested was hanged. The East India Company also threatened to issue a penalty and confiscation of property for all those rebels who failed to surrender in six weeks time. But a pardon was also issued for surrendered rebels. But none of these threats and temptations worked and Raja was still at large. But some of his chief supporters were arrested of whom Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar was most famous. Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar and his son were hanged too and their property was confiscated.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=192}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=34}}",
"Following execution of Kannavath Nambiar, a deceptive calm descended on North Malabar\\-calm before the storm. Collector Major MacLeod believed that war was over and went ahead with his charged duties. He immediately declared total disarmament of Malabar{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=101}} and threatened those who kept arms with the death penalty. He also doubled the rate of tax and ordered a reassessment of tax of whole Malabar in a mere forty days.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=103}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=282}}",
"All these 'reforms' paid back in 1803 when Malabar was on verge of revolt as people quickly became incensed.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} MacLeod tried to calm this with corrective measure\\-He cancelled all his 'reforms' and old system was reinstated. But it was too late for Wayanad where Raja's men were prepared for a rebellion.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"#### Capture of Panamaram Fort",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Remains of the Moat surrounded the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification \"Fortification\"). Now it is almost covered with creepers and bushes, Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district \"Wayanad district\"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Moat_around_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG \"Moat around Panamaram fort site.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Koli tree near the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification \"Fortification\"). Talakkal Chandu was executed somewhere near this tree., Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district \"Wayanad district\"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Koli_tree_near_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG \"Koli tree near Panamaram fort site.JPG\")\nThe first major event was the capture of [Panamaram](/wiki/Panamaram \"Panamaram\") Fort. Edachena Kungan Nair planned the operation and was helped by 150 Kurichia bowmen under Talakkal Chandu. Fort had 70 men under Captain Dickenson and there was a large force of 360 men under Major Drummond only a few miles away in Pulinjali.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} So if Major came to help Captain in time Kurichia force would be overwhelmed by gun\\-fire and numbers. But Kungan and Chandu decided to take risk.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The whole garrison was slaughtered in the surprise attack led by the two generals and they lost only 5 dead and 10 wounded. Dickenson himself was killed.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=21}} Rebels got 112 muskets, six boxes of ammunition and 6000 rupees. They also destroyed the whole fort.(The remains of the fort can be seen now near Panamaram High School).{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}}",
"Wellesley was enraged at this rebel audacity and dispatched 500 men to retaliate. But by then rebel victory had roused all of Wayanad and Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}} Edachena Kungan, the hero of Panamaram success, went to Pulpally shrine and issued a proclamation to people to join Raja's war.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=282}} 3000 men volunteered.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}} They were posted at Valliyurkav at Mananthavadi, Motimjarra \\[?], and Edappally and 100 of them under the brother of Kungan posted themselves at Periya Pass and 25 men were posted at Kottiyur Pass. Rebel outposts were set up en route from Dindimal to Valliyurkav. The rebel army was mostly composed of archers and swordsmen, but some had muskets.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=104}}",
"Edachena Kungan Nair led an attack on a Company detachment headed from Mysore to Mananthavadi. The harassment began once this force entered Wayanad till it reached a stream between Manathavadi and Bhavully river. There they were blocked by a rebel force entrenched on the opposite side of the stream. But to ill luck of rebels, a reinforcement which had caught up with blocked Company army outflanked the rebel entrenchment and took a large number of [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\").{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Besides, East India Company reinforcements arrived in Wayanad from all directions. But they could find rebels nowhere.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}",
"The rebels now concentrated in Kottayam. In 1802, they raided a supplies convoy near Kottiyur.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}} The Company administration were frustrated by Kottayam people's total lack of co\\-operation. To add to their trouble, in 1803, a rebel force took to field in Kurumbranad\\* \\& Payyormala\\*{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}} and people were sympathetic to rebels.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=106}} Kungan marched towards Pazhassi to wipe out the Company outpost there but had to retreat, though they suffered serious losses. Soon rebellion spread into Chirakkal where armed bands of partisans launched operations and often fought against the Presidency troops openly. Raja's army by end of 1803 was ranging as far as Kannur and Thalasseri.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=21}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=111}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=70}} An estimated 3350 partisans of Pazhassi Raja took part in this operation that extended south as far as Ernad.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}}",
"In March 1803, a rebel force marched as far as Calicut and captured Sub\\-Jail where they killed all guards and seized their firearms and ammunition.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=106}} They also released prisoners, many of whom joined ranks of the rebel army.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=21}} This was too much for MacLeod and he resigned immediately after this event.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=107}}",
"In 1803, Wellesley left for Europe, after three years of inconclusive war with Pazhassi Raja, later destined to become Duke of Wellington, vanquisher of Napoleon at Waterloo.Historical preface of Kerala Simham, Sardar KM Panikker, \\[1941], DC Books, 2008 Edition, Kottayam 686,001",
"In 1803, the East India Company had 8,147 soldiers to fight Pazhassi Raja. But as the situation was slipping out of control, the EIC military command in Malabar requested for another 5,000 men. This reinforcement arrived in early 1804 and thus increasing their total force to 13,000 men.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=70}}",
"In 1804, a large Presidency army arrived and 1200 Kolkar were also ready for action.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=111}} Most importantly Thomas Hervey Baber, a civil servant was appointed as Sub\\-Collector.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=35}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=112}} It was he who crushed Pazhassi's Revolt forever. It is indeed ironic that what a military genius like Wellesley could not attain, was achieved by Baber – said to be just a 'civil servant.' Baber had both a personal motive – to avenge the death of his friend Major Cameron, the first husband of his wife Helen Somerville Fearon at the hand of Pazhassi Raja on 9 January 1797 at Periya Pass. Baber became a civil servant to protect the interests of a small but influential group of merchants that included his in\\-laws – the Inglis and Money families of Bombay. It is noteworthy that Baber's son Henry Fearon Baber married the Granddaughter of George Harris, 1st Baron Srirangapattam and the nemesis of Tipu Sultan.",
"In 1804, a huge rising led by Kalyat Nambiar \\[a powerful Chirakkal noble but Raja's sympathiser] and Raja's men in largely forested eastern Chirakkal was defeated by the company.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=111}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=317}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=286}} If there was large and long revolt warfare in Chirakkal, it would have immensely profited Raja. Though there was a lot of supporters of Raja in Chirakkal, as revolt collapsed fast as rebels opted for open confrontation instead of time\\-honoured guerrilla warfare. Another cause for the failure of revolt was treacherous Kolkar also served their White pay\\-masters well.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"So once more rebel force had retreated to Wayanad. They were hotly chased by East India Company who had 2000 Sepoys and 1000 allied Kolkars. A reward of 3000 pagodas was offered for Raja along with 1000 Pagodas for Edachena Kungan and bounties were put on heads of 10 other associates of Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"But rebels, mostly Kurumbas, struck at Churikunji \\[?] in Wayanad.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=119}} Though they had to withdraw, they had devastated their enemy. That year, a party of Kolkar nearly caught Raja but he escaped thanks to timely warning of a Kurumba guard.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=36}}",
"But monsoon and brutal climate of Wayanad soon aided Raja. Of 1300 Kolkar only 170 were not sick by October.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=120}} Raja and Edachena Kungan organised a large force of Kurichias and Kurumbas at Pulpally shrine and positioned them to as far as Kurichiyat.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=119}} Also, the effort of Kungan to rally Nayar nobles of Wayanad to support Raja's war\\-effort had also succeeded.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The EIC for past couple of years did not have to suffer the loss on a scale of Periya in 1797, but matters were not easy for the Company at all. Even in Kottayam which had become quiet might explode once more and a large rebel force with Raja as the head was still at large. But one must remember that the whole revolt is a one\\-man show as Wellesley himself remarked once\\-“*We are not fighting 1000 men \\[Raja's army] ... but one man ... Kerala Varma*.”\\-Raja's end would mean end of revolt.",
"#### Betrayal and death",
"T.H. Baber went to Mysore to direct operations himself and began a large search for informants and traitors. The East India Company themselves admitted that they did not get a lot of informants as locals were devoted to Raja, but some of those few informants proved devastating to revolt\\-one of them a Chetti, found out where Raja had camped and informed Baber who took to field with 100 Kolkar and 50 Sepoys.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=121}}",
"There is one school of thought that blames Pazhayamviden Chandu as solely responsible for fall of Raja and end of his revolt.{{sfnp\\|Ramachandran\\|2008\\|p\\=95}} Pazhayamviden worked with the East India Company administration as an \"adviser\" like Pallore Eman, but in reality, spied for Raja. But in autumn of 1805 Pazhayamviden decided to betray all military secrets of his master for a large sum of money.",
"In light of the above points, it will not be far\\-fetched to believe that Chetti who guided Company troops to Raja's hideout mentioned by Baber in his letter could be a servant or agent of Pazhayamviden Chandu.",
"On 30 November 1805, Raja and retainers were camped close to Karnataka on the shore of a stream named Mavila or Mavila Tod \\[not far from Pulpally]. Raja and party were caught by surprise and an intense but short fight followed. Six rebels were killed. One of the earliest rebels to be killed was Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"But evidently, wounded Raja did live long enough for a few more minutes to raise his loaded gun and then tell Canara Menon, an East India Company minor official, not to come too close to his dying body and pollute it.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=123}} Raja's contempt and sarcasm for a man who chose to serve unclean foreigner are evident. But it also showed his uncompromising stand towards collaborators and foreign invaders.",
"The precise nature of Raja's death is controversial. Folklore insists that he committed suicide by swallowing a diamond ring to avoid capture after he was wounded{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=15}} but Baber says he was killed by a clerk named Canara Menon.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}} W. J. Wilson, who wrote on the history of the Madras Regiment, credits Captain Clafam and his six sepoys for killing. This third version is more likely as Baber was not on good terms with military authority throughout the war. He is alleged to have credited Menon so as to deny credit to Clafam and his superior Colonel Hill.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=126}}",
"Kunjani, the wife of Raja who was taken the prisoner, committed suicide in captivity at Kappanaveedu, near Thalassery. As reprisal on his family, property was confiscated and the palace at Pazhassi was demolished and replaced with a highway.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=27}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=52}}{{sfnp\\|Ramachandran\\|2008\\|p\\=95}} The sorry state of his family aroused sympathy in local Thiyyas, who were loyal followers and built a new house for his family.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Elayavoor\\|first1\\=Vanidas\\|title\\=Vadakkan Aitihyamala\\|date\\=2002\\|publisher\\=Current Books\\|location\\=Kottayam\\|isbn\\=8124003963\\|page\\=108\\|edition\\=4th}}",
""
] |
### Second revolt and death (1800–1805\)
After the fall of Tipu, Wayanad fell to the East India Company. They sent a Mysore Commission to seize Wayanad and planned to annex it to either Canara or Coimbatore.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=78}} But as Wayanad was a traditional possession of Kottayam Raja and Pazhassi had been in control of this region since 1793, Pazhassi interpreted the move as an encroachment on his country's ancient provinces. Raja retaliated by collecting a large force of Nayars which was now supplemented by Mappilas and Pathans,{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=83}} latter being ex\-soldiers of Tipu who became unemployed after Tipu's death.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=315}}
The Company administration at Madras appointed Major General [Arthur Wellesley](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington") as the Presidency army commandant of Mysore, Canara \& Malabar.
He planned a double\-pronged move from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad and began preparations for that end.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=83}} Raja observed Major General\-latter had brought reinforcements and building roads in Wayanad and outposts across rebel country. In response, Raja also recruited numerous men which so alarmed Wellesley that latter even wanted to kidnap kith and kin of rebels so as to check Raja's recruitment.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}
Raja learned that Wellesley had left to Deccan on a military mission\-Raja who understood that Major General's absence is a great chance swiftly made his move. He marched across Kuttiyadi Pass and below he made a junction with Unni Mootha Mooppan, a Walluvanad Mappila leader \& his men and soon several great nobles like Kampuratt Nambiar of Iruvazhinad, Peruvayal Nambiar and [Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar](/wiki/Kannavath_Sankaran_Nambiar "Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar") also joined Raja with their men.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=84}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=175}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=66}}
By monsoon of 1800, rebels who controlled all of country\-side of Kottayam threatened to overwhelm Company outposts in Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=315}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=85}} Wellesley sent a large force under Colonel Sartorius to recapture rebel\-held Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=175}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=85}} But the plan could not be carried out as there were not enough troops in Malabar. Wellesley advised Commissioners to stop all communications with Wayanad so as to starve Raja of supplies.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=89}} But the shortage of troops also meant this plan too remained on paper. By the time, Wellesley decided to smash Raja by a double drive from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad, Manjeri Athan Gurikkal an Ernad Mappila leader along with his followers agreed to support of Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
By 1801, a large East India Company force of over 10,000 men swarmed all over Kottayam and Wayanad and they blocked all passes that linked Wayanad{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=68}} with Malabar. Before so large numbers, rebels thought wise to go under\-ground for time being. Raja also found that he could no longer contact his supporters in Southern Wayanad and Southern Malabar.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=180}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=90}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}} Raja became a wanderer in forests but even then, to surprise of the East India Company, he ruled out compromise it seems he understood that there was no alternative to full freedom.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Raja had six close aides and 25 musketeers in his wanderings.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}} First, he went north via Payyavur along montane forests of eastern Chirakkal to rally support.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=187}} But the EIC were on his trail but failed to catch him. Raja then visited his secret bases in Kottayam{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=187}} and then moved into Kadathanad and into jungles of Kurumbranad.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=68}} The East India Company were angered that where ever he went, nobles supported him in secret and decided to punish them for their help to rebel Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=93}}
As a part of their policies to quell the rebellion, Peruvayal Nambiar who was arrested was hanged. The East India Company also threatened to issue a penalty and confiscation of property for all those rebels who failed to surrender in six weeks time. But a pardon was also issued for surrendered rebels. But none of these threats and temptations worked and Raja was still at large. But some of his chief supporters were arrested of whom Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar was most famous. Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar and his son were hanged too and their property was confiscated.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=192}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=34}}
Following execution of Kannavath Nambiar, a deceptive calm descended on North Malabar\-calm before the storm. Collector Major MacLeod believed that war was over and went ahead with his charged duties. He immediately declared total disarmament of Malabar{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=101}} and threatened those who kept arms with the death penalty. He also doubled the rate of tax and ordered a reassessment of tax of whole Malabar in a mere forty days.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=103}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=282}}
All these 'reforms' paid back in 1803 when Malabar was on verge of revolt as people quickly became incensed.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=103}} MacLeod tried to calm this with corrective measure\-He cancelled all his 'reforms' and old system was reinstated. But it was too late for Wayanad where Raja's men were prepared for a rebellion.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
#### Capture of Panamaram Fort
[thumb\|250px\|Remains of the Moat surrounded the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification "Fortification"). Now it is almost covered with creepers and bushes, Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district "Wayanad district"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Moat_around_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG "Moat around Panamaram fort site.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Koli tree near the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification "Fortification"). Talakkal Chandu was executed somewhere near this tree., Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district "Wayanad district"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Koli_tree_near_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG "Koli tree near Panamaram fort site.JPG")
The first major event was the capture of [Panamaram](/wiki/Panamaram "Panamaram") Fort. Edachena Kungan Nair planned the operation and was helped by 150 Kurichia bowmen under Talakkal Chandu. Fort had 70 men under Captain Dickenson and there was a large force of 360 men under Major Drummond only a few miles away in Pulinjali.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=103}} So if Major came to help Captain in time Kurichia force would be overwhelmed by gun\-fire and numbers. But Kungan and Chandu decided to take risk.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The whole garrison was slaughtered in the surprise attack led by the two generals and they lost only 5 dead and 10 wounded. Dickenson himself was killed.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=21}} Rebels got 112 muskets, six boxes of ammunition and 6000 rupees. They also destroyed the whole fort.(The remains of the fort can be seen now near Panamaram High School).{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}}
Wellesley was enraged at this rebel audacity and dispatched 500 men to retaliate. But by then rebel victory had roused all of Wayanad and Kottayam.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}} Edachena Kungan, the hero of Panamaram success, went to Pulpally shrine and issued a proclamation to people to join Raja's war.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=282}} 3000 men volunteered.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}} They were posted at Valliyurkav at Mananthavadi, Motimjarra \[?], and Edappally and 100 of them under the brother of Kungan posted themselves at Periya Pass and 25 men were posted at Kottiyur Pass. Rebel outposts were set up en route from Dindimal to Valliyurkav. The rebel army was mostly composed of archers and swordsmen, but some had muskets.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=104}}
Edachena Kungan Nair led an attack on a Company detachment headed from Mysore to Mananthavadi. The harassment began once this force entered Wayanad till it reached a stream between Manathavadi and Bhavully river. There they were blocked by a rebel force entrenched on the opposite side of the stream. But to ill luck of rebels, a reinforcement which had caught up with blocked Company army outflanked the rebel entrenchment and took a large number of [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war").{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
Besides, East India Company reinforcements arrived in Wayanad from all directions. But they could find rebels nowhere.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}
The rebels now concentrated in Kottayam. In 1802, they raided a supplies convoy near Kottiyur.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}} The Company administration were frustrated by Kottayam people's total lack of co\-operation. To add to their trouble, in 1803, a rebel force took to field in Kurumbranad\* \& Payyormala\*{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}} and people were sympathetic to rebels.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=106}} Kungan marched towards Pazhassi to wipe out the Company outpost there but had to retreat, though they suffered serious losses. Soon rebellion spread into Chirakkal where armed bands of partisans launched operations and often fought against the Presidency troops openly. Raja's army by end of 1803 was ranging as far as Kannur and Thalasseri.{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=316}}{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=21}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=111}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=70}} An estimated 3350 partisans of Pazhassi Raja took part in this operation that extended south as far as Ernad.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=69}}
In March 1803, a rebel force marched as far as Calicut and captured Sub\-Jail where they killed all guards and seized their firearms and ammunition.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=106}} They also released prisoners, many of whom joined ranks of the rebel army.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=21}} This was too much for MacLeod and he resigned immediately after this event.{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=283}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=107}}
In 1803, Wellesley left for Europe, after three years of inconclusive war with Pazhassi Raja, later destined to become Duke of Wellington, vanquisher of Napoleon at Waterloo.Historical preface of Kerala Simham, Sardar KM Panikker, \[1941], DC Books, 2008 Edition, Kottayam 686,001
In 1803, the East India Company had 8,147 soldiers to fight Pazhassi Raja. But as the situation was slipping out of control, the EIC military command in Malabar requested for another 5,000 men. This reinforcement arrived in early 1804 and thus increasing their total force to 13,000 men.{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=70}}
In 1804, a large Presidency army arrived and 1200 Kolkar were also ready for action.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=111}} Most importantly Thomas Hervey Baber, a civil servant was appointed as Sub\-Collector.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=35}}{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=112}} It was he who crushed Pazhassi's Revolt forever. It is indeed ironic that what a military genius like Wellesley could not attain, was achieved by Baber – said to be just a 'civil servant.' Baber had both a personal motive – to avenge the death of his friend Major Cameron, the first husband of his wife Helen Somerville Fearon at the hand of Pazhassi Raja on 9 January 1797 at Periya Pass. Baber became a civil servant to protect the interests of a small but influential group of merchants that included his in\-laws – the Inglis and Money families of Bombay. It is noteworthy that Baber's son Henry Fearon Baber married the Granddaughter of George Harris, 1st Baron Srirangapattam and the nemesis of Tipu Sultan.
In 1804, a huge rising led by Kalyat Nambiar \[a powerful Chirakkal noble but Raja's sympathiser] and Raja's men in largely forested eastern Chirakkal was defeated by the company.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=111}}{{sfnp\|Menon\|2007\|p\=317}}{{sfnp\|Rajayyan\|1971\|p\=286}} If there was large and long revolt warfare in Chirakkal, it would have immensely profited Raja. Though there was a lot of supporters of Raja in Chirakkal, as revolt collapsed fast as rebels opted for open confrontation instead of time\-honoured guerrilla warfare. Another cause for the failure of revolt was treacherous Kolkar also served their White pay\-masters well.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
So once more rebel force had retreated to Wayanad. They were hotly chased by East India Company who had 2000 Sepoys and 1000 allied Kolkars. A reward of 3000 pagodas was offered for Raja along with 1000 Pagodas for Edachena Kungan and bounties were put on heads of 10 other associates of Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
But rebels, mostly Kurumbas, struck at Churikunji \[?] in Wayanad.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=119}} Though they had to withdraw, they had devastated their enemy. That year, a party of Kolkar nearly caught Raja but he escaped thanks to timely warning of a Kurumba guard.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=36}}
But monsoon and brutal climate of Wayanad soon aided Raja. Of 1300 Kolkar only 170 were not sick by October.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=120}} Raja and Edachena Kungan organised a large force of Kurichias and Kurumbas at Pulpally shrine and positioned them to as far as Kurichiyat.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=119}} Also, the effort of Kungan to rally Nayar nobles of Wayanad to support Raja's war\-effort had also succeeded.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
The EIC for past couple of years did not have to suffer the loss on a scale of Periya in 1797, but matters were not easy for the Company at all. Even in Kottayam which had become quiet might explode once more and a large rebel force with Raja as the head was still at large. But one must remember that the whole revolt is a one\-man show as Wellesley himself remarked once\-“*We are not fighting 1000 men \[Raja's army] ... but one man ... Kerala Varma*.”\-Raja's end would mean end of revolt.
#### Betrayal and death
T.H. Baber went to Mysore to direct operations himself and began a large search for informants and traitors. The East India Company themselves admitted that they did not get a lot of informants as locals were devoted to Raja, but some of those few informants proved devastating to revolt\-one of them a Chetti, found out where Raja had camped and informed Baber who took to field with 100 Kolkar and 50 Sepoys.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=121}}
There is one school of thought that blames Pazhayamviden Chandu as solely responsible for fall of Raja and end of his revolt.{{sfnp\|Ramachandran\|2008\|p\=95}} Pazhayamviden worked with the East India Company administration as an "adviser" like Pallore Eman, but in reality, spied for Raja. But in autumn of 1805 Pazhayamviden decided to betray all military secrets of his master for a large sum of money.
In light of the above points, it will not be far\-fetched to believe that Chetti who guided Company troops to Raja's hideout mentioned by Baber in his letter could be a servant or agent of Pazhayamviden Chandu.
On 30 November 1805, Raja and retainers were camped close to Karnataka on the shore of a stream named Mavila or Mavila Tod \[not far from Pulpally]. Raja and party were caught by surprise and an intense but short fight followed. Six rebels were killed. One of the earliest rebels to be killed was Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=}}{{Page needed\|date\=June 2014}}
But evidently, wounded Raja did live long enough for a few more minutes to raise his loaded gun and then tell Canara Menon, an East India Company minor official, not to come too close to his dying body and pollute it.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|2008\|p\=123}} Raja's contempt and sarcasm for a man who chose to serve unclean foreigner are evident. But it also showed his uncompromising stand towards collaborators and foreign invaders.
The precise nature of Raja's death is controversial. Folklore insists that he committed suicide by swallowing a diamond ring to avoid capture after he was wounded{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=15}} but Baber says he was killed by a clerk named Canara Menon.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} W. J. Wilson, who wrote on the history of the Madras Regiment, credits Captain Clafam and his six sepoys for killing. This third version is more likely as Baber was not on good terms with military authority throughout the war. He is alleged to have credited Menon so as to deny credit to Clafam and his superior Colonel Hill.{{sfnp\|Kurup\|1980\|p\=126}}
Kunjani, the wife of Raja who was taken the prisoner, committed suicide in captivity at Kappanaveedu, near Thalassery. As reprisal on his family, property was confiscated and the palace at Pazhassi was demolished and replaced with a highway.{{sfnp\|Elayavoor\|2007\|p\=27}}{{sfnp\|Balakrishnan\|2011\|p\=52}}{{sfnp\|Ramachandran\|2008\|p\=95}} The sorry state of his family aroused sympathy in local Thiyyas, who were loyal followers and built a new house for his family.{{cite book\|last1\=Elayavoor\|first1\=Vanidas\|title\=Vadakkan Aitihyamala\|date\=2002\|publisher\=Current Books\|location\=Kottayam\|isbn\=8124003963\|page\=108\|edition\=4th}}
|
[
"### Second revolt and death (1800–1805\\)",
"After the fall of Tipu, Wayanad fell to the East India Company. They sent a Mysore Commission to seize Wayanad and planned to annex it to either Canara or Coimbatore.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=78}} But as Wayanad was a traditional possession of Kottayam Raja and Pazhassi had been in control of this region since 1793, Pazhassi interpreted the move as an encroachment on his country's ancient provinces. Raja retaliated by collecting a large force of Nayars which was now supplemented by Mappilas and Pathans,{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=83}} latter being ex\\-soldiers of Tipu who became unemployed after Tipu's death.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=315}}",
"The Company administration at Madras appointed Major General [Arthur Wellesley](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\") as the Presidency army commandant of Mysore, Canara \\& Malabar.",
"He planned a double\\-pronged move from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad and began preparations for that end.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=83}} Raja observed Major General\\-latter had brought reinforcements and building roads in Wayanad and outposts across rebel country. In response, Raja also recruited numerous men which so alarmed Wellesley that latter even wanted to kidnap kith and kin of rebels so as to check Raja's recruitment.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}",
"Raja learned that Wellesley had left to Deccan on a military mission\\-Raja who understood that Major General's absence is a great chance swiftly made his move. He marched across Kuttiyadi Pass and below he made a junction with Unni Mootha Mooppan, a Walluvanad Mappila leader \\& his men and soon several great nobles like Kampuratt Nambiar of Iruvazhinad, Peruvayal Nambiar and [Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar](/wiki/Kannavath_Sankaran_Nambiar \"Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar\") also joined Raja with their men.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=84}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=175}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=66}}",
"By monsoon of 1800, rebels who controlled all of country\\-side of Kottayam threatened to overwhelm Company outposts in Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=315}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=85}} Wellesley sent a large force under Colonel Sartorius to recapture rebel\\-held Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=175}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=85}} But the plan could not be carried out as there were not enough troops in Malabar. Wellesley advised Commissioners to stop all communications with Wayanad so as to starve Raja of supplies.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=89}} But the shortage of troops also meant this plan too remained on paper. By the time, Wellesley decided to smash Raja by a double drive from Malabar Coast and Mysore into Wayanad, Manjeri Athan Gurikkal an Ernad Mappila leader along with his followers agreed to support of Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"By 1801, a large East India Company force of over 10,000 men swarmed all over Kottayam and Wayanad and they blocked all passes that linked Wayanad{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=68}} with Malabar. Before so large numbers, rebels thought wise to go under\\-ground for time being. Raja also found that he could no longer contact his supporters in Southern Wayanad and Southern Malabar.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=180}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=90}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}} Raja became a wanderer in forests but even then, to surprise of the East India Company, he ruled out compromise it seems he understood that there was no alternative to full freedom.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Raja had six close aides and 25 musketeers in his wanderings.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}} First, he went north via Payyavur along montane forests of eastern Chirakkal to rally support.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=187}} But the EIC were on his trail but failed to catch him. Raja then visited his secret bases in Kottayam{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=187}} and then moved into Kadathanad and into jungles of Kurumbranad.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=68}} The East India Company were angered that where ever he went, nobles supported him in secret and decided to punish them for their help to rebel Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=93}}",
"As a part of their policies to quell the rebellion, Peruvayal Nambiar who was arrested was hanged. The East India Company also threatened to issue a penalty and confiscation of property for all those rebels who failed to surrender in six weeks time. But a pardon was also issued for surrendered rebels. But none of these threats and temptations worked and Raja was still at large. But some of his chief supporters were arrested of whom Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar was most famous. Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar and his son were hanged too and their property was confiscated.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=192}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=34}}",
"Following execution of Kannavath Nambiar, a deceptive calm descended on North Malabar\\-calm before the storm. Collector Major MacLeod believed that war was over and went ahead with his charged duties. He immediately declared total disarmament of Malabar{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=101}} and threatened those who kept arms with the death penalty. He also doubled the rate of tax and ordered a reassessment of tax of whole Malabar in a mere forty days.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=103}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=282}}",
"All these 'reforms' paid back in 1803 when Malabar was on verge of revolt as people quickly became incensed.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} MacLeod tried to calm this with corrective measure\\-He cancelled all his 'reforms' and old system was reinstated. But it was too late for Wayanad where Raja's men were prepared for a rebellion.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"#### Capture of Panamaram Fort",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Remains of the Moat surrounded the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification \"Fortification\"). Now it is almost covered with creepers and bushes, Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district \"Wayanad district\"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Moat_around_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG \"Moat around Panamaram fort site.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Koli tree near the Panamaram [fort](/wiki/Fortification \"Fortification\"). Talakkal Chandu was executed somewhere near this tree., Panamaram, [Wayanad](/wiki/Wayanad_district \"Wayanad district\"), Kerala.](/wiki/Image:Koli_tree_near_Panamaram_fort_site.JPG \"Koli tree near Panamaram fort site.JPG\")\nThe first major event was the capture of [Panamaram](/wiki/Panamaram \"Panamaram\") Fort. Edachena Kungan Nair planned the operation and was helped by 150 Kurichia bowmen under Talakkal Chandu. Fort had 70 men under Captain Dickenson and there was a large force of 360 men under Major Drummond only a few miles away in Pulinjali.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} So if Major came to help Captain in time Kurichia force would be overwhelmed by gun\\-fire and numbers. But Kungan and Chandu decided to take risk.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The whole garrison was slaughtered in the surprise attack led by the two generals and they lost only 5 dead and 10 wounded. Dickenson himself was killed.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=21}} Rebels got 112 muskets, six boxes of ammunition and 6000 rupees. They also destroyed the whole fort.(The remains of the fort can be seen now near Panamaram High School).{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}}",
"Wellesley was enraged at this rebel audacity and dispatched 500 men to retaliate. But by then rebel victory had roused all of Wayanad and Kottayam.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}} Edachena Kungan, the hero of Panamaram success, went to Pulpally shrine and issued a proclamation to people to join Raja's war.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=282}} 3000 men volunteered.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}} They were posted at Valliyurkav at Mananthavadi, Motimjarra \\[?], and Edappally and 100 of them under the brother of Kungan posted themselves at Periya Pass and 25 men were posted at Kottiyur Pass. Rebel outposts were set up en route from Dindimal to Valliyurkav. The rebel army was mostly composed of archers and swordsmen, but some had muskets.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=104}}",
"Edachena Kungan Nair led an attack on a Company detachment headed from Mysore to Mananthavadi. The harassment began once this force entered Wayanad till it reached a stream between Manathavadi and Bhavully river. There they were blocked by a rebel force entrenched on the opposite side of the stream. But to ill luck of rebels, a reinforcement which had caught up with blocked Company army outflanked the rebel entrenchment and took a large number of [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\").{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"Besides, East India Company reinforcements arrived in Wayanad from all directions. But they could find rebels nowhere.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}",
"The rebels now concentrated in Kottayam. In 1802, they raided a supplies convoy near Kottiyur.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}} The Company administration were frustrated by Kottayam people's total lack of co\\-operation. To add to their trouble, in 1803, a rebel force took to field in Kurumbranad\\* \\& Payyormala\\*{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}} and people were sympathetic to rebels.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=106}} Kungan marched towards Pazhassi to wipe out the Company outpost there but had to retreat, though they suffered serious losses. Soon rebellion spread into Chirakkal where armed bands of partisans launched operations and often fought against the Presidency troops openly. Raja's army by end of 1803 was ranging as far as Kannur and Thalasseri.{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=316}}{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=21}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=111}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=70}} An estimated 3350 partisans of Pazhassi Raja took part in this operation that extended south as far as Ernad.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=69}}",
"In March 1803, a rebel force marched as far as Calicut and captured Sub\\-Jail where they killed all guards and seized their firearms and ammunition.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=106}} They also released prisoners, many of whom joined ranks of the rebel army.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=21}} This was too much for MacLeod and he resigned immediately after this event.{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=283}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=107}}",
"In 1803, Wellesley left for Europe, after three years of inconclusive war with Pazhassi Raja, later destined to become Duke of Wellington, vanquisher of Napoleon at Waterloo.Historical preface of Kerala Simham, Sardar KM Panikker, \\[1941], DC Books, 2008 Edition, Kottayam 686,001",
"In 1803, the East India Company had 8,147 soldiers to fight Pazhassi Raja. But as the situation was slipping out of control, the EIC military command in Malabar requested for another 5,000 men. This reinforcement arrived in early 1804 and thus increasing their total force to 13,000 men.{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=70}}",
"In 1804, a large Presidency army arrived and 1200 Kolkar were also ready for action.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=111}} Most importantly Thomas Hervey Baber, a civil servant was appointed as Sub\\-Collector.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=35}}{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=112}} It was he who crushed Pazhassi's Revolt forever. It is indeed ironic that what a military genius like Wellesley could not attain, was achieved by Baber – said to be just a 'civil servant.' Baber had both a personal motive – to avenge the death of his friend Major Cameron, the first husband of his wife Helen Somerville Fearon at the hand of Pazhassi Raja on 9 January 1797 at Periya Pass. Baber became a civil servant to protect the interests of a small but influential group of merchants that included his in\\-laws – the Inglis and Money families of Bombay. It is noteworthy that Baber's son Henry Fearon Baber married the Granddaughter of George Harris, 1st Baron Srirangapattam and the nemesis of Tipu Sultan.",
"In 1804, a huge rising led by Kalyat Nambiar \\[a powerful Chirakkal noble but Raja's sympathiser] and Raja's men in largely forested eastern Chirakkal was defeated by the company.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=111}}{{sfnp\\|Menon\\|2007\\|p\\=317}}{{sfnp\\|Rajayyan\\|1971\\|p\\=286}} If there was large and long revolt warfare in Chirakkal, it would have immensely profited Raja. Though there was a lot of supporters of Raja in Chirakkal, as revolt collapsed fast as rebels opted for open confrontation instead of time\\-honoured guerrilla warfare. Another cause for the failure of revolt was treacherous Kolkar also served their White pay\\-masters well.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"So once more rebel force had retreated to Wayanad. They were hotly chased by East India Company who had 2000 Sepoys and 1000 allied Kolkars. A reward of 3000 pagodas was offered for Raja along with 1000 Pagodas for Edachena Kungan and bounties were put on heads of 10 other associates of Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"But rebels, mostly Kurumbas, struck at Churikunji \\[?] in Wayanad.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=119}} Though they had to withdraw, they had devastated their enemy. That year, a party of Kolkar nearly caught Raja but he escaped thanks to timely warning of a Kurumba guard.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=36}}",
"But monsoon and brutal climate of Wayanad soon aided Raja. Of 1300 Kolkar only 170 were not sick by October.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=120}} Raja and Edachena Kungan organised a large force of Kurichias and Kurumbas at Pulpally shrine and positioned them to as far as Kurichiyat.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=119}} Also, the effort of Kungan to rally Nayar nobles of Wayanad to support Raja's war\\-effort had also succeeded.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"The EIC for past couple of years did not have to suffer the loss on a scale of Periya in 1797, but matters were not easy for the Company at all. Even in Kottayam which had become quiet might explode once more and a large rebel force with Raja as the head was still at large. But one must remember that the whole revolt is a one\\-man show as Wellesley himself remarked once\\-“*We are not fighting 1000 men \\[Raja's army] ... but one man ... Kerala Varma*.”\\-Raja's end would mean end of revolt.",
"#### Betrayal and death",
"T.H. Baber went to Mysore to direct operations himself and began a large search for informants and traitors. The East India Company themselves admitted that they did not get a lot of informants as locals were devoted to Raja, but some of those few informants proved devastating to revolt\\-one of them a Chetti, found out where Raja had camped and informed Baber who took to field with 100 Kolkar and 50 Sepoys.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=121}}",
"There is one school of thought that blames Pazhayamviden Chandu as solely responsible for fall of Raja and end of his revolt.{{sfnp\\|Ramachandran\\|2008\\|p\\=95}} Pazhayamviden worked with the East India Company administration as an \"adviser\" like Pallore Eman, but in reality, spied for Raja. But in autumn of 1805 Pazhayamviden decided to betray all military secrets of his master for a large sum of money.",
"In light of the above points, it will not be far\\-fetched to believe that Chetti who guided Company troops to Raja's hideout mentioned by Baber in his letter could be a servant or agent of Pazhayamviden Chandu.",
"On 30 November 1805, Raja and retainers were camped close to Karnataka on the shore of a stream named Mavila or Mavila Tod \\[not far from Pulpally]. Raja and party were caught by surprise and an intense but short fight followed. Six rebels were killed. One of the earliest rebels to be killed was Pazhassi Raja.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=June 2014}}",
"But evidently, wounded Raja did live long enough for a few more minutes to raise his loaded gun and then tell Canara Menon, an East India Company minor official, not to come too close to his dying body and pollute it.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|2008\\|p\\=123}} Raja's contempt and sarcasm for a man who chose to serve unclean foreigner are evident. But it also showed his uncompromising stand towards collaborators and foreign invaders.",
"The precise nature of Raja's death is controversial. Folklore insists that he committed suicide by swallowing a diamond ring to avoid capture after he was wounded{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=15}} but Baber says he was killed by a clerk named Canara Menon.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}} W. J. Wilson, who wrote on the history of the Madras Regiment, credits Captain Clafam and his six sepoys for killing. This third version is more likely as Baber was not on good terms with military authority throughout the war. He is alleged to have credited Menon so as to deny credit to Clafam and his superior Colonel Hill.{{sfnp\\|Kurup\\|1980\\|p\\=126}}",
"Kunjani, the wife of Raja who was taken the prisoner, committed suicide in captivity at Kappanaveedu, near Thalassery. As reprisal on his family, property was confiscated and the palace at Pazhassi was demolished and replaced with a highway.{{sfnp\\|Elayavoor\\|2007\\|p\\=27}}{{sfnp\\|Balakrishnan\\|2011\\|p\\=52}}{{sfnp\\|Ramachandran\\|2008\\|p\\=95}} The sorry state of his family aroused sympathy in local Thiyyas, who were loyal followers and built a new house for his family.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Elayavoor\\|first1\\=Vanidas\\|title\\=Vadakkan Aitihyamala\\|date\\=2002\\|publisher\\=Current Books\\|location\\=Kottayam\\|isbn\\=8124003963\\|page\\=108\\|edition\\=4th}}",
""
] |
Career
------
[thumb\|150px\|Lockwood and [Tuesday Weld](/wiki/Tuesday_Weld "Tuesday Weld") in *[Bus Stop](/wiki/Bus_Stop_%28TV_series%29 "Bus Stop (TV series)")* (1961\)](/wiki/File:Gary_Lockwood_Tuesday_Weld_Bus_Stop_1961.jpg "Gary Lockwood Tuesday Weld Bus Stop 1961.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|140px\|Lockwood at WonderCon (2009\)](/wiki/File:Gary_Lockwood_WonderCon_2009_cropped.jpg "Gary Lockwood WonderCon 2009 cropped.jpg")
Lockwood was a film [stuntman](/wiki/Stuntman "Stuntman"), and a [stand\-in](/wiki/Stand-in "Stand-in") for [Anthony Perkins](/wiki/Anthony_Perkins "Anthony Perkins") prior to his acting début in 1959 in an uncredited bit role in *[Warlock](/wiki/Warlock_%281959_film%29 "Warlock (1959 film)")*.
Lockwood's two [series](/wiki/Television_series "Television series") came early in his career, and each lasted only a single season. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company")'s [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii")\-set *[Follow the Sun](/wiki/Follow_the_Sun_%28TV_series%29 "Follow the Sun (TV series)")* (1961–62\) cast him in support of [Brett Halsey](/wiki/Brett_Halsey "Brett Halsey") and [Barry Coe](/wiki/Barry_Coe "Barry Coe"), who played adventurous [magazine](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine") writers based in [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu "Honolulu"). Lockwood was Eric Jason, who did the legwork for their articles. He appeared in a supporting role in the film *[Splendor in the Grass](/wiki/Splendor_in_the_Grass "Splendor in the Grass")* (1961\) and in ABC's TV series *[Bus Stop](/wiki/Bus_Stop_%28TV_series%29 "Bus Stop (TV series)")* (1961\). The 26\-week series, which starred [Marilyn Maxwell](/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell "Marilyn Maxwell") as the owner of a [diner](/wiki/Diner "Diner") in fictitious Sunrise, [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado"), aired a half\-hour after *Follow the Sun*.
He would star again with Weld in his film debut, *[Wild in the Country](/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country "Wild in the Country")* (1961\), with [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley"). Thereafter, Lockwood starred with [Jeff Bridges](/wiki/Jeff_Bridges "Jeff Bridges") in the acclaimed "My Daddy Can Beat Your Daddy" episode of *[The Lloyd Bridges Show](/wiki/The_Lloyd_Bridges_Show "The Lloyd Bridges Show")*. In 1959, he had an uncredited role as a police officer in the *[Perry Mason](/wiki/Perry_Mason_%281957_TV_series%29 "Perry Mason (1957 TV series)")* episode "The Case of the Romantic Rogue". In 1962, Lockwood again appeared on *[Perry Mason](/wiki/Perry_Mason_%281957_TV_series%29 "Perry Mason (1957 TV series)")* in the lead role in "The Case of the Playboy Pugilist". In 1963, Lockwood co\-starred with [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") in the musical\-comedy film *[It Happened at the World's Fair](/wiki/It_Happened_at_the_World%27s_Fair "It Happened at the World's Fair")*.
In 1963–64, Lockwood starred as a young [U.S. Marine](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant "Second lieutenant") named William T. ("Bill") Rice in the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") series *[The Lieutenant](/wiki/The_Lieutenant "The Lieutenant")*. This drama, about the peacetime Marines, was produced by the creators of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")* ([Gene Roddenberry](/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry "Gene Roddenberry")) and *[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E. "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.")* ([Norman Felton](/wiki/Norman_Felton "Norman Felton")). The series co\-starred [Robert Vaughn](/wiki/Robert_Vaughn "Robert Vaughn") as Lieutenant Rice's immediate superior, Captain Raymond Rambridge. Despite moderately good reviews, *The Lieutenant* Saturday night time slot, opposite [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS")' popular *[Jackie Gleason's American Scene Magazine](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show "The Jackie Gleason Show")*, hastened its cancellation after 29 episodes.
In 1964, Lockwood guest\-starred as Major Gus Denver in the first season of *[12 O'Clock High](/wiki/Twelve_O%27Clock_High_%28TV_series%29 "Twelve O'Clock High (TV series)")*, in episode 9, "Appointment at Liege", and again in 1965 in episode 29, "V For Vendetta". He also guest\-starred as Lt. Josh McGraw in season 2, episode 4, "The Idolator" of *12 O'Clock High*. Shortly afterward, Lockwood starred in another NBC television series *[The Kraft Mystery Theater](/wiki/Kraft_Suspense_Theatre "Kraft Suspense Theatre")* (also known as *Crisis*) in an episode titled "Connery's Hands". He was cast opposite [Sally Kellerman](/wiki/Sally_Kellerman "Sally Kellerman"), with whom he would soon appear again as Helmsman Gary Mitchell in the second *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series "The Original Series")* pilot "[Where No Man Has Gone Before](/wiki/Where_No_Man_Has_Gone_Before "Where No Man Has Gone Before")" (1965\), in which their characters developed malign super powers.
In 1966, he starred as murderous bank robbing cowboy “Jim Stark” in a rare two\-part episode of *[Gunsmoke](/wiki/Gunsmoke "Gunsmoke")* called “The Raid” (S11E19\), along with John Anderson, Michael Conrad, Jim Davis, and Richard Jaeckel.
He may be best known on the big screen for his co\-starring role in [Stanley Kubrick's](/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick%27s "Stanley Kubrick's") iconic *[2001: A Space Odyssey](/wiki/2001:A_Space_Odyssey_%28film%29 "A Space Odyssey (film)")* (1968\) as Dr. Frank Poole. Lockwood was the lead in *[Model Shop](/wiki/Model_Shop_%28film%29 "Model Shop (film)")* (1969\), the American debut by French writer\-director [Jacques Demy](/wiki/Jacques_Demy "Jacques Demy"). He starred with [Elke Sommer](/wiki/Elke_Sommer "Elke Sommer") in the crime drama *[They Came to Rob Las Vegas](/wiki/They_Came_to_Rob_Las_Vegas "They Came to Rob Las Vegas")* (1968\) and with [Jacqueline Bisset](/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset "Jacqueline Bisset") in the pro\- women's lib comedy *[Stand Up and Be Counted](/wiki/Stand_Up_and_Be_Counted "Stand Up and Be Counted")* (1972\).
Lockwood co\-starred with [Stefanie Powers](/wiki/Stefanie_Powers "Stefanie Powers") (then his wife) in an episode of ABC's *[Love, American Style](/wiki/Love%2C_American_Style "Love, American Style")* as a newlywed who gets his mouth stuck around a doorknob. In 1983, he guest\-starred in the series *[Hart to Hart](/wiki/Hart_to_Hart "Hart to Hart")* ("Emily by Hart") with [Robert Wagner](/wiki/Robert_Wagner "Robert Wagner") and Powers, by then his ex\-wife. Between 1959 and 2004, Lockwood gained roles in some 40 theatrical features and made\-for\-TV movies and 80 TV guest appearances, including the [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") 1975 family drama *[Three for the Road](/wiki/Three_for_the_Road_%28TV_series%29 "Three for the Road (TV series)")* and *[Barnaby Jones](/wiki/Barnaby_Jones "Barnaby Jones")* starring [Buddy Ebsen](/wiki/Buddy_Ebsen "Buddy Ebsen"), in which he appeared many times as a villain.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"[thumb\\|150px\\|Lockwood and [Tuesday Weld](/wiki/Tuesday_Weld \"Tuesday Weld\") in *[Bus Stop](/wiki/Bus_Stop_%28TV_series%29 \"Bus Stop (TV series)\")* (1961\\)](/wiki/File:Gary_Lockwood_Tuesday_Weld_Bus_Stop_1961.jpg \"Gary Lockwood Tuesday Weld Bus Stop 1961.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|140px\\|Lockwood at WonderCon (2009\\)](/wiki/File:Gary_Lockwood_WonderCon_2009_cropped.jpg \"Gary Lockwood WonderCon 2009 cropped.jpg\")\nLockwood was a film [stuntman](/wiki/Stuntman \"Stuntman\"), and a [stand\\-in](/wiki/Stand-in \"Stand-in\") for [Anthony Perkins](/wiki/Anthony_Perkins \"Anthony Perkins\") prior to his acting début in 1959 in an uncredited bit role in *[Warlock](/wiki/Warlock_%281959_film%29 \"Warlock (1959 film)\")*.",
"Lockwood's two [series](/wiki/Television_series \"Television series\") came early in his career, and each lasted only a single season. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")'s [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\")\\-set *[Follow the Sun](/wiki/Follow_the_Sun_%28TV_series%29 \"Follow the Sun (TV series)\")* (1961–62\\) cast him in support of [Brett Halsey](/wiki/Brett_Halsey \"Brett Halsey\") and [Barry Coe](/wiki/Barry_Coe \"Barry Coe\"), who played adventurous [magazine](/wiki/Magazine \"Magazine\") writers based in [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\"). Lockwood was Eric Jason, who did the legwork for their articles. He appeared in a supporting role in the film *[Splendor in the Grass](/wiki/Splendor_in_the_Grass \"Splendor in the Grass\")* (1961\\) and in ABC's TV series *[Bus Stop](/wiki/Bus_Stop_%28TV_series%29 \"Bus Stop (TV series)\")* (1961\\). The 26\\-week series, which starred [Marilyn Maxwell](/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell \"Marilyn Maxwell\") as the owner of a [diner](/wiki/Diner \"Diner\") in fictitious Sunrise, [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\"), aired a half\\-hour after *Follow the Sun*.",
"He would star again with Weld in his film debut, *[Wild in the Country](/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country \"Wild in the Country\")* (1961\\), with [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\"). Thereafter, Lockwood starred with [Jeff Bridges](/wiki/Jeff_Bridges \"Jeff Bridges\") in the acclaimed \"My Daddy Can Beat Your Daddy\" episode of *[The Lloyd Bridges Show](/wiki/The_Lloyd_Bridges_Show \"The Lloyd Bridges Show\")*. In 1959, he had an uncredited role as a police officer in the *[Perry Mason](/wiki/Perry_Mason_%281957_TV_series%29 \"Perry Mason (1957 TV series)\")* episode \"The Case of the Romantic Rogue\". In 1962, Lockwood again appeared on *[Perry Mason](/wiki/Perry_Mason_%281957_TV_series%29 \"Perry Mason (1957 TV series)\")* in the lead role in \"The Case of the Playboy Pugilist\". In 1963, Lockwood co\\-starred with [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") in the musical\\-comedy film *[It Happened at the World's Fair](/wiki/It_Happened_at_the_World%27s_Fair \"It Happened at the World's Fair\")*.",
"In 1963–64, Lockwood starred as a young [U.S. Marine](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant \"Second lieutenant\") named William T. (\"Bill\") Rice in the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") series *[The Lieutenant](/wiki/The_Lieutenant \"The Lieutenant\")*. This drama, about the peacetime Marines, was produced by the creators of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\")* ([Gene Roddenberry](/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry \"Gene Roddenberry\")) and *[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E. \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\")* ([Norman Felton](/wiki/Norman_Felton \"Norman Felton\")). The series co\\-starred [Robert Vaughn](/wiki/Robert_Vaughn \"Robert Vaughn\") as Lieutenant Rice's immediate superior, Captain Raymond Rambridge. Despite moderately good reviews, *The Lieutenant* Saturday night time slot, opposite [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")' popular *[Jackie Gleason's American Scene Magazine](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show \"The Jackie Gleason Show\")*, hastened its cancellation after 29 episodes.",
"In 1964, Lockwood guest\\-starred as Major Gus Denver in the first season of *[12 O'Clock High](/wiki/Twelve_O%27Clock_High_%28TV_series%29 \"Twelve O'Clock High (TV series)\")*, in episode 9, \"Appointment at Liege\", and again in 1965 in episode 29, \"V For Vendetta\". He also guest\\-starred as Lt. Josh McGraw in season 2, episode 4, \"The Idolator\" of *12 O'Clock High*. Shortly afterward, Lockwood starred in another NBC television series *[The Kraft Mystery Theater](/wiki/Kraft_Suspense_Theatre \"Kraft Suspense Theatre\")* (also known as *Crisis*) in an episode titled \"Connery's Hands\". He was cast opposite [Sally Kellerman](/wiki/Sally_Kellerman \"Sally Kellerman\"), with whom he would soon appear again as Helmsman Gary Mitchell in the second *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series \"The Original Series\")* pilot \"[Where No Man Has Gone Before](/wiki/Where_No_Man_Has_Gone_Before \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\")\" (1965\\), in which their characters developed malign super powers.",
"In 1966, he starred as murderous bank robbing cowboy “Jim Stark” in a rare two\\-part episode of *[Gunsmoke](/wiki/Gunsmoke \"Gunsmoke\")* called “The Raid” (S11E19\\), along with John Anderson, Michael Conrad, Jim Davis, and Richard Jaeckel.",
"He may be best known on the big screen for his co\\-starring role in [Stanley Kubrick's](/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick%27s \"Stanley Kubrick's\") iconic *[2001: A Space Odyssey](/wiki/2001:A_Space_Odyssey_%28film%29 \"A Space Odyssey (film)\")* (1968\\) as Dr. Frank Poole. Lockwood was the lead in *[Model Shop](/wiki/Model_Shop_%28film%29 \"Model Shop (film)\")* (1969\\), the American debut by French writer\\-director [Jacques Demy](/wiki/Jacques_Demy \"Jacques Demy\"). He starred with [Elke Sommer](/wiki/Elke_Sommer \"Elke Sommer\") in the crime drama *[They Came to Rob Las Vegas](/wiki/They_Came_to_Rob_Las_Vegas \"They Came to Rob Las Vegas\")* (1968\\) and with [Jacqueline Bisset](/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset \"Jacqueline Bisset\") in the pro\\- women's lib comedy *[Stand Up and Be Counted](/wiki/Stand_Up_and_Be_Counted \"Stand Up and Be Counted\")* (1972\\).",
"Lockwood co\\-starred with [Stefanie Powers](/wiki/Stefanie_Powers \"Stefanie Powers\") (then his wife) in an episode of ABC's *[Love, American Style](/wiki/Love%2C_American_Style \"Love, American Style\")* as a newlywed who gets his mouth stuck around a doorknob. In 1983, he guest\\-starred in the series *[Hart to Hart](/wiki/Hart_to_Hart \"Hart to Hart\")* (\"Emily by Hart\") with [Robert Wagner](/wiki/Robert_Wagner \"Robert Wagner\") and Powers, by then his ex\\-wife. Between 1959 and 2004, Lockwood gained roles in some 40 theatrical features and made\\-for\\-TV movies and 80 TV guest appearances, including the [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") 1975 family drama *[Three for the Road](/wiki/Three_for_the_Road_%28TV_series%29 \"Three for the Road (TV series)\")* and *[Barnaby Jones](/wiki/Barnaby_Jones \"Barnaby Jones\")* starring [Buddy Ebsen](/wiki/Buddy_Ebsen \"Buddy Ebsen\"), in which he appeared many times as a villain.",
""
] |
Lighthouse and Life\-Saving Service Station
-------------------------------------------
South Manitou Island was popular in the 19th and 20th centuries as a harbor and fueling station. With the completion of the Erie Canal in 1826, the development of commercial navigation on the Great Lakes increased rapidly. The Manitou Passage was the most important route for schooners and steamers traveling the 300 mile length of Lake Michigan. The island was a stop for early mariners between [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and the [Straits of Mackinac](/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac "Straits of Mackinac").
{{stack\|\[\[File:Lighthouse Blueprint.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|South Manitou Island Light Blueprint]]}}
{{stack\|\[\[File:southmanitoulighthouse.jpg\|thumb\|The lighthouse on South Manitou Island, built in 1871\.]]}}
To guide storm\-driven ships, Congress appropriated $5,000 in 1838 for the construction of a lighthouse. Construction began in 1839, but very little is known about this first lighthouse on South Manitou Island. The specifications were the same as for the Old Presque Isle lighthouse, which included a 30\-foot circular tower and a stone keeper's dwelling, but written accounts describe a {{frac\|1\|1\|2}}\-story house with a light tower on one gable end. No sketches or photos exist to determine what was actually built. The location of the light was on a 30\-foot sandy knoll near the shore close to the location of the present lighthouse, but the exact location is not known.
In 1858, the U.S. Lighthouse Establishment recognized the need for greater safety and replaced this house with a two\-story brick residence with a 35\-foot tower on top. The tower housed a Fourth Order Fresnel lens. A fog signal building was added and both structures still stand today.
The increased shipping traffic brought changes and in 1871, a 100\-foot tower was built. The tower is 18 feet in diameter at the base. The walls are hollow and 5 feet thick at the base tapering to 3 feet thick at the top. A passageway was added connecting the tower to the keeper's dwelling. A Third Order Fresnel lens from Paris was installed with a 3\-wick lamp that had a range of 18 miles. In 1875, the first steam fog signal on Lake Michigan was installed replacing the fog bell.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nps.gov/slbe/planyourvisit/smilighthouse.htm \|title\=NPS South Manitou Lighthouse \|date\= \|accessdate\=2013\-06\-06}} The 100 foot [lighthouse](/wiki/South_Manitou_Island_Light "South Manitou Island Light") was in operation from 1871 to 1958\. The lighthouse is still in good condition. Recent efforts have restored its light tower to operational status for the summer months.
In 1901, the [United States Life\-Saving Service](/wiki/United_States_Life-Saving_Service "United States Life-Saving Service") built a station on the island. The USLSS became part of the United States Coast Guard in 1915\. The station was permanently closed in 1958\. This station is now the island's ranger station and is not open to the public.
|
[
"Lighthouse and Life\\-Saving Service Station\n-------------------------------------------",
"South Manitou Island was popular in the 19th and 20th centuries as a harbor and fueling station. With the completion of the Erie Canal in 1826, the development of commercial navigation on the Great Lakes increased rapidly. The Manitou Passage was the most important route for schooners and steamers traveling the 300 mile length of Lake Michigan. The island was a stop for early mariners between [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and the [Straits of Mackinac](/wiki/Straits_of_Mackinac \"Straits of Mackinac\").",
"{{stack\\|\\[\\[File:Lighthouse Blueprint.jpg\\|thumbnail\\|right\\|South Manitou Island Light Blueprint]]}}\n{{stack\\|\\[\\[File:southmanitoulighthouse.jpg\\|thumb\\|The lighthouse on South Manitou Island, built in 1871\\.]]}}",
"To guide storm\\-driven ships, Congress appropriated $5,000 in 1838 for the construction of a lighthouse. Construction began in 1839, but very little is known about this first lighthouse on South Manitou Island. The specifications were the same as for the Old Presque Isle lighthouse, which included a 30\\-foot circular tower and a stone keeper's dwelling, but written accounts describe a {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}}\\-story house with a light tower on one gable end. No sketches or photos exist to determine what was actually built. The location of the light was on a 30\\-foot sandy knoll near the shore close to the location of the present lighthouse, but the exact location is not known.",
"In 1858, the U.S. Lighthouse Establishment recognized the need for greater safety and replaced this house with a two\\-story brick residence with a 35\\-foot tower on top. The tower housed a Fourth Order Fresnel lens. A fog signal building was added and both structures still stand today.",
"The increased shipping traffic brought changes and in 1871, a 100\\-foot tower was built. The tower is 18 feet in diameter at the base. The walls are hollow and 5 feet thick at the base tapering to 3 feet thick at the top. A passageway was added connecting the tower to the keeper's dwelling. A Third Order Fresnel lens from Paris was installed with a 3\\-wick lamp that had a range of 18 miles. In 1875, the first steam fog signal on Lake Michigan was installed replacing the fog bell.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/slbe/planyourvisit/smilighthouse.htm \\|title\\=NPS South Manitou Lighthouse \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-06\\-06}} The 100 foot [lighthouse](/wiki/South_Manitou_Island_Light \"South Manitou Island Light\") was in operation from 1871 to 1958\\. The lighthouse is still in good condition. Recent efforts have restored its light tower to operational status for the summer months.",
"In 1901, the [United States Life\\-Saving Service](/wiki/United_States_Life-Saving_Service \"United States Life-Saving Service\") built a station on the island. The USLSS became part of the United States Coast Guard in 1915\\. The station was permanently closed in 1958\\. This station is now the island's ranger station and is not open to the public.",
"",
"",
""
] |
Governor of Kentucky
--------------------
Magoffin was elected Governor of Kentucky in the [1859 Kentucky gubernatorial election](/wiki/1859_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election "1859 Kentucky gubernatorial election") over [Joshua Fry Bell](/wiki/Joshua_Fry_Bell "Joshua Fry Bell"), taking office on August 30\. He supported [states' rights](/wiki/States%27_rights "States' rights") and the institution of [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"). Although he believed in the right of states to [secede from the union](/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States "Secession in the United States"), he hoped to avoid this outcome by reaching an agreement between the southern and northern states. To that end, he wrote a circular letter to the governors of the slave states on December 9, 1860, detailing a plan to save the Union.Harrison in *Register*, p. 92
Magoffin's plan was to unite the slave states around a set of minimum concessions to see if the North would accept them as an alternative to war. The concessions included a constitutional amendment repealing any state law that interfered with enforcement of the [Fugitive Slave Act](/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act "Fugitive Slave Act"), passage of amendments to the Fugitive Slave Act ensuring that any state that would not return a fugitive slave or obstructed a slave's return would compensate the owner of the slave, passage of a law requiring [extradition](/wiki/Extradition "Extradition") of anyone indicted by a [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury "Grand jury") for enticing the escape of a slave, passage of an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing slavery in all current and future territories south of [36 degrees north latitude](/wiki/36th_parallel_north "36th parallel north"), passage of an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing all states the right of using the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"), and provide protection for southern states in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") from oppressive slavery legislation.Harrison in *Register*, p. 93 After the slave state governors refused Magoffin's plan, he endorsed the [Crittenden Compromise](/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise "Crittenden Compromise"), authored by fellow Kentuckian [John J. Crittenden](/wiki/John_J._Crittenden "John J. Crittenden").
[thumb\|1861 political cartoon: "Governor Magoffin's neutrality means holding the cock of the walk (Uncle Sam) while the confederate cat ([Jeff Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis "Jefferson Davis")) kills off his chickens."](/wiki/File:Governor_Magoffin%27s_neutrality_cph.3c32564.jpg "Governor Magoffin's neutrality cph.3c32564.jpg")
In January 1861, Magoffin called the [state legislature](/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly "Kentucky General Assembly") into special session and asked them to call a convention to determine Kentucky's course in the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). The Unionist majority in the legislature feared that the vote of the convention would be to take Kentucky out of the Union; consequently, they refused to call the convention.Harrison in *Kentucky's Governors*, p. 79 In response to [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")'s call for troops on April 15, 1861, Magoffin defiantly declared by [telegram](/wiki/Telegram "Telegram"), "I will send not a man nor a dollar for the wicked purpose of subduing my sister Southern States." Encouraged by Magoffin's rebuff of Lincoln, [Confederate Secretary of War](/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War "Confederate States Secretary of War") [LeRoy Pope Walker](/wiki/LeRoy_Pope_Walker "LeRoy Pope Walker") requested Kentucky troops for the southern cause a week later, but Magoffin similarly refused him.Dues, p. 23
Magoffin called another special session of the legislature in May 1861\. Again, the legislators refused to call a convention to determine the state's course in the war. Instead, they approved a [resolution of neutrality](/wiki/Kentucky_Declaration_of_Neutrality "Kentucky Declaration of Neutrality"), and Magoffin proclaimed this position on May 20, 1861\. Later that month, Magoffin sent a letter to [Confederate President](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America "President of the Confederate States of America") [Jefferson Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis "Jefferson Davis") asking that he recognize and honor Kentucky's neutrality. In August, he sent an identical letter to President Lincoln.
Although Magoffin pledged "to abide by the will of the majority of the people in the state" and to uphold the [state](/wiki/Kentucky_Constitution "Kentucky Constitution") and [federal](/wiki/United_States_Constitution "United States Constitution") constitutions, Unionists in the legislature did not trust Magoffin. In the state's special elections in June 1861, Unionist candidates swept nine of Kentucky's ten congressional districts and obtained [two\-thirds majorities](/wiki/Two-thirds_majority "Two-thirds majority") in [both houses](/wiki/Bicameral_legislature "Bicameral legislature") of the General Assembly. From then on, they routinely overrode Magoffin's vetoes.
In early September 1861, both federal and Confederate troops entered Kentucky.Harrison in *Register*, p. 106 Magoffin declared both sides equally guilty of violating Kentucky's neutrality and demanded that both sides withdraw. A resolution calling for immediate withdrawal by both Union and Confederate forces was defeated in the legislature. Instead, the legislature passed a resolution ordering only the Confederate troops out of the state. Magoffin vetoed the resolution, but his veto was overridden, and he obediently issued the order for the Confederates to withdraw. In November 1861, a self\-constituted convention of southern sympathizers met at [Russellville, Kentucky](/wiki/Russellville%2C_Kentucky "Russellville, Kentucky"), in order to form a provisional [Confederate government](/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky "Confederate government of Kentucky") for the state.Harrison in *The Kentucky Encyclopedia*, p. 604 Despite his southern sympathies, Magoffin denounced the actions of this convention.
Magoffin and the legislature continued to clash throughout the remainder of 1861 and into 1862\. They found agreement only on the most menial of legislation, such as a bill to allow the common schools to continue the sessions that had been interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities in 1861\. He found particularly onerous a bill forfeiting the citizenship of anyone who fought for or aided the Confederacy, but in March 1862, his veto of the bill was overridden.Harrison in *Kentucky's Governors*, p. 80 Magoffin also opposed the military rule of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General "Brigadier General") [Jeremiah T. Boyle](/wiki/Jeremiah_T._Boyle "Jeremiah T. Boyle"), who he believed was violating the civil rights of states' rights advocates, even if they did not advocate secession.
Calls by the legislature for Magoffin's resignation had begun as early as September 30, 1861\. On August 16, 1862, Magoffin declared his willingness to resign on the condition that he be allowed to choose his successor.Harrison in *Register*, p. 108 Because Lieutenant Governor [Linn Boyd](/wiki/Linn_Boyd "Linn Boyd") had died in office in 1859, [Speaker of the Senate](/wiki/President_Pro_Tempore_of_the_Kentucky_Senate "President Pro Tempore of the Kentucky Senate") John F. Fisk was next in line for the governorship. Magoffin refused to accept Fisk as his successor, so Fisk resigned as speaker and the senate elevated Magoffin's choice, [James F. Robinson](/wiki/James_Fisher_Robinson "James Fisher Robinson"), to speaker. Magoffin resigned as governor on August 18, 1862, and Robinson assumed the office of governor for the remainder of Magoffin's term.
|
[
"Governor of Kentucky\n--------------------",
"Magoffin was elected Governor of Kentucky in the [1859 Kentucky gubernatorial election](/wiki/1859_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election \"1859 Kentucky gubernatorial election\") over [Joshua Fry Bell](/wiki/Joshua_Fry_Bell \"Joshua Fry Bell\"), taking office on August 30\\. He supported [states' rights](/wiki/States%27_rights \"States' rights\") and the institution of [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\"). Although he believed in the right of states to [secede from the union](/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States \"Secession in the United States\"), he hoped to avoid this outcome by reaching an agreement between the southern and northern states. To that end, he wrote a circular letter to the governors of the slave states on December 9, 1860, detailing a plan to save the Union.Harrison in *Register*, p. 92",
"Magoffin's plan was to unite the slave states around a set of minimum concessions to see if the North would accept them as an alternative to war. The concessions included a constitutional amendment repealing any state law that interfered with enforcement of the [Fugitive Slave Act](/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act \"Fugitive Slave Act\"), passage of amendments to the Fugitive Slave Act ensuring that any state that would not return a fugitive slave or obstructed a slave's return would compensate the owner of the slave, passage of a law requiring [extradition](/wiki/Extradition \"Extradition\") of anyone indicted by a [grand jury](/wiki/Grand_jury \"Grand jury\") for enticing the escape of a slave, passage of an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing slavery in all current and future territories south of [36 degrees north latitude](/wiki/36th_parallel_north \"36th parallel north\"), passage of an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing all states the right of using the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"), and provide protection for southern states in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") from oppressive slavery legislation.Harrison in *Register*, p. 93 After the slave state governors refused Magoffin's plan, he endorsed the [Crittenden Compromise](/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise \"Crittenden Compromise\"), authored by fellow Kentuckian [John J. Crittenden](/wiki/John_J._Crittenden \"John J. Crittenden\").",
"[thumb\\|1861 political cartoon: \"Governor Magoffin's neutrality means holding the cock of the walk (Uncle Sam) while the confederate cat ([Jeff Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis \"Jefferson Davis\")) kills off his chickens.\"](/wiki/File:Governor_Magoffin%27s_neutrality_cph.3c32564.jpg \"Governor Magoffin's neutrality cph.3c32564.jpg\")\nIn January 1861, Magoffin called the [state legislature](/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly \"Kentucky General Assembly\") into special session and asked them to call a convention to determine Kentucky's course in the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). The Unionist majority in the legislature feared that the vote of the convention would be to take Kentucky out of the Union; consequently, they refused to call the convention.Harrison in *Kentucky's Governors*, p. 79 In response to [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\")'s call for troops on April 15, 1861, Magoffin defiantly declared by [telegram](/wiki/Telegram \"Telegram\"), \"I will send not a man nor a dollar for the wicked purpose of subduing my sister Southern States.\" Encouraged by Magoffin's rebuff of Lincoln, [Confederate Secretary of War](/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War \"Confederate States Secretary of War\") [LeRoy Pope Walker](/wiki/LeRoy_Pope_Walker \"LeRoy Pope Walker\") requested Kentucky troops for the southern cause a week later, but Magoffin similarly refused him.Dues, p. 23",
"Magoffin called another special session of the legislature in May 1861\\. Again, the legislators refused to call a convention to determine the state's course in the war. Instead, they approved a [resolution of neutrality](/wiki/Kentucky_Declaration_of_Neutrality \"Kentucky Declaration of Neutrality\"), and Magoffin proclaimed this position on May 20, 1861\\. Later that month, Magoffin sent a letter to [Confederate President](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America \"President of the Confederate States of America\") [Jefferson Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis \"Jefferson Davis\") asking that he recognize and honor Kentucky's neutrality. In August, he sent an identical letter to President Lincoln.",
"Although Magoffin pledged \"to abide by the will of the majority of the people in the state\" and to uphold the [state](/wiki/Kentucky_Constitution \"Kentucky Constitution\") and [federal](/wiki/United_States_Constitution \"United States Constitution\") constitutions, Unionists in the legislature did not trust Magoffin. In the state's special elections in June 1861, Unionist candidates swept nine of Kentucky's ten congressional districts and obtained [two\\-thirds majorities](/wiki/Two-thirds_majority \"Two-thirds majority\") in [both houses](/wiki/Bicameral_legislature \"Bicameral legislature\") of the General Assembly. From then on, they routinely overrode Magoffin's vetoes.",
"In early September 1861, both federal and Confederate troops entered Kentucky.Harrison in *Register*, p. 106 Magoffin declared both sides equally guilty of violating Kentucky's neutrality and demanded that both sides withdraw. A resolution calling for immediate withdrawal by both Union and Confederate forces was defeated in the legislature. Instead, the legislature passed a resolution ordering only the Confederate troops out of the state. Magoffin vetoed the resolution, but his veto was overridden, and he obediently issued the order for the Confederates to withdraw. In November 1861, a self\\-constituted convention of southern sympathizers met at [Russellville, Kentucky](/wiki/Russellville%2C_Kentucky \"Russellville, Kentucky\"), in order to form a provisional [Confederate government](/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky \"Confederate government of Kentucky\") for the state.Harrison in *The Kentucky Encyclopedia*, p. 604 Despite his southern sympathies, Magoffin denounced the actions of this convention.",
"Magoffin and the legislature continued to clash throughout the remainder of 1861 and into 1862\\. They found agreement only on the most menial of legislation, such as a bill to allow the common schools to continue the sessions that had been interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities in 1861\\. He found particularly onerous a bill forfeiting the citizenship of anyone who fought for or aided the Confederacy, but in March 1862, his veto of the bill was overridden.Harrison in *Kentucky's Governors*, p. 80 Magoffin also opposed the military rule of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General \"Brigadier General\") [Jeremiah T. Boyle](/wiki/Jeremiah_T._Boyle \"Jeremiah T. Boyle\"), who he believed was violating the civil rights of states' rights advocates, even if they did not advocate secession.",
"Calls by the legislature for Magoffin's resignation had begun as early as September 30, 1861\\. On August 16, 1862, Magoffin declared his willingness to resign on the condition that he be allowed to choose his successor.Harrison in *Register*, p. 108 Because Lieutenant Governor [Linn Boyd](/wiki/Linn_Boyd \"Linn Boyd\") had died in office in 1859, [Speaker of the Senate](/wiki/President_Pro_Tempore_of_the_Kentucky_Senate \"President Pro Tempore of the Kentucky Senate\") John F. Fisk was next in line for the governorship. Magoffin refused to accept Fisk as his successor, so Fisk resigned as speaker and the senate elevated Magoffin's choice, [James F. Robinson](/wiki/James_Fisher_Robinson \"James Fisher Robinson\"), to speaker. Magoffin resigned as governor on August 18, 1862, and Robinson assumed the office of governor for the remainder of Magoffin's term.",
""
] |
History
-------
[right\|thumb\|Turkey Hill convenience store in [Strasburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Strasburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Strasburg, Pennsylvania")](/wiki/File:Turkey_Hill_Minit_Mart_-_panoramio.jpg "Turkey Hill Minit Mart - panoramio.jpg")
In 1967, Charles and Emerson Frey opened the first Turkey Hill Minit Markets store on Columbia Avenue in [Lancaster, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Pennsylvania "Lancaster, Pennsylvania"), as a way to better market their dairy products.[Minit Market timeline](https://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/timeline.asp) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324202130/https://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/timeline.asp \|date\=March 24, 2016 }}
The stores operated as a separate business[Kroger buys Turkey Hill Dairy and Farmland Industries](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03EED8163BF931A1575BC0A963948260) \- [Farmland Industries](/wiki/Farmland_Industries "Farmland Industries") \- with the headquarters in the original store basement. In 1978, they built their second headquarters at 257 Centerville Road in [East Hempfield Township](/wiki/East_Hempfield_Township%2C_Pennsylvania "East Hempfield Township, Pennsylvania"), [Lancaster County](/wiki/Lancaster_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Lancaster County, Pennsylvania"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"). This building was demolished and rebuilt as a new location. It opened in March 2023\.
On December 19, 1974, the stores won a legal battle overturning the so\-called *[blue laws](/wiki/Blue_law "Blue law")* that prohibited retailers opening on Sunday, and in 1976, they became the first company to offer [self\-service](/wiki/Self-service "Self-service") [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline") in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania").
In 1979, Turkey Hill Minit Market purchased 36 Louden Hill stores. In July 1985, Turkey Hill acquired a number of [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") stores and six Ideal Markets. In [Lancaster County](/wiki/Lancaster_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Lancaster County, Pennsylvania"), where the chain originated, Turkey Hill Minit Markets were the overwhelming convenience store choice; in some cases, stores were located as close as three blocks apart.
In 1985, [Kroger](/wiki/Kroger "Kroger") acquired both Turkey Hill Minit Markets and [Turkey Hill Dairy](/wiki/Turkey_Hill_%28company%29 "Turkey Hill (company)"), which manufactures various beverages, fruit\-flavored drinks and dairy products, including milk and ice cream. Kroger continued to operate both brands as separate, independent entities.
During the 1990s, Turkey Hill and competitors [Sheetz](/wiki/Sheetz "Sheetz") and [Wawa](/wiki/Wawa_%28company%29 "Wawa (company)") began overlapping their regions of service. [John Hofmeister](/wiki/John_Hofmeister "John Hofmeister"), president of [Shell Oil](/wiki/Shell_Oil "Shell Oil") commented on the new situation in sworn testimony before the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/U.S._Senate "U.S. Senate") Committee on the Judiciary in March 2006:[John Hofmeister testimony](http://www.nasmonline.com/031406TestimonyofJohnHofmeister.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814075518/http://www.nasmonline.com/031406TestimonyofJohnHofmeister.pdf \|date\=August 14, 2006 }} "We are seeing healthy new retail competition emerging with brands such as Wawa, Sheetz, and Turkey Hill."
[thumb\|A Turkey Hill store at the intersection of Columbia Ave and Rohrerstown Rd in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. This location was formerly an Exxon.](/wiki/File:Turkeyhillrohrerstown.jpg "Turkeyhillrohrerstown.jpg")
In 1998, Turkey Hill opened its 249th store in [Hazleton, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Hazleton%2C_Pennsylvania "Hazleton, Pennsylvania"). This store was the first of many stores to open with foodservice offerings. Foodservice offerings included fresh [subs](/wiki/Subs "Subs"), [sandwiches](/wiki/Sandwiches "Sandwiches"), [pizza](/wiki/Pizza "Pizza"), and many other hot foods. Many new stores are built with foodservice and car washes. Beginning in 1999, new larger stores were opened with more of an emphasis on selling gasoline. About 200 of the 240 stores in Central Pennsylvania have gas pumps.[Minit Market Company History](http://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/company.asp) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313192606/http://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/company.asp \|date\=March 13, 2015 }}
In October 2017, Kroger disclosed that it was considering the potential sale of Turkey Hill Minit Markets as well as four other convenience store brands \- [Kwik Shop](/wiki/Kwik_Shop "Kwik Shop"), [Loaf 'N Jug](/wiki/Loaf_%27N_Jug "Loaf 'N Jug"), Quik Stop, and [Tom Thumb](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_Food_Stores "Tom Thumb Food Stores"). Any potential sale would exclude [Turkey Hill Dairy](/wiki/Turkey_Hill_%28company%29 "Turkey Hill (company)"), which is operated separately from the convenience store chain.
In early February 2018, Kroger announced it had reached an agreement to sell Turkey Hill Minit Markets and its entire convenience\-store portfolio to [EG Group](/wiki/EG_Group "EG Group"), forming the basis of [EG America](/wiki/EG_Group%23United_States "EG Group#United States").{{cite web\|title\=Kroger to sell Turkey Hill Minit Markets, 4 other chains, to English firm for $2\.15B\|url\=http://lancasteronline.com/business/local\_business/kroger\-to\-sell\-turkey\-hill\-minit\-markets\-other\-chains\-to/article\_2be067ce\-0ab0\-11e8\-9935\-2b9b6d8470c7\.html\|website\=Lancaster Online\|access\-date\=28 March 2018}} The sale was finalized on April 20, 2018\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.supermarketnews.com/retail\-financial/kroger\-wraps\-sale\-convenience\-store\-business\|title\=Kroger wraps up sale of convenience store business\|date\=2018\-04\-20\|work\=Supermarket News\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-21}} The following year, EG America purchased [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio "Columbus, Ohio")\-based Certified Oil, leading to Turkey Hill's Columbus area locations to be marketed together with Certified. EG America's purchase of [Cumberland Farms](/wiki/Cumberland_Farms "Cumberland Farms") shortly afterwards allowed Turkey Hill and all of EG America to sell Cumberland Farms\-branded [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee") products.
On January 27, 2020, [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") opened a location inside a Turkey Hill store in [Cumru Township, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Cumru_Township%2C_Pennsylvania "Cumru Township, Pennsylvania"). This marks the beginning of a plan by EG Group to add fast food franchises at several Turkey Hill locations in order to update food service offerings, including [Sbarro](/wiki/Sbarro "Sbarro") at its [Midwestern](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States "Midwestern United States") locations.{{cite news\|last\=Kulp\|first\=Andrew\|title\=Taking aim at competition, Turkey Hill partners with fast food chains\|work\=Reading Eagle\|date\=January 31, 2020\|url\=https://www.readingeagle.com/money/taking\-aim\-at\-competition\-turkey\-hill\-partners\-with\-fast\-food/article\_e9b01ec4\-42cc\-11ea\-8264\-bf2d15d89311\.html\|access\-date\=March 13, 2020}}
### Branding changes
In 2004, the stores adopted the current signage, featuring a stylized map of the [contiguous United States](/wiki/Contiguous_United_States "Contiguous United States"). EG America's [Kwik Shop](/wiki/Kwik_Shop "Kwik Shop"), [Loaf 'N Jug](/wiki/Loaf_%27N_Jug "Loaf 'N Jug"), Quik Stop, and [Tom Thumb](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_Food_Stores "Tom Thumb Food Stores") brands all use the same logo and font, which originated with [Kroger](/wiki/Kroger "Kroger").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Turkey Hill convenience store in [Strasburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Strasburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Strasburg, Pennsylvania\")](/wiki/File:Turkey_Hill_Minit_Mart_-_panoramio.jpg \"Turkey Hill Minit Mart - panoramio.jpg\")\nIn 1967, Charles and Emerson Frey opened the first Turkey Hill Minit Markets store on Columbia Avenue in [Lancaster, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lancaster, Pennsylvania\"), as a way to better market their dairy products.[Minit Market timeline](https://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/timeline.asp) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324202130/https://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/timeline.asp \\|date\\=March 24, 2016 }}",
"The stores operated as a separate business[Kroger buys Turkey Hill Dairy and Farmland Industries](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03EED8163BF931A1575BC0A963948260) \\- [Farmland Industries](/wiki/Farmland_Industries \"Farmland Industries\") \\- with the headquarters in the original store basement. In 1978, they built their second headquarters at 257 Centerville Road in [East Hempfield Township](/wiki/East_Hempfield_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"East Hempfield Township, Pennsylvania\"), [Lancaster County](/wiki/Lancaster_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lancaster County, Pennsylvania\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). This building was demolished and rebuilt as a new location. It opened in March 2023\\.",
"On December 19, 1974, the stores won a legal battle overturning the so\\-called *[blue laws](/wiki/Blue_law \"Blue law\")* that prohibited retailers opening on Sunday, and in 1976, they became the first company to offer [self\\-service](/wiki/Self-service \"Self-service\") [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\") in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\").",
"In 1979, Turkey Hill Minit Market purchased 36 Louden Hill stores. In July 1985, Turkey Hill acquired a number of [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\") stores and six Ideal Markets. In [Lancaster County](/wiki/Lancaster_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lancaster County, Pennsylvania\"), where the chain originated, Turkey Hill Minit Markets were the overwhelming convenience store choice; in some cases, stores were located as close as three blocks apart.",
"In 1985, [Kroger](/wiki/Kroger \"Kroger\") acquired both Turkey Hill Minit Markets and [Turkey Hill Dairy](/wiki/Turkey_Hill_%28company%29 \"Turkey Hill (company)\"), which manufactures various beverages, fruit\\-flavored drinks and dairy products, including milk and ice cream. Kroger continued to operate both brands as separate, independent entities.",
"During the 1990s, Turkey Hill and competitors [Sheetz](/wiki/Sheetz \"Sheetz\") and [Wawa](/wiki/Wawa_%28company%29 \"Wawa (company)\") began overlapping their regions of service. [John Hofmeister](/wiki/John_Hofmeister \"John Hofmeister\"), president of [Shell Oil](/wiki/Shell_Oil \"Shell Oil\") commented on the new situation in sworn testimony before the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/U.S._Senate \"U.S. Senate\") Committee on the Judiciary in March 2006:[John Hofmeister testimony](http://www.nasmonline.com/031406TestimonyofJohnHofmeister.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814075518/http://www.nasmonline.com/031406TestimonyofJohnHofmeister.pdf \\|date\\=August 14, 2006 }} \"We are seeing healthy new retail competition emerging with brands such as Wawa, Sheetz, and Turkey Hill.\"\n[thumb\\|A Turkey Hill store at the intersection of Columbia Ave and Rohrerstown Rd in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. This location was formerly an Exxon.](/wiki/File:Turkeyhillrohrerstown.jpg \"Turkeyhillrohrerstown.jpg\")\nIn 1998, Turkey Hill opened its 249th store in [Hazleton, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Hazleton%2C_Pennsylvania \"Hazleton, Pennsylvania\"). This store was the first of many stores to open with foodservice offerings. Foodservice offerings included fresh [subs](/wiki/Subs \"Subs\"), [sandwiches](/wiki/Sandwiches \"Sandwiches\"), [pizza](/wiki/Pizza \"Pizza\"), and many other hot foods. Many new stores are built with foodservice and car washes. Beginning in 1999, new larger stores were opened with more of an emphasis on selling gasoline. About 200 of the 240 stores in Central Pennsylvania have gas pumps.[Minit Market Company History](http://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/company.asp) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313192606/http://www.turkeyhillstores.com/company/company.asp \\|date\\=March 13, 2015 }}",
"In October 2017, Kroger disclosed that it was considering the potential sale of Turkey Hill Minit Markets as well as four other convenience store brands \\- [Kwik Shop](/wiki/Kwik_Shop \"Kwik Shop\"), [Loaf 'N Jug](/wiki/Loaf_%27N_Jug \"Loaf 'N Jug\"), Quik Stop, and [Tom Thumb](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_Food_Stores \"Tom Thumb Food Stores\"). Any potential sale would exclude [Turkey Hill Dairy](/wiki/Turkey_Hill_%28company%29 \"Turkey Hill (company)\"), which is operated separately from the convenience store chain.",
"In early February 2018, Kroger announced it had reached an agreement to sell Turkey Hill Minit Markets and its entire convenience\\-store portfolio to [EG Group](/wiki/EG_Group \"EG Group\"), forming the basis of [EG America](/wiki/EG_Group%23United_States \"EG Group#United States\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Kroger to sell Turkey Hill Minit Markets, 4 other chains, to English firm for $2\\.15B\\|url\\=http://lancasteronline.com/business/local\\_business/kroger\\-to\\-sell\\-turkey\\-hill\\-minit\\-markets\\-other\\-chains\\-to/article\\_2be067ce\\-0ab0\\-11e8\\-9935\\-2b9b6d8470c7\\.html\\|website\\=Lancaster Online\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2018}} The sale was finalized on April 20, 2018\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.supermarketnews.com/retail\\-financial/kroger\\-wraps\\-sale\\-convenience\\-store\\-business\\|title\\=Kroger wraps up sale of convenience store business\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-20\\|work\\=Supermarket News\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-21}} The following year, EG America purchased [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\")\\-based Certified Oil, leading to Turkey Hill's Columbus area locations to be marketed together with Certified. EG America's purchase of [Cumberland Farms](/wiki/Cumberland_Farms \"Cumberland Farms\") shortly afterwards allowed Turkey Hill and all of EG America to sell Cumberland Farms\\-branded [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\") products.",
"On January 27, 2020, [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\") opened a location inside a Turkey Hill store in [Cumru Township, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Cumru_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Cumru Township, Pennsylvania\"). This marks the beginning of a plan by EG Group to add fast food franchises at several Turkey Hill locations in order to update food service offerings, including [Sbarro](/wiki/Sbarro \"Sbarro\") at its [Midwestern](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States \"Midwestern United States\") locations.{{cite news\\|last\\=Kulp\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Taking aim at competition, Turkey Hill partners with fast food chains\\|work\\=Reading Eagle\\|date\\=January 31, 2020\\|url\\=https://www.readingeagle.com/money/taking\\-aim\\-at\\-competition\\-turkey\\-hill\\-partners\\-with\\-fast\\-food/article\\_e9b01ec4\\-42cc\\-11ea\\-8264\\-bf2d15d89311\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}",
"### Branding changes",
"In 2004, the stores adopted the current signage, featuring a stylized map of the [contiguous United States](/wiki/Contiguous_United_States \"Contiguous United States\"). EG America's [Kwik Shop](/wiki/Kwik_Shop \"Kwik Shop\"), [Loaf 'N Jug](/wiki/Loaf_%27N_Jug \"Loaf 'N Jug\"), Quik Stop, and [Tom Thumb](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_Food_Stores \"Tom Thumb Food Stores\") brands all use the same logo and font, which originated with [Kroger](/wiki/Kroger \"Kroger\").",
""
] |
Early life
----------
Gottlieb was involved with sports throughout his life. Born Isadore Gottlieb in 1898 in [Kiev](/wiki/Kiev "Kiev"),{{cite book\| first \= Rich\| last \= Westcott\| title \= The Mogul: Eddie Gottlieb, Philadelphia sports legend and pro basketball pioneer\| publisher \= Temple University Press\| year \= 2008\| isbn \= 978\-1\-59213\-655\-1 \| page \= 12}} he moved with his family to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") at the turn of the century. By the time he was a young adult he had not only played on but had also coached, owned, and operated neighborhood sports teams.
[thumb\|Eddie Gottlieb Historical Marker \- South Philadelphia High School \- 2101 S Broad St Philadelphia PA](/wiki/File:Eddie_Gottlieb_Historical_Marker.jpg "Eddie Gottlieb Historical Marker.jpg")
He was, by his own admission, a born promoter and organizer, and changed his name to Edward. In 1917, when he was 19, Gottlieb organized a team of mostly [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish "Jewish") players representing the Young Men's Hebrew Association, which supplied the team with uniforms for three years. The players later found a new sponsor with the South Philadelphia Hebrew Association, a social club from which the team derived its new identity, the [Philadelphia Sphas](/wiki/Philadelphia_Sphas "Philadelphia Sphas"). The team wore uniforms with the acronym SPHAs sewn across the chest in Hebrew letters. Even after the association stopped providing the uniforms, the team kept the unusual name. Having no home court, the team nicknamed themselves "the Wandering Jews".{{Cite book \|last\=Stark \|first\=Douglas Andrew \|url\=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162355163 \|title\=The SPHAS The Life and Times of Basketball's Greatest Jewish Team \|publisher\=Temple University Press \|year\=2011 \|isbn\=978\-1\-59213\-635\-3 \|publication\-place\=Philadelphia \|pages\=15 \|oclc\=1162355163}}
In the early days of the SPHAs, a game was as much a social event. "We played in a lot of dance halls in those early years", Gottlieb told The Associated Press. "It was basketball, then dancing. A very nice Saturday evening for yourself and your date. We used to let the girls in for free, because you couldn't have a dance after the game without the girls. We had no trouble getting the guys to pay for the basketball game when they heard that news."{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}}
The SPHAs became one of the powerhouses of basketball in the East. The team entered the Philadelphia League and won two consecutive championships, the final two in the league's history. The SPHAs then joined the Eastern League, which went out of business in the same season, forcing the team to book its own games.
Gottlieb, an entrepreneur and future schedule maker, had no trouble lining up a series of exhibition games against teams from both New York's Metropolitan League and the [American Basketball League](/wiki/American_Basketball_League_%281925%E2%80%9355%29 "American Basketball League (1925–55)"), which in 1925–26 began operation as the country's first major professional basketball league.
The SPHAs won five of six games against ABL teams in 1925–26, losing only to the league's top club, the [Cleveland Rosenblums](/wiki/Cleveland_Rosenblums "Cleveland Rosenblums"). The SPHAs then defeated two of the game's best touring squads, the [New York Original Celtics](/wiki/Original_Celtics "Original Celtics") and the [New York Renaissance Five (Rens)](/wiki/New_York_Renaissance "New York Renaissance"), in best\-of\-three series.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} In about six weeks, Gottlieb's team had won nine of 11 contests against the most celebrated squads in basketball.
For the next two years Gottlieb devoted his energy to the Philadelphia Warriors, a 1926–27 ABL entry. The Warriors, who featured former SPHAs stars [Chick Passon](/wiki/Chick_Passon "Chick Passon") and [Stretch Meehan](/wiki/Stretch_Meehan "Stretch Meehan"), competed in the ABL for two seasons, posting winning records both years. The ABL, its decline hastened by the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), shut down two seasons later, in 1931\. Meanwhile, Gottlieb had rebuilt the SPHAs in 1929 with younger talent, and in 1933 the team joined the ABL, which had reorganized as a smaller, regional circuit after a two\-year hiatus.
The clubs in this reincarnation of the ABL played in small arenas, armories, and dance halls, much as teams had in the early 1920s. The SPHAs were the premier team, winning championships in three of the league's first four seasons and taking titles in 7 of 15 years. The club stayed together for 31 years, until 1949, when Gottlieb became too involved with the new Basketball Association of America. Gottlieb sold the SPHAs to [Red Klotz](/wiki/Red_Klotz "Red Klotz") in 1950\.
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"Gottlieb was involved with sports throughout his life. Born Isadore Gottlieb in 1898 in [Kiev](/wiki/Kiev \"Kiev\"),{{cite book\\| first \\= Rich\\| last \\= Westcott\\| title \\= The Mogul: Eddie Gottlieb, Philadelphia sports legend and pro basketball pioneer\\| publisher \\= Temple University Press\\| year \\= 2008\\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-59213\\-655\\-1 \\| page \\= 12}} he moved with his family to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") at the turn of the century. By the time he was a young adult he had not only played on but had also coached, owned, and operated neighborhood sports teams.",
"[thumb\\|Eddie Gottlieb Historical Marker \\- South Philadelphia High School \\- 2101 S Broad St Philadelphia PA](/wiki/File:Eddie_Gottlieb_Historical_Marker.jpg \"Eddie Gottlieb Historical Marker.jpg\")\nHe was, by his own admission, a born promoter and organizer, and changed his name to Edward. In 1917, when he was 19, Gottlieb organized a team of mostly [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") players representing the Young Men's Hebrew Association, which supplied the team with uniforms for three years. The players later found a new sponsor with the South Philadelphia Hebrew Association, a social club from which the team derived its new identity, the [Philadelphia Sphas](/wiki/Philadelphia_Sphas \"Philadelphia Sphas\"). The team wore uniforms with the acronym SPHAs sewn across the chest in Hebrew letters. Even after the association stopped providing the uniforms, the team kept the unusual name. Having no home court, the team nicknamed themselves \"the Wandering Jews\".{{Cite book \\|last\\=Stark \\|first\\=Douglas Andrew \\|url\\=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162355163 \\|title\\=The SPHAS The Life and Times of Basketball's Greatest Jewish Team \\|publisher\\=Temple University Press \\|year\\=2011 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59213\\-635\\-3 \\|publication\\-place\\=Philadelphia \\|pages\\=15 \\|oclc\\=1162355163}}",
"In the early days of the SPHAs, a game was as much a social event. \"We played in a lot of dance halls in those early years\", Gottlieb told The Associated Press. \"It was basketball, then dancing. A very nice Saturday evening for yourself and your date. We used to let the girls in for free, because you couldn't have a dance after the game without the girls. We had no trouble getting the guys to pay for the basketball game when they heard that news.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}",
"The SPHAs became one of the powerhouses of basketball in the East. The team entered the Philadelphia League and won two consecutive championships, the final two in the league's history. The SPHAs then joined the Eastern League, which went out of business in the same season, forcing the team to book its own games.",
"Gottlieb, an entrepreneur and future schedule maker, had no trouble lining up a series of exhibition games against teams from both New York's Metropolitan League and the [American Basketball League](/wiki/American_Basketball_League_%281925%E2%80%9355%29 \"American Basketball League (1925–55)\"), which in 1925–26 began operation as the country's first major professional basketball league.",
"The SPHAs won five of six games against ABL teams in 1925–26, losing only to the league's top club, the [Cleveland Rosenblums](/wiki/Cleveland_Rosenblums \"Cleveland Rosenblums\"). The SPHAs then defeated two of the game's best touring squads, the [New York Original Celtics](/wiki/Original_Celtics \"Original Celtics\") and the [New York Renaissance Five (Rens)](/wiki/New_York_Renaissance \"New York Renaissance\"), in best\\-of\\-three series.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}} In about six weeks, Gottlieb's team had won nine of 11 contests against the most celebrated squads in basketball.",
"For the next two years Gottlieb devoted his energy to the Philadelphia Warriors, a 1926–27 ABL entry. The Warriors, who featured former SPHAs stars [Chick Passon](/wiki/Chick_Passon \"Chick Passon\") and [Stretch Meehan](/wiki/Stretch_Meehan \"Stretch Meehan\"), competed in the ABL for two seasons, posting winning records both years. The ABL, its decline hastened by the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), shut down two seasons later, in 1931\\. Meanwhile, Gottlieb had rebuilt the SPHAs in 1929 with younger talent, and in 1933 the team joined the ABL, which had reorganized as a smaller, regional circuit after a two\\-year hiatus.",
"The clubs in this reincarnation of the ABL played in small arenas, armories, and dance halls, much as teams had in the early 1920s. The SPHAs were the premier team, winning championships in three of the league's first four seasons and taking titles in 7 of 15 years. The club stayed together for 31 years, until 1949, when Gottlieb became too involved with the new Basketball Association of America. Gottlieb sold the SPHAs to [Red Klotz](/wiki/Red_Klotz \"Red Klotz\") in 1950\\.",
""
] |
BAA and NBA
-----------
In the spring of 1946, the United States was celebrating the end of World War II, which had formally ended in September 1945\. Peace brought the population leisure time and money for entertainment, and basketball was ripe for a move to the big time. College basketball had grown immensely in popularity during the previous 10 years, and there was no professional basketball circuit (as hockey had with the [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League")).
The National Basketball League was operating primarily in the Midwest, and did not attract the attention of other cities where basketball was popular, such as New York, [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), and [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston")—which, for nearly half a century, had been the hotbeds of barnstorming teams and fly\-by\-night leagues. The owners or operators of major arenas in some of the country's biggest cities were looking for events to help fill their schedules. They met in New York City in 1946 and created the 11\-team [Basketball Association of America](/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America "Basketball Association of America"). The league was fashioned after the National Hockey League, with a 60\-game schedule followed by championship playoffs.
Of the original 11 teams, only three still survive in the present\-day NBA: the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics"), the [New York Knickerbockers](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks"), and the [Philadelphia (now Golden State) Warriors](/wiki/Philadelphia_Warriors "Philadelphia Warriors"). Gottlieb was the coach and general manager of the Philadelphia Warriors. Besides coaching, he made sure the team stayed afloat during the rocky days of the BAA and the NBA. "He promoted the team on street corners and he sold tickets and then he counted the cold house", Mike Lupica wrote after Gottlieb's death.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}}
Gottlieb coached the Warriors for a total of nine seasons, compiling a 263–318 regular\-season career record and going 15–17 in the playoffs. The Warriors finished at .500 or better in four of their first six campaigns, but in Gottlieb's last three seasons they compiled losing records and failed to make the playoffs. During his coaching years, from 1946/47 to 1954/55, his teams included such early NBA standouts as [Paul Arizin](/wiki/Paul_Arizin "Paul Arizin") and [Neil Johnston](/wiki/Neil_Johnston "Neil Johnston").
Gottlieb won his lone championship with the Warriors in the first term of the BAA, 1946–47\. Behind ["Jumping Joe" Fulks](/wiki/Joe_Fulks "Joe Fulks"), who led the league with 23\.2 points per game, the Warriors logged a 35–25 regular\-season record, second to the Washington Capitols in the Eastern Division. In the playoffs the Warriors defeated New York, the [St. Louis Bombers](/wiki/St._Louis_Bombers_%28NBA%29 "St. Louis Bombers (NBA)"), and the [Chicago Stags](/wiki/Chicago_Stags "Chicago Stags") for the title. Gottlieb and rivaling Stags coach [Harold Olsen](/wiki/Harold_Olsen "Harold Olsen") would be the first rookie coaches to compete in the championship match\-ups, with such a feat not happening again until the [2015 NBA Finals](/wiki/2015_NBA_Finals "2015 NBA Finals") with [Steve Kerr](/wiki/Steve_Kerr "Steve Kerr") of the Warriors (now in Golden State) and [David Blatt](/wiki/David_Blatt "David Blatt") of the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") both competing for their first championships in their rookie coaching seasons in the NBA.
In the league's second season the BAA lost four teams and picked up another one. The Warriors edged the Knicks by a single game in the regular season and then lost in six in the BAA Finals to the league's newest entrant, the [Baltimore Bullets](/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_%281963%E2%80%9373%29 "Baltimore Bullets (1963–73)"). For the 1949/50 season, the BAA merged with the NBL to form the NBA, a marriage in which Gottlieb was influential. "When anyone inside the league or outside had a question, they went to Gotty", said Leonard Koppett, who covered the NBA for the *New York Post* and *The New York Times*. For the next three seasons the Warriors lost in the first round of the playoffs without winning a game.
Gottlieb, who was instrumental in helping original Warriors owner [Peter A. Tyrrell](/wiki/Peter_A._Tyrrell "Peter A. Tyrrell") launch the franchise, bought the club in 1952 for $25,000\. He also had a major role in shaping the league's rules, serving as chairman of the rules committee for 25 years. He was there when [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals "Syracuse Nationals") owner [Danny Biasone](/wiki/Danny_Biasone "Danny Biasone") came up with the idea of a 24\-second shot clock in 1954, and he helped to implement a rule that gave a bonus free throw after six team fouls in a quarter. The new rules supplied the framework for a more fast\-paced and exciting game and were pivotal in the continued existence and eventual success of the NBA.
"I probably was responsible for more rule changes in pro basketball than any other man", Gottlieb told the Associated Press late in his life. "They call me in now because I’m the only one left who can connect things to the past, who knows why this rule was put in or why that one was thrown out."{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}}
Gottlieb was behind the NBA's "territorial draft" rule, which gave teams the right to claim a local college or high school player in exchange for giving up their first\-round draft pick. The rule was particularly advantageous for Philadelphia, which landed Overbrook High School's [Wilt Chamberlain](/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain "Wilt Chamberlain") in 1959 after his stints with the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") and the [Harlem Globetrotters](/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters "Harlem Globetrotters").
Chamberlain furthered the franchise's success. An immediate drawing card, he led the NBA in scoring and rebounding as a rookie and helped the Warriors to a 49–26 record and a trip to the division semifinals. With the Warriors for five full seasons (he was traded during his sixth season), Chamberlain took the team to the playoffs four times. In 1961/62 Philadelphia fell to Boston in seven games in the Eastern Division Finals.
Before the 1962/63 season the Warriors moved west. Gottlieb, who had purchased the franchise 10 years earlier, sold it for a $600,000 profit to a credit card company, which kept 33\.3 percent of the ownership while [Franklin Mieuli](/wiki/Franklin_Mieuli "Franklin Mieuli") put together a group of almost 40 [Bay Area](/wiki/Bay_Area "Bay Area") investors to purchase the remainder of the team. The move to San Francisco followed the [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers "Minneapolis Lakers")' migration to Los Angeles two seasons earlier, and helped open the west to professional basketball.
Gottlieb remained involved with the team in San Francisco before "retiring" in 1964\. However, he retained his leadership position with the NBA. His role was crucial: the job of planning the league schedule had become solely his. "They joked that Eddie Gottlieb carried the NBA around in his briefcase", Lupica wrote.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}}
In any July or August, a visit to Gottlieb's office would find him in front of stacks of paper, a yellow legal pad, and graph paper. "Gottlieb's skin would be the color of the yellow paper, and his eyes would look like black holes", Lupica wrote. "But he was making a season, as always."{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}}
Gottlieb was the force behind the NBA schedule until shortly before his death. As other leagues began to use computers to build neutral schedules, the NBA continued to rely on Gottlieb and trust his human intuition. For 1978/79, the season prior to his death, he reluctantly gave up his duties to a software program.
A lifelong bachelor, Gottlieb remained employed by the NBA until his death in December 1979, traveling from Philadelphia to New York a few times a week as a coordinator and consultant. "Eddie Gottlieb was one of the real pioneers of professional round ball", Red Smith wrote in *The New York Times*. Wrote Lupica, "Eddie Gottlieb loved basketball. Maybe no one ever loved basketball quite the way he did."
His story is featured in *[The First Basket](/wiki/The_First_Basket "The First Basket")*, a documentary on the history of Jews and Basketball.
|
[
"BAA and NBA\n-----------",
"In the spring of 1946, the United States was celebrating the end of World War II, which had formally ended in September 1945\\. Peace brought the population leisure time and money for entertainment, and basketball was ripe for a move to the big time. College basketball had grown immensely in popularity during the previous 10 years, and there was no professional basketball circuit (as hockey had with the [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\")).",
"The National Basketball League was operating primarily in the Midwest, and did not attract the attention of other cities where basketball was popular, such as New York, [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), and [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\")—which, for nearly half a century, had been the hotbeds of barnstorming teams and fly\\-by\\-night leagues. The owners or operators of major arenas in some of the country's biggest cities were looking for events to help fill their schedules. They met in New York City in 1946 and created the 11\\-team [Basketball Association of America](/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America \"Basketball Association of America\"). The league was fashioned after the National Hockey League, with a 60\\-game schedule followed by championship playoffs.",
"Of the original 11 teams, only three still survive in the present\\-day NBA: the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\"), the [New York Knickerbockers](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\"), and the [Philadelphia (now Golden State) Warriors](/wiki/Philadelphia_Warriors \"Philadelphia Warriors\"). Gottlieb was the coach and general manager of the Philadelphia Warriors. Besides coaching, he made sure the team stayed afloat during the rocky days of the BAA and the NBA. \"He promoted the team on street corners and he sold tickets and then he counted the cold house\", Mike Lupica wrote after Gottlieb's death.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}",
"Gottlieb coached the Warriors for a total of nine seasons, compiling a 263–318 regular\\-season career record and going 15–17 in the playoffs. The Warriors finished at .500 or better in four of their first six campaigns, but in Gottlieb's last three seasons they compiled losing records and failed to make the playoffs. During his coaching years, from 1946/47 to 1954/55, his teams included such early NBA standouts as [Paul Arizin](/wiki/Paul_Arizin \"Paul Arizin\") and [Neil Johnston](/wiki/Neil_Johnston \"Neil Johnston\").",
"Gottlieb won his lone championship with the Warriors in the first term of the BAA, 1946–47\\. Behind [\"Jumping Joe\" Fulks](/wiki/Joe_Fulks \"Joe Fulks\"), who led the league with 23\\.2 points per game, the Warriors logged a 35–25 regular\\-season record, second to the Washington Capitols in the Eastern Division. In the playoffs the Warriors defeated New York, the [St. Louis Bombers](/wiki/St._Louis_Bombers_%28NBA%29 \"St. Louis Bombers (NBA)\"), and the [Chicago Stags](/wiki/Chicago_Stags \"Chicago Stags\") for the title. Gottlieb and rivaling Stags coach [Harold Olsen](/wiki/Harold_Olsen \"Harold Olsen\") would be the first rookie coaches to compete in the championship match\\-ups, with such a feat not happening again until the [2015 NBA Finals](/wiki/2015_NBA_Finals \"2015 NBA Finals\") with [Steve Kerr](/wiki/Steve_Kerr \"Steve Kerr\") of the Warriors (now in Golden State) and [David Blatt](/wiki/David_Blatt \"David Blatt\") of the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers \"Cleveland Cavaliers\") both competing for their first championships in their rookie coaching seasons in the NBA.",
"In the league's second season the BAA lost four teams and picked up another one. The Warriors edged the Knicks by a single game in the regular season and then lost in six in the BAA Finals to the league's newest entrant, the [Baltimore Bullets](/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_%281963%E2%80%9373%29 \"Baltimore Bullets (1963–73)\"). For the 1949/50 season, the BAA merged with the NBL to form the NBA, a marriage in which Gottlieb was influential. \"When anyone inside the league or outside had a question, they went to Gotty\", said Leonard Koppett, who covered the NBA for the *New York Post* and *The New York Times*. For the next three seasons the Warriors lost in the first round of the playoffs without winning a game.",
"Gottlieb, who was instrumental in helping original Warriors owner [Peter A. Tyrrell](/wiki/Peter_A._Tyrrell \"Peter A. Tyrrell\") launch the franchise, bought the club in 1952 for $25,000\\. He also had a major role in shaping the league's rules, serving as chairman of the rules committee for 25 years. He was there when [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals \"Syracuse Nationals\") owner [Danny Biasone](/wiki/Danny_Biasone \"Danny Biasone\") came up with the idea of a 24\\-second shot clock in 1954, and he helped to implement a rule that gave a bonus free throw after six team fouls in a quarter. The new rules supplied the framework for a more fast\\-paced and exciting game and were pivotal in the continued existence and eventual success of the NBA.",
"\"I probably was responsible for more rule changes in pro basketball than any other man\", Gottlieb told the Associated Press late in his life. \"They call me in now because I’m the only one left who can connect things to the past, who knows why this rule was put in or why that one was thrown out.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}",
"Gottlieb was behind the NBA's \"territorial draft\" rule, which gave teams the right to claim a local college or high school player in exchange for giving up their first\\-round draft pick. The rule was particularly advantageous for Philadelphia, which landed Overbrook High School's [Wilt Chamberlain](/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain \"Wilt Chamberlain\") in 1959 after his stints with the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") and the [Harlem Globetrotters](/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters \"Harlem Globetrotters\").",
"Chamberlain furthered the franchise's success. An immediate drawing card, he led the NBA in scoring and rebounding as a rookie and helped the Warriors to a 49–26 record and a trip to the division semifinals. With the Warriors for five full seasons (he was traded during his sixth season), Chamberlain took the team to the playoffs four times. In 1961/62 Philadelphia fell to Boston in seven games in the Eastern Division Finals.",
"Before the 1962/63 season the Warriors moved west. Gottlieb, who had purchased the franchise 10 years earlier, sold it for a $600,000 profit to a credit card company, which kept 33\\.3 percent of the ownership while [Franklin Mieuli](/wiki/Franklin_Mieuli \"Franklin Mieuli\") put together a group of almost 40 [Bay Area](/wiki/Bay_Area \"Bay Area\") investors to purchase the remainder of the team. The move to San Francisco followed the [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers \"Minneapolis Lakers\")' migration to Los Angeles two seasons earlier, and helped open the west to professional basketball.",
"Gottlieb remained involved with the team in San Francisco before \"retiring\" in 1964\\. However, he retained his leadership position with the NBA. His role was crucial: the job of planning the league schedule had become solely his. \"They joked that Eddie Gottlieb carried the NBA around in his briefcase\", Lupica wrote.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}",
"In any July or August, a visit to Gottlieb's office would find him in front of stacks of paper, a yellow legal pad, and graph paper. \"Gottlieb's skin would be the color of the yellow paper, and his eyes would look like black holes\", Lupica wrote. \"But he was making a season, as always.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}",
"Gottlieb was the force behind the NBA schedule until shortly before his death. As other leagues began to use computers to build neutral schedules, the NBA continued to rely on Gottlieb and trust his human intuition. For 1978/79, the season prior to his death, he reluctantly gave up his duties to a software program.",
"A lifelong bachelor, Gottlieb remained employed by the NBA until his death in December 1979, traveling from Philadelphia to New York a few times a week as a coordinator and consultant. \"Eddie Gottlieb was one of the real pioneers of professional round ball\", Red Smith wrote in *The New York Times*. Wrote Lupica, \"Eddie Gottlieb loved basketball. Maybe no one ever loved basketball quite the way he did.\"",
"His story is featured in *[The First Basket](/wiki/The_First_Basket \"The First Basket\")*, a documentary on the history of Jews and Basketball.",
""
] |
Permanent collections
---------------------
### Sculptures
[thumb\|left\|*[The Kiss](/wiki/The_Kiss_%28Rodin_sculpture%29 "The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)")*, [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin "Auguste Rodin"), 1889](/wiki/File:The_Kiss.JPG "The Kiss.JPG")
Rodin's sculptures are the work of an artist who chose to defy the norms of his time. Among the works of his youth, *Man with a Broken Nose* appears out of step with contemporary aesthetic norms, while *[The Age of Bronze](/wiki/The_Age_of_Bronze "The Age of Bronze")* rejects contemporary mechanisms of physical expression. This absence of artifice, like the nudity of *[The Thinker](/wiki/The_Thinker "The Thinker")* or *Adam and Eve* guarantees the timelessness of Rodin's works.
The artist also stands out by the monumental aspect of some of his works: *Balzac*, *[The Burghers of Calais](/wiki/The_Burghers_of_Calais "The Burghers of Calais")* or the impressive, unfinished *[The Gates of Hell](/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell "The Gates of Hell"),* which contains many elements representing the major works of Rodin (*The Thinker, Ugolino, [The Kiss](/wiki/The_Kiss_%28Rodin_sculpture%29 "The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)")* or *the Three Shades*).
### Drawings
The graphic collection at the Musée Rodin contains around 7,000 drawings. They can be associated with different styles and periods: observation of landscapes, fantasy works inspired by [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri "Dante Alighieri") or [Baudelaire](/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire "Charles Baudelaire"), numerous erotic nudes or even portraits.
### Photography
The Musée Rodin preserves an important collection of 25,000 photographs. Among these, 7,000 were collected by Rodin himself. The artist showed indeed a great interest for this science and art, and he has collaborated with many photographers, such as Eugène Druet, Jacques\-Ernest Bulloz, [Adolphe Braun](/wiki/Adolphe_Braun "Adolphe Braun") or [Edward Steichen](/wiki/Edward_Steichen "Edward Steichen").
Subjects and themes are varied, Rodin's personal albums attest to his centres of interest and artistic sources, while the portraits and newspaper photographs illustrate his work and his life. Above all, these photographs are a great source to learn what happened in the studio between 1877 and Rodin's death, in 1917\.
### Camille Claudel room
[thumb\|267px\|*[The Mature Age](/wiki/The_Mature_Age "The Mature Age")* by [Camille Claudel](/wiki/Camille_Claudel "Camille Claudel") (1898\), the 1913 bronze casting is exhibited in the Claudel room](/wiki/File:Rodin_et_Musee_d%27Orsay_36_%2812176346423%29.jpg "Rodin et Musee d'Orsay 36 (12176346423).jpg")
The Camille Claudel room contains such [Claudel](/wiki/Camille_Claudel "Camille Claudel") works as the 1913 casting of *[The Mature Age](/wiki/The_Mature_Age "The Mature Age")* (1898\), *The Wave* (1897\), *[The Waltz](/wiki/The_Waltz_%28Claudel%29 "The Waltz (Claudel)")*, *Sakountala* (1905\), and an 1892 casting of *[Bust of Rodin](/wiki/Bust_of_Auguste_Rodin_%28Claudel%29 "Bust of Auguste Rodin (Claudel)")* (1888–89\).
Claudel, a student and model for Rodin, and soon his collaborator, associate, and lover, worked with Rodin from 1884 until the early 1890s. They kept in close contact until 1899\.
### Rodin as a collector
During the twenty last years of his life, as he was living in Meudon, Rodin started a collection of ancient works of art from Egypt, Greece and Rome, then later from the Far East. As the collection was growing, the different pieces invaded the studio and his house, replacing the casts after Antique statues. As Rodin's fame grew, the commissions he received enabled him to continue his collection, reaching over 6\.000 works in 1917\.
In addition, Rodin's friendships and tastes led him to surrounding himself with works by the Naturalists ([Théodule Ribot](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odule_Ribot "Théodule Ribot"), [Alfred Roll](/wiki/Alfred_Roller "Alfred Roller")) and Symbolists ([Eugène Carrière](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Carri%C3%A8re "Eugène Carrière"), [Charles Cottet](/wiki/Charles_Cottet "Charles Cottet")...). Through a series of exchanges made with his artists friends, Rodin owned works of art from [Jules Dalou](/wiki/Jules_Dalou "Jules Dalou"), [Alexandre Falguière](/wiki/Alexandre_Falgui%C3%A8re "Alexandre Falguière") or [Jean\-Paul Laurens](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens "Jean-Paul Laurens"). He also realised important purchases: three [Van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh "Vincent van Gogh")'s (including *[Père Tanguy](/wiki/Portrait_of_P%C3%A8re_Tanguy "Portrait of Père Tanguy")*, late 1887\), Renoir's *Nude in the Sunlight* and Monet's *Belle\-Île*.
|
[
"Permanent collections\n---------------------",
"### Sculptures",
"[thumb\\|left\\|*[The Kiss](/wiki/The_Kiss_%28Rodin_sculpture%29 \"The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)\")*, [Auguste Rodin](/wiki/Auguste_Rodin \"Auguste Rodin\"), 1889](/wiki/File:The_Kiss.JPG \"The Kiss.JPG\")\nRodin's sculptures are the work of an artist who chose to defy the norms of his time. Among the works of his youth, *Man with a Broken Nose* appears out of step with contemporary aesthetic norms, while *[The Age of Bronze](/wiki/The_Age_of_Bronze \"The Age of Bronze\")* rejects contemporary mechanisms of physical expression. This absence of artifice, like the nudity of *[The Thinker](/wiki/The_Thinker \"The Thinker\")* or *Adam and Eve* guarantees the timelessness of Rodin's works.",
"The artist also stands out by the monumental aspect of some of his works: *Balzac*, *[The Burghers of Calais](/wiki/The_Burghers_of_Calais \"The Burghers of Calais\")* or the impressive, unfinished *[The Gates of Hell](/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell \"The Gates of Hell\"),* which contains many elements representing the major works of Rodin (*The Thinker, Ugolino, [The Kiss](/wiki/The_Kiss_%28Rodin_sculpture%29 \"The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)\")* or *the Three Shades*).",
"### Drawings",
"The graphic collection at the Musée Rodin contains around 7,000 drawings. They can be associated with different styles and periods: observation of landscapes, fantasy works inspired by [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\") or [Baudelaire](/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire \"Charles Baudelaire\"), numerous erotic nudes or even portraits.",
"### Photography",
"The Musée Rodin preserves an important collection of 25,000 photographs. Among these, 7,000 were collected by Rodin himself. The artist showed indeed a great interest for this science and art, and he has collaborated with many photographers, such as Eugène Druet, Jacques\\-Ernest Bulloz, [Adolphe Braun](/wiki/Adolphe_Braun \"Adolphe Braun\") or [Edward Steichen](/wiki/Edward_Steichen \"Edward Steichen\").",
"Subjects and themes are varied, Rodin's personal albums attest to his centres of interest and artistic sources, while the portraits and newspaper photographs illustrate his work and his life. Above all, these photographs are a great source to learn what happened in the studio between 1877 and Rodin's death, in 1917\\.",
"### Camille Claudel room",
"[thumb\\|267px\\|*[The Mature Age](/wiki/The_Mature_Age \"The Mature Age\")* by [Camille Claudel](/wiki/Camille_Claudel \"Camille Claudel\") (1898\\), the 1913 bronze casting is exhibited in the Claudel room](/wiki/File:Rodin_et_Musee_d%27Orsay_36_%2812176346423%29.jpg \"Rodin et Musee d'Orsay 36 (12176346423).jpg\")",
"The Camille Claudel room contains such [Claudel](/wiki/Camille_Claudel \"Camille Claudel\") works as the 1913 casting of *[The Mature Age](/wiki/The_Mature_Age \"The Mature Age\")* (1898\\), *The Wave* (1897\\), *[The Waltz](/wiki/The_Waltz_%28Claudel%29 \"The Waltz (Claudel)\")*, *Sakountala* (1905\\), and an 1892 casting of *[Bust of Rodin](/wiki/Bust_of_Auguste_Rodin_%28Claudel%29 \"Bust of Auguste Rodin (Claudel)\")* (1888–89\\).",
"Claudel, a student and model for Rodin, and soon his collaborator, associate, and lover, worked with Rodin from 1884 until the early 1890s. They kept in close contact until 1899\\.",
"### Rodin as a collector",
"During the twenty last years of his life, as he was living in Meudon, Rodin started a collection of ancient works of art from Egypt, Greece and Rome, then later from the Far East. As the collection was growing, the different pieces invaded the studio and his house, replacing the casts after Antique statues. As Rodin's fame grew, the commissions he received enabled him to continue his collection, reaching over 6\\.000 works in 1917\\.",
"In addition, Rodin's friendships and tastes led him to surrounding himself with works by the Naturalists ([Théodule Ribot](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odule_Ribot \"Théodule Ribot\"), [Alfred Roll](/wiki/Alfred_Roller \"Alfred Roller\")) and Symbolists ([Eugène Carrière](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Carri%C3%A8re \"Eugène Carrière\"), [Charles Cottet](/wiki/Charles_Cottet \"Charles Cottet\")...). Through a series of exchanges made with his artists friends, Rodin owned works of art from [Jules Dalou](/wiki/Jules_Dalou \"Jules Dalou\"), [Alexandre Falguière](/wiki/Alexandre_Falgui%C3%A8re \"Alexandre Falguière\") or [Jean\\-Paul Laurens](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens \"Jean-Paul Laurens\"). He also realised important purchases: three [Van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\")'s (including *[Père Tanguy](/wiki/Portrait_of_P%C3%A8re_Tanguy \"Portrait of Père Tanguy\")*, late 1887\\), Renoir's *Nude in the Sunlight* and Monet's *Belle\\-Île*.",
""
] |
Museum locations
----------------
[600px\|thumb\|center\|Musée Rodin, Paris.](/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_Paris_-_OSM_2022_01.svg "Musée Rodin, Paris - OSM 2022 01.svg")
### Hôtel Biron, Paris
First opened to the public on 4 August 1919, the Musée Rodin was housed in a mansion, formerly called the Hôtel Peyrenc de Moras, designed with the lines of classical architecture and ornamented with rocaille decoration. It was built in the Rue de Varenne, between 1727 and 1732\. From 1788, the Hôtel was occupied by a series of owners and tenants. In 1820, the Duchess of Charost sold the entire property to three nuns belonging to a religious congregation, the Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. A boarding school for girls was opened and the decorations were progressively sold. Between 1820 and 1904, several buildings were constructed on the estate, the Chapel in particular, designed by the architect Jean Juste Gustave Lisch and achieved in 1876\.
The Society was dissolved in 1904 due to the 'religious orders' law involving the separation of church and state which prohibited religious orders from teaching. The sisters were evicted and the estate was put up for sale. Awaiting a buyer, tenants were allowed to occupy the building; among them were [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau "Jean Cocteau"), [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse "Henri Matisse"), [Isadora Duncan](/wiki/Isadora_Duncan "Isadora Duncan") and [Rainer Maria Rilke](/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke "Rainer Maria Rilke"), whose future wife [Clara Westhoff](/wiki/Clara_Westhoff "Clara Westhoff") was living in the Hôtel and was the first to tell Rodin about the estate. In 1908, the sculptor rented four ground\-floor rooms to use as his studios. From 1911 onwards, he occupied the whole building. In 1911, as the French state had committed itself to purchasing the Hôtel Biron, Rodin started to negotiate with it. The artist announced officially his intention to donate all his works to the French state, as well as his drawings and his collection of antiquities in the condition that the State keeps all these collections at the Hôtel Biron, which will become the Musée Rodin in exchange of the right to reside there all his life.
In 1916, the French Assembly passed a law permitting the State to accept the donations and allocated the mansion and its garden to a museum. [Léonce Bénédite](/wiki/L%C3%A9once_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dite "Léonce Bénédite") was appointed executor of the sculptor's will: his tasks were to manage Rodin's artistic heritage and to supervise the organisation of the future museum.
Listed as a historical monument in 1926, the Hôtel Biron and its grounds have since undergone major renovation and restoration work, to better assert their role as a museum. The most recent scheme was the restoration which began in 2012 and was completed by 12 November 2015, Rodin's 175th birthday. The renovations cost 16 million euro ($17\.4 million), and were hailed as a "moral duty" by France's Culture Minister [Fleur Pellerin](/wiki/Fleur_Pellerin "Fleur Pellerin").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/05/world/europe/ap\-eu\-france\-rodin\-museum.html\|author\=The Associated Press\| title\=Rodin Museum in Paris Reopens After 3\-Year Facelift \| date\=5 November 2015 \| newspaper\=New York Times \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108093452/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/05/world/europe/ap\-eu\-france\-rodin\-museum.html \| archive\-date\=8 November 2015 \| access\-date\=12 April 2018}}
### Musée Rodin in Meudon
On December 19, 1895, Rodin purchased a Louis XIII\-style house in brick and stone, built on the heights of [Meudon](/wiki/Meudon "Meudon") and called "La Villa des Brillants". In 1900, almost 50 people, including sculptor's assistants, workers and casters, were employed there by Rodin and, although he continued to go to his Paris studios daily, his major creative work was done in Meudon. The place became soon a major place of attraction for friends, admirers or celebrities from France or abroad. It is also in Meudon that Rodin and his wife, [Rose Beuret](/wiki/Rose_Beuret "Rose Beuret"), have chosen to be buried.
After the death of Rodin, the villa and the studio also became a museum, open three days per week. Visitors can discover the atmosphere of the studio and the place where Rodin liked to live and work. Inaugurated in 1948, the museum also permits to glimpse numerous plasters, including casts for Rodin's monumental works, such as the *Burghers of Calais* and the *Gates of Hell* which allow to discover the different steps of the creative process.
|
[
"Museum locations\n----------------",
"[600px\\|thumb\\|center\\|Musée Rodin, Paris.](/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%2C_Paris_-_OSM_2022_01.svg \"Musée Rodin, Paris - OSM 2022 01.svg\")\n### Hôtel Biron, Paris",
"First opened to the public on 4 August 1919, the Musée Rodin was housed in a mansion, formerly called the Hôtel Peyrenc de Moras, designed with the lines of classical architecture and ornamented with rocaille decoration. It was built in the Rue de Varenne, between 1727 and 1732\\. From 1788, the Hôtel was occupied by a series of owners and tenants. In 1820, the Duchess of Charost sold the entire property to three nuns belonging to a religious congregation, the Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. A boarding school for girls was opened and the decorations were progressively sold. Between 1820 and 1904, several buildings were constructed on the estate, the Chapel in particular, designed by the architect Jean Juste Gustave Lisch and achieved in 1876\\.",
"The Society was dissolved in 1904 due to the 'religious orders' law involving the separation of church and state which prohibited religious orders from teaching. The sisters were evicted and the estate was put up for sale. Awaiting a buyer, tenants were allowed to occupy the building; among them were [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\"), [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse \"Henri Matisse\"), [Isadora Duncan](/wiki/Isadora_Duncan \"Isadora Duncan\") and [Rainer Maria Rilke](/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke \"Rainer Maria Rilke\"), whose future wife [Clara Westhoff](/wiki/Clara_Westhoff \"Clara Westhoff\") was living in the Hôtel and was the first to tell Rodin about the estate. In 1908, the sculptor rented four ground\\-floor rooms to use as his studios. From 1911 onwards, he occupied the whole building. In 1911, as the French state had committed itself to purchasing the Hôtel Biron, Rodin started to negotiate with it. The artist announced officially his intention to donate all his works to the French state, as well as his drawings and his collection of antiquities in the condition that the State keeps all these collections at the Hôtel Biron, which will become the Musée Rodin in exchange of the right to reside there all his life.",
"In 1916, the French Assembly passed a law permitting the State to accept the donations and allocated the mansion and its garden to a museum. [Léonce Bénédite](/wiki/L%C3%A9once_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dite \"Léonce Bénédite\") was appointed executor of the sculptor's will: his tasks were to manage Rodin's artistic heritage and to supervise the organisation of the future museum.",
"Listed as a historical monument in 1926, the Hôtel Biron and its grounds have since undergone major renovation and restoration work, to better assert their role as a museum. The most recent scheme was the restoration which began in 2012 and was completed by 12 November 2015, Rodin's 175th birthday. The renovations cost 16 million euro ($17\\.4 million), and were hailed as a \"moral duty\" by France's Culture Minister [Fleur Pellerin](/wiki/Fleur_Pellerin \"Fleur Pellerin\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/05/world/europe/ap\\-eu\\-france\\-rodin\\-museum.html\\|author\\=The Associated Press\\| title\\=Rodin Museum in Paris Reopens After 3\\-Year Facelift \\| date\\=5 November 2015 \\| newspaper\\=New York Times \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108093452/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/05/world/europe/ap\\-eu\\-france\\-rodin\\-museum.html \\| archive\\-date\\=8 November 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=12 April 2018}}",
"### Musée Rodin in Meudon",
"On December 19, 1895, Rodin purchased a Louis XIII\\-style house in brick and stone, built on the heights of [Meudon](/wiki/Meudon \"Meudon\") and called \"La Villa des Brillants\". In 1900, almost 50 people, including sculptor's assistants, workers and casters, were employed there by Rodin and, although he continued to go to his Paris studios daily, his major creative work was done in Meudon. The place became soon a major place of attraction for friends, admirers or celebrities from France or abroad. It is also in Meudon that Rodin and his wife, [Rose Beuret](/wiki/Rose_Beuret \"Rose Beuret\"), have chosen to be buried.",
"After the death of Rodin, the villa and the studio also became a museum, open three days per week. Visitors can discover the atmosphere of the studio and the place where Rodin liked to live and work. Inaugurated in 1948, the museum also permits to glimpse numerous plasters, including casts for Rodin's monumental works, such as the *Burghers of Calais* and the *Gates of Hell* which allow to discover the different steps of the creative process.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Chicago Cubs
Patterson was selected by the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") as the third overall pick in the [1998 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_draft "1998 Major League Baseball draft"). He made his professional debut in 1999 with the [Lansing Lugnuts](/wiki/Lansing_Lugnuts "Lansing Lugnuts") of the Class\-A [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League "Midwest League"), and won the league's [Prospect of the Year Award](/wiki/Midwest_League_Prospect_of_the_Year_Award "Midwest League Prospect of the Year Award") after leading the circuit in [slugging percentage](/wiki/Slugging_percentage "Slugging percentage") (.592\), [extra base hits](/wiki/Extra_base_hit "Extra base hit") (72\) and [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)") (17\). He also batted .320 with 20 homers and 79 RBI, and was named to the league's all\-star team both at mid\-season and postseason. *[Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America "Baseball America")* named Patterson the league's top prospect.{{Cite web \|title\=ESPN.com \- Major League Baseball \- Down on the Farm: Patterson, Escobar \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/s/downonthefarm/000512\.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2022 \|website\=www.espn.com}} After the 1999 season, he played in the [Arizona Fall League](/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League "Arizona Fall League") and was that league's youngest player. He batted .368 with 4 home runs, 24 RBI, and 8 stolen bases in 35 games, and was named to the league's all\-star team.
In 2000, Patterson was promoted to the Double\-A [West Tenn Diamond Jaxx](/wiki/West_Tenn_Diamond_Jaxx "West Tenn Diamond Jaxx") of the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 "Southern League (1964–2020)"). He was named to the league's mid\-season and postseason all\-star team, and was named the league's top prospect by *Baseball America*.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2009}} Patterson batted .268 with 22 home runs and 82 RBI, finishing second in the league in home runs.
After playing in the 2000 Southern League playoffs, Patterson was called up from the minors to play for the Cubs. He made his Major League debut on September 18, 2000, against the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers"). The next day Patterson recorded his first Major League [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), a home run off [Juan Acevedo](/wiki/Juan_Acevedo "Juan Acevedo"). He finished the 2000 season with seven hits in 42 [at bats](/wiki/At_bat "At bat"), and two home runs.
Patterson did not start playing a full season until 2002, when he finished with a .253 batting average. In 2003, he batted .298 with 55 RBI in only 83 games before suffering a torn ACL while running to first on a base hit against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") on July 6\. The injury ended Patterson's 2003 campaign.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Sports\_News/2003/07/08/Knee\-injury\-ends\-season\-for\-Patterson/32651057662928/\|title\=Knee injury ends season for Patterson}}
Patterson played 157 games in 2004, with a .266 batting average, 24 home runs, and 72 RBI in 631 at\-bats. His [on\-base plus slugging](/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging "On-base plus slugging") of .771, while only average, is his best of the six seasons in which he played more than 83 games.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2009}} He had the lowest [range factor](/wiki/Range_factor "Range factor") (2\.18\) among all starting Major League center fielders in 2004\.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2009}}
In the 2005 season Patterson did not do well. On July 7, he was sent down to the Triple\-A [Iowa Cubs](/wiki/Iowa_Cubs "Iowa Cubs"). The demotion came after the Cubs had lost a season\-high eight games in a row. Published reports indicated that center fielder [Félix Pie](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pie "Félix Pie"), the Cubs' top prospect, was slated to be called up from Double\-A West Tenn in July when Patterson was sent down.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2009}}
Patterson was back up with the Major League team on August 9, after his one\-month stint in Triple\-A Iowa.
[250px\|thumb\|left\|Patterson batting for the Baltimore Orioles in 2007\.](/wiki/File:062707_569_Corey_Patterson.jpg "062707 569 Corey Patterson.jpg")
### Baltimore Orioles
Patterson was traded by the Cubs to the Orioles on January 9, 2006, for Class\-A Minor league players [Nate Spears](/wiki/Nate_Spears "Nate Spears") and Carlos Perez. On February 10, 2007, Patterson signed a 1\-year deal worth $4\.3 million to avoid arbitration.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\=2760715\|title\=Patterson, Orioles agree on $4\.3M, one\-year contract\|date\=February 10, 2007}} In his first of two years with the [Orioles](/wiki/2006_Baltimore_Orioles_season "2006 Baltimore Orioles season"), he batted .276 with 16 home runs and 53 RBI. He also stole 45 bases, which ranked third in the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League"). Patterson's contract was not renewed after the 2007 season.
### Cincinnati Reds
On March 3, 2008, the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") signed Patterson to a minor league contract. At the end of Spring training, he was added to the [40\-man roster](/wiki/40-man_roster "40-man roster"). [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker"), [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") of the Reds and Patterson's manager in Chicago, was instrumental in signing Patterson.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008\-03\-24\-1134240553\_x.htm \|title\=CF Corey Patterson gets second chance with Cincinnati Reds \|author\=Joe Kay \|date\=March 24, 2008 \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=USA Today \|access\-date\=December 10, 2009}} Baker often voiced his opinion on Patterson saying he thought Patterson is still a developing player.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2008/04/02/reds0402\.ART\_ART\_04\-02\-08\_C4\_0E9QEER.html?sid\=101 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130208042403/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2008/04/02/reds0402\.ART\_ART\_04\-02\-08\_C4\_0E9QEER.html?sid\=101 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=February 8, 2013 \|title\=Reds betting Patterson's best days still ahead of him \|author\=Scott Priestle \|date\=April 2, 2008 \|publisher\=dispatch.com \|access\-date\=December 10, 2009 }}
Patterson was invited to the Reds' spring training camp, and he started the 2008 season in center field for Cincinnati. Platooning with utility man [Ryan Freel](/wiki/Ryan_Freel "Ryan Freel"), Patterson began the season well. Gradually his average deteriorated, culminating in an 0–8 performance during Cincinnati's 18\-inning loss to San Diego on May 25\.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2009}} The following day top outfield prospect Jay Bruce was called up from the Triple\-A [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats "Louisville Bats") to start in center field, demoting Patterson to the Reds' bench. On May 28, Patterson accepted a reassignment to Triple\-A Louisville.[Patterson accepts demotion to minors](http://www.daytondailynews.com/s/content/oh/story/sports/pro/reds/2008/05/29/ddn052908spredsnotes.html) The demotion lasted only one week, however, when Patterson was recalled to replace Ryan Freel, who went to the disabled list with a strained right hamstring on June 4\.{{cite web \|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20080604\&content\_id\=2838100\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=mlb \|title\=Patterson recalled to replace Freel \|author\=Mark Sheldon \|date\=June 4, 2008 \|work\=Major League Baseball \|publisher\=mlb.com \|access\-date\=December 10, 2009}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\=3426205 \|title\=Freel placed on DL; Patterson recalled \|date\=June 4, 2008 \|agency\=Associated Press \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=December 10, 2009}} Patterson ended the season with a .205 batting average and .238 OBP.
### Washington Nationals
On December 18, 2008, Patterson signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals").{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2009}}
Due to [Josh Willingham](/wiki/Josh_Willingham "Josh Willingham") being placed on the [bereavement list](/wiki/Bereavement_list "Bereavement list"), Patterson had his contract purchased from the Triple\-A [Syracuse Chiefs](/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs "Syracuse Chiefs") on June 13, 2009\.{{Cite web \|title\=Transactions \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/nationals/roster/transactions/2009/06 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2022 \|website\=MLB.com \|language\=en}} He hit .302, with six home runs and 23 RBIs in a 39 games with the Chiefs, but hit only .133 with 2 stolen bases in 5 games for the Nationals. He was reassigned to Triple\-A on June 20, 2009\. He was released by the Nationals on July 29, 2009\.{{Cite web \|title\=Transactions \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/nationals/roster/transactions/2009/07 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2022 \|website\=MLB.com \|language\=en}}
### Milwaukee Brewers
Patterson signed a minor league contract with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers") on August 1, 2009\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2009/08/brewers\-sign\-corey\-patterson.html\|title \= Brewers Sign Corey Patterson\| date\=August 2009 }} Patterson hit well with the AAA affiliate Nashville Sound, batting .331 with a .963 OPS over 29 games and 124 at\-bats. However, he struggled with the parent club, where his BA, OBP, and SLG were all .071 over 11 games and 14 at\-bats.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/P/corey\-patterson.shtml\|title \= Major Leaguers \- the Baseball Cube}}
### Seattle Mariners
Patterson signed a minor league contract with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") on December 9, 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20091209\&content\_id\=7790092\&vkey\=news\_sea\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=sea\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213115057/http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20091209\&content\_id\=7790092\&vkey\=news\_sea\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=sea\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 13, 2009\|title\=Mariners add Patterson during busy day\|author\=Doug Miller\|date\=December 9, 2009 \|work\=Major League Baseball \|publisher\=seattle.mariners.mlb.com \|access\-date\=December 10, 2009}} However, he opted out of his contract on March 31, 2010, after being informed he had not made the Major League team.{{Cite web \|url\=http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/press\_releases/press\_release.jsp?ymd\=20100331\&content\_id\=9036124\&vkey\=pr\_sea\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=sea \|title\=Mariners announce Spring Training roster move \|access\-date\=April 1, 2010 \|archive\-date\=June 17, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617055813/http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/press\_releases/press\_release.jsp?ymd\=20100331\&content\_id\=9036124\&vkey\=pr\_sea\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=sea \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Return to Baltimore
On April 21, 2010, Corey agreed to re\-join the Orioles on a 1\-year minor league deal. He was promoted to the Orioles on May 12, 2010\.
On July 9, 2010, Patterson hit his first career grand slam against the Texas Rangers. It was a remarkable feat as Patterson faced the season's eventual saves leader and rookie of the year in the hard throwing [Neftalí Feliz](/wiki/Neftal%C3%AD_Feliz "Neftalí Feliz"), with a 2–2 count and two outs in the top of the 9th inning representing the tying run. Patterson drilled his pitch over the right field fence to tie the game at 6\. [Jake Fox](/wiki/Jake_Fox "Jake Fox") hit a solo homer in the top of the 10th for the game winner.
### Toronto Blue Jays
[250px\|thumb\|left\|Patterson with the Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/File:Corey_Patterson_on_June_4%2C_2011.jpg "Corey Patterson on June 4, 2011.jpg")
On December 21, 2010, Patterson signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays").{{cite press release\|url\=http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\_releases/press\_release.jsp?ymd\=20101221\&content\_id\=16353168\&vkey\=pr\_tor\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=tor\|title\=Blue Jays sign six\|publisher\=\[\[Toronto Blue Jays]]\|date\=December 21, 2010\|access\-date\=December 21, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104062248/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\_releases/press\_release.jsp?ymd\=20101221\&content\_id\=16353168\&vkey\=pr\_tor\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=tor\|archive\-date\=January 4, 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} He began the season on the Major League roster, but on the disabled list because of a head injury.{{cite web \|url\=http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20110329\&content\_id\=17185534\¬ebook\_id\=17187554\&vkey\=notebook\_tor\&c\_id\=tor \|title\=Patterson to miss start of regular season \|author\=Gregor Chisholm \|date\=March 29, 2011 \|work\=toronto.bluejays.mlb.com \|access\-date\=April 3, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401220700/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20110329\&content\_id\=17185534\¬ebook\_id\=17187554\&vkey\=notebook\_tor\&c\_id\=tor \|archive\-date\=April 1, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Patterson made his regular season debut as a Blue Jay on April 11, 2011, against the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners"), hitting a home run and finishing the night 2–4 with 2 [RBI](/wiki/Runs_batted_in "Runs batted in")
### St. Louis Cardinals
On July 27, 2011, Patterson was traded to the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") with [Octavio Dotel](/wiki/Octavio_Dotel "Octavio Dotel"), [Marc Rzepczynski](/wiki/Marc_Rzepczynski "Marc Rzepczynski") and [Edwin Jackson](/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_%28baseball%29 "Edwin Jackson (baseball)") for [Colby Rasmus](/wiki/Colby_Rasmus "Colby Rasmus"), [P. J. Walters](/wiki/P._J._Walters "P. J. Walters"), [Trever Miller](/wiki/Trever_Miller "Trever Miller") and [Brian Tallet](/wiki/Brian_Tallet "Brian Tallet").{{cite web\|title\=Cardinals deal Rasmus to Jays in three\-team mega\-deal\|url\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/story/2011\-07\-27/colby\-rasmus\-trade\-edwin\-jackson\-st\-louis\-cardinals\-chicago\-white\-sox\-detroit\-ti\|work\=\[\[Sporting News]]\|access\-date\=December 3, 2021}}{{cite web\|last\=Frenette \|first\=Brad \|title\=Blue Jays acquire top prospect Colby Rasmus in three\-team deal \|url\=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Blue\+Jays\+acquire\+prospect\+Colby\+Rasmus\+three\+team\+deal/5167407/story.html \|work\=Vancouver Sun \|location\=Canada \|access\-date\=July 27, 2011 }}{{dead link\|date\=November 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
### Return to Milwaukee
On January 30, 2012, Patterson signed a minor league contract to return to the Brewers organization. He played 117 games for Nashville Sounds, the AAA team of the Brewers, batting .251 with 39 RBI in 390 plate appearances. For the first season since his Major League debut, he did not play in the Major Leagues.
### New York Mets
He signed a minor league contract with the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") in February 2013\. The Mets released Patterson in March 2013\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/03/minor\-moves\-mets\-jeroloman.html\|title\=Minor Moves: Paulino, Mets, Jeroloman\|date\=March 30, 2013 }}
### Seattle Mariners
He signed a minor league contract with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") on April 30, 2013, but was released on June 6, after hitting only .175 in 19 games for the AAA [Tacoma Rainiers](/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers "Tacoma Rainiers").
### New York Yankees
Patterson signed a minor league deal with the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") on June 21, 2013\. He elected free agency on November 4, 2013\.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Chicago Cubs",
"Patterson was selected by the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") as the third overall pick in the [1998 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"1998 Major League Baseball draft\"). He made his professional debut in 1999 with the [Lansing Lugnuts](/wiki/Lansing_Lugnuts \"Lansing Lugnuts\") of the Class\\-A [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League \"Midwest League\"), and won the league's [Prospect of the Year Award](/wiki/Midwest_League_Prospect_of_the_Year_Award \"Midwest League Prospect of the Year Award\") after leading the circuit in [slugging percentage](/wiki/Slugging_percentage \"Slugging percentage\") (.592\\), [extra base hits](/wiki/Extra_base_hit \"Extra base hit\") (72\\) and [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\") (17\\). He also batted .320 with 20 homers and 79 RBI, and was named to the league's all\\-star team both at mid\\-season and postseason. *[Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America \"Baseball America\")* named Patterson the league's top prospect.{{Cite web \\|title\\=ESPN.com \\- Major League Baseball \\- Down on the Farm: Patterson, Escobar \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/s/downonthefarm/000512\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2022 \\|website\\=www.espn.com}} After the 1999 season, he played in the [Arizona Fall League](/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League \"Arizona Fall League\") and was that league's youngest player. He batted .368 with 4 home runs, 24 RBI, and 8 stolen bases in 35 games, and was named to the league's all\\-star team.",
"In 2000, Patterson was promoted to the Double\\-A [West Tenn Diamond Jaxx](/wiki/West_Tenn_Diamond_Jaxx \"West Tenn Diamond Jaxx\") of the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 \"Southern League (1964–2020)\"). He was named to the league's mid\\-season and postseason all\\-star team, and was named the league's top prospect by *Baseball America*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2009}} Patterson batted .268 with 22 home runs and 82 RBI, finishing second in the league in home runs.",
"After playing in the 2000 Southern League playoffs, Patterson was called up from the minors to play for the Cubs. He made his Major League debut on September 18, 2000, against the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\"). The next day Patterson recorded his first Major League [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), a home run off [Juan Acevedo](/wiki/Juan_Acevedo \"Juan Acevedo\"). He finished the 2000 season with seven hits in 42 [at bats](/wiki/At_bat \"At bat\"), and two home runs.",
"Patterson did not start playing a full season until 2002, when he finished with a .253 batting average. In 2003, he batted .298 with 55 RBI in only 83 games before suffering a torn ACL while running to first on a base hit against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") on July 6\\. The injury ended Patterson's 2003 campaign.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Sports\\_News/2003/07/08/Knee\\-injury\\-ends\\-season\\-for\\-Patterson/32651057662928/\\|title\\=Knee injury ends season for Patterson}}",
"Patterson played 157 games in 2004, with a .266 batting average, 24 home runs, and 72 RBI in 631 at\\-bats. His [on\\-base plus slugging](/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging \"On-base plus slugging\") of .771, while only average, is his best of the six seasons in which he played more than 83 games.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2009}} He had the lowest [range factor](/wiki/Range_factor \"Range factor\") (2\\.18\\) among all starting Major League center fielders in 2004\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2009}}",
"In the 2005 season Patterson did not do well. On July 7, he was sent down to the Triple\\-A [Iowa Cubs](/wiki/Iowa_Cubs \"Iowa Cubs\"). The demotion came after the Cubs had lost a season\\-high eight games in a row. Published reports indicated that center fielder [Félix Pie](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pie \"Félix Pie\"), the Cubs' top prospect, was slated to be called up from Double\\-A West Tenn in July when Patterson was sent down.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2009}}",
"Patterson was back up with the Major League team on August 9, after his one\\-month stint in Triple\\-A Iowa.",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Patterson batting for the Baltimore Orioles in 2007\\.](/wiki/File:062707_569_Corey_Patterson.jpg \"062707 569 Corey Patterson.jpg\")",
"### Baltimore Orioles",
"Patterson was traded by the Cubs to the Orioles on January 9, 2006, for Class\\-A Minor league players [Nate Spears](/wiki/Nate_Spears \"Nate Spears\") and Carlos Perez. On February 10, 2007, Patterson signed a 1\\-year deal worth $4\\.3 million to avoid arbitration.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\\=2760715\\|title\\=Patterson, Orioles agree on $4\\.3M, one\\-year contract\\|date\\=February 10, 2007}} In his first of two years with the [Orioles](/wiki/2006_Baltimore_Orioles_season \"2006 Baltimore Orioles season\"), he batted .276 with 16 home runs and 53 RBI. He also stole 45 bases, which ranked third in the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\"). Patterson's contract was not renewed after the 2007 season.",
"### Cincinnati Reds",
"On March 3, 2008, the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") signed Patterson to a minor league contract. At the end of Spring training, he was added to the [40\\-man roster](/wiki/40-man_roster \"40-man roster\"). [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\"), [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") of the Reds and Patterson's manager in Chicago, was instrumental in signing Patterson.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008\\-03\\-24\\-1134240553\\_x.htm \\|title\\=CF Corey Patterson gets second chance with Cincinnati Reds \\|author\\=Joe Kay \\|date\\=March 24, 2008 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2009}} Baker often voiced his opinion on Patterson saying he thought Patterson is still a developing player.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2008/04/02/reds0402\\.ART\\_ART\\_04\\-02\\-08\\_C4\\_0E9QEER.html?sid\\=101 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130208042403/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2008/04/02/reds0402\\.ART\\_ART\\_04\\-02\\-08\\_C4\\_0E9QEER.html?sid\\=101 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=February 8, 2013 \\|title\\=Reds betting Patterson's best days still ahead of him \\|author\\=Scott Priestle \\|date\\=April 2, 2008 \\|publisher\\=dispatch.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2009 }}",
"Patterson was invited to the Reds' spring training camp, and he started the 2008 season in center field for Cincinnati. Platooning with utility man [Ryan Freel](/wiki/Ryan_Freel \"Ryan Freel\"), Patterson began the season well. Gradually his average deteriorated, culminating in an 0–8 performance during Cincinnati's 18\\-inning loss to San Diego on May 25\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2009}} The following day top outfield prospect Jay Bruce was called up from the Triple\\-A [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats \"Louisville Bats\") to start in center field, demoting Patterson to the Reds' bench. On May 28, Patterson accepted a reassignment to Triple\\-A Louisville.[Patterson accepts demotion to minors](http://www.daytondailynews.com/s/content/oh/story/sports/pro/reds/2008/05/29/ddn052908spredsnotes.html) The demotion lasted only one week, however, when Patterson was recalled to replace Ryan Freel, who went to the disabled list with a strained right hamstring on June 4\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20080604\\&content\\_id\\=2838100\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=mlb \\|title\\=Patterson recalled to replace Freel \\|author\\=Mark Sheldon \\|date\\=June 4, 2008 \\|work\\=Major League Baseball \\|publisher\\=mlb.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2009}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\\=3426205 \\|title\\=Freel placed on DL; Patterson recalled \\|date\\=June 4, 2008 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2009}} Patterson ended the season with a .205 batting average and .238 OBP.",
"### Washington Nationals",
"On December 18, 2008, Patterson signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2009}}",
"Due to [Josh Willingham](/wiki/Josh_Willingham \"Josh Willingham\") being placed on the [bereavement list](/wiki/Bereavement_list \"Bereavement list\"), Patterson had his contract purchased from the Triple\\-A [Syracuse Chiefs](/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs \"Syracuse Chiefs\") on June 13, 2009\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Transactions \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/nationals/roster/transactions/2009/06 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2022 \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|language\\=en}} He hit .302, with six home runs and 23 RBIs in a 39 games with the Chiefs, but hit only .133 with 2 stolen bases in 5 games for the Nationals. He was reassigned to Triple\\-A on June 20, 2009\\. He was released by the Nationals on July 29, 2009\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Transactions \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/nationals/roster/transactions/2009/07 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2022 \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Milwaukee Brewers",
"Patterson signed a minor league contract with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\") on August 1, 2009\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2009/08/brewers\\-sign\\-corey\\-patterson.html\\|title \\= Brewers Sign Corey Patterson\\| date\\=August 2009 }} Patterson hit well with the AAA affiliate Nashville Sound, batting .331 with a .963 OPS over 29 games and 124 at\\-bats. However, he struggled with the parent club, where his BA, OBP, and SLG were all .071 over 11 games and 14 at\\-bats.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/P/corey\\-patterson.shtml\\|title \\= Major Leaguers \\- the Baseball Cube}}",
"### Seattle Mariners",
"Patterson signed a minor league contract with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") on December 9, 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20091209\\&content\\_id\\=7790092\\&vkey\\=news\\_sea\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=sea\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213115057/http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20091209\\&content\\_id\\=7790092\\&vkey\\=news\\_sea\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=sea\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2009\\|title\\=Mariners add Patterson during busy day\\|author\\=Doug Miller\\|date\\=December 9, 2009 \\|work\\=Major League Baseball \\|publisher\\=seattle.mariners.mlb.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2009}} However, he opted out of his contract on March 31, 2010, after being informed he had not made the Major League team.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/press\\_releases/press\\_release.jsp?ymd\\=20100331\\&content\\_id\\=9036124\\&vkey\\=pr\\_sea\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=sea \\|title\\=Mariners announce Spring Training roster move \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617055813/http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/press\\_releases/press\\_release.jsp?ymd\\=20100331\\&content\\_id\\=9036124\\&vkey\\=pr\\_sea\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=sea \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Return to Baltimore",
"On April 21, 2010, Corey agreed to re\\-join the Orioles on a 1\\-year minor league deal. He was promoted to the Orioles on May 12, 2010\\.",
"On July 9, 2010, Patterson hit his first career grand slam against the Texas Rangers. It was a remarkable feat as Patterson faced the season's eventual saves leader and rookie of the year in the hard throwing [Neftalí Feliz](/wiki/Neftal%C3%AD_Feliz \"Neftalí Feliz\"), with a 2–2 count and two outs in the top of the 9th inning representing the tying run. Patterson drilled his pitch over the right field fence to tie the game at 6\\. [Jake Fox](/wiki/Jake_Fox \"Jake Fox\") hit a solo homer in the top of the 10th for the game winner.",
"### Toronto Blue Jays",
"[250px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Patterson with the Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/File:Corey_Patterson_on_June_4%2C_2011.jpg \"Corey Patterson on June 4, 2011.jpg\")",
"On December 21, 2010, Patterson signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\").{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\\_releases/press\\_release.jsp?ymd\\=20101221\\&content\\_id\\=16353168\\&vkey\\=pr\\_tor\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=tor\\|title\\=Blue Jays sign six\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Toronto Blue Jays]]\\|date\\=December 21, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104062248/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\\_releases/press\\_release.jsp?ymd\\=20101221\\&content\\_id\\=16353168\\&vkey\\=pr\\_tor\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=tor\\|archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He began the season on the Major League roster, but on the disabled list because of a head injury.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20110329\\&content\\_id\\=17185534\\¬ebook\\_id\\=17187554\\&vkey\\=notebook\\_tor\\&c\\_id\\=tor \\|title\\=Patterson to miss start of regular season \\|author\\=Gregor Chisholm \\|date\\=March 29, 2011 \\|work\\=toronto.bluejays.mlb.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401220700/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20110329\\&content\\_id\\=17185534\\¬ebook\\_id\\=17187554\\&vkey\\=notebook\\_tor\\&c\\_id\\=tor \\|archive\\-date\\=April 1, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nPatterson made his regular season debut as a Blue Jay on April 11, 2011, against the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\"), hitting a home run and finishing the night 2–4 with 2 [RBI](/wiki/Runs_batted_in \"Runs batted in\")",
"### St. Louis Cardinals",
"On July 27, 2011, Patterson was traded to the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") with [Octavio Dotel](/wiki/Octavio_Dotel \"Octavio Dotel\"), [Marc Rzepczynski](/wiki/Marc_Rzepczynski \"Marc Rzepczynski\") and [Edwin Jackson](/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_%28baseball%29 \"Edwin Jackson (baseball)\") for [Colby Rasmus](/wiki/Colby_Rasmus \"Colby Rasmus\"), [P. J. Walters](/wiki/P._J._Walters \"P. J. Walters\"), [Trever Miller](/wiki/Trever_Miller \"Trever Miller\") and [Brian Tallet](/wiki/Brian_Tallet \"Brian Tallet\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Cardinals deal Rasmus to Jays in three\\-team mega\\-deal\\|url\\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/story/2011\\-07\\-27/colby\\-rasmus\\-trade\\-edwin\\-jackson\\-st\\-louis\\-cardinals\\-chicago\\-white\\-sox\\-detroit\\-ti\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sporting News]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2021}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Frenette \\|first\\=Brad \\|title\\=Blue Jays acquire top prospect Colby Rasmus in three\\-team deal \\|url\\=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Blue\\+Jays\\+acquire\\+prospect\\+Colby\\+Rasmus\\+three\\+team\\+deal/5167407/story.html \\|work\\=Vancouver Sun \\|location\\=Canada \\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2011 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"### Return to Milwaukee",
"On January 30, 2012, Patterson signed a minor league contract to return to the Brewers organization. He played 117 games for Nashville Sounds, the AAA team of the Brewers, batting .251 with 39 RBI in 390 plate appearances. For the first season since his Major League debut, he did not play in the Major Leagues.",
"### New York Mets",
"He signed a minor league contract with the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\") in February 2013\\. The Mets released Patterson in March 2013\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/03/minor\\-moves\\-mets\\-jeroloman.html\\|title\\=Minor Moves: Paulino, Mets, Jeroloman\\|date\\=March 30, 2013 }}",
"### Seattle Mariners",
"He signed a minor league contract with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") on April 30, 2013, but was released on June 6, after hitting only .175 in 19 games for the AAA [Tacoma Rainiers](/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers \"Tacoma Rainiers\").",
"### New York Yankees",
"Patterson signed a minor league deal with the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") on June 21, 2013\\. He elected free agency on November 4, 2013\\.",
""
] |
Annual Walthamstow International Film Festivals
-----------------------------------------------
### 2010 WIFF
The first annual WIFF was held between 5 and 12 September in the Walthamstow Village centre.{{cite web \|last1\=McCarthy \|first1\=Ryan \|title\=WALTHAMSTOW: Film festival set for closing ceremony \|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/8383318\.walthamstow\-film\-festival\-set\-for\-closing\-ceremony/ \|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk \|publisher\=Guardian \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=McCarthy\-2010(1\) \|date\=10 September 2010}} The screenings occurred during the E17 Art Trail.{{cite web\|url\=https://londonist.com/2010/09/preview\_the\_e17\_art\_trail\|title\=Preview: The E17 Art Trail\|last1\=Lindsey\|date\=2010\|website\=www.londonist.com\|publisher\=LONDONIST\|access\-date\=8 July 2019\|ref\=Londonist\-2010(1\)}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/8133323\.walthamstow\-film\-festival\-invites\-entrants/\|title\=SHORT films are sought to be screened in the Walthamstow International Film Festival\|last\=Macfarlane\|first\=Mhairi\|date\=3 May 2010\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news\|publisher\=Macfarlane\-10\|access\-date\=13 July 2019\|ref\=McFarlane\-2010(1\)}} The WIFF 2010 panel of judges included [Stella Creasy](/wiki/Stella_Creasy "Stella Creasy") (Walthmstow MP), Dominic Stinton (director/documentarian), and David Jenkins (Time Out London film critic).
### 2011 WIFF
The second annual WIFF was held between 2 and 11 September. It built on the success of the previous year's festival, and over 900 visitors viewed short movie screenings in the Walthamstow Village. The organizers enlisted a panel of judges that included [Oona King](/wiki/Oona_King "Oona King") King (former MP/baroness), Barry Bliss (Walthamstow director), David Jenkins (film critic) and Paul McGann (*Withnail and I* actor).{{cite web \|last1\=Binns \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=WALTHAMSTOW: Film fest builds on success \|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/8998051\.walthamstow\-film\-fest\-builds\-on\-success/ \|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk \|publisher\=Guardian \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=Binns\-2011(1\) \|date\=28 April 2011}}
### 2012 WIFF
The third annual WIFF{{cite web \|last1\=Curtis \|first1\=Joe\|title\=WALTHAMSTOW: Film festival open for submissions \|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/9797482\.walthamstow\-film\-festival\-open\-for\-submissions/ \|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk \|publisher\=Guardian \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=Curtis\-2012(1\) \|date\=4 July 2012}} was held at Vestry House Museum on 8 and 15 September.{{cite web \|last1\=Curtis \|first1\=Joe \|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival 2012 shortlist announced \|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/9899006\.walthamstow\-film\-festival\-shortlist\-announced/ \|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk \|publisher\=Guardian \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=Curtis\-2012(2\) \|date\=29 August 2012}} The panel of judges included [David Jenkins](/wiki/David_Jenkins_%28television_writer%29 "David Jenkins (television writer)") (critic), Barry Bliss (director), and Noel Goodwin (BFI's director of youth education).
1st Place winner was Kieron Clark's *Gas*. 2nd Place winner was Kim Noce and Shaun Clark's *High*. 3rd Place winner was Otis Tree's *Action Movie*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/9918973\.walthamstow\-film\-festival\-winners\-picked/\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival winners chosen\|last\=Curtis\|first\=Joe\|date\=9 September 2012\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=Curtis\-2012(3\)}}
### 2013 WIFF
The fourth annual WIFF was held at The Stow Film Lounge on 13 and 14 July.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/10537936\.walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-screenings\-taking\-place\-at\-the\-stow\-film\-lounge/\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival screenings taking place at The Stow Film Lounge\|last\=Norman\|first\=Zachary\|date\=10 July 2013\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=Norman\-2013(1\)}} Workshops were held at Vestry House Museum on 6 July 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/10427213\.calling\-wannabe\-filmmakers/\|title\=Calling wannabe filmmakers for Walthamstow International Film Festival\|last1\=Mulderrig\|first1\=Arnie\|date\=17 May 2013\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=7 July 2019\|ref\=Mulderrig\-2013(1\)}} The panel of judges included Barry Bliss (film director), Noel Goodwin (BFI educator), Georgina Starr (installation artist/filmmaker), and [Pauline Black](/wiki/Pauline_Black "Pauline Black") (actress/presenter).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/10514840\.walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-has\-prizes\-galore\-for\-new\-talent/\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival has prizes galore for new talent\|last1\=Mulderrig\|first1\=Amie\|date\=29 June 2013\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=7 July 2019\|ref\=Mulderrig\-2013(2\)}}
1st Place winner was Hassan Vawda's *My Photographs*. 2nd Place winner and Best Drama category winner was Rene Nuijens' *The First Yugoslavian Cosmonaut*. Joint 3rd Place winners were Guillame Bastien's *Déjà Vu* and Otis Tree's *Time Warp*, which also won the Best Youth category. Best Animation category winner was Dee Honeybun and Lesley Palmer's *Lega’say*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/10539254\.hassan\-vawda\-scooped\-the\-first\-prize\-at\-the\-walthamstow\-film\-festival\-and\-other\-rising\-talent\-from\-the\-area\-impressed\-the\-judges\-writes\-george\-ryan/\|title\=Hassan Vawda scooped the first prize at the Walthamstow Film Festival and other rising talent from the area impressed the judges, writes George Ryan\|last\=Ryan\|first\=George\|date\=11 July 2013\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=Ryan\-2013(1\)}}
### 2014 WIFF
The fifth annual WIFF was held at the Vestry House on 1 June,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/11233902\.walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival/\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival comes to Vestry House\|last1\=Mulderrig\|first1\=Amie\|date\=26 May 2014\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=7 July 2019\|ref\=Mulderrig\-1}} with categories including Drama, Documentary, Animation, Experimental and First Film.{{cite web \|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival \|url\=http://e17arttrail.blogspot.com/2014/05/walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival.html \|website\=www.e17arttrail.blogspot.com \|publisher\=The E17 Art Trail Blog \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=e17arttrail\-1 \|date\=22 May 2014}} The panel of judges included Liza Fletcher, Pamela Stephenson, Richard Hobbs, Barry Bliss, and Noel Goodwin.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/11228044\.winners\-for\-this\-years\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-announced/\|title\=Amie Mulderrig talks to the winners at this year's Walthamstow International Film Festival\|last\=Mulderrig\|first\=Amie\|date\=21 May 2014\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=13 July 2019\|ref\=Mulderrig\-14}}
1st Place winner was Hardy D Saleh' Documentary *Mother*. 2nd Place winner was Moehring\-Gabriels *OOA*. 3rd Place winner was Kimberley Carroll, Saraph Saleh and Richardo Reverson Blanco's *One By One*. Best Drama category winner was Andrew Stewart and Sharon Reeh's *One for the Road*. Best Experimental category winner was Antti Polojarvi's *Underdog Dream*. Best Animation category winner was Moehring\-Gabriels' *IOA*. 1st Place Audience Vote winner was Ellie Mumford's *Animation The Dog Song*. 2nd Place Audience Vote winner was Naren Wilks' *One Man, Eight Cameras*, and 3rd Place Audience Vote winner was Tyrell Charles' M Sobrienska's *The King's Legacy*.{{cite web \|last1\=Mulderrig \|first1\=Arnie \|title\=Ellie Mumford has won the Audience Vote of the Walthamstow International Film Festival with her animation The Dog Song \|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/11253752\.canine\-animation\-captures\-hearts\-of\-walthamstow\-audience/ \|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk \|publisher\=Guardian \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=Mulderrig\-3 \|date\=3 June 2014}}
### 2015 WIFF
The sixth annual WIFF was held on 14 June at the Empire Cinema with categories including Animation, Drama, Experimental, and Young Person's.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/12964726\.students\-into\-finals\-of\-short\-film\-competition/\|title\=Two Leyton sixth formers into finals of short film competition\|last\=Davis\|first\=Barnaby\|date\=21 May 2015\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=Davis\-2015(1\)}} The Silent Film category was added in 2015\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://silentlondon.co.uk/2015/05/30/wipeout\-running\-into\-romance/\|title\=Wipeout: Running Into Romance\|date\=30 May 2015\|website\=www.silentlondon.co.uk\|publisher\=Silent London\|access\-date\=13 July 2019\|ref\=SilentLondon\-2015(1\)}} The panel of judges was composed of directors, producers and critics and the winners were decided at the British Film Institute on 29 May 2015\.
1st Place winner was Jessica Bishopp's *Speed*. The 2nd Place winner was Teymour Ghaderi's *It hit upon the roof*. 3rd Place and Best Silent category winner was Paul Murphy's *Wipeout*. Best Experimental category winner was Dee Honeybun's *Probably, Maybe, Not Really, Whatever*. The MMBF 'Rising Star' Award was Stanley Tucker's *Rain*. The Best Animation category winner was Viviane Peoc'h's *Grandma*.{{cite web \|last1\=O'Brien \|first1\=Zoie \|title\=Winners of Walthamstow International Film Festival announced \|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/13309714\.winners\-of\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-announced/ \|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk \|publisher\=Guardian \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=O'Brien\-2015(1\) \|date\=3 June 2015}}
### 2016 WIFF
The seventh annual WIFF was held on 23 July at The Empire Cinema Walthamstow and Vestry House Museum,{{cite web \|last1\=Meets \|first1\=Caro \|title\=Liza Fletcher: Walthamstow International Film Festival \|url\=https://thisweeklondon.com/article/liza\-fletcher\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival/ \|website\=www.thisweeklondon.com \|publisher\=TW:LONDON \|access\-date\=7 July 2019 \|ref\=thisweeklondon\-2016(1\) \|date\=19 July 2016}} with categories including Animation, Silent, Experimental and Documentary.
1st Place winner and Best Silent category winner was Elena Broadach's *Silence*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/14630892\.film\-russian\-love\-story\-wins\-top\-prize\-at\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival/\|title\=Elena Broadach's Russian love story, Silence, has won top prize at the Walthamstow International Film Festival.\|last\=Russell\|first\=Rachel\|date\=20 July 2016\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=Russell\-2016(1\)}} 3rd Place winner and also Best Documentary category winner was Carol Gyasi's *Kayayo*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news/14642263\.screening\-held\-for\-winners\-at\-walthamstow\-film\-festival/\|title\=Screening held for winners at Walthamstow International Film Festival\|last\=Barnes\|first\=Tom\|date\=26 July 2016\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk/news\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=Barnes\-2016(1\)}}
### 2017 WIFF
The eighth annual WIFF was held on 3 and 4 June at the Vestry House Museum{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.evensi.uk/page/walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival/10006809607\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival\|website\=www.evensi.uk\|publisher\=envensi\|access\-date\=13 July 2019\|ref\=evensi\-2017(1\)}} with categories including Animation, Documentary, Experimental, Drama, Silent, and Young Person's.
Joint 1st Place winners were Micaela D'Angelo and Naima Mebchour's Experimental *II.NO Exit* and the Syrian documentary *The Wall*. Highly Commended winner was Holy Family Sixth Form's *White Noise*.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.leyton.ac.uk/college\-info/news/leyton\-media\-students\-joint\-overall\-winners\-of\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-2017\.html\|title\=Leyton Media students joint overall winners of Walthamstow International Film Festival 2017\.\|date\=9 June 2017\|publisher\=LSC\|access\-date\=13 July 2019\|ref\=LSC\-2017(1\)}}
### 2018 WIFF
The ninth annual WIFF was held on 23 and 24 June at the Vestry House Museum with categories that included Documentary, Drama, Experimental, Animation and Under 18s.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/leisure/latest/16270911\.international\-film\-festival\-promotes\-emerging\-talent/\|title\=International Film Festival promotes emerging talent\|last1\=Lacey\-Davidson\|first1\=Mattie\|date\=9 June 2018\|website\=ww.guardian\-series.co.uk\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=7 July 2019\|ref\=Lacey\-Davidson\-2018(1\)}} The panel of judges included Janet Awe (scripted comedy development producer), Barry Bliss (Walthamstow film director/photographer), Ed Cross (director/producer of digital content at M\-Integrated Solutions), Wayne Jones (cinema manager of Empire Cinema Group) and Hassan Vawda (Walthamstow based artist/film director).
1st Place winner and joint winner of Under 18s was Jordan Benjamin's drama *Forgotten*. The 2nd Place winner and joint winner in Under 18s category was Marcus Green's *Rose*, and 3rd Place winner and category winner for Best Experimental was Non Films' *Dull Hope*. Carol Gyasi's *Skateboard Blues* was category winner for Best Documentary and [Marcos Mereles](/wiki/Marcos_Mereles "Marcos Mereles")' *The Dead Man Speaks* was category winner for Best Drama.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/leisure/latest/16323096\.walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-announce\-winners/\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival announce winners\|last1\=Lacey\-Davidson\|first1\=Mattie\|date\=30 June 2018\|website\=www.guardian\-series.co.uk\|publisher\=Guardian\|access\-date\=7 July 2019\|ref\=Lacey\-Davidson\-\-2018(2\)}}
### 2019 WIFF
The tenth annual WIFF was held on 15 and 16 June at the [Vestry House Museum](/wiki/Vestry_House_Museum "Vestry House Museum"){{Cite web\|url\=http://thelostbyway.com/2019/06/10th\-annual\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival.html\|title\=10th Annual Walthamstow International Film Festival\|date\=2019\|website\=www.thelostbyway.com\|publisher\=The Lost Byway\|access\-date\=8 June 2019\|ref\=TheLostByway\-2019(1\)}} with categories that included Documentary, Drama, Experimental, Animation, and Young Person's. The panel of judges included Janet Awe (scripted comedy development producer), Barry Bliss (film director), Ed Cross (digital content producer/director), [Pinny Grylls](/wiki/Pinny_Grylls "Pinny Grylls") (documentary film\-maker and video ethnographer), and Wayne Jones ([Empire Cinema](/wiki/Empire_Cinemas "Empire Cinemas") manager).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.e17films.com/wiff2019/\|title\=Walthamstow International Film Festival 2019\|date\=2019\|website\=www.e17films.com\|publisher\=E17 Films\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\|ref\=E17Films\-2019(1\)}}
Joint 1st Place winners were Flora Bradwell's Animation *Waltham Forest Bath* and Kazuya Ashizawa's Documentary *My Theatre*. 2nd Place winner was the Mission Grove Primary School's *The Magical Portal* in the Under 18s category. Highly Commended winners were Bakhtiar Khalili's Drama *Souvenir* and Gystere's Drama *WOMXN*. The Best Experimental category winner was Kent Tate's *Velocity*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.e17films.com/podcast/the\-walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival\-2019\-winners\-announcement/\|title\=The Walthamstow International Film Festival 2019 Winners Announcement\|date\=2019\|website\=www.e17films.com\|publisher\=E17 Films\|access\-date\=8 July 2019\|ref\=E17\-Films\-2019(2\)}}
### 2021 WIFF
The eleventh annual WIFF was held on the 10th of July at The Truman Social Club, after the event was postponed in 2020\. The short films presented in the 2020/2021 WIFF were selected from over 70 local and international entrants from the Animation, Documentary, Drama, Experimental, and U18 categories.{{cite web\|date\=8 July 2021\|title\=The daring young girl on the flying trapeze\|url\=https://walthamforestecho.co.uk/the\-daring\-young\-girl\-on\-the\-flying\-trapeze/\|access\-date\=3 August 2021\|website\=Waltham Forest Echo\|ref\=Waltham\-1}}{{cite web \|title\=WIFF 2020/2021 \|url\=https://e17films.com/walthamstow\-international\-film\-festival/ \|website\=E 17 Films \|access\-date\=3 August 2021 \|ref\=E 17 2021}}
|
[
"Annual Walthamstow International Film Festivals\n-----------------------------------------------",
"### 2010 WIFF",
"The first annual WIFF was held between 5 and 12 September in the Walthamstow Village centre.{{cite web \\|last1\\=McCarthy \\|first1\\=Ryan \\|title\\=WALTHAMSTOW: Film festival set for closing ceremony \\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/8383318\\.walthamstow\\-film\\-festival\\-set\\-for\\-closing\\-ceremony/ \\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=McCarthy\\-2010(1\\) \\|date\\=10 September 2010}} The screenings occurred during the E17 Art Trail.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://londonist.com/2010/09/preview\\_the\\_e17\\_art\\_trail\\|title\\=Preview: The E17 Art Trail\\|last1\\=Lindsey\\|date\\=2010\\|website\\=www.londonist.com\\|publisher\\=LONDONIST\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2019\\|ref\\=Londonist\\-2010(1\\)}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/8133323\\.walthamstow\\-film\\-festival\\-invites\\-entrants/\\|title\\=SHORT films are sought to be screened in the Walthamstow International Film Festival\\|last\\=Macfarlane\\|first\\=Mhairi\\|date\\=3 May 2010\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news\\|publisher\\=Macfarlane\\-10\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2019\\|ref\\=McFarlane\\-2010(1\\)}} The WIFF 2010 panel of judges included [Stella Creasy](/wiki/Stella_Creasy \"Stella Creasy\") (Walthmstow MP), Dominic Stinton (director/documentarian), and David Jenkins (Time Out London film critic).",
"### 2011 WIFF",
"The second annual WIFF was held between 2 and 11 September. It built on the success of the previous year's festival, and over 900 visitors viewed short movie screenings in the Walthamstow Village. The organizers enlisted a panel of judges that included [Oona King](/wiki/Oona_King \"Oona King\") King (former MP/baroness), Barry Bliss (Walthamstow director), David Jenkins (film critic) and Paul McGann (*Withnail and I* actor).{{cite web \\|last1\\=Binns \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=WALTHAMSTOW: Film fest builds on success \\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/8998051\\.walthamstow\\-film\\-fest\\-builds\\-on\\-success/ \\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=Binns\\-2011(1\\) \\|date\\=28 April 2011}}",
"### 2012 WIFF",
"The third annual WIFF{{cite web \\|last1\\=Curtis \\|first1\\=Joe\\|title\\=WALTHAMSTOW: Film festival open for submissions \\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/9797482\\.walthamstow\\-film\\-festival\\-open\\-for\\-submissions/ \\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=Curtis\\-2012(1\\) \\|date\\=4 July 2012}} was held at Vestry House Museum on 8 and 15 September.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Curtis \\|first1\\=Joe \\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival 2012 shortlist announced \\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/9899006\\.walthamstow\\-film\\-festival\\-shortlist\\-announced/ \\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=Curtis\\-2012(2\\) \\|date\\=29 August 2012}} The panel of judges included [David Jenkins](/wiki/David_Jenkins_%28television_writer%29 \"David Jenkins (television writer)\") (critic), Barry Bliss (director), and Noel Goodwin (BFI's director of youth education).",
"1st Place winner was Kieron Clark's *Gas*. 2nd Place winner was Kim Noce and Shaun Clark's *High*. 3rd Place winner was Otis Tree's *Action Movie*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/9918973\\.walthamstow\\-film\\-festival\\-winners\\-picked/\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival winners chosen\\|last\\=Curtis\\|first\\=Joe\\|date\\=9 September 2012\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=Curtis\\-2012(3\\)}}",
"### 2013 WIFF",
"The fourth annual WIFF was held at The Stow Film Lounge on 13 and 14 July.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/10537936\\.walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-screenings\\-taking\\-place\\-at\\-the\\-stow\\-film\\-lounge/\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival screenings taking place at The Stow Film Lounge\\|last\\=Norman\\|first\\=Zachary\\|date\\=10 July 2013\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=Norman\\-2013(1\\)}} Workshops were held at Vestry House Museum on 6 July 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/10427213\\.calling\\-wannabe\\-filmmakers/\\|title\\=Calling wannabe filmmakers for Walthamstow International Film Festival\\|last1\\=Mulderrig\\|first1\\=Arnie\\|date\\=17 May 2013\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019\\|ref\\=Mulderrig\\-2013(1\\)}} The panel of judges included Barry Bliss (film director), Noel Goodwin (BFI educator), Georgina Starr (installation artist/filmmaker), and [Pauline Black](/wiki/Pauline_Black \"Pauline Black\") (actress/presenter).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/10514840\\.walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-has\\-prizes\\-galore\\-for\\-new\\-talent/\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival has prizes galore for new talent\\|last1\\=Mulderrig\\|first1\\=Amie\\|date\\=29 June 2013\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019\\|ref\\=Mulderrig\\-2013(2\\)}}",
"1st Place winner was Hassan Vawda's *My Photographs*. 2nd Place winner and Best Drama category winner was Rene Nuijens' *The First Yugoslavian Cosmonaut*. Joint 3rd Place winners were Guillame Bastien's *Déjà Vu* and Otis Tree's *Time Warp*, which also won the Best Youth category. Best Animation category winner was Dee Honeybun and Lesley Palmer's *Lega’say*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/10539254\\.hassan\\-vawda\\-scooped\\-the\\-first\\-prize\\-at\\-the\\-walthamstow\\-film\\-festival\\-and\\-other\\-rising\\-talent\\-from\\-the\\-area\\-impressed\\-the\\-judges\\-writes\\-george\\-ryan/\\|title\\=Hassan Vawda scooped the first prize at the Walthamstow Film Festival and other rising talent from the area impressed the judges, writes George Ryan\\|last\\=Ryan\\|first\\=George\\|date\\=11 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=Ryan\\-2013(1\\)}}",
"### 2014 WIFF",
"The fifth annual WIFF was held at the Vestry House on 1 June,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/11233902\\.walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival/\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival comes to Vestry House\\|last1\\=Mulderrig\\|first1\\=Amie\\|date\\=26 May 2014\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019\\|ref\\=Mulderrig\\-1}} with categories including Drama, Documentary, Animation, Experimental and First Film.{{cite web \\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival \\|url\\=http://e17arttrail.blogspot.com/2014/05/walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival.html \\|website\\=www.e17arttrail.blogspot.com \\|publisher\\=The E17 Art Trail Blog \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=e17arttrail\\-1 \\|date\\=22 May 2014}} The panel of judges included Liza Fletcher, Pamela Stephenson, Richard Hobbs, Barry Bliss, and Noel Goodwin.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/11228044\\.winners\\-for\\-this\\-years\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-announced/\\|title\\=Amie Mulderrig talks to the winners at this year's Walthamstow International Film Festival\\|last\\=Mulderrig\\|first\\=Amie\\|date\\=21 May 2014\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2019\\|ref\\=Mulderrig\\-14}}",
"1st Place winner was Hardy D Saleh' Documentary *Mother*. 2nd Place winner was Moehring\\-Gabriels *OOA*. 3rd Place winner was Kimberley Carroll, Saraph Saleh and Richardo Reverson Blanco's *One By One*. Best Drama category winner was Andrew Stewart and Sharon Reeh's *One for the Road*. Best Experimental category winner was Antti Polojarvi's *Underdog Dream*. Best Animation category winner was Moehring\\-Gabriels' *IOA*. 1st Place Audience Vote winner was Ellie Mumford's *Animation The Dog Song*. 2nd Place Audience Vote winner was Naren Wilks' *One Man, Eight Cameras*, and 3rd Place Audience Vote winner was Tyrell Charles' M Sobrienska's *The King's Legacy*.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mulderrig \\|first1\\=Arnie \\|title\\=Ellie Mumford has won the Audience Vote of the Walthamstow International Film Festival with her animation The Dog Song \\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/11253752\\.canine\\-animation\\-captures\\-hearts\\-of\\-walthamstow\\-audience/ \\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=Mulderrig\\-3 \\|date\\=3 June 2014}}",
"### 2015 WIFF",
"The sixth annual WIFF was held on 14 June at the Empire Cinema with categories including Animation, Drama, Experimental, and Young Person's.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/12964726\\.students\\-into\\-finals\\-of\\-short\\-film\\-competition/\\|title\\=Two Leyton sixth formers into finals of short film competition\\|last\\=Davis\\|first\\=Barnaby\\|date\\=21 May 2015\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=Davis\\-2015(1\\)}} The Silent Film category was added in 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://silentlondon.co.uk/2015/05/30/wipeout\\-running\\-into\\-romance/\\|title\\=Wipeout: Running Into Romance\\|date\\=30 May 2015\\|website\\=www.silentlondon.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Silent London\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2019\\|ref\\=SilentLondon\\-2015(1\\)}} The panel of judges was composed of directors, producers and critics and the winners were decided at the British Film Institute on 29 May 2015\\.",
"1st Place winner was Jessica Bishopp's *Speed*. The 2nd Place winner was Teymour Ghaderi's *It hit upon the roof*. 3rd Place and Best Silent category winner was Paul Murphy's *Wipeout*. Best Experimental category winner was Dee Honeybun's *Probably, Maybe, Not Really, Whatever*. The MMBF 'Rising Star' Award was Stanley Tucker's *Rain*. The Best Animation category winner was Viviane Peoc'h's *Grandma*.{{cite web \\|last1\\=O'Brien \\|first1\\=Zoie \\|title\\=Winners of Walthamstow International Film Festival announced \\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/13309714\\.winners\\-of\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-announced/ \\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk \\|publisher\\=Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=O'Brien\\-2015(1\\) \\|date\\=3 June 2015}}",
"### 2016 WIFF",
"The seventh annual WIFF was held on 23 July at The Empire Cinema Walthamstow and Vestry House Museum,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Meets \\|first1\\=Caro \\|title\\=Liza Fletcher: Walthamstow International Film Festival \\|url\\=https://thisweeklondon.com/article/liza\\-fletcher\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival/ \\|website\\=www.thisweeklondon.com \\|publisher\\=TW:LONDON \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019 \\|ref\\=thisweeklondon\\-2016(1\\) \\|date\\=19 July 2016}} with categories including Animation, Silent, Experimental and Documentary.",
"1st Place winner and Best Silent category winner was Elena Broadach's *Silence*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/14630892\\.film\\-russian\\-love\\-story\\-wins\\-top\\-prize\\-at\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival/\\|title\\=Elena Broadach's Russian love story, Silence, has won top prize at the Walthamstow International Film Festival.\\|last\\=Russell\\|first\\=Rachel\\|date\\=20 July 2016\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=Russell\\-2016(1\\)}} 3rd Place winner and also Best Documentary category winner was Carol Gyasi's *Kayayo*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news/14642263\\.screening\\-held\\-for\\-winners\\-at\\-walthamstow\\-film\\-festival/\\|title\\=Screening held for winners at Walthamstow International Film Festival\\|last\\=Barnes\\|first\\=Tom\\|date\\=26 July 2016\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/news\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=Barnes\\-2016(1\\)}}",
"### 2017 WIFF",
"The eighth annual WIFF was held on 3 and 4 June at the Vestry House Museum{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.evensi.uk/page/walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival/10006809607\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival\\|website\\=www.evensi.uk\\|publisher\\=envensi\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2019\\|ref\\=evensi\\-2017(1\\)}} with categories including Animation, Documentary, Experimental, Drama, Silent, and Young Person's.",
"Joint 1st Place winners were Micaela D'Angelo and Naima Mebchour's Experimental *II.NO Exit* and the Syrian documentary *The Wall*. Highly Commended winner was Holy Family Sixth Form's *White Noise*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.leyton.ac.uk/college\\-info/news/leyton\\-media\\-students\\-joint\\-overall\\-winners\\-of\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-2017\\.html\\|title\\=Leyton Media students joint overall winners of Walthamstow International Film Festival 2017\\.\\|date\\=9 June 2017\\|publisher\\=LSC\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2019\\|ref\\=LSC\\-2017(1\\)}}",
"### 2018 WIFF",
"The ninth annual WIFF was held on 23 and 24 June at the Vestry House Museum with categories that included Documentary, Drama, Experimental, Animation and Under 18s.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/leisure/latest/16270911\\.international\\-film\\-festival\\-promotes\\-emerging\\-talent/\\|title\\=International Film Festival promotes emerging talent\\|last1\\=Lacey\\-Davidson\\|first1\\=Mattie\\|date\\=9 June 2018\\|website\\=ww.guardian\\-series.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019\\|ref\\=Lacey\\-Davidson\\-2018(1\\)}} The panel of judges included Janet Awe (scripted comedy development producer), Barry Bliss (Walthamstow film director/photographer), Ed Cross (director/producer of digital content at M\\-Integrated Solutions), Wayne Jones (cinema manager of Empire Cinema Group) and Hassan Vawda (Walthamstow based artist/film director).",
"1st Place winner and joint winner of Under 18s was Jordan Benjamin's drama *Forgotten*. The 2nd Place winner and joint winner in Under 18s category was Marcus Green's *Rose*, and 3rd Place winner and category winner for Best Experimental was Non Films' *Dull Hope*. Carol Gyasi's *Skateboard Blues* was category winner for Best Documentary and [Marcos Mereles](/wiki/Marcos_Mereles \"Marcos Mereles\")' *The Dead Man Speaks* was category winner for Best Drama.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/leisure/latest/16323096\\.walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-announce\\-winners/\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival announce winners\\|last1\\=Lacey\\-Davidson\\|first1\\=Mattie\\|date\\=30 June 2018\\|website\\=www.guardian\\-series.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2019\\|ref\\=Lacey\\-Davidson\\-\\-2018(2\\)}}",
"### 2019 WIFF",
"The tenth annual WIFF was held on 15 and 16 June at the [Vestry House Museum](/wiki/Vestry_House_Museum \"Vestry House Museum\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://thelostbyway.com/2019/06/10th\\-annual\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival.html\\|title\\=10th Annual Walthamstow International Film Festival\\|date\\=2019\\|website\\=www.thelostbyway.com\\|publisher\\=The Lost Byway\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2019\\|ref\\=TheLostByway\\-2019(1\\)}} with categories that included Documentary, Drama, Experimental, Animation, and Young Person's. The panel of judges included Janet Awe (scripted comedy development producer), Barry Bliss (film director), Ed Cross (digital content producer/director), [Pinny Grylls](/wiki/Pinny_Grylls \"Pinny Grylls\") (documentary film\\-maker and video ethnographer), and Wayne Jones ([Empire Cinema](/wiki/Empire_Cinemas \"Empire Cinemas\") manager).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.e17films.com/wiff2019/\\|title\\=Walthamstow International Film Festival 2019\\|date\\=2019\\|website\\=www.e17films.com\\|publisher\\=E17 Films\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\|ref\\=E17Films\\-2019(1\\)}}",
"Joint 1st Place winners were Flora Bradwell's Animation *Waltham Forest Bath* and Kazuya Ashizawa's Documentary *My Theatre*. 2nd Place winner was the Mission Grove Primary School's *The Magical Portal* in the Under 18s category. Highly Commended winners were Bakhtiar Khalili's Drama *Souvenir* and Gystere's Drama *WOMXN*. The Best Experimental category winner was Kent Tate's *Velocity*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.e17films.com/podcast/the\\-walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival\\-2019\\-winners\\-announcement/\\|title\\=The Walthamstow International Film Festival 2019 Winners Announcement\\|date\\=2019\\|website\\=www.e17films.com\\|publisher\\=E17 Films\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2019\\|ref\\=E17\\-Films\\-2019(2\\)}}",
"### 2021 WIFF",
"The eleventh annual WIFF was held on the 10th of July at The Truman Social Club, after the event was postponed in 2020\\. The short films presented in the 2020/2021 WIFF were selected from over 70 local and international entrants from the Animation, Documentary, Drama, Experimental, and U18 categories.{{cite web\\|date\\=8 July 2021\\|title\\=The daring young girl on the flying trapeze\\|url\\=https://walthamforestecho.co.uk/the\\-daring\\-young\\-girl\\-on\\-the\\-flying\\-trapeze/\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2021\\|website\\=Waltham Forest Echo\\|ref\\=Waltham\\-1}}{{cite web \\|title\\=WIFF 2020/2021 \\|url\\=https://e17films.com/walthamstow\\-international\\-film\\-festival/ \\|website\\=E 17 Films \\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2021 \\|ref\\=E 17 2021}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The band was formed by former [Telstar Ponies](/wiki/Telstar_Ponies "Telstar Ponies") member John Hogarty and Scott Walker.Strong, Martin C. (2003\) "National Park", in *The Great Indie Discography*, Canongate, {{ISBN\|1\-84195\-335\-0}} In August 1997, the band played their first gig. [Simon Shaw](/wiki/Simon_Shaw "Simon Shaw") and Michael McGaughrin of the band *V\-Twin* joined Hogarty and Walker, and played the [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") and [drums](/wiki/Drums "Drums"), respectively.
National Park's first single, "Great Western", was a [10"](/wiki/Gramophone_record "Gramophone record") released on Earworm records; a ten\-minute\-long improvisation. It was recorded on a [tape deck](/wiki/Tape_recorder "Tape recorder") at an early rehearsal session. Despite the length of the track it was [playlisted](/wiki/Playlist "Playlist") on [Xfm London](/wiki/Xfm_London "Xfm London"). Hogarty was also part of the Phantom Engineer project with David Keenan and [Bill Wells](/wiki/Bill_Wells "Bill Wells"). Collaborations with [Future Pilot A.K.A.](/wiki/Future_Pilot_A.K.A. "Future Pilot A.K.A.") then followed, and were released on Beggars Banquet Records and also on Earworm records. The band also played live with many of their favourite bands, including [Belle and Sebastian](/wiki/Belle_and_Sebastian "Belle and Sebastian"){{cite web \| title \= 1998\-09\-06 : Shepherds Bush Empire, London, UK \| work \= Official website of Belle and Sebastian \| url \= http://www.belleandsebastian.com/tour.php?view\=event\&event\=24 \| accessdate \= 21 November 2008 }} at the [Shepherd's Bush Empire](/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire "Shepherd's Bush Empire").
Scott Walker left the band in 1999, and was replaced briefly by [Alasdair Roberts](/wiki/Alasdair_Roberts_%28musician%29 "Alasdair Roberts (musician)") (of [Appendix Out](/wiki/Appendix_Out "Appendix Out")) and later by [Gerard Love](/wiki/Gerard_Love "Gerard Love") of [Teenage Fanclub](/wiki/Teenage_Fanclub "Teenage Fanclub"). Walker did return briefly to record "No More Rides" for the compilation *You Don't Need Darkness to Do What You Think is Right*, which was released by [Geographic Music](/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company%23Geographic_Music "Domino Recording Company#Geographic Music"), a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") of [Domino Recording Company](/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company "Domino Recording Company") during 2001\-2002\.
In 2003, the band released a [lathe\-cut](/wiki/Gramophone_record%23Vinyl_quality "Gramophone record#Vinyl quality") 7" single, "Background Frequencies", on an [Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") label. In 2005 National Park released "[The Only Stars](/wiki/The_Only_Stars "The Only Stars")" in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), which featured contributions by Bill Wells ([piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano")), [Sarah Martin](/wiki/Sarah_Martin "Sarah Martin") ([flute](/wiki/Flute "Flute")) and [Mick Cooke](/wiki/Mick_Cooke "Mick Cooke") ([horn](/wiki/French_horn "French horn")) of [Belle and Sebastian](/wiki/Belle_and_Sebastian "Belle and Sebastian"). The song was released in the UK on 7” in 2006, backed by “La Solara”.
In 2024, Scott Walker rejoined the band. The band supported Gerard Love, ex\-Teenage Fanclub, on a couple of dates.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The band was formed by former [Telstar Ponies](/wiki/Telstar_Ponies \"Telstar Ponies\") member John Hogarty and Scott Walker.Strong, Martin C. (2003\\) \"National Park\", in *The Great Indie Discography*, Canongate, {{ISBN\\|1\\-84195\\-335\\-0}} In August 1997, the band played their first gig. [Simon Shaw](/wiki/Simon_Shaw \"Simon Shaw\") and Michael McGaughrin of the band *V\\-Twin* joined Hogarty and Walker, and played the [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") and [drums](/wiki/Drums \"Drums\"), respectively.",
"National Park's first single, \"Great Western\", was a [10\"](/wiki/Gramophone_record \"Gramophone record\") released on Earworm records; a ten\\-minute\\-long improvisation. It was recorded on a [tape deck](/wiki/Tape_recorder \"Tape recorder\") at an early rehearsal session. Despite the length of the track it was [playlisted](/wiki/Playlist \"Playlist\") on [Xfm London](/wiki/Xfm_London \"Xfm London\"). Hogarty was also part of the Phantom Engineer project with David Keenan and [Bill Wells](/wiki/Bill_Wells \"Bill Wells\"). Collaborations with [Future Pilot A.K.A.](/wiki/Future_Pilot_A.K.A. \"Future Pilot A.K.A.\") then followed, and were released on Beggars Banquet Records and also on Earworm records. The band also played live with many of their favourite bands, including [Belle and Sebastian](/wiki/Belle_and_Sebastian \"Belle and Sebastian\"){{cite web \\| title \\= 1998\\-09\\-06 : Shepherds Bush Empire, London, UK \\| work \\= Official website of Belle and Sebastian \\| url \\= http://www.belleandsebastian.com/tour.php?view\\=event\\&event\\=24 \\| accessdate \\= 21 November 2008 }} at the [Shepherd's Bush Empire](/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire \"Shepherd's Bush Empire\").",
"Scott Walker left the band in 1999, and was replaced briefly by [Alasdair Roberts](/wiki/Alasdair_Roberts_%28musician%29 \"Alasdair Roberts (musician)\") (of [Appendix Out](/wiki/Appendix_Out \"Appendix Out\")) and later by [Gerard Love](/wiki/Gerard_Love \"Gerard Love\") of [Teenage Fanclub](/wiki/Teenage_Fanclub \"Teenage Fanclub\"). Walker did return briefly to record \"No More Rides\" for the compilation *You Don't Need Darkness to Do What You Think is Right*, which was released by [Geographic Music](/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company%23Geographic_Music \"Domino Recording Company#Geographic Music\"), a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") of [Domino Recording Company](/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company \"Domino Recording Company\") during 2001\\-2002\\.",
"In 2003, the band released a [lathe\\-cut](/wiki/Gramophone_record%23Vinyl_quality \"Gramophone record#Vinyl quality\") 7\" single, \"Background Frequencies\", on an [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") label. In 2005 National Park released \"[The Only Stars](/wiki/The_Only_Stars \"The Only Stars\")\" in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), which featured contributions by Bill Wells ([piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\")), [Sarah Martin](/wiki/Sarah_Martin \"Sarah Martin\") ([flute](/wiki/Flute \"Flute\")) and [Mick Cooke](/wiki/Mick_Cooke \"Mick Cooke\") ([horn](/wiki/French_horn \"French horn\")) of [Belle and Sebastian](/wiki/Belle_and_Sebastian \"Belle and Sebastian\"). The song was released in the UK on 7” in 2006, backed by “La Solara”.",
"In 2024, Scott Walker rejoined the band. The band supported Gerard Love, ex\\-Teenage Fanclub, on a couple of dates.",
""
] |
Individual houses
-----------------
### Bevier\-Elting House
[thumb\|right\|Bevier\-Elting House](/wiki/File:Bevier_House_on_Huguenot_Street_Historic_District_in_New_Paltz_New_York_USA.JPG "Bevier House on Huguenot Street Historic District in New Paltz New York USA.JPG")
Dating to the very early 18th century, the house was originally a one\-room building built with the narrow or gable end facing the street—then the prevailing style of the low countries of Northern Europe. Two expansions were built later, as was a small cellar that was used to house [African slaves](/wiki/Slavery_in_Colonial_America "Slavery in Colonial America"). The house was built by the Bevier family, one of the founding families, and subsequently sold to the Dutch Elting family.
### Abraham Hasbrouck House
{{main\| Abraham Hasbrouck House}}
[left\|225px\|thumb\|The Abraham (Daniel) Hasbrouck House](/wiki/File:Abraham_Hasbrouck_House.jpg "Abraham Hasbrouck House.jpg")
The structure known as the Abraham Hasbrouck House was built in three phases in the 1720s and 30s. The first room of the house—the center room—was constructed in 1721 by Daniel Hasbrouck, the son of Abraham Hasbrouck the patentee. The date 1721 is based on recent dendrochronology, which is a process by which wooden structural members are dated. This house represents a New World innovation in Dutch\-style architecture. The initial houses in the Dutch region of New York, such as New Amsterdam, Albany, and Kingston, were built in the tradition of Dutch cities, with the gable\-ends to the street, which conserves street frontage. The basic structure of the house consists of a series of H\-bents which spread the weight of the house across the entire expanse. The original one\-room house exhibited several defining elements of Dutch architecture, the jambless fireplace being the principal and most recognized feature in the house. Recently re\-opened to the public in July 2012 following a restoration and reinterpretation focusing on the life of Widow Wyntje.
### Jean Hasbrouck House
[right\|200px\|thumb\|The Jean Hasbrouck House](/wiki/File:Jean_Hasbrouck_House.jpg "Jean Hasbrouck House.jpg")
{{Main\|Jean Hasbrouck House}}
Also built in 1721 by Jean's son Jacob (and perhaps incorporating elements of an early home built by New Paltz founder Jean Hasbrouck), this home is an excellent example of Hudson Valley Dutch architecture and the showpiece of Historic Huguenot Street. A [National Historic Landmark](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark "National Historic Landmark") in its own right, it boasts the only remaining original [jambless](/wiki/Jamb "Jamb") [fireplace](/wiki/Fireplace "Fireplace") of any of the Huguenot Street houses, and is one of the few surviving examples in what was formerly the New Netherland.
In 2006, the north wall of the house was carefully dismantled, repaired and reconstructed. Reproduction Dutch\-style casement windows were installed. Interior restoration followed, resulting in a house that is an excellent example of how a comfortable family in the region lived in the mid\-18th century.
### DuBois Fort
[thumb\|right\|[Louis DuBois](/wiki/Louis_DuBois_%28Huguenot%29 "Louis DuBois (Huguenot)") House (aka the DuBois Fort) built 1705\. Pictured circa 1900\.](/wiki/File:Du_bois_house_in_New_Paltz_NY_USA.jpg "Du bois house in New Paltz NY USA.jpg")
Built ca 1705 for the DuBois family, it might have served as a fortified place for protection for the small community if needed. Originally a smaller 1{{frac\|1\|2}} story structure, this building was expanded to its current size in the late 1830s. Some historians and antiquarians believe that the presence of "gun ports" made it a fort, but there is no evidence of the presence of any such portholes before the 19th century. The DuBois Fort currently serves as the orientation center and gift shop, as well as a location for special events. Guests can purchase their admission tickets and memberships at this building. Over the last 300 years, it has also been used as a residence and a restaurant.{{cite web\|url\=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi\-bin/ampage?collId\=pphhdatapage\&fileName\=ny/ny1100/ny1148/data/hhdatapage.db\&recNum\=1\&itemLink\=D?hh:11:./temp/\~pp\_MaM7::
\|title\=DuBois Fort\|access\-date\=2007\-11\-15\|work\=Historic American Buildings Survey listing\|publisher\=Library of Congress}}
### Freer House
The Freer House is one of the six 18th\-century stone houses owned by Historic Huguenot Street. It was altered in various points in its approximately 250 years of occupancy, with its most recent major alterations occurring in 1943 when it was purchased by Rev. John Wright Follette, a direct descendant of its original builder, Hugo Freer. Over the years, the interior was modernized into a 20th\-century idea of a colonial home. This structure is not currently open to the public.
### Deyo House
[thumb\|right\|Deyo House (circa 1720\) with large nineteenth century addition](/wiki/File:De_Yo_House_on_Huguenot_Street_in_New_Paltz%2C_New_York%2C_USA.JPG "De Yo House on Huguenot Street in New Paltz, New York, USA.JPG")
The original portion of the house was built around 1720 by Patentee Pierre Deyo. It began as a one\-room house, was subsequently expanded to two rooms, and ultimately to three when a stone addition was added off the rear by Pierre's grandson Abraham. Circumstances for this house changed dramatically when, at the height of the [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture "Colonial Revival architecture") movement, two descendants of Pierre Deyo, Abraham and Gertrude Brodhead, inherited the house. Wanting to live on the street of their ancestors but also wanting a modern, gracious home that reflected their affluence, the Brodheads partially dismantled the original stone house and built a grand [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States "Queen Anne style architecture in the United States") home around it in 1894\. They also significantly changed their surrounding property, in essence changing a small, village farm into a handsomely appointed and landscaped mini\-estate. The house first passed out of Deyo family ownership in 1915\. It was a private home until 1971, when it was purchased by the Deyo Family Association and donated in order to be opened to the public as a house museum. The home was most recently restored in 2003 and features circa 1915 interiors.
The patentee Pierre Deyo died in 1700, so couldn't have built the house in 1720 as stated. Per the plaque mounted outside the house it was built in 1692\.
### Crispell Memorial Walloon Church
[thumb\|right\|Reconstructed Walloon Reformed Church of 1717, and burying ground](/wiki/File:Cemetery_and_recreation_of_the_1717_Reformed_Church_on_Huguenot_Street_in_New_Paltz%2C_New_York%2C_USA.JPG "Cemetery and recreation of the 1717 Reformed Church on Huguenot Street in New Paltz, New York, USA.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|Current (1839\) church building used by the [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_church "Reformed church") congregation founded in 1678](/wiki/File:The_Reformed_Church_of_New_Paltz%2C_New_York%2C_USA.JPG "The Reformed Church of New Paltz, New York, USA.JPG")
Since the community's founding, there have been four sanctuaries built on what is today called Huguenot Street. The French\-speaking Protestants who settled New Paltz built their first church in 1683—a simple log building. This was replaced in 1717 with a straightforward, square stone building that reflected the permanence of the settlement. The existing building in the burying ground is a highly conjectural reconstruction of the 1717 building near its original location.
As the New Paltz community increased in size throughout the 18th century, a larger church became necessary. A second stone church was built down the street in 1772\. When it became too small, it was demolished and replaced by a third church built in 1839\. This church survives today and is home to an active [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_church "Reformed church") congregation.
The reconstructed church is named in honor of Antoine Crispell, one of the twelve founders or patentees of New Paltz. It was built as the result of a fundraising campaign led by the Crispell Family Association. The Crispell Family Foundation opted to create this reconstructed church in their ancestor's honor. It was completed in 1972\.
The 1717 church was designed to reflect Reform thinking: the pulpit was placed in a central location, and the pews were placed so that everyone could see and hear more equally. This expressed the concept that each person had a direct relationship with God, rather than one mediated through a church hierarchy.
### LeFevre House
Built in 1799 by Ezekiel Elting, a prosperous merchant who was born in the Bevier\-Elting House, this stone and brick building is quite different from the earlier stone houses on Huguenot Street. Its Georgian\-style architecture reflects the transition of New Paltz from a French and Dutch settlement to an Anglo\-American community, and increasing refinement in architecture in this period as settlements matured. The house shows the changes in architectural style from the early 18th century. This house reflects the several changes in the society and home life of New Paltz in the early 19th century.
### Deyo Hall
Formerly a glass factory, Deyo Hall is the site of event and meeting facilities and public restrooms. Collections storage is also housed in this building.
### Roosa House Library and Archives
Located in the Roosa House, the Library and Archives at Historic Huguenot Street is a research facility devoted primarily to the history and genealogy of the Huguenot and Dutch Settlers of the Hudson Valley. It also functions as a general repository for local history, regardless of ethnicity or religious persuasion. The collections consist of family genealogies, church, cemetery and bible records, wills and deeds, census records, genealogical periodicals, county histories, and publications relating to Huguenot ancestry. Genealogists, local historians, and other interested parties can access the collections by appointment. The colorful paint replicates the original colors of the house in 1891\.
### Native American presence on Huguenot Street
Historians and [archeologists](/wiki/Archeologists "Archeologists") have learned more about the continuing relations between the [Esopus](/wiki/Esopus_tribe "Esopus tribe"), the original inhabitants of the area, and the Huguenots. Some results of research can be found at the HHS site at ["Relations between the Huguenots of New Paltz, NY and the Esopus Indians](http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library_archives/exhibits_research/Indian_affairs.html). The "Before Hudson" exhibit, currently on view at the DuBois Fort Visitor Center, shows some of the highlights of archaeological excavation in our area with artifacts dating back 6,000\-8,000 years ago.
### Slavery in New Paltz
The historical record of [slavery](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") in New Paltz begins in 1674, three years before its founding, when [Louis DuBois](/wiki/Louis_DuBois_%28Huguenot%29 "Louis DuBois (Huguenot)") purchased two African slaves at a public [auction](/wiki/Auction "Auction") held in Kingston (then called Esopus). The two slaves ran away the following spring and were captured in the colony by Lewis Morris of [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados "Barbados"). From 1675 to 1680, Morris and DuBois engaged in a lengthy custody battle for the two slaves.
Settlers continued to buy slaves to serve as laborers in New Paltz to support the settlement's growth. The Deyo family bought slaves in 1680 and 1694\. Throughout the next 125 years, historical records of the settlement included references to slaves. In 1703, the population included nine slaves out of a total of 130 residents. Jean and Jacob Hasbrouck owned several slaves; they were named in Jean's will as "Gerritt," "James," and "Molly."[1712 Jean Hasbrouck Will document (accessed August 18, 2008\)](http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mlbgen/Hasbrouk_Documents.html) By 1755, slavery was a well\-established part of the New Paltz community: the census from that year lists 28 slave holders, who collectively owned 78 slaves over the age of 14 years. The majority of slave holders (82%) owned between one and four slaves, and used them as domestic servants and farm laborers.["The Society of Negroes Unsettled": The History of Slavery in New Paltz, NY](http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library_archives/exhibits_research/african_american/slavery.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084026/http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library\_archives/exhibits\_research/african\_american/slavery.php \|date\=June 3, 2013 }}, Huguenot Street Society
The overall population of New Paltz grew rapidly to 2,309 in 1790, by when 77 slave holders owned a total of 302 slaves, or 13% of the population. For more information pertaining to slavery in New Paltz, visit ["The Society of Negroes Unsettled": The History of Slavery in New Paltz, NY](http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library_archives/exhibits_research/african_american/slavery.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084026/http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library\_archives/exhibits\_research/african\_american/slavery.php \|date\=June 3, 2013 }}. HHS also has an online exhibit called [*The Missing Chapter: Untold Stories of the African\-American Presence in the Mid\-Hudson Valley*](http://www.hrvh.org/exhibit/aa07/)
|
[
"Individual houses\n-----------------",
"### Bevier\\-Elting House",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Bevier\\-Elting House](/wiki/File:Bevier_House_on_Huguenot_Street_Historic_District_in_New_Paltz_New_York_USA.JPG \"Bevier House on Huguenot Street Historic District in New Paltz New York USA.JPG\")\nDating to the very early 18th century, the house was originally a one\\-room building built with the narrow or gable end facing the street—then the prevailing style of the low countries of Northern Europe. Two expansions were built later, as was a small cellar that was used to house [African slaves](/wiki/Slavery_in_Colonial_America \"Slavery in Colonial America\"). The house was built by the Bevier family, one of the founding families, and subsequently sold to the Dutch Elting family.",
"### Abraham Hasbrouck House",
"{{main\\| Abraham Hasbrouck House}}\n[left\\|225px\\|thumb\\|The Abraham (Daniel) Hasbrouck House](/wiki/File:Abraham_Hasbrouck_House.jpg \"Abraham Hasbrouck House.jpg\")\nThe structure known as the Abraham Hasbrouck House was built in three phases in the 1720s and 30s. The first room of the house—the center room—was constructed in 1721 by Daniel Hasbrouck, the son of Abraham Hasbrouck the patentee. The date 1721 is based on recent dendrochronology, which is a process by which wooden structural members are dated. This house represents a New World innovation in Dutch\\-style architecture. The initial houses in the Dutch region of New York, such as New Amsterdam, Albany, and Kingston, were built in the tradition of Dutch cities, with the gable\\-ends to the street, which conserves street frontage. The basic structure of the house consists of a series of H\\-bents which spread the weight of the house across the entire expanse. The original one\\-room house exhibited several defining elements of Dutch architecture, the jambless fireplace being the principal and most recognized feature in the house. Recently re\\-opened to the public in July 2012 following a restoration and reinterpretation focusing on the life of Widow Wyntje.",
"### Jean Hasbrouck House",
"[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|The Jean Hasbrouck House](/wiki/File:Jean_Hasbrouck_House.jpg \"Jean Hasbrouck House.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Jean Hasbrouck House}}\nAlso built in 1721 by Jean's son Jacob (and perhaps incorporating elements of an early home built by New Paltz founder Jean Hasbrouck), this home is an excellent example of Hudson Valley Dutch architecture and the showpiece of Historic Huguenot Street. A [National Historic Landmark](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark \"National Historic Landmark\") in its own right, it boasts the only remaining original [jambless](/wiki/Jamb \"Jamb\") [fireplace](/wiki/Fireplace \"Fireplace\") of any of the Huguenot Street houses, and is one of the few surviving examples in what was formerly the New Netherland.",
"In 2006, the north wall of the house was carefully dismantled, repaired and reconstructed. Reproduction Dutch\\-style casement windows were installed. Interior restoration followed, resulting in a house that is an excellent example of how a comfortable family in the region lived in the mid\\-18th century.",
"### DuBois Fort",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Louis DuBois](/wiki/Louis_DuBois_%28Huguenot%29 \"Louis DuBois (Huguenot)\") House (aka the DuBois Fort) built 1705\\. Pictured circa 1900\\.](/wiki/File:Du_bois_house_in_New_Paltz_NY_USA.jpg \"Du bois house in New Paltz NY USA.jpg\")\nBuilt ca 1705 for the DuBois family, it might have served as a fortified place for protection for the small community if needed. Originally a smaller 1{{frac\\|1\\|2}} story structure, this building was expanded to its current size in the late 1830s. Some historians and antiquarians believe that the presence of \"gun ports\" made it a fort, but there is no evidence of the presence of any such portholes before the 19th century. The DuBois Fort currently serves as the orientation center and gift shop, as well as a location for special events. Guests can purchase their admission tickets and memberships at this building. Over the last 300 years, it has also been used as a residence and a restaurant.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi\\-bin/ampage?collId\\=pphhdatapage\\&fileName\\=ny/ny1100/ny1148/data/hhdatapage.db\\&recNum\\=1\\&itemLink\\=D?hh:11:./temp/\\~pp\\_MaM7::\n\\|title\\=DuBois Fort\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-15\\|work\\=Historic American Buildings Survey listing\\|publisher\\=Library of Congress}}",
"### Freer House",
"The Freer House is one of the six 18th\\-century stone houses owned by Historic Huguenot Street. It was altered in various points in its approximately 250 years of occupancy, with its most recent major alterations occurring in 1943 when it was purchased by Rev. John Wright Follette, a direct descendant of its original builder, Hugo Freer. Over the years, the interior was modernized into a 20th\\-century idea of a colonial home. This structure is not currently open to the public.",
"### Deyo House",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Deyo House (circa 1720\\) with large nineteenth century addition](/wiki/File:De_Yo_House_on_Huguenot_Street_in_New_Paltz%2C_New_York%2C_USA.JPG \"De Yo House on Huguenot Street in New Paltz, New York, USA.JPG\")\nThe original portion of the house was built around 1720 by Patentee Pierre Deyo. It began as a one\\-room house, was subsequently expanded to two rooms, and ultimately to three when a stone addition was added off the rear by Pierre's grandson Abraham. Circumstances for this house changed dramatically when, at the height of the [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture \"Colonial Revival architecture\") movement, two descendants of Pierre Deyo, Abraham and Gertrude Brodhead, inherited the house. Wanting to live on the street of their ancestors but also wanting a modern, gracious home that reflected their affluence, the Brodheads partially dismantled the original stone house and built a grand [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States \"Queen Anne style architecture in the United States\") home around it in 1894\\. They also significantly changed their surrounding property, in essence changing a small, village farm into a handsomely appointed and landscaped mini\\-estate. The house first passed out of Deyo family ownership in 1915\\. It was a private home until 1971, when it was purchased by the Deyo Family Association and donated in order to be opened to the public as a house museum. The home was most recently restored in 2003 and features circa 1915 interiors.",
"The patentee Pierre Deyo died in 1700, so couldn't have built the house in 1720 as stated. Per the plaque mounted outside the house it was built in 1692\\.",
"### Crispell Memorial Walloon Church",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Reconstructed Walloon Reformed Church of 1717, and burying ground](/wiki/File:Cemetery_and_recreation_of_the_1717_Reformed_Church_on_Huguenot_Street_in_New_Paltz%2C_New_York%2C_USA.JPG \"Cemetery and recreation of the 1717 Reformed Church on Huguenot Street in New Paltz, New York, USA.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Current (1839\\) church building used by the [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_church \"Reformed church\") congregation founded in 1678](/wiki/File:The_Reformed_Church_of_New_Paltz%2C_New_York%2C_USA.JPG \"The Reformed Church of New Paltz, New York, USA.JPG\")\nSince the community's founding, there have been four sanctuaries built on what is today called Huguenot Street. The French\\-speaking Protestants who settled New Paltz built their first church in 1683—a simple log building. This was replaced in 1717 with a straightforward, square stone building that reflected the permanence of the settlement. The existing building in the burying ground is a highly conjectural reconstruction of the 1717 building near its original location.",
"As the New Paltz community increased in size throughout the 18th century, a larger church became necessary. A second stone church was built down the street in 1772\\. When it became too small, it was demolished and replaced by a third church built in 1839\\. This church survives today and is home to an active [Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_church \"Reformed church\") congregation.",
"The reconstructed church is named in honor of Antoine Crispell, one of the twelve founders or patentees of New Paltz. It was built as the result of a fundraising campaign led by the Crispell Family Association. The Crispell Family Foundation opted to create this reconstructed church in their ancestor's honor. It was completed in 1972\\.",
"The 1717 church was designed to reflect Reform thinking: the pulpit was placed in a central location, and the pews were placed so that everyone could see and hear more equally. This expressed the concept that each person had a direct relationship with God, rather than one mediated through a church hierarchy.",
"### LeFevre House",
"Built in 1799 by Ezekiel Elting, a prosperous merchant who was born in the Bevier\\-Elting House, this stone and brick building is quite different from the earlier stone houses on Huguenot Street. Its Georgian\\-style architecture reflects the transition of New Paltz from a French and Dutch settlement to an Anglo\\-American community, and increasing refinement in architecture in this period as settlements matured. The house shows the changes in architectural style from the early 18th century. This house reflects the several changes in the society and home life of New Paltz in the early 19th century.",
"### Deyo Hall",
"Formerly a glass factory, Deyo Hall is the site of event and meeting facilities and public restrooms. Collections storage is also housed in this building.",
"### Roosa House Library and Archives",
"Located in the Roosa House, the Library and Archives at Historic Huguenot Street is a research facility devoted primarily to the history and genealogy of the Huguenot and Dutch Settlers of the Hudson Valley. It also functions as a general repository for local history, regardless of ethnicity or religious persuasion. The collections consist of family genealogies, church, cemetery and bible records, wills and deeds, census records, genealogical periodicals, county histories, and publications relating to Huguenot ancestry. Genealogists, local historians, and other interested parties can access the collections by appointment. The colorful paint replicates the original colors of the house in 1891\\.",
"### Native American presence on Huguenot Street",
"Historians and [archeologists](/wiki/Archeologists \"Archeologists\") have learned more about the continuing relations between the [Esopus](/wiki/Esopus_tribe \"Esopus tribe\"), the original inhabitants of the area, and the Huguenots. Some results of research can be found at the HHS site at [\"Relations between the Huguenots of New Paltz, NY and the Esopus Indians](http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library_archives/exhibits_research/Indian_affairs.html). The \"Before Hudson\" exhibit, currently on view at the DuBois Fort Visitor Center, shows some of the highlights of archaeological excavation in our area with artifacts dating back 6,000\\-8,000 years ago.",
"### Slavery in New Paltz",
"The historical record of [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\") in New Paltz begins in 1674, three years before its founding, when [Louis DuBois](/wiki/Louis_DuBois_%28Huguenot%29 \"Louis DuBois (Huguenot)\") purchased two African slaves at a public [auction](/wiki/Auction \"Auction\") held in Kingston (then called Esopus). The two slaves ran away the following spring and were captured in the colony by Lewis Morris of [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados \"Barbados\"). From 1675 to 1680, Morris and DuBois engaged in a lengthy custody battle for the two slaves.",
"Settlers continued to buy slaves to serve as laborers in New Paltz to support the settlement's growth. The Deyo family bought slaves in 1680 and 1694\\. Throughout the next 125 years, historical records of the settlement included references to slaves. In 1703, the population included nine slaves out of a total of 130 residents. Jean and Jacob Hasbrouck owned several slaves; they were named in Jean's will as \"Gerritt,\" \"James,\" and \"Molly.\"[1712 Jean Hasbrouck Will document (accessed August 18, 2008\\)](http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mlbgen/Hasbrouk_Documents.html) By 1755, slavery was a well\\-established part of the New Paltz community: the census from that year lists 28 slave holders, who collectively owned 78 slaves over the age of 14 years. The majority of slave holders (82%) owned between one and four slaves, and used them as domestic servants and farm laborers.[\"The Society of Negroes Unsettled\": The History of Slavery in New Paltz, NY](http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library_archives/exhibits_research/african_american/slavery.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084026/http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library\\_archives/exhibits\\_research/african\\_american/slavery.php \\|date\\=June 3, 2013 }}, Huguenot Street Society",
"The overall population of New Paltz grew rapidly to 2,309 in 1790, by when 77 slave holders owned a total of 302 slaves, or 13% of the population. For more information pertaining to slavery in New Paltz, visit [\"The Society of Negroes Unsettled\": The History of Slavery in New Paltz, NY](http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library_archives/exhibits_research/african_american/slavery.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084026/http://www.huguenotstreet.org/library\\_archives/exhibits\\_research/african\\_american/slavery.php \\|date\\=June 3, 2013 }}. HHS also has an online exhibit called [*The Missing Chapter: Untold Stories of the African\\-American Presence in the Mid\\-Hudson Valley*](http://www.hrvh.org/exhibit/aa07/)",
""
] |
Television
----------
Dougall Media owns [CKPR](/wiki/CKPR-DT "CKPR-DT"), a [CTV](/wiki/CTV_Television_Network "CTV Television Network") affiliate (formerly a [CBC](/wiki/CBC_Television "CBC Television") affiliate until August 31, 2014\), and [CHFD](/wiki/CHFD-DT "CHFD-DT"), a [Global](/wiki/Global_Television_Network "Global Television Network") affiliate, both in [Thunder Bay](/wiki/Thunder_Bay "Thunder Bay"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"). The two stations are what is known as a [twinstick](/wiki/Twinstick "Twinstick") operation, and are in fact the sole remaining locally owned twinstick anywhere in [English Canada](/wiki/English_Canada "English Canada") ([Stingray Group](/wiki/Stingray_Group "Stingray Group")'s twinstick in [Lloydminster](/wiki/Lloydminster "Lloydminster") is not locally owned since Stingray is a national company based in Montreal). The two stations air programs from their respective networks, as well as local news and current affairs programs and specials.
Prior to February 2010, CHFD was a CTV affiliate which also carried some Global programming. The station was unable to come to agreement with CTV to continue operating as an affiliate and filed an application to the [Canadian Radio\-television and Telecommunications Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission "Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission") (CRTC) to remove the CTV affiliation requirement from their license[Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2010\-5](http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-5.htm) and to operate as a Global affiliate.
In March 2010, CKPR announced it was unable to come to an agreement with CBC to continue to operate as an affiliate,[CKPR\-TV seeks licence adjustment](http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/83646/CKPR-TV-seeks-licence-adjustment) Tbnewswatch and filed an application with the CRTC to remove the CBC affiliation requirement from their license.[Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2010\-128](http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-128.htm) CKPR stated in their application that it "would operate as an independent local station and intends to source its non\-local programming". However, after continued negotiations, the station announced in March 2011 that they had come to an agreement that would see them air CBC programming for another five years;[CKPR\-Television, CBC ink programming deal](http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/136400/CKPR-Television,-CBC-ink-programming-deal) Tbnewswatch in June 2014, Dougall Media announced that CKPR's affiliation would switch from CBC to CTV in September.["CTV set to return to CKPR\-TV"](http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/345418/CTV-set-to-return-to-CKPR-TV). tbnewswatch.com, June 18, 2014\.
The stations' status as a locally owned twinstick accounts for some of the unique circumstances of the Thunder Bay television market. For example, Thunder Bay was the only major market in the province in which [CIII\-DT](/wiki/CIII-DT "CIII-DT") and [CHCH\-DT](/wiki/CHCH-DT "CHCH-DT") did *not* add rebroadcasters during those stations' provincewide expansions in the 1990s; although both stations did apply for transmitters in Thunder Bay, both were declined by the [CRTC](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission "Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission") due to the potential impact of out\-of\-market competition on Dougall's advertising revenue. It is also, for the same reason, the only major market in the province where [CITY\-DT](/wiki/CITY-DT "CITY-DT") is still unavailable either terrestrially or on basic cable.
Dougall has also previously cited CTV's cost\-cutting measures of the early 2000s, such as the merger of all local news on the four [CTV Northern Ontario](/wiki/CTV_Northern_Ontario "CTV Northern Ontario") stations in [Northeastern Ontario](/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario "Northeastern Ontario") into a single newscast produced in [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury "Greater Sudbury"), as a key factor in its refusal to consider selling the stations, lest such a sale result in the loss of local programming in Thunder Bay.
On January 27, 2016, Dougall Media officials revealed that CKPR and CHFD are both being sustained by the payouts from life insurance policies on former owner Fraser Dougall and a former general manager who both died in 2015, and at the time said the stations could sign off for good by September 1, 2016, barring a favourable change in CRTC policies.{{cite web\|url\=http://globalnews.ca/news/2481036/thunder\-bay\-tv\-stations\-surviving\-on\-life\-insurance\-cash\-shutdowns\-looming/\|title\=Thunder Bay TV stations surviving on life insurance cash, shutdowns looming\|first\=Tania\|last\=Kohut\|work\=\[\[Global News\|GlobalNews.ca]]\|date\=January 27, 2016\|accessdate\=January 27, 2016}} As of October 2023 the stations remained in operation.
### Branding
The two stations were formerly united under the brand **Thunder Bay Television**. However, upon becoming a Global affiliate in February 2010, CHFD rebranded as Global Thunder Bay, following a branding scheme used at Global owned and operated stations. CKPR continued to use the Thunder Bay Television brand until May 2012, when it rebranded as CKPR Thunder Bay. Prior to this, the stations usually used the on\-air branding scheme of *Thunder Bay Television* and then the name of the network to which the channel was affiliated, except in cases when the channel was airing programming that wasn't from the network to which it was affiliated. For example, CKPR\-TV was normally branded as *Thunder Bay Television \- CBC*, however, while airing non\-CBC programming, such as *TB News*, it was branded as *Thunder Bay Television \- CKPR*. Both stations still, however, air local newscasts under the single brand *TBT News*.
|
[
"Television\n----------",
"Dougall Media owns [CKPR](/wiki/CKPR-DT \"CKPR-DT\"), a [CTV](/wiki/CTV_Television_Network \"CTV Television Network\") affiliate (formerly a [CBC](/wiki/CBC_Television \"CBC Television\") affiliate until August 31, 2014\\), and [CHFD](/wiki/CHFD-DT \"CHFD-DT\"), a [Global](/wiki/Global_Television_Network \"Global Television Network\") affiliate, both in [Thunder Bay](/wiki/Thunder_Bay \"Thunder Bay\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"). The two stations are what is known as a [twinstick](/wiki/Twinstick \"Twinstick\") operation, and are in fact the sole remaining locally owned twinstick anywhere in [English Canada](/wiki/English_Canada \"English Canada\") ([Stingray Group](/wiki/Stingray_Group \"Stingray Group\")'s twinstick in [Lloydminster](/wiki/Lloydminster \"Lloydminster\") is not locally owned since Stingray is a national company based in Montreal). The two stations air programs from their respective networks, as well as local news and current affairs programs and specials.",
"Prior to February 2010, CHFD was a CTV affiliate which also carried some Global programming. The station was unable to come to agreement with CTV to continue operating as an affiliate and filed an application to the [Canadian Radio\\-television and Telecommunications Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission \"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission\") (CRTC) to remove the CTV affiliation requirement from their license[Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2010\\-5](http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-5.htm) and to operate as a Global affiliate.",
"In March 2010, CKPR announced it was unable to come to an agreement with CBC to continue to operate as an affiliate,[CKPR\\-TV seeks licence adjustment](http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/83646/CKPR-TV-seeks-licence-adjustment) Tbnewswatch and filed an application with the CRTC to remove the CBC affiliation requirement from their license.[Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2010\\-128](http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-128.htm) CKPR stated in their application that it \"would operate as an independent local station and intends to source its non\\-local programming\". However, after continued negotiations, the station announced in March 2011 that they had come to an agreement that would see them air CBC programming for another five years;[CKPR\\-Television, CBC ink programming deal](http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/136400/CKPR-Television,-CBC-ink-programming-deal) Tbnewswatch in June 2014, Dougall Media announced that CKPR's affiliation would switch from CBC to CTV in September.[\"CTV set to return to CKPR\\-TV\"](http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/345418/CTV-set-to-return-to-CKPR-TV). tbnewswatch.com, June 18, 2014\\.",
"The stations' status as a locally owned twinstick accounts for some of the unique circumstances of the Thunder Bay television market. For example, Thunder Bay was the only major market in the province in which [CIII\\-DT](/wiki/CIII-DT \"CIII-DT\") and [CHCH\\-DT](/wiki/CHCH-DT \"CHCH-DT\") did *not* add rebroadcasters during those stations' provincewide expansions in the 1990s; although both stations did apply for transmitters in Thunder Bay, both were declined by the [CRTC](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission \"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission\") due to the potential impact of out\\-of\\-market competition on Dougall's advertising revenue. It is also, for the same reason, the only major market in the province where [CITY\\-DT](/wiki/CITY-DT \"CITY-DT\") is still unavailable either terrestrially or on basic cable.",
"Dougall has also previously cited CTV's cost\\-cutting measures of the early 2000s, such as the merger of all local news on the four [CTV Northern Ontario](/wiki/CTV_Northern_Ontario \"CTV Northern Ontario\") stations in [Northeastern Ontario](/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario \"Northeastern Ontario\") into a single newscast produced in [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury \"Greater Sudbury\"), as a key factor in its refusal to consider selling the stations, lest such a sale result in the loss of local programming in Thunder Bay.",
"On January 27, 2016, Dougall Media officials revealed that CKPR and CHFD are both being sustained by the payouts from life insurance policies on former owner Fraser Dougall and a former general manager who both died in 2015, and at the time said the stations could sign off for good by September 1, 2016, barring a favourable change in CRTC policies.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://globalnews.ca/news/2481036/thunder\\-bay\\-tv\\-stations\\-surviving\\-on\\-life\\-insurance\\-cash\\-shutdowns\\-looming/\\|title\\=Thunder Bay TV stations surviving on life insurance cash, shutdowns looming\\|first\\=Tania\\|last\\=Kohut\\|work\\=\\[\\[Global News\\|GlobalNews.ca]]\\|date\\=January 27, 2016\\|accessdate\\=January 27, 2016}} As of October 2023 the stations remained in operation.",
"### Branding",
"The two stations were formerly united under the brand **Thunder Bay Television**. However, upon becoming a Global affiliate in February 2010, CHFD rebranded as Global Thunder Bay, following a branding scheme used at Global owned and operated stations. CKPR continued to use the Thunder Bay Television brand until May 2012, when it rebranded as CKPR Thunder Bay. Prior to this, the stations usually used the on\\-air branding scheme of *Thunder Bay Television* and then the name of the network to which the channel was affiliated, except in cases when the channel was airing programming that wasn't from the network to which it was affiliated. For example, CKPR\\-TV was normally branded as *Thunder Bay Television \\- CBC*, however, while airing non\\-CBC programming, such as *TB News*, it was branded as *Thunder Bay Television \\- CKPR*. Both stations still, however, air local newscasts under the single brand *TBT News*.",
""
] |
History
-------
[200px\|thumb\|right\|Old logo used until 2021 when a new logo was presented](/wiki/Image:K.V._Oostende_logo.svg "K.V. Oostende logo.svg")
In 1911, another club was created, [AS Oostende](/wiki/A.S.V._Oostende_K.M. "A.S.V. Oostende K.M."), which would soon become the best club of the city, playing regularly in the [second division](/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division "Belgian Second Division") in the 1930s. In the mid\-1970s, AS reached the [first division](/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League "Belgian Pro League") while VG was playing at the second level.
The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende. The new club played in the third division for eleven years, before finally being promoted. In its first season on the second level, Oostende were immediately promoted again, to the first division, where it would achieve its best result in the club history: a seventh place, in 1993–94\.
From 1995 to 2013, Oostende played in the second division, except in 1998–99 and 2004–05, when it was at the higher level again, and in 2001–02 and 2002–03, when it played in the third division.
In 1982, one year after the merger, VG Oostende had been re\-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition. The club first used the Armenonville stadium, which was the original ground of VG. In 2001, the stadium was declared unsafe, so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion, until 2010\. In 2013, the new VG Oostende also disappeared, after a financial breakdown.
In August 2013, shortly after a new promotion to the highest level, it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman, businessman [Marc Coucke](/wiki/Marc_Coucke "Marc Coucke").
In the spring of 2016, the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432\.
Thanks to its success in the previous campaign, Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the [Europa League](/wiki/Europa_League "Europa League") in the 2017–18 season. The team drew French giants [Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille "Olympique de Marseille"). Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4–2 in France on 17 July 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on 3 August 2017\. While Oostende were clear underdogs, the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the [Stade Vélodrome](/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome "Stade Vélodrome") in Marseille, proud of the team's qualification after having only been promoted to Belgium's first division a few years ago. Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa League that season, falling short to [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid").
After a disappointing beginning to the 2017–18 season, manager [Yves Vanderhaeghe](/wiki/Yves_Vanderhaeghe "Yves Vanderhaeghe") was set free of his obligations, with the assistant manager, [Adnan Čustović](/wiki/Adnan_%C4%8Custovi%C4%87 "Adnan Čustović"), being asked to take over.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/kvo\-neemt\-afscheid\-van\-yves\-vanderhaeghe \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924134804/http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/kvo\-neemt\-afscheid\-van\-yves\-vanderhaeghe \|archive\-date\=24 September 2017 \|title\=KVO neemt afscheid van Yves Vanderhaeghe}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/adnan\-custovic\-blijft\-hoofdtrainer\-van\-kvo \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103904/http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/adnan\-custovic\-blijft\-hoofdtrainer\-van\-kvo \|archive\-date\=2 March 2018 \|title\=Adnan Custovic blijft hoofdtrainer van KVO}}
In December 2017 [Marc Coucke](/wiki/Marc_Coucke "Marc Coucke") announced that he would be leaving, after recently purchasing [Anderlecht](/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht "R.S.C. Anderlecht"). It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that [Peter Callant](/wiki/Peter_Callant "Peter Callant") would replace Coucke as chairman. Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/peter\-callant\-nieuwe\-eigenaar\-voorzitter\-kv\-oostende \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213100705/http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/peter\-callant\-nieuwe\-eigenaar\-voorzitter\-kv\-oostende \|archive\-date\=13 February 2018 \|title\=PETER CALLANT NIEUWE EIGENAAR \& VOORZITTER KV OOSTENDE}}
In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group, [Chien Lee](/wiki/Chien_Lee "Chien Lee"), Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud.["New investors for KV Oostende FC"](https://www.kvo.be/nieuws/meer-info-over-nieuwe-investeerders-focus-op-jonge-beloftevolle-spelers)
On 15 April 2023, KV Oostende was officially relegated from the Belgian Pro League to the [Challenger Pro League](/wiki/Challenger_Pro_League "Challenger Pro League") after being defeated 4–0 by [OH Leuven](/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven "Oud-Heverlee Leuven") after ten years in the top tier.{{cite news \|title\=KV Oostende degradeert na zware thuisnederlaag tegen OH Leuven \|trans\-title\=KV Oostende relegated after heavy home defeat against OH Leuven \|url\=https://www.demorgen.be/snelnieuws/kv\-oostende\-degradeert\-na\-zware\-thuisnederlaag\-tegen\-oh\-leuven\~b1fdc1bb4/ \|access\-date\=11 April 2024 \|work\=De Morgen \|date\=15 April 2023 \|language\=nl\-BE}}{{cite news \|title\=Helemaal kopje\-onder: KV Oostende kan niet toveren en zakt uit de eerste klasse \|trans\-title\=Completely submerged: KV Oostende unable to perform magic and drops out of the first division \|url\=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/jupiler\-pro\-league/2022\-2023/regulier/33/kv\-oostende\-oh\-leuven\-helemaal\-kopje\-onder\-kv\-oostende\-kan\-niet\-toveren\-en\-zakt\-uit\-de\-eerste\-klasse\~1655900467227/ \|access\-date\=11 April 2024 \|work\=sporza \|date\=15 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424064641/https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/jupiler\-pro\-league/2022\-2023/regulier/33/kv\-oostende\-oh\-leuven\-helemaal\-kopje\-onder\-kv\-oostende\-kan\-niet\-toveren\-en\-zakt\-uit\-de\-eerste\-klasse\~1655900467227/ \|archive\-date\=24 April 2023 \|language\=nl}} On 21 December 2023, the club incurred a deduction of three points, followed by an additional six points on 22 December.{{cite news \|title\=Clubs in de problemen: KV Oostende verliest nóg eens 6 punten, Standard krijgt transferverbod \|trans\-title\=Clubs in trouble: KV Oostende loses another 6 points, Standard receives transfer ban \|url\=https://sporza.be/nl/2023/12/21/clubs\-in\-de\-problemen\-kv\-oostende\-verliest\-nog\-eens\-6\-punten\-standard\-krijgt\-transferverbod\~1703162662738/ \|access\-date\=11 April 2024 \|work\=sporza \|date\=21 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221140746/https://sporza.be/nl/2023/12/21/clubs\-in\-de\-problemen\-kv\-oostende\-verliest\-nog\-eens\-6\-punten\-standard\-krijgt\-transferverbod\~1703162662738/ \|archive\-date\=21 December 2023 \|language\=nl}} As a result, KV Oostende found themselves bottom of the Challenger Pro League standings with only seven points. These penalties stemmed from the club's failure to meet repayment deadlines, compounded by their existing debt of €8 million.{{cite news \|last1\=Bervoet \|first1\=Dries \|title\=Noodlijdende club KV Oostende rapporteert verlies van 6 miljoen euro \|trans\-title\=Struggling club KV Oostende reports a loss of 6 million euros \|url\=https://www.tijd.be/ondernemen/sport/noodlijdende\-club\-kv\-oostende\-rapporteert\-verlies\-van\-6\-miljoen\-euro/10526454\.html \|access\-date\=11 April 2024 \|work\=De Tijd \|date\=14 February 2024 \|language\=nl\-BE}}
On 16 May 2024, it was announced that the club would file for bankruptcy on 3 June 2024 due to the failure to obtain a professional license, an insurmountable debt burden for the [Belgian Division 2](/wiki/Belgian_Division_2 "Belgian Division 2"), and a failed takeover. On 4 June, the commercial court in [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges") declared KV Oostende bankrupt. On 13 June, it was revealed that newly promoted third\-tier club [KSV Diksmuide](/wiki/KSV_Diksmuide "KSV Diksmuide") intended to collaborate with the city of [Ostend](/wiki/Ostend "Ostend") to form a new team under the name **[Koninklijke Voetbalclub Diksmuide\-Oostende](/wiki/K.V._Diksmuide-Oostende "K.V. Diksmuide-Oostende")**. The youth teams of Diksmuide and Ostend would continue training at their current facilities, while the first team would play its matches at the stadium in Ostend.{{cite news \|title\=Oostende en KSV Diksmuide kondigen verloving aan: "Willen het beste van beide steden verenigen" \|url\=https://sporza.be/nl/2024/06/13/oostende\-en\-ksv\-diksmuide\-kondigen\-verloving\-aan\-willen\-het\-beste\-van\-beide\-steden\-verenigen\~1718293910125/ \|access\-date\=11 August 2024 \|work\=sporza \|date\=13 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614004822/https://sporza.be/nl/2024/06/13/oostende\-en\-ksv\-diksmuide\-kondigen\-verloving\-aan\-willen\-het\-beste\-van\-beide\-steden\-verenigen\~1718293910125/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2024 \|language\=nl}}{{cite news \|last1\=Van Assche \|first1\=Timmy \|title\=Mooi verhaal met doorstart in derde nationale in de maak voor KV Oostende: "Deze deal is echter zeker nog niet rond" \|url\=https://kw.be/sport/voetbal/3de\-afdeling\-vv/mooi\-verhaal\-met\-doorstart\-in\-derde\-nationale\-in\-de\-maak\-voor\-kv\-oostende\-deze\-deal\-is\-echter\-zeker\-nog\-niet\-rond/ \|access\-date\=11 August 2024 \|work\=KW.be \|date\=10 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614004835/https://kw.be/sport/voetbal/3de\-afdeling\-vv/mooi\-verhaal\-met\-doorstart\-in\-derde\-nationale\-in\-de\-maak\-voor\-kv\-oostende\-deze\-deal\-is\-echter\-zeker\-nog\-niet\-rond/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2024 \|language\=nl\-NL}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Old logo used until 2021 when a new logo was presented](/wiki/Image:K.V._Oostende_logo.svg \"K.V. Oostende logo.svg\")\nIn 1911, another club was created, [AS Oostende](/wiki/A.S.V._Oostende_K.M. \"A.S.V. Oostende K.M.\"), which would soon become the best club of the city, playing regularly in the [second division](/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division \"Belgian Second Division\") in the 1930s. In the mid\\-1970s, AS reached the [first division](/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League \"Belgian Pro League\") while VG was playing at the second level.",
"The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende. The new club played in the third division for eleven years, before finally being promoted. In its first season on the second level, Oostende were immediately promoted again, to the first division, where it would achieve its best result in the club history: a seventh place, in 1993–94\\.",
"From 1995 to 2013, Oostende played in the second division, except in 1998–99 and 2004–05, when it was at the higher level again, and in 2001–02 and 2002–03, when it played in the third division.",
"In 1982, one year after the merger, VG Oostende had been re\\-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition. The club first used the Armenonville stadium, which was the original ground of VG. In 2001, the stadium was declared unsafe, so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion, until 2010\\. In 2013, the new VG Oostende also disappeared, after a financial breakdown.",
"In August 2013, shortly after a new promotion to the highest level, it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman, businessman [Marc Coucke](/wiki/Marc_Coucke \"Marc Coucke\").",
"In the spring of 2016, the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432\\.",
"Thanks to its success in the previous campaign, Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the [Europa League](/wiki/Europa_League \"Europa League\") in the 2017–18 season. The team drew French giants [Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille \"Olympique de Marseille\"). Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4–2 in France on 17 July 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on 3 August 2017\\. While Oostende were clear underdogs, the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the [Stade Vélodrome](/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome \"Stade Vélodrome\") in Marseille, proud of the team's qualification after having only been promoted to Belgium's first division a few years ago. Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa League that season, falling short to [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\").",
"After a disappointing beginning to the 2017–18 season, manager [Yves Vanderhaeghe](/wiki/Yves_Vanderhaeghe \"Yves Vanderhaeghe\") was set free of his obligations, with the assistant manager, [Adnan Čustović](/wiki/Adnan_%C4%8Custovi%C4%87 \"Adnan Čustović\"), being asked to take over.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/kvo\\-neemt\\-afscheid\\-van\\-yves\\-vanderhaeghe \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924134804/http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/kvo\\-neemt\\-afscheid\\-van\\-yves\\-vanderhaeghe \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2017 \\|title\\=KVO neemt afscheid van Yves Vanderhaeghe}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/adnan\\-custovic\\-blijft\\-hoofdtrainer\\-van\\-kvo \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103904/http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/adnan\\-custovic\\-blijft\\-hoofdtrainer\\-van\\-kvo \\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2018 \\|title\\=Adnan Custovic blijft hoofdtrainer van KVO}}",
"In December 2017 [Marc Coucke](/wiki/Marc_Coucke \"Marc Coucke\") announced that he would be leaving, after recently purchasing [Anderlecht](/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht \"R.S.C. Anderlecht\"). It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that [Peter Callant](/wiki/Peter_Callant \"Peter Callant\") would replace Coucke as chairman. Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/peter\\-callant\\-nieuwe\\-eigenaar\\-voorzitter\\-kv\\-oostende \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213100705/http://www.kvo.be/nieuws/peter\\-callant\\-nieuwe\\-eigenaar\\-voorzitter\\-kv\\-oostende \\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2018 \\|title\\=PETER CALLANT NIEUWE EIGENAAR \\& VOORZITTER KV OOSTENDE}}",
"In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group, [Chien Lee](/wiki/Chien_Lee \"Chien Lee\"), Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud.[\"New investors for KV Oostende FC\"](https://www.kvo.be/nieuws/meer-info-over-nieuwe-investeerders-focus-op-jonge-beloftevolle-spelers)",
"On 15 April 2023, KV Oostende was officially relegated from the Belgian Pro League to the [Challenger Pro League](/wiki/Challenger_Pro_League \"Challenger Pro League\") after being defeated 4–0 by [OH Leuven](/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven \"Oud-Heverlee Leuven\") after ten years in the top tier.{{cite news \\|title\\=KV Oostende degradeert na zware thuisnederlaag tegen OH Leuven \\|trans\\-title\\=KV Oostende relegated after heavy home defeat against OH Leuven \\|url\\=https://www.demorgen.be/snelnieuws/kv\\-oostende\\-degradeert\\-na\\-zware\\-thuisnederlaag\\-tegen\\-oh\\-leuven\\~b1fdc1bb4/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2024 \\|work\\=De Morgen \\|date\\=15 April 2023 \\|language\\=nl\\-BE}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Helemaal kopje\\-onder: KV Oostende kan niet toveren en zakt uit de eerste klasse \\|trans\\-title\\=Completely submerged: KV Oostende unable to perform magic and drops out of the first division \\|url\\=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/jupiler\\-pro\\-league/2022\\-2023/regulier/33/kv\\-oostende\\-oh\\-leuven\\-helemaal\\-kopje\\-onder\\-kv\\-oostende\\-kan\\-niet\\-toveren\\-en\\-zakt\\-uit\\-de\\-eerste\\-klasse\\~1655900467227/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2024 \\|work\\=sporza \\|date\\=15 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424064641/https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/jupiler\\-pro\\-league/2022\\-2023/regulier/33/kv\\-oostende\\-oh\\-leuven\\-helemaal\\-kopje\\-onder\\-kv\\-oostende\\-kan\\-niet\\-toveren\\-en\\-zakt\\-uit\\-de\\-eerste\\-klasse\\~1655900467227/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2023 \\|language\\=nl}} On 21 December 2023, the club incurred a deduction of three points, followed by an additional six points on 22 December.{{cite news \\|title\\=Clubs in de problemen: KV Oostende verliest nóg eens 6 punten, Standard krijgt transferverbod \\|trans\\-title\\=Clubs in trouble: KV Oostende loses another 6 points, Standard receives transfer ban \\|url\\=https://sporza.be/nl/2023/12/21/clubs\\-in\\-de\\-problemen\\-kv\\-oostende\\-verliest\\-nog\\-eens\\-6\\-punten\\-standard\\-krijgt\\-transferverbod\\~1703162662738/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2024 \\|work\\=sporza \\|date\\=21 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221140746/https://sporza.be/nl/2023/12/21/clubs\\-in\\-de\\-problemen\\-kv\\-oostende\\-verliest\\-nog\\-eens\\-6\\-punten\\-standard\\-krijgt\\-transferverbod\\~1703162662738/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2023 \\|language\\=nl}} As a result, KV Oostende found themselves bottom of the Challenger Pro League standings with only seven points. These penalties stemmed from the club's failure to meet repayment deadlines, compounded by their existing debt of €8 million.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bervoet \\|first1\\=Dries \\|title\\=Noodlijdende club KV Oostende rapporteert verlies van 6 miljoen euro \\|trans\\-title\\=Struggling club KV Oostende reports a loss of 6 million euros \\|url\\=https://www.tijd.be/ondernemen/sport/noodlijdende\\-club\\-kv\\-oostende\\-rapporteert\\-verlies\\-van\\-6\\-miljoen\\-euro/10526454\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2024 \\|work\\=De Tijd \\|date\\=14 February 2024 \\|language\\=nl\\-BE}}",
"On 16 May 2024, it was announced that the club would file for bankruptcy on 3 June 2024 due to the failure to obtain a professional license, an insurmountable debt burden for the [Belgian Division 2](/wiki/Belgian_Division_2 \"Belgian Division 2\"), and a failed takeover. On 4 June, the commercial court in [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\") declared KV Oostende bankrupt. On 13 June, it was revealed that newly promoted third\\-tier club [KSV Diksmuide](/wiki/KSV_Diksmuide \"KSV Diksmuide\") intended to collaborate with the city of [Ostend](/wiki/Ostend \"Ostend\") to form a new team under the name **[Koninklijke Voetbalclub Diksmuide\\-Oostende](/wiki/K.V._Diksmuide-Oostende \"K.V. Diksmuide-Oostende\")**. The youth teams of Diksmuide and Ostend would continue training at their current facilities, while the first team would play its matches at the stadium in Ostend.{{cite news \\|title\\=Oostende en KSV Diksmuide kondigen verloving aan: \"Willen het beste van beide steden verenigen\" \\|url\\=https://sporza.be/nl/2024/06/13/oostende\\-en\\-ksv\\-diksmuide\\-kondigen\\-verloving\\-aan\\-willen\\-het\\-beste\\-van\\-beide\\-steden\\-verenigen\\~1718293910125/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2024 \\|work\\=sporza \\|date\\=13 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614004822/https://sporza.be/nl/2024/06/13/oostende\\-en\\-ksv\\-diksmuide\\-kondigen\\-verloving\\-aan\\-willen\\-het\\-beste\\-van\\-beide\\-steden\\-verenigen\\~1718293910125/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2024 \\|language\\=nl}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Van Assche \\|first1\\=Timmy \\|title\\=Mooi verhaal met doorstart in derde nationale in de maak voor KV Oostende: \"Deze deal is echter zeker nog niet rond\" \\|url\\=https://kw.be/sport/voetbal/3de\\-afdeling\\-vv/mooi\\-verhaal\\-met\\-doorstart\\-in\\-derde\\-nationale\\-in\\-de\\-maak\\-voor\\-kv\\-oostende\\-deze\\-deal\\-is\\-echter\\-zeker\\-nog\\-niet\\-rond/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2024 \\|work\\=KW.be \\|date\\=10 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614004835/https://kw.be/sport/voetbal/3de\\-afdeling\\-vv/mooi\\-verhaal\\-met\\-doorstart\\-in\\-derde\\-nationale\\-in\\-de\\-maak\\-voor\\-kv\\-oostende\\-deze\\-deal\\-is\\-echter\\-zeker\\-nog\\-niet\\-rond/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2024 \\|language\\=nl\\-NL}}",
""
] |
Causes
------
Embarrassment can be personal, caused by unwanted attention to private matters or personal flaws or mishaps or [shyness](/wiki/Shyness "Shyness"). Some causes of embarrassment stem from personal actions, such as being caught in a lie or in making a mistake. In many cultures, being seen [nude](/wiki/Nude "Nude") or inappropriately dressed is a particularly stressful form of embarrassment (see [modesty](/wiki/Body_modesty "Body modesty")). Personal embarrassment can also stem from the actions of others who place the embarrassed person in a socially awkward situation—such as a parent showing one's baby pictures to friends, having someone make a derogatory comment about one's appearance or behavior, discovering one is the victim of [gossip](/wiki/Gossip "Gossip"), being rejected by another person (see also [humiliation](/wiki/Humiliation "Humiliation")), being made the focus of attention (e.g., [birthday](/wiki/Birthday "Birthday") celebrants, newlyweds), or even [witnessing someone else's embarrassment](/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment "Vicarious embarrassment").
Personal embarrassment is usually accompanied by some combination of [blushing](/wiki/Blushing "Blushing"), [sweating](/wiki/Sweating "Sweating"), [nervousness](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety"), [stammering](/wiki/Stammer "Stammer"), and [fidgeting](/wiki/Fidgeting "Fidgeting"). Sometimes the embarrassed person tries to mask embarrassment with smiles or [nervous laughter](/wiki/Nervous_laughter "Nervous laughter"), especially in etiquette situations. Such a response is more common in certain cultures, which may lead to misunderstanding. There may also be feelings of [anger](/wiki/Anger "Anger") depending on the perceived seriousness of the situation, especially if the individual thinks another person is intentionally causing the embarrassment. There is a range of responses, with the most minor being a perception of the embarrassing act as inconsequential or even [humorous](/wiki/Humor "Humor"), to intense apprehension or fear.
The idea that embarrassment serves an apology or appeasement function originated with Goffman who argued the embarrassed individual "demonstrates that he/she is at least disturbed by the fact and may prove worthy at another time".{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2023}} Semin and Manstead demonstrated social functions of embarrassment whereby the perpetrator of knocking over a sales display (the "bad act") was deemed more likable by others if he/she appeared embarrassed than if he/she appeared unconcerned – regardless of restitution behavior (rebuilding the display).{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2023}} The capacity to experience embarrassment can also be seen as functional for the group or culture. It has been demonstrated that those who are not prone to embarrassment are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior – for example, adolescent boys who displayed more embarrassment were found less likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behaviors. Similarly, embarrassment exhibited by boys more likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behavior was less than one\-third of that exhibited by non\-aggressive boys.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2023}} Thus proneness to embarrassment (i.e., a concern for how one is evaluated by others) can act as a brake on behavior that would be dysfunctional for a group or culture.
### Professional embarrassment
Embarrassment can also be **professional** or **official**, especially after statements expressing confidence in a stated course of action, or willful disregard for evidence. Embarrassment increases greatly in instances involving official duties or workplace facilities, large amounts of money or materials, or loss of human life. Examples of causes include a government's failed public policy, exposure of corrupt practices or unethical behavior,{{Cite journal\|last\=Board of Commissioner\|first\=District of Columbia.\|date\=1902\|title\=Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia\|journal\=Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia\|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office\|pages\=201}} a celebrity whose personal habits receive public scrutiny or face legal action, or officials caught in serious personally embarrassing situations. Even small errors or miscalculations can lead to significantly greater official embarrassment if it is discovered that there was willful disregard for evidence or directives involved (e.g., see [Space Shuttle Challenger](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger "Space Shuttle Challenger")).
Not all official failures result in official embarrassment, even if the circumstances lead to some slight personal embarrassment for the people involved. For example, losing a close political election might cause some personal embarrassment for the candidate but generally would be considered an honorable loss in the profession and thus not necessarily lead to professional embarrassment. Similarly, a scientist might be personally disappointed and embarrassed if one of their hypotheses was proven wrong, but would not normally suffer professional embarrassment as a result. By contrast, exposure of falsified data supporting a scientific claim would likely lead to professional embarrassment in the scientific community. Professional or official embarrassment is often accompanied by public expressions of [anger](/wiki/Anger "Anger"), [denial](/wiki/Denial "Denial") of involvement, or attempts to [minimize](/wiki/Minimisation_%28psychology%29 "Minimisation (psychology)") the consequences. Sometimes the embarrassed entity issues press statements, removes or distances themselves from sub\-level employees, attempts to carry on as if nothing happened, suffers income loss, emigrates, or vanishes from public view.
### Vicarious embarrassment
{{Main\|Vicarious embarrassment}}
Vicarious embarrassment is an embarrassed feeling from observing the embarrassing actions of another person.Ahmet Uysal, Gülçin Akbas, Elif Helvacı, and Irem Metin, [Validation and correlates of the vicarious embarrassment scale](https://www.academia.edu/6563886/Validation_and_correlates_of_the_vicarious_embarrassment_scale), *Personality and Individual Differences* 60 (2014\), pp. 48–53 People who rate themselves as more empathic are more likely to experience vicarious embarrassment.EurekAlert!, [Your flaws are my pain](https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-04/plos-yfa041211.php), 13 April 2011 The effect is present whether or not the observed party is aware of the embarrassing nature of their actions, although awareness generally increases the strength of the felt vicarious embarrassment, as does an accidental (as opposed to intentional) action.Sören Krach, Jan Christopher Cohrs, Nicole Cruz de Echeverría Loebell, Tilo Kircher, Jens Sommer, Andreas Jansen, and Frieder Michel Paulus, [Your Flaws Are My Pain: Linking Empathy To Vicarious Embarrassment](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018675), PLoS ONE, 13 April 2011
### Types in social psychology
[thumb\|*An embarrassing proposal* by [Antoine Watteau](/wiki/Antoine_Watteau "Antoine Watteau")](/wiki/File:Antoine_Watteau_014.jpg "Antoine Watteau 014.jpg")
One typology of embarrassment is described by Sharkey and Stafford. There are six types of embarrassment:{{cite journal\|last1 \= Withers\|first1 \= Lesley\|last2\=Sherblom\|first2\=John\|title \= Embarrassment: The Communication of an Awkward Actor Anticipating a Negative Evaluation\|journal \= Human Communication\|volume \= 11\| issue \= 2\| pages \= 237–254}}
1. [Privacy](/wiki/Privacy "Privacy") violations – for example where [a part of the body is accidentally exposed](/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction "Wardrobe malfunction"), or there is an invasion of space, property, or information that may be warranted to privacy,
2. Lack of [knowledge](/wiki/Knowledge "Knowledge") and [skill](/wiki/Skill "Skill") – for example forgetfulness, or experiencing failure while performing a relatively easy task
3. [Criticism](/wiki/Criticism "Criticism") and rejection – is another cause of embarrassment, as well as being made the center of attention positively or negatively
4. Awkward acts – refer to social situations, for example, inappropriate conversations, clumsiness or ungraceful actions (such as an emotional outbreak like speaking out unintentionally) that can trigger embarrassment
5. Appropriate image – refers to more of a personal reflection of embarrassment, like body image, clothing apparel, and personal possessions (for example owning an older mobile phone compared to the latest model)
6. [Environment](/wiki/Social_environment "Social environment") – can also have the effect of provoking embarrassment, as when an individual in a movie theatre with his or her parents, other family, co\-workers, or mixed\-company peers is made uncomfortable by an unexpected occurrence of nudity in the film that the group is watching.
Another typology, by Cupach and Metts, discusses the dimensions of intended\-unintended and appropriate\-inappropriate behavior, and four basic types of embarrassing circumstances:
1. Faux pas (socially awkward acts)
2. [Accidents](/wiki/Accidents "Accidents")
3. Mistakes
4. Failure to perform a duty or moral obligation.
Based on these types, Cupach and Metts classify two basic embarrassment situations: the actor responsible and the observer responsible. Actor responsible situations are embarrassing when a person executes an act that is either inappropriate to a point of proficiency matching social norms and expectations, inconsistent with role expectations, or is out\-of\-sync with a [social identity](/wiki/Social_identity "Social identity"). The observer responsible categories are embarrassing when an individual becomes the focus of attention through:
* Recognition, praise, criticism, correction, or teasing
* Becomes initialized through being tripped or bumped, which is then associated with someone acting inappropriately
* Has information revealed publicly to another individual or peer group
|
[
"Causes\n------",
"Embarrassment can be personal, caused by unwanted attention to private matters or personal flaws or mishaps or [shyness](/wiki/Shyness \"Shyness\"). Some causes of embarrassment stem from personal actions, such as being caught in a lie or in making a mistake. In many cultures, being seen [nude](/wiki/Nude \"Nude\") or inappropriately dressed is a particularly stressful form of embarrassment (see [modesty](/wiki/Body_modesty \"Body modesty\")). Personal embarrassment can also stem from the actions of others who place the embarrassed person in a socially awkward situation—such as a parent showing one's baby pictures to friends, having someone make a derogatory comment about one's appearance or behavior, discovering one is the victim of [gossip](/wiki/Gossip \"Gossip\"), being rejected by another person (see also [humiliation](/wiki/Humiliation \"Humiliation\")), being made the focus of attention (e.g., [birthday](/wiki/Birthday \"Birthday\") celebrants, newlyweds), or even [witnessing someone else's embarrassment](/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment \"Vicarious embarrassment\").",
"Personal embarrassment is usually accompanied by some combination of [blushing](/wiki/Blushing \"Blushing\"), [sweating](/wiki/Sweating \"Sweating\"), [nervousness](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\"), [stammering](/wiki/Stammer \"Stammer\"), and [fidgeting](/wiki/Fidgeting \"Fidgeting\"). Sometimes the embarrassed person tries to mask embarrassment with smiles or [nervous laughter](/wiki/Nervous_laughter \"Nervous laughter\"), especially in etiquette situations. Such a response is more common in certain cultures, which may lead to misunderstanding. There may also be feelings of [anger](/wiki/Anger \"Anger\") depending on the perceived seriousness of the situation, especially if the individual thinks another person is intentionally causing the embarrassment. There is a range of responses, with the most minor being a perception of the embarrassing act as inconsequential or even [humorous](/wiki/Humor \"Humor\"), to intense apprehension or fear.",
"The idea that embarrassment serves an apology or appeasement function originated with Goffman who argued the embarrassed individual \"demonstrates that he/she is at least disturbed by the fact and may prove worthy at another time\".{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2023}} Semin and Manstead demonstrated social functions of embarrassment whereby the perpetrator of knocking over a sales display (the \"bad act\") was deemed more likable by others if he/she appeared embarrassed than if he/she appeared unconcerned – regardless of restitution behavior (rebuilding the display).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2023}} The capacity to experience embarrassment can also be seen as functional for the group or culture. It has been demonstrated that those who are not prone to embarrassment are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior – for example, adolescent boys who displayed more embarrassment were found less likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behaviors. Similarly, embarrassment exhibited by boys more likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behavior was less than one\\-third of that exhibited by non\\-aggressive boys.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2023}} Thus proneness to embarrassment (i.e., a concern for how one is evaluated by others) can act as a brake on behavior that would be dysfunctional for a group or culture.",
"### Professional embarrassment",
"Embarrassment can also be **professional** or **official**, especially after statements expressing confidence in a stated course of action, or willful disregard for evidence. Embarrassment increases greatly in instances involving official duties or workplace facilities, large amounts of money or materials, or loss of human life. Examples of causes include a government's failed public policy, exposure of corrupt practices or unethical behavior,{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Board of Commissioner\\|first\\=District of Columbia.\\|date\\=1902\\|title\\=Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia\\|journal\\=Report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office\\|pages\\=201}} a celebrity whose personal habits receive public scrutiny or face legal action, or officials caught in serious personally embarrassing situations. Even small errors or miscalculations can lead to significantly greater official embarrassment if it is discovered that there was willful disregard for evidence or directives involved (e.g., see [Space Shuttle Challenger](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger \"Space Shuttle Challenger\")).",
"Not all official failures result in official embarrassment, even if the circumstances lead to some slight personal embarrassment for the people involved. For example, losing a close political election might cause some personal embarrassment for the candidate but generally would be considered an honorable loss in the profession and thus not necessarily lead to professional embarrassment. Similarly, a scientist might be personally disappointed and embarrassed if one of their hypotheses was proven wrong, but would not normally suffer professional embarrassment as a result. By contrast, exposure of falsified data supporting a scientific claim would likely lead to professional embarrassment in the scientific community. Professional or official embarrassment is often accompanied by public expressions of [anger](/wiki/Anger \"Anger\"), [denial](/wiki/Denial \"Denial\") of involvement, or attempts to [minimize](/wiki/Minimisation_%28psychology%29 \"Minimisation (psychology)\") the consequences. Sometimes the embarrassed entity issues press statements, removes or distances themselves from sub\\-level employees, attempts to carry on as if nothing happened, suffers income loss, emigrates, or vanishes from public view.",
"### Vicarious embarrassment",
"{{Main\\|Vicarious embarrassment}}\nVicarious embarrassment is an embarrassed feeling from observing the embarrassing actions of another person.Ahmet Uysal, Gülçin Akbas, Elif Helvacı, and Irem Metin, [Validation and correlates of the vicarious embarrassment scale](https://www.academia.edu/6563886/Validation_and_correlates_of_the_vicarious_embarrassment_scale), *Personality and Individual Differences* 60 (2014\\), pp. 48–53 People who rate themselves as more empathic are more likely to experience vicarious embarrassment.EurekAlert!, [Your flaws are my pain](https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-04/plos-yfa041211.php), 13 April 2011 The effect is present whether or not the observed party is aware of the embarrassing nature of their actions, although awareness generally increases the strength of the felt vicarious embarrassment, as does an accidental (as opposed to intentional) action.Sören Krach, Jan Christopher Cohrs, Nicole Cruz de Echeverría Loebell, Tilo Kircher, Jens Sommer, Andreas Jansen, and Frieder Michel Paulus, [Your Flaws Are My Pain: Linking Empathy To Vicarious Embarrassment](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018675), PLoS ONE, 13 April 2011",
"### Types in social psychology",
"[thumb\\|*An embarrassing proposal* by [Antoine Watteau](/wiki/Antoine_Watteau \"Antoine Watteau\")](/wiki/File:Antoine_Watteau_014.jpg \"Antoine Watteau 014.jpg\")\nOne typology of embarrassment is described by Sharkey and Stafford. There are six types of embarrassment:{{cite journal\\|last1 \\= Withers\\|first1 \\= Lesley\\|last2\\=Sherblom\\|first2\\=John\\|title \\= Embarrassment: The Communication of an Awkward Actor Anticipating a Negative Evaluation\\|journal \\= Human Communication\\|volume \\= 11\\| issue \\= 2\\| pages \\= 237–254}}\n1. [Privacy](/wiki/Privacy \"Privacy\") violations – for example where [a part of the body is accidentally exposed](/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction \"Wardrobe malfunction\"), or there is an invasion of space, property, or information that may be warranted to privacy,\n2. Lack of [knowledge](/wiki/Knowledge \"Knowledge\") and [skill](/wiki/Skill \"Skill\") – for example forgetfulness, or experiencing failure while performing a relatively easy task\n3. [Criticism](/wiki/Criticism \"Criticism\") and rejection – is another cause of embarrassment, as well as being made the center of attention positively or negatively\n4. Awkward acts – refer to social situations, for example, inappropriate conversations, clumsiness or ungraceful actions (such as an emotional outbreak like speaking out unintentionally) that can trigger embarrassment\n5. Appropriate image – refers to more of a personal reflection of embarrassment, like body image, clothing apparel, and personal possessions (for example owning an older mobile phone compared to the latest model)\n6. [Environment](/wiki/Social_environment \"Social environment\") – can also have the effect of provoking embarrassment, as when an individual in a movie theatre with his or her parents, other family, co\\-workers, or mixed\\-company peers is made uncomfortable by an unexpected occurrence of nudity in the film that the group is watching.",
"Another typology, by Cupach and Metts, discusses the dimensions of intended\\-unintended and appropriate\\-inappropriate behavior, and four basic types of embarrassing circumstances: \n1. Faux pas (socially awkward acts)\n2. [Accidents](/wiki/Accidents \"Accidents\")\n3. Mistakes\n4. Failure to perform a duty or moral obligation.",
"Based on these types, Cupach and Metts classify two basic embarrassment situations: the actor responsible and the observer responsible. Actor responsible situations are embarrassing when a person executes an act that is either inappropriate to a point of proficiency matching social norms and expectations, inconsistent with role expectations, or is out\\-of\\-sync with a [social identity](/wiki/Social_identity \"Social identity\"). The observer responsible categories are embarrassing when an individual becomes the focus of attention through:\n* Recognition, praise, criticism, correction, or teasing\n* Becomes initialized through being tripped or bumped, which is then associated with someone acting inappropriately\n* Has information revealed publicly to another individual or peer group",
""
] |
What value of equipment can be supplied
---------------------------------------
There is no limit on the total value of the equipment including the cycle. It is possible to loan two cycles to one employee if, for example, that employee needed a cycle at either end of a train journey between their home and place of work.
However normally employers will wish to recover the cost of the equipment from the employee under a hire agreement. The employee can still makes the tax savings because the hire payments can be made from their gross salary via a salary sacrifice scheme.
**Office of Fair Trading (OFT): Group consumer credit licence (expired)**
Consumer Credit Licences ceased to exist with the closure of the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) on 31 March 2014\. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) now regulates the consumer credit market, by granting authorisation to firms for consumer credit activities, in line with its regulatory regime.
**Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)**
Each of the activities regulated by the FCA are outlined in Chapter 2\.7 of the Perimeter Guidance Manual (PERG), in the FCA Handbook Online. This includes both consumer credit and other regulated financial services activities.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fshandbook.info/FS/html/FCA/PERG/2/7 \|title\=PERG 2\.7 Activities : a broad outline \|website\=Fshandbook.info \|accessdate\=2 October 2017}}
In relation to Cycle to Work schemes there is a specific exemption which is detailed under PERG 2\.11\.3\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fshandbook.info/FS/html/FCA/PERG/2/11 \|title\=PERG 2\.11 Persons who are exempt for credit\-related regulated activities \|website\=Fshandbook.info \|accessdate\=2 October 2017}}
Under the OFT group licence, employers required separate authorisation for cycle orders over £1000\. The specific exemption for cycle to work schemes under the FCA also only covers orders up to £1000\. However, not\-for\-profit bodies are also specifically exempt from FCA regulation under PERG 2\.3\.2, regardless of the value of the cycle. Other employers may also be exempt under the 'business test' which is defined in PERG 2\.3\.3\. FCA regulation is only required where employers are operating a scheme 'by way of business', a term which relies on various tests outlined in the perimeter guidance.
Unless employers apply for FCA regulation, cycle to work hire agreements should not include any reference to being regulated under the Consumer Credit Act. The inclusion of such a statement may expose employers to [consumer protection](/wiki/Consumer_protection "Consumer protection") claims as the document may be considered to be misleading.
Where necessary, applications for authorisation are made via the FCA.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fca.org.uk/firms/firm\-types/consumer\-credit/authorisation \|title\=Consumer credit firms and authorisation \|date\=18 July 2017 \|website\=Fca.org.uk \|accessdate\=2 October 2017}}
It is possible to run schemes in\-house or purchase [Salary Sacrifice](/wiki/Salary_packaging "Salary packaging") and Hire agreements online. Some Cycle to Work schemes may use vouchers which limit where bikes can be bought, or are only on items at full RRP and exclude sale items, resulting in a total purchase cost greater than the market value.
|
[
"What value of equipment can be supplied\n---------------------------------------",
"There is no limit on the total value of the equipment including the cycle. It is possible to loan two cycles to one employee if, for example, that employee needed a cycle at either end of a train journey between their home and place of work.",
"However normally employers will wish to recover the cost of the equipment from the employee under a hire agreement. The employee can still makes the tax savings because the hire payments can be made from their gross salary via a salary sacrifice scheme.",
"**Office of Fair Trading (OFT): Group consumer credit licence (expired)**",
"Consumer Credit Licences ceased to exist with the closure of the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) on 31 March 2014\\. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) now regulates the consumer credit market, by granting authorisation to firms for consumer credit activities, in line with its regulatory regime.",
"**Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)**",
"Each of the activities regulated by the FCA are outlined in Chapter 2\\.7 of the Perimeter Guidance Manual (PERG), in the FCA Handbook Online. This includes both consumer credit and other regulated financial services activities.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fshandbook.info/FS/html/FCA/PERG/2/7 \\|title\\=PERG 2\\.7 Activities : a broad outline \\|website\\=Fshandbook.info \\|accessdate\\=2 October 2017}}",
"In relation to Cycle to Work schemes there is a specific exemption which is detailed under PERG 2\\.11\\.3\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fshandbook.info/FS/html/FCA/PERG/2/11 \\|title\\=PERG 2\\.11 Persons who are exempt for credit\\-related regulated activities \\|website\\=Fshandbook.info \\|accessdate\\=2 October 2017}}",
"Under the OFT group licence, employers required separate authorisation for cycle orders over £1000\\. The specific exemption for cycle to work schemes under the FCA also only covers orders up to £1000\\. However, not\\-for\\-profit bodies are also specifically exempt from FCA regulation under PERG 2\\.3\\.2, regardless of the value of the cycle. Other employers may also be exempt under the 'business test' which is defined in PERG 2\\.3\\.3\\. FCA regulation is only required where employers are operating a scheme 'by way of business', a term which relies on various tests outlined in the perimeter guidance.",
"Unless employers apply for FCA regulation, cycle to work hire agreements should not include any reference to being regulated under the Consumer Credit Act. The inclusion of such a statement may expose employers to [consumer protection](/wiki/Consumer_protection \"Consumer protection\") claims as the document may be considered to be misleading.",
"Where necessary, applications for authorisation are made via the FCA.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fca.org.uk/firms/firm\\-types/consumer\\-credit/authorisation \\|title\\=Consumer credit firms and authorisation \\|date\\=18 July 2017 \\|website\\=Fca.org.uk \\|accessdate\\=2 October 2017}}",
"It is possible to run schemes in\\-house or purchase [Salary Sacrifice](/wiki/Salary_packaging \"Salary packaging\") and Hire agreements online. Some Cycle to Work schemes may use vouchers which limit where bikes can be bought, or are only on items at full RRP and exclude sale items, resulting in a total purchase cost greater than the market value.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1980s
García began acting at Florida International University but soon went to Hollywood. He had a short role alongside [Angela Lansbury](/wiki/Angela_Lansbury "Angela Lansbury") in the first episode of *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote "Murder, She Wrote")* as "1st white tough", in 1984\. He played the role of a gang member in the first episode of TV series *[Hill Street Blues](/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues "Hill Street Blues")*. He appeared in a supporting role in *[The Mean Season](/wiki/The_Mean_Season "The Mean Season")* in 1985, alongside [Kurt Russell](/wiki/Kurt_Russell "Kurt Russell").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1985\-02\-14\-ca\-2668\-story.html\|title\=Movie Review: 'The Mean Season' Gets Down to Human Nature\|date\=February 14, 1985\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}}
In 1987, Garciá received an acting breakthrough in [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma "Brian De Palma")'s crime drama *[The Untouchables](/wiki/The_Untouchables_%28film%29 "The Untouchables (film)")*. The film starred [Kevin Costner](/wiki/Kevin_Costner "Kevin Costner"), [Sean Connery](/wiki/Sean_Connery "Sean Connery"), [Charles Martin Smith](/wiki/Charles_Martin_Smith "Charles Martin Smith"), [Patricia Clarkson](/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson "Patricia Clarkson"), and [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro"). The film follows [Eliot Ness](/wiki/Eliot_Ness "Eliot Ness") as he forms the [Untouchables law enforcement](/wiki/Untouchables_%28law_enforcement%29 "Untouchables (law enforcement)") team to bring [Al Capone](/wiki/Al_Capone "Al Capone") to justice during the [Prohibition era](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States"). It received widespread critical acclaim and was a financial success.{{Cite web\|url\=https://people.com/archive/andy\-garcia\-a\-gunslinger\-on\-the\-right\-side\-of\-the\-untouchables\-who\-turns\-out\-to\-be\-a\-hit\-man\-vol\-28\-no\-5/\|title\=Andy Garcia, a Gunslinger on the Right Side of The Untouchables, Who Turns Out to Be a Hit, Man\|website\=people.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}}
In 1988, García played the main role in the music video clip of the British boyband Breathe. The song is called: "How can I fall" and reached \#3 in the Billboard hot 100 in 1988\.
In 1989, García acted in the [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott "Ridley Scott") action thriller *[Black Rain](/wiki/Black_Rain_%281989_American_film%29 "Black Rain (1989 American film)")* with [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas "Michael Douglas") as Detective Charlie Vincent. The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a financial success, earning $134 million.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/blackrainrkempley\_a09fde.htm\|title\=Black Rain\|website\=www.washingtonpost.com\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}}
### 1990s
In 1989, [Francis Ford Coppola](/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola "Francis Ford Coppola") cast García as [Vincent Mancini](/wiki/Vincent_Corleone "Vincent Corleone"), the illegitimate son of [Sonny Corleone](/wiki/Sonny_Corleone "Sonny Corleone"), in *[The Godfather Part III](/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_III "The Godfather Part III")* (1990\).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sun\-sentinel.com/news/fl\-xpm\-1990\-12\-25\-9003040280\-story.html\|title\=Characters Power Strong Story of 'Godfather III'\|first\=Candice \|last\=Russell\|website\=Sun\-Sentinel.com\|date\=December 25, 1990 \|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}} The film stars [Al Pacino](/wiki/Al_Pacino "Al Pacino"), [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton "Diane Keaton"), and [Eli Wallach](/wiki/Eli_Wallach "Eli Wallach"). The film concludes the story of [Michael Corleone](/wiki/Michael_Corleone "Michael Corleone"), the patriarch of the [Corleone family](/wiki/Corleone_family "Corleone family"), who attempts to legitimize his criminal empire. For his performance, García earned an Academy Award nomination for [Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor"), as well as a [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award") nomination.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-1994\-05\-27\-1994147179\-story.html\|title\=Andy Garcia is equal parts leading man and family Man\|last\=Wuntch\|first\=Philip\|website\=baltimoresun.com\|date\=May 27, 1994 \|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}}
In the 1990s, García appeared in the [Mike Figgis](/wiki/Mike_Figgis "Mike Figgis") film *[Internal Affairs](/wiki/Internal_Affairs_%28film%29 "Internal Affairs (film)")*, in which he engages in a battle of wits with a corrupt fellow police officer, played by [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere "Richard Gere"). In 1992, he played a [cynical](/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29 "Cynicism (contemporary)") [everyman](/wiki/Everyman "Everyman") in [Stephen Frears](/wiki/Stephen_Frears "Stephen Frears")' *[Hero](/wiki/Hero_%281992_film%29 "Hero (1992 film)")* starring [Dustin Hoffman](/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman "Dustin Hoffman"), [Geena Davis](/wiki/Geena_Davis "Geena Davis"), and [Joan Cusack](/wiki/Joan_Cusack "Joan Cusack"). In 1994, he played the enabling husband of an alcoholic played by [Meg Ryan](/wiki/Meg_Ryan "Meg Ryan") in *[When a Man Loves a Woman](/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves_a_Woman_%28film%29 "When a Man Loves a Woman (film)")*. In 1995, he portrayed a tragic criminal in *[Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead](/wiki/Things_to_Do_in_Denver_When_You%27re_Dead "Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead")* alongside [Christopher Lloyd](/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd "Christopher Lloyd"), [Steve Buscemi](/wiki/Steve_Buscemi "Steve Buscemi"), and [Christopher Walken](/wiki/Christopher_Walken "Christopher Walken"). He starred as a hotshot lawyer in the 1996 [Sidney Lumet](/wiki/Sidney_Lumet "Sidney Lumet") drama *[Night Falls on Manhattan](/wiki/Night_Falls_on_Manhattan "Night Falls on Manhattan")* alongside [Richard Dreyfus](/wiki/Richard_Dreyfus "Richard Dreyfus"), and [James Gandolfini](/wiki/James_Gandolfini "James Gandolfini"). He played mobster Lucky Luciano in *[Hoodlum](/wiki/Hoodlum_%28film%29 "Hoodlum (film)")* (1997\) alongside [Tim Roth](/wiki/Tim_Roth "Tim Roth"), and [Laurence Fishburne](/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne "Laurence Fishburne"). He portrayed a cop trying to save his gravely ill son in the 1998 action thriller *[Desperate Measures](/wiki/Desperate_Measures_%28film%29 "Desperate Measures (film)")* starring [Michael Keaton](/wiki/Michael_Keaton "Michael Keaton") and [Marcia Gay Harden](/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden "Marcia Gay Harden").
### 2000s
[thumb\|At the 2009 [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival "Tribeca Film Festival") with [Julianna Margulies](/wiki/Julianna_Margulies "Julianna Margulies") (left) and his daughter [Dominik García\-Lorido](/wiki/Dominik_Garc%C3%ADa-Lorido "Dominik García-Lorido")](/wiki/File:Julianna_Margulies_Andy_Garcia_and_Dominik_Garcia_at_the_Tribeca_Film_Festival.jpg "Julianna Margulies Andy Garcia and Dominik Garcia at the Tribeca Film Festival.jpg")
In 2000, García starred and produced the [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") film, *[For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story](/wiki/For_Love_or_Country:The_Arturo_Sandoval_Story "The Arturo Sandoval Story")*. The film is about Cuba's jazz scene and the life of trumpeter and composer [Arturo Sandoval](/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval "Arturo Sandoval"). It starred [Gloria Estefan](/wiki/Gloria_Estefan "Gloria Estefan") as Maria, and [Charles S. Dutton](/wiki/Charles_S._Dutton "Charles S. Dutton") as jazz legend [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie"). For his performance, García received [Primetime Emmy Award](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award "Primetime Emmy Award") and [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award") nominations.
He portrayed the arrogant Las Vegas casino owner Terry Benedict in [Steven Soderbergh](/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh "Steven Soderbergh")'s *[Ocean's Eleven](/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven_%282001_film%29 "Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)")* (2001\), a remake of the 1960 [Rat Pack](/wiki/Rat_Pack "Rat Pack") caper movie starring [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney "George Clooney"), [Brad Pitt](/wiki/Brad_Pitt "Brad Pitt"), [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon "Matt Damon"), and [Julia Roberts](/wiki/Julia_Roberts "Julia Roberts"). The film was a massive commercial success earning $450 million at the box office. He also appeared in the sequel, *[Ocean's Twelve](/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve "Ocean's Twelve")* (2004\), and in the third film, *[Ocean's Thirteen](/wiki/Ocean%27s_Thirteen "Ocean's Thirteen")* (2007\).
He co\-wrote, directed, and starred in *[The Lost City](/wiki/The_Lost_City_%282005_film%29 "The Lost City (2005 film)")* alongside [Dustin Hoffman](/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman "Dustin Hoffman") and [Bill Murray](/wiki/Bill_Murray "Bill Murray").{{Citation\|title\=The Lost City (2005\)\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343996/fullcredits/\|access\-date\=May 31, 2018}} In 2006, he appeared in the last episode of the Turkish TV series *[Kurtlar Vadisi](/wiki/Kurtlar_Vadisi "Kurtlar Vadisi")*, along with [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone "Sharon Stone"). In 2008, he starred in the first segment of *[New York, I Love You](/wiki/New_York%2C_I_Love_You "New York, I Love You")* which was directed by [Jiang Wen](/wiki/Jiang_Wen "Jiang Wen") starring [Hayden Christensen](/wiki/Hayden_Christensen "Hayden Christensen") and [Rachel Bilson](/wiki/Rachel_Bilson "Rachel Bilson").
Since 2009, García has been slated to direct the film *Hemingway \& Fuentes* about writer [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway"), co\-written by García and Hemingway's niece [Hilary Hemingway](/wiki/Hilary_Hemingway "Hilary Hemingway"). They secured financing for the film in 2012, and García himself, [Anthony Hopkins](/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins "Anthony Hopkins"), and [Annette Bening](/wiki/Annette_Bening "Annette Bening") were announced as stars. Filming was originally to have begun in January 2013,{{cite web \|last\=Chitwood \|first\=Adam \|date\=May 16, 2012 \|title\=Hemningway \& Fuentes Finally Moving Forward with Anthony Hopkins, Annette Bening, and Andy Garcia \|url\=http://collider.com/hemingway\-fuentes\-andy\-garcia\-anthony\-hopkins/ \|access\-date\=March 24, 2014 \|publisher\=Collider}}{{cite web \|last\=Kit \|first\=Borys \|date\=May 16, 2012 \|title\=Cannes 2012: Anthony Hopkins and Andy Garcia to Film 'Hemingway \& Fuentes' \|url\=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes\-2012\-anthony\-hopkins\-andy\-garcia\-anthony\-hemingway\-fuentes\-324704 \|access\-date\=March 24, 2014 \|publisher\=The Hollywood Reporter}} but due to delays, Hopkins left the project in 2014 and was replaced by [Jon Voight](/wiki/Jon_Voight "Jon Voight").{{cite news \|last\=staff \|date\=January 29, 2014 \|title\=Sir Anthony Hopkins exits Andy Garcia's Ernest Hemingway movie \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Express\|Express]] \|url\=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/456848/Sir\-Anthony\-Hopkins\-exits\-Andy\-Garcia\-s\-Ernest\-Hemingway\-movie \|access\-date\=March 31, 2014}}{{cite news \|last\=Molina \|first\=Melissa \|date\=February 4, 2014 \|title\=Interview: Andy Garcia Talks About 'At Middleton,' 'Hemingway \& Fuentes' \|newspaper\=Screen Crave \|url\=http://screencrave.com/2014\-02\-04/interview\-andy\-garcia\-talks\-at\-middleton\-hemingway\-fuentes/ \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=March 31, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227123916/http://screencrave.com/2014\-02\-04/interview\-andy\-garcia\-talks\-at\-middleton\-hemingway\-fuentes/ \|archive\-date\=February 27, 2014 }}
### 2010s
Towards the end of the 2010s, García had a career resurgence. He starred in four films in 2018\.
He appeared as Fernando Cienfuegos in the critical and commercial success *[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again](/wiki/Mamma_Mia%21_Here_We_Go_Again "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again")* alongside [Cher](/wiki/Cher "Cher"), [Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried "Amanda Seyfried"), [Lily James](/wiki/Lily_James "Lily James"), [Colin Firth](/wiki/Colin_Firth "Colin Firth"), [Stellan Skarsgård](/wiki/Stellan_Skarsg%C3%A5rd "Stellan Skarsgård"), and [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan "Pierce Brosnan").{{Citation\|title\=Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018\)\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mamma\_mia\_here\_we\_go\_again\|language\=en\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}} When asked about singing with [Cher](/wiki/Cher "Cher"), García told NBC's *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Today (U.S. TV program)")* show, "It was sublime. One thing is to act with Cher who is a great actress and then to be asked to sing with her".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sun\-sentinel.com/features/fl\-reg\-mamma\-mia\-sequel\-andy\-garcia\-plays\-fernando\-20180718\-story.html\|title\=Miami's Andy Garcia talks about playing 'Fernando' and singing with Cher in 'Mamma Mia' sequel\|last\=Diaz\|first\=Johnny\|website\=sun\-sentinel.com\|date\=July 18, 2018 \|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}}
García also starred in the [Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures "Paramount Pictures") romantic comedy, *[Book Club](/wiki/Book_Club_%28film%29 "Book Club (film)")*, alongside [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton "Diane Keaton"), [Candice Bergen](/wiki/Candice_Bergen "Candice Bergen"), [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda "Jane Fonda"), and [Mary Steenburgen](/wiki/Mary_Steenburgen "Mary Steenburgen"). The film was a box office success grossing over $89 million worldwide against its $10 million budget.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2022}}
He also starred in [Clint Eastwood](/wiki/Clint_Eastwood "Clint Eastwood")'s drama film, *[The Mule](/wiki/The_Mule_%282018_film%29 "The Mule (2018 film)")* alongside Eastwood, [Bradley Cooper](/wiki/Bradley_Cooper "Bradley Cooper"), [Dianne Wiest](/wiki/Dianne_Wiest "Dianne Wiest"), [Laurence Fishburne](/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne "Laurence Fishburne") and [Michael Peña](/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a "Michael Peña"). It grossed $174\.8 million and received positive reviews from critics.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2022}}
García appeared in the [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") movie *[My Dinner with Hervé](/wiki/My_Dinner_with_Herv%C3%A9 "My Dinner with Hervé")* alongside [Peter Dinklage](/wiki/Peter_Dinklage "Peter Dinklage") and [Jamie Dornan](/wiki/Jamie_Dornan "Jamie Dornan"). The film received generally positive reviews from critics,{{Citation\|title\=My Dinner with Hervé (2018\)\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my\_dinner\_with\_herve\|language\=en\|access\-date\=December 17, 2019}} and received an Emmy nomination for [Outstanding Television Movie](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Television_Movie "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie").
### 2020s
In 2020, García starred in [Charles McDougall](/wiki/Charles_McDougall "Charles McDougall")'s comedic film *[Ana](/wiki/Ana_%282020_film%29 "Ana (2020 film)")*. Also that year, he starred in [Thor Freudenthal](/wiki/Thor_Freudenthal "Thor Freudenthal")'s critically acclaimed [coming of age](/wiki/Coming_of_age "Coming of age") drama *[Words on Bathroom Walls](/wiki/Words_on_Bathroom_Walls "Words on Bathroom Walls")*. The following year, he made an uncredited cameo in the comedy film *[Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar](/wiki/Barb_and_Star_Go_to_Vista_Del_Mar "Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar")* starring [Kirsten Wiig](/wiki/Kirsten_Wiig "Kirsten Wiig") and [Jamie Dornan](/wiki/Jamie_Dornan "Jamie Dornan"). That same year, he starred in the action films *[Redemption Day](/wiki/Redemption_Day_%28film%29 "Redemption Day (film)")* and the [Guy Ritchie](/wiki/Guy_Ritchie "Guy Ritchie") film *[Wrath of Man](/wiki/Wrath_of_Man "Wrath of Man")*.
In 2022 he starred in the comedy *[Big Gold Brick](/wiki/Big_Gold_Brick "Big Gold Brick")*. He also starred opposite [Gloria Estefan](/wiki/Gloria_Estefan "Gloria Estefan") again in the [romantic comedy](/wiki/Romantic_comedy "Romantic comedy") [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max "HBO Max") film *[Father of the Bride](/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_%282022_film%29 "Father of the Bride (2022 film)")*. It is the third filmed version of the 1949 [novel of the same name](/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_%28novel%29 "Father of the Bride (novel)") by [Edward Streeter](/wiki/Edward_Streeter "Edward Streeter").*[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* praised García on his comedic turn writing, "Garcia carries the film ably with his gruff elegance".{{cite magazine\|url\= https://time.com/6188754/father\-of\-the\-bride\-review\-hbo\-max/\|title\= A New Father of the Bride Proves There's Life Left in an Old Concept\|magazine\= \[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|accessdate\= June 27, 2022}}
García appeared in the action film *[Expend4bles](/wiki/Expend4bles "Expend4bles")* as Marsh, a [CIA agent](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") who is also a double agent and the main antagonist of the film.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1980s",
"García began acting at Florida International University but soon went to Hollywood. He had a short role alongside [Angela Lansbury](/wiki/Angela_Lansbury \"Angela Lansbury\") in the first episode of *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote \"Murder, She Wrote\")* as \"1st white tough\", in 1984\\. He played the role of a gang member in the first episode of TV series *[Hill Street Blues](/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues \"Hill Street Blues\")*. He appeared in a supporting role in *[The Mean Season](/wiki/The_Mean_Season \"The Mean Season\")* in 1985, alongside [Kurt Russell](/wiki/Kurt_Russell \"Kurt Russell\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1985\\-02\\-14\\-ca\\-2668\\-story.html\\|title\\=Movie Review: 'The Mean Season' Gets Down to Human Nature\\|date\\=February 14, 1985\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}}",
"In 1987, Garciá received an acting breakthrough in [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma \"Brian De Palma\")'s crime drama *[The Untouchables](/wiki/The_Untouchables_%28film%29 \"The Untouchables (film)\")*. The film starred [Kevin Costner](/wiki/Kevin_Costner \"Kevin Costner\"), [Sean Connery](/wiki/Sean_Connery \"Sean Connery\"), [Charles Martin Smith](/wiki/Charles_Martin_Smith \"Charles Martin Smith\"), [Patricia Clarkson](/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson \"Patricia Clarkson\"), and [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\"). The film follows [Eliot Ness](/wiki/Eliot_Ness \"Eliot Ness\") as he forms the [Untouchables law enforcement](/wiki/Untouchables_%28law_enforcement%29 \"Untouchables (law enforcement)\") team to bring [Al Capone](/wiki/Al_Capone \"Al Capone\") to justice during the [Prohibition era](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States \"Prohibition in the United States\"). It received widespread critical acclaim and was a financial success.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://people.com/archive/andy\\-garcia\\-a\\-gunslinger\\-on\\-the\\-right\\-side\\-of\\-the\\-untouchables\\-who\\-turns\\-out\\-to\\-be\\-a\\-hit\\-man\\-vol\\-28\\-no\\-5/\\|title\\=Andy Garcia, a Gunslinger on the Right Side of The Untouchables, Who Turns Out to Be a Hit, Man\\|website\\=people.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}}",
"In 1988, García played the main role in the music video clip of the British boyband Breathe. The song is called: \"How can I fall\" and reached \\#3 in the Billboard hot 100 in 1988\\.",
"In 1989, García acted in the [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott \"Ridley Scott\") action thriller *[Black Rain](/wiki/Black_Rain_%281989_American_film%29 \"Black Rain (1989 American film)\")* with [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas \"Michael Douglas\") as Detective Charlie Vincent. The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a financial success, earning $134 million.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/blackrainrkempley\\_a09fde.htm\\|title\\=Black Rain\\|website\\=www.washingtonpost.com\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}}",
"### 1990s",
"In 1989, [Francis Ford Coppola](/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola \"Francis Ford Coppola\") cast García as [Vincent Mancini](/wiki/Vincent_Corleone \"Vincent Corleone\"), the illegitimate son of [Sonny Corleone](/wiki/Sonny_Corleone \"Sonny Corleone\"), in *[The Godfather Part III](/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_III \"The Godfather Part III\")* (1990\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sun\\-sentinel.com/news/fl\\-xpm\\-1990\\-12\\-25\\-9003040280\\-story.html\\|title\\=Characters Power Strong Story of 'Godfather III'\\|first\\=Candice \\|last\\=Russell\\|website\\=Sun\\-Sentinel.com\\|date\\=December 25, 1990 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}} The film stars [Al Pacino](/wiki/Al_Pacino \"Al Pacino\"), [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton \"Diane Keaton\"), and [Eli Wallach](/wiki/Eli_Wallach \"Eli Wallach\"). The film concludes the story of [Michael Corleone](/wiki/Michael_Corleone \"Michael Corleone\"), the patriarch of the [Corleone family](/wiki/Corleone_family \"Corleone family\"), who attempts to legitimize his criminal empire. For his performance, García earned an Academy Award nomination for [Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor \"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor\"), as well as a [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\") nomination.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-1994\\-05\\-27\\-1994147179\\-story.html\\|title\\=Andy Garcia is equal parts leading man and family Man\\|last\\=Wuntch\\|first\\=Philip\\|website\\=baltimoresun.com\\|date\\=May 27, 1994 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}}",
"In the 1990s, García appeared in the [Mike Figgis](/wiki/Mike_Figgis \"Mike Figgis\") film *[Internal Affairs](/wiki/Internal_Affairs_%28film%29 \"Internal Affairs (film)\")*, in which he engages in a battle of wits with a corrupt fellow police officer, played by [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere \"Richard Gere\"). In 1992, he played a [cynical](/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29 \"Cynicism (contemporary)\") [everyman](/wiki/Everyman \"Everyman\") in [Stephen Frears](/wiki/Stephen_Frears \"Stephen Frears\")' *[Hero](/wiki/Hero_%281992_film%29 \"Hero (1992 film)\")* starring [Dustin Hoffman](/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman \"Dustin Hoffman\"), [Geena Davis](/wiki/Geena_Davis \"Geena Davis\"), and [Joan Cusack](/wiki/Joan_Cusack \"Joan Cusack\"). In 1994, he played the enabling husband of an alcoholic played by [Meg Ryan](/wiki/Meg_Ryan \"Meg Ryan\") in *[When a Man Loves a Woman](/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves_a_Woman_%28film%29 \"When a Man Loves a Woman (film)\")*. In 1995, he portrayed a tragic criminal in *[Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead](/wiki/Things_to_Do_in_Denver_When_You%27re_Dead \"Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead\")* alongside [Christopher Lloyd](/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd \"Christopher Lloyd\"), [Steve Buscemi](/wiki/Steve_Buscemi \"Steve Buscemi\"), and [Christopher Walken](/wiki/Christopher_Walken \"Christopher Walken\"). He starred as a hotshot lawyer in the 1996 [Sidney Lumet](/wiki/Sidney_Lumet \"Sidney Lumet\") drama *[Night Falls on Manhattan](/wiki/Night_Falls_on_Manhattan \"Night Falls on Manhattan\")* alongside [Richard Dreyfus](/wiki/Richard_Dreyfus \"Richard Dreyfus\"), and [James Gandolfini](/wiki/James_Gandolfini \"James Gandolfini\"). He played mobster Lucky Luciano in *[Hoodlum](/wiki/Hoodlum_%28film%29 \"Hoodlum (film)\")* (1997\\) alongside [Tim Roth](/wiki/Tim_Roth \"Tim Roth\"), and [Laurence Fishburne](/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne \"Laurence Fishburne\"). He portrayed a cop trying to save his gravely ill son in the 1998 action thriller *[Desperate Measures](/wiki/Desperate_Measures_%28film%29 \"Desperate Measures (film)\")* starring [Michael Keaton](/wiki/Michael_Keaton \"Michael Keaton\") and [Marcia Gay Harden](/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden \"Marcia Gay Harden\").",
"### 2000s",
"[thumb\\|At the 2009 [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival \"Tribeca Film Festival\") with [Julianna Margulies](/wiki/Julianna_Margulies \"Julianna Margulies\") (left) and his daughter [Dominik García\\-Lorido](/wiki/Dominik_Garc%C3%ADa-Lorido \"Dominik García-Lorido\")](/wiki/File:Julianna_Margulies_Andy_Garcia_and_Dominik_Garcia_at_the_Tribeca_Film_Festival.jpg \"Julianna Margulies Andy Garcia and Dominik Garcia at the Tribeca Film Festival.jpg\")\nIn 2000, García starred and produced the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") film, *[For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story](/wiki/For_Love_or_Country:The_Arturo_Sandoval_Story \"The Arturo Sandoval Story\")*. The film is about Cuba's jazz scene and the life of trumpeter and composer [Arturo Sandoval](/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval \"Arturo Sandoval\"). It starred [Gloria Estefan](/wiki/Gloria_Estefan \"Gloria Estefan\") as Maria, and [Charles S. Dutton](/wiki/Charles_S._Dutton \"Charles S. Dutton\") as jazz legend [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\"). For his performance, García received [Primetime Emmy Award](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award \"Primetime Emmy Award\") and [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\") nominations.",
"He portrayed the arrogant Las Vegas casino owner Terry Benedict in [Steven Soderbergh](/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh \"Steven Soderbergh\")'s *[Ocean's Eleven](/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven_%282001_film%29 \"Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)\")* (2001\\), a remake of the 1960 [Rat Pack](/wiki/Rat_Pack \"Rat Pack\") caper movie starring [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney \"George Clooney\"), [Brad Pitt](/wiki/Brad_Pitt \"Brad Pitt\"), [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon \"Matt Damon\"), and [Julia Roberts](/wiki/Julia_Roberts \"Julia Roberts\"). The film was a massive commercial success earning $450 million at the box office. He also appeared in the sequel, *[Ocean's Twelve](/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve \"Ocean's Twelve\")* (2004\\), and in the third film, *[Ocean's Thirteen](/wiki/Ocean%27s_Thirteen \"Ocean's Thirteen\")* (2007\\).",
"He co\\-wrote, directed, and starred in *[The Lost City](/wiki/The_Lost_City_%282005_film%29 \"The Lost City (2005 film)\")* alongside [Dustin Hoffman](/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman \"Dustin Hoffman\") and [Bill Murray](/wiki/Bill_Murray \"Bill Murray\").{{Citation\\|title\\=The Lost City (2005\\)\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343996/fullcredits/\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2018}} In 2006, he appeared in the last episode of the Turkish TV series *[Kurtlar Vadisi](/wiki/Kurtlar_Vadisi \"Kurtlar Vadisi\")*, along with [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone \"Sharon Stone\"). In 2008, he starred in the first segment of *[New York, I Love You](/wiki/New_York%2C_I_Love_You \"New York, I Love You\")* which was directed by [Jiang Wen](/wiki/Jiang_Wen \"Jiang Wen\") starring [Hayden Christensen](/wiki/Hayden_Christensen \"Hayden Christensen\") and [Rachel Bilson](/wiki/Rachel_Bilson \"Rachel Bilson\").",
"Since 2009, García has been slated to direct the film *Hemingway \\& Fuentes* about writer [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), co\\-written by García and Hemingway's niece [Hilary Hemingway](/wiki/Hilary_Hemingway \"Hilary Hemingway\"). They secured financing for the film in 2012, and García himself, [Anthony Hopkins](/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins \"Anthony Hopkins\"), and [Annette Bening](/wiki/Annette_Bening \"Annette Bening\") were announced as stars. Filming was originally to have begun in January 2013,{{cite web \\|last\\=Chitwood \\|first\\=Adam \\|date\\=May 16, 2012 \\|title\\=Hemningway \\& Fuentes Finally Moving Forward with Anthony Hopkins, Annette Bening, and Andy Garcia \\|url\\=http://collider.com/hemingway\\-fuentes\\-andy\\-garcia\\-anthony\\-hopkins/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2014 \\|publisher\\=Collider}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Kit \\|first\\=Borys \\|date\\=May 16, 2012 \\|title\\=Cannes 2012: Anthony Hopkins and Andy Garcia to Film 'Hemingway \\& Fuentes' \\|url\\=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes\\-2012\\-anthony\\-hopkins\\-andy\\-garcia\\-anthony\\-hemingway\\-fuentes\\-324704 \\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2014 \\|publisher\\=The Hollywood Reporter}} but due to delays, Hopkins left the project in 2014 and was replaced by [Jon Voight](/wiki/Jon_Voight \"Jon Voight\").{{cite news \\|last\\=staff \\|date\\=January 29, 2014 \\|title\\=Sir Anthony Hopkins exits Andy Garcia's Ernest Hemingway movie \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Express\\|Express]] \\|url\\=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/456848/Sir\\-Anthony\\-Hopkins\\-exits\\-Andy\\-Garcia\\-s\\-Ernest\\-Hemingway\\-movie \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2014}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Molina \\|first\\=Melissa \\|date\\=February 4, 2014 \\|title\\=Interview: Andy Garcia Talks About 'At Middleton,' 'Hemingway \\& Fuentes' \\|newspaper\\=Screen Crave \\|url\\=http://screencrave.com/2014\\-02\\-04/interview\\-andy\\-garcia\\-talks\\-at\\-middleton\\-hemingway\\-fuentes/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227123916/http://screencrave.com/2014\\-02\\-04/interview\\-andy\\-garcia\\-talks\\-at\\-middleton\\-hemingway\\-fuentes/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2014 }}",
"### 2010s",
"Towards the end of the 2010s, García had a career resurgence. He starred in four films in 2018\\.",
"He appeared as Fernando Cienfuegos in the critical and commercial success *[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again](/wiki/Mamma_Mia%21_Here_We_Go_Again \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\")* alongside [Cher](/wiki/Cher \"Cher\"), [Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried \"Amanda Seyfried\"), [Lily James](/wiki/Lily_James \"Lily James\"), [Colin Firth](/wiki/Colin_Firth \"Colin Firth\"), [Stellan Skarsgård](/wiki/Stellan_Skarsg%C3%A5rd \"Stellan Skarsgård\"), and [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan \"Pierce Brosnan\").{{Citation\\|title\\=Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018\\)\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mamma\\_mia\\_here\\_we\\_go\\_again\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}} When asked about singing with [Cher](/wiki/Cher \"Cher\"), García told NBC's *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Today (U.S. TV program)\")* show, \"It was sublime. One thing is to act with Cher who is a great actress and then to be asked to sing with her\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sun\\-sentinel.com/features/fl\\-reg\\-mamma\\-mia\\-sequel\\-andy\\-garcia\\-plays\\-fernando\\-20180718\\-story.html\\|title\\=Miami's Andy Garcia talks about playing 'Fernando' and singing with Cher in 'Mamma Mia' sequel\\|last\\=Diaz\\|first\\=Johnny\\|website\\=sun\\-sentinel.com\\|date\\=July 18, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}}",
"García also starred in the [Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\") romantic comedy, *[Book Club](/wiki/Book_Club_%28film%29 \"Book Club (film)\")*, alongside [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton \"Diane Keaton\"), [Candice Bergen](/wiki/Candice_Bergen \"Candice Bergen\"), [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda \"Jane Fonda\"), and [Mary Steenburgen](/wiki/Mary_Steenburgen \"Mary Steenburgen\"). The film was a box office success grossing over $89 million worldwide against its $10 million budget.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2022}}",
"He also starred in [Clint Eastwood](/wiki/Clint_Eastwood \"Clint Eastwood\")'s drama film, *[The Mule](/wiki/The_Mule_%282018_film%29 \"The Mule (2018 film)\")* alongside Eastwood, [Bradley Cooper](/wiki/Bradley_Cooper \"Bradley Cooper\"), [Dianne Wiest](/wiki/Dianne_Wiest \"Dianne Wiest\"), [Laurence Fishburne](/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne \"Laurence Fishburne\") and [Michael Peña](/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a \"Michael Peña\"). It grossed $174\\.8 million and received positive reviews from critics.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2022}}",
"García appeared in the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") movie *[My Dinner with Hervé](/wiki/My_Dinner_with_Herv%C3%A9 \"My Dinner with Hervé\")* alongside [Peter Dinklage](/wiki/Peter_Dinklage \"Peter Dinklage\") and [Jamie Dornan](/wiki/Jamie_Dornan \"Jamie Dornan\"). The film received generally positive reviews from critics,{{Citation\\|title\\=My Dinner with Hervé (2018\\)\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my\\_dinner\\_with\\_herve\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019}} and received an Emmy nomination for [Outstanding Television Movie](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Television_Movie \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie\").",
"### 2020s",
"In 2020, García starred in [Charles McDougall](/wiki/Charles_McDougall \"Charles McDougall\")'s comedic film *[Ana](/wiki/Ana_%282020_film%29 \"Ana (2020 film)\")*. Also that year, he starred in [Thor Freudenthal](/wiki/Thor_Freudenthal \"Thor Freudenthal\")'s critically acclaimed [coming of age](/wiki/Coming_of_age \"Coming of age\") drama *[Words on Bathroom Walls](/wiki/Words_on_Bathroom_Walls \"Words on Bathroom Walls\")*. The following year, he made an uncredited cameo in the comedy film *[Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar](/wiki/Barb_and_Star_Go_to_Vista_Del_Mar \"Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar\")* starring [Kirsten Wiig](/wiki/Kirsten_Wiig \"Kirsten Wiig\") and [Jamie Dornan](/wiki/Jamie_Dornan \"Jamie Dornan\"). That same year, he starred in the action films *[Redemption Day](/wiki/Redemption_Day_%28film%29 \"Redemption Day (film)\")* and the [Guy Ritchie](/wiki/Guy_Ritchie \"Guy Ritchie\") film *[Wrath of Man](/wiki/Wrath_of_Man \"Wrath of Man\")*.",
"In 2022 he starred in the comedy *[Big Gold Brick](/wiki/Big_Gold_Brick \"Big Gold Brick\")*. He also starred opposite [Gloria Estefan](/wiki/Gloria_Estefan \"Gloria Estefan\") again in the [romantic comedy](/wiki/Romantic_comedy \"Romantic comedy\") [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max \"HBO Max\") film *[Father of the Bride](/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_%282022_film%29 \"Father of the Bride (2022 film)\")*. It is the third filmed version of the 1949 [novel of the same name](/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_%28novel%29 \"Father of the Bride (novel)\") by [Edward Streeter](/wiki/Edward_Streeter \"Edward Streeter\").*[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* praised García on his comedic turn writing, \"Garcia carries the film ably with his gruff elegance\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\= https://time.com/6188754/father\\-of\\-the\\-bride\\-review\\-hbo\\-max/\\|title\\= A New Father of the Bride Proves There's Life Left in an Old Concept\\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|accessdate\\= June 27, 2022}}",
"García appeared in the action film *[Expend4bles](/wiki/Expend4bles \"Expend4bles\")* as Marsh, a [CIA agent](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") who is also a double agent and the main antagonist of the film.",
""
] |
Career
------
*Georgic*{{'}}s maiden voyage took place on 26 August 1895\. Her large size soon became a problem as it restricted her usage to the [North Atlantic](/wiki/North_Atlantic "North Atlantic") for most of her career, mostly operating between the UK and [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). From October 1909, along with the {{SS\|Bovic\|\|2}} and {{SS\|Cevic\|1893\|2}}, she was transferred to the service to Australia, calling at [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide") and [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney").{{cite journal \|date\=22 October 1909 \|title\=Largest cargo steamer to visit Australia \|url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5761856? \|journal\=The Advertiser \|page\=6 \|accessdate\=3 February 2017}}
### Incidents
The *Georgic* had a somewhat accident\-prone career; she twice collided with the dock entrance at [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), on 23 May 1896 and 5 August 1901\.
On 10 March 1902, she collided with [barque](/wiki/Barque "Barque") *Oakhurst* at Liverpool, the latter being badly damaged as a result.
On 18 January 1903, she collided with the British steamer SS *Saxon King* off [Flemish Cap](/wiki/Flemish_Cap "Flemish Cap"), although it was the *Saxon King* which rammed *Georgic* from the side, the former ship bore the brunt of the damage.
On 21 March 1904, she collided with the SS *Kalabia* in [St George's Channel](/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel "St George's Channel"), both ships made Liverpool safely.
On 26 November 1908, she rammed the US owned SS *Finance* in fog off [Sandy Hook](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_New_Jersey "Sandy Hook, New Jersey"). The latter sank with the loss of four lives.
### World War I
After the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") in August 1914, *Georgic* was used to ship horses and mules and other cargo from the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") for use on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)") by the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I"). On 3 December 1916, she left [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") for Liverpool with a cargo of 1,200 horses, 10,000 barrels of oil and a large consignment of [wheat](/wiki/Wheat "Wheat") intended for the Allies. One week later on 10 December when she was {{convert\|590\|miles}} south\-east of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland "Newfoundland"), she was intercepted by the German [merchant raider](/wiki/Merchant_raider "Merchant raider") {{SMS\|Möwe\|1914\|6}} which was disguised as a Swedish merchant ship. After the crew of 142 were taken off the ship, explosive charges were placed on board *Georgic* by the crew of the *Möwe*, and she was scuttled with her cargo of 1,200 horses still on board. *Georgic* was the largest ship sunk by the *Möwe*.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"*Georgic*{{'}}s maiden voyage took place on 26 August 1895\\. Her large size soon became a problem as it restricted her usage to the [North Atlantic](/wiki/North_Atlantic \"North Atlantic\") for most of her career, mostly operating between the UK and [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). From October 1909, along with the {{SS\\|Bovic\\|\\|2}} and {{SS\\|Cevic\\|1893\\|2}}, she was transferred to the service to Australia, calling at [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\") and [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\").{{cite journal \\|date\\=22 October 1909 \\|title\\=Largest cargo steamer to visit Australia \\|url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5761856? \\|journal\\=The Advertiser \\|page\\=6 \\|accessdate\\=3 February 2017}}",
"### Incidents",
"The *Georgic* had a somewhat accident\\-prone career; she twice collided with the dock entrance at [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), on 23 May 1896 and 5 August 1901\\.",
"On 10 March 1902, she collided with [barque](/wiki/Barque \"Barque\") *Oakhurst* at Liverpool, the latter being badly damaged as a result.",
"On 18 January 1903, she collided with the British steamer SS *Saxon King* off [Flemish Cap](/wiki/Flemish_Cap \"Flemish Cap\"), although it was the *Saxon King* which rammed *Georgic* from the side, the former ship bore the brunt of the damage.",
"On 21 March 1904, she collided with the SS *Kalabia* in [St George's Channel](/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel \"St George's Channel\"), both ships made Liverpool safely.",
"On 26 November 1908, she rammed the US owned SS *Finance* in fog off [Sandy Hook](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_New_Jersey \"Sandy Hook, New Jersey\"). The latter sank with the loss of four lives.",
"### World War I",
"After the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") in August 1914, *Georgic* was used to ship horses and mules and other cargo from the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") for use on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\") by the [Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\"). On 3 December 1916, she left [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") for Liverpool with a cargo of 1,200 horses, 10,000 barrels of oil and a large consignment of [wheat](/wiki/Wheat \"Wheat\") intended for the Allies. One week later on 10 December when she was {{convert\\|590\\|miles}} south\\-east of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland \"Newfoundland\"), she was intercepted by the German [merchant raider](/wiki/Merchant_raider \"Merchant raider\") {{SMS\\|Möwe\\|1914\\|6}} which was disguised as a Swedish merchant ship. After the crew of 142 were taken off the ship, explosive charges were placed on board *Georgic* by the crew of the *Möwe*, and she was scuttled with her cargo of 1,200 horses still on board. *Georgic* was the largest ship sunk by the *Möwe*.",
""
] |
### Incidents
The *Georgic* had a somewhat accident\-prone career; she twice collided with the dock entrance at [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), on 23 May 1896 and 5 August 1901\.
On 10 March 1902, she collided with [barque](/wiki/Barque "Barque") *Oakhurst* at Liverpool, the latter being badly damaged as a result.
On 18 January 1903, she collided with the British steamer SS *Saxon King* off [Flemish Cap](/wiki/Flemish_Cap "Flemish Cap"), although it was the *Saxon King* which rammed *Georgic* from the side, the former ship bore the brunt of the damage.
On 21 March 1904, she collided with the SS *Kalabia* in [St George's Channel](/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel "St George's Channel"), both ships made Liverpool safely.
On 26 November 1908, she rammed the US owned SS *Finance* in fog off [Sandy Hook](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_New_Jersey "Sandy Hook, New Jersey"). The latter sank with the loss of four lives.
|
[
"### Incidents",
"The *Georgic* had a somewhat accident\\-prone career; she twice collided with the dock entrance at [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), on 23 May 1896 and 5 August 1901\\.",
"On 10 March 1902, she collided with [barque](/wiki/Barque \"Barque\") *Oakhurst* at Liverpool, the latter being badly damaged as a result.",
"On 18 January 1903, she collided with the British steamer SS *Saxon King* off [Flemish Cap](/wiki/Flemish_Cap \"Flemish Cap\"), although it was the *Saxon King* which rammed *Georgic* from the side, the former ship bore the brunt of the damage.",
"On 21 March 1904, she collided with the SS *Kalabia* in [St George's Channel](/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel \"St George's Channel\"), both ships made Liverpool safely.",
"On 26 November 1908, she rammed the US owned SS *Finance* in fog off [Sandy Hook](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_New_Jersey \"Sandy Hook, New Jersey\"). The latter sank with the loss of four lives.",
""
] |
1980s
-----
**John Stevens** was back again in 1980 with European free improvisers [Marc Charig](/wiki/Marc_Charig "Marc Charig"), [Paul Rutherford](/wiki/Paul_Rutherford_%28trombone_player%29 "Paul Rutherford (trombone player)"), [Peter Brötzmann](/wiki/Peter_Br%C3%B6tzmann "Peter Brötzmann"), [Barry Guy](/wiki/Barry_Guy "Barry Guy") and [Peter Kowald](/wiki/Peter_Kowald "Peter Kowald"). Other acts included two electric guitarists – [Jeff Clyne's](/wiki/Jeff_Clyne%27s "Jeff Clyne's")'s jazz\-rock group "Turning Point" and the young **[Pat Metheny](/wiki/Pat_Metheny "Pat Metheny")**. The British group [Spirit Level](/wiki/Spirit_Level "Spirit Level") led by sax player [Paul Dunmall](/wiki/Paul_Dunmall "Paul Dunmall"), who were also to return in 1981\.
### 1981
Drummer **[Max Roach](/wiki/Max_Roach "Max Roach")** played a short set, much of it a drum solo, (there are bootleg recordings available). The [Ray d'Inverno](/wiki/Ray_d%27Inverno "Ray d'Inverno") trio performed a tribute to [Bill Evans](/wiki/Bill_Evans "Bill Evans"). Canadian electric jazz band [Uzeb](/wiki/Uzeb "Uzeb") did their first show abroad which was recorded as *Live in Bracknell* and then digitally re\-mastered and re\-issued in 2006 to celebrate the band's 25th anniversary.
### 1982
The headline act was the incredible reunion of legendary [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane "John Coltrane") Quartet members [Elvin Jones](/wiki/Elvin_Jones "Elvin Jones") and [McCoy Tyner](/wiki/McCoy_Tyner "McCoy Tyner").
John Stevens' album *[Freebop](/wiki/Freebop "Freebop")* was recorded at the festival the band including [Evan Parker](/wiki/Evan_Parker "Evan Parker"), and received a five\-star review from *[Down Beat](/wiki/Down_Beat "Down Beat")* magazine. This year saw a duet between [Abdullah Ibrahim](/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim "Abdullah Ibrahim") and [Carlos Ward](/wiki/Carlos_Ward "Carlos Ward") that has been described as "delicate, poignant, austere ...conjuring a resonance from the simplest tune".Lock, Graham (1994\). Chasing the Vibration. Stride. {{ISBN\|1\-873012\-81\-0}}. Trumpeter [Lester Bowie](/wiki/Lester_Bowie "Lester Bowie"), from the "Chicago Art Ensemble", appeared with his group, "From The Roots to the Source", which featured vocalists [Fontella Bass](/wiki/Fontella_Bass "Fontella Bass"), [David Peaston](/wiki/David_Peaston "David Peaston"), pianist Art Matthews, tenor saxophonist [Ari Brown](/wiki/Ari_Brown "Ari Brown"), and drummer [Phillip Wilson](/wiki/Phillip_Wilson_%28drummer%29 "Phillip Wilson (drummer)").
### 1983
The Arts Council commission was Hoarded Dreams, a big band led by bass player **[Graham Collier](/wiki/Graham_Collier "Graham Collier")** and including musicians such as [Kenny Wheeler](/wiki/Kenny_Wheeler "Kenny Wheeler"), [Tomasz Stanko](/wiki/Tomasz_Stanko "Tomasz Stanko"), [John Surman](/wiki/John_Surman "John Surman"), [Ted Curson](/wiki/Ted_Curson "Ted Curson"), [Henry Lowther](/wiki/Henry_Lowther_%28musician%29 "Henry Lowther (musician)"), [Manfred Schoof](/wiki/Manfred_Schoof "Manfred Schoof"), and [Malcolm Griffiths](/wiki/Malcolm_Griffiths "Malcolm Griffiths"). The piece was recorded at the festival and released on [Cuneiform Records](/wiki/Cuneiform_Records "Cuneiform Records"). An extended documentary and profile of Collier, based around the Bracknell Jazz [Hoarded Dreams](/wiki/Hoarded_Dreams "Hoarded Dreams") concert in 1983, was broadcast by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") on March 6 1985 [Official program website](https://www.bright-thoughts.co.uk/hoarded-dreams.html) Another live recording made that year was the highly praised *[Gheim](/wiki/Gheim "Gheim")* by the **[Paul Rutherford](/wiki/Paul_Rutherford_%28trombone_player%29 "Paul Rutherford (trombone player)")** Trio. The headline act was the **[Bobby Hutcherson](/wiki/Bobby_Hutcherson "Bobby Hutcherson")** Quartet featuring [Tete Montoliu](/wiki/Tete_Montoliu "Tete Montoliu") and [Billy Higgins](/wiki/Billy_Higgins "Billy Higgins"), which was broadcast on BBC radio.
### 1984
**[Stan Tracey](/wiki/Stan_Tracey "Stan Tracey")** was back again with a quartet including his son [Clark Tracey](/wiki/Clark_Tracey "Clark Tracey") and saxophonist [Art Themen](/wiki/Art_Themen "Art Themen") performing his [Poet's Suite](/wiki/Poet%27s_Suite "Poet's Suite"). And [Elton Dean](/wiki/Elton_Dean "Elton Dean") was back again with a quintet. The Festival Commission that year was a piece by **[Trevor Watts](/wiki/Trevor_Watts "Trevor Watts")** 14\-piece [Moire Music](/wiki/Moire_Music "Moire Music"). Other acts that year included the [European Jazz Ensemble](/wiki/European_Jazz_Ensemble "European Jazz Ensemble") featuring [Tony Oxley](/wiki/Tony_Oxley "Tony Oxley"), [Alan Skidmore](/wiki/Alan_Skidmore "Alan Skidmore"), [Gerd Dudek](/wiki/Gerd_Dudek "Gerd Dudek") and others; [Factory Records](/wiki/Factory_Records "Factory Records")' jazz\-dance act [Kalima](/wiki/Kalima_%28band%29 "Kalima (band)"); and British fusion group Full Circle. Jazz tubist [John Bodwin](/wiki/John_Bodwin "John Bodwin") returned to play a short solo set.
### 1985
Acts included [Terry Day](/wiki/Terry_Day "Terry Day")'s [Kahondo Style](/wiki/Kahondo_Style "Kahondo Style").
### 1986
The headline act was trumpeter [Don Cherry](/wiki/Don_Cherry_%28jazz%29 "Don Cherry (jazz)"), this time his set, with his group "Nu" including [Mark Helias](/wiki/Mark_Helias "Mark Helias"), [Carlos Ward](/wiki/Carlos_Ward "Carlos Ward") and [Nana Vasconcelos](/wiki/Nana_Vasconcelos "Nana Vasconcelos") was recorded and later released on BBC records. Other acts included guitarist [Billy Jenkins](/wiki/Billy_Jenkins_%28musician%29 "Billy Jenkins (musician)"), who would return the following year.
### 1987
Acts included: **[In Cahoots](/wiki/In_Cahoots "In Cahoots")** featuring [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury "Canterbury") music legends [Phil Miller](/wiki/Phil_Miller "Phil Miller"), **[Hugh Hopper](/wiki/Hugh_Hopper "Hugh Hopper")**, [Pip Pyle](/wiki/Pip_Pyle "Pip Pyle") and [Elton Dean](/wiki/Elton_Dean "Elton Dean"); The [Michael Gibbs](/wiki/Michael_Gibbs_%28jazz_composer%29 "Michael Gibbs (jazz composer)") Orchestra including trumpeter [Ian Carr](/wiki/Ian_Carr "Ian Carr"); and [John Bodwin](/wiki/John_Bodwin "John Bodwin"), in what was one of his last public performances. Headliners were The **[George Russell](/wiki/George_Russell_%28composer%29 "George Russell (composer)")** Orchestra.
|
[
"1980s\n-----",
"**John Stevens** was back again in 1980 with European free improvisers [Marc Charig](/wiki/Marc_Charig \"Marc Charig\"), [Paul Rutherford](/wiki/Paul_Rutherford_%28trombone_player%29 \"Paul Rutherford (trombone player)\"), [Peter Brötzmann](/wiki/Peter_Br%C3%B6tzmann \"Peter Brötzmann\"), [Barry Guy](/wiki/Barry_Guy \"Barry Guy\") and [Peter Kowald](/wiki/Peter_Kowald \"Peter Kowald\"). Other acts included two electric guitarists – [Jeff Clyne's](/wiki/Jeff_Clyne%27s \"Jeff Clyne's\")'s jazz\\-rock group \"Turning Point\" and the young **[Pat Metheny](/wiki/Pat_Metheny \"Pat Metheny\")**. The British group [Spirit Level](/wiki/Spirit_Level \"Spirit Level\") led by sax player [Paul Dunmall](/wiki/Paul_Dunmall \"Paul Dunmall\"), who were also to return in 1981\\.",
"### 1981",
"Drummer **[Max Roach](/wiki/Max_Roach \"Max Roach\")** played a short set, much of it a drum solo, (there are bootleg recordings available). The [Ray d'Inverno](/wiki/Ray_d%27Inverno \"Ray d'Inverno\") trio performed a tribute to [Bill Evans](/wiki/Bill_Evans \"Bill Evans\"). Canadian electric jazz band [Uzeb](/wiki/Uzeb \"Uzeb\") did their first show abroad which was recorded as *Live in Bracknell* and then digitally re\\-mastered and re\\-issued in 2006 to celebrate the band's 25th anniversary.",
"### 1982",
"The headline act was the incredible reunion of legendary [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane \"John Coltrane\") Quartet members [Elvin Jones](/wiki/Elvin_Jones \"Elvin Jones\") and [McCoy Tyner](/wiki/McCoy_Tyner \"McCoy Tyner\").",
"John Stevens' album *[Freebop](/wiki/Freebop \"Freebop\")* was recorded at the festival the band including [Evan Parker](/wiki/Evan_Parker \"Evan Parker\"), and received a five\\-star review from *[Down Beat](/wiki/Down_Beat \"Down Beat\")* magazine. This year saw a duet between [Abdullah Ibrahim](/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim \"Abdullah Ibrahim\") and [Carlos Ward](/wiki/Carlos_Ward \"Carlos Ward\") that has been described as \"delicate, poignant, austere ...conjuring a resonance from the simplest tune\".Lock, Graham (1994\\). Chasing the Vibration. Stride. {{ISBN\\|1\\-873012\\-81\\-0}}. Trumpeter [Lester Bowie](/wiki/Lester_Bowie \"Lester Bowie\"), from the \"Chicago Art Ensemble\", appeared with his group, \"From The Roots to the Source\", which featured vocalists [Fontella Bass](/wiki/Fontella_Bass \"Fontella Bass\"), [David Peaston](/wiki/David_Peaston \"David Peaston\"), pianist Art Matthews, tenor saxophonist [Ari Brown](/wiki/Ari_Brown \"Ari Brown\"), and drummer [Phillip Wilson](/wiki/Phillip_Wilson_%28drummer%29 \"Phillip Wilson (drummer)\").",
"### 1983",
"The Arts Council commission was Hoarded Dreams, a big band led by bass player **[Graham Collier](/wiki/Graham_Collier \"Graham Collier\")** and including musicians such as [Kenny Wheeler](/wiki/Kenny_Wheeler \"Kenny Wheeler\"), [Tomasz Stanko](/wiki/Tomasz_Stanko \"Tomasz Stanko\"), [John Surman](/wiki/John_Surman \"John Surman\"), [Ted Curson](/wiki/Ted_Curson \"Ted Curson\"), [Henry Lowther](/wiki/Henry_Lowther_%28musician%29 \"Henry Lowther (musician)\"), [Manfred Schoof](/wiki/Manfred_Schoof \"Manfred Schoof\"), and [Malcolm Griffiths](/wiki/Malcolm_Griffiths \"Malcolm Griffiths\"). The piece was recorded at the festival and released on [Cuneiform Records](/wiki/Cuneiform_Records \"Cuneiform Records\"). An extended documentary and profile of Collier, based around the Bracknell Jazz [Hoarded Dreams](/wiki/Hoarded_Dreams \"Hoarded Dreams\") concert in 1983, was broadcast by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") on March 6 1985 [Official program website](https://www.bright-thoughts.co.uk/hoarded-dreams.html) Another live recording made that year was the highly praised *[Gheim](/wiki/Gheim \"Gheim\")* by the **[Paul Rutherford](/wiki/Paul_Rutherford_%28trombone_player%29 \"Paul Rutherford (trombone player)\")** Trio. The headline act was the **[Bobby Hutcherson](/wiki/Bobby_Hutcherson \"Bobby Hutcherson\")** Quartet featuring [Tete Montoliu](/wiki/Tete_Montoliu \"Tete Montoliu\") and [Billy Higgins](/wiki/Billy_Higgins \"Billy Higgins\"), which was broadcast on BBC radio.",
"### 1984",
"**[Stan Tracey](/wiki/Stan_Tracey \"Stan Tracey\")** was back again with a quartet including his son [Clark Tracey](/wiki/Clark_Tracey \"Clark Tracey\") and saxophonist [Art Themen](/wiki/Art_Themen \"Art Themen\") performing his [Poet's Suite](/wiki/Poet%27s_Suite \"Poet's Suite\"). And [Elton Dean](/wiki/Elton_Dean \"Elton Dean\") was back again with a quintet. The Festival Commission that year was a piece by **[Trevor Watts](/wiki/Trevor_Watts \"Trevor Watts\")** 14\\-piece [Moire Music](/wiki/Moire_Music \"Moire Music\"). Other acts that year included the [European Jazz Ensemble](/wiki/European_Jazz_Ensemble \"European Jazz Ensemble\") featuring [Tony Oxley](/wiki/Tony_Oxley \"Tony Oxley\"), [Alan Skidmore](/wiki/Alan_Skidmore \"Alan Skidmore\"), [Gerd Dudek](/wiki/Gerd_Dudek \"Gerd Dudek\") and others; [Factory Records](/wiki/Factory_Records \"Factory Records\")' jazz\\-dance act [Kalima](/wiki/Kalima_%28band%29 \"Kalima (band)\"); and British fusion group Full Circle. Jazz tubist [John Bodwin](/wiki/John_Bodwin \"John Bodwin\") returned to play a short solo set.",
"### 1985",
"Acts included [Terry Day](/wiki/Terry_Day \"Terry Day\")'s [Kahondo Style](/wiki/Kahondo_Style \"Kahondo Style\").",
"### 1986",
"The headline act was trumpeter [Don Cherry](/wiki/Don_Cherry_%28jazz%29 \"Don Cherry (jazz)\"), this time his set, with his group \"Nu\" including [Mark Helias](/wiki/Mark_Helias \"Mark Helias\"), [Carlos Ward](/wiki/Carlos_Ward \"Carlos Ward\") and [Nana Vasconcelos](/wiki/Nana_Vasconcelos \"Nana Vasconcelos\") was recorded and later released on BBC records. Other acts included guitarist [Billy Jenkins](/wiki/Billy_Jenkins_%28musician%29 \"Billy Jenkins (musician)\"), who would return the following year.",
"### 1987",
"Acts included: **[In Cahoots](/wiki/In_Cahoots \"In Cahoots\")** featuring [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury \"Canterbury\") music legends [Phil Miller](/wiki/Phil_Miller \"Phil Miller\"), **[Hugh Hopper](/wiki/Hugh_Hopper \"Hugh Hopper\")**, [Pip Pyle](/wiki/Pip_Pyle \"Pip Pyle\") and [Elton Dean](/wiki/Elton_Dean \"Elton Dean\"); The [Michael Gibbs](/wiki/Michael_Gibbs_%28jazz_composer%29 \"Michael Gibbs (jazz composer)\") Orchestra including trumpeter [Ian Carr](/wiki/Ian_Carr \"Ian Carr\"); and [John Bodwin](/wiki/John_Bodwin \"John Bodwin\"), in what was one of his last public performances. Headliners were The **[George Russell](/wiki/George_Russell_%28composer%29 \"George Russell (composer)\")** Orchestra.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 1839, thirteen\-year\-old Emmeline Mosher lives on a farm with her family in [Fayette, Maine](/wiki/Fayette%2C_Maine "Fayette, Maine"). Times are hard, so when Emmeline's paternal aunt suggests that she go to [Lowell, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts "Lowell, Massachusetts") to support her family by working in a textile mill, Emmeline dutifully leaves home.
When she arrives in Lowell, she is sent to live in a boarding house for young female mill\-workers. Emmeline is a good worker. However, she is unable to befriend any of the other girls (because of being a favorite of Mrs. Bass) who look down on her due to her country ways and her relative youth. The lonely young girl is easily seduced by the factory owner's daughter's Irish\-born husband and becomes pregnant. She is not immediately aware of her condition, but others are: the mill expels her and the embarrassed boarding\-house landlady contacts Emmeline's aunt, who lives in the neighboring town of [Lynn, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lynn%2C_Massachusetts "Lynn, Massachusetts"), and evicts the girl.
Fearful of Emmeline's parents' reaction, Emmeline's aunt and uncle help her conceal her pregnancy. They send letters and Emmeline's savings, which they pass off as her regular salary, to her parents. They also arrange to have Emmeline's baby adopted. Emmeline imagines she will have a girl, and gives birth to what she believes is a girl; her aunt refuses to let her see the child or even know its gender, believing that Emmeline can more easily give up the child and recuperate from her ordeal. Soon after giving birth, Emmeline returns to Maine.
Part two of the book picks up more than 20 years later. Despite numerous proposals, a middle\-aged Emmeline has never married and cares for her parents, but her father still encourages her to marry. She has a circle of friends, socializing primarily with two sisters of a widower who proposes marriage to her. One day, itinerant worker Matthew Gurney rolls into town. He and Emmeline share a strong immediate attraction. Matthew proposes to her and Emmeline eagerly accepts. They marry, with Emmeline wearing her sister\-in\-law's wedding dress, and move into a house that they build themselves.
When Emmeline's aunt visits after the wedding, she instantly recognizes Matthew and forces him to admit that he is 21 years old, not 26 as he originally claimed. At that moment, Emmeline realizes that she gave birth to a boy, not a girl, and that she has married her son. Her aunt tells her father, who immediately disowns her. Word quickly spreads throughout town. Matthew deserts Emmeline, who is soon excommunicated by the preacher at her church and encouraged to leave town.
Emmeline spends the rest of her long life on the fringes of the town, ignored by all. She tries to subsist on what she can grow herself. Neglected as an old woman, she dies during a particularly harsh winter.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 1839, thirteen\\-year\\-old Emmeline Mosher lives on a farm with her family in [Fayette, Maine](/wiki/Fayette%2C_Maine \"Fayette, Maine\"). Times are hard, so when Emmeline's paternal aunt suggests that she go to [Lowell, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts \"Lowell, Massachusetts\") to support her family by working in a textile mill, Emmeline dutifully leaves home.",
"When she arrives in Lowell, she is sent to live in a boarding house for young female mill\\-workers. Emmeline is a good worker. However, she is unable to befriend any of the other girls (because of being a favorite of Mrs. Bass) who look down on her due to her country ways and her relative youth. The lonely young girl is easily seduced by the factory owner's daughter's Irish\\-born husband and becomes pregnant. She is not immediately aware of her condition, but others are: the mill expels her and the embarrassed boarding\\-house landlady contacts Emmeline's aunt, who lives in the neighboring town of [Lynn, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lynn%2C_Massachusetts \"Lynn, Massachusetts\"), and evicts the girl.",
"Fearful of Emmeline's parents' reaction, Emmeline's aunt and uncle help her conceal her pregnancy. They send letters and Emmeline's savings, which they pass off as her regular salary, to her parents. They also arrange to have Emmeline's baby adopted. Emmeline imagines she will have a girl, and gives birth to what she believes is a girl; her aunt refuses to let her see the child or even know its gender, believing that Emmeline can more easily give up the child and recuperate from her ordeal. Soon after giving birth, Emmeline returns to Maine.",
"Part two of the book picks up more than 20 years later. Despite numerous proposals, a middle\\-aged Emmeline has never married and cares for her parents, but her father still encourages her to marry. She has a circle of friends, socializing primarily with two sisters of a widower who proposes marriage to her. One day, itinerant worker Matthew Gurney rolls into town. He and Emmeline share a strong immediate attraction. Matthew proposes to her and Emmeline eagerly accepts. They marry, with Emmeline wearing her sister\\-in\\-law's wedding dress, and move into a house that they build themselves.",
"When Emmeline's aunt visits after the wedding, she instantly recognizes Matthew and forces him to admit that he is 21 years old, not 26 as he originally claimed. At that moment, Emmeline realizes that she gave birth to a boy, not a girl, and that she has married her son. Her aunt tells her father, who immediately disowns her. Word quickly spreads throughout town. Matthew deserts Emmeline, who is soon excommunicated by the preacher at her church and encouraged to leave town.",
"Emmeline spends the rest of her long life on the fringes of the town, ignored by all. She tries to subsist on what she can grow herself. Neglected as an old woman, she dies during a particularly harsh winter.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Born as Prince Siddhartha in the 6th century BC, after years of waiting and yearning, on a full moon night, to his parents King Shuddhodana and Queen Mahamaya, he was a unique child, even at birth. Carrying the 32 signs of greatness and predicted to be the savior of humankind by some, and a mighty king of kings by others, Siddhartha proved both the prophecies to be true.
In his growing years, he was the ideal warrior prince, the pride of his father’s eyes and later to his lovely wife Yashodhara, he was the devoted and sensitive husband that all women dream of, but few are blessed with. Despite his father’s extreme protection of him from seeing suffering of any kind, lest he move towards fulfilling the latter prophecy of him being a thinker and philosopher, even as a child, Siddhartha, by his very nature, ever\-questioned and pondered about all phenomena around him.
Siddhartha wondered about all things\- from social to physical and natural to man\-made, and he was hugely compassionate and uncompetitive by nature. Siddhartha’s questions were not born out of the natural curiosity of a young boy about the world around, but of a deeply rational yet philosophical concern for the state of the world that he saw around him, and his devastation was compounded in his youth when the wall of protection from seeing suffering that his father had built around him, crumbled.
Samadhi was an enlightenment, that shone not only his path on earth, but also showed the way forward for all mankind, that would illuminate the world with his teachings for thousands of years to come, as it gave birth to the Buddha\-a word that today symbolizes truth, peace, love, compassion and righteousness that he stood for, like no other. It is no wonder then that there is a revival of the relevance of Buddha’s teachings and beliefs in the modern world.
Most of the early episodes in the series center around the plotting of Dronadhan, Mangala, and Devadatta – the uncle, aunt, and cousin (brother) of Siddhartha – to undermine King Shuddhodana and kill Siddhartha. Their plots always fail, and the goodness of Siddhartha always wins and grows. Much of this drama as shown in the series is not actually part of the Buddha historical writings. Though Devadatta did have a rivalry with Siddhartha, it wasn't to the extent as shown in the series, where Devadatta and his parents abuse and kill numerous people. The series also shows an extreme rivalry between Siddhartha and Devadatta for the hand in marriage of Yashodhara, even to the point of a fighting contest to determine the best warrior. However, in genuine history, Yashodhara was actually Devadatta's sister. Still, the character of Siddhartha is dramatic and moving in many ways, and shows his deep respect for all life, whether it be a person, cheetah, duck, ant or scorpion, to whom he always shows forgiveness and mercy.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Born as Prince Siddhartha in the 6th century BC, after years of waiting and yearning, on a full moon night, to his parents King Shuddhodana and Queen Mahamaya, he was a unique child, even at birth. Carrying the 32 signs of greatness and predicted to be the savior of humankind by some, and a mighty king of kings by others, Siddhartha proved both the prophecies to be true.",
"In his growing years, he was the ideal warrior prince, the pride of his father’s eyes and later to his lovely wife Yashodhara, he was the devoted and sensitive husband that all women dream of, but few are blessed with. Despite his father’s extreme protection of him from seeing suffering of any kind, lest he move towards fulfilling the latter prophecy of him being a thinker and philosopher, even as a child, Siddhartha, by his very nature, ever\\-questioned and pondered about all phenomena around him.",
"Siddhartha wondered about all things\\- from social to physical and natural to man\\-made, and he was hugely compassionate and uncompetitive by nature. Siddhartha’s questions were not born out of the natural curiosity of a young boy about the world around, but of a deeply rational yet philosophical concern for the state of the world that he saw around him, and his devastation was compounded in his youth when the wall of protection from seeing suffering that his father had built around him, crumbled.",
"Samadhi was an enlightenment, that shone not only his path on earth, but also showed the way forward for all mankind, that would illuminate the world with his teachings for thousands of years to come, as it gave birth to the Buddha\\-a word that today symbolizes truth, peace, love, compassion and righteousness that he stood for, like no other. It is no wonder then that there is a revival of the relevance of Buddha’s teachings and beliefs in the modern world.",
"Most of the early episodes in the series center around the plotting of Dronadhan, Mangala, and Devadatta – the uncle, aunt, and cousin (brother) of Siddhartha – to undermine King Shuddhodana and kill Siddhartha. Their plots always fail, and the goodness of Siddhartha always wins and grows. Much of this drama as shown in the series is not actually part of the Buddha historical writings. Though Devadatta did have a rivalry with Siddhartha, it wasn't to the extent as shown in the series, where Devadatta and his parents abuse and kill numerous people. The series also shows an extreme rivalry between Siddhartha and Devadatta for the hand in marriage of Yashodhara, even to the point of a fighting contest to determine the best warrior. However, in genuine history, Yashodhara was actually Devadatta's sister. Still, the character of Siddhartha is dramatic and moving in many ways, and shows his deep respect for all life, whether it be a person, cheetah, duck, ant or scorpion, to whom he always shows forgiveness and mercy.",
""
] |
Episodes
--------
{{main\|List of Hunter episodes}}
{{:List of Hunter episodes}}
### Season one (1984–85\)
The show began in a Tuesday nighttime slot with the two\-part pilot episodes of *Hunter* initially broadcast in a time slot on a Friday night, competing for ratings against the popular *[Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%281978_TV_series%29 "Dallas (1978 TV series)")*. The show struggled to attract an audience and drew criticism for its often\-graphic depiction of violence. In the first season, the producers sought to create a hook by giving the main character a catchphrase, "Works for me", which was sometimes used two or three times in an episode and was even added to the end of [Mike Post](/wiki/Mike_Post "Mike Post") and [Pete Carpenter](/wiki/Pete_Carpenter "Pete Carpenter")'s opening theme music. Several early episodes featured montages set to popular songs from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, in a style similar to *[Miami Vice](/wiki/Miami_Vice "Miami Vice")*.
[right\|thumb\|250px\|[Fred Dryer](/wiki/Fred_Dryer "Fred Dryer") and [Stepfanie Kramer](/wiki/Stepfanie_Kramer "Stepfanie Kramer") in a 1988 promotional photo](/wiki/File:Hunter_Cast.jpg "Hunter Cast.jpg")
Midway through the first season, with low ratings still, Cannell gave network chief [Brandon Tartikoff](/wiki/Brandon_Tartikoff "Brandon Tartikoff") a private screening of a two\-part episode ("The Snow Queen") that had not yet aired and asked him to give the show more time to attract viewers. Tartikoff agreed and put the show on hiatus until a better time slot could be found. Two months later, *Hunter* resumed, this time on Saturday nights, and viewership slowly started to rise. The first season finished in 65th place.
### Season two (1985–86\)
For its second season, Cannell brought in his mentor, [Roy Huggins](/wiki/Roy_Huggins "Roy Huggins"), best known for his work on *[Maverick](/wiki/Maverick_%28TV_series%29 "Maverick (TV series)")* and *[The Rockford Files](/wiki/The_Rockford_Files "The Rockford Files")*, to refine the show. As the new executive producer, Huggins pushed up the violence but softened the main character's fractious relationship with his superiors, dropped a backstory concerning Hunter's family ties to the mob, and emphasized the chemistry between Hunter and McCall. Huggins also moved the show's setting out of the back streets and into the more desirable areas of Los Angeles. Emboldened, Dryer and Kramer frequently improvised the scripts, and the Hunter character broke the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall "Fourth wall") for the first time with an aside to viewers at the end of the episode "The Beautiful and the Dead".
Probably the most memorable aspect to the second season was the two\-part episode "Rape and Revenge", which may have drawn from some diplomatic\-immunity scandals that were prominent in the news. A psychopathic foreign diplomat meets McCall and wants to have a relationship with her, and after she declines, he brutally rapes her in her home. Hunter is badly shot in the shoulder and must recover quickly, then go to the diplomat's home country to dispense justice, Hunter\-style. This episode was considered very controversial for its realistic and shocking depiction of a violent rape, which was not common in TV shows at the time. Because of the controversial plot and acting, "Rape and Revenge" is one of the most remembered and popular episodes of the series.
Another important aspect to the second season was towards its end (in the episode "The Return of Typhoon Thompson"), when viewers were first introduced to Hunter and McCall's favorite street informant—the humorous Arnold "Sporty" James, played by [Garrett Morris](/wiki/Garrett_Morris "Garrett Morris").
Viewers also responded to Huggins' changes, and the show's second season ended in 38th place in the Nielsen ratings. *Hunter* continued this progress to become a mainstay of NBC's Saturday\-night schedule.
In syndication, the season\-two introduction was replaced by the season\-one introduction. The former showed Hunter entering a women's locker room in one scene, and McCall and him pointing their guns at each other with the bathroom light on in another scene.
### Season three (1986–87\)
Just before work on the third season began, Dryer threatened to quit unless his salary, reportedly US$21,000 per episode, was raised and creative changes were made. Cannell responded with a US$20 million breach\-of\-contract lawsuit. A compromise was reached, a new deal with Dryer reportedly earning US$50,000 per episode. The third season, again led by Huggins, added [Charles Hallahan](/wiki/Charles_Hallahan "Charles Hallahan") as Captain Charlie Devane, who remained Hunter and McCall's captain for the rest of the show, eventually included in the opening credits of the show and becoming one of the show's main stars (none of the previous captains in the series had achieved this). This was the show's first season in the top 30, coming in at 25th.
In the episode "Shades" (which was the season finale, but aired later in the summer, in July 1987\) when Hunter went missing, McCall teamed with a somewhat [ditzy](/wiki/wikt:Ditz "Ditz") [Columbo](/wiki/Columbo "Columbo")\-like Detective Sergeant Kitty O'Hearn ([Shelley Taylor Morgan](/wiki/Shelley_Taylor_Morgan "Shelley Taylor Morgan")). O'Hearn reappeared during the season\-four three\-part episode "City of Passion". Another remembered episode from season three was "Requiem For Sergeant McCall", which was a contradiction to a storyline from the beginning of the show. When the show first started, McCall's husband (Steven McCall) was supposedly killed five years before, in 1979, by a "punk" kid during a routine stop. At that time, Steven and Dee Dee were newly married and starting out as rookie uniform cops. However, in 1987, in "Requiem", just five years before (which would be around 1982 instead of 1979\), Steven was a homicide detective (while Dee Dee was still just a rookie) and he was working on a big murder case that resulted in him being killed. In "Requiem", Steven's killer is getting [paroled](/wiki/Parole "Parole"), and Dee Dee McCall is doing everything she can to get him back in prison—plus trying to solve the original murder case that her husband died trying to solve five years earlier.
Another notable episode was "Any Second Now", in which [Theresa Saldana](/wiki/Theresa_Saldana "Theresa Saldana") played a pianist being stalked by a psychotic fan. This was based on the real\-life incident Saldana herself was a victim of when she was stalked and brutally stabbed by Scottish immigrant and drifter, Arthur Richard Jackson, outside her Los Angeles home in 1982\. The violent attack later became the subject of the 1984 TV film, *[Victims for Victims: The Theresa Saldana Story](/wiki/Victims_for_Victims:The_Theresa_Saldana_Story "The Theresa Saldana Story")*, and Jackson was then extradited to England to be tried for a 1966 robbery and murder. He was committed to a psychiatric hospital and remained there until 2004 when he died of heart failure.
### Season four (1987–88\)
Huggins retired at the end of the fourth season, which placed 18th in the Nielsen ratings. A three\-part storyline, "City of Passion", teamed Hunter and Dee Dee with Sergeant Kitty O'Hearn ([Shelley Taylor Morgan](/wiki/Shelley_Taylor_Morgan "Shelley Taylor Morgan")) and her new partner, Sergeant Brad Navarro ([Erik Estrada](/wiki/Erik_Estrada "Erik Estrada")). Together, they captured the serial rapist called Big Foot. Originally, the plot of "City of Passion" involved McCall getting raped again—this time by Big Foot, and she had to deal with the pain and emotions as she did in the second season's "Rape and Revenge". However, Stepfanie Kramer immediately balked at this and argued the rape idea had already been done, and to repeat it, as well as having her character put in a situation to get raped again, was ridiculous. Kramer threatened to quit unless the script was changed. Producers and writers agreed, and a compromise was made: Big Foot attacked and attempted to rape McCall, but she fought him and prevented the rape.
Also known as one of the more memorable episodes for fourth season was "The Black Dahlia". The real\-life infamous unsolved [Black Dahlia](/wiki/Black_Dahlia "Black Dahlia") LA murder case from 1947 is thrust back into headlines as bones with identical cuts to the historical case are discovered under an old building being demolished. In the episode, Hunter and McCall solve the famous murder case 41 years to the day (1947–88\) as the episode aired on the anniversary date of the real\-life murder. As a special message at the end states, the real\-life case is still open, and the real killer has never been found.
The episode "Murder He Wrote" was a play on words with the show *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote "Murder, She Wrote")* which was on CBS at the time. In fact, actress [Marge Redmond](/wiki/Marge_Redmond "Marge Redmond") was similar looking to [Angela Lansbury](/wiki/Angela_Lansbury "Angela Lansbury") in the episode, which led to a funny exchange between Hunter and McCall in one scene where Redmond's character "looked familiar".
Opening Credits changed, most notably removal of the gun and car "action" clips used in previous seasons. This reflected a change in the format where the frequent car chases and shootouts from the first three seasons were dropped and the show became more of a standard police procedural, with only occasional action scenes.
### Season five (1988–89\)
For the fifth season, [George Geiger](/wiki/George_Geiger_%28producer%29 "George Geiger (producer)") took on the role of executive producer, having worked in the same capacity on *[Scarecrow and Mrs. King](/wiki/Scarecrow_and_Mrs._King "Scarecrow and Mrs. King")*, as well as a brief stint as co\-executive producer on *Miami Vice*. In the first four seasons, Hunter and McCall typically worked on cases together, allowing the producers to showcase the chemistry between the actors, but the fifth season increasingly had them working apart, ostensibly to lessen the workload of Dryer and Kramer and to allow richer, more complex stories. So instead of jeans and an old sports jacket, Hunter often was seen in a full suit and tie.
One of the most memorable episodes of the fifth season was the special three\-part episode "City Under Siege", which had a special introduction for each of the three parts. It dealt with a psychotic woman named Iris Smith ([Cec Verrell](/wiki/Cec_Verrell "Cec Verrell")) and her crazy boyfriend, Billy Joe Powell ([Daniel Quinn](/wiki/Daniel_Quinn "Daniel Quinn")), who terrorized the city of Los Angeles, committing multiple murders against people who the woman felt had "wronged" her in some way.
Hunter was one of the intended victims, having arrested Billy Joe years earlier for a series of murders in which he killed his female victims with a straight razor. One sub\-plot focused on the huge crime spree throughout the city and the pressure the police department was under to get it under control. Another sub\-plot involved a corrupt Deputy Chief named Curtis Moorehead ([Robert Vaughn](/wiki/Robert_Vaughn "Robert Vaughn")), who continually hamstrung the entire police department's efforts to find Iris and Billy Joe in order to further his own ends.
Further compounding the problem was Jack Small ([James Sikking](/wiki/James_Sikking "James Sikking")), a local resident who aggressively took the law into his own hands to combat the local crime wave, earning him a reputation in his neighborhood as an urban vigilante. He had a teenage daughter, Debbie ([Brynn Horrocks](/wiki/Brynn_Horrocks "Brynn Horrocks")) who was a good\-hearted but troubled young woman whom McCall befriended while she was working undercover at her high school investigating the murder of one of the teachers named Sandra Clemens. Sandra was Iris' old teacher whom she had a grudge against for stopping her from stealing lunch money from a fellow student. Another subplot of the story revolved around Johnny Youngblood ([Craig Hurley](/wiki/Craig_Hurley "Craig Hurley")), a mover and shaker at the school who dealt in various shady enterprises. Also appearing in a guest\-starring role was real\-life journalist, [Saida Pagan](/wiki/Saida_Pagan "Saida Pagan") as television reporter, Saida Rodrigues Pagan. In part two, [Laurelle Brooks](/wiki/Laurelle_Mehus "Laurelle Mehus") guest\-starred as Allison, a naive high\-school cheerleader who falls under Johnny's charms and unknown to her, make a videotape of them having sex. At the end of the episode, statistics were presented showing a reduction of crime in Los Angeles that year. The fifth season placed 17th in the Nielsen ratings.
In the episode "Shoot to Kill", Hunter helps McCall get back on active duty after an IA investigation. Hunter jokes about "returning the favor". McCall winks, smiles and asks Hunter to "follow her". As Hunter walks behind her he looks right into the camera and says "After all this time, it was bound to happen eventually." It's not proven whether they did sleep together here, but in the Season 6 episode "Unfinished Business" it's confirmed they did at least once but based on the timeline in the episode it would have happened in season 3, not season 5\.
Uniformed officers costumes changed, dropping the Metro Police shoulder patch of previous four seasons, leaving the uniforms looking more the real LAPD. Door shields on patrol cars also changed to look like those of LAPD.
### Season six (1989–90\)
By the sixth season, Dryer's growing influence had won him the role of executive producer. Probably the most remembered episode of the sixth season was "Unfinished Business". During this episode, the audience learns that Hunter and McCall had actually once slept together, causing a rift in their working relationship. Fred Dryer stated that this episode was filmed to try to appease fans and the network, who were constantly wanting Hunter and McCall to get together. However, Fred Dryer and Stepfanie Kramer stated they did not want that to happen, because once it did, *Hunter* would become *Hart to Hart*.
Another memorable episode this season was "Yesterday's Child". In this episode, a Vietnamese man visits Hunter and pleads with him to take on the case of a robbery and murder at an upscale car dealership, of which his son was the main suspect. Over the course of the conversation, Hunter discovers that the 17\-year\-old suspect was actually his own son. The boy is revealed to be the product of a relationship Hunter had with a woman while he was in Vietnam.
Also for this season, homicide was moved to the more updated Parker Center, instead of the old downtown division building. However, at the end of the sixth season, which placed 26th in the Nielsen ratings, Stepfanie Kramer decided to leave the series to pursue a career in music. Kramer's character was written out in the season's two\-part finale showing the McCall character marrying an old flame and moving out of Los Angeles.
### Season seven (1990–91\)
For the seventh and final season, NBC shifted the show to 10 pm on Wednesdays. A new female co\-star, [Darlanne Fluegel](/wiki/Darlanne_Fluegel "Darlanne Fluegel") as Officer Joanne Molenski, was brought in. However, she reportedly had creative differences with Fred Dryer, and halfway through the season, she decided she wanted out. Her character was murdered by a female serial killer in the two\-part episode "Fatal Obsession". Her replacement for the second half of the season was [Lauren Lane](/wiki/Lauren_Lane "Lauren Lane") as Sergeant Chris Novak, supposedly a former girlfriend of Hunter's. Hunter's signature unmarked vehicle, a moss green 1977 [Dodge Monaco](/wiki/Dodge_Monaco "Dodge Monaco"), was also finally replaced (after an accident with Molenski's cruiser in the season's first episode) by an updated new silver 1990 [Ford LTD Crown Victoria](/wiki/Ford_LTD_Crown_Victoria "Ford LTD Crown Victoria"). Hunter was now also back to wearing jeans and a shirt. Also, for the first time (aside from the sixth\-season finale), Hunter made sporadic appearances in uniform.
However, the new partners and changes did little to boost ratings (47th in the Nielsen standings). A salary dispute involving Dryer led to the show being discontinued at the end of the season.Beck and Stacy Jenel Smith, M. (1991, May 22\). SILVERMAN THROWN BY 'MATLOCK' SHELVING. Daily News of Los Angeles (CA), p. L17\. Available from NewsBank: Access World News: [https://infoweb\-newsbank\-com.ccclez.idm.oclc.org/apps/news/document\-view?p\=AWNB\&docref\=news/0EF612B101985E14](https://infoweb-newsbank-com.ccclez.idm.oclc.org/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EF612B101985E14).
### Reunions and revivals
Four years after the original series ended, a reunion NBC TV movie, *The Return of Hunter: Everyone Walks in L.A.*, had Dryer and Charles Hallahan reprise their roles as Rick Hunter and Charlie Devane. Hunter had now also been promoted to lieutenant. Airing on April 30, 1995,{{cite news\|url\=https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets\-festivals/hunter\-chases\-o\-j\-99128323/\|title\='HUNTER' CHASES O.J.\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=March 26, 1995\|author\=Variety Staff\|access\-date\=December 3, 2023}} the movie seemed to take the *[Dirty Harry](/wiki/Dirty_Harry "Dirty Harry")* idea as the plot—a psycho wants fame and/or to be noticed and begins terrorizing the city to gain media attention. Along the way, he becomes infatuated with attention from Hunter, eventually wanting to kill him. Stepfanie Kramer, pregnant at the time, did not reprise her role as Dee Dee McCall. The TV\-movie co\-starred [Barry Bostwick](/wiki/Barry_Bostwick "Barry Bostwick"), [Miguel Ferrer](/wiki/Miguel_Ferrer "Miguel Ferrer"), and [John C. McGinley](/wiki/John_C._McGinley "John C. McGinley").
Seven years later in November 2002, 11 years after the original series ended, the reunion TV movie *Hunter: Return to Justice* made its premiere to strong ratings. This time, Stepfanie Kramer returned to her role as McCall, and the show's setting switched from Los Angeles to [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego")—as Hunter's current L.A. partner is killed in the line of duty.
Given the success of the TV movie, Cannell, Dryer, and NBC attempted to bring back *Hunter* as a regular series: the April 2003 airing of another TV movie, *Hunter: Back in Force*, served as the pilot for the new series. The network decided to broadcast three new one\-hour episodes of *Hunter* ("Vaya Sin Dios", "Untouchable", and "Dead Heat"). Another two episodes were filmed (as originally five episodes were to be aired), but never shown in the U.S, as NBC decided to cancel the new series. Fred Dryer later cited "creative difficulties" and budget constraints as the reasons for the revival's unexpected end.
|
[
"Episodes\n--------",
"{{main\\|List of Hunter episodes}}\n{{:List of Hunter episodes}}",
"### Season one (1984–85\\)",
"The show began in a Tuesday nighttime slot with the two\\-part pilot episodes of *Hunter* initially broadcast in a time slot on a Friday night, competing for ratings against the popular *[Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%281978_TV_series%29 \"Dallas (1978 TV series)\")*. The show struggled to attract an audience and drew criticism for its often\\-graphic depiction of violence. In the first season, the producers sought to create a hook by giving the main character a catchphrase, \"Works for me\", which was sometimes used two or three times in an episode and was even added to the end of [Mike Post](/wiki/Mike_Post \"Mike Post\") and [Pete Carpenter](/wiki/Pete_Carpenter \"Pete Carpenter\")'s opening theme music. Several early episodes featured montages set to popular songs from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, in a style similar to *[Miami Vice](/wiki/Miami_Vice \"Miami Vice\")*.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|[Fred Dryer](/wiki/Fred_Dryer \"Fred Dryer\") and [Stepfanie Kramer](/wiki/Stepfanie_Kramer \"Stepfanie Kramer\") in a 1988 promotional photo](/wiki/File:Hunter_Cast.jpg \"Hunter Cast.jpg\")\nMidway through the first season, with low ratings still, Cannell gave network chief [Brandon Tartikoff](/wiki/Brandon_Tartikoff \"Brandon Tartikoff\") a private screening of a two\\-part episode (\"The Snow Queen\") that had not yet aired and asked him to give the show more time to attract viewers. Tartikoff agreed and put the show on hiatus until a better time slot could be found. Two months later, *Hunter* resumed, this time on Saturday nights, and viewership slowly started to rise. The first season finished in 65th place.",
"### Season two (1985–86\\)",
"For its second season, Cannell brought in his mentor, [Roy Huggins](/wiki/Roy_Huggins \"Roy Huggins\"), best known for his work on *[Maverick](/wiki/Maverick_%28TV_series%29 \"Maverick (TV series)\")* and *[The Rockford Files](/wiki/The_Rockford_Files \"The Rockford Files\")*, to refine the show. As the new executive producer, Huggins pushed up the violence but softened the main character's fractious relationship with his superiors, dropped a backstory concerning Hunter's family ties to the mob, and emphasized the chemistry between Hunter and McCall. Huggins also moved the show's setting out of the back streets and into the more desirable areas of Los Angeles. Emboldened, Dryer and Kramer frequently improvised the scripts, and the Hunter character broke the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall \"Fourth wall\") for the first time with an aside to viewers at the end of the episode \"The Beautiful and the Dead\".",
"Probably the most memorable aspect to the second season was the two\\-part episode \"Rape and Revenge\", which may have drawn from some diplomatic\\-immunity scandals that were prominent in the news. A psychopathic foreign diplomat meets McCall and wants to have a relationship with her, and after she declines, he brutally rapes her in her home. Hunter is badly shot in the shoulder and must recover quickly, then go to the diplomat's home country to dispense justice, Hunter\\-style. This episode was considered very controversial for its realistic and shocking depiction of a violent rape, which was not common in TV shows at the time. Because of the controversial plot and acting, \"Rape and Revenge\" is one of the most remembered and popular episodes of the series.",
"Another important aspect to the second season was towards its end (in the episode \"The Return of Typhoon Thompson\"), when viewers were first introduced to Hunter and McCall's favorite street informant—the humorous Arnold \"Sporty\" James, played by [Garrett Morris](/wiki/Garrett_Morris \"Garrett Morris\").",
"Viewers also responded to Huggins' changes, and the show's second season ended in 38th place in the Nielsen ratings. *Hunter* continued this progress to become a mainstay of NBC's Saturday\\-night schedule.",
"In syndication, the season\\-two introduction was replaced by the season\\-one introduction. The former showed Hunter entering a women's locker room in one scene, and McCall and him pointing their guns at each other with the bathroom light on in another scene.",
"### Season three (1986–87\\)",
"Just before work on the third season began, Dryer threatened to quit unless his salary, reportedly US$21,000 per episode, was raised and creative changes were made. Cannell responded with a US$20 million breach\\-of\\-contract lawsuit. A compromise was reached, a new deal with Dryer reportedly earning US$50,000 per episode. The third season, again led by Huggins, added [Charles Hallahan](/wiki/Charles_Hallahan \"Charles Hallahan\") as Captain Charlie Devane, who remained Hunter and McCall's captain for the rest of the show, eventually included in the opening credits of the show and becoming one of the show's main stars (none of the previous captains in the series had achieved this). This was the show's first season in the top 30, coming in at 25th.",
"In the episode \"Shades\" (which was the season finale, but aired later in the summer, in July 1987\\) when Hunter went missing, McCall teamed with a somewhat [ditzy](/wiki/wikt:Ditz \"Ditz\") [Columbo](/wiki/Columbo \"Columbo\")\\-like Detective Sergeant Kitty O'Hearn ([Shelley Taylor Morgan](/wiki/Shelley_Taylor_Morgan \"Shelley Taylor Morgan\")). O'Hearn reappeared during the season\\-four three\\-part episode \"City of Passion\". Another remembered episode from season three was \"Requiem For Sergeant McCall\", which was a contradiction to a storyline from the beginning of the show. When the show first started, McCall's husband (Steven McCall) was supposedly killed five years before, in 1979, by a \"punk\" kid during a routine stop. At that time, Steven and Dee Dee were newly married and starting out as rookie uniform cops. However, in 1987, in \"Requiem\", just five years before (which would be around 1982 instead of 1979\\), Steven was a homicide detective (while Dee Dee was still just a rookie) and he was working on a big murder case that resulted in him being killed. In \"Requiem\", Steven's killer is getting [paroled](/wiki/Parole \"Parole\"), and Dee Dee McCall is doing everything she can to get him back in prison—plus trying to solve the original murder case that her husband died trying to solve five years earlier.",
"Another notable episode was \"Any Second Now\", in which [Theresa Saldana](/wiki/Theresa_Saldana \"Theresa Saldana\") played a pianist being stalked by a psychotic fan. This was based on the real\\-life incident Saldana herself was a victim of when she was stalked and brutally stabbed by Scottish immigrant and drifter, Arthur Richard Jackson, outside her Los Angeles home in 1982\\. The violent attack later became the subject of the 1984 TV film, *[Victims for Victims: The Theresa Saldana Story](/wiki/Victims_for_Victims:The_Theresa_Saldana_Story \"The Theresa Saldana Story\")*, and Jackson was then extradited to England to be tried for a 1966 robbery and murder. He was committed to a psychiatric hospital and remained there until 2004 when he died of heart failure.",
"### Season four (1987–88\\)",
"Huggins retired at the end of the fourth season, which placed 18th in the Nielsen ratings. A three\\-part storyline, \"City of Passion\", teamed Hunter and Dee Dee with Sergeant Kitty O'Hearn ([Shelley Taylor Morgan](/wiki/Shelley_Taylor_Morgan \"Shelley Taylor Morgan\")) and her new partner, Sergeant Brad Navarro ([Erik Estrada](/wiki/Erik_Estrada \"Erik Estrada\")). Together, they captured the serial rapist called Big Foot. Originally, the plot of \"City of Passion\" involved McCall getting raped again—this time by Big Foot, and she had to deal with the pain and emotions as she did in the second season's \"Rape and Revenge\". However, Stepfanie Kramer immediately balked at this and argued the rape idea had already been done, and to repeat it, as well as having her character put in a situation to get raped again, was ridiculous. Kramer threatened to quit unless the script was changed. Producers and writers agreed, and a compromise was made: Big Foot attacked and attempted to rape McCall, but she fought him and prevented the rape.",
"Also known as one of the more memorable episodes for fourth season was \"The Black Dahlia\". The real\\-life infamous unsolved [Black Dahlia](/wiki/Black_Dahlia \"Black Dahlia\") LA murder case from 1947 is thrust back into headlines as bones with identical cuts to the historical case are discovered under an old building being demolished. In the episode, Hunter and McCall solve the famous murder case 41 years to the day (1947–88\\) as the episode aired on the anniversary date of the real\\-life murder. As a special message at the end states, the real\\-life case is still open, and the real killer has never been found.",
"The episode \"Murder He Wrote\" was a play on words with the show *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote \"Murder, She Wrote\")* which was on CBS at the time. In fact, actress [Marge Redmond](/wiki/Marge_Redmond \"Marge Redmond\") was similar looking to [Angela Lansbury](/wiki/Angela_Lansbury \"Angela Lansbury\") in the episode, which led to a funny exchange between Hunter and McCall in one scene where Redmond's character \"looked familiar\".",
"Opening Credits changed, most notably removal of the gun and car \"action\" clips used in previous seasons. This reflected a change in the format where the frequent car chases and shootouts from the first three seasons were dropped and the show became more of a standard police procedural, with only occasional action scenes.",
"### Season five (1988–89\\)",
"For the fifth season, [George Geiger](/wiki/George_Geiger_%28producer%29 \"George Geiger (producer)\") took on the role of executive producer, having worked in the same capacity on *[Scarecrow and Mrs. King](/wiki/Scarecrow_and_Mrs._King \"Scarecrow and Mrs. King\")*, as well as a brief stint as co\\-executive producer on *Miami Vice*. In the first four seasons, Hunter and McCall typically worked on cases together, allowing the producers to showcase the chemistry between the actors, but the fifth season increasingly had them working apart, ostensibly to lessen the workload of Dryer and Kramer and to allow richer, more complex stories. So instead of jeans and an old sports jacket, Hunter often was seen in a full suit and tie.",
"One of the most memorable episodes of the fifth season was the special three\\-part episode \"City Under Siege\", which had a special introduction for each of the three parts. It dealt with a psychotic woman named Iris Smith ([Cec Verrell](/wiki/Cec_Verrell \"Cec Verrell\")) and her crazy boyfriend, Billy Joe Powell ([Daniel Quinn](/wiki/Daniel_Quinn \"Daniel Quinn\")), who terrorized the city of Los Angeles, committing multiple murders against people who the woman felt had \"wronged\" her in some way.",
"Hunter was one of the intended victims, having arrested Billy Joe years earlier for a series of murders in which he killed his female victims with a straight razor. One sub\\-plot focused on the huge crime spree throughout the city and the pressure the police department was under to get it under control. Another sub\\-plot involved a corrupt Deputy Chief named Curtis Moorehead ([Robert Vaughn](/wiki/Robert_Vaughn \"Robert Vaughn\")), who continually hamstrung the entire police department's efforts to find Iris and Billy Joe in order to further his own ends.",
"Further compounding the problem was Jack Small ([James Sikking](/wiki/James_Sikking \"James Sikking\")), a local resident who aggressively took the law into his own hands to combat the local crime wave, earning him a reputation in his neighborhood as an urban vigilante. He had a teenage daughter, Debbie ([Brynn Horrocks](/wiki/Brynn_Horrocks \"Brynn Horrocks\")) who was a good\\-hearted but troubled young woman whom McCall befriended while she was working undercover at her high school investigating the murder of one of the teachers named Sandra Clemens. Sandra was Iris' old teacher whom she had a grudge against for stopping her from stealing lunch money from a fellow student. Another subplot of the story revolved around Johnny Youngblood ([Craig Hurley](/wiki/Craig_Hurley \"Craig Hurley\")), a mover and shaker at the school who dealt in various shady enterprises. Also appearing in a guest\\-starring role was real\\-life journalist, [Saida Pagan](/wiki/Saida_Pagan \"Saida Pagan\") as television reporter, Saida Rodrigues Pagan. In part two, [Laurelle Brooks](/wiki/Laurelle_Mehus \"Laurelle Mehus\") guest\\-starred as Allison, a naive high\\-school cheerleader who falls under Johnny's charms and unknown to her, make a videotape of them having sex. At the end of the episode, statistics were presented showing a reduction of crime in Los Angeles that year. The fifth season placed 17th in the Nielsen ratings.",
"In the episode \"Shoot to Kill\", Hunter helps McCall get back on active duty after an IA investigation. Hunter jokes about \"returning the favor\". McCall winks, smiles and asks Hunter to \"follow her\". As Hunter walks behind her he looks right into the camera and says \"After all this time, it was bound to happen eventually.\" It's not proven whether they did sleep together here, but in the Season 6 episode \"Unfinished Business\" it's confirmed they did at least once but based on the timeline in the episode it would have happened in season 3, not season 5\\.",
"Uniformed officers costumes changed, dropping the Metro Police shoulder patch of previous four seasons, leaving the uniforms looking more the real LAPD. Door shields on patrol cars also changed to look like those of LAPD.",
"### Season six (1989–90\\)",
"By the sixth season, Dryer's growing influence had won him the role of executive producer. Probably the most remembered episode of the sixth season was \"Unfinished Business\". During this episode, the audience learns that Hunter and McCall had actually once slept together, causing a rift in their working relationship. Fred Dryer stated that this episode was filmed to try to appease fans and the network, who were constantly wanting Hunter and McCall to get together. However, Fred Dryer and Stepfanie Kramer stated they did not want that to happen, because once it did, *Hunter* would become *Hart to Hart*.",
"Another memorable episode this season was \"Yesterday's Child\". In this episode, a Vietnamese man visits Hunter and pleads with him to take on the case of a robbery and murder at an upscale car dealership, of which his son was the main suspect. Over the course of the conversation, Hunter discovers that the 17\\-year\\-old suspect was actually his own son. The boy is revealed to be the product of a relationship Hunter had with a woman while he was in Vietnam.",
"Also for this season, homicide was moved to the more updated Parker Center, instead of the old downtown division building. However, at the end of the sixth season, which placed 26th in the Nielsen ratings, Stepfanie Kramer decided to leave the series to pursue a career in music. Kramer's character was written out in the season's two\\-part finale showing the McCall character marrying an old flame and moving out of Los Angeles.",
"### Season seven (1990–91\\)",
"For the seventh and final season, NBC shifted the show to 10 pm on Wednesdays. A new female co\\-star, [Darlanne Fluegel](/wiki/Darlanne_Fluegel \"Darlanne Fluegel\") as Officer Joanne Molenski, was brought in. However, she reportedly had creative differences with Fred Dryer, and halfway through the season, she decided she wanted out. Her character was murdered by a female serial killer in the two\\-part episode \"Fatal Obsession\". Her replacement for the second half of the season was [Lauren Lane](/wiki/Lauren_Lane \"Lauren Lane\") as Sergeant Chris Novak, supposedly a former girlfriend of Hunter's. Hunter's signature unmarked vehicle, a moss green 1977 [Dodge Monaco](/wiki/Dodge_Monaco \"Dodge Monaco\"), was also finally replaced (after an accident with Molenski's cruiser in the season's first episode) by an updated new silver 1990 [Ford LTD Crown Victoria](/wiki/Ford_LTD_Crown_Victoria \"Ford LTD Crown Victoria\"). Hunter was now also back to wearing jeans and a shirt. Also, for the first time (aside from the sixth\\-season finale), Hunter made sporadic appearances in uniform.",
"However, the new partners and changes did little to boost ratings (47th in the Nielsen standings). A salary dispute involving Dryer led to the show being discontinued at the end of the season.Beck and Stacy Jenel Smith, M. (1991, May 22\\). SILVERMAN THROWN BY 'MATLOCK' SHELVING. Daily News of Los Angeles (CA), p. L17\\. Available from NewsBank: Access World News: [https://infoweb\\-newsbank\\-com.ccclez.idm.oclc.org/apps/news/document\\-view?p\\=AWNB\\&docref\\=news/0EF612B101985E14](https://infoweb-newsbank-com.ccclez.idm.oclc.org/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EF612B101985E14).",
"### Reunions and revivals",
"Four years after the original series ended, a reunion NBC TV movie, *The Return of Hunter: Everyone Walks in L.A.*, had Dryer and Charles Hallahan reprise their roles as Rick Hunter and Charlie Devane. Hunter had now also been promoted to lieutenant. Airing on April 30, 1995,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets\\-festivals/hunter\\-chases\\-o\\-j\\-99128323/\\|title\\='HUNTER' CHASES O.J.\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=March 26, 1995\\|author\\=Variety Staff\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2023}} the movie seemed to take the *[Dirty Harry](/wiki/Dirty_Harry \"Dirty Harry\")* idea as the plot—a psycho wants fame and/or to be noticed and begins terrorizing the city to gain media attention. Along the way, he becomes infatuated with attention from Hunter, eventually wanting to kill him. Stepfanie Kramer, pregnant at the time, did not reprise her role as Dee Dee McCall. The TV\\-movie co\\-starred [Barry Bostwick](/wiki/Barry_Bostwick \"Barry Bostwick\"), [Miguel Ferrer](/wiki/Miguel_Ferrer \"Miguel Ferrer\"), and [John C. McGinley](/wiki/John_C._McGinley \"John C. McGinley\").",
"Seven years later in November 2002, 11 years after the original series ended, the reunion TV movie *Hunter: Return to Justice* made its premiere to strong ratings. This time, Stepfanie Kramer returned to her role as McCall, and the show's setting switched from Los Angeles to [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\")—as Hunter's current L.A. partner is killed in the line of duty.",
"Given the success of the TV movie, Cannell, Dryer, and NBC attempted to bring back *Hunter* as a regular series: the April 2003 airing of another TV movie, *Hunter: Back in Force*, served as the pilot for the new series. The network decided to broadcast three new one\\-hour episodes of *Hunter* (\"Vaya Sin Dios\", \"Untouchable\", and \"Dead Heat\"). Another two episodes were filmed (as originally five episodes were to be aired), but never shown in the U.S, as NBC decided to cancel the new series. Fred Dryer later cited \"creative difficulties\" and budget constraints as the reasons for the revival's unexpected end.",
""
] |
### Season two (1985–86\)
For its second season, Cannell brought in his mentor, [Roy Huggins](/wiki/Roy_Huggins "Roy Huggins"), best known for his work on *[Maverick](/wiki/Maverick_%28TV_series%29 "Maverick (TV series)")* and *[The Rockford Files](/wiki/The_Rockford_Files "The Rockford Files")*, to refine the show. As the new executive producer, Huggins pushed up the violence but softened the main character's fractious relationship with his superiors, dropped a backstory concerning Hunter's family ties to the mob, and emphasized the chemistry between Hunter and McCall. Huggins also moved the show's setting out of the back streets and into the more desirable areas of Los Angeles. Emboldened, Dryer and Kramer frequently improvised the scripts, and the Hunter character broke the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall "Fourth wall") for the first time with an aside to viewers at the end of the episode "The Beautiful and the Dead".
Probably the most memorable aspect to the second season was the two\-part episode "Rape and Revenge", which may have drawn from some diplomatic\-immunity scandals that were prominent in the news. A psychopathic foreign diplomat meets McCall and wants to have a relationship with her, and after she declines, he brutally rapes her in her home. Hunter is badly shot in the shoulder and must recover quickly, then go to the diplomat's home country to dispense justice, Hunter\-style. This episode was considered very controversial for its realistic and shocking depiction of a violent rape, which was not common in TV shows at the time. Because of the controversial plot and acting, "Rape and Revenge" is one of the most remembered and popular episodes of the series.
Another important aspect to the second season was towards its end (in the episode "The Return of Typhoon Thompson"), when viewers were first introduced to Hunter and McCall's favorite street informant—the humorous Arnold "Sporty" James, played by [Garrett Morris](/wiki/Garrett_Morris "Garrett Morris").
Viewers also responded to Huggins' changes, and the show's second season ended in 38th place in the Nielsen ratings. *Hunter* continued this progress to become a mainstay of NBC's Saturday\-night schedule.
In syndication, the season\-two introduction was replaced by the season\-one introduction. The former showed Hunter entering a women's locker room in one scene, and McCall and him pointing their guns at each other with the bathroom light on in another scene.
|
[
"### Season two (1985–86\\)",
"For its second season, Cannell brought in his mentor, [Roy Huggins](/wiki/Roy_Huggins \"Roy Huggins\"), best known for his work on *[Maverick](/wiki/Maverick_%28TV_series%29 \"Maverick (TV series)\")* and *[The Rockford Files](/wiki/The_Rockford_Files \"The Rockford Files\")*, to refine the show. As the new executive producer, Huggins pushed up the violence but softened the main character's fractious relationship with his superiors, dropped a backstory concerning Hunter's family ties to the mob, and emphasized the chemistry between Hunter and McCall. Huggins also moved the show's setting out of the back streets and into the more desirable areas of Los Angeles. Emboldened, Dryer and Kramer frequently improvised the scripts, and the Hunter character broke the [fourth wall](/wiki/Fourth_wall \"Fourth wall\") for the first time with an aside to viewers at the end of the episode \"The Beautiful and the Dead\".",
"Probably the most memorable aspect to the second season was the two\\-part episode \"Rape and Revenge\", which may have drawn from some diplomatic\\-immunity scandals that were prominent in the news. A psychopathic foreign diplomat meets McCall and wants to have a relationship with her, and after she declines, he brutally rapes her in her home. Hunter is badly shot in the shoulder and must recover quickly, then go to the diplomat's home country to dispense justice, Hunter\\-style. This episode was considered very controversial for its realistic and shocking depiction of a violent rape, which was not common in TV shows at the time. Because of the controversial plot and acting, \"Rape and Revenge\" is one of the most remembered and popular episodes of the series.",
"Another important aspect to the second season was towards its end (in the episode \"The Return of Typhoon Thompson\"), when viewers were first introduced to Hunter and McCall's favorite street informant—the humorous Arnold \"Sporty\" James, played by [Garrett Morris](/wiki/Garrett_Morris \"Garrett Morris\").",
"Viewers also responded to Huggins' changes, and the show's second season ended in 38th place in the Nielsen ratings. *Hunter* continued this progress to become a mainstay of NBC's Saturday\\-night schedule.",
"In syndication, the season\\-two introduction was replaced by the season\\-one introduction. The former showed Hunter entering a women's locker room in one scene, and McCall and him pointing their guns at each other with the bathroom light on in another scene.",
""
] |
### Season five (1988–89\)
For the fifth season, [George Geiger](/wiki/George_Geiger_%28producer%29 "George Geiger (producer)") took on the role of executive producer, having worked in the same capacity on *[Scarecrow and Mrs. King](/wiki/Scarecrow_and_Mrs._King "Scarecrow and Mrs. King")*, as well as a brief stint as co\-executive producer on *Miami Vice*. In the first four seasons, Hunter and McCall typically worked on cases together, allowing the producers to showcase the chemistry between the actors, but the fifth season increasingly had them working apart, ostensibly to lessen the workload of Dryer and Kramer and to allow richer, more complex stories. So instead of jeans and an old sports jacket, Hunter often was seen in a full suit and tie.
One of the most memorable episodes of the fifth season was the special three\-part episode "City Under Siege", which had a special introduction for each of the three parts. It dealt with a psychotic woman named Iris Smith ([Cec Verrell](/wiki/Cec_Verrell "Cec Verrell")) and her crazy boyfriend, Billy Joe Powell ([Daniel Quinn](/wiki/Daniel_Quinn "Daniel Quinn")), who terrorized the city of Los Angeles, committing multiple murders against people who the woman felt had "wronged" her in some way.
Hunter was one of the intended victims, having arrested Billy Joe years earlier for a series of murders in which he killed his female victims with a straight razor. One sub\-plot focused on the huge crime spree throughout the city and the pressure the police department was under to get it under control. Another sub\-plot involved a corrupt Deputy Chief named Curtis Moorehead ([Robert Vaughn](/wiki/Robert_Vaughn "Robert Vaughn")), who continually hamstrung the entire police department's efforts to find Iris and Billy Joe in order to further his own ends.
Further compounding the problem was Jack Small ([James Sikking](/wiki/James_Sikking "James Sikking")), a local resident who aggressively took the law into his own hands to combat the local crime wave, earning him a reputation in his neighborhood as an urban vigilante. He had a teenage daughter, Debbie ([Brynn Horrocks](/wiki/Brynn_Horrocks "Brynn Horrocks")) who was a good\-hearted but troubled young woman whom McCall befriended while she was working undercover at her high school investigating the murder of one of the teachers named Sandra Clemens. Sandra was Iris' old teacher whom she had a grudge against for stopping her from stealing lunch money from a fellow student. Another subplot of the story revolved around Johnny Youngblood ([Craig Hurley](/wiki/Craig_Hurley "Craig Hurley")), a mover and shaker at the school who dealt in various shady enterprises. Also appearing in a guest\-starring role was real\-life journalist, [Saida Pagan](/wiki/Saida_Pagan "Saida Pagan") as television reporter, Saida Rodrigues Pagan. In part two, [Laurelle Brooks](/wiki/Laurelle_Mehus "Laurelle Mehus") guest\-starred as Allison, a naive high\-school cheerleader who falls under Johnny's charms and unknown to her, make a videotape of them having sex. At the end of the episode, statistics were presented showing a reduction of crime in Los Angeles that year. The fifth season placed 17th in the Nielsen ratings.
In the episode "Shoot to Kill", Hunter helps McCall get back on active duty after an IA investigation. Hunter jokes about "returning the favor". McCall winks, smiles and asks Hunter to "follow her". As Hunter walks behind her he looks right into the camera and says "After all this time, it was bound to happen eventually." It's not proven whether they did sleep together here, but in the Season 6 episode "Unfinished Business" it's confirmed they did at least once but based on the timeline in the episode it would have happened in season 3, not season 5\.
Uniformed officers costumes changed, dropping the Metro Police shoulder patch of previous four seasons, leaving the uniforms looking more the real LAPD. Door shields on patrol cars also changed to look like those of LAPD.
|
[
"### Season five (1988–89\\)",
"For the fifth season, [George Geiger](/wiki/George_Geiger_%28producer%29 \"George Geiger (producer)\") took on the role of executive producer, having worked in the same capacity on *[Scarecrow and Mrs. King](/wiki/Scarecrow_and_Mrs._King \"Scarecrow and Mrs. King\")*, as well as a brief stint as co\\-executive producer on *Miami Vice*. In the first four seasons, Hunter and McCall typically worked on cases together, allowing the producers to showcase the chemistry between the actors, but the fifth season increasingly had them working apart, ostensibly to lessen the workload of Dryer and Kramer and to allow richer, more complex stories. So instead of jeans and an old sports jacket, Hunter often was seen in a full suit and tie.",
"One of the most memorable episodes of the fifth season was the special three\\-part episode \"City Under Siege\", which had a special introduction for each of the three parts. It dealt with a psychotic woman named Iris Smith ([Cec Verrell](/wiki/Cec_Verrell \"Cec Verrell\")) and her crazy boyfriend, Billy Joe Powell ([Daniel Quinn](/wiki/Daniel_Quinn \"Daniel Quinn\")), who terrorized the city of Los Angeles, committing multiple murders against people who the woman felt had \"wronged\" her in some way.",
"Hunter was one of the intended victims, having arrested Billy Joe years earlier for a series of murders in which he killed his female victims with a straight razor. One sub\\-plot focused on the huge crime spree throughout the city and the pressure the police department was under to get it under control. Another sub\\-plot involved a corrupt Deputy Chief named Curtis Moorehead ([Robert Vaughn](/wiki/Robert_Vaughn \"Robert Vaughn\")), who continually hamstrung the entire police department's efforts to find Iris and Billy Joe in order to further his own ends.",
"Further compounding the problem was Jack Small ([James Sikking](/wiki/James_Sikking \"James Sikking\")), a local resident who aggressively took the law into his own hands to combat the local crime wave, earning him a reputation in his neighborhood as an urban vigilante. He had a teenage daughter, Debbie ([Brynn Horrocks](/wiki/Brynn_Horrocks \"Brynn Horrocks\")) who was a good\\-hearted but troubled young woman whom McCall befriended while she was working undercover at her high school investigating the murder of one of the teachers named Sandra Clemens. Sandra was Iris' old teacher whom she had a grudge against for stopping her from stealing lunch money from a fellow student. Another subplot of the story revolved around Johnny Youngblood ([Craig Hurley](/wiki/Craig_Hurley \"Craig Hurley\")), a mover and shaker at the school who dealt in various shady enterprises. Also appearing in a guest\\-starring role was real\\-life journalist, [Saida Pagan](/wiki/Saida_Pagan \"Saida Pagan\") as television reporter, Saida Rodrigues Pagan. In part two, [Laurelle Brooks](/wiki/Laurelle_Mehus \"Laurelle Mehus\") guest\\-starred as Allison, a naive high\\-school cheerleader who falls under Johnny's charms and unknown to her, make a videotape of them having sex. At the end of the episode, statistics were presented showing a reduction of crime in Los Angeles that year. The fifth season placed 17th in the Nielsen ratings.",
"In the episode \"Shoot to Kill\", Hunter helps McCall get back on active duty after an IA investigation. Hunter jokes about \"returning the favor\". McCall winks, smiles and asks Hunter to \"follow her\". As Hunter walks behind her he looks right into the camera and says \"After all this time, it was bound to happen eventually.\" It's not proven whether they did sleep together here, but in the Season 6 episode \"Unfinished Business\" it's confirmed they did at least once but based on the timeline in the episode it would have happened in season 3, not season 5\\.",
"Uniformed officers costumes changed, dropping the Metro Police shoulder patch of previous four seasons, leaving the uniforms looking more the real LAPD. Door shields on patrol cars also changed to look like those of LAPD.",
""
] |
Artistic career
---------------
Throughout his life Orde strongly identified himself as an artist. In the early 1920s he had a painting studio in Paris. His entries in phone directories for forty years – from 1929 up to his death in 1968 – list him as him "Orde, Cuthbert; Artist".1929: London, Surnames A–Z, p962\. 1931: London, Surnames L\-Z, p1274\. 1932, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1275\. 1932, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1283\. 1933, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1284\. 1933, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1291\. 1934, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1295\. 1934, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1301\. 1937, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1868\. 1938, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1912\. 1939, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1926\. 1947: London Surnames L–R, p1982\. 1948: London Surnames L–R, p3539\. 1949: London Surnames L–R, p3565\. 1950: London Surnames L–R, p3585\. 1952: London Surnames L–R, p3630\. 1955: London Surnames L–R, p2435\. 1956: London Surnames L–R, p2454\. 1959: London Surnames L–R, p2414\. 1960: London Surnames L–R, p2422\. 1961: London Surnames L–R, p2433\. 1964: London Surnames L–R, p2435\. 1965: London Surnames L–R, p2450\. 1966: London Surnames L–R, p2468\. 1967: London Surnames L–R, p2486\. 1969: London Surnames L–R, p2493\. British Phone Books, 1880–1984, retrieved from ancestry.co.uk, 31 October 2010
In his book *Pilots of Fighter Command: Sixty Four Portraits*,{{citation \|title\=Pilots of Fighter Command: Sixty Four Portraits \|author\=Cuthbert Orde \|publisher\=GG Harrap \|location\=London \|year\=1942 }} Orde wrote an essayReproduced in *Battle of Britain Remembered*, issue 5, September 2006\. {{ISSN\|1467\-5145}} explaining the circumstances of his portraits of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") pilots.
Having been hired to produce illustrations of bomber stations in the summer of 1940, [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_Commodore "Air Commodore") [Harald Peake](/wiki/Harald_Peake "Harald Peake") from the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry "Air Ministry") saw some of Orde's drawings and was impressed by his portraiture. It was the height of the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain "Battle of Britain") and public attention was focused on the fighter pilots. Peake asked Orde to make a large number of portraits of them, Orde enthusiastically agreed, and at the start of September set off to work.
It is unclear how many portraits he drew in the year or so with [RAF Fighter Command](/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command "RAF Fighter Command"). Some sources say up to 300, though Orde only lists 160 in his book *Pilots of Fighter Command*. What is clear is that he only drew a small fraction of "[The Few](/wiki/The_Few "The Few")".
> In no case did I choose the sitter myself. He was selected either by [Group](/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_groups "List of Royal Air Force groups") Headquarters or by the station commander and, generally speaking, four or five in each squadron were chosen, the four or five who were considered the most valuable. So it was for them rather in the nature of a [mention in dispatches](/wiki/Mention_in_dispatches "Mention in dispatches"), I merely being the scribe who wrote out the dispatch.
Taking around two hours per picture, Orde drew men whose names have become familiar to those interested in the history of the Battle; [Douglas Bader](/wiki/Douglas_Bader "Douglas Bader"), [Sailor Malan](/wiki/Sailor_Malan "Sailor Malan"), [Robert Stanford Tuck](/wiki/Robert_Stanford_Tuck "Robert Stanford Tuck"), [Johnnie Johnson](/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_%28RAF_officer%29 "Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)"), [Archie McKellar](/wiki/Archie_McKellar "Archie McKellar"), [John Freeborn](/wiki/John_Freeborn "John Freeborn"). He usually created monochrome pictures of the men using charcoal and white chalk, though some colour portraits were painted, such as that of Bob Stanford Tuck{{citation
\| title \= Wing Commander Robert Roland Stanford Tuck DSO, DFC \& two Bars
\| publisher \= RAF Museum online collections
\| url \= http://navigator.rafmuseum.org/results.do;jsessionid\=6E890095292736F92953860661176A69?view\=detail\&db\=object\&pageSize\=1\&id\=7613
\| accessdate \=31 October 2010}} and a second portrait of Sailor Malan.{{citation
\| title \= Sqdn Ldr Adolph Gysbert Malan DSO, DFC
\| publisher \= RAF Museum online collections
\| url \= http://navigator.rafmuseum.org/results.do;jsessionid\=6E890095292736F92953860661176A69?view\=detail\&db\=object\&pageSize\=1\&id\=7603
\| accessdate \=31 October 2010}}
In drawing the cream of the pilots, names and uniforms soon became out of date as subjects were promoted and decorated. On finishing his drawing of [Hugh Dundas](/wiki/Hugh_Dundas "Hugh Dundas"), Orde joked, "I've left room for the [DFC](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)"). The people I draw always seem to get it." Four days later Dundas did.{{citation \|title\=F/O HSL Dundas \|publisher\=Battle of Britain Monument site \|url\=http://www.bbm.org.uk/DundasHSL.htm \|accessdate\=31 October 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927231036/http://www.bbm.org.uk/DundasHSL.htm \|archivedate\=27 September 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
The daily peril of these men's lives was apparent. Orde states that some choices were killed before he had chance to draw them. Many did not live much longer after their portrait was done. [John Drummond](/wiki/John_Fraser_Drummond "John Fraser Drummond") was drawn on 5 October 1940, shortly after landing from what turned out to be his final kill, and is pictured still in his aviator jacket instead of the uniformed outfit Orde commonly depicted. He died five days later.{{citation \|title\=John Fraser Drummond: 92 Squadron and the Battle of Britain \|date\=14 April 2010 \|publisher\=The Merseyside Few \|url\=http://themerseysidefew.com/pilots/john\-fraser\-drummond/92\-squadron\-battle\-of\-britain/ \|accessdate\=31 October 2010}} However, having flown in combat himself and lost both his brothers in military incidents twenty years earlier, the proximity of death will not have been new to Orde.
Although all the pilots were lauded, Orde was clear that there was an elite among them.
{{blockquote\|I think a squadron of pilots can be divided into three groups: natural leaders and fighters at the top; then the main body of solid talent containing the germ of leaders of the future, chaps whose qualities will develop with experience; and then I suppose the tail, two or three perhaps, who will never be quite good enough to earn distinction but who nevertheless are pulling their weight for all it may be worth.}}
Despite this, he was adamant that the airmen's extraordinary deeds were the doings of ordinary people.
{{blockquote\|I have often been asked if I have found a definite type of Fighter pilot... I have thought about this a lot, but I feel sure that the answer is "No"... The most striking thing about the Fighter pilots – "operational Fighter pilots", grand title that, isn't it? – is their ordinariness. Just "You, I, Us and Co.", ordinary sons of ordinary parents from ordinary homes.
So when you wonder where they come from, dear reader, whoever you may be, contemplate your own home, your profession and your background, and you have the answer. You have everything in common with them, or at least I hope you have, for they are just people who read the poster that reads "It all depends on YOU". They are not a race apart.}}
[thumb\|right\|[John Freeborn](/wiki/John_Freeborn "John Freeborn") DFC\* in front of his portrait by Cuthbert Orde, 2004{{citation \|title\=The Burning Blue, Research page 2 \|publisher\=Air Battle site \|url \= http://www.airbattle.co.uk/b\_research\_2\.html \|accessdate\=2 November 2010}}](/wiki/File:John_Freeborn_with_his_Orde_portrait%2C_2004.jpg "John Freeborn with his Orde portrait, 2004.jpg")
The drawings had already appeared in magazines even before the book was published, and have been continually reprinted in a wide variety of publications ever since.
Orde remained a professional artist, and was still taking commissions for military portraits long after the war, such as one of [Air Chief Marshal](/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal "Air Chief Marshal") [Sir James Robb](/wiki/James_Robb_%28RAF_officer%29 "James Robb (RAF officer)") in 1958\.
{{citation
\| title \= Flight, p464
\| date \= 4 April 1958
\| url \= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958%20\-%200448\.html
\| accessdate \=1 November 2010}}
He was an inaugural painter\-member of the [Society of Aviation Artists](/wiki/Society_of_Aviation_Artists "Society of Aviation Artists"), formed in 1955\.{{citation \|title\=Flight \|date\=25 March 1955 \|url\=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20\-%200377\.html \|accessdate \=1 November 2010}} In 1962 a book review in *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International "Flight International")* magazine declared, "Cuthbert Orde...whom no\-one has managed to convey more effectively the character and courage of RAF fighter pilots".{{citation \|title\=The Pen and the Air \|last\=Wynn \|first\=Humphrey \|page\=981 \|work\=Flight International \|date\=20 December 1962 \|number\=2806 \|via\=FlightGlobal archive \|url\=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20\-%203075\.html }} His work was also part of the [painting event](/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics%23Painting "Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics#Painting") in the [art competition](/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics") at the [1932 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics "1932 Summer Olympics").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920517 \|title\=Cuthbert Orde \|work\=Olympedia \|accessdate\=2 August 2020}}
{{clear}}
|
[
"Artistic career\n---------------",
"Throughout his life Orde strongly identified himself as an artist. In the early 1920s he had a painting studio in Paris. His entries in phone directories for forty years – from 1929 up to his death in 1968 – list him as him \"Orde, Cuthbert; Artist\".1929: London, Surnames A–Z, p962\\. 1931: London, Surnames L\\-Z, p1274\\. 1932, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1275\\. 1932, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1283\\. 1933, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1284\\. 1933, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1291\\. 1934, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1295\\. 1934, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1301\\. 1937, May: London, Surnames L–Z, p1868\\. 1938, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1912\\. 1939, Nov: London, Surnames L–Z, p1926\\. 1947: London Surnames L–R, p1982\\. 1948: London Surnames L–R, p3539\\. 1949: London Surnames L–R, p3565\\. 1950: London Surnames L–R, p3585\\. 1952: London Surnames L–R, p3630\\. 1955: London Surnames L–R, p2435\\. 1956: London Surnames L–R, p2454\\. 1959: London Surnames L–R, p2414\\. 1960: London Surnames L–R, p2422\\. 1961: London Surnames L–R, p2433\\. 1964: London Surnames L–R, p2435\\. 1965: London Surnames L–R, p2450\\. 1966: London Surnames L–R, p2468\\. 1967: London Surnames L–R, p2486\\. 1969: London Surnames L–R, p2493\\. British Phone Books, 1880–1984, retrieved from ancestry.co.uk, 31 October 2010",
"In his book *Pilots of Fighter Command: Sixty Four Portraits*,{{citation \\|title\\=Pilots of Fighter Command: Sixty Four Portraits \\|author\\=Cuthbert Orde \\|publisher\\=GG Harrap \\|location\\=London \\|year\\=1942 }} Orde wrote an essayReproduced in *Battle of Britain Remembered*, issue 5, September 2006\\. {{ISSN\\|1467\\-5145}} explaining the circumstances of his portraits of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") pilots.",
"Having been hired to produce illustrations of bomber stations in the summer of 1940, [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_Commodore \"Air Commodore\") [Harald Peake](/wiki/Harald_Peake \"Harald Peake\") from the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry \"Air Ministry\") saw some of Orde's drawings and was impressed by his portraiture. It was the height of the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\") and public attention was focused on the fighter pilots. Peake asked Orde to make a large number of portraits of them, Orde enthusiastically agreed, and at the start of September set off to work.",
"It is unclear how many portraits he drew in the year or so with [RAF Fighter Command](/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command \"RAF Fighter Command\"). Some sources say up to 300, though Orde only lists 160 in his book *Pilots of Fighter Command*. What is clear is that he only drew a small fraction of \"[The Few](/wiki/The_Few \"The Few\")\".",
"",
"> In no case did I choose the sitter myself. He was selected either by [Group](/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_groups \"List of Royal Air Force groups\") Headquarters or by the station commander and, generally speaking, four or five in each squadron were chosen, the four or five who were considered the most valuable. So it was for them rather in the nature of a [mention in dispatches](/wiki/Mention_in_dispatches \"Mention in dispatches\"), I merely being the scribe who wrote out the dispatch.",
"Taking around two hours per picture, Orde drew men whose names have become familiar to those interested in the history of the Battle; [Douglas Bader](/wiki/Douglas_Bader \"Douglas Bader\"), [Sailor Malan](/wiki/Sailor_Malan \"Sailor Malan\"), [Robert Stanford Tuck](/wiki/Robert_Stanford_Tuck \"Robert Stanford Tuck\"), [Johnnie Johnson](/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)\"), [Archie McKellar](/wiki/Archie_McKellar \"Archie McKellar\"), [John Freeborn](/wiki/John_Freeborn \"John Freeborn\"). He usually created monochrome pictures of the men using charcoal and white chalk, though some colour portraits were painted, such as that of Bob Stanford Tuck{{citation \n \\| title \\= Wing Commander Robert Roland Stanford Tuck DSO, DFC \\& two Bars\n \\| publisher \\= RAF Museum online collections\n \\| url \\= http://navigator.rafmuseum.org/results.do;jsessionid\\=6E890095292736F92953860661176A69?view\\=detail\\&db\\=object\\&pageSize\\=1\\&id\\=7613\n \\| accessdate \\=31 October 2010}} and a second portrait of Sailor Malan.{{citation \n \\| title \\= Sqdn Ldr Adolph Gysbert Malan DSO, DFC\n \\| publisher \\= RAF Museum online collections\n \\| url \\= http://navigator.rafmuseum.org/results.do;jsessionid\\=6E890095292736F92953860661176A69?view\\=detail\\&db\\=object\\&pageSize\\=1\\&id\\=7603\n \\| accessdate \\=31 October 2010}}",
"In drawing the cream of the pilots, names and uniforms soon became out of date as subjects were promoted and decorated. On finishing his drawing of [Hugh Dundas](/wiki/Hugh_Dundas \"Hugh Dundas\"), Orde joked, \"I've left room for the [DFC](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\"). The people I draw always seem to get it.\" Four days later Dundas did.{{citation \\|title\\=F/O HSL Dundas \\|publisher\\=Battle of Britain Monument site \\|url\\=http://www.bbm.org.uk/DundasHSL.htm \\|accessdate\\=31 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927231036/http://www.bbm.org.uk/DundasHSL.htm \\|archivedate\\=27 September 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"The daily peril of these men's lives was apparent. Orde states that some choices were killed before he had chance to draw them. Many did not live much longer after their portrait was done. [John Drummond](/wiki/John_Fraser_Drummond \"John Fraser Drummond\") was drawn on 5 October 1940, shortly after landing from what turned out to be his final kill, and is pictured still in his aviator jacket instead of the uniformed outfit Orde commonly depicted. He died five days later.{{citation \\|title\\=John Fraser Drummond: 92 Squadron and the Battle of Britain \\|date\\=14 April 2010 \\|publisher\\=The Merseyside Few \\|url\\=http://themerseysidefew.com/pilots/john\\-fraser\\-drummond/92\\-squadron\\-battle\\-of\\-britain/ \\|accessdate\\=31 October 2010}} However, having flown in combat himself and lost both his brothers in military incidents twenty years earlier, the proximity of death will not have been new to Orde.",
"Although all the pilots were lauded, Orde was clear that there was an elite among them.",
"{{blockquote\\|I think a squadron of pilots can be divided into three groups: natural leaders and fighters at the top; then the main body of solid talent containing the germ of leaders of the future, chaps whose qualities will develop with experience; and then I suppose the tail, two or three perhaps, who will never be quite good enough to earn distinction but who nevertheless are pulling their weight for all it may be worth.}}",
"Despite this, he was adamant that the airmen's extraordinary deeds were the doings of ordinary people.",
"{{blockquote\\|I have often been asked if I have found a definite type of Fighter pilot... I have thought about this a lot, but I feel sure that the answer is \"No\"... The most striking thing about the Fighter pilots – \"operational Fighter pilots\", grand title that, isn't it? – is their ordinariness. Just \"You, I, Us and Co.\", ordinary sons of ordinary parents from ordinary homes.",
"So when you wonder where they come from, dear reader, whoever you may be, contemplate your own home, your profession and your background, and you have the answer. You have everything in common with them, or at least I hope you have, for they are just people who read the poster that reads \"It all depends on YOU\". They are not a race apart.}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[John Freeborn](/wiki/John_Freeborn \"John Freeborn\") DFC\\* in front of his portrait by Cuthbert Orde, 2004{{citation \\|title\\=The Burning Blue, Research page 2 \\|publisher\\=Air Battle site \\|url \\= http://www.airbattle.co.uk/b\\_research\\_2\\.html \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2010}}](/wiki/File:John_Freeborn_with_his_Orde_portrait%2C_2004.jpg \"John Freeborn with his Orde portrait, 2004.jpg\")\nThe drawings had already appeared in magazines even before the book was published, and have been continually reprinted in a wide variety of publications ever since.",
"Orde remained a professional artist, and was still taking commissions for military portraits long after the war, such as one of [Air Chief Marshal](/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal \"Air Chief Marshal\") [Sir James Robb](/wiki/James_Robb_%28RAF_officer%29 \"James Robb (RAF officer)\") in 1958\\.\n{{citation\n \\| title \\= Flight, p464\n \\| date \\= 4 April 1958\n \\| url \\= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958%20\\-%200448\\.html\n \\| accessdate \\=1 November 2010}}",
"He was an inaugural painter\\-member of the [Society of Aviation Artists](/wiki/Society_of_Aviation_Artists \"Society of Aviation Artists\"), formed in 1955\\.{{citation \\|title\\=Flight \\|date\\=25 March 1955 \\|url\\=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20\\-%200377\\.html \\|accessdate \\=1 November 2010}} In 1962 a book review in *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International \"Flight International\")* magazine declared, \"Cuthbert Orde...whom no\\-one has managed to convey more effectively the character and courage of RAF fighter pilots\".{{citation \\|title\\=The Pen and the Air \\|last\\=Wynn \\|first\\=Humphrey \\|page\\=981 \\|work\\=Flight International \\|date\\=20 December 1962 \\|number\\=2806 \\|via\\=FlightGlobal archive \\|url\\=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20\\-%203075\\.html }} His work was also part of the [painting event](/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics%23Painting \"Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics#Painting\") in the [art competition](/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics \"Art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics\") at the [1932 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics \"1932 Summer Olympics\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920517 \\|title\\=Cuthbert Orde \\|work\\=Olympedia \\|accessdate\\=2 August 2020}}\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
Events and their orderings
--------------------------
From the definition of an Actor, it can be seen that numerous events take place: local decisions, creating Actors, sending messages, receiving messages, and designating how to respond to the next message received.
However, this article focuses on just those events that are the arrival of a message sent to an Actor.
This article reports on the results published in Hewitt \[2006].
*Law of Countability*: There are at most countably many events.
### Activation ordering
The activation ordering (`-≈→`) is a fundamental ordering that models one event activating another (there must be energy flow in the message passing from an event to an event which it activates).
* Because of the transmission of energy, the activation ordering is *[relativistically](/wiki/General_relativity "General relativity") [invariant](/wiki/Invariant_%28physics%29 "Invariant (physics)")*; that is, for all events `e1`.`e2`, if `e1 -≈→ e2`, then the time of `e1` precedes the time of `e2` in the relativistic [frames of reference](/wiki/Frame_of_reference "Frame of reference") of all observers.
* *Law of Strict Causality for the Activation Ordering*: For no event does `e -≈→ e`.
* *Law of Finite Predecession in the Activation Ordering*: For all events `e1` the set `{e|e -≈→ e1}` is finite.
### Arrival orderings
The arrival ordering of an Actor `x` ( `-x→` ) models the (total) ordering of events in which a message arrives at `x`. Arrival ordering is determined by *arbitration* in processing messages (often making use of a digital circuit called an [arbiter](/wiki/Arbiter_%28electronics%29 "Arbiter (electronics)")). The arrival events of an Actor are on its [world line](/wiki/World_line "World line"). The arrival ordering means that the Actor model inherently has indeterminacy (see [Indeterminacy in concurrent computation](/wiki/Indeterminacy_in_concurrent_computation "Indeterminacy in concurrent computation")).
* Because all of the events of the arrival ordering of an actor `x` happen on the world line of `x`, the arrival ordering of an actor is *relativistically invariant*. *I.e.*, for all actors `x` and events `e1`.`e2`, if `e1 -x→ e2`, then the time of `e1` precedes the time of `e2` in the relativistic frames of reference of all observers.
* *Law of Finite Predecession in Arrival Orderings*: For all events `e1` and Actors `x` the set `{e|e -x→ e1}` is finite.
### Combined ordering
The combined ordering (denoted by `→`) is defined to be the [transitive closure](/wiki/Transitive_closure "Transitive closure") of the activation ordering and the arrival orderings of all Actors.
* The combined ordering is relativistically invariant because it is the transitive closure of relativistically invariant orderings. *I.e.*, for all events `e1`.`e2`, if `e1→e2`. then the time of `e1` precedes the time of `e2` in the relativistic frames of reference of all observers.
* *Law of Strict Causality for the Combined Ordering*: For no event does `e→e`.
The combined ordering is obviously transitive by definition.
In \[Baker and Hewitt 197?], it was conjectured that the above laws might entail the following law:
*Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering*: There are no infinite chains (*i.e.*, linearly ordered sets) of events between two events in the combined ordering →.
### Independence of the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering
However, \[Clinger 1981] surprisingly proved that the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering is independent of the previous laws, *i.e.*,
Theorem. *The Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering does not follow from the previously stated laws.*
Proof. It is sufficient to show that there is an Actor computation that satisfies the previously stated laws but violates the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering.
Consider a computation which begins when an actor *Initial* is sent a `Start` message causing it to take the following actions
1. Create a new actor *Greeter1* which is sent the message `SayHelloTo` with the address of *Greeter1*
1. Send *Initial* the message `Again` with the address of *Greeter1*
Thereafter the behavior of *Initial* is as follows on receipt of an `Again` message with address *Greeteri* (which we will call the event `Againi`):
1. Create a new actor *Greeteri\+1* which is sent the message `SayHelloTo` with address *Greeteri*
1. Send *Initial* the message `Again` with the address of *Greeteri\+1*
Obviously the computation of *Initial* sending itself `Again` messages never terminates.
The behavior of each Actor *Greeteri* is as follows:
* When it receives a message `SayHelloTo` with address *Greeteri\-1* (which we will call the event `SayHelloToi`), it sends a `Hello` message to *Greeteri\-1*
* When it receives a `Hello` message (which we will call the event `Helloi`), it does nothing.
Now it is possible that `Helloi -Greeteri→ SayHelloToi` every time and therefore `Helloi→SayHelloToi`.
Also `Againi -≈→ Againi+1` every time and therefore `Againi → Againi+1`.
Furthermore all of the laws stated before the Law of Strict Causality for the Combined Ordering are satisfied.
However, there may be an infinite number of events in the combined ordering between `Again1` and `SayHelloTo1` as follows:
`Again1→...→Againi→...\infty...→Helloi→SayHelloToi→...→Hello1→SayHelloTo1`
However, we know from physics that infinite energy cannot be expended along a finite trajectory. Therefore, since the Actor model is based on physics, the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering was taken as an axiom of the Actor model.
### Law of Discreteness
The Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering is closely related to the following law:
*Law of Discreteness*: For all events `e1` and `e2`, the set `{e|e1→e→e2}` is finite.
In fact the previous two laws have been shown to be equivalent:
Theorem \[Clinger 1981]. *The Law of Discreteness is equivalent to the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering* (without using the axiom of choice.)
The law of discreteness rules out [Zeno machines](/wiki/Zeno_machine "Zeno machine") and is related to results on [Petri nets](/wiki/Petri_net "Petri net") \[Best *et al.* 1984, 1987].
The Law of Discreteness implies the property of [unbounded nondeterminism](/wiki/Unbounded_nondeterminism "Unbounded nondeterminism"). The combined ordering is used by \[Clinger 1981] in the construction of a denotational model of Actors (see [denotational semantics](/wiki/Denotational_semantics "Denotational semantics")).
|
[
"Events and their orderings\n--------------------------",
"From the definition of an Actor, it can be seen that numerous events take place: local decisions, creating Actors, sending messages, receiving messages, and designating how to respond to the next message received.",
"However, this article focuses on just those events that are the arrival of a message sent to an Actor.",
"This article reports on the results published in Hewitt \\[2006].",
"*Law of Countability*: There are at most countably many events.\n### Activation ordering",
"The activation ordering (`-≈→`) is a fundamental ordering that models one event activating another (there must be energy flow in the message passing from an event to an event which it activates).",
"* Because of the transmission of energy, the activation ordering is *[relativistically](/wiki/General_relativity \"General relativity\") [invariant](/wiki/Invariant_%28physics%29 \"Invariant (physics)\")*; that is, for all events `e1`.`e2`, if `e1 -≈→ e2`, then the time of `e1` precedes the time of `e2` in the relativistic [frames of reference](/wiki/Frame_of_reference \"Frame of reference\") of all observers.\n* *Law of Strict Causality for the Activation Ordering*: For no event does `e -≈→ e`.\n* *Law of Finite Predecession in the Activation Ordering*: For all events `e1` the set `{e|e -≈→ e1}` is finite.",
"### Arrival orderings",
"The arrival ordering of an Actor `x` ( `-x→` ) models the (total) ordering of events in which a message arrives at `x`. Arrival ordering is determined by *arbitration* in processing messages (often making use of a digital circuit called an [arbiter](/wiki/Arbiter_%28electronics%29 \"Arbiter (electronics)\")). The arrival events of an Actor are on its [world line](/wiki/World_line \"World line\"). The arrival ordering means that the Actor model inherently has indeterminacy (see [Indeterminacy in concurrent computation](/wiki/Indeterminacy_in_concurrent_computation \"Indeterminacy in concurrent computation\")).",
"* Because all of the events of the arrival ordering of an actor `x` happen on the world line of `x`, the arrival ordering of an actor is *relativistically invariant*. *I.e.*, for all actors `x` and events `e1`.`e2`, if `e1 -x→ e2`, then the time of `e1` precedes the time of `e2` in the relativistic frames of reference of all observers.\n* *Law of Finite Predecession in Arrival Orderings*: For all events `e1` and Actors `x` the set `{e|e -x→ e1}` is finite.",
"### Combined ordering",
"The combined ordering (denoted by `→`) is defined to be the [transitive closure](/wiki/Transitive_closure \"Transitive closure\") of the activation ordering and the arrival orderings of all Actors.",
"* The combined ordering is relativistically invariant because it is the transitive closure of relativistically invariant orderings. *I.e.*, for all events `e1`.`e2`, if `e1→e2`. then the time of `e1` precedes the time of `e2` in the relativistic frames of reference of all observers.\n* *Law of Strict Causality for the Combined Ordering*: For no event does `e→e`.",
"The combined ordering is obviously transitive by definition.",
"In \\[Baker and Hewitt 197?], it was conjectured that the above laws might entail the following law:",
"*Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering*: There are no infinite chains (*i.e.*, linearly ordered sets) of events between two events in the combined ordering →.\n### Independence of the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering",
"However, \\[Clinger 1981] surprisingly proved that the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering is independent of the previous laws, *i.e.*,",
"Theorem. *The Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering does not follow from the previously stated laws.*",
"Proof. It is sufficient to show that there is an Actor computation that satisfies the previously stated laws but violates the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering.",
"Consider a computation which begins when an actor *Initial* is sent a `Start` message causing it to take the following actions\n1. Create a new actor *Greeter1* which is sent the message `SayHelloTo` with the address of *Greeter1*\n1. Send *Initial* the message `Again` with the address of *Greeter1*\nThereafter the behavior of *Initial* is as follows on receipt of an `Again` message with address *Greeteri* (which we will call the event `Againi`):\n1. Create a new actor *Greeteri\\+1* which is sent the message `SayHelloTo` with address *Greeteri*\n1. Send *Initial* the message `Again` with the address of *Greeteri\\+1*\nObviously the computation of *Initial* sending itself `Again` messages never terminates.\nThe behavior of each Actor *Greeteri* is as follows:\n* When it receives a message `SayHelloTo` with address *Greeteri\\-1* (which we will call the event `SayHelloToi`), it sends a `Hello` message to *Greeteri\\-1*\n* When it receives a `Hello` message (which we will call the event `Helloi`), it does nothing.\nNow it is possible that `Helloi -Greeteri→ SayHelloToi` every time and therefore `Helloi→SayHelloToi`.\nAlso `Againi -≈→ Againi+1` every time and therefore `Againi → Againi+1`.\nFurthermore all of the laws stated before the Law of Strict Causality for the Combined Ordering are satisfied.\nHowever, there may be an infinite number of events in the combined ordering between `Again1` and `SayHelloTo1` as follows:\n`Again1→...→Againi→...\\infty...→Helloi→SayHelloToi→...→Hello1→SayHelloTo1`\nHowever, we know from physics that infinite energy cannot be expended along a finite trajectory. Therefore, since the Actor model is based on physics, the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering was taken as an axiom of the Actor model.",
"### Law of Discreteness",
"The Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering is closely related to the following law:\n*Law of Discreteness*: For all events `e1` and `e2`, the set `{e|e1→e→e2}` is finite.",
"In fact the previous two laws have been shown to be equivalent:",
"Theorem \\[Clinger 1981]. *The Law of Discreteness is equivalent to the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering* (without using the axiom of choice.)\nThe law of discreteness rules out [Zeno machines](/wiki/Zeno_machine \"Zeno machine\") and is related to results on [Petri nets](/wiki/Petri_net \"Petri net\") \\[Best *et al.* 1984, 1987].",
"The Law of Discreteness implies the property of [unbounded nondeterminism](/wiki/Unbounded_nondeterminism \"Unbounded nondeterminism\"). The combined ordering is used by \\[Clinger 1981] in the construction of a denotational model of Actors (see [denotational semantics](/wiki/Denotational_semantics \"Denotational semantics\")).",
""
] |
History
-------
Columbiana, originally called Columbia, was selected as the county seat of Shelby County in 1826 over rivals [Calera](/wiki/Calera%2C_Alabama "Calera, Alabama") and [Montevallo](/wiki/Montevallo%2C_Alabama "Montevallo, Alabama"). After the selection as the county seat, Columbiana celebrated by drilling holes in a large pine tree and packing it with gunpowder. The tree was blown up and the sound could be heard for miles. Later in 1826, the courthouse was moved to an old school building in Columbiana.
An act of the [Alabama Legislature](/wiki/Alabama_Legislature "Alabama Legislature") officially changed the name of Shelby County's county seat to Columbiana on January 13, 1832\. Columbiana was incorporated on December 5, 1837, with corporate limits one\-quarter of a mile in each direction from the public square.
In 1854, the decision was made to build a larger courthouse at the south end of “Silk Stocking Road”, now Main Street. From 1854 to 1908 several additions and changes were made to the courthouse. During the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), Columbiana was connected to the nearby town of [Shelby](/wiki/Shelby%2C_Alabama "Shelby, Alabama") by the [Shelby Iron Company Railroad](/wiki/Shelby_Iron_Company_Railroad "Shelby Iron Company Railroad"), which connected the [Shelby Iron Works](/wiki/Shelby_Iron_Company "Shelby Iron Company") to the [Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad](/wiki/Alabama_and_Tennessee_River_Railroad "Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad"). The Iron Works supplied iron to the C.B. Churchill and Company foundry, which moved to Columbiana in 1862 after the [fall of Corinth](/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth "Siege of Corinth"), [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"). The Churchill foundry made eight and ten pound shot, eight and ten pound shells, and shells for [Blakely rifles](/wiki/Blakely_rifle "Blakely rifle").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iuZYAAAAYAAJ\&q\=cb\+churchill\+columbiana\+alabama\&pg\=PA143 \|title\=The story of coal and iron in Alabama \- Ethel Armes \- Google Books \|access\-date\=June 17, 2014\|last1\=Armes \|first1\=Ethel \|year\=1910 }} The C.B. Churchill and Company foundry, Shelby Iron Works and the railroad were destroyed by Union forces on March 31, 1865, as part of [Wilson's Raid](/wiki/Wilson%27s_Raid "Wilson's Raid").
Moving the courthouse to Columbiana was not necessarily popular in 1826 and there have been numerous attempts to relocate the county seat over the years. In 1901, the Alabama Constitutional Convention addressed the issue by including Section 41 in the new state constitution. Section 41 prohibited a move of the Shelby County seat from Columbiana unless a vote of the people was held, the only county in Alabama with such a designation.
To further solidify Columbiana's claim to the county seat, in 1905 construction began two blocks north of the existing courthouse on a new marble courthouse at a cost of $300,000\. The new courthouse was completed in 1908 and has been renovated and enlarged on a number of occasions. The new courthouse has served Shelby County for over 100 years.
The “Old Courthouse” is now home to the Shelby County Museum and Archives.
Today, Columbiana is home to the [Shelby County Board of Education](http://www.shelbyed.k12.al.us), the [Shelby County Sheriff's Office](http://www.shelbyso.com), the Shelby County Jail, and [Harrison Regional Library](http://www.shelbycounty-al.org), which is the main office for the Shelby County Library System. Columbiana holds the annual Liberty Day celebration on the last weekend in June, which was first held in 1986 to honor the 100th anniversary of the [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty "Statue of Liberty"). The current mayor is David Mitchell.{{cite news \|last1\=Sparacino \|first1\=Emily \|title\=Mitchell wins Columbiana mayor runoff \|url\=https://www.shelbycountyreporter.com/2020/10/06/mitchell\-wins\-columbiana\-mayor\-runoff/ \|access\-date\=February 9, 2021 \|work\=Shelby County Reporter \|date\=October 6, 2020}}
The population of Columbiana was 4,546 as of 2021\.{{cite web \|title\=Columbiana, Alabama Population 2021 \|url\=https://worldpopulationreview.com/us\-cities/columbiana\-al\-population \|website\=World Population Review \|access\-date\=February 9, 2021}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Columbiana, originally called Columbia, was selected as the county seat of Shelby County in 1826 over rivals [Calera](/wiki/Calera%2C_Alabama \"Calera, Alabama\") and [Montevallo](/wiki/Montevallo%2C_Alabama \"Montevallo, Alabama\"). After the selection as the county seat, Columbiana celebrated by drilling holes in a large pine tree and packing it with gunpowder. The tree was blown up and the sound could be heard for miles. Later in 1826, the courthouse was moved to an old school building in Columbiana.",
"An act of the [Alabama Legislature](/wiki/Alabama_Legislature \"Alabama Legislature\") officially changed the name of Shelby County's county seat to Columbiana on January 13, 1832\\. Columbiana was incorporated on December 5, 1837, with corporate limits one\\-quarter of a mile in each direction from the public square.",
"In 1854, the decision was made to build a larger courthouse at the south end of “Silk Stocking Road”, now Main Street. From 1854 to 1908 several additions and changes were made to the courthouse. During the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), Columbiana was connected to the nearby town of [Shelby](/wiki/Shelby%2C_Alabama \"Shelby, Alabama\") by the [Shelby Iron Company Railroad](/wiki/Shelby_Iron_Company_Railroad \"Shelby Iron Company Railroad\"), which connected the [Shelby Iron Works](/wiki/Shelby_Iron_Company \"Shelby Iron Company\") to the [Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad](/wiki/Alabama_and_Tennessee_River_Railroad \"Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad\"). The Iron Works supplied iron to the C.B. Churchill and Company foundry, which moved to Columbiana in 1862 after the [fall of Corinth](/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth \"Siege of Corinth\"), [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\"). The Churchill foundry made eight and ten pound shot, eight and ten pound shells, and shells for [Blakely rifles](/wiki/Blakely_rifle \"Blakely rifle\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iuZYAAAAYAAJ\\&q\\=cb\\+churchill\\+columbiana\\+alabama\\&pg\\=PA143 \\|title\\=The story of coal and iron in Alabama \\- Ethel Armes \\- Google Books \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2014\\|last1\\=Armes \\|first1\\=Ethel \\|year\\=1910 }} The C.B. Churchill and Company foundry, Shelby Iron Works and the railroad were destroyed by Union forces on March 31, 1865, as part of [Wilson's Raid](/wiki/Wilson%27s_Raid \"Wilson's Raid\").",
"Moving the courthouse to Columbiana was not necessarily popular in 1826 and there have been numerous attempts to relocate the county seat over the years. In 1901, the Alabama Constitutional Convention addressed the issue by including Section 41 in the new state constitution. Section 41 prohibited a move of the Shelby County seat from Columbiana unless a vote of the people was held, the only county in Alabama with such a designation.",
"To further solidify Columbiana's claim to the county seat, in 1905 construction began two blocks north of the existing courthouse on a new marble courthouse at a cost of $300,000\\. The new courthouse was completed in 1908 and has been renovated and enlarged on a number of occasions. The new courthouse has served Shelby County for over 100 years.",
"The “Old Courthouse” is now home to the Shelby County Museum and Archives.",
"Today, Columbiana is home to the [Shelby County Board of Education](http://www.shelbyed.k12.al.us), the [Shelby County Sheriff's Office](http://www.shelbyso.com), the Shelby County Jail, and [Harrison Regional Library](http://www.shelbycounty-al.org), which is the main office for the Shelby County Library System. Columbiana holds the annual Liberty Day celebration on the last weekend in June, which was first held in 1986 to honor the 100th anniversary of the [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty \"Statue of Liberty\"). The current mayor is David Mitchell.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sparacino \\|first1\\=Emily \\|title\\=Mitchell wins Columbiana mayor runoff \\|url\\=https://www.shelbycountyreporter.com/2020/10/06/mitchell\\-wins\\-columbiana\\-mayor\\-runoff/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2021 \\|work\\=Shelby County Reporter \\|date\\=October 6, 2020}}",
"The population of Columbiana was 4,546 as of 2021\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Columbiana, Alabama Population 2021 \\|url\\=https://worldpopulationreview.com/us\\-cities/columbiana\\-al\\-population \\|website\\=World Population Review \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2021}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 496
\|1890\= 654
\|1900\= 1075
\|1910\= 1079
\|1920\= 1073
\|1930\= 1180
\|1940\= 1197
\|1950\= 1761
\|1960\= 2264
\|1970\= 2248
\|1980\= 2655
\|1990\= 2968
\|2000\= 3316
\|2010\= 4197
\|2020\= 4462
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 6, 2013}}
}}
### 2000 census
At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census") there were 3,316 people in 1,260 households, including 868 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|218\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,372 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|90\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census") of the city was 78\.59% White, 19\.60% Black or African American, 0\.24% Native American, 0\.15% Asian, 0\.03% Pacific Islander, 0\.66% from other races, and 0\.72% from two or more races. 1\.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=January 31, 2008 \|title\=U.S. Census website }}
Of the 1,260 households 34\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\.8% were married couples living together, 13\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.1% were non\-families. 29\.2% of households were one person and 12\.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.50 and the average family size was 3\.10\.
The age distribution was 25\.9% under the age of 18, 8\.3% from 18 to 24, 31\.6% from 25 to 44, 21\.8% from 45 to 64, and 12\.4% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\.2 males.
The median household income was $34,034 and the median family income was $44,798\. Males had a median income of $34,350 versus $21,193 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,086\. About 8\.2% of families and 11\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 15\.3% of those under age 18 and 14\.2% of those age 65 or over.
### 2010 census
At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census") there were 4,197 people in 1,303 households, including 874 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|218\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,445 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|95\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census") of the city was 71\.3% White, 25\.1% Black or African American, 0\.3% Native American, 0\.2% Asian, 0\.1% Pacific Islander, 1\.6% from other races, and 1\.3% from two or more races. 3\.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=August 8, 2015 \|title\=U.S. Census website }}
Of the 1,303 households 28\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.5% were married couples living together, 14\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\.9% were non\-families. 29\.7% of households were one person and 15\.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.52 and the average family size was 3\.12\.
The age distribution was 19\.7% under the age of 18, 9\.7% from 18 to 24, 32\.2% from 25 to 44, 24\.3% from 45 to 64, and 14\.1% 65 or older. The median age was 37\.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 121\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 148\.9 males.
The median household income was $31,108 and the median family income was $56,411\. Males had a median income of $43,304 versus $34,583 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,003\. About 11\.0% of families and 16\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 29\.1% of those under age 18 and 9\.2% of those age 65 or over.
### 2020 census
| \+Columbiana racial composition{{Cite web\|title\=Explore Census Data\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US0116768\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|access\-date\=December 11, 2021\|website\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) | 3,139 | 70\.35% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) | 1,003 | 22\.48% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") | 3 | 0\.07% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)") | 7 | 0\.16% |
| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") | 175 | 3\.92% |
| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") | 135 | 3\.03% |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 4,462 people, 1,641 households, and 851 families residing in the city.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 496\n\\|1890\\= 654\n\\|1900\\= 1075\n\\|1910\\= 1079\n\\|1920\\= 1073\n\\|1930\\= 1180\n\\|1940\\= 1197\n\\|1950\\= 1761\n\\|1960\\= 2264\n\\|1970\\= 2248\n\\|1980\\= 2655\n\\|1990\\= 2968\n\\|2000\\= 3316\n\\|2010\\= 4197\n\\|2020\\= 4462\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2013}}\n}}",
"### 2000 census",
"At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 3,316 people in 1,260 households, including 868 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|218\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,372 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|90\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the city was 78\\.59% White, 19\\.60% Black or African American, 0\\.24% Native American, 0\\.15% Asian, 0\\.03% Pacific Islander, 0\\.66% from other races, and 0\\.72% from two or more races. 1\\.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }}\nOf the 1,260 households 34\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\\.8% were married couples living together, 13\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.1% were non\\-families. 29\\.2% of households were one person and 12\\.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.50 and the average family size was 3\\.10\\.",
"The age distribution was 25\\.9% under the age of 18, 8\\.3% from 18 to 24, 31\\.6% from 25 to 44, 21\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.4% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\\.2 males.",
"The median household income was $34,034 and the median family income was $44,798\\. Males had a median income of $34,350 versus $21,193 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,086\\. About 8\\.2% of families and 11\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 15\\.3% of those under age 18 and 14\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
"### 2010 census",
"At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\") there were 4,197 people in 1,303 households, including 874 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|218\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,445 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|95\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census\") of the city was 71\\.3% White, 25\\.1% Black or African American, 0\\.3% Native American, 0\\.2% Asian, 0\\.1% Pacific Islander, 1\\.6% from other races, and 1\\.3% from two or more races. 3\\.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2015 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }}\nOf the 1,303 households 28\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.5% were married couples living together, 14\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\\.9% were non\\-families. 29\\.7% of households were one person and 15\\.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.52 and the average family size was 3\\.12\\.",
"The age distribution was 19\\.7% under the age of 18, 9\\.7% from 18 to 24, 32\\.2% from 25 to 44, 24\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.1% 65 or older. The median age was 37\\.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 121\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 148\\.9 males.",
"The median household income was $31,108 and the median family income was $56,411\\. Males had a median income of $43,304 versus $34,583 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,003\\. About 11\\.0% of families and 16\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 29\\.1% of those under age 18 and 9\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+Columbiana racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US0116768\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2021\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Num. | Perc. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 3,139 | 70\\.35% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 1,003 | 22\\.48% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") | 3 | 0\\.07% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") | 7 | 0\\.16% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") | 175 | 3\\.92% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") | 135 | 3\\.03% |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 4,462 people, 1,641 households, and 851 families residing in the city.",
""
] |
NBA career
----------
### Cleveland Cavaliers (1987–1990\)
Dudley began playing with the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") during the [1987–88 NBA season](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NBA_season "1987–88 NBA season"). During his rookie season, he played in 55 of 82 games, averaging three points per game.
### New Jersey Nets (1990–1993\)
[thumb\|Chris Dudley, playing for the New Jersey Nets, squares off with Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls on March 28, 1991](/wiki/File:Chicago_Bulls_and_New_Jersey_Nets%2C_March_28%2C_1991.jpg "Chicago Bulls and New Jersey Nets, March 28, 1991.jpg")
During the 1989–1990 season, he was traded to the [New Jersey Nets](/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets "New Jersey Nets") for a 1991 second\-round pick and a 1993 second\-round pick. He played three years with the Nets, including the [1990–91 season](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NBA_season "1990–91 NBA season"), in which he produced a career\-best 7\.1 points per game in 61 contests. The 1991–1992 season marked the first time he played all 82 games in a season, a feat he would replicate three seasons later with the Blazers. In the 1992–1993 season, he was a bench contributor as the Nets went to their second playoff spot in two years.
### Portland Trail Blazers (1993–1997\)
During the 1993 offseason, Dudley signed a seven\-year, $11\-million free agent contract with the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers"), but he suffered a broken ankle on December 10 in the Blazers' victory over the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers"), ending his season after just six games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1993\-11\-10\-sp\-55209\-story.html\|title\=Trail Blazers Lose Dudley\|first\=Scott\|last\=Howard\-Cooper\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=December 10, 1993\|accessdate\=January 11, 2024}} He returned for all 82 games in 1994\-95 and missed only three games in the next two seasons.
### New York Knicks (1997–2000\)
After playing 161 games for the Blazers between 1995 and 1997, Dudley was traded to the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks") in a three\-team deal with the [Toronto Raptors](/wiki/Toronto_Raptors "Toronto Raptors"), sending [John Wallace](/wiki/John_Wallace_%28basketball%29 "John Wallace (basketball)") from New York to Toronto, a 1998 first\-round pick from New York to Portland, a 2007 second\-round pick from Toronto to Portland and a 2000 first\-round pick from Toronto to New York. During his stint with the Knicks, Dudley primarily backed up [Patrick Ewing](/wiki/Patrick_Ewing "Patrick Ewing") for three seasons. On March 28, 1999, in a game against the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers"), [Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal "Shaquille O'Neal") made a dunk while guarded by Dudley, whom O'Neal subsequently physically thrust himself upon and shoved to the ground. Dudley responded by angrily throwing the ball at O'Neal. Both men received [technical fouls](/wiki/Technical_fouls "Technical fouls") for their actions.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vice.com/en\_us/article/8x787a/brett\-kavanaughs\-latest\-defender\-the\-eminently\-useless\-chris\-dudley\|title\=Brett Kavanaugh's Latest Defender: The Eminently Useless Chris Dudley\|last\=Smith\|first\=Corbin\|date\=2018\-09\-26\|website\=Vice\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-01}}{{cite web\|url\=http://ballislife.com/remembering\-the\-most\-disrespectful\-dunk\-ever\-shaqs\-revenge\-dunk\-push\-on\-chris\-dudley/\|title\=Remembering The Most Disrespectful Dunk Ever: Shaq's Revenge Dunk \& Push on Chris Dudley\|last\=Astramskas\|first\=David\|website\=ballislife.com\|date\=28 March 2017\|access\-date\=1 April 2020}} The next month, on April 16, he grabbed his 5,000th NBA rebound during a game between the Knicks and the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons "Detroit Pistons").
In 1999, Dudley reached the [NBA Finals](/wiki/1999_NBA_Finals "1999 NBA Finals") for the only time in his career. The [1999 Knicks](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_New_York_Knicks_season "1998–99 New York Knicks season"), the first 8th seeded team in NBA history to reach the Finals, lost to the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs "San Antonio Spurs"), four games to one. Dudley's Finals averages were 1\.2 points, 3\.8 rebounds, 0\.6 blocks, and 2\.8 fouls across 15\.6 minutes per game.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/players/d/dudlech02/gamelog/1999/\|title\=Chris Dudley 1998\-99 Game Log\|website\=\[\[Basketball Reference]]\|access\-date\=1 April 2020}}
### Phoenix Suns (2000–2001\)
After his stint with the Knicks, Dudley was traded to the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns "Phoenix Suns") for [Luc Longley](/wiki/Luc_Longley "Luc Longley"), participating in 53 games in the [2000–01 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NBA_season "2000–01 NBA season"). During this season, he averaged 1\.4 points, 3\.5 rebounds, and 2\.1 fouls in 11\.6 minutes per game.
On July 18, 2001, Dudley, along with superstar point guard [Jason Kidd](/wiki/Jason_Kidd "Jason Kidd"), was traded back to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for [Soumaila Samake](/wiki/Soumaila_Samake "Soumaila Samake"), [Johnny Newman](/wiki/Johnny_Newman "Johnny Newman"), and [Stephon Marbury](/wiki/Stephon_Marbury "Stephon Marbury"). He was waived by the Nets the following month.
### Return to Portland (2001–2003\)
Dudley returned to the Trail Blazers in 2001 as a free agent. In his [first season back](/wiki/2001-02_NBA_season "2001-02 NBA season"), he played 43 games (two starts), with averages of 1\.1 points and 1\.9 rebounds per game, alongside 40% field goal shooting. Dudley retired after playing 11 total minutes in three games during the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NBA_season "2002–03 NBA season").
|
[
"NBA career\n----------",
"### Cleveland Cavaliers (1987–1990\\)",
"Dudley began playing with the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers \"Cleveland Cavaliers\") during the [1987–88 NBA season](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NBA_season \"1987–88 NBA season\"). During his rookie season, he played in 55 of 82 games, averaging three points per game.",
"### New Jersey Nets (1990–1993\\)",
"[thumb\\|Chris Dudley, playing for the New Jersey Nets, squares off with Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls on March 28, 1991](/wiki/File:Chicago_Bulls_and_New_Jersey_Nets%2C_March_28%2C_1991.jpg \"Chicago Bulls and New Jersey Nets, March 28, 1991.jpg\")\nDuring the 1989–1990 season, he was traded to the [New Jersey Nets](/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets \"New Jersey Nets\") for a 1991 second\\-round pick and a 1993 second\\-round pick. He played three years with the Nets, including the [1990–91 season](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NBA_season \"1990–91 NBA season\"), in which he produced a career\\-best 7\\.1 points per game in 61 contests. The 1991–1992 season marked the first time he played all 82 games in a season, a feat he would replicate three seasons later with the Blazers. In the 1992–1993 season, he was a bench contributor as the Nets went to their second playoff spot in two years.",
"### Portland Trail Blazers (1993–1997\\)",
"During the 1993 offseason, Dudley signed a seven\\-year, $11\\-million free agent contract with the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers \"Portland Trail Blazers\"), but he suffered a broken ankle on December 10 in the Blazers' victory over the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\"), ending his season after just six games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1993\\-11\\-10\\-sp\\-55209\\-story.html\\|title\\=Trail Blazers Lose Dudley\\|first\\=Scott\\|last\\=Howard\\-Cooper\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=December 10, 1993\\|accessdate\\=January 11, 2024}} He returned for all 82 games in 1994\\-95 and missed only three games in the next two seasons.",
"### New York Knicks (1997–2000\\)",
"After playing 161 games for the Blazers between 1995 and 1997, Dudley was traded to the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\") in a three\\-team deal with the [Toronto Raptors](/wiki/Toronto_Raptors \"Toronto Raptors\"), sending [John Wallace](/wiki/John_Wallace_%28basketball%29 \"John Wallace (basketball)\") from New York to Toronto, a 1998 first\\-round pick from New York to Portland, a 2007 second\\-round pick from Toronto to Portland and a 2000 first\\-round pick from Toronto to New York. During his stint with the Knicks, Dudley primarily backed up [Patrick Ewing](/wiki/Patrick_Ewing \"Patrick Ewing\") for three seasons. On March 28, 1999, in a game against the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\"), [Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal \"Shaquille O'Neal\") made a dunk while guarded by Dudley, whom O'Neal subsequently physically thrust himself upon and shoved to the ground. Dudley responded by angrily throwing the ball at O'Neal. Both men received [technical fouls](/wiki/Technical_fouls \"Technical fouls\") for their actions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en\\_us/article/8x787a/brett\\-kavanaughs\\-latest\\-defender\\-the\\-eminently\\-useless\\-chris\\-dudley\\|title\\=Brett Kavanaugh's Latest Defender: The Eminently Useless Chris Dudley\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Corbin\\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-26\\|website\\=Vice\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-01}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ballislife.com/remembering\\-the\\-most\\-disrespectful\\-dunk\\-ever\\-shaqs\\-revenge\\-dunk\\-push\\-on\\-chris\\-dudley/\\|title\\=Remembering The Most Disrespectful Dunk Ever: Shaq's Revenge Dunk \\& Push on Chris Dudley\\|last\\=Astramskas\\|first\\=David\\|website\\=ballislife.com\\|date\\=28 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2020}} The next month, on April 16, he grabbed his 5,000th NBA rebound during a game between the Knicks and the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons \"Detroit Pistons\").",
"In 1999, Dudley reached the [NBA Finals](/wiki/1999_NBA_Finals \"1999 NBA Finals\") for the only time in his career. The [1999 Knicks](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_New_York_Knicks_season \"1998–99 New York Knicks season\"), the first 8th seeded team in NBA history to reach the Finals, lost to the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs \"San Antonio Spurs\"), four games to one. Dudley's Finals averages were 1\\.2 points, 3\\.8 rebounds, 0\\.6 blocks, and 2\\.8 fouls across 15\\.6 minutes per game.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/players/d/dudlech02/gamelog/1999/\\|title\\=Chris Dudley 1998\\-99 Game Log\\|website\\=\\[\\[Basketball Reference]]\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2020}}",
"### Phoenix Suns (2000–2001\\)",
"After his stint with the Knicks, Dudley was traded to the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns \"Phoenix Suns\") for [Luc Longley](/wiki/Luc_Longley \"Luc Longley\"), participating in 53 games in the [2000–01 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NBA_season \"2000–01 NBA season\"). During this season, he averaged 1\\.4 points, 3\\.5 rebounds, and 2\\.1 fouls in 11\\.6 minutes per game.",
"On July 18, 2001, Dudley, along with superstar point guard [Jason Kidd](/wiki/Jason_Kidd \"Jason Kidd\"), was traded back to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for [Soumaila Samake](/wiki/Soumaila_Samake \"Soumaila Samake\"), [Johnny Newman](/wiki/Johnny_Newman \"Johnny Newman\"), and [Stephon Marbury](/wiki/Stephon_Marbury \"Stephon Marbury\"). He was waived by the Nets the following month.",
"### Return to Portland (2001–2003\\)",
"Dudley returned to the Trail Blazers in 2001 as a free agent. In his [first season back](/wiki/2001-02_NBA_season \"2001-02 NBA season\"), he played 43 games (two starts), with averages of 1\\.1 points and 1\\.9 rebounds per game, alongside 40% field goal shooting. Dudley retired after playing 11 total minutes in three games during the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NBA_season \"2002–03 NBA season\").",
""
] |
Marriage
--------
Anne Cooke married Sir [Nicholas Bacon](/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_%28courtier%29 "Nicholas Bacon (courtier)"), Queen Elizabeth's [Keeper of the Great Seal](/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_England "Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England"), in February 1553\.Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\), p. 7\. They had two sons, [Anthony](/wiki/Anthony_Bacon_%281558%E2%80%931601%29 "Anthony Bacon (1558–1601)") and [Francis Bacon](/wiki/Francis_Bacon "Francis Bacon"), the latter later becoming a philosopher and a pioneer of the [Scientific Revolution](/wiki/Scientific_Revolution "Scientific Revolution").
When Edward VI died, Anne Bacon rode to [Kenninghall](/wiki/Kenninghall "Kenninghall") in Norfolk as a show of support for [Mary I](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England "Mary I of England"). The couple conformed to Mary's revival of the Catholic religion.Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\), p. 8\. She attended the [Royal Entry](/wiki/Royal_Entry "Royal Entry") at [Mary's coronation](/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary_I "Coronation of Mary I"), listed as "Mrs Bacon" riding among the gentlewomen, [maids](/wiki/Maid_of_honour "Maid of honour"), and [chamberers](/wiki/Chamberer "Chamberer").James Robinson Planché, *Regal Records: Or, A Chronicle of the Coronations of the Queens Regnant* (London, 1838\), p. 8\. For a while, Anne Bacon was a leading [Lady\-in\-Waiting](/wiki/Lady-in-Waiting "Lady-in-Waiting") to [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I"). Her religious views remained strongly [Puritan](/wiki/Puritan "Puritan"), and she called for the eradication of all [Popery](/wiki/Popery "Popery") in the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England").
Anne wrote many letters, fervent with her passion for her Protestant beliefs. Many of her later letters were addressed to her sons, Anthony and Francis. Her letters to her sons are said to express "the jealousy with which she regarded her authority over them long after they had reached manhood", and being concerned with their spiritual welfare. In the letters she also demands they follow her wishes, scorns them when they disregard her wishes, and expects her sons to update her quite thoroughly on their day\-to\-day lives. Though these demands she makes are true, sources agree, her main concern was their spiritual welfare, and their religious lives. She also sent medical advice, recommending the use of [leeches](/wiki/Leech "Leech") for [gout](/wiki/Gout "Gout").Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\), pp. 34\-5\.
In a letter from Anne to Francis Bacon, she addresses her views of the church and government, speaking knowledgeably and elegantly. She addresses her son, and though the letter is quite formal and written in flowery vocabulary, her emotions and love for her religion and her son come through. She expresses her desires that he be a good man. She wrote to clergymen, including Bishop [Godfrey Goodman](/wiki/Godfrey_Goodman "Godfrey Goodman"). In her letters she quoted classical Greek and Latin authors.
Long after her death, Bishop Goodman wrote that Anne was "little better than frantic in her age",Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\), p. 1\. and so it seems she lived somewhat out of the spotlight before her death in 1610\. This is a portion of Anne's life where we can find little information. Her later years seem to be somewhat of a mystery, as she wrote few letters, and participated in few events at court. On 27 August 1610, Francis Bacon wrote to his mother's friend Sir [Michael Hicks](/wiki/Michael_Hicks_%281543%E2%80%931612%29 "Michael Hicks (1543–1612)"), inviting him to her funeral. Her exact date of passing is not precisely known.James Spedding, *Works of Francis Bacon*, vol. 11 (London, 1868\), pp. 216\-8\. She died at about the age of 82 and was entombed in [St Michael's Church](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church%2C_St._Albans "St. Michael's Church, St. Albans") in [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans "St Albans"). Her second son, [Sir Francis Bacon](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon "Sir Francis Bacon") is buried there as well, per his request to be near his mother.
|
[
"Marriage\n--------",
"Anne Cooke married Sir [Nicholas Bacon](/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_%28courtier%29 \"Nicholas Bacon (courtier)\"), Queen Elizabeth's [Keeper of the Great Seal](/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_England \"Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England\"), in February 1553\\.Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\\), p. 7\\. They had two sons, [Anthony](/wiki/Anthony_Bacon_%281558%E2%80%931601%29 \"Anthony Bacon (1558–1601)\") and [Francis Bacon](/wiki/Francis_Bacon \"Francis Bacon\"), the latter later becoming a philosopher and a pioneer of the [Scientific Revolution](/wiki/Scientific_Revolution \"Scientific Revolution\").",
"When Edward VI died, Anne Bacon rode to [Kenninghall](/wiki/Kenninghall \"Kenninghall\") in Norfolk as a show of support for [Mary I](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England \"Mary I of England\"). The couple conformed to Mary's revival of the Catholic religion.Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\\), p. 8\\. She attended the [Royal Entry](/wiki/Royal_Entry \"Royal Entry\") at [Mary's coronation](/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary_I \"Coronation of Mary I\"), listed as \"Mrs Bacon\" riding among the gentlewomen, [maids](/wiki/Maid_of_honour \"Maid of honour\"), and [chamberers](/wiki/Chamberer \"Chamberer\").James Robinson Planché, *Regal Records: Or, A Chronicle of the Coronations of the Queens Regnant* (London, 1838\\), p. 8\\. For a while, Anne Bacon was a leading [Lady\\-in\\-Waiting](/wiki/Lady-in-Waiting \"Lady-in-Waiting\") to [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\"). Her religious views remained strongly [Puritan](/wiki/Puritan \"Puritan\"), and she called for the eradication of all [Popery](/wiki/Popery \"Popery\") in the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\").",
"Anne wrote many letters, fervent with her passion for her Protestant beliefs. Many of her later letters were addressed to her sons, Anthony and Francis. Her letters to her sons are said to express \"the jealousy with which she regarded her authority over them long after they had reached manhood\", and being concerned with their spiritual welfare. In the letters she also demands they follow her wishes, scorns them when they disregard her wishes, and expects her sons to update her quite thoroughly on their day\\-to\\-day lives. Though these demands she makes are true, sources agree, her main concern was their spiritual welfare, and their religious lives. She also sent medical advice, recommending the use of [leeches](/wiki/Leech \"Leech\") for [gout](/wiki/Gout \"Gout\").Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\\), pp. 34\\-5\\.",
"In a letter from Anne to Francis Bacon, she addresses her views of the church and government, speaking knowledgeably and elegantly. She addresses her son, and though the letter is quite formal and written in flowery vocabulary, her emotions and love for her religion and her son come through. She expresses her desires that he be a good man. She wrote to clergymen, including Bishop [Godfrey Goodman](/wiki/Godfrey_Goodman \"Godfrey Goodman\"). In her letters she quoted classical Greek and Latin authors.",
"Long after her death, Bishop Goodman wrote that Anne was \"little better than frantic in her age\",Gemma Allen, *The Letters of Lady Anne Bacon* (Cambridge, 2014\\), p. 1\\. and so it seems she lived somewhat out of the spotlight before her death in 1610\\. This is a portion of Anne's life where we can find little information. Her later years seem to be somewhat of a mystery, as she wrote few letters, and participated in few events at court. On 27 August 1610, Francis Bacon wrote to his mother's friend Sir [Michael Hicks](/wiki/Michael_Hicks_%281543%E2%80%931612%29 \"Michael Hicks (1543–1612)\"), inviting him to her funeral. Her exact date of passing is not precisely known.James Spedding, *Works of Francis Bacon*, vol. 11 (London, 1868\\), pp. 216\\-8\\. She died at about the age of 82 and was entombed in [St Michael's Church](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church%2C_St._Albans \"St. Michael's Church, St. Albans\") in [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans \"St Albans\"). Her second son, [Sir Francis Bacon](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon \"Sir Francis Bacon\") is buried there as well, per his request to be near his mother.",
""
] |
Service history
---------------
The boat's service life began with training with the [8th U\-boat Flotilla](/wiki/8th_U-boat_Flotilla "8th U-boat Flotilla") in December 1943\. She was then transferred to the [11th flotilla](/wiki/11th_U-boat_Flotilla "11th U-boat Flotilla") for operations on 1 August 1944\. She was reassigned to the [13th flotilla](/wiki/13th_U-boat_Flotilla "13th U-boat Flotilla") on 5 November and moved again to the [14th flotilla](/wiki/14th_U-boat_Flotilla "14th U-boat Flotilla") on 1 March 1945\.
### First and second patrols
*U\-295*{{'}}s first patrol was notable in that she came under air attack on 16 July 1944\. The commander was wounded. She had been part of a defence line off the Norwegian coast.
She then embarked on a pair of short journeys between [Bergen](/wiki/Bergen "Bergen"), [Larvik](/wiki/Larvik "Larvik") and [Kristiansand](/wiki/Kristiansand "Kristiansand").
Her second foray, between Kristiansand and Bergen was uneventful.
### Third and fourth patrols
The submarine's third sortie took her into the [Barents Sea](/wiki/Barents_Sea "Barents Sea"), off [Murmansk](/wiki/Murmansk "Murmansk").
Her fourth patrol started in [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim") and finished in [Bogenbrucht](/wiki/Bogenbrucht "Bogenbrucht"), (west of [Narvik](/wiki/Narvik "Narvik")).
### Fifth patrol
She departed Bogenbrucht on 18 January 1945 and arrived at Trondheim on the 21st.
### Sixth patrol and fate
The boat departed Trondheim on 24 January 1945\. Her route covered the [North](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_Sea "Norwegian Sea") Seas. She docked in Kristiansand on 15 April. She was at sea for 84 days, her longest patrol.
She surrendered at Kristiansand\-sud on 9 May 1945 and in accordance with the terms, she was transferred to [Loch Ryan](/wiki/Loch_Ryan "Loch Ryan") in western Scotland for Operation [*Deadlight*](/wiki/Operation_Deadlight "Operation Deadlight") on the 29th. Having been towed out to the scuttling area by {{HMS\|Obedient\|G48\|6}}, she was sunk without ceremony on 4 December.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.u\-boot\-archiv.de/dieboote/u0299\.html
\|title\=''U 299''
\|last\=Hofmann
\|first\=Markus
\|website\=Deutsche U\-Boote 1935\-1945 \- u\-boot\-archiv.de
\|language\=de
\|access\-date\=1 February 2015
}}
|
[
"Service history\n---------------",
"The boat's service life began with training with the [8th U\\-boat Flotilla](/wiki/8th_U-boat_Flotilla \"8th U-boat Flotilla\") in December 1943\\. She was then transferred to the [11th flotilla](/wiki/11th_U-boat_Flotilla \"11th U-boat Flotilla\") for operations on 1 August 1944\\. She was reassigned to the [13th flotilla](/wiki/13th_U-boat_Flotilla \"13th U-boat Flotilla\") on 5 November and moved again to the [14th flotilla](/wiki/14th_U-boat_Flotilla \"14th U-boat Flotilla\") on 1 March 1945\\.",
"### First and second patrols",
"*U\\-295*{{'}}s first patrol was notable in that she came under air attack on 16 July 1944\\. The commander was wounded. She had been part of a defence line off the Norwegian coast.",
"She then embarked on a pair of short journeys between [Bergen](/wiki/Bergen \"Bergen\"), [Larvik](/wiki/Larvik \"Larvik\") and [Kristiansand](/wiki/Kristiansand \"Kristiansand\").",
"Her second foray, between Kristiansand and Bergen was uneventful.",
"### Third and fourth patrols",
"The submarine's third sortie took her into the [Barents Sea](/wiki/Barents_Sea \"Barents Sea\"), off [Murmansk](/wiki/Murmansk \"Murmansk\").",
"Her fourth patrol started in [Trondheim](/wiki/Trondheim \"Trondheim\") and finished in [Bogenbrucht](/wiki/Bogenbrucht \"Bogenbrucht\"), (west of [Narvik](/wiki/Narvik \"Narvik\")).",
"### Fifth patrol",
"She departed Bogenbrucht on 18 January 1945 and arrived at Trondheim on the 21st.",
"### Sixth patrol and fate",
"The boat departed Trondheim on 24 January 1945\\. Her route covered the [North](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") and [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_Sea \"Norwegian Sea\") Seas. She docked in Kristiansand on 15 April. She was at sea for 84 days, her longest patrol.",
"She surrendered at Kristiansand\\-sud on 9 May 1945 and in accordance with the terms, she was transferred to [Loch Ryan](/wiki/Loch_Ryan \"Loch Ryan\") in western Scotland for Operation [*Deadlight*](/wiki/Operation_Deadlight \"Operation Deadlight\") on the 29th. Having been towed out to the scuttling area by {{HMS\\|Obedient\\|G48\\|6}}, she was sunk without ceremony on 4 December.{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.u\\-boot\\-archiv.de/dieboote/u0299\\.html\n\\|title\\=''U 299''\n\\|last\\=Hofmann\n\\|first\\=Markus\n\\|website\\=Deutsche U\\-Boote 1935\\-1945 \\- u\\-boot\\-archiv.de\n\\|language\\=de\n\\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015\n}}",
""
] |
Life
----
John P. Portelli was born in [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta") where, after completing a B.A. (Philosophy \& Maltese, 1975\), and a B.A. (hons. in Philosophy, 1976\) he taught history and modern languages at a secondary school and philosophy at a sixth form. In 1977 he was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship and commenced his studies at McGill University from where he obtained an M.A. (1979\) and a Ph.D. (1984\) in [Philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy"). Currently he is a professor emeritus in the Department of Social Justice Education, and the Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education at [OISE](/wiki/OISE "OISE"), [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto"). He is a member of the Centre for Leadership and Diversity and a fellow a St. Michael's College, University of Toronto.
Before joining OISE in 1999 as a full professor he taught in several universities: The University of Malta (1980\), College Marie Victorin (1981\-1985\), McGill University (1982\-1985\), Dalhousie University (Killam Post\-Doctoral Fellow, 1985\-1986\), Mount Saint Vincent University (1986 – 1999\). He was a visiting professor at the University of Malta (1992\), Acadia University (1997\), the University of British Columbia (1998\), and the University of Verona (2010, 2011\).
He has published 27 books including eight collections of poetry, two collections of short stories and a novel, and over 100 articles and chapters in books. He has also made over 100 presentations at national and international conferences. Two of his books won the American Educational Studies Association Critic Award, and another of his books won the Canadian Association for the Foundations of Education Book Award.
[alt\=Here Was\|thumb\|Here Was](/wiki/File:Here_Was.jpg "Here Was.jpg")
His research includes theoretical and empirical studies. He has led several national research projects in Canada and elsewhere. In total he has been awarded $1\.4 million for research projects.
In 2005 he received the [Canadian Society for the Study of Education Mentorship Award](/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Education_Mentorship_Award "Canadian Society for the Study of Education Mentorship Award"). In March 2013 he was awarded the [David E. Hunt Graduate Teaching Award](/wiki/David_E._Hunt_Graduate_Teaching_Award "David E. Hunt Graduate Teaching Award") at the University of Toronto.
Since 1982 he has worked closely with teachers and school administrators in Canada and internationally. He has been a member of the Board of the National Commission for Higher Education of Malta (2006\-2017\) and Chair of the Board in 2022, a Lead Expert for the European Mediterranean University, Slovenia (on issues of quality assurance), Chair of the Quality Assurance Committee for Further and Higher Education in Malta (2014\-2018\) and a regular member of the same Committee(until 2022\), and a senior policy advisor to the Ministry of Education and Employment in Malta (2007\-2022\). He has carried out Quality Assurance work in several countries including Malta, Slovenia, Turkey, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"John P. Portelli was born in [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\") where, after completing a B.A. (Philosophy \\& Maltese, 1975\\), and a B.A. (hons. in Philosophy, 1976\\) he taught history and modern languages at a secondary school and philosophy at a sixth form. In 1977 he was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship and commenced his studies at McGill University from where he obtained an M.A. (1979\\) and a Ph.D. (1984\\) in [Philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\"). Currently he is a professor emeritus in the Department of Social Justice Education, and the Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education at [OISE](/wiki/OISE \"OISE\"), [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\"). He is a member of the Centre for Leadership and Diversity and a fellow a St. Michael's College, University of Toronto.",
"Before joining OISE in 1999 as a full professor he taught in several universities: The University of Malta (1980\\), College Marie Victorin (1981\\-1985\\), McGill University (1982\\-1985\\), Dalhousie University (Killam Post\\-Doctoral Fellow, 1985\\-1986\\), Mount Saint Vincent University (1986 – 1999\\). He was a visiting professor at the University of Malta (1992\\), Acadia University (1997\\), the University of British Columbia (1998\\), and the University of Verona (2010, 2011\\).",
"He has published 27 books including eight collections of poetry, two collections of short stories and a novel, and over 100 articles and chapters in books. He has also made over 100 presentations at national and international conferences. Two of his books won the American Educational Studies Association Critic Award, and another of his books won the Canadian Association for the Foundations of Education Book Award.\n[alt\\=Here Was\\|thumb\\|Here Was](/wiki/File:Here_Was.jpg \"Here Was.jpg\")\nHis research includes theoretical and empirical studies. He has led several national research projects in Canada and elsewhere. In total he has been awarded $1\\.4 million for research projects.",
"In 2005 he received the [Canadian Society for the Study of Education Mentorship Award](/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Education_Mentorship_Award \"Canadian Society for the Study of Education Mentorship Award\"). In March 2013 he was awarded the [David E. Hunt Graduate Teaching Award](/wiki/David_E._Hunt_Graduate_Teaching_Award \"David E. Hunt Graduate Teaching Award\") at the University of Toronto.",
"Since 1982 he has worked closely with teachers and school administrators in Canada and internationally. He has been a member of the Board of the National Commission for Higher Education of Malta (2006\\-2017\\) and Chair of the Board in 2022, a Lead Expert for the European Mediterranean University, Slovenia (on issues of quality assurance), Chair of the Quality Assurance Committee for Further and Higher Education in Malta (2014\\-2018\\) and a regular member of the same Committee(until 2022\\), and a senior policy advisor to the Ministry of Education and Employment in Malta (2007\\-2022\\). He has carried out Quality Assurance work in several countries including Malta, Slovenia, Turkey, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.",
""
] |
Life and work
-------------
His father was a cloth merchant. He received his primary education at the [Katharineum](/wiki/Katharineum "Katharineum") then, in 1655, began to study law at the universities in [Rostock](/wiki/University_of_Rostock "University of Rostock") and [Helmstedt](/wiki/University_of_Helmstedt "University of Helmstedt").Entry in the Rostock Matriculation Portal: [http://purl.uni\-rostock.de/matrikel/100050390](http://purl.uni-rostock.de/matrikel/100050390). Two years later, he switched to theology and enrolled at the [University of Altdorf](/wiki/University_of_Altdorf "University of Altdorf"). From 1660, he was at [Leiden University](/wiki/Leiden_University "Leiden University"). After graduating, he became a rural preacher.
He first gained wider recognition in 1665, when he translated the works of [Richard Baxter](/wiki/Richard_Baxter "Richard Baxter"). It also put him at odds with [Lutheran orthodoxy](/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy "Lutheran orthodoxy"). The following year, it attracted the attention of [Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach](/wiki/Christian_Augustus%2C_Count_Palatine_of_Sulzbach "Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach"), who brought him there as a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon"). Within two years, he was promoted to local [Superintendent](/wiki/Superintendent_%28Christianity%29 "Superintendent (Christianity)"). In 1673, he was appointed to the same position for all of [Livonia](/wiki/Livonia "Livonia"); a province of Sweden which, at that time, included much of the [Baltic region](/wiki/Baltic_region "Baltic region").
With the support of King [Charles XI](/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden "Charles XI of Sweden"), he reformed the church system, despite the continuing influence of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia"). In 1678, he was named the General Superintendent, which gave him the power to act on his own. Over the next few years, he created state\-funded church schools throughout the region. He also founded a printing shop in [Riga](/wiki/Riga "Riga").
He became an advocate for [absolutism](/wiki/Absolute_monarchy "Absolute monarchy") in 1687, and was awarded a lifetime income from the royal estates in Lindenhof (now [Priekuļi Municipality](/wiki/Prieku%C4%BCi_Municipality "Priekuļi Municipality")). Three years later, he was named Professor of Theology at the [University of Dorpat](/wiki/University_of_Dorpat "University of Dorpat"), although the Swedish Church Law of 1686 placed severe limits on the activities of [Baltic\-Germans](/wiki/Baltic-German "Baltic-German").*Kirchen\-Gesetz und Ordnung, So der Grossmächtigste König und Herr, Herr Carl der Eilffte, Der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König Im Jahr 1686\. hat verfassen und Im Jahr 1687\. im Druck aussgehen und publiciren lassen. Mit denen dazu gehörigen Verordnungen.* Riga 1687 [Digitalisat](http://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/27787) In 1693, he became an Honorary Doctor in the Theology Faculty at [Uppsala University](/wiki/Uppsala_University "Uppsala University").
The increasing likelihood of war with the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") led him to leave Livonia in 1699\. He returned to Lübeck, where he was one of six candidates for Superintendent of the {{ill\|Evangelical\-Lutheran Church\|de\|Evangelisch\-Lutherische Kirche in Lübeck}}, but failed to win the necessary votes. Through the influence of some old friends, he was able to obtain an appointment as General Superintendent of the [Duchy of Magdeburg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg "Duchy of Magdeburg").
|
[
"Life and work\n-------------",
"His father was a cloth merchant. He received his primary education at the [Katharineum](/wiki/Katharineum \"Katharineum\") then, in 1655, began to study law at the universities in [Rostock](/wiki/University_of_Rostock \"University of Rostock\") and [Helmstedt](/wiki/University_of_Helmstedt \"University of Helmstedt\").Entry in the Rostock Matriculation Portal: [http://purl.uni\\-rostock.de/matrikel/100050390](http://purl.uni-rostock.de/matrikel/100050390). Two years later, he switched to theology and enrolled at the [University of Altdorf](/wiki/University_of_Altdorf \"University of Altdorf\"). From 1660, he was at [Leiden University](/wiki/Leiden_University \"Leiden University\"). After graduating, he became a rural preacher.",
"He first gained wider recognition in 1665, when he translated the works of [Richard Baxter](/wiki/Richard_Baxter \"Richard Baxter\"). It also put him at odds with [Lutheran orthodoxy](/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy \"Lutheran orthodoxy\"). The following year, it attracted the attention of [Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach](/wiki/Christian_Augustus%2C_Count_Palatine_of_Sulzbach \"Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach\"), who brought him there as a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\"). Within two years, he was promoted to local [Superintendent](/wiki/Superintendent_%28Christianity%29 \"Superintendent (Christianity)\"). In 1673, he was appointed to the same position for all of [Livonia](/wiki/Livonia \"Livonia\"); a province of Sweden which, at that time, included much of the [Baltic region](/wiki/Baltic_region \"Baltic region\").",
"With the support of King [Charles XI](/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden \"Charles XI of Sweden\"), he reformed the church system, despite the continuing influence of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\"). In 1678, he was named the General Superintendent, which gave him the power to act on his own. Over the next few years, he created state\\-funded church schools throughout the region. He also founded a printing shop in [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\").",
"He became an advocate for [absolutism](/wiki/Absolute_monarchy \"Absolute monarchy\") in 1687, and was awarded a lifetime income from the royal estates in Lindenhof (now [Priekuļi Municipality](/wiki/Prieku%C4%BCi_Municipality \"Priekuļi Municipality\")). Three years later, he was named Professor of Theology at the [University of Dorpat](/wiki/University_of_Dorpat \"University of Dorpat\"), although the Swedish Church Law of 1686 placed severe limits on the activities of [Baltic\\-Germans](/wiki/Baltic-German \"Baltic-German\").*Kirchen\\-Gesetz und Ordnung, So der Grossmächtigste König und Herr, Herr Carl der Eilffte, Der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König Im Jahr 1686\\. hat verfassen und Im Jahr 1687\\. im Druck aussgehen und publiciren lassen. Mit denen dazu gehörigen Verordnungen.* Riga 1687 [Digitalisat](http://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/27787) In 1693, he became an Honorary Doctor in the Theology Faculty at [Uppsala University](/wiki/Uppsala_University \"Uppsala University\").",
"The increasing likelihood of war with the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") led him to leave Livonia in 1699\\. He returned to Lübeck, where he was one of six candidates for Superintendent of the {{ill\\|Evangelical\\-Lutheran Church\\|de\\|Evangelisch\\-Lutherische Kirche in Lübeck}}, but failed to win the necessary votes. Through the influence of some old friends, he was able to obtain an appointment as General Superintendent of the [Duchy of Magdeburg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg \"Duchy of Magdeburg\").",
""
] |
Storylines
----------
### "Down Among the Dead Men" (issues 1–4\)
* Writer: [Mark Millar](/wiki/Mark_Millar "Mark Millar")
* [Penciler](/wiki/Penciler "Penciler"): [Terry Dodson](/wiki/Terry_Dodson "Terry Dodson")
* [Inker](/wiki/Inker "Inker"): [Rachel Dodson](/wiki/Rachel_Dodson "Rachel Dodson")
When Spider\-Man finally sends the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Green_Goblin "Green Goblin") to jail, an unknown enemy, knowing that Peter Parker is Spider\-Man, kidnaps [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May "Aunt May"). After an embarrassing trip to the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 "Avengers (comics)"), Spidey visits the [Owl](/wiki/Owl_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Owl (Marvel Comics)"), who says that [Electro](/wiki/Electro_%28comics%29 "Electro (comics)") and the [Vulture](/wiki/Vulture_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Vulture (Marvel Comics)") kidnapped her. This turns out to be a ploy by the Owl, who is after the two villains for stealing from him. Spidey goes through a brutal fight with a newly powered up Electro and is hospitalized. He is photographed (with most of his mask torn away) and is ambushed by the Vulture, only to be saved by the [Black Cat](/wiki/Black_Cat_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Black Cat (Marvel Comics)") who leaves Vulture in a bad physical condition due to her foul mood at the time of their fight. The photos are brought to [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson "J. Jonah Jameson"), who says he thinks the partial face looks familiar.
Also in the panel (\#4\) where a wounded Peter is climbing up an office building three characters are visible bearing a striking resemblance to [Clark Kent](/wiki/Clark_Kent "Clark Kent"), [Jimmy Olsen](/wiki/Jimmy_Olsen "Jimmy Olsen") and [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane "Lois Lane"). On the side of the computer there is a note from a man named "Perry" and a picture of an "S" symbol.
### "Venomous" (issues 5–8\)
* Writer: [Mark Millar](/wiki/Mark_Millar "Mark Millar")
* Penciler: [Terry Dodson](/wiki/Terry_Dodson "Terry Dodson") and [Frank Cho](/wiki/Frank_Cho "Frank Cho")
* Inker: [Rachel Dodson](/wiki/Rachel_Dodson "Rachel Dodson")
The pictures of the unmasked Spider\-Man are published by the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle "Daily Bugle")*, but Parker's face is too mangled to be identified. Jameson issues a $5 million reward for Spidey's alias. Meanwhile, [Doctor Octopus](/wiki/Doctor_Octopus "Doctor Octopus") goes on a rampage and Eddie Brock auctions off the [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29 "Venom (Marvel Comics character)") costume, which is bought by the Fortunato family for the baby of the family, [Angelo](/wiki/Angelo_Fortunato "Angelo Fortunato"). Spidey visits the [X\-Men](/wiki/X-Men "X-Men"), where [Rachel Summers](/wiki/Rachel_Summers "Rachel Summers") tells him she thinks Aunt May is dead. Parker goes to his high school reunion and is attacked by Venom. During a gruelling battle, the suit abandons Angelo, who falls to his death. Eddie Brock is discovered to have slit his own wrists. May's kidnapper then calls Parker and asks him to lunch.
### "The Last Stand" (issues 9–12\)
* Writer: [Mark Millar](/wiki/Mark_Millar "Mark Millar")
* Penciler: [Terry Dodson](/wiki/Terry_Dodson "Terry Dodson")
* Inker: [Rachel Dodson](/wiki/Rachel_Dodson "Rachel Dodson")
The kidnapper turns out to be [the Scorpion](/wiki/Mac_Gargan "Mac Gargan"), who is working for Norman Osborn. They blackmail Spidey to break Norman out of jail for his Aunt's safety, and after apologising to his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben "Uncle Ben") at his grave, he goes through with it. During the breakout, Spidey (along with the Black Cat) is attacked by the new Sinister 12, which includes the Scorpion as the new Venom. The 12, with the exclusion of the Goblin and Venom, battle the two heroes until many of the Marvel heroes come to save the day. Spidey chases after the Goblin, but is ambushed by Venom, whom he defeats. Spidey finds the Goblin on the [Brooklyn Bridge](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge "Brooklyn Bridge") with his wife, [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson "Mary Jane Watson"). The two battle, but are interrupted by [Doctor Octopus](/wiki/Doctor_Octopus "Doctor Octopus"), who has been brainwashed to kill the Goblin by a shadowy organization. Spidey defeats them both, saves MJ, and rescues his Aunt, who is buried alive and unharmed in the grave of his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben "Uncle Ben").
### "Wild Blue Yonder" (issues 13–18\)
* Writer: [Reginald Hudlin](/wiki/Reginald_Hudlin "Reginald Hudlin")
* Penciler: [Billy Tan](/wiki/Billy_Tan "Billy Tan")
* Inker: [Jonathan Sibal](/wiki/Jonathan_Sibal "Jonathan Sibal")
After all the trauma of finding Aunt May and once again defeating the Green Goblin, Spider\-Man is now a full member of the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 "Avengers (comics)"), living in Stark Tower with [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May "Aunt May") and [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson "Mary Jane Watson"). His summer\-school job falls through, so he looks to the *Daily Bugle* for work. The Owl has placed a bounty on Spider\-Man and the Absorbing Man and his unnamed female consultant are looking to collect. After a fight the unnamed woman stole Peter's wallet and starts looking for him at Aunt May and Peter's houses which are destroyed, so they leave none\-the\-wiser.
At the *Daily Bugle*, Peter meets the new star reporter from [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa"), named [Ethan Edwards](/wiki/Ethan_Edwards "Ethan Edwards"). Ethan had amazing powers such as flight, super human strength, ability to see in every light spectrum, energy projection and even healing powers. Ethan's [fundamentalist](/wiki/Fundamentalist "Fundamentalist") parents raised him to believe that "with power there must also come great responsibility" in life. Ethan asks Peter to train him and Peter agrees, so he takes him with the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four "Fantastic Four") to run some tests, which later on lead him to discover what he really is.
Meanwhile, the Absorbing Man was critically wounded by the [Punisher](/wiki/Punisher "Punisher") shortly after escaping from a robbery, and turns into steel to avoid bleeding to death. He absorbs the properties of [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") (actually an unnamed drug, but the reference is clear enough) so the slug can be removed. The [Owl](/wiki/Owl_%28comics%29 "Owl (comics)")'s men use a high\-powered electric fan to blow the Absorbing Man apart after he had turned into cocaine.
The cocaine remains of the Absorbing Man are sold on the streets, and the users temporarily gain the powers of the Absorbing Man.
### "The Other" (issues 19–22\)
{{main\|Spider\-Man: The Other}}
* Writer: [Peter David](/wiki/Peter_David "Peter David"), [Reginald Hudlin](/wiki/Reginald_Hudlin "Reginald Hudlin"), [J. Michael Straczynski](/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski "J. Michael Straczynski")
* Penciler: [Pat Lee](/wiki/Pat_Lee_%28comics_illustrator%29 "Pat Lee (comics illustrator)")
* Inker: [Dream Engine](/wiki/Dream_Engine "Dream Engine")
These issues are part of the twelve\-part crossover, *[Spider\-Man: The Other](/wiki/Spider-Man:The_Other "The Other")*, one\-third of which is told in *Marvel Knights: Spider\-Man* (the other two\-thirds told in *[Friendly Neighborhood Spider\-Man](/wiki/Friendly_Neighborhood_Spider-Man "Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man")* and *[The Amazing Spider\-Man](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man "The Amazing Spider-Man")*).
The second chapter of *The Other*, "Denial", focuses on Mary Jane, who overhears that Spider\-Man might be getting killed on television. She rushes to a bar to see the live coverage on TV, and she sees Spider\-Man fighting Tracer, who is controlling Iron Man's armor and forcing him to attack Spider\-Man. Later, at home, Mary Jane confronts Peter, telling him she thinks he has a death wish, but Peter interrupts her to tell her the news from the doctor.
The fifth chapter of *The Other*, "Retreat", Peter, Mary Jane and Aunt May go to Latveria to use Dr. Doom's Time Machine to see past scenes in his life, like the day Richard Parker and Mary Fitzpatrick\-Parker left Peter in the care of his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. After returning to Stark Tower, Peter briefly considers a trip to Las Vegas with Mary Jane, namely in Tony Stark's penthouse suite. He ultimately rejects the idea, assuming even if he managed to win big at the blackjack tables, some super\-villain or other would end up disrupting the whole vacation. Later, Morlun searches for Spider\-Man, in vain, as Peter and Mary–Jane are in one of Stark's space pods, looking down upon the Earth.
### "Feral" (Issues 23–27\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Angel Medina](/wiki/Angel_Medina_%28artist%29 "Angel Medina (artist)"), [Clayton Crain](/wiki/Clayton_Crain "Clayton Crain")
* Inker: [Scott Hanna](/wiki/Scott_Hanna "Scott Hanna")
Curt Connors takes a look at "The Rock of Life" which causes a mysterious disease and causes many characters to become very angry, including Man\-Wolf, Vermin, The Lizard, Black Cat, [Puma](/wiki/Puma_%28comics%29 "Puma (comics)") and others. The Black Cat has the hardest time controlling her anger, almost killing The Lizard in a fury. Mary Jane also finds herself with a knife in a fit of rage. It is soon discovered that the rock was brought to New York by the villain [Stegron](/wiki/Stegron "Stegron") with the aim of regressing all of humanity. Spider\-Man, who has been able to show the most resistance to the rock, stops him.
### "My Science Teacher is Spider\-Man!!" (Issue 28\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Clayton Crain](/wiki/Clayton_Crain "Clayton Crain")
* Inker: [Scott Hanna](/wiki/Scott_Hanna "Scott Hanna")
Due to the events in *[Civil War](/wiki/Civil_War_%28comics%29 "Civil War (comics)")* No. 2, Spider\-Man has unmasked to the world. Jordan Harrison, one of Peter's students, is shocked to learn this. When Doctor Octopus discovers that Spider\-Man was only fifteen when he first defeated him, he goes on a rampage through New York. Jordan Harrison distracts Doc Ock so Spidey can knock him out.
This story was included in the second compilation of Civil War involving Spider\-Man, entitled *"Peter Parker, Spider\-Man"*.
### "The Deadly Foes of Peter Parker"(Issue 29–31\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Angel Medina](/wiki/Angel_Medina_%28artist%29 "Angel Medina (artist)")
* Inker: [Scott Hanna](/wiki/Scott_Hanna "Scott Hanna")
Now that the world knows Spidey's identity, [The Chameleon](/wiki/Chameleon_%28comics%29 "Chameleon (comics)") arranges his deadliest foes to go after his loved ones. Black Cat is angry that Spider\-Man has gone public, but she teams up with him to stop his foes all the same.
### "The Husband or the Spider?," "Wounds," and "Nothing Can Stop the Rhino" (Issues 32–34\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Sean Chen](/wiki/Sean_Chen_%28artist%29 "Sean Chen (artist)")
These three issues deal with how the women in Spider\-Man's life are affected by his unmasking. The issues deal with Mary Jane Watson\-Parker, Aunt May, and the Black Cat respectively. The storyline focuses on each of the women reacting to not only Peter's public unmasking, but also a brutal beating that Peter receives at the hands of the Rhino.
### "The Strange Case Of..." (Issues 35–37\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Angel Medina](/wiki/Angel_Medina_%28artist%29 "Angel Medina (artist)") (\#35\), Ramon Bachs (\#36\-\#37\)
Spider\-Man copycats start turning up in Manhattan, with some of them having the same powers as [Peter](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man"). After Spider\-Man finds one of them and sees that something is seriously wrong, he takes him to see [Mr. Fantastic](/wiki/Mr._Fantastic "Mr. Fantastic") while [Doc Connors](/wiki/Lizard_%28comics%29 "Lizard (comics)") investigates the strange fluids on a blanket the doppelganger had been in contact with.
### "The Last Temptation of Eddie Brock" (Issues 38–39\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Lee Weeks](/wiki/Lee_Weeks "Lee Weeks")
Eddie Brock, wasting away from cancer, finds that Peter's Aunt May is in the very same hospital, and he hatches one final plan to take his revenge against Spider\-Man.
### "The Book of Peter" (Issue 40\)
* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa "Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa")
* Penciller: [Clayton Crain](/wiki/Clayton_Crain "Clayton Crain")
* {{ISSN\|1932\-8923}}
Peter's guilt deepens as he fears that his Aunt May will die from injuries sustained during an attack that was targeted at him. Peter reflects on the amount of death and tragedy he has encountered (Uncle Ben, Gwen Stacy, etc.) due to his leading a double\-life as Spider\-Man. As despair consumes him, he is visited by a mysterious stranger (God) who conveys to him that in life tragedy affects everyone in some form or another. Also, he explains that due to Spider\-Man's heroic efforts, many people are alive and well, and that should bring him some comfort. While alleviating some of Peter's guilt, the information doesn't change the helplessness that Peter feels towards his situation. The story concludes with the stranger telling Peter to have faith, and that he has asked a lot more from people much closer to him, a possible reference to [Jesus Christ](/wiki/Jesus_Christ "Jesus Christ"). The last page is Peter living as an old man with his wife, giving Spider\-Man a happy ending.
### "One More Day" Part 3 of 4 (Issue 41\)
* Writer: [J. Michael Straczynski](/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski "J. Michael Straczynski")
* Penciller: [Joe Quesada](/wiki/Joe_Quesada "Joe Quesada")
*See "[One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day "One More Day")" article for synopsis.*
*NOTE: Issue \#41 marked the final* The Sensational Spider\-Man *(vol. 2\) issue. At the conclusion of the "[One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day "One More Day")" storyline, this book and* [Friendly Neighborhood Spider\-Man](/wiki/Friendly_Neighborhood_Spider-Man "Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man") *were merged into* [The Amazing Spider\-Man](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man "The Amazing Spider-Man") *which began publication three times a month starting in 2008\.*
|
[
"Storylines\n----------",
"### \"Down Among the Dead Men\" (issues 1–4\\)",
"* Writer: [Mark Millar](/wiki/Mark_Millar \"Mark Millar\")\n* [Penciler](/wiki/Penciler \"Penciler\"): [Terry Dodson](/wiki/Terry_Dodson \"Terry Dodson\")\n* [Inker](/wiki/Inker \"Inker\"): [Rachel Dodson](/wiki/Rachel_Dodson \"Rachel Dodson\")\nWhen Spider\\-Man finally sends the [Green Goblin](/wiki/Green_Goblin \"Green Goblin\") to jail, an unknown enemy, knowing that Peter Parker is Spider\\-Man, kidnaps [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May \"Aunt May\"). After an embarrassing trip to the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 \"Avengers (comics)\"), Spidey visits the [Owl](/wiki/Owl_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Owl (Marvel Comics)\"), who says that [Electro](/wiki/Electro_%28comics%29 \"Electro (comics)\") and the [Vulture](/wiki/Vulture_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vulture (Marvel Comics)\") kidnapped her. This turns out to be a ploy by the Owl, who is after the two villains for stealing from him. Spidey goes through a brutal fight with a newly powered up Electro and is hospitalized. He is photographed (with most of his mask torn away) and is ambushed by the Vulture, only to be saved by the [Black Cat](/wiki/Black_Cat_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Black Cat (Marvel Comics)\") who leaves Vulture in a bad physical condition due to her foul mood at the time of their fight. The photos are brought to [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson \"J. Jonah Jameson\"), who says he thinks the partial face looks familiar.",
"Also in the panel (\\#4\\) where a wounded Peter is climbing up an office building three characters are visible bearing a striking resemblance to [Clark Kent](/wiki/Clark_Kent \"Clark Kent\"), [Jimmy Olsen](/wiki/Jimmy_Olsen \"Jimmy Olsen\") and [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane \"Lois Lane\"). On the side of the computer there is a note from a man named \"Perry\" and a picture of an \"S\" symbol.",
"### \"Venomous\" (issues 5–8\\)",
"* Writer: [Mark Millar](/wiki/Mark_Millar \"Mark Millar\")\n* Penciler: [Terry Dodson](/wiki/Terry_Dodson \"Terry Dodson\") and [Frank Cho](/wiki/Frank_Cho \"Frank Cho\")\n* Inker: [Rachel Dodson](/wiki/Rachel_Dodson \"Rachel Dodson\")",
"The pictures of the unmasked Spider\\-Man are published by the *[Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle \"Daily Bugle\")*, but Parker's face is too mangled to be identified. Jameson issues a $5 million reward for Spidey's alias. Meanwhile, [Doctor Octopus](/wiki/Doctor_Octopus \"Doctor Octopus\") goes on a rampage and Eddie Brock auctions off the [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29 \"Venom (Marvel Comics character)\") costume, which is bought by the Fortunato family for the baby of the family, [Angelo](/wiki/Angelo_Fortunato \"Angelo Fortunato\"). Spidey visits the [X\\-Men](/wiki/X-Men \"X-Men\"), where [Rachel Summers](/wiki/Rachel_Summers \"Rachel Summers\") tells him she thinks Aunt May is dead. Parker goes to his high school reunion and is attacked by Venom. During a gruelling battle, the suit abandons Angelo, who falls to his death. Eddie Brock is discovered to have slit his own wrists. May's kidnapper then calls Parker and asks him to lunch.",
"### \"The Last Stand\" (issues 9–12\\)",
"* Writer: [Mark Millar](/wiki/Mark_Millar \"Mark Millar\")\n* Penciler: [Terry Dodson](/wiki/Terry_Dodson \"Terry Dodson\")\n* Inker: [Rachel Dodson](/wiki/Rachel_Dodson \"Rachel Dodson\")",
"The kidnapper turns out to be [the Scorpion](/wiki/Mac_Gargan \"Mac Gargan\"), who is working for Norman Osborn. They blackmail Spidey to break Norman out of jail for his Aunt's safety, and after apologising to his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben \"Uncle Ben\") at his grave, he goes through with it. During the breakout, Spidey (along with the Black Cat) is attacked by the new Sinister 12, which includes the Scorpion as the new Venom. The 12, with the exclusion of the Goblin and Venom, battle the two heroes until many of the Marvel heroes come to save the day. Spidey chases after the Goblin, but is ambushed by Venom, whom he defeats. Spidey finds the Goblin on the [Brooklyn Bridge](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge \"Brooklyn Bridge\") with his wife, [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson \"Mary Jane Watson\"). The two battle, but are interrupted by [Doctor Octopus](/wiki/Doctor_Octopus \"Doctor Octopus\"), who has been brainwashed to kill the Goblin by a shadowy organization. Spidey defeats them both, saves MJ, and rescues his Aunt, who is buried alive and unharmed in the grave of his [Uncle Ben](/wiki/Uncle_Ben \"Uncle Ben\").",
"### \"Wild Blue Yonder\" (issues 13–18\\)",
"* Writer: [Reginald Hudlin](/wiki/Reginald_Hudlin \"Reginald Hudlin\")\n* Penciler: [Billy Tan](/wiki/Billy_Tan \"Billy Tan\")\n* Inker: [Jonathan Sibal](/wiki/Jonathan_Sibal \"Jonathan Sibal\")",
"After all the trauma of finding Aunt May and once again defeating the Green Goblin, Spider\\-Man is now a full member of the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 \"Avengers (comics)\"), living in Stark Tower with [Aunt May](/wiki/Aunt_May \"Aunt May\") and [Mary Jane Watson](/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson \"Mary Jane Watson\"). His summer\\-school job falls through, so he looks to the *Daily Bugle* for work. The Owl has placed a bounty on Spider\\-Man and the Absorbing Man and his unnamed female consultant are looking to collect. After a fight the unnamed woman stole Peter's wallet and starts looking for him at Aunt May and Peter's houses which are destroyed, so they leave none\\-the\\-wiser.",
"At the *Daily Bugle*, Peter meets the new star reporter from [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\"), named [Ethan Edwards](/wiki/Ethan_Edwards \"Ethan Edwards\"). Ethan had amazing powers such as flight, super human strength, ability to see in every light spectrum, energy projection and even healing powers. Ethan's [fundamentalist](/wiki/Fundamentalist \"Fundamentalist\") parents raised him to believe that \"with power there must also come great responsibility\" in life. Ethan asks Peter to train him and Peter agrees, so he takes him with the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four \"Fantastic Four\") to run some tests, which later on lead him to discover what he really is.",
"Meanwhile, the Absorbing Man was critically wounded by the [Punisher](/wiki/Punisher \"Punisher\") shortly after escaping from a robbery, and turns into steel to avoid bleeding to death. He absorbs the properties of [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") (actually an unnamed drug, but the reference is clear enough) so the slug can be removed. The [Owl](/wiki/Owl_%28comics%29 \"Owl (comics)\")'s men use a high\\-powered electric fan to blow the Absorbing Man apart after he had turned into cocaine.",
"The cocaine remains of the Absorbing Man are sold on the streets, and the users temporarily gain the powers of the Absorbing Man.",
"### \"The Other\" (issues 19–22\\)",
"{{main\\|Spider\\-Man: The Other}}\n* Writer: [Peter David](/wiki/Peter_David \"Peter David\"), [Reginald Hudlin](/wiki/Reginald_Hudlin \"Reginald Hudlin\"), [J. Michael Straczynski](/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski \"J. Michael Straczynski\")\n* Penciler: [Pat Lee](/wiki/Pat_Lee_%28comics_illustrator%29 \"Pat Lee (comics illustrator)\")\n* Inker: [Dream Engine](/wiki/Dream_Engine \"Dream Engine\")",
"These issues are part of the twelve\\-part crossover, *[Spider\\-Man: The Other](/wiki/Spider-Man:The_Other \"The Other\")*, one\\-third of which is told in *Marvel Knights: Spider\\-Man* (the other two\\-thirds told in *[Friendly Neighborhood Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Friendly_Neighborhood_Spider-Man \"Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man\")* and *[The Amazing Spider\\-Man](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man \"The Amazing Spider-Man\")*).",
"The second chapter of *The Other*, \"Denial\", focuses on Mary Jane, who overhears that Spider\\-Man might be getting killed on television. She rushes to a bar to see the live coverage on TV, and she sees Spider\\-Man fighting Tracer, who is controlling Iron Man's armor and forcing him to attack Spider\\-Man. Later, at home, Mary Jane confronts Peter, telling him she thinks he has a death wish, but Peter interrupts her to tell her the news from the doctor.",
"The fifth chapter of *The Other*, \"Retreat\", Peter, Mary Jane and Aunt May go to Latveria to use Dr. Doom's Time Machine to see past scenes in his life, like the day Richard Parker and Mary Fitzpatrick\\-Parker left Peter in the care of his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. After returning to Stark Tower, Peter briefly considers a trip to Las Vegas with Mary Jane, namely in Tony Stark's penthouse suite. He ultimately rejects the idea, assuming even if he managed to win big at the blackjack tables, some super\\-villain or other would end up disrupting the whole vacation. Later, Morlun searches for Spider\\-Man, in vain, as Peter and Mary–Jane are in one of Stark's space pods, looking down upon the Earth.",
"### \"Feral\" (Issues 23–27\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Angel Medina](/wiki/Angel_Medina_%28artist%29 \"Angel Medina (artist)\"), [Clayton Crain](/wiki/Clayton_Crain \"Clayton Crain\")\n* Inker: [Scott Hanna](/wiki/Scott_Hanna \"Scott Hanna\")",
"Curt Connors takes a look at \"The Rock of Life\" which causes a mysterious disease and causes many characters to become very angry, including Man\\-Wolf, Vermin, The Lizard, Black Cat, [Puma](/wiki/Puma_%28comics%29 \"Puma (comics)\") and others. The Black Cat has the hardest time controlling her anger, almost killing The Lizard in a fury. Mary Jane also finds herself with a knife in a fit of rage. It is soon discovered that the rock was brought to New York by the villain [Stegron](/wiki/Stegron \"Stegron\") with the aim of regressing all of humanity. Spider\\-Man, who has been able to show the most resistance to the rock, stops him.",
"### \"My Science Teacher is Spider\\-Man!!\" (Issue 28\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Clayton Crain](/wiki/Clayton_Crain \"Clayton Crain\")\n* Inker: [Scott Hanna](/wiki/Scott_Hanna \"Scott Hanna\")",
"Due to the events in *[Civil War](/wiki/Civil_War_%28comics%29 \"Civil War (comics)\")* No. 2, Spider\\-Man has unmasked to the world. Jordan Harrison, one of Peter's students, is shocked to learn this. When Doctor Octopus discovers that Spider\\-Man was only fifteen when he first defeated him, he goes on a rampage through New York. Jordan Harrison distracts Doc Ock so Spidey can knock him out.",
"This story was included in the second compilation of Civil War involving Spider\\-Man, entitled *\"Peter Parker, Spider\\-Man\"*.",
"### \"The Deadly Foes of Peter Parker\"(Issue 29–31\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Angel Medina](/wiki/Angel_Medina_%28artist%29 \"Angel Medina (artist)\")\n* Inker: [Scott Hanna](/wiki/Scott_Hanna \"Scott Hanna\")",
"Now that the world knows Spidey's identity, [The Chameleon](/wiki/Chameleon_%28comics%29 \"Chameleon (comics)\") arranges his deadliest foes to go after his loved ones. Black Cat is angry that Spider\\-Man has gone public, but she teams up with him to stop his foes all the same.",
"### \"The Husband or the Spider?,\" \"Wounds,\" and \"Nothing Can Stop the Rhino\" (Issues 32–34\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Sean Chen](/wiki/Sean_Chen_%28artist%29 \"Sean Chen (artist)\")",
"These three issues deal with how the women in Spider\\-Man's life are affected by his unmasking. The issues deal with Mary Jane Watson\\-Parker, Aunt May, and the Black Cat respectively. The storyline focuses on each of the women reacting to not only Peter's public unmasking, but also a brutal beating that Peter receives at the hands of the Rhino.",
"### \"The Strange Case Of...\" (Issues 35–37\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Angel Medina](/wiki/Angel_Medina_%28artist%29 \"Angel Medina (artist)\") (\\#35\\), Ramon Bachs (\\#36\\-\\#37\\)",
"Spider\\-Man copycats start turning up in Manhattan, with some of them having the same powers as [Peter](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\"). After Spider\\-Man finds one of them and sees that something is seriously wrong, he takes him to see [Mr. Fantastic](/wiki/Mr._Fantastic \"Mr. Fantastic\") while [Doc Connors](/wiki/Lizard_%28comics%29 \"Lizard (comics)\") investigates the strange fluids on a blanket the doppelganger had been in contact with.",
"### \"The Last Temptation of Eddie Brock\" (Issues 38–39\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Lee Weeks](/wiki/Lee_Weeks \"Lee Weeks\")",
"Eddie Brock, wasting away from cancer, finds that Peter's Aunt May is in the very same hospital, and he hatches one final plan to take his revenge against Spider\\-Man.",
"### \"The Book of Peter\" (Issue 40\\)",
"* Writer: [Roberto Aguirre\\-Sacasa](/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa \"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa\")\n* Penciller: [Clayton Crain](/wiki/Clayton_Crain \"Clayton Crain\")\n* {{ISSN\\|1932\\-8923}}",
"Peter's guilt deepens as he fears that his Aunt May will die from injuries sustained during an attack that was targeted at him. Peter reflects on the amount of death and tragedy he has encountered (Uncle Ben, Gwen Stacy, etc.) due to his leading a double\\-life as Spider\\-Man. As despair consumes him, he is visited by a mysterious stranger (God) who conveys to him that in life tragedy affects everyone in some form or another. Also, he explains that due to Spider\\-Man's heroic efforts, many people are alive and well, and that should bring him some comfort. While alleviating some of Peter's guilt, the information doesn't change the helplessness that Peter feels towards his situation. The story concludes with the stranger telling Peter to have faith, and that he has asked a lot more from people much closer to him, a possible reference to [Jesus Christ](/wiki/Jesus_Christ \"Jesus Christ\"). The last page is Peter living as an old man with his wife, giving Spider\\-Man a happy ending.",
"### \"One More Day\" Part 3 of 4 (Issue 41\\)",
"* Writer: [J. Michael Straczynski](/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski \"J. Michael Straczynski\")\n* Penciller: [Joe Quesada](/wiki/Joe_Quesada \"Joe Quesada\")",
"*See \"[One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day \"One More Day\")\" article for synopsis.*",
"*NOTE: Issue \\#41 marked the final* The Sensational Spider\\-Man *(vol. 2\\) issue. At the conclusion of the \"[One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day \"One More Day\")\" storyline, this book and* [Friendly Neighborhood Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Friendly_Neighborhood_Spider-Man \"Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man\") *were merged into* [The Amazing Spider\\-Man](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man \"The Amazing Spider-Man\") *which began publication three times a month starting in 2008\\.*",
""
] |
Plot
----
In [Marysville, Kansas](/wiki/Marysville%2C_Kansas "Marysville, Kansas"), a [paralyzed](/wiki/Paralysis "Paralysis") former singer, Jane, argues with her stuttering friend Joey about his belief that he can talk to the invisible world. One day, during her [physiotherapy](/wiki/Physiotherapy "Physiotherapy") treatment, he messes up her house while searching for a book about angels that he has lent her. He is taken by the police to a hospital, where an angry Jane visits.
The following night, Joey escapes and comes back to Jane's house to clean up. He finds a letter from her young son inviting her to his communion in [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"), where he lives with his adoptive family. Joey spends the night on the couch.
In the morning, the police ask her if Joey is in her house, but he has already left. Joey begs Jane to go to [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), where an author writing about angels is holding a conference.
On the drive, the engine heats up and the car explodes. They buy a new car, but it is stolen. They board a coach and while Jane sleeps, Joey meets Billie by helping her find her wedding ring on the floor. She tells him her husband has disappeared without giving an address. The three dine at Billie's sister's house. The next morning, Joey, Jane and Billie are driven to a restaurant by a relative, but Jane forgets her purse in the car, so Joey elaborates a plan to get them to the bus without paying. The plan does not work but they eventually get into the bus, where they argue about what they've done. The bus driver abandons them in the middle of nowhere. Jane decides to go back home and Joey reveals her son's letter.
At night, the three hear music and meet Caldwell, an old musician with whom they share some cake enhanced with drugs. The following day, Caldwell gives them a lift, as Jane agrees to replace a singer. Shortly before the show, Jane argues with Joey about his mothering her. She leaves the group and meets fellow travelers going to [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa"). The woman of the couple is ill and they are going there on their last trip to visit their children. This inspiring meeting persuades Jane to perform the show. She arrives on stage while Joey prays for her to come back. She sings "[This Land Is Your Land](/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land "This Land Is Your Land")" accompanied by Caldwell on [electric guitar](/wiki/Electric_guitar "Electric guitar"), to applause from the club.
As they drive towards New Orleans, they notice their stolen car on the road and chase the thief. An accident ensues and everybody is arrested and subsequently freed except Caldwell, who is taken to prison. Jane gives him a song written for him, about the beauty of birds.
In New Orleans, Joey attends the conference about angels, but discovers the author is a racist and a liar. He does not believe in what he writes and hates his Black and Mexican readership. Joey punches him in the face and the three travelers are expelled from the conference.
They get to the train station and are bound to Baton Rouge when Billie receives a call. Her husband is on the phone and seems ready to come back home. She leaves Jane and Joey before their train departs.
In Baton Rouge, as they reach Jane's son's communion, she is afraid that she will not recognize him seven years after her accident and subsequent coma. Joey tells her to sing, so that he will find her. She listens to his advice, and her son, who was about to leave, stops in front of her.
The final scene is set later back in Kansas. Joey and Jane are sitting in front of a lake. Her son and his adoptive parents arrive for a visit. Jane and Joey hold hands as the three approach.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In [Marysville, Kansas](/wiki/Marysville%2C_Kansas \"Marysville, Kansas\"), a [paralyzed](/wiki/Paralysis \"Paralysis\") former singer, Jane, argues with her stuttering friend Joey about his belief that he can talk to the invisible world. One day, during her [physiotherapy](/wiki/Physiotherapy \"Physiotherapy\") treatment, he messes up her house while searching for a book about angels that he has lent her. He is taken by the police to a hospital, where an angry Jane visits.",
"The following night, Joey escapes and comes back to Jane's house to clean up. He finds a letter from her young son inviting her to his communion in [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\"), where he lives with his adoptive family. Joey spends the night on the couch.",
"In the morning, the police ask her if Joey is in her house, but he has already left. Joey begs Jane to go to [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), where an author writing about angels is holding a conference.",
"On the drive, the engine heats up and the car explodes. They buy a new car, but it is stolen. They board a coach and while Jane sleeps, Joey meets Billie by helping her find her wedding ring on the floor. She tells him her husband has disappeared without giving an address. The three dine at Billie's sister's house. The next morning, Joey, Jane and Billie are driven to a restaurant by a relative, but Jane forgets her purse in the car, so Joey elaborates a plan to get them to the bus without paying. The plan does not work but they eventually get into the bus, where they argue about what they've done. The bus driver abandons them in the middle of nowhere. Jane decides to go back home and Joey reveals her son's letter.",
"At night, the three hear music and meet Caldwell, an old musician with whom they share some cake enhanced with drugs. The following day, Caldwell gives them a lift, as Jane agrees to replace a singer. Shortly before the show, Jane argues with Joey about his mothering her. She leaves the group and meets fellow travelers going to [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\"). The woman of the couple is ill and they are going there on their last trip to visit their children. This inspiring meeting persuades Jane to perform the show. She arrives on stage while Joey prays for her to come back. She sings \"[This Land Is Your Land](/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land \"This Land Is Your Land\")\" accompanied by Caldwell on [electric guitar](/wiki/Electric_guitar \"Electric guitar\"), to applause from the club.",
"As they drive towards New Orleans, they notice their stolen car on the road and chase the thief. An accident ensues and everybody is arrested and subsequently freed except Caldwell, who is taken to prison. Jane gives him a song written for him, about the beauty of birds.",
"In New Orleans, Joey attends the conference about angels, but discovers the author is a racist and a liar. He does not believe in what he writes and hates his Black and Mexican readership. Joey punches him in the face and the three travelers are expelled from the conference.",
"They get to the train station and are bound to Baton Rouge when Billie receives a call. Her husband is on the phone and seems ready to come back home. She leaves Jane and Joey before their train departs.",
"In Baton Rouge, as they reach Jane's son's communion, she is afraid that she will not recognize him seven years after her accident and subsequent coma. Joey tells her to sing, so that he will find her. She listens to his advice, and her son, who was about to leave, stops in front of her.",
"The final scene is set later back in Kansas. Joey and Jane are sitting in front of a lake. Her son and his adoptive parents arrive for a visit. Jane and Joey hold hands as the three approach.",
""
] |
Landmarks and buildings
-----------------------
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=January 2023}}
### Historic buildings
#### (MUTE) The Santa Tecla Museum
[right\|200px\|thumb\|Santa Tecla Museum (MUTE)](/wiki/Image:Museo_de_Santa_Tecla_2012.jpg "Museo de Santa Tecla 2012.jpg")
The MUTE's neoclassical building was originally designed and built as a prison in 1902 by architect José Jeréz; who also designed most of Santa Tecla's landmarks. The highlight of the building is the main tower, which once served as office for the mayor of the city. The building was made from various materials including clay brick of volcanic origin. The original prison had 4 major cells to house 15 inmates each; however records show that up to 40 inmates were held in each of the cells. In addition, the prison had 6 small punishment cells and 4 additional rooms 2 for the kitchen and 2 for special punishment prisoners, one of them named “the little one”, where no sound or light could be heard or seen. Visitors today may experience the coldness of this room and other interesting attractions at MUTE.
#### Santa Tecla Municipal Palace
[right\|thumb\|200px\|Santa Tecla Municipal Palace](/wiki/File:Sta_Tecla_Palacio_Bellas_artes_noche_2012.JPG "Sta Tecla Palacio Bellas artes noche 2012.JPG")
Santa Tecla has many examples of neo\-classical architecture{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2013}}. One of them is the Palace of Fine Arts (Santa Tecla Municipal Palace). It is estimated that this building was built in 1911 for residential purposes. Later the property became part of the municipality as a way to cancel a debt and the building became the offices of the municipal council. Considered a Santa Tecla landmark this eclectic building with 17 rooms, imposing columns and a central courtyard reflects several architectural styles, among them: neo\-gothic, neo\-romantic, neo\-renaissance and neo\-vicentine. It is assumed that much of the infrastructure in Santa Tecla's early years is the work of architect José Jeréz, who is responsible for this Municipal Palace and several other buildings like “Hogar del Niño Adalberto Guirola” El Carmen Church, The Guirola House, the former Santa Tecla Penitentiary (now MUTE museum). Over the years, this building deteriorated by weather and natural disasters. In January 2001 a major earthquake struck El Salvador seriously damaging this building. However, the municipality with the help of the Government of Andalucía in Spain, began restoration work to preserve this architectural masterpiece. In October 2008 the work was concluded and the building became The Municipal Palace of Fine Arts in order to establish an artistic home for children, youth and adults.
#### El Carmen Cathedral
[200px\|thumb\|Cathedral del Nuestra Señora del Carmen in downtown Santa Tecla](/wiki/File:Iglesia_Del_Carmen_Sta_Tecla_LL_2012.jpg "Iglesia Del Carmen Sta Tecla LL 2012.jpg")
Santa Tecla is home to the church [Iglesia El Carmen](/wiki/Iglesia_El_Carmen "Iglesia El Carmen"), an architectural relic of the nineteenth century. This temple was erected between 1856 and 1914\. It has a characteristic neo\-Gothic style with structures carved in wood and walls made of brick and talpetate (material made from volcanic ash).
It houses 3 stunning historical bells that echoed throughout Santa Tecla. Each one with its own name (appointed on behalf of the contributors to the temple) Carmela, forged in 1908, “La Chaleca” made in 1918, and “Corazón”, made in 1923\.
The 2001 earthquakes seriously damaged the structure. The temple was given an uninhabitable status by experts{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2013}}.
### Parks and plazas
#### Daniel Hernandez Town Square
Located along the Pan\-American highway in downtown Santa Tecla, Daniel Hernández is a place to relax and enjoy the city's history.
Some of the highlights to be found within the square include:
A monument to the memory of Daniel Hernandez; a teacher who at the early age of fifteen was considered an expert on subjects as diverse as mathematics, geography, astronomy and chemistry. Hernandez, from whom the square receives its name, also contributed to the foundation and design of the streets of Villa Santa Tecla, which at the time was meant to be the new capital of El Salvador. Hernandez also promoted community development projects such as the installation of water services and the first illuminated plaza in the city; he was also one of the founders of San Rafael Hospital (located on the outskirts of Santa Tecla). On July 16, 1896, Hernandez died in the city he helped to build.
#### Jose Maria San Martin Town Square
[right\|thumb\|200px\|José San Martin Park](/wiki/Image:Parque_San_Martin_Santa_Tecla_LL_El_Salvador_2011.jpg "Parque San Martin Santa Tecla LL El Salvador 2011.jpg")
The city of Santa Tecla, formerly known as “Nueva San Salvador”, was the temporary capital of El Salvador in the mid nineteenth century. This left behind many historic buildings and landmarks, including two historic town squares within its historical center: José María San Martín and Daniel Hernandez.
The first one is located on street Daniel Hernandez, better known as the Pan\-American Highway. This plaza is the scene of a monument in honor of former president José María San Martín, who issued a decree authorizing the establishment of the city under the name of Nueva San Salvador on August 8, 1854\.
In April 1854 a devastating earthquake caused extensive damage to San Salvador, capital of the country. It was decided to move the government to the city of Cojutepeque, department of Cuscatlan, and later it was moved to a “new” city: “Nueva San Salvador”, in a valley less vulnerable to earthquakes, in a farm known as Santa Tecla.
José María San Martín was president of the country at the time; among his achievements was the creation of the Department of Chalatenango in 1855\. He also instructed the lawyer Isidro Menéndez to issue several laws for the country. San Martín died in 1857\.
|
[
"Landmarks and buildings\n-----------------------",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=January 2023}}\n### Historic buildings",
"",
"#### (MUTE) The Santa Tecla Museum",
"[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|Santa Tecla Museum (MUTE)](/wiki/Image:Museo_de_Santa_Tecla_2012.jpg \"Museo de Santa Tecla 2012.jpg\")\nThe MUTE's neoclassical building was originally designed and built as a prison in 1902 by architect José Jeréz; who also designed most of Santa Tecla's landmarks. The highlight of the building is the main tower, which once served as office for the mayor of the city. The building was made from various materials including clay brick of volcanic origin. The original prison had 4 major cells to house 15 inmates each; however records show that up to 40 inmates were held in each of the cells. In addition, the prison had 6 small punishment cells and 4 additional rooms 2 for the kitchen and 2 for special punishment prisoners, one of them named “the little one”, where no sound or light could be heard or seen. Visitors today may experience the coldness of this room and other interesting attractions at MUTE.",
"#### Santa Tecla Municipal Palace",
"[right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|Santa Tecla Municipal Palace](/wiki/File:Sta_Tecla_Palacio_Bellas_artes_noche_2012.JPG \"Sta Tecla Palacio Bellas artes noche 2012.JPG\")\nSanta Tecla has many examples of neo\\-classical architecture{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2013}}. One of them is the Palace of Fine Arts (Santa Tecla Municipal Palace). It is estimated that this building was built in 1911 for residential purposes. Later the property became part of the municipality as a way to cancel a debt and the building became the offices of the municipal council. Considered a Santa Tecla landmark this eclectic building with 17 rooms, imposing columns and a central courtyard reflects several architectural styles, among them: neo\\-gothic, neo\\-romantic, neo\\-renaissance and neo\\-vicentine. It is assumed that much of the infrastructure in Santa Tecla's early years is the work of architect José Jeréz, who is responsible for this Municipal Palace and several other buildings like “Hogar del Niño Adalberto Guirola” El Carmen Church, The Guirola House, the former Santa Tecla Penitentiary (now MUTE museum). Over the years, this building deteriorated by weather and natural disasters. In January 2001 a major earthquake struck El Salvador seriously damaging this building. However, the municipality with the help of the Government of Andalucía in Spain, began restoration work to preserve this architectural masterpiece. In October 2008 the work was concluded and the building became The Municipal Palace of Fine Arts in order to establish an artistic home for children, youth and adults.",
"#### El Carmen Cathedral",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|Cathedral del Nuestra Señora del Carmen in downtown Santa Tecla](/wiki/File:Iglesia_Del_Carmen_Sta_Tecla_LL_2012.jpg \"Iglesia Del Carmen Sta Tecla LL 2012.jpg\")\nSanta Tecla is home to the church [Iglesia El Carmen](/wiki/Iglesia_El_Carmen \"Iglesia El Carmen\"), an architectural relic of the nineteenth century. This temple was erected between 1856 and 1914\\. It has a characteristic neo\\-Gothic style with structures carved in wood and walls made of brick and talpetate (material made from volcanic ash).",
"It houses 3 stunning historical bells that echoed throughout Santa Tecla. Each one with its own name (appointed on behalf of the contributors to the temple) Carmela, forged in 1908, “La Chaleca” made in 1918, and “Corazón”, made in 1923\\.",
"The 2001 earthquakes seriously damaged the structure. The temple was given an uninhabitable status by experts{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2013}}.",
"### Parks and plazas",
"#### Daniel Hernandez Town Square",
"Located along the Pan\\-American highway in downtown Santa Tecla, Daniel Hernández is a place to relax and enjoy the city's history.",
"Some of the highlights to be found within the square include:",
"A monument to the memory of Daniel Hernandez; a teacher who at the early age of fifteen was considered an expert on subjects as diverse as mathematics, geography, astronomy and chemistry. Hernandez, from whom the square receives its name, also contributed to the foundation and design of the streets of Villa Santa Tecla, which at the time was meant to be the new capital of El Salvador. Hernandez also promoted community development projects such as the installation of water services and the first illuminated plaza in the city; he was also one of the founders of San Rafael Hospital (located on the outskirts of Santa Tecla). On July 16, 1896, Hernandez died in the city he helped to build.",
"#### Jose Maria San Martin Town Square",
"[right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|José San Martin Park](/wiki/Image:Parque_San_Martin_Santa_Tecla_LL_El_Salvador_2011.jpg \"Parque San Martin Santa Tecla LL El Salvador 2011.jpg\")\nThe city of Santa Tecla, formerly known as “Nueva San Salvador”, was the temporary capital of El Salvador in the mid nineteenth century. This left behind many historic buildings and landmarks, including two historic town squares within its historical center: José María San Martín and Daniel Hernandez.",
"The first one is located on street Daniel Hernandez, better known as the Pan\\-American Highway. This plaza is the scene of a monument in honor of former president José María San Martín, who issued a decree authorizing the establishment of the city under the name of Nueva San Salvador on August 8, 1854\\.",
"In April 1854 a devastating earthquake caused extensive damage to San Salvador, capital of the country. It was decided to move the government to the city of Cojutepeque, department of Cuscatlan, and later it was moved to a “new” city: “Nueva San Salvador”, in a valley less vulnerable to earthquakes, in a farm known as Santa Tecla.",
"José María San Martín was president of the country at the time; among his achievements was the creation of the Department of Chalatenango in 1855\\. He also instructed the lawyer Isidro Menéndez to issue several laws for the country. San Martín died in 1857\\.",
""
] |
### Parks and plazas
#### Daniel Hernandez Town Square
Located along the Pan\-American highway in downtown Santa Tecla, Daniel Hernández is a place to relax and enjoy the city's history.
Some of the highlights to be found within the square include:
A monument to the memory of Daniel Hernandez; a teacher who at the early age of fifteen was considered an expert on subjects as diverse as mathematics, geography, astronomy and chemistry. Hernandez, from whom the square receives its name, also contributed to the foundation and design of the streets of Villa Santa Tecla, which at the time was meant to be the new capital of El Salvador. Hernandez also promoted community development projects such as the installation of water services and the first illuminated plaza in the city; he was also one of the founders of San Rafael Hospital (located on the outskirts of Santa Tecla). On July 16, 1896, Hernandez died in the city he helped to build.
#### Jose Maria San Martin Town Square
[right\|thumb\|200px\|José San Martin Park](/wiki/Image:Parque_San_Martin_Santa_Tecla_LL_El_Salvador_2011.jpg "Parque San Martin Santa Tecla LL El Salvador 2011.jpg")
The city of Santa Tecla, formerly known as “Nueva San Salvador”, was the temporary capital of El Salvador in the mid nineteenth century. This left behind many historic buildings and landmarks, including two historic town squares within its historical center: José María San Martín and Daniel Hernandez.
The first one is located on street Daniel Hernandez, better known as the Pan\-American Highway. This plaza is the scene of a monument in honor of former president José María San Martín, who issued a decree authorizing the establishment of the city under the name of Nueva San Salvador on August 8, 1854\.
In April 1854 a devastating earthquake caused extensive damage to San Salvador, capital of the country. It was decided to move the government to the city of Cojutepeque, department of Cuscatlan, and later it was moved to a “new” city: “Nueva San Salvador”, in a valley less vulnerable to earthquakes, in a farm known as Santa Tecla.
José María San Martín was president of the country at the time; among his achievements was the creation of the Department of Chalatenango in 1855\. He also instructed the lawyer Isidro Menéndez to issue several laws for the country. San Martín died in 1857\.
|
[
"### Parks and plazas",
"#### Daniel Hernandez Town Square",
"Located along the Pan\\-American highway in downtown Santa Tecla, Daniel Hernández is a place to relax and enjoy the city's history.",
"Some of the highlights to be found within the square include:",
"A monument to the memory of Daniel Hernandez; a teacher who at the early age of fifteen was considered an expert on subjects as diverse as mathematics, geography, astronomy and chemistry. Hernandez, from whom the square receives its name, also contributed to the foundation and design of the streets of Villa Santa Tecla, which at the time was meant to be the new capital of El Salvador. Hernandez also promoted community development projects such as the installation of water services and the first illuminated plaza in the city; he was also one of the founders of San Rafael Hospital (located on the outskirts of Santa Tecla). On July 16, 1896, Hernandez died in the city he helped to build.",
"#### Jose Maria San Martin Town Square",
"[right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|José San Martin Park](/wiki/Image:Parque_San_Martin_Santa_Tecla_LL_El_Salvador_2011.jpg \"Parque San Martin Santa Tecla LL El Salvador 2011.jpg\")\nThe city of Santa Tecla, formerly known as “Nueva San Salvador”, was the temporary capital of El Salvador in the mid nineteenth century. This left behind many historic buildings and landmarks, including two historic town squares within its historical center: José María San Martín and Daniel Hernandez.",
"The first one is located on street Daniel Hernandez, better known as the Pan\\-American Highway. This plaza is the scene of a monument in honor of former president José María San Martín, who issued a decree authorizing the establishment of the city under the name of Nueva San Salvador on August 8, 1854\\.",
"In April 1854 a devastating earthquake caused extensive damage to San Salvador, capital of the country. It was decided to move the government to the city of Cojutepeque, department of Cuscatlan, and later it was moved to a “new” city: “Nueva San Salvador”, in a valley less vulnerable to earthquakes, in a farm known as Santa Tecla.",
"José María San Martín was president of the country at the time; among his achievements was the creation of the Department of Chalatenango in 1855\\. He also instructed the lawyer Isidro Menéndez to issue several laws for the country. San Martín died in 1857\\.",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
Players assume the role of a [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian "Veterinarian") running a pet clinic and must heal sick pets back to full health. At the beginning of the game, this involves treating smaller pets such as guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, and birds. As the player gains experience, larger animals such as horses, dogs, or cats become available. The clinic's facilities can be expanded and altered (for instance, the style of kennels used to house the animals). Expanding facilities enables more pets to be housed and increases the range of treatments available. Players are also responsible for managing the clinic's finances and supplies.
Each type of pet has a different type of task to be completed in order to heal them. Dogs can play fetch and be taken for a run to increase their fitness and horses can be ridden and taken out to the pasture. The Nintendo DS version utilizes voice recognition via the inbuilt microphone to issue commands to pets as well as to calm them during treatment.{{cite web\|url \= http://uk.ds.ign.com/articles/764/764168p1\.html\|title \= Paws \& Claws Pet Vet Review\| author \= Thomas, Lucas\|website \= \[\[IGN]]\| date \= 2007\-02\-14\|accessdate \= 2008\-05\-05}}
There are six available buildings to construct and expand: the practice, the therapy house, the small animal house, the cat house, the dog house, and the horse stalls. In town, there are nine stores to conduct business and train players' characters.
During the game, players can learn about different diseases and ailments. Ailments include fungus infection, Vitamin E deficiency, ear inflammation, mold infection, rabbit flu, lung infection, corneal injury, liver infection, sunburn, asthma, and tonsil infections. As players move through the game, they are able to keep animals in animal houses for prolonged treatment. In the small animal house, they may keep guinea pigs, rabbits, or birds that have more serious injuries and diseases. When animals are in the animal houses, players must treat and feed them every day.
The game has a large playing world in which the character's actions are constrained by what time of day it is in\-game. The clinic opens and closes at certain times of day, and if players wait too long to service a customer, they will leave the clinic. Patients must be healed in a certain amount of time, and customers will not pay their bill if players do not heal their animals.
### Characters
In the game, players assume one of three characters: Hanna, Alex or Sophie. As one of these characters, players have many responsibilities to the clinic and the animals they are treating. They can dress the character for work, riding a horse, or for leisure. Players can also make them walk with the arrow keys or run while holding shift and using the arrow keys.
### Settings
The game takes place in town, the animal practice, small animal house, cat house, therapy center, dog house, horse barn, fields and meadows, the forest, the beach, and town outskirts. The fields, meadows, practice, and town are the areas of the world that do not have to be purchased. The small animal house, cat house, therapy center, dog house, and horse barn are things that players must purchase using the money they receive from treating patients. The forest, beach and town outskirts are areas players can eventually earn by completing objectives.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"Players assume the role of a [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian \"Veterinarian\") running a pet clinic and must heal sick pets back to full health. At the beginning of the game, this involves treating smaller pets such as guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, and birds. As the player gains experience, larger animals such as horses, dogs, or cats become available. The clinic's facilities can be expanded and altered (for instance, the style of kennels used to house the animals). Expanding facilities enables more pets to be housed and increases the range of treatments available. Players are also responsible for managing the clinic's finances and supplies.",
"Each type of pet has a different type of task to be completed in order to heal them. Dogs can play fetch and be taken for a run to increase their fitness and horses can be ridden and taken out to the pasture. The Nintendo DS version utilizes voice recognition via the inbuilt microphone to issue commands to pets as well as to calm them during treatment.{{cite web\\|url \\= http://uk.ds.ign.com/articles/764/764168p1\\.html\\|title \\= Paws \\& Claws Pet Vet Review\\| author \\= Thomas, Lucas\\|website \\= \\[\\[IGN]]\\| date \\= 2007\\-02\\-14\\|accessdate \\= 2008\\-05\\-05}}",
"There are six available buildings to construct and expand: the practice, the therapy house, the small animal house, the cat house, the dog house, and the horse stalls. In town, there are nine stores to conduct business and train players' characters.",
"During the game, players can learn about different diseases and ailments. Ailments include fungus infection, Vitamin E deficiency, ear inflammation, mold infection, rabbit flu, lung infection, corneal injury, liver infection, sunburn, asthma, and tonsil infections. As players move through the game, they are able to keep animals in animal houses for prolonged treatment. In the small animal house, they may keep guinea pigs, rabbits, or birds that have more serious injuries and diseases. When animals are in the animal houses, players must treat and feed them every day.",
"The game has a large playing world in which the character's actions are constrained by what time of day it is in\\-game. The clinic opens and closes at certain times of day, and if players wait too long to service a customer, they will leave the clinic. Patients must be healed in a certain amount of time, and customers will not pay their bill if players do not heal their animals.",
"### Characters",
"In the game, players assume one of three characters: Hanna, Alex or Sophie. As one of these characters, players have many responsibilities to the clinic and the animals they are treating. They can dress the character for work, riding a horse, or for leisure. Players can also make them walk with the arrow keys or run while holding shift and using the arrow keys.",
"### Settings",
"The game takes place in town, the animal practice, small animal house, cat house, therapy center, dog house, horse barn, fields and meadows, the forest, the beach, and town outskirts. The fields, meadows, practice, and town are the areas of the world that do not have to be purchased. The small animal house, cat house, therapy center, dog house, and horse barn are things that players must purchase using the money they receive from treating patients. The forest, beach and town outskirts are areas players can eventually earn by completing objectives.",
""
] |
Regular season
--------------
### Non\-conference regular season
#### November
The Spartans began their season at home against [Florida Atlantic](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Atlantic_Owls_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Florida Atlantic Owls men's basketball team") on November 17, 2015\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 13 Michigan State beats Florida Atlantic 82\-55 in opener\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839316\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans won easily as [Matt Costello](/wiki/Matt_Costello "Matt Costello") led the way with 15 points. [Denzel Valentine](/wiki/Denzel_Valentine "Denzel Valentine") added 13 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. Freshman [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis "Deyonta Davis") also added 13 points as MSU won the game 82–55\.
The Spartans next game was part of the [Champions Classic](/wiki/Champions_Classic "Champions Classic") in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), playing the No. 3\-ranked team in the country, [Kansas](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team"), on November 18\.{{Cite web\|title \= Valentine fuels Michigan State rally past Kansas\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400809204\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Champions Classic, an event that features four premier college programs: [Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball "Duke Blue Devils men's basketball"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball "Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball "Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball"), and [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball "Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"), is an annual event where the four teams alternate playing each other. In this match\-up of two major college programs, Denzel Valentine led the Spartans's from an 11\-point deficit in the second half to an upset of Kansas with a [triple double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 "Double (basketball)"), scoring 29 points with 12 rebounds and 12 assists.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 13 Michigan State Rallies to Top No. 4 Kansas, 79\-73 \- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\|url \= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\|website \= www.msuspartans.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07\|archive\-date \= 2016\-01\-07\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160107022153/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\|url\-status \= dead}} It was only the 13th triple double in Spartan history and Valentine's first.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 79, Kansas 73: Valentine's triple\-double leads Spartans\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/11/17/michigan\-state\-spartans\-kansas\-jayhawks/75912980/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Bryn Forbes added 13 points and freshman Matt McQuaid added 9 points on three of three shooting from behind the arc. MSU pulled out the win, 79–73 win.
MSU followed this impressive neutral court win with a home court rout of [Arkansas–Pine Bluff](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Arkansas%E2%80%93Pine_Bluff_Golden_Lions_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions men's basketball team"), 92–46, on November 20\.{{Cite web\|title \= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\|url \= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\-boxscores.aspx?page\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\-2016/boxscore903108\.html\|website \= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Javon Bess led the Spartans with 16 points while Valentine chipped in 11 assists. On November 23, as the Spartans moved up to No. 3 in boll polls, they routed [Eastern Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Eastern_Michigan_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team"), 89–65\. Davis led Spartan scorers with 16 points, while Costello notched 10 rebounds, and Valentine dished out seven assists.{{Cite web\|title \= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\|url \= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\-boxscores.aspx?page\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\-2016/boxscore903268\.html\|website \= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}}
The Spartans then traveled to [Fullerton, California](/wiki/Fullerton%2C_California "Fullerton, California"), to participate in the [DirecTV Wooden Legacy](/wiki/Wooden_Legacy "Wooden Legacy"). In the first game of the tournament on Thanksgiving, a blowout of [Boston College](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team"), Valentine repeated his performance against Kansas, notching a triple double again (29 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists).{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State 99, Boston College 68\|url \= http://www.freep.com/picture\-gallery/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/11/26/michigan\-state\-99\-boston\-college\-68/76433762/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The win marked Tom Izzo's 500th career win, all with Michigan State.{{Cite web\|title \= Izzo wins 500th, fueled by Valentine triple\-double\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400826226\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The semifinals of the Wooden Legacy saw the Spartans facing [Boise State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boise_State_Broncos_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Boise State Broncos men's basketball team") on November 27 for a chance to play in the championship game. The Spartans prevailed again for their sixth straight win to open the season.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 3 Michigan State beats Boise St 77\-67 in Wooden Legacy\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400854116\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Valentine scored a career\-high 32 points with nine rebounds and six assists as the Spartans won 77–67\. In the championship game held in the [Honda Center](/wiki/Honda_Center "Honda Center"), in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California"), on November 29, the Spartans faced [Providence](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Providence Friars men's basketball team"), led by player of the year candidate, [Kris Dunn](/wiki/Kris_Dunn "Kris Dunn"). Former Spartans [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson "Magic Johnson") and [Branden Dawson](/wiki/Branden_Dawson "Branden Dawson") were in attendance, as was [Chris Paul](/wiki/Chris_Paul "Chris Paul").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 77, Providence 64: Harris comes up big for Spartans\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/11/29/michigan\-state\-spartans\-providence\-friars/76523906/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} [Bryn Forbes](/wiki/Bryn_Forbes "Bryn Forbes") led the Spartans with 18 points. Valentine added 17 as MSU outlasted Providence 77–64\. The Spartans finished the month of November 7–0\.
#### December
On December 2, the [Wooden Award](/wiki/John_R._Wooden_Award "John R. Wooden Award") Watch List was released listing the top 50 players to be considered for the player of the year.{{Cite web\|title \= College basketball: Naismith Trophy Watch List released\|url \= https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball\-men/article/2015\-12\-02/college\-basketball\-naismith\-trophy\-watch\-list\-released\|website \= NCAA.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Denzel Valentine was included on the list.
The Spartans returned home to open December by facing No. 24 ranked [Louisville](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team") in the [ACC\-Big Ten Challenge](/wiki/ACC%E2%80%93Big_Ten_Challenge "ACC–Big Ten Challenge") on December 2\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 3 Michigan State rallies to beat No. 24 Louisville 71\-67\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400809409\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Louisville mixed defenses, going from man\-to\-man to zone, sometimes in the same possession, to take an early lead against MSU.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 71, Louisville 67: Spartans surge in second half\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/02/michigan\-state\-spartans\-louisville\-cardinals/76652056/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans again rallied from behind, led by Valentine and Forbes, to beat Louisville 71–67\. Forbes totaled 20 points while Valentine had 25\. Following the win over Louisville and losses by No. 2 [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team") and No. 1 [North Carolina](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team"), MSU hosted [Binghamton](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Binghamton_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Binghamton Bearcats men's basketball team") with a chance to claim the No. 1 ranking in both polls.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Basketball Gameday: Spartans look to continue hot start vs. Binghamton\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\_state\_basketball\_game\_126\.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans demolished Binghamton 76–33\.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State set to be No. 1 in AP poll after rout of Binghamton\|url \= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\-on\-college\-basketball/25402018/michigan\-state\-set\-to\-be\-no\-1\-in\-ap\-poll\-after\-rout\-of\-binghamton\|website \= CBSSports.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans held Binghamton to 12 points in the first half and started the game with an impressive display of passing which led to a dunk by Valentine. Valentine himself outscored Binghamton in the first half 13–12\. At 9–0, the Spartans were off to their second best start in school history with the No. 1 ranking on the way.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 3 Michigan State romps over Binghamton 76\-33\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400816747\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} When the polls were released on December 7, the Spartans were ranked No. 1 in both polls for only the fourth time in school history.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State ranked No. 1 in Associated Press poll for fourth time in program history\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\_state\_ranked\_no\_1\_in.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}}
As the newly minted No. 1 team, the Spartans continued their impressive start by routing [Maryland–Eastern Shore](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Eastern_Shore_Hawks_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks men's basketball team"), 78–35 on December 9 in East Lansing.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State routs Maryland Eastern Shore 78\-35\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839319\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} On December 12, [Florida](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Florida Gators men's basketball team") traveled to East Lansing to face the Spartans. Michigan State took advantage of the match\-up to celebrate the 15th anniversary of their [2000 National Championship](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team "1999–2000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team") which they had won against [Florida](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team "1999–2000 Florida Gators men's basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= SpartanMag.com \- Izzo excited about anniversary game vs Gators\|url \= https://michiganstate.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\=1780963\|website \= michiganstate.rivals.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans encountered stiff competition from Florida, but prevailed again, winning 58–52, their lowest scoring output of the season.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan St. holds off Florida to reach 11\-0\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400830673\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Valentine again led the way for the Spartans, totaling 17 points. The school also celebrated the [Big Ten champion football team](/wiki/2015_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team "2015 Michigan State Spartans football team") at half time. They followed the victory with a rout of [Northeastern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Northeastern Huskies men's basketball team") a week later.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State holds off Northeastern 78\-58\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839320\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The win made the Spartans 12–0, matching the best start in school history.
On December 20, Denzel Valentine suffered a knee injury in practice.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State's Denzel Valentine is sidelined after minor knee surgery\|url \= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\-on\-college\-basketball/25421877/michigan\-states\-denzel\-valentine\-is\-sidelined\-after\-minor\-knee\-surgery\|website \= CBSSports.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The injury required surgery to repair torn cartilage the next day and Valentine was expected to miss two to three weeks of games, likely missing games against [Oakland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Oakland_Golden_Grizzlies_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball team"), [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team"), [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team"), [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"), and, perhaps, [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team "2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Valentine out 2\-3 weeks after knee surgery\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/21/denzel\-valentine\-injury\-michigan\-state/77699492/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Though characterized as minor, the injury was expected to have a great effect on the Spartans as Valentine led the team in scoring, rebounds, and assists. Eron Harris would replace Valentine in the starting lineup and be counted on to step up his production in Valentine's absence. Two days later, the Spartans faced Oakland in [Auburn Hills](/wiki/Auburn_Hills%2C_Michigan "Auburn Hills, Michigan"). The Spartans trailed Oakland by as many as 15 and trailed by 13 at the half.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 MSU edges Oakland 99\-93 in OT thriller at Palace\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/22/michigan\-state\-oakland\-recap/77785268/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans rallied in the second half to take the lead, but were forced to go to overtime to get the win, outlasting Oakland 99–93\.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes' 32 help Spartans escape Oakland scare\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400835635\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Bryn Forbes led the way for the Spartans without Valentine, scoring 32 points and Eron Harris added 27\. The win set the record for best start to a season for Michigan State at 13–0 and marked an undefeated non\-conference schedule.
On December 28, Tom Izzo's father, Carl, died at the age of 90\.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State coach Tom Izzo's dad, Carl, dies at age 90\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/28/michigan\-state\-spartans\-tom\-izzo\-dad\-dies/78000532/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Carl and Izzo's mother, Dorothy, were common faces around the Michigan State program.{{Cite web\|title \= Tom Izzo remembers father's rich life\|url \= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state\-university/2015/12/29/izzo\-remembers\-dads\-rich\-life/78047600/\|website \= Detroit News\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-13}} They each accompanied him on [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") trips over the years.
### Big Ten regular season
#### December
The Spartans started the [Big Ten regular season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season "2015–16 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season") still without Valentine on December 29 by visiting [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team"). Iowa controlled the game from the start, limiting Forbes to 3 points and winning by 13, 83–70\.{{Cite web\|title \= Hot\-shooting Iowa hands No. 1 Michigan State first loss\|url \= http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa\-basketball\-news/4689509\-michigan\-state\-iowa\-big\-ten\-conference\-score\-result\-tom\-izzo\-coach\-top\-ranked\|website \= Sporting News\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}}{{Cite web\|title \= Iowa knocks off No. 1 MSU in convincing fashion\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839300\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Iowa led by as many as 19 points during the game and the Spartans never closed to within 10 in the second half. Izzo characterized the game not as "a disappointing loss. I thought it was a disappointing effort." As a result of the win over the top\-ranked Spartans, Iowa fans stormed the court despite having chanted "overrated" before the end of the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Was No. 1 MSU hoops' loss to unranked Iowa a big deal?\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/30/michigan\-state\-basketball\-loss/78072114/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans closed 2015 with their first loss of the season, falling to 13–1 and 0–1 in conference play.
#### January
After the loss to the Hawkeyes, the Spartans flew to [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") to watch the Spartan football team take on [Alabama](/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") in the [College Football Playoff](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship "2016 College Football Playoff National Championship").{{Cite web\|title \= How MSU hoops was able to attend Cotton Bowl\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/05/michigan\-state\-spartans\-cotton\-bowl/78315004/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} While in Texas, they practiced in freshman Matt McQuaid's high school gym. Following the football game, they flew to [Minneapolis, Minnesota](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis") to open 2016 by taking on [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team") on January 2\. In Minneapolis, the Spartans rebounded from their first loss of the season by defeating a game Minnesota squad 69–61\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State bounces back to beat Minnesota 69\-61\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839321\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Forbes led the way for the Spartans scoring 20 points and Matt Costello added 17\. Following the game, Valentine presented Izzo with a game ball in remembrance of his father's passing.{{Cite web\|title \= Spartans present game ball to mourning Izzo\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/story/\_/id/14487555/michigan\-state\-spartans\-present\-game\-ball\-mourning\-coach\-tom\-izzo\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-13}} Izzo attended the funeral of his father the next day.
On January 7, Michigan State returned home for their first home game in 25 days to face [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Basketball: Illinois Preview\|url \= http://www.theonlycolors.com/2016/1/7/10725098/michigan\-state\-basketball\-illinois\-preview\|website \= The Only Colors\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Denzel Valentine was medically cleared to play for the game, but Izzo held him out of the game.{{Cite web\|title \= No Valentine, no problem for No. 5 MSU, 79\-54\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/07/michigan\-state\-illinois/78386062/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} The Spartans did not need him as they romped over a short\-handed Illinois team, 79–52\. MSU led by as many as 30 points. Forbes led all scorers with 17 and McQuaid set a career high with 10 points. The win moved the Spartans to 15–1 overall and 2–1 in the Big Ten.
On January 11, MSU traveled to [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team "2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team"). Valentine was available to play, but did not start.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions \- Recap \- January 10, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839322\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-11}} He came off the bench and had a rough start going 0–4 from the field in the first half. Forbes led the way in the first, scoring all of his game\-high 20 points in the first half, going 6–8 from beyond the arc.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 92, PSU 65: Valentine returns, Forbes shines\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/10/spartans\-vs\-nittany\-lions\-game\-day\-time\-tv\-etc/78587230/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-11}} The Spartans led by 13 at the half and pushed the lead to as many as 31 in the second half. Valentine chipped in 10 points in the second half. The win moved the Spartans to 3–1 in conference and 16–1 overall with a rematch against Iowa looming.
Despite having Valentine back for a home game against Iowa on January 14, Michigan State once again struggled.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 16 Iowa routs No. 4 Michigan State 76\-59, sweeps series\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839303\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-15}} Iowa jumped out to an early lead and dominated the Spartans in East Lansing. Bryn Forbes struggled with foul trouble and was held to a season\-low 2 points.{{Cite web\|title \= Home humiliation: Iowa 76, MSU 59\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/14/msu\-basketball\-iowa\-game\-story/78787404/?from\=global\&sessionKey\=\&autologin\=\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-15}} Costello led the Spartans with 15 while Valentine had 14\. Iowa made nine three\-pointers and were led by [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok "Peter Jok")'s 22 points. “It was just a flat\-ass butt kicking to be honest with you,” MSU coach Tom Izzo said. The Spartans, undefeated against every team not named Iowa, fell to 3–2 in conference play and 16–2 overall.
The Spartans next traveled to [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") on January 17 to face the struggling [Wisconsin Badgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team"). Prior to the game, Michigan State announced that [Tum Tum Nairn](/wiki/Lourawls_Nairn%2C_Jr. "Lourawls Nairn, Jr.") would be sidelined indefinitely with [plantar fasciitis](/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis "Plantar fasciitis").{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839323\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-18}} Izzo used a completely new lineup to start, with freshmen [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis "Deyonta Davis") and McQuaid starting as well as Harris. The lineup made little difference as the Spartans trailed by five at half. Despite Michigan State playing better and taking the lead in the second half, Wisconsin found themselves within four points with less than a minute remaining. [Bronson Koenig](/wiki/Bronson_Koenig "Bronson Koenig") made a three for the Badgers which was followed by a quick Spartan turnover by Harris.{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839323\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-17}} Down by one, the Badgers got a basket down low to take a one\-point lead. The Spartans got two shots off before the clock expired, but neither fell. The Spartans lost their second consecutive game, 77–76, falling to .500 in the Big Ten at 3–3 and 16–3 overall. Costello scored a career\-high 18 and Valentine led the Spartans with 23\. As a result, the Spartans fell out of the top ten rankings, slipping to 10th in the Coaches Poll and 11th in the AP Poll.
On January 20, MSU took on unranked [Nebraska](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team") at Breslin Center. The Cornhuskers, winners of three straight games, had beaten the Spartans in their last two meetings.{{Cite web\|title \= Valentine can't rescue No. 11 Spartans at buzzer\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839324\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} MSU started off strong, going up 5–0 and leading Nebraska to call a timeout 50 seconds into the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Nebraska 72, MSU 71: Spartans stunned, drop 3rd straight\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/20/cornhuskers\-score\-third\-straight\-win\-over\-spartans\-72\-71\-stunner/79000832/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} However, Nebraska rallied to take the lead and the teams were tied at the half. However, despite a Valentine circus shot three in the last 10 seconds and an open look for the win as the clock expired, the Spartans fell to Nebraska 72–71\. [Shavon Shields](/wiki/Shavon_Shields "Shavon Shields") had 28 for the Huskers. Valentine contributed 24 for MSU. Bryn Forbes struggled again, going 1–8 with three points. He had many open looks, but could not drain a shot. The Spartans also struggled from the free throw line, going 12–21 from the line.{{Cite web\|title \= Nebraska Cornhuskers vs. Michigan State Spartans \- Box Score \- January 20, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/boxscore?gameId\=400839324\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} The loss was the third straight for the Spartans, falling to 16–4 and 3–4 in conference. This marked the worst conference start for the Spartans since the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team "2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team").
Needing a win, MSU's next game saw [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") visit for its [Gameday](/wiki/College_GameDay_%28basketball%29 "College GameDay (basketball)") program on January 23\.{{Cite web\|title \= Bright green fight: MSU 74, Maryland 65\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/23/bright\-green\-fight\-msu\-74\-maryland\-65/79248926/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} The Spartans debuted "Mean Green" uniforms for the game against [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team"). The Spartans led for a majority of the game. Forbes, mired in a three\-game slump, shot the lights out, scoring 25 points.{{Cite web\|title \= Defensive resurgence helps MSU end skid, top Maryland\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/23/defensive\-resurgence\-helps\-msu\-end\-skid\-top\-maryland/79254156/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} Costello also had a big game, scoring 15 points, racking up 12 rebounds, three blocks, and two steals.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 74, Maryland 65: Seniors lead Spartans past Terps\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/23/game\-night\-no\-11\-spartans\-vs\-no\-7\-terrapins/79201198/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} Valentine added 24 points, just missing his third triple double with 14 rebounds and eight assists. Maryland was led by [Melo Trimble](/wiki/Melo_Trimble "Melo Trimble"), who scored 24 points but was limited to three assists with good defense by Harris. The Spartans pulled away for the much needed victory, pulling out a 74–65 win. Izzo commented on his team's effort as "the hardest we played in years." The Spartans moved to 17–4 overall and 4–4 in conference.
The Spartans next traveled to [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois "Evanston, Illinois"), to take on [Northwestern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team") on January 28\. The Spartans set a season high for made three\-pointers with 16 in routing the Wildcats, 76–45\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 12 Michigan State makes 16 3s, beats Northwestern 76\-45\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839326\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} Valentine led all scorers with 19\. McQuaid set a new career high with 17 points.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 76, Northwestern 45: Spartans' freshmen star in win\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/28/game\-night\-spartans\-wildcats\-time\-tv\-info/79429758/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} The Spartans held Northwestern to a 20\.7% shooting percentage from the field. Deyonta Davis continued to improve his game, setting an MSU freshmen\-high for blocks with six, a career\-high 11 rebounds, and added eight points.{{Cite web\|title \= Couch: Deyonta Davis takes another leap toward greatness\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\-couch/2016/01/29/couch\-column\-msu\-northwestern\-basketball/79490476/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} Notably, Tom Izzo moved into second place all time for wins at a Big Ten school, breaking a tie with [Gene Keady](/wiki/Gene_Keady "Gene Keady").{{Cite web\|title \= Izzo cherishes chance to pass 'unlucky' Keady in B1G wins\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/29/michigan\-state\-spartans\-tom\-izzo\-gene\-keady\-big\-ten\-wins/79504634/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} It was Izzo's 513th win at MSU. He still trails Big Ten leader [Bob Knight](/wiki/Bob_Knight "Bob Knight"), who has 661\. MSU's record moved to 18–4 overall and 5–4 in conference.
The Spartans returned home to end January to face last place [Rutgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team") on January 31\. The Spartans routed Rutgers on their way to tying a school record for three\-point field goals made in a game, hitting 17\.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 96, Rutgers 62: Spartans take care of business at home\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/31/michigan\-state\-spartans\-rutgers\-scarlet\-knights/79600424/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}} Forbes made six, all in the first half.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State makes 17 3\-pointers in 96\-62 win over Rutgers\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839327\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}} Valentine also contributed six three\-pointers, scoring a game\-high 20\. Costello notched another [double double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 "Double (basketball)") with 12 points and 13 rebounds. The Spartans finished January at 6–4 in conference and 19–4 overall.
#### February
The Spartans entered February with five days off before facing perhaps the most difficult stretch of the season, including a trip to [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team") and a game against [Indiana](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team") in Breslin Center. The Spartans began the trip by traveling to face rival [Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team") on February 6\. In their only meeting of the regular season, the Spartans jumped out early on the Wolverines and never looked back.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes leads No. 10 Spartans to 89\-73 rout of Michigan\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839328\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-07}} MSU led by as many as 27 on their way to an easy 89–73 win on Michigan's home floor. The Spartans kept up their hot shooting from behind the arc, shooting 63% and hitting 14 threes. Forbes hit seven of his eight three\-pointers in the first half and scored 29 to lead all players. Valentine added 21 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. The win moved the Spartans to 20–4 overall and 7–4 in conference. With a loss by Purdue later that day, the Spartans moved into a tie for fourth place in the conference.
Prior to the match\-up with [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team"), Tom Izzo announced that Nairn could be out for perhaps another month with his plantar fasciitis injury.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Tum Tum Nairn could be out another month\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/2016/02/08/tum\-tum\-nairn\-michigan\-state/80010470/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-08}} When he returns, Izzo said he would likely be only a defensive replacement and point guard relief, playing only three to eight minutes a game. Valentine was also named Big Ten player of the week for his near triple\-double against Michigan, his third time being so honored this season.
On February 10, MSU traveled to [West Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/West_Lafayette%2C_Indiana "West Lafayette, Indiana") to face Purdue. Purdue jumped on the Spartans from the opening tip led by Raphael Davis and led by as many as 18 early in the second half.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 18 Purdue beats No. 8 Michigan State 82\-81 in OT\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839329\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} However, MSU showed toughness and fought its way back behind Valentine who again just missed a triple\-double with 27 points, 10 assists and eight rebounds.{{Cite web\|title \= Purdue 82, MSU 81 (OT): Spartans come back, but fall short\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/09/michigan\-state\-spartans\-purdue\-boilermakers/80043696/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} The Spartans took the lead with 1:59 remaining at 72–68, but didn't score for the remainder of regulation. Purdue tied it and Valentine had a weak attempt to win it as the clock expired. In overtime with the teams tied at 81, a controversial foul call on Valentine with 4\.9 seconds remaining gave Raphael Davis two free throws for the win. He made the first, but missed the second. However, Purdue big man [A. J. Hammons](/wiki/A._J._Hammons "A. J. Hammons") secured the rebound and the win. The win was the first by Purdue over the Spartans since 2011\. The loss dropped the Spartans to 20–5 and 7–5 in conference all but assuring they would be unable to win the Big Ten regular season championship.
On February 12, Izzo was announced as one of 14 finalists for the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Izzo a finalist for Basketball Hall of Fame\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/12/basketball\-hall\-fame\-finalists/80298158/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-12}}
On February 14, first\-place Indiana paid a trip to Breslin Center. Indiana led for a good portion of the first half, but MSU rebounded to take a one\-point lead at the half, 41–40\.{{Cite web\|title \= Denzel Valentine\-led No. 8 Michigan State tops Indiana 88\-69\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839295\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} In the second half, the Spartans took control of the game behind Valentine's 30 points and career\-high 13 assists. MSU led by as many as 22 and came away with the win, 88–69\. Costello had a career\-high 22 points and Forbes added 14\. Surprisingly, Nairn made an appearance and played less than three minutes in the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State notes: Tum Tum Nairn returns, Alvin Ellis out of doghouse\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2016/02/michigan\_state\_notes\_tum\_tum\_n.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} Kenny Goins, who had played a major role for the Spartans front line in the last few games, left the game in the first half with a knee injury and it was revealed after that he would miss two to four weeks.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State's Kenny Goins out 2\-4 weeks\|url \= http://www.foxsports.com/college\-basketball/story/michigan\-state\-spartans\-kenny\-goins\-knee\-injury\-two\-four\-weeks\-021616\|website \= FOX Sports\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19\|first \= Fox\|last \= Sports}} The win put MSU at 8–5 in conference and 21–5 overall while temporarily dropping Indiana out of first place.
On February 15, Valentine was named Big Ten Player of the Week for the second consecutive week and fourth time overall.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Valentine repeats as Big Ten player of the week\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/2016/02/15/denzel\-valentine\-michigan\-state\-basketball/80404208/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} On February 16, Valentine was named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week.{{Cite web\|title \= Denzel Valentine Named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week \- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\|url \= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/021616aab.html\|website \= www.msuspartans.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|archive\-date \= 2016\-02\-25\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225071236/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/021616aab.html\|url\-status \= dead}}
Wisconsin brought its seven\-game win streak to Breslin Center on February 18\. MSU took the lead early on a 14–3 run and never looked back, winning 69–57\.{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- February 18, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839330\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Valentine scored 24 points with seven rebounds and 10 assists. The output gave Valentine at least 20 points and 10 or more assists in three consecutive games, the most in the Big Ten in 20 years.{{Cite web\|title \= Couch: As others stumble, MSU looks ready for March\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\-couch/2016/02/19/couch\-column\-msu\-wisconsin\-basketball/80598316/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Davis led the way with defense on Wisconsin's [Nigel Hayes](/wiki/Nigel_Hayes "Nigel Hayes") who lit up the Spartans in their first meeting, holding Hayes to 1–13 from the floor as the [Izzone](/wiki/Izzone "Izzone") mercilessly chanted, "Nigel! Nigel! Nigel!"{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 69, Wisconsin 57: Deyonta Davis' defense steals show\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/18/michigan\-state\-spartans\-wisconsin\-badgers/80543720/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Forbes added 17 points and Harris added 10\. The win jumped the Spartans from eighth place in the conference to a four\-way tie for fourth place with a record of 9–5 and 22–5 overall.
On February 24, MSU visited [Ohio State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team"), owners of a four\-game winning streak. The Spartans started slow, but still led 36–31 at the half.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State vs. Ohio State \- Game Recap \- February 23, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839331\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-24}} Forbes got hot in the second half, hitting seven of 10 three\-pointers in the game, for 20 points in the second half. Valentine added 17 points, eight assists, and five rebounds as MSU pulled away to win 81–62\.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes' seven 3s 'bail out' MSU at Ohio State, 81\-62\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/02/23/michigan\-state\-ohio\-state\-basketball/80836300/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-24}} The Spartans moved into sole possession of fourth place in the Big Ten at 11–5 and 23–5 overall. In the win, Valentine passed [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green "Draymond Green") for 17th all time in scoring at Michigan State.
On February 28, Penn State, winners of three straight games and four of their last five (with wins over then\-No. 4 Iowa and then\-No. 22 Indiana), visited the Breslin Center.{{Cite web
\| url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839332
\| title \= Penn State vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- February 28, 2016 \- ESPN
\| website \= ESPN.com
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} MSU started slow, beginning three of 15 from the field, but were still up 28–9 at one point and, with almost five minutes left in the first half, PSU head coach [Pat Chambers](/wiki/Pat_Chambers "Pat Chambers") was ejected from the game with a double technical. The Spartans led 52–27 at the half and never looked back leading by as many as 35\.{{Cite web
\| url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/28/michigan\-state\-spartans\-penn\-state\-nittany\-lions/81069370/
\| title \= Valentine, Spartans coast past Nittany Lions, 88\-57
\| website \= Detroit Free Press
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} Valentine had 19 points, eight rebounds, and six assists. Davis and Forbes added 15 points each and Costello added 10 points and 11 rebounds. MSU moved into a four\-way tie for second in the conference with the win and moved their record to 12–5 and 24–5 overall.
#### March
With two games remaining in the regular season, MSU would be guaranteed at least a double bye in the [Big Ten tournament](/wiki/2016_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2016 Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament") with wins in those two games, at Rutgers and home versus Ohio State.{{Cite web
\| url \= https://twitter.com/KevinPauga/status/704106133389189120
\| title \= Kevin Pauga on Twitter
\| website \= Twitter
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} With Indiana's win over Iowa (clinching the sole Big Ten title), MSU was guaranteed the No. 2 seed in the conference tournament with wins in its last two games.
On March 2, MSU visited Rutgers looking to strengthen its hold on the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. However, MSU got off to a slow start and trailed for portions of the first half.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/02/msu\-rutgers\-bryn\-forbes/81246836/\|title\=Michigan State 97, Rutgers 66: Bryn Forbes sets Big Ten record for 3s\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-03}} However, Forbes got hot from the three\-point line late in the half, making five including one with less than 10 seconds remaining in the half.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839333\|title\=Michigan State vs. Rutgers \- Game Recap \- March 2, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-03}} As a result, MSU led by one at the half. In the second half, MSU ran away with the game, led by Forbes. His Big Ten single\-game record of 11 three\-point field goals (his only baskets of the game) helped MSU to a 31\-point blowout. Izzo was disappointed with the performance in the first half. The Spartans moved to 25–5 overall and 12–5 in conference with one game remaining in the regular season.
On March 4, Izzo was named one of 12 semifinalists for the Naismith Trophy Men's Coach of the Year.{{Cite web\|url\=http://naismithtrophy.com/press\-release/naismith\-trophy\-mccoy\-semifinalists/\|title\=Naismith Trophy Men's College Coach of the Year – 12 Semifinalists {{!}} Naismith Trophy\|website\=naismithtrophy.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-04}}
On Senior Day at Breslin Center, March 5, the Buckeyes looked for revenge for their home loss to the Spartans the prior weekend. Ohio State started off well and led for portions of the first half, but MSU took a 47–37 lead to the half.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839334\|title\=Ohio State vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- March 5, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-06}} In the second half, MSU ran away with it, shooting 66\.7% from the field in the game.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/03/05/class\-act\-msu\-trounces\-osu\-senior\-day/81366350/\|title\=Class act: MSU trounces OSU on senior day\|website\=Lansing State Journal\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-06}} Senior Denzel Valentine led the way with 27 points and 13 assists. The Spartans finished with 91–76 victory to clinch the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. MSU finished the regular season with a 26–5 overall record and 13–5 in conference, good enough for second place in the Big Ten. The 26 wins tied the most for a Michigan State team in the regular season. The team still had the opportunity, with postseason victories, to earn the most wins ever for a Michigan State basketball team in a season.
On March 8, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")* named Valentine National Player of the Year over Oklahoma's [Buddy Hield](/wiki/Buddy_Hield "Buddy Hield"). The Big Ten also announced that Valentine was the Big Ten's Player of the Year. Forbes was named Second Team All\-Big Ten and Costello was voted second team by the media and third team by the coaches. Valentine was the fifth player under Izzo and eighth in Michigan State history to be named Big Ten Player of the Year. On March 9, [NBCSports.com](/wiki/NBC_Sports "NBC Sports") named Valentine National Player of the Year and First Team All\-American. On March 9, Valentine was named to the *[Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News "Sporting News")* All\-American Team.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\-sporting\-news\-college\-basketball\-all\-americans\-2015\-16\|title\=Sporting News college basketball All\-Americans 2015\-16\|website\=Sporting News\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-10\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201819/http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\-sporting\-news\-college\-basketball\-all\-americans\-2015\-16\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Big Ten tournament
In the quarterfinals of the Big Ten tournament, MSU faced Ohio State for the third time in 18 days.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/11/michigan\-state\-spartans\-ohio\-state\-buckeyes\-big\-ten\-tournament/81632762/\|title\=MSU 81, Ohio State 54: Spartans blow by Buckeyes to Big Ten semifinals\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-12}} And, like the prior two games, MSU blew out OSU, winning 81–54\. Valentine led the way with 19 points, 9 rebounds, and 8 assists.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400870817\|title\=Ohio State vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- March 11, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-12}} The win moved MSU to 27–5 overall as they moved on to the semifinals vs. Maryland.
In the semifinals, MSU faced Maryland for the second time this season. The game was close throughout and offense was hard to come by in the second half.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/12/michigan\-state\-maryland\-recap/81702464/\|title\=MSU 64, Maryland 61: Spartans headed to Big Ten tournament title game\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-14}} But, MSU was able to hold off Maryland to win 64–61\. Valentine led the Spartans with 18 points, 7 rebounds and 10 assists. The Spartans moved to 28–5 overall and to the Big Ten Championship against Purdue.
In the Big Ten Championship, MSU took an early lead at halftime and led by as many as 13 in the second half.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/13/michigan\-state\-spartans\-purdue\-boilermakers/81736736/\|title\=Michigan State 66, Purdue 62: Spartans claim Big Ten title\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-14}} However, Purdue came back to keep it close, but MSU again pulled out a close game, winning 66–62\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400871117\|title\=Purdue vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- March 13, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-14}} With the win, MSU set the record for most Big Ten tournament Championships with five (Ohio State has also won five, but one has been vacated due to NCAA violations). Valentine again led the way with 15 points, 10 rebounds, and nine assists. Costello also set MSU's career block record, passing Branden Dawson, with 145\. MSU's record moved to 29–5 and, presumed by many analysts, to a No. 1 seed in the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/2016_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2016 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/13/michigan\-state\-spartans\-react\-two\-seed/81742470/\|title\=Analysts 'shocked' Michigan State isn't a No. 1 seed\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-14}}
### NCAA tournament
Following the Big Ten Championship, MSU learned that it would not receive a No. 1 seed, instead receiving a No. 2 seed in the Midwest bracket. This marked the 19th consecutive year the Spartans have made the NCAA Tournament. Despite receiving the No. 2 seed, MSU was considered by many the favorite to with the NCAA Championship.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/16/michigan\-state\-ncaa\-tournament\-favorite/81872178/\|title\=Michigan State the favorite to win NCAA tournament, oddsmaker says\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-09}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/sports\-betting/story/\_/id/14990303/michigan\-state\-spartans\-see\-most\-betting\-action\-ahead\-ncaa\-tournament\|title\=Vegas action favors Michigan St. ahead of tourney\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-09}}
Michigan State faced off against No. 15\-seeded [Middle Tennessee](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders men's basketball team") in the First Round of the NCAA Tournament on March 18\. Middle Tennessee led throughout the game and withstood every run made by the Spartans.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/03/18/michigan\-state\-middle\-tennessee\-ncaa\-tournament\-upset/81985112/\|title\=Unbelievably upset: Middle Tennessee 90, MSU 81\|website\=Lansing State Journal\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-21}} MSU could not overcome the Blue Raiders and were upset by a score of 90–81\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400871286\|title\=Middle Tennessee vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- March 18, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-21}} Costello led the Spartans with 22 points in his final MSU game. Valentine, disappointed in his performance, had 13 points and 12 assists. Costello, Forbes, and Valentine ended their MSU careers with what some argue was the biggest upset in NCAA Tournament history.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sbnation.com/college\-basketball/2016/3/18/11265176/middle\-tennessee\-state\-upset\-michigan\-state\-ncaa\-tournament\-march\-madness\|title\=Middle Tennessee State's win over Michigan State is the biggest upset in NCAA Tournament history\|last\=Rutherford\|first\=Mike\|website\=SBNation.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-21}}
|
[
"Regular season\n--------------",
"### Non\\-conference regular season",
"#### November",
"The Spartans began their season at home against [Florida Atlantic](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Atlantic_Owls_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Florida Atlantic Owls men's basketball team\") on November 17, 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 13 Michigan State beats Florida Atlantic 82\\-55 in opener\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839316\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans won easily as [Matt Costello](/wiki/Matt_Costello \"Matt Costello\") led the way with 15 points. [Denzel Valentine](/wiki/Denzel_Valentine \"Denzel Valentine\") added 13 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. Freshman [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis \"Deyonta Davis\") also added 13 points as MSU won the game 82–55\\.",
"The Spartans next game was part of the [Champions Classic](/wiki/Champions_Classic \"Champions Classic\") in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), playing the No. 3\\-ranked team in the country, [Kansas](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team\"), on November 18\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Valentine fuels Michigan State rally past Kansas\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400809204\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Champions Classic, an event that features four premier college programs: [Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball \"Duke Blue Devils men's basketball\"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball \"Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball\"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball \"Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball\"), and [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"), is an annual event where the four teams alternate playing each other. In this match\\-up of two major college programs, Denzel Valentine led the Spartans's from an 11\\-point deficit in the second half to an upset of Kansas with a [triple double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 \"Double (basketball)\"), scoring 29 points with 12 rebounds and 12 assists.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 13 Michigan State Rallies to Top No. 4 Kansas, 79\\-73 \\- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\\|url \\= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\\|website \\= www.msuspartans.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07\\|archive\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160107022153/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} It was only the 13th triple double in Spartan history and Valentine's first.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 79, Kansas 73: Valentine's triple\\-double leads Spartans\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/11/17/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-kansas\\-jayhawks/75912980/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Bryn Forbes added 13 points and freshman Matt McQuaid added 9 points on three of three shooting from behind the arc. MSU pulled out the win, 79–73 win.",
"MSU followed this impressive neutral court win with a home court rout of [Arkansas–Pine Bluff](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Arkansas%E2%80%93Pine_Bluff_Golden_Lions_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions men's basketball team\"), 92–46, on November 20\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\\|url \\= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\\-boxscores.aspx?page\\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\\-2016/boxscore903108\\.html\\|website \\= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Javon Bess led the Spartans with 16 points while Valentine chipped in 11 assists. On November 23, as the Spartans moved up to No. 3 in boll polls, they routed [Eastern Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Eastern_Michigan_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team\"), 89–65\\. Davis led Spartan scorers with 16 points, while Costello notched 10 rebounds, and Valentine dished out seven assists.{{Cite web\\|title \\= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\\|url \\= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\\-boxscores.aspx?page\\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\\-2016/boxscore903268\\.html\\|website \\= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}}",
"The Spartans then traveled to [Fullerton, California](/wiki/Fullerton%2C_California \"Fullerton, California\"), to participate in the [DirecTV Wooden Legacy](/wiki/Wooden_Legacy \"Wooden Legacy\"). In the first game of the tournament on Thanksgiving, a blowout of [Boston College](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team\"), Valentine repeated his performance against Kansas, notching a triple double again (29 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists).{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State 99, Boston College 68\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/picture\\-gallery/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/11/26/michigan\\-state\\-99\\-boston\\-college\\-68/76433762/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The win marked Tom Izzo's 500th career win, all with Michigan State.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Izzo wins 500th, fueled by Valentine triple\\-double\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400826226\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The semifinals of the Wooden Legacy saw the Spartans facing [Boise State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boise_State_Broncos_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Boise State Broncos men's basketball team\") on November 27 for a chance to play in the championship game. The Spartans prevailed again for their sixth straight win to open the season.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 3 Michigan State beats Boise St 77\\-67 in Wooden Legacy\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400854116\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Valentine scored a career\\-high 32 points with nine rebounds and six assists as the Spartans won 77–67\\. In the championship game held in the [Honda Center](/wiki/Honda_Center \"Honda Center\"), in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\"), on November 29, the Spartans faced [Providence](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Providence Friars men's basketball team\"), led by player of the year candidate, [Kris Dunn](/wiki/Kris_Dunn \"Kris Dunn\"). Former Spartans [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson \"Magic Johnson\") and [Branden Dawson](/wiki/Branden_Dawson \"Branden Dawson\") were in attendance, as was [Chris Paul](/wiki/Chris_Paul \"Chris Paul\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 77, Providence 64: Harris comes up big for Spartans\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/11/29/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-providence\\-friars/76523906/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} [Bryn Forbes](/wiki/Bryn_Forbes \"Bryn Forbes\") led the Spartans with 18 points. Valentine added 17 as MSU outlasted Providence 77–64\\. The Spartans finished the month of November 7–0\\.",
"#### December",
"On December 2, the [Wooden Award](/wiki/John_R._Wooden_Award \"John R. Wooden Award\") Watch List was released listing the top 50 players to be considered for the player of the year.{{Cite web\\|title \\= College basketball: Naismith Trophy Watch List released\\|url \\= https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball\\-men/article/2015\\-12\\-02/college\\-basketball\\-naismith\\-trophy\\-watch\\-list\\-released\\|website \\= NCAA.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Denzel Valentine was included on the list.",
"The Spartans returned home to open December by facing No. 24 ranked [Louisville](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team\") in the [ACC\\-Big Ten Challenge](/wiki/ACC%E2%80%93Big_Ten_Challenge \"ACC–Big Ten Challenge\") on December 2\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 3 Michigan State rallies to beat No. 24 Louisville 71\\-67\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400809409\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Louisville mixed defenses, going from man\\-to\\-man to zone, sometimes in the same possession, to take an early lead against MSU.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 71, Louisville 67: Spartans surge in second half\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/02/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-louisville\\-cardinals/76652056/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans again rallied from behind, led by Valentine and Forbes, to beat Louisville 71–67\\. Forbes totaled 20 points while Valentine had 25\\. Following the win over Louisville and losses by No. 2 [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team\") and No. 1 [North Carolina](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\"), MSU hosted [Binghamton](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Binghamton_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Binghamton Bearcats men's basketball team\") with a chance to claim the No. 1 ranking in both polls.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Basketball Gameday: Spartans look to continue hot start vs. Binghamton\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\\_state\\_basketball\\_game\\_126\\.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans demolished Binghamton 76–33\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State set to be No. 1 in AP poll after rout of Binghamton\\|url \\= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\\-on\\-college\\-basketball/25402018/michigan\\-state\\-set\\-to\\-be\\-no\\-1\\-in\\-ap\\-poll\\-after\\-rout\\-of\\-binghamton\\|website \\= CBSSports.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans held Binghamton to 12 points in the first half and started the game with an impressive display of passing which led to a dunk by Valentine. Valentine himself outscored Binghamton in the first half 13–12\\. At 9–0, the Spartans were off to their second best start in school history with the No. 1 ranking on the way.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 3 Michigan State romps over Binghamton 76\\-33\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400816747\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} When the polls were released on December 7, the Spartans were ranked No. 1 in both polls for only the fourth time in school history.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State ranked No. 1 in Associated Press poll for fourth time in program history\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\\_state\\_ranked\\_no\\_1\\_in.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}}",
"As the newly minted No. 1 team, the Spartans continued their impressive start by routing [Maryland–Eastern Shore](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Eastern_Shore_Hawks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks men's basketball team\"), 78–35 on December 9 in East Lansing.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State routs Maryland Eastern Shore 78\\-35\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839319\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} On December 12, [Florida](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Florida Gators men's basketball team\") traveled to East Lansing to face the Spartans. Michigan State took advantage of the match\\-up to celebrate the 15th anniversary of their [2000 National Championship](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team \"1999–2000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\") which they had won against [Florida](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team \"1999–2000 Florida Gators men's basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= SpartanMag.com \\- Izzo excited about anniversary game vs Gators\\|url \\= https://michiganstate.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\\=1780963\\|website \\= michiganstate.rivals.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans encountered stiff competition from Florida, but prevailed again, winning 58–52, their lowest scoring output of the season.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan St. holds off Florida to reach 11\\-0\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400830673\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Valentine again led the way for the Spartans, totaling 17 points. The school also celebrated the [Big Ten champion football team](/wiki/2015_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team \"2015 Michigan State Spartans football team\") at half time. They followed the victory with a rout of [Northeastern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Northeastern Huskies men's basketball team\") a week later.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State holds off Northeastern 78\\-58\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839320\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The win made the Spartans 12–0, matching the best start in school history.",
"On December 20, Denzel Valentine suffered a knee injury in practice.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State's Denzel Valentine is sidelined after minor knee surgery\\|url \\= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\\-on\\-college\\-basketball/25421877/michigan\\-states\\-denzel\\-valentine\\-is\\-sidelined\\-after\\-minor\\-knee\\-surgery\\|website \\= CBSSports.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The injury required surgery to repair torn cartilage the next day and Valentine was expected to miss two to three weeks of games, likely missing games against [Oakland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Oakland_Golden_Grizzlies_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball team\"), [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team\"), [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\"), and, perhaps, [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team \"2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Valentine out 2\\-3 weeks after knee surgery\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/21/denzel\\-valentine\\-injury\\-michigan\\-state/77699492/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Though characterized as minor, the injury was expected to have a great effect on the Spartans as Valentine led the team in scoring, rebounds, and assists. Eron Harris would replace Valentine in the starting lineup and be counted on to step up his production in Valentine's absence. Two days later, the Spartans faced Oakland in [Auburn Hills](/wiki/Auburn_Hills%2C_Michigan \"Auburn Hills, Michigan\"). The Spartans trailed Oakland by as many as 15 and trailed by 13 at the half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 MSU edges Oakland 99\\-93 in OT thriller at Palace\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/22/michigan\\-state\\-oakland\\-recap/77785268/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans rallied in the second half to take the lead, but were forced to go to overtime to get the win, outlasting Oakland 99–93\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes' 32 help Spartans escape Oakland scare\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400835635\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Bryn Forbes led the way for the Spartans without Valentine, scoring 32 points and Eron Harris added 27\\. The win set the record for best start to a season for Michigan State at 13–0 and marked an undefeated non\\-conference schedule.",
"On December 28, Tom Izzo's father, Carl, died at the age of 90\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State coach Tom Izzo's dad, Carl, dies at age 90\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/28/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-tom\\-izzo\\-dad\\-dies/78000532/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Carl and Izzo's mother, Dorothy, were common faces around the Michigan State program.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Tom Izzo remembers father's rich life\\|url \\= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state\\-university/2015/12/29/izzo\\-remembers\\-dads\\-rich\\-life/78047600/\\|website \\= Detroit News\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-13}} They each accompanied him on [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") trips over the years.",
"### Big Ten regular season",
"#### December",
"The Spartans started the [Big Ten regular season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season \"2015–16 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season\") still without Valentine on December 29 by visiting [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team\"). Iowa controlled the game from the start, limiting Forbes to 3 points and winning by 13, 83–70\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Hot\\-shooting Iowa hands No. 1 Michigan State first loss\\|url \\= http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa\\-basketball\\-news/4689509\\-michigan\\-state\\-iowa\\-big\\-ten\\-conference\\-score\\-result\\-tom\\-izzo\\-coach\\-top\\-ranked\\|website \\= Sporting News\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}}{{Cite web\\|title \\= Iowa knocks off No. 1 MSU in convincing fashion\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839300\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Iowa led by as many as 19 points during the game and the Spartans never closed to within 10 in the second half. Izzo characterized the game not as \"a disappointing loss. I thought it was a disappointing effort.\" As a result of the win over the top\\-ranked Spartans, Iowa fans stormed the court despite having chanted \"overrated\" before the end of the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Was No. 1 MSU hoops' loss to unranked Iowa a big deal?\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/30/michigan\\-state\\-basketball\\-loss/78072114/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans closed 2015 with their first loss of the season, falling to 13–1 and 0–1 in conference play.",
"#### January",
"After the loss to the Hawkeyes, the Spartans flew to [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") to watch the Spartan football team take on [Alabama](/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") in the [College Football Playoff](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship \"2016 College Football Playoff National Championship\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= How MSU hoops was able to attend Cotton Bowl\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/05/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-cotton\\-bowl/78315004/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} While in Texas, they practiced in freshman Matt McQuaid's high school gym. Following the football game, they flew to [Minneapolis, Minnesota](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\") to open 2016 by taking on [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team\") on January 2\\. In Minneapolis, the Spartans rebounded from their first loss of the season by defeating a game Minnesota squad 69–61\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State bounces back to beat Minnesota 69\\-61\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839321\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Forbes led the way for the Spartans scoring 20 points and Matt Costello added 17\\. Following the game, Valentine presented Izzo with a game ball in remembrance of his father's passing.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Spartans present game ball to mourning Izzo\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/story/\\_/id/14487555/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-present\\-game\\-ball\\-mourning\\-coach\\-tom\\-izzo\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-13}} Izzo attended the funeral of his father the next day.",
"On January 7, Michigan State returned home for their first home game in 25 days to face [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Basketball: Illinois Preview\\|url \\= http://www.theonlycolors.com/2016/1/7/10725098/michigan\\-state\\-basketball\\-illinois\\-preview\\|website \\= The Only Colors\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Denzel Valentine was medically cleared to play for the game, but Izzo held him out of the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No Valentine, no problem for No. 5 MSU, 79\\-54\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/07/michigan\\-state\\-illinois/78386062/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} The Spartans did not need him as they romped over a short\\-handed Illinois team, 79–52\\. MSU led by as many as 30 points. Forbes led all scorers with 17 and McQuaid set a career high with 10 points. The win moved the Spartans to 15–1 overall and 2–1 in the Big Ten.",
"On January 11, MSU traveled to [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team \"2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team\"). Valentine was available to play, but did not start.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions \\- Recap \\- January 10, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839322\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-11}} He came off the bench and had a rough start going 0–4 from the field in the first half. Forbes led the way in the first, scoring all of his game\\-high 20 points in the first half, going 6–8 from beyond the arc.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 92, PSU 65: Valentine returns, Forbes shines\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/10/spartans\\-vs\\-nittany\\-lions\\-game\\-day\\-time\\-tv\\-etc/78587230/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-11}} The Spartans led by 13 at the half and pushed the lead to as many as 31 in the second half. Valentine chipped in 10 points in the second half. The win moved the Spartans to 3–1 in conference and 16–1 overall with a rematch against Iowa looming.",
"Despite having Valentine back for a home game against Iowa on January 14, Michigan State once again struggled.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 16 Iowa routs No. 4 Michigan State 76\\-59, sweeps series\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839303\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-15}} Iowa jumped out to an early lead and dominated the Spartans in East Lansing. Bryn Forbes struggled with foul trouble and was held to a season\\-low 2 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Home humiliation: Iowa 76, MSU 59\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/14/msu\\-basketball\\-iowa\\-game\\-story/78787404/?from\\=global\\&sessionKey\\=\\&autologin\\=\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-15}} Costello led the Spartans with 15 while Valentine had 14\\. Iowa made nine three\\-pointers and were led by [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok \"Peter Jok\")'s 22 points. “It was just a flat\\-ass butt kicking to be honest with you,” MSU coach Tom Izzo said. The Spartans, undefeated against every team not named Iowa, fell to 3–2 in conference play and 16–2 overall.",
"The Spartans next traveled to [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\") on January 17 to face the struggling [Wisconsin Badgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team\"). Prior to the game, Michigan State announced that [Tum Tum Nairn](/wiki/Lourawls_Nairn%2C_Jr. \"Lourawls Nairn, Jr.\") would be sidelined indefinitely with [plantar fasciitis](/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis \"Plantar fasciitis\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839323\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-18}} Izzo used a completely new lineup to start, with freshmen [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis \"Deyonta Davis\") and McQuaid starting as well as Harris. The lineup made little difference as the Spartans trailed by five at half. Despite Michigan State playing better and taking the lead in the second half, Wisconsin found themselves within four points with less than a minute remaining. [Bronson Koenig](/wiki/Bronson_Koenig \"Bronson Koenig\") made a three for the Badgers which was followed by a quick Spartan turnover by Harris.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839323\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-17}} Down by one, the Badgers got a basket down low to take a one\\-point lead. The Spartans got two shots off before the clock expired, but neither fell. The Spartans lost their second consecutive game, 77–76, falling to .500 in the Big Ten at 3–3 and 16–3 overall. Costello scored a career\\-high 18 and Valentine led the Spartans with 23\\. As a result, the Spartans fell out of the top ten rankings, slipping to 10th in the Coaches Poll and 11th in the AP Poll.",
"On January 20, MSU took on unranked [Nebraska](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team\") at Breslin Center. The Cornhuskers, winners of three straight games, had beaten the Spartans in their last two meetings.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Valentine can't rescue No. 11 Spartans at buzzer\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839324\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} MSU started off strong, going up 5–0 and leading Nebraska to call a timeout 50 seconds into the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Nebraska 72, MSU 71: Spartans stunned, drop 3rd straight\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/20/cornhuskers\\-score\\-third\\-straight\\-win\\-over\\-spartans\\-72\\-71\\-stunner/79000832/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} However, Nebraska rallied to take the lead and the teams were tied at the half. However, despite a Valentine circus shot three in the last 10 seconds and an open look for the win as the clock expired, the Spartans fell to Nebraska 72–71\\. [Shavon Shields](/wiki/Shavon_Shields \"Shavon Shields\") had 28 for the Huskers. Valentine contributed 24 for MSU. Bryn Forbes struggled again, going 1–8 with three points. He had many open looks, but could not drain a shot. The Spartans also struggled from the free throw line, going 12–21 from the line.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Nebraska Cornhuskers vs. Michigan State Spartans \\- Box Score \\- January 20, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/boxscore?gameId\\=400839324\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} The loss was the third straight for the Spartans, falling to 16–4 and 3–4 in conference. This marked the worst conference start for the Spartans since the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team \"2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\").",
"Needing a win, MSU's next game saw [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") visit for its [Gameday](/wiki/College_GameDay_%28basketball%29 \"College GameDay (basketball)\") program on January 23\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Bright green fight: MSU 74, Maryland 65\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/23/bright\\-green\\-fight\\-msu\\-74\\-maryland\\-65/79248926/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} The Spartans debuted \"Mean Green\" uniforms for the game against [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team\"). The Spartans led for a majority of the game. Forbes, mired in a three\\-game slump, shot the lights out, scoring 25 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Defensive resurgence helps MSU end skid, top Maryland\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/23/defensive\\-resurgence\\-helps\\-msu\\-end\\-skid\\-top\\-maryland/79254156/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} Costello also had a big game, scoring 15 points, racking up 12 rebounds, three blocks, and two steals.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 74, Maryland 65: Seniors lead Spartans past Terps\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/23/game\\-night\\-no\\-11\\-spartans\\-vs\\-no\\-7\\-terrapins/79201198/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} Valentine added 24 points, just missing his third triple double with 14 rebounds and eight assists. Maryland was led by [Melo Trimble](/wiki/Melo_Trimble \"Melo Trimble\"), who scored 24 points but was limited to three assists with good defense by Harris. The Spartans pulled away for the much needed victory, pulling out a 74–65 win. Izzo commented on his team's effort as \"the hardest we played in years.\" The Spartans moved to 17–4 overall and 4–4 in conference.",
"The Spartans next traveled to [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois \"Evanston, Illinois\"), to take on [Northwestern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team\") on January 28\\. The Spartans set a season high for made three\\-pointers with 16 in routing the Wildcats, 76–45\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 12 Michigan State makes 16 3s, beats Northwestern 76\\-45\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839326\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} Valentine led all scorers with 19\\. McQuaid set a new career high with 17 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 76, Northwestern 45: Spartans' freshmen star in win\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/28/game\\-night\\-spartans\\-wildcats\\-time\\-tv\\-info/79429758/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} The Spartans held Northwestern to a 20\\.7% shooting percentage from the field. Deyonta Davis continued to improve his game, setting an MSU freshmen\\-high for blocks with six, a career\\-high 11 rebounds, and added eight points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Couch: Deyonta Davis takes another leap toward greatness\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\\-couch/2016/01/29/couch\\-column\\-msu\\-northwestern\\-basketball/79490476/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} Notably, Tom Izzo moved into second place all time for wins at a Big Ten school, breaking a tie with [Gene Keady](/wiki/Gene_Keady \"Gene Keady\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Izzo cherishes chance to pass 'unlucky' Keady in B1G wins\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/29/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-tom\\-izzo\\-gene\\-keady\\-big\\-ten\\-wins/79504634/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} It was Izzo's 513th win at MSU. He still trails Big Ten leader [Bob Knight](/wiki/Bob_Knight \"Bob Knight\"), who has 661\\. MSU's record moved to 18–4 overall and 5–4 in conference.",
"The Spartans returned home to end January to face last place [Rutgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team\") on January 31\\. The Spartans routed Rutgers on their way to tying a school record for three\\-point field goals made in a game, hitting 17\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 96, Rutgers 62: Spartans take care of business at home\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/31/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-rutgers\\-scarlet\\-knights/79600424/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}} Forbes made six, all in the first half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State makes 17 3\\-pointers in 96\\-62 win over Rutgers\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839327\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}} Valentine also contributed six three\\-pointers, scoring a game\\-high 20\\. Costello notched another [double double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 \"Double (basketball)\") with 12 points and 13 rebounds. The Spartans finished January at 6–4 in conference and 19–4 overall.",
"#### February",
"The Spartans entered February with five days off before facing perhaps the most difficult stretch of the season, including a trip to [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\") and a game against [Indiana](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team\") in Breslin Center. The Spartans began the trip by traveling to face rival [Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\") on February 6\\. In their only meeting of the regular season, the Spartans jumped out early on the Wolverines and never looked back.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes leads No. 10 Spartans to 89\\-73 rout of Michigan\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839328\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-07}} MSU led by as many as 27 on their way to an easy 89–73 win on Michigan's home floor. The Spartans kept up their hot shooting from behind the arc, shooting 63% and hitting 14 threes. Forbes hit seven of his eight three\\-pointers in the first half and scored 29 to lead all players. Valentine added 21 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. The win moved the Spartans to 20–4 overall and 7–4 in conference. With a loss by Purdue later that day, the Spartans moved into a tie for fourth place in the conference.",
"Prior to the match\\-up with [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\"), Tom Izzo announced that Nairn could be out for perhaps another month with his plantar fasciitis injury.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Tum Tum Nairn could be out another month\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/2016/02/08/tum\\-tum\\-nairn\\-michigan\\-state/80010470/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-08}} When he returns, Izzo said he would likely be only a defensive replacement and point guard relief, playing only three to eight minutes a game. Valentine was also named Big Ten player of the week for his near triple\\-double against Michigan, his third time being so honored this season.",
"On February 10, MSU traveled to [West Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/West_Lafayette%2C_Indiana \"West Lafayette, Indiana\") to face Purdue. Purdue jumped on the Spartans from the opening tip led by Raphael Davis and led by as many as 18 early in the second half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 18 Purdue beats No. 8 Michigan State 82\\-81 in OT\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839329\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}} However, MSU showed toughness and fought its way back behind Valentine who again just missed a triple\\-double with 27 points, 10 assists and eight rebounds.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Purdue 82, MSU 81 (OT): Spartans come back, but fall short\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/09/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-purdue\\-boilermakers/80043696/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}} The Spartans took the lead with 1:59 remaining at 72–68, but didn't score for the remainder of regulation. Purdue tied it and Valentine had a weak attempt to win it as the clock expired. In overtime with the teams tied at 81, a controversial foul call on Valentine with 4\\.9 seconds remaining gave Raphael Davis two free throws for the win. He made the first, but missed the second. However, Purdue big man [A. J. Hammons](/wiki/A._J._Hammons \"A. J. Hammons\") secured the rebound and the win. The win was the first by Purdue over the Spartans since 2011\\. The loss dropped the Spartans to 20–5 and 7–5 in conference all but assuring they would be unable to win the Big Ten regular season championship.",
"On February 12, Izzo was announced as one of 14 finalists for the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame \"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Izzo a finalist for Basketball Hall of Fame\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/12/basketball\\-hall\\-fame\\-finalists/80298158/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-12}}",
"On February 14, first\\-place Indiana paid a trip to Breslin Center. Indiana led for a good portion of the first half, but MSU rebounded to take a one\\-point lead at the half, 41–40\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Denzel Valentine\\-led No. 8 Michigan State tops Indiana 88\\-69\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839295\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} In the second half, the Spartans took control of the game behind Valentine's 30 points and career\\-high 13 assists. MSU led by as many as 22 and came away with the win, 88–69\\. Costello had a career\\-high 22 points and Forbes added 14\\. Surprisingly, Nairn made an appearance and played less than three minutes in the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State notes: Tum Tum Nairn returns, Alvin Ellis out of doghouse\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2016/02/michigan\\_state\\_notes\\_tum\\_tum\\_n.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} Kenny Goins, who had played a major role for the Spartans front line in the last few games, left the game in the first half with a knee injury and it was revealed after that he would miss two to four weeks.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State's Kenny Goins out 2\\-4 weeks\\|url \\= http://www.foxsports.com/college\\-basketball/story/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-kenny\\-goins\\-knee\\-injury\\-two\\-four\\-weeks\\-021616\\|website \\= FOX Sports\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19\\|first \\= Fox\\|last \\= Sports}} The win put MSU at 8–5 in conference and 21–5 overall while temporarily dropping Indiana out of first place.",
"On February 15, Valentine was named Big Ten Player of the Week for the second consecutive week and fourth time overall.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Valentine repeats as Big Ten player of the week\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/2016/02/15/denzel\\-valentine\\-michigan\\-state\\-basketball/80404208/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} On February 16, Valentine was named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Denzel Valentine Named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week \\- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\\|url \\= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/021616aab.html\\|website \\= www.msuspartans.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|archive\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-25\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225071236/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/021616aab.html\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"Wisconsin brought its seven\\-game win streak to Breslin Center on February 18\\. MSU took the lead early on a 14–3 run and never looked back, winning 69–57\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- February 18, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839330\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Valentine scored 24 points with seven rebounds and 10 assists. The output gave Valentine at least 20 points and 10 or more assists in three consecutive games, the most in the Big Ten in 20 years.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Couch: As others stumble, MSU looks ready for March\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\\-couch/2016/02/19/couch\\-column\\-msu\\-wisconsin\\-basketball/80598316/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Davis led the way with defense on Wisconsin's [Nigel Hayes](/wiki/Nigel_Hayes \"Nigel Hayes\") who lit up the Spartans in their first meeting, holding Hayes to 1–13 from the floor as the [Izzone](/wiki/Izzone \"Izzone\") mercilessly chanted, \"Nigel! Nigel! Nigel!\"{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 69, Wisconsin 57: Deyonta Davis' defense steals show\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/18/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-wisconsin\\-badgers/80543720/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Forbes added 17 points and Harris added 10\\. The win jumped the Spartans from eighth place in the conference to a four\\-way tie for fourth place with a record of 9–5 and 22–5 overall.",
"On February 24, MSU visited [Ohio State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team\"), owners of a four\\-game winning streak. The Spartans started slow, but still led 36–31 at the half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State vs. Ohio State \\- Game Recap \\- February 23, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839331\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-24}} Forbes got hot in the second half, hitting seven of 10 three\\-pointers in the game, for 20 points in the second half. Valentine added 17 points, eight assists, and five rebounds as MSU pulled away to win 81–62\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes' seven 3s 'bail out' MSU at Ohio State, 81\\-62\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/02/23/michigan\\-state\\-ohio\\-state\\-basketball/80836300/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-24}} The Spartans moved into sole possession of fourth place in the Big Ten at 11–5 and 23–5 overall. In the win, Valentine passed [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green \"Draymond Green\") for 17th all time in scoring at Michigan State.",
"On February 28, Penn State, winners of three straight games and four of their last five (with wins over then\\-No. 4 Iowa and then\\-No. 22 Indiana), visited the Breslin Center.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839332\n\\| title \\= Penn State vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- February 28, 2016 \\- ESPN\n\\| website \\= ESPN.com\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} MSU started slow, beginning three of 15 from the field, but were still up 28–9 at one point and, with almost five minutes left in the first half, PSU head coach [Pat Chambers](/wiki/Pat_Chambers \"Pat Chambers\") was ejected from the game with a double technical. The Spartans led 52–27 at the half and never looked back leading by as many as 35\\.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/28/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-penn\\-state\\-nittany\\-lions/81069370/\n\\| title \\= Valentine, Spartans coast past Nittany Lions, 88\\-57\n\\| website \\= Detroit Free Press\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} Valentine had 19 points, eight rebounds, and six assists. Davis and Forbes added 15 points each and Costello added 10 points and 11 rebounds. MSU moved into a four\\-way tie for second in the conference with the win and moved their record to 12–5 and 24–5 overall.",
"#### March",
"With two games remaining in the regular season, MSU would be guaranteed at least a double bye in the [Big Ten tournament](/wiki/2016_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2016 Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament\") with wins in those two games, at Rutgers and home versus Ohio State.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= https://twitter.com/KevinPauga/status/704106133389189120\n\\| title \\= Kevin Pauga on Twitter\n\\| website \\= Twitter\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} With Indiana's win over Iowa (clinching the sole Big Ten title), MSU was guaranteed the No. 2 seed in the conference tournament with wins in its last two games.",
"On March 2, MSU visited Rutgers looking to strengthen its hold on the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. However, MSU got off to a slow start and trailed for portions of the first half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/02/msu\\-rutgers\\-bryn\\-forbes/81246836/\\|title\\=Michigan State 97, Rutgers 66: Bryn Forbes sets Big Ten record for 3s\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03}} However, Forbes got hot from the three\\-point line late in the half, making five including one with less than 10 seconds remaining in the half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839333\\|title\\=Michigan State vs. Rutgers \\- Game Recap \\- March 2, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03}} As a result, MSU led by one at the half. In the second half, MSU ran away with the game, led by Forbes. His Big Ten single\\-game record of 11 three\\-point field goals (his only baskets of the game) helped MSU to a 31\\-point blowout. Izzo was disappointed with the performance in the first half. The Spartans moved to 25–5 overall and 12–5 in conference with one game remaining in the regular season.",
"On March 4, Izzo was named one of 12 semifinalists for the Naismith Trophy Men's Coach of the Year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://naismithtrophy.com/press\\-release/naismith\\-trophy\\-mccoy\\-semifinalists/\\|title\\=Naismith Trophy Men's College Coach of the Year – 12 Semifinalists {{!}} Naismith Trophy\\|website\\=naismithtrophy.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04}}",
"On Senior Day at Breslin Center, March 5, the Buckeyes looked for revenge for their home loss to the Spartans the prior weekend. Ohio State started off well and led for portions of the first half, but MSU took a 47–37 lead to the half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839334\\|title\\=Ohio State vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- March 5, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-06}} In the second half, MSU ran away with it, shooting 66\\.7% from the field in the game.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/03/05/class\\-act\\-msu\\-trounces\\-osu\\-senior\\-day/81366350/\\|title\\=Class act: MSU trounces OSU on senior day\\|website\\=Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-06}} Senior Denzel Valentine led the way with 27 points and 13 assists. The Spartans finished with 91–76 victory to clinch the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. MSU finished the regular season with a 26–5 overall record and 13–5 in conference, good enough for second place in the Big Ten. The 26 wins tied the most for a Michigan State team in the regular season. The team still had the opportunity, with postseason victories, to earn the most wins ever for a Michigan State basketball team in a season.",
"On March 8, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* named Valentine National Player of the Year over Oklahoma's [Buddy Hield](/wiki/Buddy_Hield \"Buddy Hield\"). The Big Ten also announced that Valentine was the Big Ten's Player of the Year. Forbes was named Second Team All\\-Big Ten and Costello was voted second team by the media and third team by the coaches. Valentine was the fifth player under Izzo and eighth in Michigan State history to be named Big Ten Player of the Year. On March 9, [NBCSports.com](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\") named Valentine National Player of the Year and First Team All\\-American. On March 9, Valentine was named to the *[Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News \"Sporting News\")* All\\-American Team.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\\-sporting\\-news\\-college\\-basketball\\-all\\-americans\\-2015\\-16\\|title\\=Sporting News college basketball All\\-Americans 2015\\-16\\|website\\=Sporting News\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-10\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201819/http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\\-sporting\\-news\\-college\\-basketball\\-all\\-americans\\-2015\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Big Ten tournament",
"In the quarterfinals of the Big Ten tournament, MSU faced Ohio State for the third time in 18 days.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/11/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-ohio\\-state\\-buckeyes\\-big\\-ten\\-tournament/81632762/\\|title\\=MSU 81, Ohio State 54: Spartans blow by Buckeyes to Big Ten semifinals\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-12}} And, like the prior two games, MSU blew out OSU, winning 81–54\\. Valentine led the way with 19 points, 9 rebounds, and 8 assists.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400870817\\|title\\=Ohio State vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- March 11, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-12}} The win moved MSU to 27–5 overall as they moved on to the semifinals vs. Maryland.",
"In the semifinals, MSU faced Maryland for the second time this season. The game was close throughout and offense was hard to come by in the second half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/12/michigan\\-state\\-maryland\\-recap/81702464/\\|title\\=MSU 64, Maryland 61: Spartans headed to Big Ten tournament title game\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-14}} But, MSU was able to hold off Maryland to win 64–61\\. Valentine led the Spartans with 18 points, 7 rebounds and 10 assists. The Spartans moved to 28–5 overall and to the Big Ten Championship against Purdue.",
"In the Big Ten Championship, MSU took an early lead at halftime and led by as many as 13 in the second half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/13/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-purdue\\-boilermakers/81736736/\\|title\\=Michigan State 66, Purdue 62: Spartans claim Big Ten title\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-14}} However, Purdue came back to keep it close, but MSU again pulled out a close game, winning 66–62\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400871117\\|title\\=Purdue vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- March 13, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-14}} With the win, MSU set the record for most Big Ten tournament Championships with five (Ohio State has also won five, but one has been vacated due to NCAA violations). Valentine again led the way with 15 points, 10 rebounds, and nine assists. Costello also set MSU's career block record, passing Branden Dawson, with 145\\. MSU's record moved to 29–5 and, presumed by many analysts, to a No. 1 seed in the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/2016_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2016 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/13/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-react\\-two\\-seed/81742470/\\|title\\=Analysts 'shocked' Michigan State isn't a No. 1 seed\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-14}}",
"### NCAA tournament",
"Following the Big Ten Championship, MSU learned that it would not receive a No. 1 seed, instead receiving a No. 2 seed in the Midwest bracket. This marked the 19th consecutive year the Spartans have made the NCAA Tournament. Despite receiving the No. 2 seed, MSU was considered by many the favorite to with the NCAA Championship.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/16/michigan\\-state\\-ncaa\\-tournament\\-favorite/81872178/\\|title\\=Michigan State the favorite to win NCAA tournament, oddsmaker says\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-09}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/sports\\-betting/story/\\_/id/14990303/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-see\\-most\\-betting\\-action\\-ahead\\-ncaa\\-tournament\\|title\\=Vegas action favors Michigan St. ahead of tourney\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-09}}",
"Michigan State faced off against No. 15\\-seeded [Middle Tennessee](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders men's basketball team\") in the First Round of the NCAA Tournament on March 18\\. Middle Tennessee led throughout the game and withstood every run made by the Spartans.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/03/18/michigan\\-state\\-middle\\-tennessee\\-ncaa\\-tournament\\-upset/81985112/\\|title\\=Unbelievably upset: Middle Tennessee 90, MSU 81\\|website\\=Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-21}} MSU could not overcome the Blue Raiders and were upset by a score of 90–81\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400871286\\|title\\=Middle Tennessee vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- March 18, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-21}} Costello led the Spartans with 22 points in his final MSU game. Valentine, disappointed in his performance, had 13 points and 12 assists. Costello, Forbes, and Valentine ended their MSU careers with what some argue was the biggest upset in NCAA Tournament history.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sbnation.com/college\\-basketball/2016/3/18/11265176/middle\\-tennessee\\-state\\-upset\\-michigan\\-state\\-ncaa\\-tournament\\-march\\-madness\\|title\\=Middle Tennessee State's win over Michigan State is the biggest upset in NCAA Tournament history\\|last\\=Rutherford\\|first\\=Mike\\|website\\=SBNation.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-21}}",
""
] |
### Non\-conference regular season
#### November
The Spartans began their season at home against [Florida Atlantic](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Atlantic_Owls_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Florida Atlantic Owls men's basketball team") on November 17, 2015\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 13 Michigan State beats Florida Atlantic 82\-55 in opener\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839316\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans won easily as [Matt Costello](/wiki/Matt_Costello "Matt Costello") led the way with 15 points. [Denzel Valentine](/wiki/Denzel_Valentine "Denzel Valentine") added 13 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. Freshman [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis "Deyonta Davis") also added 13 points as MSU won the game 82–55\.
The Spartans next game was part of the [Champions Classic](/wiki/Champions_Classic "Champions Classic") in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), playing the No. 3\-ranked team in the country, [Kansas](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team"), on November 18\.{{Cite web\|title \= Valentine fuels Michigan State rally past Kansas\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400809204\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Champions Classic, an event that features four premier college programs: [Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball "Duke Blue Devils men's basketball"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball "Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball "Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball"), and [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball "Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"), is an annual event where the four teams alternate playing each other. In this match\-up of two major college programs, Denzel Valentine led the Spartans's from an 11\-point deficit in the second half to an upset of Kansas with a [triple double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 "Double (basketball)"), scoring 29 points with 12 rebounds and 12 assists.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 13 Michigan State Rallies to Top No. 4 Kansas, 79\-73 \- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\|url \= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\|website \= www.msuspartans.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07\|archive\-date \= 2016\-01\-07\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160107022153/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\|url\-status \= dead}} It was only the 13th triple double in Spartan history and Valentine's first.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 79, Kansas 73: Valentine's triple\-double leads Spartans\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/11/17/michigan\-state\-spartans\-kansas\-jayhawks/75912980/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Bryn Forbes added 13 points and freshman Matt McQuaid added 9 points on three of three shooting from behind the arc. MSU pulled out the win, 79–73 win.
MSU followed this impressive neutral court win with a home court rout of [Arkansas–Pine Bluff](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Arkansas%E2%80%93Pine_Bluff_Golden_Lions_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions men's basketball team"), 92–46, on November 20\.{{Cite web\|title \= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\|url \= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\-boxscores.aspx?page\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\-2016/boxscore903108\.html\|website \= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Javon Bess led the Spartans with 16 points while Valentine chipped in 11 assists. On November 23, as the Spartans moved up to No. 3 in boll polls, they routed [Eastern Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Eastern_Michigan_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team"), 89–65\. Davis led Spartan scorers with 16 points, while Costello notched 10 rebounds, and Valentine dished out seven assists.{{Cite web\|title \= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\|url \= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\-boxscores.aspx?page\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\-2016/boxscore903268\.html\|website \= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}}
The Spartans then traveled to [Fullerton, California](/wiki/Fullerton%2C_California "Fullerton, California"), to participate in the [DirecTV Wooden Legacy](/wiki/Wooden_Legacy "Wooden Legacy"). In the first game of the tournament on Thanksgiving, a blowout of [Boston College](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team"), Valentine repeated his performance against Kansas, notching a triple double again (29 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists).{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State 99, Boston College 68\|url \= http://www.freep.com/picture\-gallery/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/11/26/michigan\-state\-99\-boston\-college\-68/76433762/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The win marked Tom Izzo's 500th career win, all with Michigan State.{{Cite web\|title \= Izzo wins 500th, fueled by Valentine triple\-double\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400826226\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The semifinals of the Wooden Legacy saw the Spartans facing [Boise State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boise_State_Broncos_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Boise State Broncos men's basketball team") on November 27 for a chance to play in the championship game. The Spartans prevailed again for their sixth straight win to open the season.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 3 Michigan State beats Boise St 77\-67 in Wooden Legacy\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400854116\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Valentine scored a career\-high 32 points with nine rebounds and six assists as the Spartans won 77–67\. In the championship game held in the [Honda Center](/wiki/Honda_Center "Honda Center"), in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California"), on November 29, the Spartans faced [Providence](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Providence Friars men's basketball team"), led by player of the year candidate, [Kris Dunn](/wiki/Kris_Dunn "Kris Dunn"). Former Spartans [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson "Magic Johnson") and [Branden Dawson](/wiki/Branden_Dawson "Branden Dawson") were in attendance, as was [Chris Paul](/wiki/Chris_Paul "Chris Paul").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 77, Providence 64: Harris comes up big for Spartans\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/11/29/michigan\-state\-spartans\-providence\-friars/76523906/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} [Bryn Forbes](/wiki/Bryn_Forbes "Bryn Forbes") led the Spartans with 18 points. Valentine added 17 as MSU outlasted Providence 77–64\. The Spartans finished the month of November 7–0\.
#### December
On December 2, the [Wooden Award](/wiki/John_R._Wooden_Award "John R. Wooden Award") Watch List was released listing the top 50 players to be considered for the player of the year.{{Cite web\|title \= College basketball: Naismith Trophy Watch List released\|url \= https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball\-men/article/2015\-12\-02/college\-basketball\-naismith\-trophy\-watch\-list\-released\|website \= NCAA.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Denzel Valentine was included on the list.
The Spartans returned home to open December by facing No. 24 ranked [Louisville](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team") in the [ACC\-Big Ten Challenge](/wiki/ACC%E2%80%93Big_Ten_Challenge "ACC–Big Ten Challenge") on December 2\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 3 Michigan State rallies to beat No. 24 Louisville 71\-67\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400809409\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Louisville mixed defenses, going from man\-to\-man to zone, sometimes in the same possession, to take an early lead against MSU.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 71, Louisville 67: Spartans surge in second half\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/02/michigan\-state\-spartans\-louisville\-cardinals/76652056/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans again rallied from behind, led by Valentine and Forbes, to beat Louisville 71–67\. Forbes totaled 20 points while Valentine had 25\. Following the win over Louisville and losses by No. 2 [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team") and No. 1 [North Carolina](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team"), MSU hosted [Binghamton](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Binghamton_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Binghamton Bearcats men's basketball team") with a chance to claim the No. 1 ranking in both polls.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Basketball Gameday: Spartans look to continue hot start vs. Binghamton\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\_state\_basketball\_game\_126\.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans demolished Binghamton 76–33\.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State set to be No. 1 in AP poll after rout of Binghamton\|url \= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\-on\-college\-basketball/25402018/michigan\-state\-set\-to\-be\-no\-1\-in\-ap\-poll\-after\-rout\-of\-binghamton\|website \= CBSSports.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans held Binghamton to 12 points in the first half and started the game with an impressive display of passing which led to a dunk by Valentine. Valentine himself outscored Binghamton in the first half 13–12\. At 9–0, the Spartans were off to their second best start in school history with the No. 1 ranking on the way.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 3 Michigan State romps over Binghamton 76\-33\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400816747\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} When the polls were released on December 7, the Spartans were ranked No. 1 in both polls for only the fourth time in school history.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State ranked No. 1 in Associated Press poll for fourth time in program history\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\_state\_ranked\_no\_1\_in.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}}
As the newly minted No. 1 team, the Spartans continued their impressive start by routing [Maryland–Eastern Shore](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Eastern_Shore_Hawks_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks men's basketball team"), 78–35 on December 9 in East Lansing.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State routs Maryland Eastern Shore 78\-35\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839319\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} On December 12, [Florida](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Florida Gators men's basketball team") traveled to East Lansing to face the Spartans. Michigan State took advantage of the match\-up to celebrate the 15th anniversary of their [2000 National Championship](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team "1999–2000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team") which they had won against [Florida](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team "1999–2000 Florida Gators men's basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= SpartanMag.com \- Izzo excited about anniversary game vs Gators\|url \= https://michiganstate.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\=1780963\|website \= michiganstate.rivals.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans encountered stiff competition from Florida, but prevailed again, winning 58–52, their lowest scoring output of the season.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan St. holds off Florida to reach 11\-0\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400830673\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Valentine again led the way for the Spartans, totaling 17 points. The school also celebrated the [Big Ten champion football team](/wiki/2015_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team "2015 Michigan State Spartans football team") at half time. They followed the victory with a rout of [Northeastern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Northeastern Huskies men's basketball team") a week later.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State holds off Northeastern 78\-58\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839320\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The win made the Spartans 12–0, matching the best start in school history.
On December 20, Denzel Valentine suffered a knee injury in practice.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State's Denzel Valentine is sidelined after minor knee surgery\|url \= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\-on\-college\-basketball/25421877/michigan\-states\-denzel\-valentine\-is\-sidelined\-after\-minor\-knee\-surgery\|website \= CBSSports.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The injury required surgery to repair torn cartilage the next day and Valentine was expected to miss two to three weeks of games, likely missing games against [Oakland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Oakland_Golden_Grizzlies_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball team"), [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team"), [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team"), [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"), and, perhaps, [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team "2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Valentine out 2\-3 weeks after knee surgery\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/21/denzel\-valentine\-injury\-michigan\-state/77699492/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Though characterized as minor, the injury was expected to have a great effect on the Spartans as Valentine led the team in scoring, rebounds, and assists. Eron Harris would replace Valentine in the starting lineup and be counted on to step up his production in Valentine's absence. Two days later, the Spartans faced Oakland in [Auburn Hills](/wiki/Auburn_Hills%2C_Michigan "Auburn Hills, Michigan"). The Spartans trailed Oakland by as many as 15 and trailed by 13 at the half.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 MSU edges Oakland 99\-93 in OT thriller at Palace\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/22/michigan\-state\-oakland\-recap/77785268/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans rallied in the second half to take the lead, but were forced to go to overtime to get the win, outlasting Oakland 99–93\.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes' 32 help Spartans escape Oakland scare\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400835635\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Bryn Forbes led the way for the Spartans without Valentine, scoring 32 points and Eron Harris added 27\. The win set the record for best start to a season for Michigan State at 13–0 and marked an undefeated non\-conference schedule.
On December 28, Tom Izzo's father, Carl, died at the age of 90\.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State coach Tom Izzo's dad, Carl, dies at age 90\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/28/michigan\-state\-spartans\-tom\-izzo\-dad\-dies/78000532/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Carl and Izzo's mother, Dorothy, were common faces around the Michigan State program.{{Cite web\|title \= Tom Izzo remembers father's rich life\|url \= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state\-university/2015/12/29/izzo\-remembers\-dads\-rich\-life/78047600/\|website \= Detroit News\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-13}} They each accompanied him on [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") trips over the years.
|
[
"### Non\\-conference regular season",
"#### November",
"The Spartans began their season at home against [Florida Atlantic](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Atlantic_Owls_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Florida Atlantic Owls men's basketball team\") on November 17, 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 13 Michigan State beats Florida Atlantic 82\\-55 in opener\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839316\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans won easily as [Matt Costello](/wiki/Matt_Costello \"Matt Costello\") led the way with 15 points. [Denzel Valentine](/wiki/Denzel_Valentine \"Denzel Valentine\") added 13 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. Freshman [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis \"Deyonta Davis\") also added 13 points as MSU won the game 82–55\\.",
"The Spartans next game was part of the [Champions Classic](/wiki/Champions_Classic \"Champions Classic\") in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), playing the No. 3\\-ranked team in the country, [Kansas](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team\"), on November 18\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Valentine fuels Michigan State rally past Kansas\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400809204\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Champions Classic, an event that features four premier college programs: [Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball \"Duke Blue Devils men's basketball\"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball \"Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball\"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball \"Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball\"), and [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"), is an annual event where the four teams alternate playing each other. In this match\\-up of two major college programs, Denzel Valentine led the Spartans's from an 11\\-point deficit in the second half to an upset of Kansas with a [triple double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 \"Double (basketball)\"), scoring 29 points with 12 rebounds and 12 assists.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 13 Michigan State Rallies to Top No. 4 Kansas, 79\\-73 \\- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\\|url \\= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\\|website \\= www.msuspartans.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07\\|archive\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160107022153/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/recaps/111815aab.html\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} It was only the 13th triple double in Spartan history and Valentine's first.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 79, Kansas 73: Valentine's triple\\-double leads Spartans\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/11/17/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-kansas\\-jayhawks/75912980/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Bryn Forbes added 13 points and freshman Matt McQuaid added 9 points on three of three shooting from behind the arc. MSU pulled out the win, 79–73 win.",
"MSU followed this impressive neutral court win with a home court rout of [Arkansas–Pine Bluff](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Arkansas%E2%80%93Pine_Bluff_Golden_Lions_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions men's basketball team\"), 92–46, on November 20\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\\|url \\= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\\-boxscores.aspx?page\\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\\-2016/boxscore903108\\.html\\|website \\= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Javon Bess led the Spartans with 16 points while Valentine chipped in 11 assists. On November 23, as the Spartans moved up to No. 3 in boll polls, they routed [Eastern Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Eastern_Michigan_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team\"), 89–65\\. Davis led Spartan scorers with 16 points, while Costello notched 10 rebounds, and Valentine dished out seven assists.{{Cite web\\|title \\= NCAA College Basketball Box Scores\\|url \\= http://freep.sportsdirectinc.com/basketball/ncaab\\-boxscores.aspx?page\\=/data/ncaab/results/2015\\-2016/boxscore903268\\.html\\|website \\= freep.sportsdirectinc.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}}",
"The Spartans then traveled to [Fullerton, California](/wiki/Fullerton%2C_California \"Fullerton, California\"), to participate in the [DirecTV Wooden Legacy](/wiki/Wooden_Legacy \"Wooden Legacy\"). In the first game of the tournament on Thanksgiving, a blowout of [Boston College](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team\"), Valentine repeated his performance against Kansas, notching a triple double again (29 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists).{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State 99, Boston College 68\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/picture\\-gallery/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/11/26/michigan\\-state\\-99\\-boston\\-college\\-68/76433762/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The win marked Tom Izzo's 500th career win, all with Michigan State.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Izzo wins 500th, fueled by Valentine triple\\-double\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400826226\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The semifinals of the Wooden Legacy saw the Spartans facing [Boise State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Boise_State_Broncos_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Boise State Broncos men's basketball team\") on November 27 for a chance to play in the championship game. The Spartans prevailed again for their sixth straight win to open the season.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 3 Michigan State beats Boise St 77\\-67 in Wooden Legacy\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400854116\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Valentine scored a career\\-high 32 points with nine rebounds and six assists as the Spartans won 77–67\\. In the championship game held in the [Honda Center](/wiki/Honda_Center \"Honda Center\"), in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\"), on November 29, the Spartans faced [Providence](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Providence Friars men's basketball team\"), led by player of the year candidate, [Kris Dunn](/wiki/Kris_Dunn \"Kris Dunn\"). Former Spartans [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson \"Magic Johnson\") and [Branden Dawson](/wiki/Branden_Dawson \"Branden Dawson\") were in attendance, as was [Chris Paul](/wiki/Chris_Paul \"Chris Paul\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 77, Providence 64: Harris comes up big for Spartans\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/11/29/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-providence\\-friars/76523906/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} [Bryn Forbes](/wiki/Bryn_Forbes \"Bryn Forbes\") led the Spartans with 18 points. Valentine added 17 as MSU outlasted Providence 77–64\\. The Spartans finished the month of November 7–0\\.",
"#### December",
"On December 2, the [Wooden Award](/wiki/John_R._Wooden_Award \"John R. Wooden Award\") Watch List was released listing the top 50 players to be considered for the player of the year.{{Cite web\\|title \\= College basketball: Naismith Trophy Watch List released\\|url \\= https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball\\-men/article/2015\\-12\\-02/college\\-basketball\\-naismith\\-trophy\\-watch\\-list\\-released\\|website \\= NCAA.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Denzel Valentine was included on the list.",
"The Spartans returned home to open December by facing No. 24 ranked [Louisville](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team\") in the [ACC\\-Big Ten Challenge](/wiki/ACC%E2%80%93Big_Ten_Challenge \"ACC–Big Ten Challenge\") on December 2\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 3 Michigan State rallies to beat No. 24 Louisville 71\\-67\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400809409\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Louisville mixed defenses, going from man\\-to\\-man to zone, sometimes in the same possession, to take an early lead against MSU.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 71, Louisville 67: Spartans surge in second half\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/02/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-louisville\\-cardinals/76652056/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans again rallied from behind, led by Valentine and Forbes, to beat Louisville 71–67\\. Forbes totaled 20 points while Valentine had 25\\. Following the win over Louisville and losses by No. 2 [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team\") and No. 1 [North Carolina](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\"), MSU hosted [Binghamton](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Binghamton_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Binghamton Bearcats men's basketball team\") with a chance to claim the No. 1 ranking in both polls.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Basketball Gameday: Spartans look to continue hot start vs. Binghamton\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\\_state\\_basketball\\_game\\_126\\.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans demolished Binghamton 76–33\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State set to be No. 1 in AP poll after rout of Binghamton\\|url \\= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\\-on\\-college\\-basketball/25402018/michigan\\-state\\-set\\-to\\-be\\-no\\-1\\-in\\-ap\\-poll\\-after\\-rout\\-of\\-binghamton\\|website \\= CBSSports.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans held Binghamton to 12 points in the first half and started the game with an impressive display of passing which led to a dunk by Valentine. Valentine himself outscored Binghamton in the first half 13–12\\. At 9–0, the Spartans were off to their second best start in school history with the No. 1 ranking on the way.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 3 Michigan State romps over Binghamton 76\\-33\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400816747\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} When the polls were released on December 7, the Spartans were ranked No. 1 in both polls for only the fourth time in school history.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State ranked No. 1 in Associated Press poll for fourth time in program history\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2015/12/michigan\\_state\\_ranked\\_no\\_1\\_in.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}}",
"As the newly minted No. 1 team, the Spartans continued their impressive start by routing [Maryland–Eastern Shore](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Eastern_Shore_Hawks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks men's basketball team\"), 78–35 on December 9 in East Lansing.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State routs Maryland Eastern Shore 78\\-35\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839319\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} On December 12, [Florida](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Florida Gators men's basketball team\") traveled to East Lansing to face the Spartans. Michigan State took advantage of the match\\-up to celebrate the 15th anniversary of their [2000 National Championship](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team \"1999–2000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\") which they had won against [Florida](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team \"1999–2000 Florida Gators men's basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= SpartanMag.com \\- Izzo excited about anniversary game vs Gators\\|url \\= https://michiganstate.rivals.com/content.asp?CID\\=1780963\\|website \\= michiganstate.rivals.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans encountered stiff competition from Florida, but prevailed again, winning 58–52, their lowest scoring output of the season.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan St. holds off Florida to reach 11\\-0\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400830673\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Valentine again led the way for the Spartans, totaling 17 points. The school also celebrated the [Big Ten champion football team](/wiki/2015_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team \"2015 Michigan State Spartans football team\") at half time. They followed the victory with a rout of [Northeastern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Northeastern Huskies men's basketball team\") a week later.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State holds off Northeastern 78\\-58\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839320\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The win made the Spartans 12–0, matching the best start in school history.",
"On December 20, Denzel Valentine suffered a knee injury in practice.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State's Denzel Valentine is sidelined after minor knee surgery\\|url \\= http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye\\-on\\-college\\-basketball/25421877/michigan\\-states\\-denzel\\-valentine\\-is\\-sidelined\\-after\\-minor\\-knee\\-surgery\\|website \\= CBSSports.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The injury required surgery to repair torn cartilage the next day and Valentine was expected to miss two to three weeks of games, likely missing games against [Oakland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Oakland_Golden_Grizzlies_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball team\"), [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team\"), [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\"), and, perhaps, [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team \"2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Valentine out 2\\-3 weeks after knee surgery\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/21/denzel\\-valentine\\-injury\\-michigan\\-state/77699492/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Though characterized as minor, the injury was expected to have a great effect on the Spartans as Valentine led the team in scoring, rebounds, and assists. Eron Harris would replace Valentine in the starting lineup and be counted on to step up his production in Valentine's absence. Two days later, the Spartans faced Oakland in [Auburn Hills](/wiki/Auburn_Hills%2C_Michigan \"Auburn Hills, Michigan\"). The Spartans trailed Oakland by as many as 15 and trailed by 13 at the half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 MSU edges Oakland 99\\-93 in OT thriller at Palace\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/22/michigan\\-state\\-oakland\\-recap/77785268/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans rallied in the second half to take the lead, but were forced to go to overtime to get the win, outlasting Oakland 99–93\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes' 32 help Spartans escape Oakland scare\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400835635\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Bryn Forbes led the way for the Spartans without Valentine, scoring 32 points and Eron Harris added 27\\. The win set the record for best start to a season for Michigan State at 13–0 and marked an undefeated non\\-conference schedule.",
"On December 28, Tom Izzo's father, Carl, died at the age of 90\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State coach Tom Izzo's dad, Carl, dies at age 90\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/28/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-tom\\-izzo\\-dad\\-dies/78000532/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Carl and Izzo's mother, Dorothy, were common faces around the Michigan State program.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Tom Izzo remembers father's rich life\\|url \\= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state\\-university/2015/12/29/izzo\\-remembers\\-dads\\-rich\\-life/78047600/\\|website \\= Detroit News\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-13}} They each accompanied him on [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") trips over the years.",
""
] |
### Big Ten regular season
#### December
The Spartans started the [Big Ten regular season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season "2015–16 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season") still without Valentine on December 29 by visiting [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team"). Iowa controlled the game from the start, limiting Forbes to 3 points and winning by 13, 83–70\.{{Cite web\|title \= Hot\-shooting Iowa hands No. 1 Michigan State first loss\|url \= http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa\-basketball\-news/4689509\-michigan\-state\-iowa\-big\-ten\-conference\-score\-result\-tom\-izzo\-coach\-top\-ranked\|website \= Sporting News\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}}{{Cite web\|title \= Iowa knocks off No. 1 MSU in convincing fashion\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839300\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Iowa led by as many as 19 points during the game and the Spartans never closed to within 10 in the second half. Izzo characterized the game not as "a disappointing loss. I thought it was a disappointing effort." As a result of the win over the top\-ranked Spartans, Iowa fans stormed the court despite having chanted "overrated" before the end of the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Was No. 1 MSU hoops' loss to unranked Iowa a big deal?\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2015/12/30/michigan\-state\-basketball\-loss/78072114/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} The Spartans closed 2015 with their first loss of the season, falling to 13–1 and 0–1 in conference play.
#### January
After the loss to the Hawkeyes, the Spartans flew to [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") to watch the Spartan football team take on [Alabama](/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") in the [College Football Playoff](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship "2016 College Football Playoff National Championship").{{Cite web\|title \= How MSU hoops was able to attend Cotton Bowl\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/05/michigan\-state\-spartans\-cotton\-bowl/78315004/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} While in Texas, they practiced in freshman Matt McQuaid's high school gym. Following the football game, they flew to [Minneapolis, Minnesota](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis") to open 2016 by taking on [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team") on January 2\. In Minneapolis, the Spartans rebounded from their first loss of the season by defeating a game Minnesota squad 69–61\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State bounces back to beat Minnesota 69\-61\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839321\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Forbes led the way for the Spartans scoring 20 points and Matt Costello added 17\. Following the game, Valentine presented Izzo with a game ball in remembrance of his father's passing.{{Cite web\|title \= Spartans present game ball to mourning Izzo\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/story/\_/id/14487555/michigan\-state\-spartans\-present\-game\-ball\-mourning\-coach\-tom\-izzo\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-13}} Izzo attended the funeral of his father the next day.
On January 7, Michigan State returned home for their first home game in 25 days to face [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Basketball: Illinois Preview\|url \= http://www.theonlycolors.com/2016/1/7/10725098/michigan\-state\-basketball\-illinois\-preview\|website \= The Only Colors\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Denzel Valentine was medically cleared to play for the game, but Izzo held him out of the game.{{Cite web\|title \= No Valentine, no problem for No. 5 MSU, 79\-54\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/07/michigan\-state\-illinois/78386062/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} The Spartans did not need him as they romped over a short\-handed Illinois team, 79–52\. MSU led by as many as 30 points. Forbes led all scorers with 17 and McQuaid set a career high with 10 points. The win moved the Spartans to 15–1 overall and 2–1 in the Big Ten.
On January 11, MSU traveled to [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team "2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team"). Valentine was available to play, but did not start.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions \- Recap \- January 10, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839322\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-11}} He came off the bench and had a rough start going 0–4 from the field in the first half. Forbes led the way in the first, scoring all of his game\-high 20 points in the first half, going 6–8 from beyond the arc.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 92, PSU 65: Valentine returns, Forbes shines\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/10/spartans\-vs\-nittany\-lions\-game\-day\-time\-tv\-etc/78587230/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-11}} The Spartans led by 13 at the half and pushed the lead to as many as 31 in the second half. Valentine chipped in 10 points in the second half. The win moved the Spartans to 3–1 in conference and 16–1 overall with a rematch against Iowa looming.
Despite having Valentine back for a home game against Iowa on January 14, Michigan State once again struggled.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 16 Iowa routs No. 4 Michigan State 76\-59, sweeps series\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839303\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-15}} Iowa jumped out to an early lead and dominated the Spartans in East Lansing. Bryn Forbes struggled with foul trouble and was held to a season\-low 2 points.{{Cite web\|title \= Home humiliation: Iowa 76, MSU 59\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/14/msu\-basketball\-iowa\-game\-story/78787404/?from\=global\&sessionKey\=\&autologin\=\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-15}} Costello led the Spartans with 15 while Valentine had 14\. Iowa made nine three\-pointers and were led by [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok "Peter Jok")'s 22 points. “It was just a flat\-ass butt kicking to be honest with you,” MSU coach Tom Izzo said. The Spartans, undefeated against every team not named Iowa, fell to 3–2 in conference play and 16–2 overall.
The Spartans next traveled to [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") on January 17 to face the struggling [Wisconsin Badgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team"). Prior to the game, Michigan State announced that [Tum Tum Nairn](/wiki/Lourawls_Nairn%2C_Jr. "Lourawls Nairn, Jr.") would be sidelined indefinitely with [plantar fasciitis](/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis "Plantar fasciitis").{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839323\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-18}} Izzo used a completely new lineup to start, with freshmen [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis "Deyonta Davis") and McQuaid starting as well as Harris. The lineup made little difference as the Spartans trailed by five at half. Despite Michigan State playing better and taking the lead in the second half, Wisconsin found themselves within four points with less than a minute remaining. [Bronson Koenig](/wiki/Bronson_Koenig "Bronson Koenig") made a three for the Badgers which was followed by a quick Spartan turnover by Harris.{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839323\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-17}} Down by one, the Badgers got a basket down low to take a one\-point lead. The Spartans got two shots off before the clock expired, but neither fell. The Spartans lost their second consecutive game, 77–76, falling to .500 in the Big Ten at 3–3 and 16–3 overall. Costello scored a career\-high 18 and Valentine led the Spartans with 23\. As a result, the Spartans fell out of the top ten rankings, slipping to 10th in the Coaches Poll and 11th in the AP Poll.
On January 20, MSU took on unranked [Nebraska](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team") at Breslin Center. The Cornhuskers, winners of three straight games, had beaten the Spartans in their last two meetings.{{Cite web\|title \= Valentine can't rescue No. 11 Spartans at buzzer\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839324\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} MSU started off strong, going up 5–0 and leading Nebraska to call a timeout 50 seconds into the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Nebraska 72, MSU 71: Spartans stunned, drop 3rd straight\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/20/cornhuskers\-score\-third\-straight\-win\-over\-spartans\-72\-71\-stunner/79000832/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} However, Nebraska rallied to take the lead and the teams were tied at the half. However, despite a Valentine circus shot three in the last 10 seconds and an open look for the win as the clock expired, the Spartans fell to Nebraska 72–71\. [Shavon Shields](/wiki/Shavon_Shields "Shavon Shields") had 28 for the Huskers. Valentine contributed 24 for MSU. Bryn Forbes struggled again, going 1–8 with three points. He had many open looks, but could not drain a shot. The Spartans also struggled from the free throw line, going 12–21 from the line.{{Cite web\|title \= Nebraska Cornhuskers vs. Michigan State Spartans \- Box Score \- January 20, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/boxscore?gameId\=400839324\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} The loss was the third straight for the Spartans, falling to 16–4 and 3–4 in conference. This marked the worst conference start for the Spartans since the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team "2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team").
Needing a win, MSU's next game saw [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") visit for its [Gameday](/wiki/College_GameDay_%28basketball%29 "College GameDay (basketball)") program on January 23\.{{Cite web\|title \= Bright green fight: MSU 74, Maryland 65\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/23/bright\-green\-fight\-msu\-74\-maryland\-65/79248926/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} The Spartans debuted "Mean Green" uniforms for the game against [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team"). The Spartans led for a majority of the game. Forbes, mired in a three\-game slump, shot the lights out, scoring 25 points.{{Cite web\|title \= Defensive resurgence helps MSU end skid, top Maryland\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/23/defensive\-resurgence\-helps\-msu\-end\-skid\-top\-maryland/79254156/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} Costello also had a big game, scoring 15 points, racking up 12 rebounds, three blocks, and two steals.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 74, Maryland 65: Seniors lead Spartans past Terps\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/23/game\-night\-no\-11\-spartans\-vs\-no\-7\-terrapins/79201198/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} Valentine added 24 points, just missing his third triple double with 14 rebounds and eight assists. Maryland was led by [Melo Trimble](/wiki/Melo_Trimble "Melo Trimble"), who scored 24 points but was limited to three assists with good defense by Harris. The Spartans pulled away for the much needed victory, pulling out a 74–65 win. Izzo commented on his team's effort as "the hardest we played in years." The Spartans moved to 17–4 overall and 4–4 in conference.
The Spartans next traveled to [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois "Evanston, Illinois"), to take on [Northwestern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team") on January 28\. The Spartans set a season high for made three\-pointers with 16 in routing the Wildcats, 76–45\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 12 Michigan State makes 16 3s, beats Northwestern 76\-45\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839326\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} Valentine led all scorers with 19\. McQuaid set a new career high with 17 points.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 76, Northwestern 45: Spartans' freshmen star in win\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/28/game\-night\-spartans\-wildcats\-time\-tv\-info/79429758/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} The Spartans held Northwestern to a 20\.7% shooting percentage from the field. Deyonta Davis continued to improve his game, setting an MSU freshmen\-high for blocks with six, a career\-high 11 rebounds, and added eight points.{{Cite web\|title \= Couch: Deyonta Davis takes another leap toward greatness\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\-couch/2016/01/29/couch\-column\-msu\-northwestern\-basketball/79490476/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} Notably, Tom Izzo moved into second place all time for wins at a Big Ten school, breaking a tie with [Gene Keady](/wiki/Gene_Keady "Gene Keady").{{Cite web\|title \= Izzo cherishes chance to pass 'unlucky' Keady in B1G wins\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/29/michigan\-state\-spartans\-tom\-izzo\-gene\-keady\-big\-ten\-wins/79504634/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} It was Izzo's 513th win at MSU. He still trails Big Ten leader [Bob Knight](/wiki/Bob_Knight "Bob Knight"), who has 661\. MSU's record moved to 18–4 overall and 5–4 in conference.
The Spartans returned home to end January to face last place [Rutgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team") on January 31\. The Spartans routed Rutgers on their way to tying a school record for three\-point field goals made in a game, hitting 17\.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 96, Rutgers 62: Spartans take care of business at home\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/31/michigan\-state\-spartans\-rutgers\-scarlet\-knights/79600424/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}} Forbes made six, all in the first half.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State makes 17 3\-pointers in 96\-62 win over Rutgers\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839327\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}} Valentine also contributed six three\-pointers, scoring a game\-high 20\. Costello notched another [double double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 "Double (basketball)") with 12 points and 13 rebounds. The Spartans finished January at 6–4 in conference and 19–4 overall.
#### February
The Spartans entered February with five days off before facing perhaps the most difficult stretch of the season, including a trip to [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team") and a game against [Indiana](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team") in Breslin Center. The Spartans began the trip by traveling to face rival [Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team") on February 6\. In their only meeting of the regular season, the Spartans jumped out early on the Wolverines and never looked back.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes leads No. 10 Spartans to 89\-73 rout of Michigan\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839328\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-07}} MSU led by as many as 27 on their way to an easy 89–73 win on Michigan's home floor. The Spartans kept up their hot shooting from behind the arc, shooting 63% and hitting 14 threes. Forbes hit seven of his eight three\-pointers in the first half and scored 29 to lead all players. Valentine added 21 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. The win moved the Spartans to 20–4 overall and 7–4 in conference. With a loss by Purdue later that day, the Spartans moved into a tie for fourth place in the conference.
Prior to the match\-up with [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team"), Tom Izzo announced that Nairn could be out for perhaps another month with his plantar fasciitis injury.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Tum Tum Nairn could be out another month\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/2016/02/08/tum\-tum\-nairn\-michigan\-state/80010470/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-08}} When he returns, Izzo said he would likely be only a defensive replacement and point guard relief, playing only three to eight minutes a game. Valentine was also named Big Ten player of the week for his near triple\-double against Michigan, his third time being so honored this season.
On February 10, MSU traveled to [West Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/West_Lafayette%2C_Indiana "West Lafayette, Indiana") to face Purdue. Purdue jumped on the Spartans from the opening tip led by Raphael Davis and led by as many as 18 early in the second half.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 18 Purdue beats No. 8 Michigan State 82\-81 in OT\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839329\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} However, MSU showed toughness and fought its way back behind Valentine who again just missed a triple\-double with 27 points, 10 assists and eight rebounds.{{Cite web\|title \= Purdue 82, MSU 81 (OT): Spartans come back, but fall short\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/09/michigan\-state\-spartans\-purdue\-boilermakers/80043696/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} The Spartans took the lead with 1:59 remaining at 72–68, but didn't score for the remainder of regulation. Purdue tied it and Valentine had a weak attempt to win it as the clock expired. In overtime with the teams tied at 81, a controversial foul call on Valentine with 4\.9 seconds remaining gave Raphael Davis two free throws for the win. He made the first, but missed the second. However, Purdue big man [A. J. Hammons](/wiki/A._J._Hammons "A. J. Hammons") secured the rebound and the win. The win was the first by Purdue over the Spartans since 2011\. The loss dropped the Spartans to 20–5 and 7–5 in conference all but assuring they would be unable to win the Big Ten regular season championship.
On February 12, Izzo was announced as one of 14 finalists for the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Izzo a finalist for Basketball Hall of Fame\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/12/basketball\-hall\-fame\-finalists/80298158/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-12}}
On February 14, first\-place Indiana paid a trip to Breslin Center. Indiana led for a good portion of the first half, but MSU rebounded to take a one\-point lead at the half, 41–40\.{{Cite web\|title \= Denzel Valentine\-led No. 8 Michigan State tops Indiana 88\-69\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839295\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} In the second half, the Spartans took control of the game behind Valentine's 30 points and career\-high 13 assists. MSU led by as many as 22 and came away with the win, 88–69\. Costello had a career\-high 22 points and Forbes added 14\. Surprisingly, Nairn made an appearance and played less than three minutes in the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State notes: Tum Tum Nairn returns, Alvin Ellis out of doghouse\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2016/02/michigan\_state\_notes\_tum\_tum\_n.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} Kenny Goins, who had played a major role for the Spartans front line in the last few games, left the game in the first half with a knee injury and it was revealed after that he would miss two to four weeks.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State's Kenny Goins out 2\-4 weeks\|url \= http://www.foxsports.com/college\-basketball/story/michigan\-state\-spartans\-kenny\-goins\-knee\-injury\-two\-four\-weeks\-021616\|website \= FOX Sports\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19\|first \= Fox\|last \= Sports}} The win put MSU at 8–5 in conference and 21–5 overall while temporarily dropping Indiana out of first place.
On February 15, Valentine was named Big Ten Player of the Week for the second consecutive week and fourth time overall.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Valentine repeats as Big Ten player of the week\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/2016/02/15/denzel\-valentine\-michigan\-state\-basketball/80404208/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} On February 16, Valentine was named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week.{{Cite web\|title \= Denzel Valentine Named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week \- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\|url \= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/021616aab.html\|website \= www.msuspartans.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|archive\-date \= 2016\-02\-25\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225071236/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/021616aab.html\|url\-status \= dead}}
Wisconsin brought its seven\-game win streak to Breslin Center on February 18\. MSU took the lead early on a 14–3 run and never looked back, winning 69–57\.{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- February 18, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839330\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Valentine scored 24 points with seven rebounds and 10 assists. The output gave Valentine at least 20 points and 10 or more assists in three consecutive games, the most in the Big Ten in 20 years.{{Cite web\|title \= Couch: As others stumble, MSU looks ready for March\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\-couch/2016/02/19/couch\-column\-msu\-wisconsin\-basketball/80598316/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Davis led the way with defense on Wisconsin's [Nigel Hayes](/wiki/Nigel_Hayes "Nigel Hayes") who lit up the Spartans in their first meeting, holding Hayes to 1–13 from the floor as the [Izzone](/wiki/Izzone "Izzone") mercilessly chanted, "Nigel! Nigel! Nigel!"{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 69, Wisconsin 57: Deyonta Davis' defense steals show\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/18/michigan\-state\-spartans\-wisconsin\-badgers/80543720/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Forbes added 17 points and Harris added 10\. The win jumped the Spartans from eighth place in the conference to a four\-way tie for fourth place with a record of 9–5 and 22–5 overall.
On February 24, MSU visited [Ohio State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team"), owners of a four\-game winning streak. The Spartans started slow, but still led 36–31 at the half.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State vs. Ohio State \- Game Recap \- February 23, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839331\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-24}} Forbes got hot in the second half, hitting seven of 10 three\-pointers in the game, for 20 points in the second half. Valentine added 17 points, eight assists, and five rebounds as MSU pulled away to win 81–62\.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes' seven 3s 'bail out' MSU at Ohio State, 81\-62\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/02/23/michigan\-state\-ohio\-state\-basketball/80836300/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-24}} The Spartans moved into sole possession of fourth place in the Big Ten at 11–5 and 23–5 overall. In the win, Valentine passed [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green "Draymond Green") for 17th all time in scoring at Michigan State.
On February 28, Penn State, winners of three straight games and four of their last five (with wins over then\-No. 4 Iowa and then\-No. 22 Indiana), visited the Breslin Center.{{Cite web
\| url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839332
\| title \= Penn State vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- February 28, 2016 \- ESPN
\| website \= ESPN.com
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} MSU started slow, beginning three of 15 from the field, but were still up 28–9 at one point and, with almost five minutes left in the first half, PSU head coach [Pat Chambers](/wiki/Pat_Chambers "Pat Chambers") was ejected from the game with a double technical. The Spartans led 52–27 at the half and never looked back leading by as many as 35\.{{Cite web
\| url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/28/michigan\-state\-spartans\-penn\-state\-nittany\-lions/81069370/
\| title \= Valentine, Spartans coast past Nittany Lions, 88\-57
\| website \= Detroit Free Press
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} Valentine had 19 points, eight rebounds, and six assists. Davis and Forbes added 15 points each and Costello added 10 points and 11 rebounds. MSU moved into a four\-way tie for second in the conference with the win and moved their record to 12–5 and 24–5 overall.
#### March
With two games remaining in the regular season, MSU would be guaranteed at least a double bye in the [Big Ten tournament](/wiki/2016_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2016 Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament") with wins in those two games, at Rutgers and home versus Ohio State.{{Cite web
\| url \= https://twitter.com/KevinPauga/status/704106133389189120
\| title \= Kevin Pauga on Twitter
\| website \= Twitter
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} With Indiana's win over Iowa (clinching the sole Big Ten title), MSU was guaranteed the No. 2 seed in the conference tournament with wins in its last two games.
On March 2, MSU visited Rutgers looking to strengthen its hold on the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. However, MSU got off to a slow start and trailed for portions of the first half.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/03/02/msu\-rutgers\-bryn\-forbes/81246836/\|title\=Michigan State 97, Rutgers 66: Bryn Forbes sets Big Ten record for 3s\|website\=Detroit Free Press\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-03}} However, Forbes got hot from the three\-point line late in the half, making five including one with less than 10 seconds remaining in the half.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839333\|title\=Michigan State vs. Rutgers \- Game Recap \- March 2, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-03}} As a result, MSU led by one at the half. In the second half, MSU ran away with the game, led by Forbes. His Big Ten single\-game record of 11 three\-point field goals (his only baskets of the game) helped MSU to a 31\-point blowout. Izzo was disappointed with the performance in the first half. The Spartans moved to 25–5 overall and 12–5 in conference with one game remaining in the regular season.
On March 4, Izzo was named one of 12 semifinalists for the Naismith Trophy Men's Coach of the Year.{{Cite web\|url\=http://naismithtrophy.com/press\-release/naismith\-trophy\-mccoy\-semifinalists/\|title\=Naismith Trophy Men's College Coach of the Year – 12 Semifinalists {{!}} Naismith Trophy\|website\=naismithtrophy.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-04}}
On Senior Day at Breslin Center, March 5, the Buckeyes looked for revenge for their home loss to the Spartans the prior weekend. Ohio State started off well and led for portions of the first half, but MSU took a 47–37 lead to the half.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839334\|title\=Ohio State vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- March 5, 2016 \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-06}} In the second half, MSU ran away with it, shooting 66\.7% from the field in the game.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/03/05/class\-act\-msu\-trounces\-osu\-senior\-day/81366350/\|title\=Class act: MSU trounces OSU on senior day\|website\=Lansing State Journal\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-06}} Senior Denzel Valentine led the way with 27 points and 13 assists. The Spartans finished with 91–76 victory to clinch the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. MSU finished the regular season with a 26–5 overall record and 13–5 in conference, good enough for second place in the Big Ten. The 26 wins tied the most for a Michigan State team in the regular season. The team still had the opportunity, with postseason victories, to earn the most wins ever for a Michigan State basketball team in a season.
On March 8, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")* named Valentine National Player of the Year over Oklahoma's [Buddy Hield](/wiki/Buddy_Hield "Buddy Hield"). The Big Ten also announced that Valentine was the Big Ten's Player of the Year. Forbes was named Second Team All\-Big Ten and Costello was voted second team by the media and third team by the coaches. Valentine was the fifth player under Izzo and eighth in Michigan State history to be named Big Ten Player of the Year. On March 9, [NBCSports.com](/wiki/NBC_Sports "NBC Sports") named Valentine National Player of the Year and First Team All\-American. On March 9, Valentine was named to the *[Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News "Sporting News")* All\-American Team.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\-sporting\-news\-college\-basketball\-all\-americans\-2015\-16\|title\=Sporting News college basketball All\-Americans 2015\-16\|website\=Sporting News\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-10\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201819/http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\-sporting\-news\-college\-basketball\-all\-americans\-2015\-16\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"### Big Ten regular season",
"#### December",
"The Spartans started the [Big Ten regular season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season \"2015–16 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season\") still without Valentine on December 29 by visiting [Iowa](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team\"). Iowa controlled the game from the start, limiting Forbes to 3 points and winning by 13, 83–70\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Hot\\-shooting Iowa hands No. 1 Michigan State first loss\\|url \\= http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa\\-basketball\\-news/4689509\\-michigan\\-state\\-iowa\\-big\\-ten\\-conference\\-score\\-result\\-tom\\-izzo\\-coach\\-top\\-ranked\\|website \\= Sporting News\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}}{{Cite web\\|title \\= Iowa knocks off No. 1 MSU in convincing fashion\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839300\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Iowa led by as many as 19 points during the game and the Spartans never closed to within 10 in the second half. Izzo characterized the game not as \"a disappointing loss. I thought it was a disappointing effort.\" As a result of the win over the top\\-ranked Spartans, Iowa fans stormed the court despite having chanted \"overrated\" before the end of the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Was No. 1 MSU hoops' loss to unranked Iowa a big deal?\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2015/12/30/michigan\\-state\\-basketball\\-loss/78072114/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} The Spartans closed 2015 with their first loss of the season, falling to 13–1 and 0–1 in conference play.",
"#### January",
"After the loss to the Hawkeyes, the Spartans flew to [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") to watch the Spartan football team take on [Alabama](/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") in the [College Football Playoff](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship \"2016 College Football Playoff National Championship\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= How MSU hoops was able to attend Cotton Bowl\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/05/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-cotton\\-bowl/78315004/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} While in Texas, they practiced in freshman Matt McQuaid's high school gym. Following the football game, they flew to [Minneapolis, Minnesota](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\") to open 2016 by taking on [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team\") on January 2\\. In Minneapolis, the Spartans rebounded from their first loss of the season by defeating a game Minnesota squad 69–61\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State bounces back to beat Minnesota 69\\-61\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839321\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Forbes led the way for the Spartans scoring 20 points and Matt Costello added 17\\. Following the game, Valentine presented Izzo with a game ball in remembrance of his father's passing.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Spartans present game ball to mourning Izzo\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/story/\\_/id/14487555/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-present\\-game\\-ball\\-mourning\\-coach\\-tom\\-izzo\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-13}} Izzo attended the funeral of his father the next day.",
"On January 7, Michigan State returned home for their first home game in 25 days to face [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Basketball: Illinois Preview\\|url \\= http://www.theonlycolors.com/2016/1/7/10725098/michigan\\-state\\-basketball\\-illinois\\-preview\\|website \\= The Only Colors\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Denzel Valentine was medically cleared to play for the game, but Izzo held him out of the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No Valentine, no problem for No. 5 MSU, 79\\-54\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/07/michigan\\-state\\-illinois/78386062/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} The Spartans did not need him as they romped over a short\\-handed Illinois team, 79–52\\. MSU led by as many as 30 points. Forbes led all scorers with 17 and McQuaid set a career high with 10 points. The win moved the Spartans to 15–1 overall and 2–1 in the Big Ten.",
"On January 11, MSU traveled to [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team \"2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team\"). Valentine was available to play, but did not start.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions \\- Recap \\- January 10, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839322\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-11}} He came off the bench and had a rough start going 0–4 from the field in the first half. Forbes led the way in the first, scoring all of his game\\-high 20 points in the first half, going 6–8 from beyond the arc.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 92, PSU 65: Valentine returns, Forbes shines\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/10/spartans\\-vs\\-nittany\\-lions\\-game\\-day\\-time\\-tv\\-etc/78587230/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-11}} The Spartans led by 13 at the half and pushed the lead to as many as 31 in the second half. Valentine chipped in 10 points in the second half. The win moved the Spartans to 3–1 in conference and 16–1 overall with a rematch against Iowa looming.",
"Despite having Valentine back for a home game against Iowa on January 14, Michigan State once again struggled.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 16 Iowa routs No. 4 Michigan State 76\\-59, sweeps series\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839303\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-15}} Iowa jumped out to an early lead and dominated the Spartans in East Lansing. Bryn Forbes struggled with foul trouble and was held to a season\\-low 2 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Home humiliation: Iowa 76, MSU 59\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/14/msu\\-basketball\\-iowa\\-game\\-story/78787404/?from\\=global\\&sessionKey\\=\\&autologin\\=\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-15}} Costello led the Spartans with 15 while Valentine had 14\\. Iowa made nine three\\-pointers and were led by [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok \"Peter Jok\")'s 22 points. “It was just a flat\\-ass butt kicking to be honest with you,” MSU coach Tom Izzo said. The Spartans, undefeated against every team not named Iowa, fell to 3–2 in conference play and 16–2 overall.",
"The Spartans next traveled to [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\") on January 17 to face the struggling [Wisconsin Badgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team\"). Prior to the game, Michigan State announced that [Tum Tum Nairn](/wiki/Lourawls_Nairn%2C_Jr. \"Lourawls Nairn, Jr.\") would be sidelined indefinitely with [plantar fasciitis](/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis \"Plantar fasciitis\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839323\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-18}} Izzo used a completely new lineup to start, with freshmen [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis \"Deyonta Davis\") and McQuaid starting as well as Harris. The lineup made little difference as the Spartans trailed by five at half. Despite Michigan State playing better and taking the lead in the second half, Wisconsin found themselves within four points with less than a minute remaining. [Bronson Koenig](/wiki/Bronson_Koenig \"Bronson Koenig\") made a three for the Badgers which was followed by a quick Spartan turnover by Harris.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839323\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-17}} Down by one, the Badgers got a basket down low to take a one\\-point lead. The Spartans got two shots off before the clock expired, but neither fell. The Spartans lost their second consecutive game, 77–76, falling to .500 in the Big Ten at 3–3 and 16–3 overall. Costello scored a career\\-high 18 and Valentine led the Spartans with 23\\. As a result, the Spartans fell out of the top ten rankings, slipping to 10th in the Coaches Poll and 11th in the AP Poll.",
"On January 20, MSU took on unranked [Nebraska](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team\") at Breslin Center. The Cornhuskers, winners of three straight games, had beaten the Spartans in their last two meetings.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Valentine can't rescue No. 11 Spartans at buzzer\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839324\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} MSU started off strong, going up 5–0 and leading Nebraska to call a timeout 50 seconds into the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Nebraska 72, MSU 71: Spartans stunned, drop 3rd straight\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/20/cornhuskers\\-score\\-third\\-straight\\-win\\-over\\-spartans\\-72\\-71\\-stunner/79000832/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} However, Nebraska rallied to take the lead and the teams were tied at the half. However, despite a Valentine circus shot three in the last 10 seconds and an open look for the win as the clock expired, the Spartans fell to Nebraska 72–71\\. [Shavon Shields](/wiki/Shavon_Shields \"Shavon Shields\") had 28 for the Huskers. Valentine contributed 24 for MSU. Bryn Forbes struggled again, going 1–8 with three points. He had many open looks, but could not drain a shot. The Spartans also struggled from the free throw line, going 12–21 from the line.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Nebraska Cornhuskers vs. Michigan State Spartans \\- Box Score \\- January 20, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/boxscore?gameId\\=400839324\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} The loss was the third straight for the Spartans, falling to 16–4 and 3–4 in conference. This marked the worst conference start for the Spartans since the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team \"2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\").",
"Needing a win, MSU's next game saw [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") visit for its [Gameday](/wiki/College_GameDay_%28basketball%29 \"College GameDay (basketball)\") program on January 23\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Bright green fight: MSU 74, Maryland 65\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/23/bright\\-green\\-fight\\-msu\\-74\\-maryland\\-65/79248926/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} The Spartans debuted \"Mean Green\" uniforms for the game against [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team\"). The Spartans led for a majority of the game. Forbes, mired in a three\\-game slump, shot the lights out, scoring 25 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Defensive resurgence helps MSU end skid, top Maryland\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/23/defensive\\-resurgence\\-helps\\-msu\\-end\\-skid\\-top\\-maryland/79254156/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} Costello also had a big game, scoring 15 points, racking up 12 rebounds, three blocks, and two steals.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 74, Maryland 65: Seniors lead Spartans past Terps\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/23/game\\-night\\-no\\-11\\-spartans\\-vs\\-no\\-7\\-terrapins/79201198/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} Valentine added 24 points, just missing his third triple double with 14 rebounds and eight assists. Maryland was led by [Melo Trimble](/wiki/Melo_Trimble \"Melo Trimble\"), who scored 24 points but was limited to three assists with good defense by Harris. The Spartans pulled away for the much needed victory, pulling out a 74–65 win. Izzo commented on his team's effort as \"the hardest we played in years.\" The Spartans moved to 17–4 overall and 4–4 in conference.",
"The Spartans next traveled to [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois \"Evanston, Illinois\"), to take on [Northwestern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team\") on January 28\\. The Spartans set a season high for made three\\-pointers with 16 in routing the Wildcats, 76–45\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 12 Michigan State makes 16 3s, beats Northwestern 76\\-45\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839326\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} Valentine led all scorers with 19\\. McQuaid set a new career high with 17 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 76, Northwestern 45: Spartans' freshmen star in win\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/28/game\\-night\\-spartans\\-wildcats\\-time\\-tv\\-info/79429758/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} The Spartans held Northwestern to a 20\\.7% shooting percentage from the field. Deyonta Davis continued to improve his game, setting an MSU freshmen\\-high for blocks with six, a career\\-high 11 rebounds, and added eight points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Couch: Deyonta Davis takes another leap toward greatness\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\\-couch/2016/01/29/couch\\-column\\-msu\\-northwestern\\-basketball/79490476/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} Notably, Tom Izzo moved into second place all time for wins at a Big Ten school, breaking a tie with [Gene Keady](/wiki/Gene_Keady \"Gene Keady\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Izzo cherishes chance to pass 'unlucky' Keady in B1G wins\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/29/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-tom\\-izzo\\-gene\\-keady\\-big\\-ten\\-wins/79504634/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} It was Izzo's 513th win at MSU. He still trails Big Ten leader [Bob Knight](/wiki/Bob_Knight \"Bob Knight\"), who has 661\\. MSU's record moved to 18–4 overall and 5–4 in conference.",
"The Spartans returned home to end January to face last place [Rutgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team\") on January 31\\. The Spartans routed Rutgers on their way to tying a school record for three\\-point field goals made in a game, hitting 17\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 96, Rutgers 62: Spartans take care of business at home\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/31/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-rutgers\\-scarlet\\-knights/79600424/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}} Forbes made six, all in the first half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State makes 17 3\\-pointers in 96\\-62 win over Rutgers\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839327\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}} Valentine also contributed six three\\-pointers, scoring a game\\-high 20\\. Costello notched another [double double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 \"Double (basketball)\") with 12 points and 13 rebounds. The Spartans finished January at 6–4 in conference and 19–4 overall.",
"#### February",
"The Spartans entered February with five days off before facing perhaps the most difficult stretch of the season, including a trip to [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\") and a game against [Indiana](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team\") in Breslin Center. The Spartans began the trip by traveling to face rival [Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\") on February 6\\. In their only meeting of the regular season, the Spartans jumped out early on the Wolverines and never looked back.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes leads No. 10 Spartans to 89\\-73 rout of Michigan\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839328\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-07}} MSU led by as many as 27 on their way to an easy 89–73 win on Michigan's home floor. The Spartans kept up their hot shooting from behind the arc, shooting 63% and hitting 14 threes. Forbes hit seven of his eight three\\-pointers in the first half and scored 29 to lead all players. Valentine added 21 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. The win moved the Spartans to 20–4 overall and 7–4 in conference. With a loss by Purdue later that day, the Spartans moved into a tie for fourth place in the conference.",
"Prior to the match\\-up with [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\"), Tom Izzo announced that Nairn could be out for perhaps another month with his plantar fasciitis injury.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Tum Tum Nairn could be out another month\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/2016/02/08/tum\\-tum\\-nairn\\-michigan\\-state/80010470/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-08}} When he returns, Izzo said he would likely be only a defensive replacement and point guard relief, playing only three to eight minutes a game. Valentine was also named Big Ten player of the week for his near triple\\-double against Michigan, his third time being so honored this season.",
"On February 10, MSU traveled to [West Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/West_Lafayette%2C_Indiana \"West Lafayette, Indiana\") to face Purdue. Purdue jumped on the Spartans from the opening tip led by Raphael Davis and led by as many as 18 early in the second half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 18 Purdue beats No. 8 Michigan State 82\\-81 in OT\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839329\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}} However, MSU showed toughness and fought its way back behind Valentine who again just missed a triple\\-double with 27 points, 10 assists and eight rebounds.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Purdue 82, MSU 81 (OT): Spartans come back, but fall short\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/09/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-purdue\\-boilermakers/80043696/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}} The Spartans took the lead with 1:59 remaining at 72–68, but didn't score for the remainder of regulation. Purdue tied it and Valentine had a weak attempt to win it as the clock expired. In overtime with the teams tied at 81, a controversial foul call on Valentine with 4\\.9 seconds remaining gave Raphael Davis two free throws for the win. He made the first, but missed the second. However, Purdue big man [A. J. Hammons](/wiki/A._J._Hammons \"A. J. Hammons\") secured the rebound and the win. The win was the first by Purdue over the Spartans since 2011\\. The loss dropped the Spartans to 20–5 and 7–5 in conference all but assuring they would be unable to win the Big Ten regular season championship.",
"On February 12, Izzo was announced as one of 14 finalists for the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame \"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Izzo a finalist for Basketball Hall of Fame\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/12/basketball\\-hall\\-fame\\-finalists/80298158/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-12}}",
"On February 14, first\\-place Indiana paid a trip to Breslin Center. Indiana led for a good portion of the first half, but MSU rebounded to take a one\\-point lead at the half, 41–40\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Denzel Valentine\\-led No. 8 Michigan State tops Indiana 88\\-69\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839295\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} In the second half, the Spartans took control of the game behind Valentine's 30 points and career\\-high 13 assists. MSU led by as many as 22 and came away with the win, 88–69\\. Costello had a career\\-high 22 points and Forbes added 14\\. Surprisingly, Nairn made an appearance and played less than three minutes in the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State notes: Tum Tum Nairn returns, Alvin Ellis out of doghouse\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2016/02/michigan\\_state\\_notes\\_tum\\_tum\\_n.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} Kenny Goins, who had played a major role for the Spartans front line in the last few games, left the game in the first half with a knee injury and it was revealed after that he would miss two to four weeks.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State's Kenny Goins out 2\\-4 weeks\\|url \\= http://www.foxsports.com/college\\-basketball/story/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-kenny\\-goins\\-knee\\-injury\\-two\\-four\\-weeks\\-021616\\|website \\= FOX Sports\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19\\|first \\= Fox\\|last \\= Sports}} The win put MSU at 8–5 in conference and 21–5 overall while temporarily dropping Indiana out of first place.",
"On February 15, Valentine was named Big Ten Player of the Week for the second consecutive week and fourth time overall.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Valentine repeats as Big Ten player of the week\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/2016/02/15/denzel\\-valentine\\-michigan\\-state\\-basketball/80404208/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} On February 16, Valentine was named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Denzel Valentine Named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week \\- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\\|url \\= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/021616aab.html\\|website \\= www.msuspartans.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|archive\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-25\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225071236/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/021616aab.html\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"Wisconsin brought its seven\\-game win streak to Breslin Center on February 18\\. MSU took the lead early on a 14–3 run and never looked back, winning 69–57\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- February 18, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839330\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Valentine scored 24 points with seven rebounds and 10 assists. The output gave Valentine at least 20 points and 10 or more assists in three consecutive games, the most in the Big Ten in 20 years.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Couch: As others stumble, MSU looks ready for March\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\\-couch/2016/02/19/couch\\-column\\-msu\\-wisconsin\\-basketball/80598316/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Davis led the way with defense on Wisconsin's [Nigel Hayes](/wiki/Nigel_Hayes \"Nigel Hayes\") who lit up the Spartans in their first meeting, holding Hayes to 1–13 from the floor as the [Izzone](/wiki/Izzone \"Izzone\") mercilessly chanted, \"Nigel! Nigel! Nigel!\"{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 69, Wisconsin 57: Deyonta Davis' defense steals show\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/18/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-wisconsin\\-badgers/80543720/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Forbes added 17 points and Harris added 10\\. The win jumped the Spartans from eighth place in the conference to a four\\-way tie for fourth place with a record of 9–5 and 22–5 overall.",
"On February 24, MSU visited [Ohio State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team\"), owners of a four\\-game winning streak. The Spartans started slow, but still led 36–31 at the half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State vs. Ohio State \\- Game Recap \\- February 23, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839331\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-24}} Forbes got hot in the second half, hitting seven of 10 three\\-pointers in the game, for 20 points in the second half. Valentine added 17 points, eight assists, and five rebounds as MSU pulled away to win 81–62\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes' seven 3s 'bail out' MSU at Ohio State, 81\\-62\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/02/23/michigan\\-state\\-ohio\\-state\\-basketball/80836300/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-24}} The Spartans moved into sole possession of fourth place in the Big Ten at 11–5 and 23–5 overall. In the win, Valentine passed [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green \"Draymond Green\") for 17th all time in scoring at Michigan State.",
"On February 28, Penn State, winners of three straight games and four of their last five (with wins over then\\-No. 4 Iowa and then\\-No. 22 Indiana), visited the Breslin Center.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839332\n\\| title \\= Penn State vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- February 28, 2016 \\- ESPN\n\\| website \\= ESPN.com\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} MSU started slow, beginning three of 15 from the field, but were still up 28–9 at one point and, with almost five minutes left in the first half, PSU head coach [Pat Chambers](/wiki/Pat_Chambers \"Pat Chambers\") was ejected from the game with a double technical. The Spartans led 52–27 at the half and never looked back leading by as many as 35\\.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/28/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-penn\\-state\\-nittany\\-lions/81069370/\n\\| title \\= Valentine, Spartans coast past Nittany Lions, 88\\-57\n\\| website \\= Detroit Free Press\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} Valentine had 19 points, eight rebounds, and six assists. Davis and Forbes added 15 points each and Costello added 10 points and 11 rebounds. MSU moved into a four\\-way tie for second in the conference with the win and moved their record to 12–5 and 24–5 overall.",
"#### March",
"With two games remaining in the regular season, MSU would be guaranteed at least a double bye in the [Big Ten tournament](/wiki/2016_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2016 Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament\") with wins in those two games, at Rutgers and home versus Ohio State.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= https://twitter.com/KevinPauga/status/704106133389189120\n\\| title \\= Kevin Pauga on Twitter\n\\| website \\= Twitter\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} With Indiana's win over Iowa (clinching the sole Big Ten title), MSU was guaranteed the No. 2 seed in the conference tournament with wins in its last two games.",
"On March 2, MSU visited Rutgers looking to strengthen its hold on the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. However, MSU got off to a slow start and trailed for portions of the first half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/03/02/msu\\-rutgers\\-bryn\\-forbes/81246836/\\|title\\=Michigan State 97, Rutgers 66: Bryn Forbes sets Big Ten record for 3s\\|website\\=Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03}} However, Forbes got hot from the three\\-point line late in the half, making five including one with less than 10 seconds remaining in the half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839333\\|title\\=Michigan State vs. Rutgers \\- Game Recap \\- March 2, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03}} As a result, MSU led by one at the half. In the second half, MSU ran away with the game, led by Forbes. His Big Ten single\\-game record of 11 three\\-point field goals (his only baskets of the game) helped MSU to a 31\\-point blowout. Izzo was disappointed with the performance in the first half. The Spartans moved to 25–5 overall and 12–5 in conference with one game remaining in the regular season.",
"On March 4, Izzo was named one of 12 semifinalists for the Naismith Trophy Men's Coach of the Year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://naismithtrophy.com/press\\-release/naismith\\-trophy\\-mccoy\\-semifinalists/\\|title\\=Naismith Trophy Men's College Coach of the Year – 12 Semifinalists {{!}} Naismith Trophy\\|website\\=naismithtrophy.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04}}",
"On Senior Day at Breslin Center, March 5, the Buckeyes looked for revenge for their home loss to the Spartans the prior weekend. Ohio State started off well and led for portions of the first half, but MSU took a 47–37 lead to the half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839334\\|title\\=Ohio State vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- March 5, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-06}} In the second half, MSU ran away with it, shooting 66\\.7% from the field in the game.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/03/05/class\\-act\\-msu\\-trounces\\-osu\\-senior\\-day/81366350/\\|title\\=Class act: MSU trounces OSU on senior day\\|website\\=Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-06}} Senior Denzel Valentine led the way with 27 points and 13 assists. The Spartans finished with 91–76 victory to clinch the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament. MSU finished the regular season with a 26–5 overall record and 13–5 in conference, good enough for second place in the Big Ten. The 26 wins tied the most for a Michigan State team in the regular season. The team still had the opportunity, with postseason victories, to earn the most wins ever for a Michigan State basketball team in a season.",
"On March 8, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* named Valentine National Player of the Year over Oklahoma's [Buddy Hield](/wiki/Buddy_Hield \"Buddy Hield\"). The Big Ten also announced that Valentine was the Big Ten's Player of the Year. Forbes was named Second Team All\\-Big Ten and Costello was voted second team by the media and third team by the coaches. Valentine was the fifth player under Izzo and eighth in Michigan State history to be named Big Ten Player of the Year. On March 9, [NBCSports.com](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\") named Valentine National Player of the Year and First Team All\\-American. On March 9, Valentine was named to the *[Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News \"Sporting News\")* All\\-American Team.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\\-sporting\\-news\\-college\\-basketball\\-all\\-americans\\-2015\\-16\\|title\\=Sporting News college basketball All\\-Americans 2015\\-16\\|website\\=Sporting News\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-10\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201819/http://www.sportingnews.com/list/4697744\\-sporting\\-news\\-college\\-basketball\\-all\\-americans\\-2015\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
#### January
After the loss to the Hawkeyes, the Spartans flew to [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") to watch the Spartan football team take on [Alabama](/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team "2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team") in the [College Football Playoff](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship "2016 College Football Playoff National Championship").{{Cite web\|title \= How MSU hoops was able to attend Cotton Bowl\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/05/michigan\-state\-spartans\-cotton\-bowl/78315004/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} While in Texas, they practiced in freshman Matt McQuaid's high school gym. Following the football game, they flew to [Minneapolis, Minnesota](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis") to open 2016 by taking on [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team") on January 2\. In Minneapolis, the Spartans rebounded from their first loss of the season by defeating a game Minnesota squad 69–61\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 1 Michigan State bounces back to beat Minnesota 69\-61\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839321\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Forbes led the way for the Spartans scoring 20 points and Matt Costello added 17\. Following the game, Valentine presented Izzo with a game ball in remembrance of his father's passing.{{Cite web\|title \= Spartans present game ball to mourning Izzo\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/story/\_/id/14487555/michigan\-state\-spartans\-present\-game\-ball\-mourning\-coach\-tom\-izzo\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-13}} Izzo attended the funeral of his father the next day.
On January 7, Michigan State returned home for their first home game in 25 days to face [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team").{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Basketball: Illinois Preview\|url \= http://www.theonlycolors.com/2016/1/7/10725098/michigan\-state\-basketball\-illinois\-preview\|website \= The Only Colors\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-07}} Denzel Valentine was medically cleared to play for the game, but Izzo held him out of the game.{{Cite web\|title \= No Valentine, no problem for No. 5 MSU, 79\-54\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/07/michigan\-state\-illinois/78386062/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-08}} The Spartans did not need him as they romped over a short\-handed Illinois team, 79–52\. MSU led by as many as 30 points. Forbes led all scorers with 17 and McQuaid set a career high with 10 points. The win moved the Spartans to 15–1 overall and 2–1 in the Big Ten.
On January 11, MSU traveled to [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team "2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team"). Valentine was available to play, but did not start.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions \- Recap \- January 10, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839322\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-11}} He came off the bench and had a rough start going 0–4 from the field in the first half. Forbes led the way in the first, scoring all of his game\-high 20 points in the first half, going 6–8 from beyond the arc.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 92, PSU 65: Valentine returns, Forbes shines\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/10/spartans\-vs\-nittany\-lions\-game\-day\-time\-tv\-etc/78587230/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-11}} The Spartans led by 13 at the half and pushed the lead to as many as 31 in the second half. Valentine chipped in 10 points in the second half. The win moved the Spartans to 3–1 in conference and 16–1 overall with a rematch against Iowa looming.
Despite having Valentine back for a home game against Iowa on January 14, Michigan State once again struggled.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 16 Iowa routs No. 4 Michigan State 76\-59, sweeps series\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839303\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-15}} Iowa jumped out to an early lead and dominated the Spartans in East Lansing. Bryn Forbes struggled with foul trouble and was held to a season\-low 2 points.{{Cite web\|title \= Home humiliation: Iowa 76, MSU 59\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/14/msu\-basketball\-iowa\-game\-story/78787404/?from\=global\&sessionKey\=\&autologin\=\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-15}} Costello led the Spartans with 15 while Valentine had 14\. Iowa made nine three\-pointers and were led by [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok "Peter Jok")'s 22 points. “It was just a flat\-ass butt kicking to be honest with you,” MSU coach Tom Izzo said. The Spartans, undefeated against every team not named Iowa, fell to 3–2 in conference play and 16–2 overall.
The Spartans next traveled to [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") on January 17 to face the struggling [Wisconsin Badgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team"). Prior to the game, Michigan State announced that [Tum Tum Nairn](/wiki/Lourawls_Nairn%2C_Jr. "Lourawls Nairn, Jr.") would be sidelined indefinitely with [plantar fasciitis](/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis "Plantar fasciitis").{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839323\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-18}} Izzo used a completely new lineup to start, with freshmen [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis "Deyonta Davis") and McQuaid starting as well as Harris. The lineup made little difference as the Spartans trailed by five at half. Despite Michigan State playing better and taking the lead in the second half, Wisconsin found themselves within four points with less than a minute remaining. [Bronson Koenig](/wiki/Bronson_Koenig "Bronson Koenig") made a three for the Badgers which was followed by a quick Spartan turnover by Harris.{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839323\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-17}} Down by one, the Badgers got a basket down low to take a one\-point lead. The Spartans got two shots off before the clock expired, but neither fell. The Spartans lost their second consecutive game, 77–76, falling to .500 in the Big Ten at 3–3 and 16–3 overall. Costello scored a career\-high 18 and Valentine led the Spartans with 23\. As a result, the Spartans fell out of the top ten rankings, slipping to 10th in the Coaches Poll and 11th in the AP Poll.
On January 20, MSU took on unranked [Nebraska](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team") at Breslin Center. The Cornhuskers, winners of three straight games, had beaten the Spartans in their last two meetings.{{Cite web\|title \= Valentine can't rescue No. 11 Spartans at buzzer\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839324\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} MSU started off strong, going up 5–0 and leading Nebraska to call a timeout 50 seconds into the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Nebraska 72, MSU 71: Spartans stunned, drop 3rd straight\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/20/cornhuskers\-score\-third\-straight\-win\-over\-spartans\-72\-71\-stunner/79000832/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} However, Nebraska rallied to take the lead and the teams were tied at the half. However, despite a Valentine circus shot three in the last 10 seconds and an open look for the win as the clock expired, the Spartans fell to Nebraska 72–71\. [Shavon Shields](/wiki/Shavon_Shields "Shavon Shields") had 28 for the Huskers. Valentine contributed 24 for MSU. Bryn Forbes struggled again, going 1–8 with three points. He had many open looks, but could not drain a shot. The Spartans also struggled from the free throw line, going 12–21 from the line.{{Cite web\|title \= Nebraska Cornhuskers vs. Michigan State Spartans \- Box Score \- January 20, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/boxscore?gameId\=400839324\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-21}} The loss was the third straight for the Spartans, falling to 16–4 and 3–4 in conference. This marked the worst conference start for the Spartans since the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team "2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team").
Needing a win, MSU's next game saw [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") visit for its [Gameday](/wiki/College_GameDay_%28basketball%29 "College GameDay (basketball)") program on January 23\.{{Cite web\|title \= Bright green fight: MSU 74, Maryland 65\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/23/bright\-green\-fight\-msu\-74\-maryland\-65/79248926/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} The Spartans debuted "Mean Green" uniforms for the game against [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team"). The Spartans led for a majority of the game. Forbes, mired in a three\-game slump, shot the lights out, scoring 25 points.{{Cite web\|title \= Defensive resurgence helps MSU end skid, top Maryland\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/01/23/defensive\-resurgence\-helps\-msu\-end\-skid\-top\-maryland/79254156/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} Costello also had a big game, scoring 15 points, racking up 12 rebounds, three blocks, and two steals.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 74, Maryland 65: Seniors lead Spartans past Terps\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/23/game\-night\-no\-11\-spartans\-vs\-no\-7\-terrapins/79201198/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-24}} Valentine added 24 points, just missing his third triple double with 14 rebounds and eight assists. Maryland was led by [Melo Trimble](/wiki/Melo_Trimble "Melo Trimble"), who scored 24 points but was limited to three assists with good defense by Harris. The Spartans pulled away for the much needed victory, pulling out a 74–65 win. Izzo commented on his team's effort as "the hardest we played in years." The Spartans moved to 17–4 overall and 4–4 in conference.
The Spartans next traveled to [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois "Evanston, Illinois"), to take on [Northwestern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team") on January 28\. The Spartans set a season high for made three\-pointers with 16 in routing the Wildcats, 76–45\.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 12 Michigan State makes 16 3s, beats Northwestern 76\-45\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839326\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} Valentine led all scorers with 19\. McQuaid set a new career high with 17 points.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 76, Northwestern 45: Spartans' freshmen star in win\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/28/game\-night\-spartans\-wildcats\-time\-tv\-info/79429758/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} The Spartans held Northwestern to a 20\.7% shooting percentage from the field. Deyonta Davis continued to improve his game, setting an MSU freshmen\-high for blocks with six, a career\-high 11 rebounds, and added eight points.{{Cite web\|title \= Couch: Deyonta Davis takes another leap toward greatness\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\-couch/2016/01/29/couch\-column\-msu\-northwestern\-basketball/79490476/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} Notably, Tom Izzo moved into second place all time for wins at a Big Ten school, breaking a tie with [Gene Keady](/wiki/Gene_Keady "Gene Keady").{{Cite web\|title \= Izzo cherishes chance to pass 'unlucky' Keady in B1G wins\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/29/michigan\-state\-spartans\-tom\-izzo\-gene\-keady\-big\-ten\-wins/79504634/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-01\-29}} It was Izzo's 513th win at MSU. He still trails Big Ten leader [Bob Knight](/wiki/Bob_Knight "Bob Knight"), who has 661\. MSU's record moved to 18–4 overall and 5–4 in conference.
The Spartans returned home to end January to face last place [Rutgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team") on January 31\. The Spartans routed Rutgers on their way to tying a school record for three\-point field goals made in a game, hitting 17\.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 96, Rutgers 62: Spartans take care of business at home\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/01/31/michigan\-state\-spartans\-rutgers\-scarlet\-knights/79600424/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}} Forbes made six, all in the first half.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State makes 17 3\-pointers in 96\-62 win over Rutgers\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839327\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-01}} Valentine also contributed six three\-pointers, scoring a game\-high 20\. Costello notched another [double double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 "Double (basketball)") with 12 points and 13 rebounds. The Spartans finished January at 6–4 in conference and 19–4 overall.
|
[
"#### January",
"After the loss to the Hawkeyes, the Spartans flew to [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") to watch the Spartan football team take on [Alabama](/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team \"2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\") in the [College Football Playoff](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship \"2016 College Football Playoff National Championship\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= How MSU hoops was able to attend Cotton Bowl\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/05/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-cotton\\-bowl/78315004/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} While in Texas, they practiced in freshman Matt McQuaid's high school gym. Following the football game, they flew to [Minneapolis, Minnesota](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\") to open 2016 by taking on [Minnesota](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team\") on January 2\\. In Minneapolis, the Spartans rebounded from their first loss of the season by defeating a game Minnesota squad 69–61\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 1 Michigan State bounces back to beat Minnesota 69\\-61\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839321\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Forbes led the way for the Spartans scoring 20 points and Matt Costello added 17\\. Following the game, Valentine presented Izzo with a game ball in remembrance of his father's passing.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Spartans present game ball to mourning Izzo\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/story/\\_/id/14487555/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-present\\-game\\-ball\\-mourning\\-coach\\-tom\\-izzo\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-13}} Izzo attended the funeral of his father the next day.",
"On January 7, Michigan State returned home for their first home game in 25 days to face [Illinois](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Basketball: Illinois Preview\\|url \\= http://www.theonlycolors.com/2016/1/7/10725098/michigan\\-state\\-basketball\\-illinois\\-preview\\|website \\= The Only Colors\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07}} Denzel Valentine was medically cleared to play for the game, but Izzo held him out of the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No Valentine, no problem for No. 5 MSU, 79\\-54\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/07/michigan\\-state\\-illinois/78386062/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-08}} The Spartans did not need him as they romped over a short\\-handed Illinois team, 79–52\\. MSU led by as many as 30 points. Forbes led all scorers with 17 and McQuaid set a career high with 10 points. The win moved the Spartans to 15–1 overall and 2–1 in the Big Ten.",
"On January 11, MSU traveled to [Penn State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_basketball_team \"2015–16 Penn State Nittany Lions basketball team\"). Valentine was available to play, but did not start.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions \\- Recap \\- January 10, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839322\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-11}} He came off the bench and had a rough start going 0–4 from the field in the first half. Forbes led the way in the first, scoring all of his game\\-high 20 points in the first half, going 6–8 from beyond the arc.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 92, PSU 65: Valentine returns, Forbes shines\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/10/spartans\\-vs\\-nittany\\-lions\\-game\\-day\\-time\\-tv\\-etc/78587230/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-11}} The Spartans led by 13 at the half and pushed the lead to as many as 31 in the second half. Valentine chipped in 10 points in the second half. The win moved the Spartans to 3–1 in conference and 16–1 overall with a rematch against Iowa looming.",
"Despite having Valentine back for a home game against Iowa on January 14, Michigan State once again struggled.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 16 Iowa routs No. 4 Michigan State 76\\-59, sweeps series\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839303\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-15}} Iowa jumped out to an early lead and dominated the Spartans in East Lansing. Bryn Forbes struggled with foul trouble and was held to a season\\-low 2 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Home humiliation: Iowa 76, MSU 59\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/14/msu\\-basketball\\-iowa\\-game\\-story/78787404/?from\\=global\\&sessionKey\\=\\&autologin\\=\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-15}} Costello led the Spartans with 15 while Valentine had 14\\. Iowa made nine three\\-pointers and were led by [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok \"Peter Jok\")'s 22 points. “It was just a flat\\-ass butt kicking to be honest with you,” MSU coach Tom Izzo said. The Spartans, undefeated against every team not named Iowa, fell to 3–2 in conference play and 16–2 overall.",
"The Spartans next traveled to [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\") on January 17 to face the struggling [Wisconsin Badgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team\"). Prior to the game, Michigan State announced that [Tum Tum Nairn](/wiki/Lourawls_Nairn%2C_Jr. \"Lourawls Nairn, Jr.\") would be sidelined indefinitely with [plantar fasciitis](/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis \"Plantar fasciitis\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839323\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-18}} Izzo used a completely new lineup to start, with freshmen [Deyonta Davis](/wiki/Deyonta_Davis \"Deyonta Davis\") and McQuaid starting as well as Harris. The lineup made little difference as the Spartans trailed by five at half. Despite Michigan State playing better and taking the lead in the second half, Wisconsin found themselves within four points with less than a minute remaining. [Bronson Koenig](/wiki/Bronson_Koenig \"Bronson Koenig\") made a three for the Badgers which was followed by a quick Spartan turnover by Harris.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin beats No. 4 Michigan State\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839323\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-17}} Down by one, the Badgers got a basket down low to take a one\\-point lead. The Spartans got two shots off before the clock expired, but neither fell. The Spartans lost their second consecutive game, 77–76, falling to .500 in the Big Ten at 3–3 and 16–3 overall. Costello scored a career\\-high 18 and Valentine led the Spartans with 23\\. As a result, the Spartans fell out of the top ten rankings, slipping to 10th in the Coaches Poll and 11th in the AP Poll.",
"On January 20, MSU took on unranked [Nebraska](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team\") at Breslin Center. The Cornhuskers, winners of three straight games, had beaten the Spartans in their last two meetings.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Valentine can't rescue No. 11 Spartans at buzzer\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839324\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} MSU started off strong, going up 5–0 and leading Nebraska to call a timeout 50 seconds into the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Nebraska 72, MSU 71: Spartans stunned, drop 3rd straight\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/20/cornhuskers\\-score\\-third\\-straight\\-win\\-over\\-spartans\\-72\\-71\\-stunner/79000832/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} However, Nebraska rallied to take the lead and the teams were tied at the half. However, despite a Valentine circus shot three in the last 10 seconds and an open look for the win as the clock expired, the Spartans fell to Nebraska 72–71\\. [Shavon Shields](/wiki/Shavon_Shields \"Shavon Shields\") had 28 for the Huskers. Valentine contributed 24 for MSU. Bryn Forbes struggled again, going 1–8 with three points. He had many open looks, but could not drain a shot. The Spartans also struggled from the free throw line, going 12–21 from the line.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Nebraska Cornhuskers vs. Michigan State Spartans \\- Box Score \\- January 20, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/boxscore?gameId\\=400839324\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-21}} The loss was the third straight for the Spartans, falling to 16–4 and 3–4 in conference. This marked the worst conference start for the Spartans since the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team \"2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\").",
"Needing a win, MSU's next game saw [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") visit for its [Gameday](/wiki/College_GameDay_%28basketball%29 \"College GameDay (basketball)\") program on January 23\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Bright green fight: MSU 74, Maryland 65\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/23/bright\\-green\\-fight\\-msu\\-74\\-maryland\\-65/79248926/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} The Spartans debuted \"Mean Green\" uniforms for the game against [Maryland](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team\"). The Spartans led for a majority of the game. Forbes, mired in a three\\-game slump, shot the lights out, scoring 25 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Defensive resurgence helps MSU end skid, top Maryland\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/01/23/defensive\\-resurgence\\-helps\\-msu\\-end\\-skid\\-top\\-maryland/79254156/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} Costello also had a big game, scoring 15 points, racking up 12 rebounds, three blocks, and two steals.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 74, Maryland 65: Seniors lead Spartans past Terps\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/23/game\\-night\\-no\\-11\\-spartans\\-vs\\-no\\-7\\-terrapins/79201198/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-24}} Valentine added 24 points, just missing his third triple double with 14 rebounds and eight assists. Maryland was led by [Melo Trimble](/wiki/Melo_Trimble \"Melo Trimble\"), who scored 24 points but was limited to three assists with good defense by Harris. The Spartans pulled away for the much needed victory, pulling out a 74–65 win. Izzo commented on his team's effort as \"the hardest we played in years.\" The Spartans moved to 17–4 overall and 4–4 in conference.",
"The Spartans next traveled to [Evanston, Illinois](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois \"Evanston, Illinois\"), to take on [Northwestern](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Northwestern_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team\") on January 28\\. The Spartans set a season high for made three\\-pointers with 16 in routing the Wildcats, 76–45\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 12 Michigan State makes 16 3s, beats Northwestern 76\\-45\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839326\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} Valentine led all scorers with 19\\. McQuaid set a new career high with 17 points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 76, Northwestern 45: Spartans' freshmen star in win\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/28/game\\-night\\-spartans\\-wildcats\\-time\\-tv\\-info/79429758/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} The Spartans held Northwestern to a 20\\.7% shooting percentage from the field. Deyonta Davis continued to improve his game, setting an MSU freshmen\\-high for blocks with six, a career\\-high 11 rebounds, and added eight points.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Couch: Deyonta Davis takes another leap toward greatness\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\\-couch/2016/01/29/couch\\-column\\-msu\\-northwestern\\-basketball/79490476/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} Notably, Tom Izzo moved into second place all time for wins at a Big Ten school, breaking a tie with [Gene Keady](/wiki/Gene_Keady \"Gene Keady\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= Izzo cherishes chance to pass 'unlucky' Keady in B1G wins\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/29/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-tom\\-izzo\\-gene\\-keady\\-big\\-ten\\-wins/79504634/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-01\\-29}} It was Izzo's 513th win at MSU. He still trails Big Ten leader [Bob Knight](/wiki/Bob_Knight \"Bob Knight\"), who has 661\\. MSU's record moved to 18–4 overall and 5–4 in conference.",
"The Spartans returned home to end January to face last place [Rutgers](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team\") on January 31\\. The Spartans routed Rutgers on their way to tying a school record for three\\-point field goals made in a game, hitting 17\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 96, Rutgers 62: Spartans take care of business at home\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/01/31/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-rutgers\\-scarlet\\-knights/79600424/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}} Forbes made six, all in the first half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State makes 17 3\\-pointers in 96\\-62 win over Rutgers\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839327\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-01}} Valentine also contributed six three\\-pointers, scoring a game\\-high 20\\. Costello notched another [double double](/wiki/Double_%28basketball%29 \"Double (basketball)\") with 12 points and 13 rebounds. The Spartans finished January at 6–4 in conference and 19–4 overall.",
""
] |
#### February
The Spartans entered February with five days off before facing perhaps the most difficult stretch of the season, including a trip to [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team") and a game against [Indiana](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team") in Breslin Center. The Spartans began the trip by traveling to face rival [Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team") on February 6\. In their only meeting of the regular season, the Spartans jumped out early on the Wolverines and never looked back.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes leads No. 10 Spartans to 89\-73 rout of Michigan\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839328\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-07}} MSU led by as many as 27 on their way to an easy 89–73 win on Michigan's home floor. The Spartans kept up their hot shooting from behind the arc, shooting 63% and hitting 14 threes. Forbes hit seven of his eight three\-pointers in the first half and scored 29 to lead all players. Valentine added 21 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. The win moved the Spartans to 20–4 overall and 7–4 in conference. With a loss by Purdue later that day, the Spartans moved into a tie for fourth place in the conference.
Prior to the match\-up with [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team"), Tom Izzo announced that Nairn could be out for perhaps another month with his plantar fasciitis injury.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Tum Tum Nairn could be out another month\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/2016/02/08/tum\-tum\-nairn\-michigan\-state/80010470/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-08}} When he returns, Izzo said he would likely be only a defensive replacement and point guard relief, playing only three to eight minutes a game. Valentine was also named Big Ten player of the week for his near triple\-double against Michigan, his third time being so honored this season.
On February 10, MSU traveled to [West Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/West_Lafayette%2C_Indiana "West Lafayette, Indiana") to face Purdue. Purdue jumped on the Spartans from the opening tip led by Raphael Davis and led by as many as 18 early in the second half.{{Cite web\|title \= No. 18 Purdue beats No. 8 Michigan State 82\-81 in OT\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839329\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} However, MSU showed toughness and fought its way back behind Valentine who again just missed a triple\-double with 27 points, 10 assists and eight rebounds.{{Cite web\|title \= Purdue 82, MSU 81 (OT): Spartans come back, but fall short\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/09/michigan\-state\-spartans\-purdue\-boilermakers/80043696/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} The Spartans took the lead with 1:59 remaining at 72–68, but didn't score for the remainder of regulation. Purdue tied it and Valentine had a weak attempt to win it as the clock expired. In overtime with the teams tied at 81, a controversial foul call on Valentine with 4\.9 seconds remaining gave Raphael Davis two free throws for the win. He made the first, but missed the second. However, Purdue big man [A. J. Hammons](/wiki/A._J._Hammons "A. J. Hammons") secured the rebound and the win. The win was the first by Purdue over the Spartans since 2011\. The loss dropped the Spartans to 20–5 and 7–5 in conference all but assuring they would be unable to win the Big Ten regular season championship.
On February 12, Izzo was announced as one of 14 finalists for the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame").{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Izzo a finalist for Basketball Hall of Fame\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/12/basketball\-hall\-fame\-finalists/80298158/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-12}}
On February 14, first\-place Indiana paid a trip to Breslin Center. Indiana led for a good portion of the first half, but MSU rebounded to take a one\-point lead at the half, 41–40\.{{Cite web\|title \= Denzel Valentine\-led No. 8 Michigan State tops Indiana 88\-69\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839295\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} In the second half, the Spartans took control of the game behind Valentine's 30 points and career\-high 13 assists. MSU led by as many as 22 and came away with the win, 88–69\. Costello had a career\-high 22 points and Forbes added 14\. Surprisingly, Nairn made an appearance and played less than three minutes in the game.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State notes: Tum Tum Nairn returns, Alvin Ellis out of doghouse\|url \= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2016/02/michigan\_state\_notes\_tum\_tum\_n.html\|website \= MLive.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} Kenny Goins, who had played a major role for the Spartans front line in the last few games, left the game in the first half with a knee injury and it was revealed after that he would miss two to four weeks.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State's Kenny Goins out 2\-4 weeks\|url \= http://www.foxsports.com/college\-basketball/story/michigan\-state\-spartans\-kenny\-goins\-knee\-injury\-two\-four\-weeks\-021616\|website \= FOX Sports\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19\|first \= Fox\|last \= Sports}} The win put MSU at 8–5 in conference and 21–5 overall while temporarily dropping Indiana out of first place.
On February 15, Valentine was named Big Ten Player of the Week for the second consecutive week and fourth time overall.{{Cite web\|title \= MSU's Valentine repeats as Big Ten player of the week\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/2016/02/15/denzel\-valentine\-michigan\-state\-basketball/80404208/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-15}} On February 16, Valentine was named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week.{{Cite web\|title \= Denzel Valentine Named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week \- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\|url \= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/021616aab.html\|website \= www.msuspartans.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|archive\-date \= 2016\-02\-25\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225071236/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-baskbl/spec\-rel/021616aab.html\|url\-status \= dead}}
Wisconsin brought its seven\-game win streak to Breslin Center on February 18\. MSU took the lead early on a 14–3 run and never looked back, winning 69–57\.{{Cite web\|title \= Wisconsin vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- February 18, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839330\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Valentine scored 24 points with seven rebounds and 10 assists. The output gave Valentine at least 20 points and 10 or more assists in three consecutive games, the most in the Big Ten in 20 years.{{Cite web\|title \= Couch: As others stumble, MSU looks ready for March\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\-couch/2016/02/19/couch\-column\-msu\-wisconsin\-basketball/80598316/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Davis led the way with defense on Wisconsin's [Nigel Hayes](/wiki/Nigel_Hayes "Nigel Hayes") who lit up the Spartans in their first meeting, holding Hayes to 1–13 from the floor as the [Izzone](/wiki/Izzone "Izzone") mercilessly chanted, "Nigel! Nigel! Nigel!"{{Cite web\|title \= MSU 69, Wisconsin 57: Deyonta Davis' defense steals show\|url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/18/michigan\-state\-spartans\-wisconsin\-badgers/80543720/\|website \= Detroit Free Press\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-19}} Forbes added 17 points and Harris added 10\. The win jumped the Spartans from eighth place in the conference to a four\-way tie for fourth place with a record of 9–5 and 22–5 overall.
On February 24, MSU visited [Ohio State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team"), owners of a four\-game winning streak. The Spartans started slow, but still led 36–31 at the half.{{Cite web\|title \= Michigan State vs. Ohio State \- Game Recap \- February 23, 2016 \- ESPN\|url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839331\|website \= ESPN.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-24}} Forbes got hot in the second half, hitting seven of 10 three\-pointers in the game, for 20 points in the second half. Valentine added 17 points, eight assists, and five rebounds as MSU pulled away to win 81–62\.{{Cite web\|title \= Forbes' seven 3s 'bail out' MSU at Ohio State, 81\-62\|url \= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\-basketball/2016/02/23/michigan\-state\-ohio\-state\-basketball/80836300/\|website \= Lansing State Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-24}} The Spartans moved into sole possession of fourth place in the Big Ten at 11–5 and 23–5 overall. In the win, Valentine passed [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green "Draymond Green") for 17th all time in scoring at Michigan State.
On February 28, Penn State, winners of three straight games and four of their last five (with wins over then\-No. 4 Iowa and then\-No. 22 Indiana), visited the Breslin Center.{{Cite web
\| url \= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=400839332
\| title \= Penn State vs. Michigan State \- Game Recap \- February 28, 2016 \- ESPN
\| website \= ESPN.com
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} MSU started slow, beginning three of 15 from the field, but were still up 28–9 at one point and, with almost five minutes left in the first half, PSU head coach [Pat Chambers](/wiki/Pat_Chambers "Pat Chambers") was ejected from the game with a double technical. The Spartans led 52–27 at the half and never looked back leading by as many as 35\.{{Cite web
\| url \= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\-state/spartans/2016/02/28/michigan\-state\-spartans\-penn\-state\-nittany\-lions/81069370/
\| title \= Valentine, Spartans coast past Nittany Lions, 88\-57
\| website \= Detroit Free Press
\| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29
}} Valentine had 19 points, eight rebounds, and six assists. Davis and Forbes added 15 points each and Costello added 10 points and 11 rebounds. MSU moved into a four\-way tie for second in the conference with the win and moved their record to 12–5 and 24–5 overall.
|
[
"#### February",
"The Spartans entered February with five days off before facing perhaps the most difficult stretch of the season, including a trip to [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\") and a game against [Indiana](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team\") in Breslin Center. The Spartans began the trip by traveling to face rival [Michigan](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\") on February 6\\. In their only meeting of the regular season, the Spartans jumped out early on the Wolverines and never looked back.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes leads No. 10 Spartans to 89\\-73 rout of Michigan\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839328\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-07}} MSU led by as many as 27 on their way to an easy 89–73 win on Michigan's home floor. The Spartans kept up their hot shooting from behind the arc, shooting 63% and hitting 14 threes. Forbes hit seven of his eight three\\-pointers in the first half and scored 29 to lead all players. Valentine added 21 points, nine assists, and eight rebounds. The win moved the Spartans to 20–4 overall and 7–4 in conference. With a loss by Purdue later that day, the Spartans moved into a tie for fourth place in the conference.",
"Prior to the match\\-up with [Purdue](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\"), Tom Izzo announced that Nairn could be out for perhaps another month with his plantar fasciitis injury.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Tum Tum Nairn could be out another month\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/2016/02/08/tum\\-tum\\-nairn\\-michigan\\-state/80010470/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-08}} When he returns, Izzo said he would likely be only a defensive replacement and point guard relief, playing only three to eight minutes a game. Valentine was also named Big Ten player of the week for his near triple\\-double against Michigan, his third time being so honored this season.",
"On February 10, MSU traveled to [West Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/West_Lafayette%2C_Indiana \"West Lafayette, Indiana\") to face Purdue. Purdue jumped on the Spartans from the opening tip led by Raphael Davis and led by as many as 18 early in the second half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= No. 18 Purdue beats No. 8 Michigan State 82\\-81 in OT\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839329\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}} However, MSU showed toughness and fought its way back behind Valentine who again just missed a triple\\-double with 27 points, 10 assists and eight rebounds.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Purdue 82, MSU 81 (OT): Spartans come back, but fall short\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/09/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-purdue\\-boilermakers/80043696/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}} The Spartans took the lead with 1:59 remaining at 72–68, but didn't score for the remainder of regulation. Purdue tied it and Valentine had a weak attempt to win it as the clock expired. In overtime with the teams tied at 81, a controversial foul call on Valentine with 4\\.9 seconds remaining gave Raphael Davis two free throws for the win. He made the first, but missed the second. However, Purdue big man [A. J. Hammons](/wiki/A._J._Hammons \"A. J. Hammons\") secured the rebound and the win. The win was the first by Purdue over the Spartans since 2011\\. The loss dropped the Spartans to 20–5 and 7–5 in conference all but assuring they would be unable to win the Big Ten regular season championship.",
"On February 12, Izzo was announced as one of 14 finalists for the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame \"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame\").{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Izzo a finalist for Basketball Hall of Fame\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/12/basketball\\-hall\\-fame\\-finalists/80298158/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-12}}",
"On February 14, first\\-place Indiana paid a trip to Breslin Center. Indiana led for a good portion of the first half, but MSU rebounded to take a one\\-point lead at the half, 41–40\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Denzel Valentine\\-led No. 8 Michigan State tops Indiana 88\\-69\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839295\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} In the second half, the Spartans took control of the game behind Valentine's 30 points and career\\-high 13 assists. MSU led by as many as 22 and came away with the win, 88–69\\. Costello had a career\\-high 22 points and Forbes added 14\\. Surprisingly, Nairn made an appearance and played less than three minutes in the game.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State notes: Tum Tum Nairn returns, Alvin Ellis out of doghouse\\|url \\= http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2016/02/michigan\\_state\\_notes\\_tum\\_tum\\_n.html\\|website \\= MLive.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} Kenny Goins, who had played a major role for the Spartans front line in the last few games, left the game in the first half with a knee injury and it was revealed after that he would miss two to four weeks.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State's Kenny Goins out 2\\-4 weeks\\|url \\= http://www.foxsports.com/college\\-basketball/story/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-kenny\\-goins\\-knee\\-injury\\-two\\-four\\-weeks\\-021616\\|website \\= FOX Sports\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19\\|first \\= Fox\\|last \\= Sports}} The win put MSU at 8–5 in conference and 21–5 overall while temporarily dropping Indiana out of first place.",
"On February 15, Valentine was named Big Ten Player of the Week for the second consecutive week and fourth time overall.{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU's Valentine repeats as Big Ten player of the week\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/2016/02/15/denzel\\-valentine\\-michigan\\-state\\-basketball/80404208/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-15}} On February 16, Valentine was named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Denzel Valentine Named Naismith Trophy Player of the Week \\- Michigan State Official Athletic Site\\|url \\= http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/021616aab.html\\|website \\= www.msuspartans.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|archive\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-25\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225071236/http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-baskbl/spec\\-rel/021616aab.html\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"Wisconsin brought its seven\\-game win streak to Breslin Center on February 18\\. MSU took the lead early on a 14–3 run and never looked back, winning 69–57\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Wisconsin vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- February 18, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839330\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Valentine scored 24 points with seven rebounds and 10 assists. The output gave Valentine at least 20 points and 10 or more assists in three consecutive games, the most in the Big Ten in 20 years.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Couch: As others stumble, MSU looks ready for March\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/columnists/graham\\-couch/2016/02/19/couch\\-column\\-msu\\-wisconsin\\-basketball/80598316/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Davis led the way with defense on Wisconsin's [Nigel Hayes](/wiki/Nigel_Hayes \"Nigel Hayes\") who lit up the Spartans in their first meeting, holding Hayes to 1–13 from the floor as the [Izzone](/wiki/Izzone \"Izzone\") mercilessly chanted, \"Nigel! Nigel! Nigel!\"{{Cite web\\|title \\= MSU 69, Wisconsin 57: Deyonta Davis' defense steals show\\|url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/18/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-wisconsin\\-badgers/80543720/\\|website \\= Detroit Free Press\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-19}} Forbes added 17 points and Harris added 10\\. The win jumped the Spartans from eighth place in the conference to a four\\-way tie for fourth place with a record of 9–5 and 22–5 overall.",
"On February 24, MSU visited [Ohio State](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team\"), owners of a four\\-game winning streak. The Spartans started slow, but still led 36–31 at the half.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Michigan State vs. Ohio State \\- Game Recap \\- February 23, 2016 \\- ESPN\\|url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839331\\|website \\= ESPN.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-24}} Forbes got hot in the second half, hitting seven of 10 three\\-pointers in the game, for 20 points in the second half. Valentine added 17 points, eight assists, and five rebounds as MSU pulled away to win 81–62\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Forbes' seven 3s 'bail out' MSU at Ohio State, 81\\-62\\|url \\= http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/mens\\-basketball/2016/02/23/michigan\\-state\\-ohio\\-state\\-basketball/80836300/\\|website \\= Lansing State Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-24}} The Spartans moved into sole possession of fourth place in the Big Ten at 11–5 and 23–5 overall. In the win, Valentine passed [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green \"Draymond Green\") for 17th all time in scoring at Michigan State.",
"On February 28, Penn State, winners of three straight games and four of their last five (with wins over then\\-No. 4 Iowa and then\\-No. 22 Indiana), visited the Breslin Center.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=400839332\n\\| title \\= Penn State vs. Michigan State \\- Game Recap \\- February 28, 2016 \\- ESPN\n\\| website \\= ESPN.com\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} MSU started slow, beginning three of 15 from the field, but were still up 28–9 at one point and, with almost five minutes left in the first half, PSU head coach [Pat Chambers](/wiki/Pat_Chambers \"Pat Chambers\") was ejected from the game with a double technical. The Spartans led 52–27 at the half and never looked back leading by as many as 35\\.{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan\\-state/spartans/2016/02/28/michigan\\-state\\-spartans\\-penn\\-state\\-nittany\\-lions/81069370/\n\\| title \\= Valentine, Spartans coast past Nittany Lions, 88\\-57\n\\| website \\= Detroit Free Press\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29\n}} Valentine had 19 points, eight rebounds, and six assists. Davis and Forbes added 15 points each and Costello added 10 points and 11 rebounds. MSU moved into a four\\-way tie for second in the conference with the win and moved their record to 12–5 and 24–5 overall.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
After a breakout season with Žalgiris\-2, Valinskas was invited into the main Žalgiris team in the summer of 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketnews.lt/news\-100869\-zalgiryje\-debiutuosiantis\-valinskas\-esu\-pasiruoses\-kilti\-i\-aukstesni\-lygi.html\|title\="Žalgiryje" debiutuosiantis Valinskas: "Esu pasiruošęs kilti į aukštesnį lygį"\|website\=basketnews.lt\|lang\=LT\|date\=31 August 2016\|accessdate\=2 August 2019}} During his first two years, he saw little playing time. In the 2017–18 season, he averaged 4\.7 points in the [LKL](/wiki/Lietuvos_krep%C5%A1inio_lyga "Lietuvos krepšinio lyga") and 2\.8 points in the [Euroleague](/wiki/Euroleague "Euroleague"). On 3 November 2017, during an away game against [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow "PBC CSKA Moscow"), Valinskas scored a career high 11 points, making 3 of his 4 three\-pointers.
On 6 August 2018, Valinskas was loaned to [Lietkabelis Panevėžys](/wiki/BC_Lietkabelis "BC Lietkabelis").{{cite web\|url\=http://zalgiris.lt/en/news/bc\-zalgiris/74224/\|title\=Zalgiris inks Sabeckis and loans Valinskas\|website\=zalgiris.lt\|date\=6 August 2018\|accessdate\=7 June 2019}} In 55 games played during the season (both in the [LKL](/wiki/Lithuanian_Basketball_League "Lithuanian Basketball League") and the [Champions League](/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League "Basketball Champions League")), Valinskas averaged 11\.9 points, 3\.3 assists and 2\.6 rebounds, shooting 46% from the field overall.
On 2 August 2019, he went on loan to French club [Orléans Loiret Basket](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Loiret_Basket "Orléans Loiret Basket") of the [LNB Pro A](/wiki/LNB_Pro_A "LNB Pro A").{{cite news\|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/paulius\-valinskas\-signs\-with\-orleans/\|title\=Paulius Valinskas signs with Orleans\|website\=Sportando\|date\=2 August 2019\|accessdate\=4 August 2019}}
On 12 August 2021, Valinskas signed with [Okapi Aalst](/wiki/Okapi_Aalst "Okapi Aalst") of the Belgian [BNXT League](/wiki/BNXT_League "BNXT League").{{cite web \|title\=Litouwse Paulius Valinskas nieuwe combo\-guard \|url\=https://www.okapiaalst.be/2922\-2/ \|website\=Okapi Aalst \|access\-date\=13 August 2021 \|language\=nl\-BE \|date\=12 August 2021}}
On 4 August 2022, Valinskas signed a two\-year contract for [FMP](/wiki/KK_FMP "KK FMP") of the [Basketball League of Serbia](/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia "Basketball League of Serbia") and the [ABA League](/wiki/ABA_League "ABA League").{{cite web \|title\=FMP doveo pouzdanog šutera iz Litvanije \|url\=https://mozzartsport.com/kosarka/vesti/fmp\-doveo\-pouzdanog\-sutera\-iz\-litvanije/426918 \|website\=mozzartsport.com\|language\=sr\|access\-date\=4 August 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=Paulius Valinskas joins FMP Meridian on a 2\-year deal \|url\=https://www.aba\-liga.com/news/47217/paulius\-valinskas\-joins\-fmp\-meridian\-on\-a\-2\-year\-deal/ \|website\=aba\-liga.com \|access\-date\=4 August 2022}} On 13 April 2023, he mutually parted ways with the Serbian club.{{cite web\|title\=FMP nutraukė kontraktą su P.Valinsku\|url\=https://www.krepsinis.net/mobile/naujiena/fmp\-nutrauke\-kontrakta\-su\-p\-valinsku/327011\|website\=krepsinis.net\|language\=lt\|date\=13 April 2023\|access\-date\=14 April 2022}} In 21 games played, he averaged 14\.4 points, 1\.8 rebounds and 4\.7 assists per game.
On 9 September 2023, Valinskas returned to [Lietkabelis Panevėžys](/wiki/BC_Lietkabelis "BC Lietkabelis") for a third stint, signing a one\-year contract.{{cite web\|title\=Į Panevėžį grįžta Paulius Valinskas\|url\=https://www.kklietkabelis.lt/i\-panevezi\-grizta\-paulius\-valinskas/\|website\=kklietkabelis.lt\|language\=lt\|date\=9 September 2023\|access\-date\=9 September 2023}} He parted ways with the club on 30 April 2024\.
On 12 July 2024, Valinskas was announced as the new player of [KK Borac Mozzart](/wiki/KK_Borac_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak "KK Borac Čačak").
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"After a breakout season with Žalgiris\\-2, Valinskas was invited into the main Žalgiris team in the summer of 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketnews.lt/news\\-100869\\-zalgiryje\\-debiutuosiantis\\-valinskas\\-esu\\-pasiruoses\\-kilti\\-i\\-aukstesni\\-lygi.html\\|title\\=\"Žalgiryje\" debiutuosiantis Valinskas: \"Esu pasiruošęs kilti į aukštesnį lygį\"\\|website\\=basketnews.lt\\|lang\\=LT\\|date\\=31 August 2016\\|accessdate\\=2 August 2019}} During his first two years, he saw little playing time. In the 2017–18 season, he averaged 4\\.7 points in the [LKL](/wiki/Lietuvos_krep%C5%A1inio_lyga \"Lietuvos krepšinio lyga\") and 2\\.8 points in the [Euroleague](/wiki/Euroleague \"Euroleague\"). On 3 November 2017, during an away game against [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\"), Valinskas scored a career high 11 points, making 3 of his 4 three\\-pointers.",
"On 6 August 2018, Valinskas was loaned to [Lietkabelis Panevėžys](/wiki/BC_Lietkabelis \"BC Lietkabelis\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://zalgiris.lt/en/news/bc\\-zalgiris/74224/\\|title\\=Zalgiris inks Sabeckis and loans Valinskas\\|website\\=zalgiris.lt\\|date\\=6 August 2018\\|accessdate\\=7 June 2019}} In 55 games played during the season (both in the [LKL](/wiki/Lithuanian_Basketball_League \"Lithuanian Basketball League\") and the [Champions League](/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League \"Basketball Champions League\")), Valinskas averaged 11\\.9 points, 3\\.3 assists and 2\\.6 rebounds, shooting 46% from the field overall.",
"On 2 August 2019, he went on loan to French club [Orléans Loiret Basket](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Loiret_Basket \"Orléans Loiret Basket\") of the [LNB Pro A](/wiki/LNB_Pro_A \"LNB Pro A\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/paulius\\-valinskas\\-signs\\-with\\-orleans/\\|title\\=Paulius Valinskas signs with Orleans\\|website\\=Sportando\\|date\\=2 August 2019\\|accessdate\\=4 August 2019}}",
"On 12 August 2021, Valinskas signed with [Okapi Aalst](/wiki/Okapi_Aalst \"Okapi Aalst\") of the Belgian [BNXT League](/wiki/BNXT_League \"BNXT League\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Litouwse Paulius Valinskas nieuwe combo\\-guard \\|url\\=https://www.okapiaalst.be/2922\\-2/ \\|website\\=Okapi Aalst \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2021 \\|language\\=nl\\-BE \\|date\\=12 August 2021}}",
"On 4 August 2022, Valinskas signed a two\\-year contract for [FMP](/wiki/KK_FMP \"KK FMP\") of the [Basketball League of Serbia](/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia \"Basketball League of Serbia\") and the [ABA League](/wiki/ABA_League \"ABA League\").{{cite web \\|title\\=FMP doveo pouzdanog šutera iz Litvanije \\|url\\=https://mozzartsport.com/kosarka/vesti/fmp\\-doveo\\-pouzdanog\\-sutera\\-iz\\-litvanije/426918 \\|website\\=mozzartsport.com\\|language\\=sr\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Paulius Valinskas joins FMP Meridian on a 2\\-year deal \\|url\\=https://www.aba\\-liga.com/news/47217/paulius\\-valinskas\\-joins\\-fmp\\-meridian\\-on\\-a\\-2\\-year\\-deal/ \\|website\\=aba\\-liga.com \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2022}} On 13 April 2023, he mutually parted ways with the Serbian club.{{cite web\\|title\\=FMP nutraukė kontraktą su P.Valinsku\\|url\\=https://www.krepsinis.net/mobile/naujiena/fmp\\-nutrauke\\-kontrakta\\-su\\-p\\-valinsku/327011\\|website\\=krepsinis.net\\|language\\=lt\\|date\\=13 April 2023\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2022}} In 21 games played, he averaged 14\\.4 points, 1\\.8 rebounds and 4\\.7 assists per game.",
"On 9 September 2023, Valinskas returned to [Lietkabelis Panevėžys](/wiki/BC_Lietkabelis \"BC Lietkabelis\") for a third stint, signing a one\\-year contract.{{cite web\\|title\\=Į Panevėžį grįžta Paulius Valinskas\\|url\\=https://www.kklietkabelis.lt/i\\-panevezi\\-grizta\\-paulius\\-valinskas/\\|website\\=kklietkabelis.lt\\|language\\=lt\\|date\\=9 September 2023\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2023}} He parted ways with the club on 30 April 2024\\.",
"On 12 July 2024, Valinskas was announced as the new player of [KK Borac Mozzart](/wiki/KK_Borac_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak \"KK Borac Čačak\").",
""
] |
Fictional team history
----------------------
### First version
In *[Whiz Comics](/wiki/Whiz_Comics "Whiz Comics")* \#21, the name had been applied to the somewhat obscure [Marvel Family](/wiki/Marvel_Family "Marvel Family") members known as the [Lieutenant Marvels](/wiki/Lieutenant_Marvels "Lieutenant Marvels"). Three young men from different areas of the country ([Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"), the [Ozarks](/wiki/Ozarks "Ozarks") and [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn")) all named [Billy Batson](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28DC_Comics%29 "Captain Marvel (DC Comics)") were reading [Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28DC_Comics%29 "Captain Marvel (DC Comics)")’s comic book adventures and happened to wonder if saying "[Shazam](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28DC_Comics%29 "Captain Marvel (DC Comics)")" would work for them as well. As it happened, Tall Billy, Hill Billy, and Fat Billy all said the word at the same time and were each transformed into one of the Lieutenant Marvels, having powers akin to Captain Marvel. They could only change if all three said the magic word at the same time along with the real Billy (in later appearances of the Lieutenant Marvels such as *Shazam* \#30, this limitation was ignored, though none of them operated singly as a Marvel).
### Second version
The "modern" Squadron of Justice appears in one storyline, in *[Justice League of America](/wiki/Justice_League_of_America "Justice League of America")* \#135\-137 (October–December 1976\). Though the team was never called "Squadron of Justice" formally, it was referred to as "Shazam's Squadron of Justice" on the cover of *Justice League of America* \#135\.[Squadron of Justice](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/characters/) Comic Vine
Based on the parallel Earth known as [Earth\-S](/wiki/Multiverse_%28DC_Comics%29 "Multiverse (DC Comics)"), the Squadron's members are the following superheroes:
* [Bulletman](/wiki/Bulletman "Bulletman") and [Bulletgirl](/wiki/Bulletgirl "Bulletgirl"): Jim Barr was a police scientist who had invented the Gravity Helmet (which enabled him and his wife Susan to fly through the air as human projectiles) and a formula which put his strength to humanity's peak.
* [Ibis the Invincible](/wiki/Ibis_the_Invincible "Ibis the Invincible"): Prince Amentep was the son of an ancient [Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt "Ancient Egypt") [pharaoh](/wiki/Pharaoh "Pharaoh") who had been resurrected in modern times, along with his wife Princess Taia after they both went into suspended animation, as Taia needed to recover from a poisoned arrow, and Ibis wanted to wake up with her. Ibis uses the mystical Ibistick he had been given by the [Egyptian god of](/wiki/Egyptian_mythology "Egyptian mythology") wisdom [Thoth](/wiki/Thoth "Thoth") and its incredible powers in his fight against crime and sorcerous menaces.
* [Mister Scarlet](/wiki/Mister_Scarlet "Mister Scarlet") and [Pinky, The Whiz Kid](/wiki/Pinky%2C_The_Whiz_Kid "Pinky, The Whiz Kid"): Attorney Brian Butler and his adopted son use their ace acrobatic skills and strange weaponry against all varieties of crime.
* [Spy Smasher](/wiki/Spy_Smasher "Spy Smasher"): Alan Armstrong was a [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") sportsman who battled crime and enemies of America with his superb fighting abilities and technical know\-how.
The team is gathered together by the god [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29 "Mercury (mythology)") to save the elder gods, goddesses and the wizard [Shazam](/wiki/Shazam_%28wizard%29 "Shazam (wizard)") from an assault by [King Kull](/wiki/King_Kull_%28DC_Comics%29 "King Kull (DC Comics)") of the Beastmen who has paralyzed them using a ray that slowed down their impulses after getting to the Rock of Eternity in a ship that travels faster than light. Mercury also gathers heroes from the Justice League of [Earth\-One](/wiki/Earth-One "Earth-One") ([Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Hal_Jordan "Hal Jordan"), the [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Barry_Allen%29 "Flash (Barry Allen)"), [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow "Green Arrow"), [Hawkman](/wiki/Hawkman "Hawkman") and [Hawkgirl](/wiki/Hawkgirl "Hawkgirl")) and the [Justice Society](/wiki/Justice_Society "Justice Society") of [Earth\-Two](/wiki/Earth-Two "Earth-Two") ([Batman](/wiki/Batman_%28Earth-Two%29 "Batman (Earth-Two)"), [Robin](/wiki/Robin_%28Earth-Two%29 "Robin (Earth-Two)"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Alan_Scott "Alan Scott"), [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Jay_Garrick%29 "Flash (Jay Garrick)"), [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 "Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)"), and [Johnny Thunder](/wiki/Johnny_Thunder "Johnny Thunder") and [Thunderbolt](/wiki/Thunderbolt_%28DC_Comics%29 "Thunderbolt (DC Comics)")) to deal with the situation, Because of Shazam's paralysis, he is unable to send out the magic lightning that transforms Billy Batson, [Mary Batson](/wiki/Mary_Marvel "Mary Marvel"), and [Freddy Freeman](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_Jr. "Captain Marvel Jr.") into the Marvel Family.[Squadron of Justice 2](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/) Comic Vine
King Kull plans to completely destroy mankind on all three Earths so that his subjugated Beast\-Men could once again rule over all, as humanity had rebelled and killed most of then. Superman, Wonder Woman, Spy Smasher and Green Arrow headed to Earth\-Two to battle King Kull's agents there: [Queen Clea](/wiki/Queen_Clea "Queen Clea") of Earth\-Two, [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 "Penguin (character)") of Earth\-One, [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 "Blockbuster (DC Comics)") of Earth\-One, and [Ibac](/wiki/Ibac "Ibac") of Earth\-S. Queen Clea was planning to take over the entire continent of Atlantis (on Earth\-Two, Atlantis had recently risen from the depths and was inhabited by two nations ruled by women; the inhabitants also learned to survive without mutating into water\-breathers, like the inhabitants of [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman "Aquaman")’s city on Earth\-One did).
The villains are dispatched with relative ease. Spy Smasher tricks Ibac into saying "I back down from no\-one", triggering the transformation. Superman easily defeats Blockbuster, but a strange cloud appears over a nearby island and causes it to sink beneath the waves again in a very destructive fashion, which King Kull planned to have happen to every continent and island on Earth. Superman uses his super\-breath to freeze the cloud. He throws the block of ice into the head of a passing comet, ending the threat. The heroes head back to Earth\-S as Atlantis disappears beneath the waves again.
On Earth\-S, a series of destructive and incredibly strange occurrences happen worldwide. A very odd eclipse occurs that keeps one side of the planet in perpetual darkness and the other side in continual light. Volcanic activity in the [Canadian Rockies](/wiki/Canadian_Rockies "Canadian Rockies") is witnessed by Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Bulletman and Bulletgirl. When Hawkman flies too near to one of the volcanoes, his shoulder begins to petrify into stone. Off the coast of Atlantis, an iceberg moves through the water at high speed, transforming anything near it (including people) into ice. Rock formations come to life in the [Garden of the Gods](/wiki/Garden_of_the_Gods "Garden of the Gods") in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") and begin turning people into stone.
Billy Batson, ace [news anchor](/wiki/News_anchor "News anchor") at Station WHIZ in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") (and the alter\-ego of Captain Marvel), reports that the steel frame of a building being constructed downtown has walked away after turning all the construction workers on it into iron. Batman, Robin, Mr. Scarlet and Pinky investigate that situation, and Batman gets too close to the structure. His jaw turns to iron, making it very difficult for him to speak. They examine the bodies of the transformed workers and find they all had the unique grin usually associated with the effects of the [Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 "Joker (character)")'s poison gas. The [Joker of Earth\-Two](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29%23Earth-Two "Joker (character)#Earth-Two") is, in fact, working with an old enemy of Bulletman known as the [Weeper](/wiki/Weeper_%28DC_Comics%29 "Weeper (DC Comics)") II of Earth\-S. The two send more gas into a local jewelry store, which first acts as [laughing gas](/wiki/Laughing_gas "Laughing gas") then transforms the people inside into living diamonds. The diamonds and jewels follow the two criminals out of the store to their hideout. Mr. Scarlet notices the marks on the sidewalk made by the moving gems, and the four heroes follow the trail and made quick work of the two villains and their thugs, with Mr. Scarlet being immune to the Weeper's tear gas due to his goggles.[Shazam's Squadron of Justice](http://www.itec-sde.net/en/reports?search=%23Squadron_of_Justice) Itec\-Sde
The heroes give a sample of the Joker's poison gas to Jim Barr (Bulletman) for analysis, as now Pinky's hair has also turned to diamond during the fight, but the analysis reveals that the gas was nothing but [nitrous oxide](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"), which means that some other force is at work on all the inanimate objects. Bulletgirl and the Hawks review photographs from a news service of more super\-villains causing trouble on the dark side of the world. The heroes of Earths One and Two identify them as [Doctor Light](/wiki/Doctor_Light_%28Arthur_Light%29 "Doctor Light (Arthur Light)") of Earth\-One and [Shade](/wiki/Shade_%28character%29 "Shade (character)") of Earth\-One. The flying heroes switch partners to hopefully confuse the villains, with Bulletman and Hawkman heading after the Shade, and Bulletgirl and Hawkgirl tackling Doctor Light. At the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre"), the Shade is causing all the figures in the classical paintings to become real people and move off their canvasses. Bulletman finds that as he gets close to any of the figures, his hand began changing, becoming two\-dimensional. Hawkman's wings blow the painted people away, and the two heroes pursue the Shade. Bulletman uses his Gravity Helmet to repel the Shade's darkness cane from his hands. As Hawkman attempts to use it to stop the darkness (which is being caused by an overhead satellite), even the Shade is surprised that nothing happened. Hawkgirl and Bulletgirl face Doctor Light at [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park "Yellowstone National Park"). After Dr. Light's holographic duplicates trick them into the paths of some geysers, the two reach the villain, who is already petrified into solid stone. Bulletgirl's arm is also turned to stone when she gets too close. Light's duplicates are sentient and tell them to get Light's weapon to make a satellite "turn day back into night". One of the satellites is revealed to be acting as a second sun. Bulletgirl retrieves the weapon (apparently with her already petrified arm) and Hawkgirl shoots the gun at the satellite in the sky above them, but again nothing happens. As the heroes regroup to discuss their options, they decides to use each weapon to move the satellites until they crash together. The destruction of the two devices causes everything to revert to normal, including the transformed body parts of our heroes.
The Green Lanterns, the Flashes, Ibis and Mercury headed to Earth\-One, where an enlarged [Mister Atom](/wiki/Mister_Atom "Mister Atom") of Earth\-S and [Brainiac](/wiki/Brainiac_%28character%29 "Brainiac (character)") of Earth\-One are attacking a futuristic model city called Tomorrow. A strange black feedback aura prevents the heroes from attacking the giant Mister Atom directly, and the Green Lanterns are able to trace the source of the aura to Brainiac's spaceship, hovering above the domed city. Ibis and both Green Lanterns attempt to stop Brainiac. Ibis creates an aura around himself and other heroes to protect them. The three speedsters work overtime, repairing the damage and saving the people that Mister Atom's rampage was endangering. Green Lantern of Earth\-One passes through the side of Brainiac's ship and is subjected to the "Barium Effect", which transforms him into a living skeleton. Ibis arrives in time to stop Brainiac from killing the hero, turning the robot villain's own weapon against him. Ibis changes Green Lantern back to normal, and the two heroes destroyed Brainiac's machines, causing the black aura around Mister Atom to disappear. It is revealed the falling people are really being caused by the rotation of the Earth being increased by the speedsters as they try to repair the city as fast as Mister Atom can destroy it. The two Green Lanterns attempt to stop the device that is making gravity act strangely, while Ibis returns to the city of Tomorrow. Ibis is attacked by a blast from Mister Atom and stunned before he can finish instructing the Ibistick how to contain the robot. Mister Atom attempts to use the Ibistick to send the hero to a distant star, but a fail\-safe in the magicks of the Ibistick cause Mister Atom to suffer the fate he had wished on Ibis (He is later returned by the evil alien worm [Mister Mind](/wiki/Mister_Mind "Mister Mind")).
Soon after, all of the heroes headed to the Rock of Eternity, where King Kull has the Elder Gods and Shazam as prisoners. Taking the lead, Superman flies inside. He is surprised by King Kull who has a hunk of [Red Kryptonite](/wiki/Kryptonite "Kryptonite"). The unpredictable element influences Superman's mind, filling him with a raging desire to kill. In the meantime, Mercury had sent Johnny Thunder to find the alter\-egos of the Marvel Family, though they were first worried he would reveal their identities. After Johnny inadvertently says his magic word "Cei\-U", his Thunderbolt appears and transforms the three kids into their Marvel counterparts. The Thunderbolt then takes all four heroes to the Rock of Eternity, where Captain Marvel knocks out the King of the Beast\-Men, Junior destroys the Red Kryptonite, and Mary frees the Elders. Superman remains in a murderous rage; this dose of Red Kryptonite has also made him immune to the deadly effects of Green Kryptonite, which the Green Lanterns had tried to use to stop him (manufacturing it with their power rings). Remembering that Superman is vulnerable to magic, Captain Marvel flies directly at Superman and says his magic word "Shazam" as he approaches. The magic lightning breaks the spell of the Red Kryptonite, returning Superman to normal who saves Billy before he is injured from falling. King Kull is imprisoned with magic chains that supposedly even [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%28DC_Comics%29 "Hercules (DC Comics)") cannot break, and the heroes returned to their own worlds.
|
[
"Fictional team history\n----------------------",
"### First version",
"In *[Whiz Comics](/wiki/Whiz_Comics \"Whiz Comics\")* \\#21, the name had been applied to the somewhat obscure [Marvel Family](/wiki/Marvel_Family \"Marvel Family\") members known as the [Lieutenant Marvels](/wiki/Lieutenant_Marvels \"Lieutenant Marvels\"). Three young men from different areas of the country ([Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), the [Ozarks](/wiki/Ozarks \"Ozarks\") and [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\")) all named [Billy Batson](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Captain Marvel (DC Comics)\") were reading [Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Captain Marvel (DC Comics)\")’s comic book adventures and happened to wonder if saying \"[Shazam](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Captain Marvel (DC Comics)\")\" would work for them as well. As it happened, Tall Billy, Hill Billy, and Fat Billy all said the word at the same time and were each transformed into one of the Lieutenant Marvels, having powers akin to Captain Marvel. They could only change if all three said the magic word at the same time along with the real Billy (in later appearances of the Lieutenant Marvels such as *Shazam* \\#30, this limitation was ignored, though none of them operated singly as a Marvel).",
"### Second version",
"The \"modern\" Squadron of Justice appears in one storyline, in *[Justice League of America](/wiki/Justice_League_of_America \"Justice League of America\")* \\#135\\-137 (October–December 1976\\). Though the team was never called \"Squadron of Justice\" formally, it was referred to as \"Shazam's Squadron of Justice\" on the cover of *Justice League of America* \\#135\\.[Squadron of Justice](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/characters/) Comic Vine",
"Based on the parallel Earth known as [Earth\\-S](/wiki/Multiverse_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Multiverse (DC Comics)\"), the Squadron's members are the following superheroes:",
"* [Bulletman](/wiki/Bulletman \"Bulletman\") and [Bulletgirl](/wiki/Bulletgirl \"Bulletgirl\"): Jim Barr was a police scientist who had invented the Gravity Helmet (which enabled him and his wife Susan to fly through the air as human projectiles) and a formula which put his strength to humanity's peak.\n* [Ibis the Invincible](/wiki/Ibis_the_Invincible \"Ibis the Invincible\"): Prince Amentep was the son of an ancient [Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt \"Ancient Egypt\") [pharaoh](/wiki/Pharaoh \"Pharaoh\") who had been resurrected in modern times, along with his wife Princess Taia after they both went into suspended animation, as Taia needed to recover from a poisoned arrow, and Ibis wanted to wake up with her. Ibis uses the mystical Ibistick he had been given by the [Egyptian god of](/wiki/Egyptian_mythology \"Egyptian mythology\") wisdom [Thoth](/wiki/Thoth \"Thoth\") and its incredible powers in his fight against crime and sorcerous menaces.\n* [Mister Scarlet](/wiki/Mister_Scarlet \"Mister Scarlet\") and [Pinky, The Whiz Kid](/wiki/Pinky%2C_The_Whiz_Kid \"Pinky, The Whiz Kid\"): Attorney Brian Butler and his adopted son use their ace acrobatic skills and strange weaponry against all varieties of crime.\n* [Spy Smasher](/wiki/Spy_Smasher \"Spy Smasher\"): Alan Armstrong was a [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") sportsman who battled crime and enemies of America with his superb fighting abilities and technical know\\-how.",
"The team is gathered together by the god [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29 \"Mercury (mythology)\") to save the elder gods, goddesses and the wizard [Shazam](/wiki/Shazam_%28wizard%29 \"Shazam (wizard)\") from an assault by [King Kull](/wiki/King_Kull_%28DC_Comics%29 \"King Kull (DC Comics)\") of the Beastmen who has paralyzed them using a ray that slowed down their impulses after getting to the Rock of Eternity in a ship that travels faster than light. Mercury also gathers heroes from the Justice League of [Earth\\-One](/wiki/Earth-One \"Earth-One\") ([Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Hal_Jordan \"Hal Jordan\"), the [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Barry_Allen%29 \"Flash (Barry Allen)\"), [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow \"Green Arrow\"), [Hawkman](/wiki/Hawkman \"Hawkman\") and [Hawkgirl](/wiki/Hawkgirl \"Hawkgirl\")) and the [Justice Society](/wiki/Justice_Society \"Justice Society\") of [Earth\\-Two](/wiki/Earth-Two \"Earth-Two\") ([Batman](/wiki/Batman_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Batman (Earth-Two)\"), [Robin](/wiki/Robin_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Robin (Earth-Two)\"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Alan_Scott \"Alan Scott\"), [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Jay_Garrick%29 \"Flash (Jay Garrick)\"), [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)\"), and [Johnny Thunder](/wiki/Johnny_Thunder \"Johnny Thunder\") and [Thunderbolt](/wiki/Thunderbolt_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Thunderbolt (DC Comics)\")) to deal with the situation, Because of Shazam's paralysis, he is unable to send out the magic lightning that transforms Billy Batson, [Mary Batson](/wiki/Mary_Marvel \"Mary Marvel\"), and [Freddy Freeman](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_Jr. \"Captain Marvel Jr.\") into the Marvel Family.[Squadron of Justice 2](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/) Comic Vine",
"King Kull plans to completely destroy mankind on all three Earths so that his subjugated Beast\\-Men could once again rule over all, as humanity had rebelled and killed most of then. Superman, Wonder Woman, Spy Smasher and Green Arrow headed to Earth\\-Two to battle King Kull's agents there: [Queen Clea](/wiki/Queen_Clea \"Queen Clea\") of Earth\\-Two, [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 \"Penguin (character)\") of Earth\\-One, [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blockbuster (DC Comics)\") of Earth\\-One, and [Ibac](/wiki/Ibac \"Ibac\") of Earth\\-S. Queen Clea was planning to take over the entire continent of Atlantis (on Earth\\-Two, Atlantis had recently risen from the depths and was inhabited by two nations ruled by women; the inhabitants also learned to survive without mutating into water\\-breathers, like the inhabitants of [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman \"Aquaman\")’s city on Earth\\-One did).",
"The villains are dispatched with relative ease. Spy Smasher tricks Ibac into saying \"I back down from no\\-one\", triggering the transformation. Superman easily defeats Blockbuster, but a strange cloud appears over a nearby island and causes it to sink beneath the waves again in a very destructive fashion, which King Kull planned to have happen to every continent and island on Earth. Superman uses his super\\-breath to freeze the cloud. He throws the block of ice into the head of a passing comet, ending the threat. The heroes head back to Earth\\-S as Atlantis disappears beneath the waves again.",
"On Earth\\-S, a series of destructive and incredibly strange occurrences happen worldwide. A very odd eclipse occurs that keeps one side of the planet in perpetual darkness and the other side in continual light. Volcanic activity in the [Canadian Rockies](/wiki/Canadian_Rockies \"Canadian Rockies\") is witnessed by Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Bulletman and Bulletgirl. When Hawkman flies too near to one of the volcanoes, his shoulder begins to petrify into stone. Off the coast of Atlantis, an iceberg moves through the water at high speed, transforming anything near it (including people) into ice. Rock formations come to life in the [Garden of the Gods](/wiki/Garden_of_the_Gods \"Garden of the Gods\") in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") and begin turning people into stone.",
"Billy Batson, ace [news anchor](/wiki/News_anchor \"News anchor\") at Station WHIZ in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") (and the alter\\-ego of Captain Marvel), reports that the steel frame of a building being constructed downtown has walked away after turning all the construction workers on it into iron. Batman, Robin, Mr. Scarlet and Pinky investigate that situation, and Batman gets too close to the structure. His jaw turns to iron, making it very difficult for him to speak. They examine the bodies of the transformed workers and find they all had the unique grin usually associated with the effects of the [Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 \"Joker (character)\")'s poison gas. The [Joker of Earth\\-Two](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29%23Earth-Two \"Joker (character)#Earth-Two\") is, in fact, working with an old enemy of Bulletman known as the [Weeper](/wiki/Weeper_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Weeper (DC Comics)\") II of Earth\\-S. The two send more gas into a local jewelry store, which first acts as [laughing gas](/wiki/Laughing_gas \"Laughing gas\") then transforms the people inside into living diamonds. The diamonds and jewels follow the two criminals out of the store to their hideout. Mr. Scarlet notices the marks on the sidewalk made by the moving gems, and the four heroes follow the trail and made quick work of the two villains and their thugs, with Mr. Scarlet being immune to the Weeper's tear gas due to his goggles.[Shazam's Squadron of Justice](http://www.itec-sde.net/en/reports?search=%23Squadron_of_Justice) Itec\\-Sde",
"The heroes give a sample of the Joker's poison gas to Jim Barr (Bulletman) for analysis, as now Pinky's hair has also turned to diamond during the fight, but the analysis reveals that the gas was nothing but [nitrous oxide](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"), which means that some other force is at work on all the inanimate objects. Bulletgirl and the Hawks review photographs from a news service of more super\\-villains causing trouble on the dark side of the world. The heroes of Earths One and Two identify them as [Doctor Light](/wiki/Doctor_Light_%28Arthur_Light%29 \"Doctor Light (Arthur Light)\") of Earth\\-One and [Shade](/wiki/Shade_%28character%29 \"Shade (character)\") of Earth\\-One. The flying heroes switch partners to hopefully confuse the villains, with Bulletman and Hawkman heading after the Shade, and Bulletgirl and Hawkgirl tackling Doctor Light. At the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\"), the Shade is causing all the figures in the classical paintings to become real people and move off their canvasses. Bulletman finds that as he gets close to any of the figures, his hand began changing, becoming two\\-dimensional. Hawkman's wings blow the painted people away, and the two heroes pursue the Shade. Bulletman uses his Gravity Helmet to repel the Shade's darkness cane from his hands. As Hawkman attempts to use it to stop the darkness (which is being caused by an overhead satellite), even the Shade is surprised that nothing happened. Hawkgirl and Bulletgirl face Doctor Light at [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park \"Yellowstone National Park\"). After Dr. Light's holographic duplicates trick them into the paths of some geysers, the two reach the villain, who is already petrified into solid stone. Bulletgirl's arm is also turned to stone when she gets too close. Light's duplicates are sentient and tell them to get Light's weapon to make a satellite \"turn day back into night\". One of the satellites is revealed to be acting as a second sun. Bulletgirl retrieves the weapon (apparently with her already petrified arm) and Hawkgirl shoots the gun at the satellite in the sky above them, but again nothing happens. As the heroes regroup to discuss their options, they decides to use each weapon to move the satellites until they crash together. The destruction of the two devices causes everything to revert to normal, including the transformed body parts of our heroes.",
"The Green Lanterns, the Flashes, Ibis and Mercury headed to Earth\\-One, where an enlarged [Mister Atom](/wiki/Mister_Atom \"Mister Atom\") of Earth\\-S and [Brainiac](/wiki/Brainiac_%28character%29 \"Brainiac (character)\") of Earth\\-One are attacking a futuristic model city called Tomorrow. A strange black feedback aura prevents the heroes from attacking the giant Mister Atom directly, and the Green Lanterns are able to trace the source of the aura to Brainiac's spaceship, hovering above the domed city. Ibis and both Green Lanterns attempt to stop Brainiac. Ibis creates an aura around himself and other heroes to protect them. The three speedsters work overtime, repairing the damage and saving the people that Mister Atom's rampage was endangering. Green Lantern of Earth\\-One passes through the side of Brainiac's ship and is subjected to the \"Barium Effect\", which transforms him into a living skeleton. Ibis arrives in time to stop Brainiac from killing the hero, turning the robot villain's own weapon against him. Ibis changes Green Lantern back to normal, and the two heroes destroyed Brainiac's machines, causing the black aura around Mister Atom to disappear. It is revealed the falling people are really being caused by the rotation of the Earth being increased by the speedsters as they try to repair the city as fast as Mister Atom can destroy it. The two Green Lanterns attempt to stop the device that is making gravity act strangely, while Ibis returns to the city of Tomorrow. Ibis is attacked by a blast from Mister Atom and stunned before he can finish instructing the Ibistick how to contain the robot. Mister Atom attempts to use the Ibistick to send the hero to a distant star, but a fail\\-safe in the magicks of the Ibistick cause Mister Atom to suffer the fate he had wished on Ibis (He is later returned by the evil alien worm [Mister Mind](/wiki/Mister_Mind \"Mister Mind\")).",
"Soon after, all of the heroes headed to the Rock of Eternity, where King Kull has the Elder Gods and Shazam as prisoners. Taking the lead, Superman flies inside. He is surprised by King Kull who has a hunk of [Red Kryptonite](/wiki/Kryptonite \"Kryptonite\"). The unpredictable element influences Superman's mind, filling him with a raging desire to kill. In the meantime, Mercury had sent Johnny Thunder to find the alter\\-egos of the Marvel Family, though they were first worried he would reveal their identities. After Johnny inadvertently says his magic word \"Cei\\-U\", his Thunderbolt appears and transforms the three kids into their Marvel counterparts. The Thunderbolt then takes all four heroes to the Rock of Eternity, where Captain Marvel knocks out the King of the Beast\\-Men, Junior destroys the Red Kryptonite, and Mary frees the Elders. Superman remains in a murderous rage; this dose of Red Kryptonite has also made him immune to the deadly effects of Green Kryptonite, which the Green Lanterns had tried to use to stop him (manufacturing it with their power rings). Remembering that Superman is vulnerable to magic, Captain Marvel flies directly at Superman and says his magic word \"Shazam\" as he approaches. The magic lightning breaks the spell of the Red Kryptonite, returning Superman to normal who saves Billy before he is injured from falling. King Kull is imprisoned with magic chains that supposedly even [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Hercules (DC Comics)\") cannot break, and the heroes returned to their own worlds.",
"",
"",
""
] |
### Second version
The "modern" Squadron of Justice appears in one storyline, in *[Justice League of America](/wiki/Justice_League_of_America "Justice League of America")* \#135\-137 (October–December 1976\). Though the team was never called "Squadron of Justice" formally, it was referred to as "Shazam's Squadron of Justice" on the cover of *Justice League of America* \#135\.[Squadron of Justice](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/characters/) Comic Vine
Based on the parallel Earth known as [Earth\-S](/wiki/Multiverse_%28DC_Comics%29 "Multiverse (DC Comics)"), the Squadron's members are the following superheroes:
* [Bulletman](/wiki/Bulletman "Bulletman") and [Bulletgirl](/wiki/Bulletgirl "Bulletgirl"): Jim Barr was a police scientist who had invented the Gravity Helmet (which enabled him and his wife Susan to fly through the air as human projectiles) and a formula which put his strength to humanity's peak.
* [Ibis the Invincible](/wiki/Ibis_the_Invincible "Ibis the Invincible"): Prince Amentep was the son of an ancient [Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt "Ancient Egypt") [pharaoh](/wiki/Pharaoh "Pharaoh") who had been resurrected in modern times, along with his wife Princess Taia after they both went into suspended animation, as Taia needed to recover from a poisoned arrow, and Ibis wanted to wake up with her. Ibis uses the mystical Ibistick he had been given by the [Egyptian god of](/wiki/Egyptian_mythology "Egyptian mythology") wisdom [Thoth](/wiki/Thoth "Thoth") and its incredible powers in his fight against crime and sorcerous menaces.
* [Mister Scarlet](/wiki/Mister_Scarlet "Mister Scarlet") and [Pinky, The Whiz Kid](/wiki/Pinky%2C_The_Whiz_Kid "Pinky, The Whiz Kid"): Attorney Brian Butler and his adopted son use their ace acrobatic skills and strange weaponry against all varieties of crime.
* [Spy Smasher](/wiki/Spy_Smasher "Spy Smasher"): Alan Armstrong was a [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") sportsman who battled crime and enemies of America with his superb fighting abilities and technical know\-how.
The team is gathered together by the god [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29 "Mercury (mythology)") to save the elder gods, goddesses and the wizard [Shazam](/wiki/Shazam_%28wizard%29 "Shazam (wizard)") from an assault by [King Kull](/wiki/King_Kull_%28DC_Comics%29 "King Kull (DC Comics)") of the Beastmen who has paralyzed them using a ray that slowed down their impulses after getting to the Rock of Eternity in a ship that travels faster than light. Mercury also gathers heroes from the Justice League of [Earth\-One](/wiki/Earth-One "Earth-One") ([Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Hal_Jordan "Hal Jordan"), the [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Barry_Allen%29 "Flash (Barry Allen)"), [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow "Green Arrow"), [Hawkman](/wiki/Hawkman "Hawkman") and [Hawkgirl](/wiki/Hawkgirl "Hawkgirl")) and the [Justice Society](/wiki/Justice_Society "Justice Society") of [Earth\-Two](/wiki/Earth-Two "Earth-Two") ([Batman](/wiki/Batman_%28Earth-Two%29 "Batman (Earth-Two)"), [Robin](/wiki/Robin_%28Earth-Two%29 "Robin (Earth-Two)"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Alan_Scott "Alan Scott"), [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Jay_Garrick%29 "Flash (Jay Garrick)"), [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 "Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)"), and [Johnny Thunder](/wiki/Johnny_Thunder "Johnny Thunder") and [Thunderbolt](/wiki/Thunderbolt_%28DC_Comics%29 "Thunderbolt (DC Comics)")) to deal with the situation, Because of Shazam's paralysis, he is unable to send out the magic lightning that transforms Billy Batson, [Mary Batson](/wiki/Mary_Marvel "Mary Marvel"), and [Freddy Freeman](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_Jr. "Captain Marvel Jr.") into the Marvel Family.[Squadron of Justice 2](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/) Comic Vine
King Kull plans to completely destroy mankind on all three Earths so that his subjugated Beast\-Men could once again rule over all, as humanity had rebelled and killed most of then. Superman, Wonder Woman, Spy Smasher and Green Arrow headed to Earth\-Two to battle King Kull's agents there: [Queen Clea](/wiki/Queen_Clea "Queen Clea") of Earth\-Two, [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 "Penguin (character)") of Earth\-One, [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 "Blockbuster (DC Comics)") of Earth\-One, and [Ibac](/wiki/Ibac "Ibac") of Earth\-S. Queen Clea was planning to take over the entire continent of Atlantis (on Earth\-Two, Atlantis had recently risen from the depths and was inhabited by two nations ruled by women; the inhabitants also learned to survive without mutating into water\-breathers, like the inhabitants of [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman "Aquaman")’s city on Earth\-One did).
The villains are dispatched with relative ease. Spy Smasher tricks Ibac into saying "I back down from no\-one", triggering the transformation. Superman easily defeats Blockbuster, but a strange cloud appears over a nearby island and causes it to sink beneath the waves again in a very destructive fashion, which King Kull planned to have happen to every continent and island on Earth. Superman uses his super\-breath to freeze the cloud. He throws the block of ice into the head of a passing comet, ending the threat. The heroes head back to Earth\-S as Atlantis disappears beneath the waves again.
On Earth\-S, a series of destructive and incredibly strange occurrences happen worldwide. A very odd eclipse occurs that keeps one side of the planet in perpetual darkness and the other side in continual light. Volcanic activity in the [Canadian Rockies](/wiki/Canadian_Rockies "Canadian Rockies") is witnessed by Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Bulletman and Bulletgirl. When Hawkman flies too near to one of the volcanoes, his shoulder begins to petrify into stone. Off the coast of Atlantis, an iceberg moves through the water at high speed, transforming anything near it (including people) into ice. Rock formations come to life in the [Garden of the Gods](/wiki/Garden_of_the_Gods "Garden of the Gods") in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") and begin turning people into stone.
Billy Batson, ace [news anchor](/wiki/News_anchor "News anchor") at Station WHIZ in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") (and the alter\-ego of Captain Marvel), reports that the steel frame of a building being constructed downtown has walked away after turning all the construction workers on it into iron. Batman, Robin, Mr. Scarlet and Pinky investigate that situation, and Batman gets too close to the structure. His jaw turns to iron, making it very difficult for him to speak. They examine the bodies of the transformed workers and find they all had the unique grin usually associated with the effects of the [Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 "Joker (character)")'s poison gas. The [Joker of Earth\-Two](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29%23Earth-Two "Joker (character)#Earth-Two") is, in fact, working with an old enemy of Bulletman known as the [Weeper](/wiki/Weeper_%28DC_Comics%29 "Weeper (DC Comics)") II of Earth\-S. The two send more gas into a local jewelry store, which first acts as [laughing gas](/wiki/Laughing_gas "Laughing gas") then transforms the people inside into living diamonds. The diamonds and jewels follow the two criminals out of the store to their hideout. Mr. Scarlet notices the marks on the sidewalk made by the moving gems, and the four heroes follow the trail and made quick work of the two villains and their thugs, with Mr. Scarlet being immune to the Weeper's tear gas due to his goggles.[Shazam's Squadron of Justice](http://www.itec-sde.net/en/reports?search=%23Squadron_of_Justice) Itec\-Sde
The heroes give a sample of the Joker's poison gas to Jim Barr (Bulletman) for analysis, as now Pinky's hair has also turned to diamond during the fight, but the analysis reveals that the gas was nothing but [nitrous oxide](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"), which means that some other force is at work on all the inanimate objects. Bulletgirl and the Hawks review photographs from a news service of more super\-villains causing trouble on the dark side of the world. The heroes of Earths One and Two identify them as [Doctor Light](/wiki/Doctor_Light_%28Arthur_Light%29 "Doctor Light (Arthur Light)") of Earth\-One and [Shade](/wiki/Shade_%28character%29 "Shade (character)") of Earth\-One. The flying heroes switch partners to hopefully confuse the villains, with Bulletman and Hawkman heading after the Shade, and Bulletgirl and Hawkgirl tackling Doctor Light. At the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre"), the Shade is causing all the figures in the classical paintings to become real people and move off their canvasses. Bulletman finds that as he gets close to any of the figures, his hand began changing, becoming two\-dimensional. Hawkman's wings blow the painted people away, and the two heroes pursue the Shade. Bulletman uses his Gravity Helmet to repel the Shade's darkness cane from his hands. As Hawkman attempts to use it to stop the darkness (which is being caused by an overhead satellite), even the Shade is surprised that nothing happened. Hawkgirl and Bulletgirl face Doctor Light at [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park "Yellowstone National Park"). After Dr. Light's holographic duplicates trick them into the paths of some geysers, the two reach the villain, who is already petrified into solid stone. Bulletgirl's arm is also turned to stone when she gets too close. Light's duplicates are sentient and tell them to get Light's weapon to make a satellite "turn day back into night". One of the satellites is revealed to be acting as a second sun. Bulletgirl retrieves the weapon (apparently with her already petrified arm) and Hawkgirl shoots the gun at the satellite in the sky above them, but again nothing happens. As the heroes regroup to discuss their options, they decides to use each weapon to move the satellites until they crash together. The destruction of the two devices causes everything to revert to normal, including the transformed body parts of our heroes.
The Green Lanterns, the Flashes, Ibis and Mercury headed to Earth\-One, where an enlarged [Mister Atom](/wiki/Mister_Atom "Mister Atom") of Earth\-S and [Brainiac](/wiki/Brainiac_%28character%29 "Brainiac (character)") of Earth\-One are attacking a futuristic model city called Tomorrow. A strange black feedback aura prevents the heroes from attacking the giant Mister Atom directly, and the Green Lanterns are able to trace the source of the aura to Brainiac's spaceship, hovering above the domed city. Ibis and both Green Lanterns attempt to stop Brainiac. Ibis creates an aura around himself and other heroes to protect them. The three speedsters work overtime, repairing the damage and saving the people that Mister Atom's rampage was endangering. Green Lantern of Earth\-One passes through the side of Brainiac's ship and is subjected to the "Barium Effect", which transforms him into a living skeleton. Ibis arrives in time to stop Brainiac from killing the hero, turning the robot villain's own weapon against him. Ibis changes Green Lantern back to normal, and the two heroes destroyed Brainiac's machines, causing the black aura around Mister Atom to disappear. It is revealed the falling people are really being caused by the rotation of the Earth being increased by the speedsters as they try to repair the city as fast as Mister Atom can destroy it. The two Green Lanterns attempt to stop the device that is making gravity act strangely, while Ibis returns to the city of Tomorrow. Ibis is attacked by a blast from Mister Atom and stunned before he can finish instructing the Ibistick how to contain the robot. Mister Atom attempts to use the Ibistick to send the hero to a distant star, but a fail\-safe in the magicks of the Ibistick cause Mister Atom to suffer the fate he had wished on Ibis (He is later returned by the evil alien worm [Mister Mind](/wiki/Mister_Mind "Mister Mind")).
Soon after, all of the heroes headed to the Rock of Eternity, where King Kull has the Elder Gods and Shazam as prisoners. Taking the lead, Superman flies inside. He is surprised by King Kull who has a hunk of [Red Kryptonite](/wiki/Kryptonite "Kryptonite"). The unpredictable element influences Superman's mind, filling him with a raging desire to kill. In the meantime, Mercury had sent Johnny Thunder to find the alter\-egos of the Marvel Family, though they were first worried he would reveal their identities. After Johnny inadvertently says his magic word "Cei\-U", his Thunderbolt appears and transforms the three kids into their Marvel counterparts. The Thunderbolt then takes all four heroes to the Rock of Eternity, where Captain Marvel knocks out the King of the Beast\-Men, Junior destroys the Red Kryptonite, and Mary frees the Elders. Superman remains in a murderous rage; this dose of Red Kryptonite has also made him immune to the deadly effects of Green Kryptonite, which the Green Lanterns had tried to use to stop him (manufacturing it with their power rings). Remembering that Superman is vulnerable to magic, Captain Marvel flies directly at Superman and says his magic word "Shazam" as he approaches. The magic lightning breaks the spell of the Red Kryptonite, returning Superman to normal who saves Billy before he is injured from falling. King Kull is imprisoned with magic chains that supposedly even [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%28DC_Comics%29 "Hercules (DC Comics)") cannot break, and the heroes returned to their own worlds.
|
[
"### Second version",
"The \"modern\" Squadron of Justice appears in one storyline, in *[Justice League of America](/wiki/Justice_League_of_America \"Justice League of America\")* \\#135\\-137 (October–December 1976\\). Though the team was never called \"Squadron of Justice\" formally, it was referred to as \"Shazam's Squadron of Justice\" on the cover of *Justice League of America* \\#135\\.[Squadron of Justice](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/characters/) Comic Vine",
"Based on the parallel Earth known as [Earth\\-S](/wiki/Multiverse_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Multiverse (DC Comics)\"), the Squadron's members are the following superheroes:",
"* [Bulletman](/wiki/Bulletman \"Bulletman\") and [Bulletgirl](/wiki/Bulletgirl \"Bulletgirl\"): Jim Barr was a police scientist who had invented the Gravity Helmet (which enabled him and his wife Susan to fly through the air as human projectiles) and a formula which put his strength to humanity's peak.\n* [Ibis the Invincible](/wiki/Ibis_the_Invincible \"Ibis the Invincible\"): Prince Amentep was the son of an ancient [Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt \"Ancient Egypt\") [pharaoh](/wiki/Pharaoh \"Pharaoh\") who had been resurrected in modern times, along with his wife Princess Taia after they both went into suspended animation, as Taia needed to recover from a poisoned arrow, and Ibis wanted to wake up with her. Ibis uses the mystical Ibistick he had been given by the [Egyptian god of](/wiki/Egyptian_mythology \"Egyptian mythology\") wisdom [Thoth](/wiki/Thoth \"Thoth\") and its incredible powers in his fight against crime and sorcerous menaces.\n* [Mister Scarlet](/wiki/Mister_Scarlet \"Mister Scarlet\") and [Pinky, The Whiz Kid](/wiki/Pinky%2C_The_Whiz_Kid \"Pinky, The Whiz Kid\"): Attorney Brian Butler and his adopted son use their ace acrobatic skills and strange weaponry against all varieties of crime.\n* [Spy Smasher](/wiki/Spy_Smasher \"Spy Smasher\"): Alan Armstrong was a [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") sportsman who battled crime and enemies of America with his superb fighting abilities and technical know\\-how.",
"The team is gathered together by the god [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28mythology%29 \"Mercury (mythology)\") to save the elder gods, goddesses and the wizard [Shazam](/wiki/Shazam_%28wizard%29 \"Shazam (wizard)\") from an assault by [King Kull](/wiki/King_Kull_%28DC_Comics%29 \"King Kull (DC Comics)\") of the Beastmen who has paralyzed them using a ray that slowed down their impulses after getting to the Rock of Eternity in a ship that travels faster than light. Mercury also gathers heroes from the Justice League of [Earth\\-One](/wiki/Earth-One \"Earth-One\") ([Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Hal_Jordan \"Hal Jordan\"), the [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Barry_Allen%29 \"Flash (Barry Allen)\"), [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow \"Green Arrow\"), [Hawkman](/wiki/Hawkman \"Hawkman\") and [Hawkgirl](/wiki/Hawkgirl \"Hawkgirl\")) and the [Justice Society](/wiki/Justice_Society \"Justice Society\") of [Earth\\-Two](/wiki/Earth-Two \"Earth-Two\") ([Batman](/wiki/Batman_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Batman (Earth-Two)\"), [Robin](/wiki/Robin_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Robin (Earth-Two)\"), [Green Lantern](/wiki/Alan_Scott \"Alan Scott\"), [Flash](/wiki/Flash_%28Jay_Garrick%29 \"Flash (Jay Garrick)\"), [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)\"), and [Johnny Thunder](/wiki/Johnny_Thunder \"Johnny Thunder\") and [Thunderbolt](/wiki/Thunderbolt_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Thunderbolt (DC Comics)\")) to deal with the situation, Because of Shazam's paralysis, he is unable to send out the magic lightning that transforms Billy Batson, [Mary Batson](/wiki/Mary_Marvel \"Mary Marvel\"), and [Freddy Freeman](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_Jr. \"Captain Marvel Jr.\") into the Marvel Family.[Squadron of Justice 2](http://comicvine.gamespot.com/shazams-squadron-of-justice/4060-58051/) Comic Vine",
"King Kull plans to completely destroy mankind on all three Earths so that his subjugated Beast\\-Men could once again rule over all, as humanity had rebelled and killed most of then. Superman, Wonder Woman, Spy Smasher and Green Arrow headed to Earth\\-Two to battle King Kull's agents there: [Queen Clea](/wiki/Queen_Clea \"Queen Clea\") of Earth\\-Two, [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 \"Penguin (character)\") of Earth\\-One, [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blockbuster (DC Comics)\") of Earth\\-One, and [Ibac](/wiki/Ibac \"Ibac\") of Earth\\-S. Queen Clea was planning to take over the entire continent of Atlantis (on Earth\\-Two, Atlantis had recently risen from the depths and was inhabited by two nations ruled by women; the inhabitants also learned to survive without mutating into water\\-breathers, like the inhabitants of [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman \"Aquaman\")’s city on Earth\\-One did).",
"The villains are dispatched with relative ease. Spy Smasher tricks Ibac into saying \"I back down from no\\-one\", triggering the transformation. Superman easily defeats Blockbuster, but a strange cloud appears over a nearby island and causes it to sink beneath the waves again in a very destructive fashion, which King Kull planned to have happen to every continent and island on Earth. Superman uses his super\\-breath to freeze the cloud. He throws the block of ice into the head of a passing comet, ending the threat. The heroes head back to Earth\\-S as Atlantis disappears beneath the waves again.",
"On Earth\\-S, a series of destructive and incredibly strange occurrences happen worldwide. A very odd eclipse occurs that keeps one side of the planet in perpetual darkness and the other side in continual light. Volcanic activity in the [Canadian Rockies](/wiki/Canadian_Rockies \"Canadian Rockies\") is witnessed by Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Bulletman and Bulletgirl. When Hawkman flies too near to one of the volcanoes, his shoulder begins to petrify into stone. Off the coast of Atlantis, an iceberg moves through the water at high speed, transforming anything near it (including people) into ice. Rock formations come to life in the [Garden of the Gods](/wiki/Garden_of_the_Gods \"Garden of the Gods\") in [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") and begin turning people into stone.",
"Billy Batson, ace [news anchor](/wiki/News_anchor \"News anchor\") at Station WHIZ in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") (and the alter\\-ego of Captain Marvel), reports that the steel frame of a building being constructed downtown has walked away after turning all the construction workers on it into iron. Batman, Robin, Mr. Scarlet and Pinky investigate that situation, and Batman gets too close to the structure. His jaw turns to iron, making it very difficult for him to speak. They examine the bodies of the transformed workers and find they all had the unique grin usually associated with the effects of the [Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 \"Joker (character)\")'s poison gas. The [Joker of Earth\\-Two](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29%23Earth-Two \"Joker (character)#Earth-Two\") is, in fact, working with an old enemy of Bulletman known as the [Weeper](/wiki/Weeper_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Weeper (DC Comics)\") II of Earth\\-S. The two send more gas into a local jewelry store, which first acts as [laughing gas](/wiki/Laughing_gas \"Laughing gas\") then transforms the people inside into living diamonds. The diamonds and jewels follow the two criminals out of the store to their hideout. Mr. Scarlet notices the marks on the sidewalk made by the moving gems, and the four heroes follow the trail and made quick work of the two villains and their thugs, with Mr. Scarlet being immune to the Weeper's tear gas due to his goggles.[Shazam's Squadron of Justice](http://www.itec-sde.net/en/reports?search=%23Squadron_of_Justice) Itec\\-Sde",
"The heroes give a sample of the Joker's poison gas to Jim Barr (Bulletman) for analysis, as now Pinky's hair has also turned to diamond during the fight, but the analysis reveals that the gas was nothing but [nitrous oxide](/wiki/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"), which means that some other force is at work on all the inanimate objects. Bulletgirl and the Hawks review photographs from a news service of more super\\-villains causing trouble on the dark side of the world. The heroes of Earths One and Two identify them as [Doctor Light](/wiki/Doctor_Light_%28Arthur_Light%29 \"Doctor Light (Arthur Light)\") of Earth\\-One and [Shade](/wiki/Shade_%28character%29 \"Shade (character)\") of Earth\\-One. The flying heroes switch partners to hopefully confuse the villains, with Bulletman and Hawkman heading after the Shade, and Bulletgirl and Hawkgirl tackling Doctor Light. At the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\"), the Shade is causing all the figures in the classical paintings to become real people and move off their canvasses. Bulletman finds that as he gets close to any of the figures, his hand began changing, becoming two\\-dimensional. Hawkman's wings blow the painted people away, and the two heroes pursue the Shade. Bulletman uses his Gravity Helmet to repel the Shade's darkness cane from his hands. As Hawkman attempts to use it to stop the darkness (which is being caused by an overhead satellite), even the Shade is surprised that nothing happened. Hawkgirl and Bulletgirl face Doctor Light at [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park \"Yellowstone National Park\"). After Dr. Light's holographic duplicates trick them into the paths of some geysers, the two reach the villain, who is already petrified into solid stone. Bulletgirl's arm is also turned to stone when she gets too close. Light's duplicates are sentient and tell them to get Light's weapon to make a satellite \"turn day back into night\". One of the satellites is revealed to be acting as a second sun. Bulletgirl retrieves the weapon (apparently with her already petrified arm) and Hawkgirl shoots the gun at the satellite in the sky above them, but again nothing happens. As the heroes regroup to discuss their options, they decides to use each weapon to move the satellites until they crash together. The destruction of the two devices causes everything to revert to normal, including the transformed body parts of our heroes.",
"The Green Lanterns, the Flashes, Ibis and Mercury headed to Earth\\-One, where an enlarged [Mister Atom](/wiki/Mister_Atom \"Mister Atom\") of Earth\\-S and [Brainiac](/wiki/Brainiac_%28character%29 \"Brainiac (character)\") of Earth\\-One are attacking a futuristic model city called Tomorrow. A strange black feedback aura prevents the heroes from attacking the giant Mister Atom directly, and the Green Lanterns are able to trace the source of the aura to Brainiac's spaceship, hovering above the domed city. Ibis and both Green Lanterns attempt to stop Brainiac. Ibis creates an aura around himself and other heroes to protect them. The three speedsters work overtime, repairing the damage and saving the people that Mister Atom's rampage was endangering. Green Lantern of Earth\\-One passes through the side of Brainiac's ship and is subjected to the \"Barium Effect\", which transforms him into a living skeleton. Ibis arrives in time to stop Brainiac from killing the hero, turning the robot villain's own weapon against him. Ibis changes Green Lantern back to normal, and the two heroes destroyed Brainiac's machines, causing the black aura around Mister Atom to disappear. It is revealed the falling people are really being caused by the rotation of the Earth being increased by the speedsters as they try to repair the city as fast as Mister Atom can destroy it. The two Green Lanterns attempt to stop the device that is making gravity act strangely, while Ibis returns to the city of Tomorrow. Ibis is attacked by a blast from Mister Atom and stunned before he can finish instructing the Ibistick how to contain the robot. Mister Atom attempts to use the Ibistick to send the hero to a distant star, but a fail\\-safe in the magicks of the Ibistick cause Mister Atom to suffer the fate he had wished on Ibis (He is later returned by the evil alien worm [Mister Mind](/wiki/Mister_Mind \"Mister Mind\")).",
"Soon after, all of the heroes headed to the Rock of Eternity, where King Kull has the Elder Gods and Shazam as prisoners. Taking the lead, Superman flies inside. He is surprised by King Kull who has a hunk of [Red Kryptonite](/wiki/Kryptonite \"Kryptonite\"). The unpredictable element influences Superman's mind, filling him with a raging desire to kill. In the meantime, Mercury had sent Johnny Thunder to find the alter\\-egos of the Marvel Family, though they were first worried he would reveal their identities. After Johnny inadvertently says his magic word \"Cei\\-U\", his Thunderbolt appears and transforms the three kids into their Marvel counterparts. The Thunderbolt then takes all four heroes to the Rock of Eternity, where Captain Marvel knocks out the King of the Beast\\-Men, Junior destroys the Red Kryptonite, and Mary frees the Elders. Superman remains in a murderous rage; this dose of Red Kryptonite has also made him immune to the deadly effects of Green Kryptonite, which the Green Lanterns had tried to use to stop him (manufacturing it with their power rings). Remembering that Superman is vulnerable to magic, Captain Marvel flies directly at Superman and says his magic word \"Shazam\" as he approaches. The magic lightning breaks the spell of the Red Kryptonite, returning Superman to normal who saves Billy before he is injured from falling. King Kull is imprisoned with magic chains that supposedly even [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Hercules (DC Comics)\") cannot break, and the heroes returned to their own worlds.",
"",
"",
""
] |
Military service
----------------
Appointed an assistant surgeon in the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") on 26 March 1834, Pinkney received orders to the [sloop of war](/wiki/Sloop_of_war "Sloop of war") [*Erie*](/wiki/USS_Erie_%281813%29 "USS Erie (1813)") on 5 May. Ordered to report by 20 June, he joined the ship at [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts "Boston, Massachusetts"), on 24 June, shortly before she sailed for the [Brazil Station](/wiki/Brazil_Station "Brazil Station"). Detached from *Erie* on 18 September 1837, he began two months of leave on 20 September, later changed to "waiting orders." Ordered to duty at the Naval Asylum at [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), on 9 April 1838, he was detached from that duty on 2 April 1839, receiving one month of leave. He then joined the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [*Brandywine*](/wiki/USS_Brandywine_%281825%29 "USS Brandywine (1825)"), assigned to the [Mediterranean Squadron](/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_%28United_States%29 "Mediterranean Squadron (United States)"), on 17 August, shortly after she was recommissioned.
On 12 February 1840, Commodore [Isaac Hull](/wiki/Isaac_Hull "Isaac Hull"), commanding the squadron, ordered Pinkney to return to the United States, and the assistant surgeon reported his arrival on 24 April. Ordered thence, on 12 October 1840, to the [storeship](/wiki/Storeship "Storeship") [*Relief*](/wiki/USS_Relief_%281836%29 "USS Relief (1836)"), on the [Pacific Squadron](/wiki/Pacific_Squadron "Pacific Squadron"), Pinkney later served again on board *Erie*. He was promoted to surgeon on 27 October 1841\.
Commodore [Alexander J. Dallas](/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_%28U.S._Navy_officer%29 "Alexander J. Dallas (U.S. Navy officer)"), commanding the Pacific Squadron, granted Surgeon Pinkney permission to return to the United States in February 1844, and he arrived there in April of the same year. Ordered to the Receiving Ship and Naval Station, [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland"), on 24 June 1844, he received orders to "discharge duties" at the Naval Rendezvous (recruiting station) as well, on 21 April 1845\.
Detached from the Baltimore Station on 19 September 1846 and placed in the status of "waiting orders," Pinkney was ordered to Albany on 14 October; he reported to that new sloop of war, assigned to the [Home Squadron](/wiki/Home_Squadron "Home Squadron"), a little less than a fortnight later, on 27 October. Transferred to sloop of war [*Germantown*](/wiki/USS_Germantown_%281846%29 "USS Germantown (1846)"), also in the Home Squadron, three days after [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") the following year 28 December 1847, he was detached from that ship on 23 February 1848\. Carried on the status of "waiting orders" on 1 January of the following year \[1849], Pinkney was ordered to the new sidewheel sloop of war [*Saranac*](/wiki/USS_Saranac_%281848%29 "USS Saranac (1848)") on 4 February 1850, to report for duty on the 24th of that month. Detached from that ship on 22 July 1851, the surgeon was then ordered \[10 September] to review candidates for admission to the [U.S. Naval Academy](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy "U.S. Naval Academy"). Following another period of "waiting orders," he was ordered to the Naval Academy on 3 April 1852\.
Detached from the Academy on 5 July 1855, Pinkney subsequently received orders to the sidewheel frigate [*Susquehanna*](/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_%281850%29 "USS Susquehanna (1850)") on 31 March 1856, and served in that ship as she cruised in the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean") and off the coast of Central America, and later operated in assistance of the steam [frigate](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [*Niagara*](/wiki/USS_Niagara_%281855%29 "USS Niagara (1855)") in her unsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable in August 1857\. Detached from *Susquehanna* on 19 April 1858, he was ordered to the U.S. Naval Hospital at [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"), on 21 October, his actual time of reporting delayed from 1 November to 1 December 1858\. Detached from that medical facility ashore on 9 June 1859, Pinkney received orders to join the screw frigate [*San Jacinto*](/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_%281850%29 "USS San Jacinto (1850)") as she prepared for a cruise to the coast of Africa.
Illness, however, shortened Pinkney's tour of duty in *San Jacinto*, as he was detached from the ship at [Cadiz](/wiki/Cadiz "Cadiz"), Spain, and ordered home "because of ill health" on 28 March 1860\. Arriving back in the United States on 23 April, he went to [Easton, Maryland](/wiki/Easton%2C_Maryland "Easton, Maryland"), where he apparently remained until he was ordered to special duty in Washington, D.C., on 8 June 1861\. Detached from duty in the capitol on 12 December 1861, he received orders to report as the Fleet Surgeon, [Mississippi Squadron](/wiki/Mississippi_Squadron "Mississippi Squadron"), on the last day 1861\.
|
[
"Military service\n----------------",
"Appointed an assistant surgeon in the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") on 26 March 1834, Pinkney received orders to the [sloop of war](/wiki/Sloop_of_war \"Sloop of war\") [*Erie*](/wiki/USS_Erie_%281813%29 \"USS Erie (1813)\") on 5 May. Ordered to report by 20 June, he joined the ship at [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\"), on 24 June, shortly before she sailed for the [Brazil Station](/wiki/Brazil_Station \"Brazil Station\"). Detached from *Erie* on 18 September 1837, he began two months of leave on 20 September, later changed to \"waiting orders.\" Ordered to duty at the Naval Asylum at [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), on 9 April 1838, he was detached from that duty on 2 April 1839, receiving one month of leave. He then joined the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") [*Brandywine*](/wiki/USS_Brandywine_%281825%29 \"USS Brandywine (1825)\"), assigned to the [Mediterranean Squadron](/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_%28United_States%29 \"Mediterranean Squadron (United States)\"), on 17 August, shortly after she was recommissioned.",
"On 12 February 1840, Commodore [Isaac Hull](/wiki/Isaac_Hull \"Isaac Hull\"), commanding the squadron, ordered Pinkney to return to the United States, and the assistant surgeon reported his arrival on 24 April. Ordered thence, on 12 October 1840, to the [storeship](/wiki/Storeship \"Storeship\") [*Relief*](/wiki/USS_Relief_%281836%29 \"USS Relief (1836)\"), on the [Pacific Squadron](/wiki/Pacific_Squadron \"Pacific Squadron\"), Pinkney later served again on board *Erie*. He was promoted to surgeon on 27 October 1841\\.",
"Commodore [Alexander J. Dallas](/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_%28U.S._Navy_officer%29 \"Alexander J. Dallas (U.S. Navy officer)\"), commanding the Pacific Squadron, granted Surgeon Pinkney permission to return to the United States in February 1844, and he arrived there in April of the same year. Ordered to the Receiving Ship and Naval Station, [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\"), on 24 June 1844, he received orders to \"discharge duties\" at the Naval Rendezvous (recruiting station) as well, on 21 April 1845\\.",
"Detached from the Baltimore Station on 19 September 1846 and placed in the status of \"waiting orders,\" Pinkney was ordered to Albany on 14 October; he reported to that new sloop of war, assigned to the [Home Squadron](/wiki/Home_Squadron \"Home Squadron\"), a little less than a fortnight later, on 27 October. Transferred to sloop of war [*Germantown*](/wiki/USS_Germantown_%281846%29 \"USS Germantown (1846)\"), also in the Home Squadron, three days after [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") the following year 28 December 1847, he was detached from that ship on 23 February 1848\\. Carried on the status of \"waiting orders\" on 1 January of the following year \\[1849], Pinkney was ordered to the new sidewheel sloop of war [*Saranac*](/wiki/USS_Saranac_%281848%29 \"USS Saranac (1848)\") on 4 February 1850, to report for duty on the 24th of that month. Detached from that ship on 22 July 1851, the surgeon was then ordered \\[10 September] to review candidates for admission to the [U.S. Naval Academy](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy \"U.S. Naval Academy\"). Following another period of \"waiting orders,\" he was ordered to the Naval Academy on 3 April 1852\\.",
"Detached from the Academy on 5 July 1855, Pinkney subsequently received orders to the sidewheel frigate [*Susquehanna*](/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_%281850%29 \"USS Susquehanna (1850)\") on 31 March 1856, and served in that ship as she cruised in the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") and off the coast of Central America, and later operated in assistance of the steam [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") [*Niagara*](/wiki/USS_Niagara_%281855%29 \"USS Niagara (1855)\") in her unsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable in August 1857\\. Detached from *Susquehanna* on 19 April 1858, he was ordered to the U.S. Naval Hospital at [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"), on 21 October, his actual time of reporting delayed from 1 November to 1 December 1858\\. Detached from that medical facility ashore on 9 June 1859, Pinkney received orders to join the screw frigate [*San Jacinto*](/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_%281850%29 \"USS San Jacinto (1850)\") as she prepared for a cruise to the coast of Africa.",
"Illness, however, shortened Pinkney's tour of duty in *San Jacinto*, as he was detached from the ship at [Cadiz](/wiki/Cadiz \"Cadiz\"), Spain, and ordered home \"because of ill health\" on 28 March 1860\\. Arriving back in the United States on 23 April, he went to [Easton, Maryland](/wiki/Easton%2C_Maryland \"Easton, Maryland\"), where he apparently remained until he was ordered to special duty in Washington, D.C., on 8 June 1861\\. Detached from duty in the capitol on 12 December 1861, he received orders to report as the Fleet Surgeon, [Mississippi Squadron](/wiki/Mississippi_Squadron \"Mississippi Squadron\"), on the last day 1861\\.",
""
] |
Legal history
-------------
### Prohibition
Amidst a nationwide trend of cannabis prohibition, the State of Oregon outlawed cannabis in 1923\.{{cite book\|author\=Richard Davenport\-Hines\|title\=The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Social History of Drugs\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mus3AgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT126\|date\=29 November 2012\|publisher\=Orion Publishing Group\|isbn\=978\-1\-78022\-542\-5\|pages\=126–}}
In 1935, the State of Oregon passed the [Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act](/wiki/Uniform_State_Narcotic_Drug_Act "Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act"), bringing Oregon's laws regarding cannabis in line with the majority of states.{{cite journal
\|url\=http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/blachly2\.cfm
\|publisher\=Drug Policy Institute
\|access\-date\=2008\-12\-26
\|author\=Paul Blachly
\|title\=Effects of Decriminalization of Marijuana in Oregon
\|journal\=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
\|year\=1976
\|volume\=282
\|issue\=1
\|pages\=405–415
\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1749\-6632\.1976\.tb49913\.x
\|pmid\=1071391
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062025/http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/blachly2\.cfm
\|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-01
\|bibcode\=1976NYASA.282\..405B
\|s2cid\=39686952
}}
### Decriminalization
{{see also\|Decriminalization of non\-medical cannabis in the United States}}
{{quote box
\| align\=right
\| width\=300px
\| quote\=… the solution is not to toss youthful offenders into jail or prisons. We long ago recognized alcoholism to be a disease, and abandoned efforts to treat alcoholics simply by locking them up.
\| source\= — Oregon Governor \[\[Tom McCall]], who signed the nation's first legislation decriminalizing certain marijuana offenses in 1973\.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/quotes.html
\| title \= Quotes About the War on Some Drug Users
\| publisher \= PDX NORML
\| access\-date \= 2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090201090734/http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/quotes.html
\| archive\-date \= 2009\-02\-01
\| url\-status \= live
}}
}}
In 1973, Oregon became the first state to decriminalize cannabis. Possession of 28\.35 grams (1 ounce) or less is a violation (not a crime) punishable by a $500 to $1,000 fine; stricter punishments exist for sale or cultivation. Possession of 1 ounce to 110 grams is a class B [felony](/wiki/Felony "Felony") punishable by 10 years in prison, and possession of more than 110 grams is a felony with punishment depending on the defendant's prior record.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.norml.com/index.cfm?wtm\_view\=\&Group\_ID\=4559
\|title\=State by State Laws: Oregon
\|publisher\=National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
\|year\=2006
\|access\-date\=2007\-01\-10
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117163451/http://www.norml.com/index.cfm?wtm\_view\=\&Group\_ID\=4559
\|archive\-date\=2006\-11\-17
}}
The Oregon Decriminalization Bill of 1973 abolished criminal penalties for possession of small amounts of marijuana. As a result, possession of up to an ounce of marijuana in Oregon was a violation (not a crime), punishable only by a fine of $500 to $1000\.{{cite web \| url \= http://nevergetbusted.com/marijuana\-laws\-oregon/ \| title \= Marijuana Laws Oregon \| access\-date \= 2015\-06\-07 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150524044830/http://nevergetbusted.com/marijuana\-laws\-oregon/ \| archive\-date \= 2015\-05\-24 \| url\-status \= dead }} There is one exception, however, which is: if possession of such an amount occurs in a public place within 1000 feet of a school attended by minors, the person committing the offense is guilty of a Class C [misdemeanor](/wiki/Misdemeanor "Misdemeanor") instead. Possession of more than one ounce, no matter the proximity to a school, was a Class B [felony](/wiki/Felony "Felony") until July 3, 2013, at which point it became a Class B misdemeanor.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.thedailychronic.net/2013/24316/oregon\-governor\-signs\-marijuana\-penalty\-reduction\-bills\-into\-law/
\| title \= Oregon Governor Signs Marijuana Penalty Reduction Bills Into Law
\| author \= Phillip Smith
\| work \= The Daily Chronic
\| date \= July 3, 2013
\| access\-date \= 2013\-07\-09
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130709013923/http://www.thedailychronic.net/2013/24316/oregon\-governor\-signs\-marijuana\-penalty\-reduction\-bills\-into\-law/
\| archive\-date \= July 9, 2013
\| url\-status \= live
}} The actual *use* of marijuana in private, and being under the influence of marijuana, are not punishable offenses under Oregon law. However, public use, and also [driving under the influence of intoxicants](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence_of_intoxicants "Driving under the influence of intoxicants") are punishable offenses.
Intentionally growing even one marijuana plant (Unlawful manufacture of marijuana), was a Class A felony in Oregon (ORS 475\.856, 475\.858\) until July 1, 2015\. Selling or giving away marijuana was an offense (Unlawful delivery of marijuana) that varied in severity and penalty depending on the amount of marijuana involved in the transaction, whether or not [consideration](/wiki/Consideration "Consideration") was involved, the relative ages of the people involved, and the proximity of the transaction to nearby schools attended by minors (ORS 475\.860, 475\.862\). Giving away five grams (approx. 0\.18oz) of marijuana or less by an adult to another adult for no payment at a location at least 1000 feet from the closest school was only a violation, punishable by a fine of $500 to $1000\. However, if greater amounts of marijuana were involved, if any payment at all were involved, if delivery was by an adult to a minor, and/or if delivery occurred within 1000 feet of a school (even if both parties are adults), the severity of the offense ranged from Class C misdemeanor to Class A felony with increasing penalties.
In 1986, Oregon's Ballot Measure 5 sought to legalize cannabis. The Oregon Marijuana Initiative spent about $50,000 promoting the proposition, and collected the 87,000 signatures necessary to place it on the ballot. In 1986, by some estimates, cannabis was Oregon's largest [cash crop](/wiki/Cash_crop "Cash crop"),{{cite magazine
\| url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962394,00\.html
\| title\=American Notes Oregon
\| date\=1986\-09\-29
\| magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221231328/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962394,00\.html
\| archive\-date\=2008\-12\-21
\| url\-status\=dead
}} estimated in 1985 at between $1 billion and $1\.15 billion.{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/No1\_Crop\_0486\.html
\| title\=America's \#1 Crop \- Marijuana Tops the Charts
\| publisher\=\[\[High Times]] quoted by the Portland NORML
\| date\=April 1986
\| pages\=48–49
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-16
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101175117/http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/No1\_Crop\_0486\.html
\| archive\-date\=2008\-11\-01
\| url\-status\=live
}} The ballot measure was rejected by Oregon voters{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kgw.com/news\-local/stories/kgw\_091104\_health\_medical\_pot.108fb5a64\.html \|title\=Medical pot measure sparks opposition \|last\=Cain \|first\=Brad \|date\=2004\-09\-11 \|publisher\=\[\[KGW]] \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-17 }}{{dead link\|date\=May 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} with 279,479 "Yes" and 781,922 "No" votes, or 26\.33% support.{{cite web
\| url\=https://sos.oregon.gov/blue\-book/Documents/elections/initiative.pdf
\| title\=Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1980–1987
\| work\=\[\[Oregon Blue Book]]
\| publisher\=Oregon Secretary of State
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-16
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224519/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue\-book/Documents/elections/initiative.pdf
\| archive\-date\=2018\-11\-08
\| url\-status\=live
}}
In 1995, Oregon House Bill 3466, which would have recriminalized marijuana in Oregon, died. According to bill sponsor [Jerry Grisham](/wiki/Jerry_Grisham "Jerry Grisham") ([R](/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party "Oregon Republican Party")–[Beavercreek](/wiki/Beavercreek%2C_Oregon "Beavercreek, Oregon")), HB 3466 was meant to counter a circulating initiative petition called *The Oregon Cannabis Tax Act* of 1997, which would have allowed state liquor stores to sell marijuana and permitted [hemp](/wiki/Hemp "Hemp") production for paper, fabric, oil, and protein. Taxes on these products would go to schools to replace funding allegedly lost by [Measure 5](/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_5_%281990%29 "Oregon Ballot Measure 5 (1990)"). The petition was sponsored by a political action committee named Pay for Schools by Regulating Cannabis.{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.pdxnorml.org/recrim.html
\| title\=Recriminalization of Marijuana Dies in the Oregon Legislature—Initiative Petition to Regulate Marijuana Sales Gathers Momentum
\|date\=September 1996
\| publisher\=\[\[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\|NORML]]
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221054558/http://www.pdxnorml.org/recrim.html
\| archive\-date\=2005\-12\-21
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-16
}} Cannabis activists [Paul Stanford](/wiki/Paul_Stanford "Paul Stanford") and Chris Iverson were the chief petitioners for the Oregon Cannabis Tax Act of 1997\.{{cite news\|last1\=Kamph\|first1\=Stefan\|title\=Prohibition Deja\-Vu: Should Oregon Sell Pot?\|url\=https://post.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/07/22/prohibition\-deja\-vu\-should\-oregon\-sell\-pot\|access\-date\=28 November 2017\|newspaper\=The Portland Mercury\|date\=July 22, 2010\|archive\-date\=31 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012723/https://post.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/07/22/prohibition\-deja\-vu\-should\-oregon\-sell\-pot\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=June 22 Portland Hemp Fest Update\|url\=http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/052396\.html\|website\=MarijuanaLibrary.org\|publisher\=NORML \- National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\|date\=May 23, 1996\|access\-date\=November 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209013907/http://marijuanalibrary.org/052396\.html\|archive\-date\=December 9, 2011\|url\-status\=live}}
HB 3466 would have increased penalties for possession of under an ounce of marijuana from an infraction (traffic ticket\-like offense) to a Class A [misdemeanor](/wiki/Misdemeanor "Misdemeanor"), the worst non\-felony offense, with a fine of $100 to $1,000 per gram, up to a maximum of $5,000\. The bill also would have created a new crime—being under the influence of marijuana—punishable by a fine of up to $5,000\. The bill would have passed according to the positions of state senators, but was blocked on a technical basis which prevented it from coming to the floor the same day it was read—which allows public input—unless overridden by a vote.
In 1997, the [Oregon Legislature](/wiki/Oregon_Legislature "Oregon Legislature") passed House Bill 3643, making the possession of less than an ounce of marijuana a Class C misdemeanor,{{cite news
\| url\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ORGB\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=0EB08A7271F0FC32\&svc\_dat\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\&req\_dat\=0D10F2CADB4B24C0
\| title\=Petitioners Expect to Suspend Law Recriminalizing Pot
\| first\=Ashbel S.
\| last\=Green
\| newspaper\=\[\[The Oregonian]]
\| date\=1997\-10\-04
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-16
\| archive\-date\=January 31, 2021
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012729/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document\-view?p\=WORLDNEWS\&docref\=news%2F0EB08A7271F0FC32\&f\=basic
\| url\-status\=live
}} (Registration required) which added a possible jail sentence of up to 30 days. According to [Eric Schlosser](/wiki/Eric_Schlosser "Eric Schlosser") of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, [John Kitzhaber](/wiki/John_Kitzhaber "John Kitzhaber"), then Oregon's governor, signed the bill because he did not want to appear soft on crime. Activists opposing HB 3643 collected twice as many signatures as were required to force a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") on the bill. [John Sperling](/wiki/John_Sperling "John Sperling"), [Peter Lewis](/wiki/Peter_Lewis_%28businessman%29 "Peter Lewis (businessman)"), and [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros") were the principal financial backers of the referendum signature drive.{{cite news
\| title\=Pot referendum gets its money from out of state: Three men with deep pockets contribute most of the cash for a measure to overturn Oregon's marijuana recriminalization law
\| first\=Ashbel S.
\| last\=Green
\| work \= The Oregonian
\| date\=1997\-10\-21
}} Measure 57, which would have upheld HB 3643, was turned down by a margin of 2–1\.{{cite magazine
\| url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17537507/the\_politics\_of\_pot\_a\_government\_in\_denial
\| title\=The Politics Of Pot: A Government In Denial
\| last\=Schlosser
\| first\=Eric
\| date\=2005\-12\-05
\| magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725164556/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17537507/the\_politics\_of\_pot\_a\_government\_in\_denial
\| archive\-date\=2008\-07\-25
\| url\-status\=dead
}}{{cite web
\| url\=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722
\| title\=Official Results—November 3, 1998 General Election—State Measure 57
\| publisher\=Oregon Secretary of State
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-date\=2019\-10\-21
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203801/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722
\| url\-status\=live
}}
The Oregonians For Cannabis Reform 2010 hoped to make cannabis products legal and available in a retail environment by enacting the [Oregon Cannabis Tax Act](/wiki/Oregon_Cannabis_Tax_Act "Oregon Cannabis Tax Act") of 2010 (OCTA), but the effort failed to collect the minimum 83,000 signatures by the July 2 deadline to qualify for the 2010 ballot.{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.salem\-news.com/articles/july092008/new\_po\-t\_law\_7\-9\-08\.php
\| title\=New Law Would Legalize Marijuana in Oregon
\| first\=Tim
\| last\=King
\| work\=Salem\-News
\| date\=2008\-07\-09
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-18
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123234955/http://www.salem\-news.com/articles/july092008/new\_po\-t\_law\_7\-9\-08\.php
\| archive\-date\=2009\-01\-23
\| url\-status\=live
}}
Backers of the initiative said 90% of the proceeds from the state's sale of marijuana would have gone to Oregon's general fund (as much as $300 million), lowering the state tax burden, while 10% of the revenue would have been used to fund drug abuse education and treatment programs. Advocates claimed the marijuana market would be removed from the [underground economy](/wiki/Underground_economy "Underground economy"), where young people and drug abusers often take control, and place it in liquor stores regulated by the [Oregon Liquor Control Commission](/wiki/Oregon_Liquor_Control_Commission "Oregon Liquor Control Commission") (OLCC) so that the minimum age of 21 could be enforced. According to Madeline Martinez, Executive Director of NORML's Oregon chapter, [U.S. Congressman](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") [Barney Frank](/wiki/Barney_Frank "Barney Frank") ([D](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)")–[Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts")) endorsed the idea, though support from Oregon state officials had been limited.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/business/1218165915122730\.xml\&coll\=7
\| title \= Legal pot backer sees pluses for state, businesses
\| first \= Anne
\| last \= Saker
\| date \= 2008\-08\-10
\| work \= The Oregonian
\| access\-date \= 2008\-12\-26
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090209040720/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fbusiness%2F1218165915122730\.xml\&coll\=7
\| archive\-date \= 2009\-02\-09
\| url\-status \= live
}}
### Medical cannabis
{{main\|Oregon Ballot Measure 67 (1998\)}}
[right\|thumb\|Cannabis dispensary in Portland](/wiki/File:Front_Avenue_Medicinals%2C_Portland_%282014%29_-_2.jpg "Front Avenue Medicinals, Portland (2014) - 2.jpg")
Oregon marijuana law is further complicated due to the existence of Oregon's [medical marijuana program](/wiki/Oregon_Medical_Marijuana_Act "Oregon Medical Marijuana Act"). The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program allows individuals with a medical history of one or more qualifying illnesses and a doctor's recommendation to apply for registration with the program. Accepted applicants are issued a [Medical Marijuana Card](/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_Card "Medical Marijuana Card"), which entitles them to different treatment under the law. Essentially, medical marijuana patients are allowed to possess, without fear of citation, arrest, or penalty, up to 1\.5 pounds of marijuana at a time. Possession of a greater amount, however, does become punishable by law. In addition to legal possession, cardholders may also legally grow, without fear of citation, arrest, or penalty, up to 18 immature cannabis plants and 6 mature ones at a single time. Cardholders are also allowed to designate a primary caregiver and a grower of their choice, if so inclined. These people enjoy the same freedoms, in regard to possession, as the cardholder as long as they remain officially registered. The above limits of legal possession apply to the total combined property of the cardholder, caregiver, and grower. If a grower is growing plants for more than one cardholder, he or she may possess up to 18 immature plants per cardholder. A grower may not grow plants for more than four cardholders at a time.{{Cite web\|url\=http://public.health.oregon.gov/DiseasesConditions/ChronicDisease/MedicalMarijuanaProgram/Documents/ommpHandbook.pdf \|title\=The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program \|publisher\=Oregon Health Authority \|access\-date\=November 16, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094441/http://public.health.oregon.gov/DiseasesConditions/ChronicDisease/MedicalMarijuanaProgram/Documents/ommpHandbook.pdf \|archive\-date\=January 16, 2013 }} Also, in addition to legal possession and manufacture as outlined above, cardholders, caregivers, and growers may legally deliver marijuana to each other, and to other cardholders, so long as the delivery is made without consideration. The privileges which normally protect cardholders, caregivers, and growers from citation, arrest, and penalty do not excuse possession, manufacture, or delivery in cases where they are simultaneously guilty of certain offenses listed in ORS 475\.316, such as driving under the influence of marijuana or using marijuana in public.
In 1994, Portland cannabis activist Chris Iverson, who was chairman of the NW Hemp Foundation opened the first cannabis buyers club in Oregon.{{cite web\|last1\=Trappen\|first1\=Michelle\|title\=Marijuana Advocates State Case\|url\=http://christopheriverson.com/wp\-content/uploads/2015/05/IMG\_20150519\_0002\.jpg\|website\=christopheriverson.com\|publisher\=The Oregonian\|date\=January 7, 1994\|access\-date\=November 28, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035048/http://christopheriverson.com/wp\-content/uploads/2015/05/IMG\_20150519\_0002\.jpg\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Mr. Iverson was quoted as saying "Sure, working within the system is the best way. But we've been robbed of this resource for too many years."
The Oregon Medical Marijuana Act was established by Ballot Measure 67, a citizens' initiative, in November 1998, the same election as the referendum Measure 57\.
It modified [state law](/wiki/Oregon_Revised_Statutes "Oregon Revised Statutes") to allow the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana by prescription by patients with certain medical conditions. The ballot measure passed by a margin of 54\.6% to 45\.4%.{{cite web
\| url\=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722
\| title\=Official Results—November 3, 1998 General Election—State Measure 67
\| publisher\=Oregon Secretary of State
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-date\=2019\-10\-21
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203801/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722
\| url\-status\=live
}} The Act does not affect [federal](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") law, which still prohibits the cultivation and possession of marijuana. Bernie Hobson, spokesman for the DEA's [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") regional office, said "From a federal standpoint, there is no such thing as medical marijuana."
{{cite news
\| url\=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/print\_story.php?story\_id\=118609925649231700
\| title\=Feds strike medical pot growers
\| last\=Budnick
\| first\=Nick
\| newspaper\=\[\[Portland Tribune]]
\| date\=2007\-08\-03
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620051046/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/print\_story.php?story\_id\=118609925649231700
\| archive\-date\=2008\-06\-20
\| url\-status\=dead
}}
Four other western states ([Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"), Nevada and Washington) and the [District of Columbia](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") passed similar measures legalizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes in the same election.{{cite news
\| url\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ORGB\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=0EB08B4B262EB702\&svc\_dat\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\&req\_dat\=0D10F2CADB4B24C0
\| title\=The War on the War on Drugs
\| date\=1998\-11\-05
\| newspaper\=The Oregonian
\| access\-date\=2021\-01\-31
\| archive\-date\=January 31, 2021
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012810/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document\-view?p\=WORLDNEWS\&docref\=news%2F0EB08B4B262EB702\&f\=basic
\| url\-status\=live
}}(Registration required)
The act created "The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program," which administers the Medical Marijuana Act approved by the public in November 1998\.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/about\_us.shtml
\|title\=Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP): About Us
\|publisher\=oregon.gov
\|date\=2008\-07\-25
\|access\-date\=2008\-12\-16
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129174025/http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/about\_us.shtml
\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-29
}} The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program administers the program within the [Oregon Department of Human Services](/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Human_Services "Oregon Department of Human Services"). As of April 1, 2009, there were 20,974 patients registered, with 10,626 caregivers holding cards for these patients.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/data.shtml
\|title\=Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP): Statistics
\|publisher\=oregon.gov
\|date\=2008\-12\-10
\|access\-date\=2008\-12\-16
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122075751/http://oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/data.shtml
\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-22
}} Data as of 2009\-04\-01\. Virtually all patients benefiting from the program (18,000\+) suffer from [severe pain](/wiki/Chronic_pain "Chronic pain") and more than 3,200 from [nausea](/wiki/Nausea "Nausea"). The other conditions are given as [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy"), [HIV](/wiki/HIV "HIV")/[AIDS](/wiki/AIDS "AIDS"), [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"), [cachexia](/wiki/Cachexia "Cachexia"), chronic [glaucoma](/wiki/Glaucoma "Glaucoma") and [tremors](/wiki/Tremor "Tremor") caused by [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease"). Multiple states have requested information on Oregon's program to use as a model for their own medical marijuana initiatives and registration systems.
In 2004, an Oregon ballot measure that would have increased the amount of cannabis a patient can legally possess to six pounds was defeated by Oregon voters.{{cite news
\| url\=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002080669\_ore03m.html
\| title\=Pot measure fails; gay\-marriage ban OK'd
\| date\=2004\-11\-03
\| newspaper\=\[\[Seattle Post\-Intelligencer]]
\| access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524142457/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002080669\_ore03m.html
\| archive\-date\=2011\-05\-24
\| url\-status\=live
}} In 2005, the Oregon Medical Marijuana Program brought in more than $900,000 to the state's budget for the Department of Human Services.
In June 2010, the [Oregon Board of Pharmacy](/wiki/Oregon_Board_of_Pharmacy "Oregon Board of Pharmacy") reclassified marijuana from a [Schedule I](/wiki/List_of_Schedule_I_drugs_%28US%29 "List of Schedule I drugs (US)") drug to a [Schedule II](/wiki/List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_%28US%29 "List of Schedule II drugs (US)") drug.{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/06/recognizing\_medical\_marijuana.html
\| title\=Recognizing medical marijuana, state pharmacy board changes its legal classification
\| author\=Dworkin, Andy
\| work\=\[\[The Oregonian]]
\| date\=2010\-06\-20
\| access\-date\=2010\-06\-26
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623025639/http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/06/recognizing\_medical\_marijuana.html
\| archive\-date\=2010\-06\-23
\| url\-status\=live
}} According to a press release from the board, "The Board of Pharmacy's action to reschedule marijuana on the state list does not supersede federal law or create a direct conflict with federal law. It simply does not address federal law," and, "Marijuana or products containing any amount of marijuana will not be available by prescription in Oregon unless they have been approved by the FDA."{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.pharmacy.state.or.us/Pharmacy/Imports/News/June.29\.10PressReleaseMarijuana.pdf
\| title\=News Release: Marijuana is not available by prescription
\| author\=Schnabel, Gary A.
\| publisher\=Oregon Board of Pharmacy
\| date\=2010\-06\-29
\| access\-date\=2010\-09\-11
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005144520/http://www.pharmacy.state.or.us/Pharmacy/Imports/News/June.29\.10PressReleaseMarijuana.pdf
\| archive\-date\=2011\-10\-05
\| url\-status\=live
}} News reports noted that this reclassification makes Oregon the "first state in the nation to make marijuana anything less serious than a Schedule I drug."{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.katu.com/news/medicalalert/96523444\.html
\|title\=Oregon Board of Pharmacy vote a marijuana milestone
\|author\=KVAL News
\|publisher\=\[\[KATU]]
\|date\=2010\-06\-17
\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-26
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623115144/http://www.katu.com/news/medicalalert/96523444\.html
\|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-23
}} (*See also [Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act](/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act "Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act")*)
A [ballot measure](/wiki/Oregon_elections%2C_2010%23Measure_74 "Oregon elections, 2010#Measure 74") of the November 2010 election would have established a state licensing system for marijuana producers and dispensaries, allowed the sale of marijuana from the dispensaries to medical marijuana patients, provide low income assistance for those patients, and set up a research program to evaluate the effects of the new law.{{cite web \|url\= http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebdrawer/RecordView/6873656 \|title\= November 2, 2010 Voters' Pamphlet: Measure 74, page 81 \|publisher\= \[\[Oregon Secretary of State]] \|access\-date\=May 4, 2021}} It was defeated with 43\.85% support and 56\.15% opposition.{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Oregon\_Regulated\_Medical\_Marijuana\_Supply\_System\_Act,\_Measure\_74\_%282010%29
\| title\=Oregon Regulated Medical Marijuana Supply System Act, Measure 74 (2010\)
\| publisher\=Ballotpedia
\| access\-date\=2010\-11\-26
\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119235410/http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Oregon\_Regulated\_Medical\_Marijuana\_Supply\_System\_Act,\_Measure\_74\_(2010\)
\| archive\-date\=2010\-11\-19
\| url\-status\=live
}} However, the state legislature legalized medical dispensaries a few years later during its 2013 legislative session.{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.mpp.org/medical\-marijuana/oregon\-medical\-marijuana\-dispensary\-bill\-sent\-to\-governor/07082013/\|title\=Oregon Medical Marijuana Dispensary Bill Sent to Governor\|author\=Robert Capecchi\|publisher\=\[\[Marijuana Policy Project]]\|date\=2013\-07\-08\|access\-date\=2014\-07\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717090621/http://blog.mpp.org/medical\-marijuana/oregon\-medical\-marijuana\-dispensary\-bill\-sent\-to\-governor/07082013/\|archive\-date\=2013\-07\-17\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Recreational use
The [Oregon Cannabis Tax Act](/wiki/Oregon_Cannabis_Tax_Act "Oregon Cannabis Tax Act") qualified for the [November 2012 state ballot](/wiki/Oregon_state_elections%2C_2012 "Oregon state elections, 2012"), with the petition having 88,887 valid signatures. If approved, it would have legalized marijuana for recreational adult use, regulated and taxed the cultivation and sale of marijuana, and legalized the production, use, and sale of hemp. It appeared as Measure 80 on the ballot, but was defeated by a margin of approximately 53%\-47%.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/us/politics/marijuana\-laws\-eased\-in\-colorado\-and\-washington.html?\_r\=0\|title\=Voters Ease Marijuana Laws in 2 States, but Legal Questions Remain\|access\-date\=November 16, 2012\|date\=November 7, 2012\|first\=Jack\|last\=Healy\|work\=The New York Times\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111084208/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/us/politics/marijuana\-laws\-eased\-in\-colorado\-and\-washington.html?\_r\=0\|archive\-date\=November 11, 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|Results by county of Ballot Measure 91; green counties voted yes and red counties voted no.](/wiki/File:Oregon_2014_Measure_91.svg "Oregon 2014 Measure 91.svg")
[Measure 91](/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_91_%282014%29 "Oregon Ballot Measure 91 (2014)") was approved in 2014, legalizing non\-medical cultivation and uses of marijuana in Oregon starting July 1, 2015\. Measure 91's success legitimized the marijuana reform movement and added to the momentum built from Initiative 502 in Washington and Amendment 64 in Colorado, which passed in 2012\. While polls in late 2013 showed high support for Measure 91, support waned as the media raised concerns over the practicality of recreational cannabis. This lead the [Drug Policy Alliance](/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance "Drug Policy Alliance") to spend more money on raising public opinion of Measure 91\. [Ethan Nadelmann](/wiki/Ethan_Nadelmann "Ethan Nadelmann"), Drug Policy Alliance Executive Director, said in a 2015 talk, "If I hadn't raised over $2 million last year for Oregon, a tiny fraction of it from people in Oregon, \[Measure 91] would have lost. I think it would have lost. You know, these things don't legalize themselves, and it takes real money from people not just in the state and not just in the industry."{{Citation \|title\=Ethan Nadelmann ICBC San Francisco 2015 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=rVfj2zs8kZY \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-07}}
In September 2014, some of the municipalities revealed intention to apply sales tax on recreational use, ahead of it being legalized. Measure 91 only allows the state to tax marijuana, so local governments are hoping they'll be able to get their taxes grandfathered in if they pass them now.{{cite news\|last1\=Hunter\|first1\=Schwarz\|title\=Oregon city looking to tax marijuana even though voters haven't even decided if it's legal yet\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/09/10/oregon\-city\-looking\-to\-tax\-marijuana\-even\-though\-voters\-havent\-even\-decided\-if\-its\-legal\-yet/\|access\-date\=13 September 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912093711/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/09/10/oregon\-city\-looking\-to\-tax\-marijuana\-even\-though\-voters\-havent\-even\-decided\-if\-its\-legal\-yet/\|archive\-date\=12 September 2014\|url\-status\=live}}[thumb\|A cannabis shop in a suburb of Portland in 2017\|leftIn](/wiki/File:Marijuana_slang_in_neon_at_cannabis_shop_in_Oregon_%282017%29.jpg "Marijuana slang in neon at cannabis shop in Oregon (2017).jpg") 2015, Oregon Governor [Kate Brown](/wiki/Kate_Brown "Kate Brown") signed an emergency bill declaring marijuana sales legal to recreational users from [dispensaries](/wiki/Marijuana_dispensary "Marijuana dispensary") starting October 1, 2015, during an "early sales" period, through the end of 2016\. Additional legislation signed into law by Governor Brown in March 2016 allowed the sale of medical and recreational marijuana from the same outlets.{{cite news\|last\=Aachen\|first\=Paris\|title\=New marijuana law clears way for recreational, medical sales in same place\|newspaper\=\[\[Portland Tribune]]\|date\=March 30, 2016\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9\-news/300048\-177791\-new\-marijuana\-law\-clears\-way\-for\-recreational\-medical\-sales\-in\-same\-place\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084005/http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9\-news/300048\-177791\-new\-marijuana\-law\-clears\-way\-for\-recreational\-medical\-sales\-in\-same\-place\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Effective January 1, 2017, marijuana can be sold for recreational use only by businesses that have obtained a "recreational license" from the OLCC; such businesses can also sell for medical use.{{cite news\|last\=Lehman\|first\=Chris\|title\=300 Oregon Dispensaries Could Stop Recreational Cannabis Sales Soon\|publisher\=\[\[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]\|date\=December 28, 2016\|url\=http://www.opb.org/news/article/marijuana\-cannabis\-oregon\-recreational\-sales\-medical\-dispensaries\-2016/\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080803/http://www.opb.org/news/article/marijuana\-cannabis\-oregon\-recreational\-sales\-medical\-dispensaries\-2016/\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Medical marijuana dispensaries that had not obtained a recreational license were no longer permitted to sell for recreational use after 2016\. In mid\-December 2016, there were fewer than 100 Oregon businesses licensed to sell recreational marijuana, whereas there were more than 300 medical\-marijuana dispensaries (down from a peak of 425\).{{cite news\|last\=Danko\|first\=Peter\|title\=Oregon reports big jump in marijuana business applications, licenses\|newspaper\=\[\[Portland Business Journal]]\|date\=January 9, 2017\|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/01/09/oregon\-reports\-big\-jump\-in\-marijuana\-business.html\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080526/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/01/09/oregon\-reports\-big\-jump\-in\-marijuana\-business.html\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2017\|url\-status\=live}} However, the number of applications for recreational licenses jumped sharply in the last months of 2016, and the number of licensed retailers grew from 99 to 260 in the one\-month span from early December 2016 to early January 2017\.
According to the [Oregon Department of Revenue](/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Revenue "Oregon Department of Revenue"), state and local recreational marijuana sales/excise taxes generated $78 million in tax revenue in 2017, up from $60 million in 2016\.{{cite news
\|url\= http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/programs/gov\-research/Documents/monthly\-marijuana\-tax\-receipts.xlsx
\|title\= Oregon Marijuana Tax Statistics: Accounting Information
\|publisher\= \[\[Oregon Department of Revenue]]
\|date\= 2018\-01\-18
\|access\-date\= 2018\-02\-06
\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182914/http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/programs/gov\-research/Documents/monthly\-marijuana\-tax\-receipts.xlsx
\|archive\-date\= 2018\-02\-07
\|url\-status\= live
}} A 2019 audit of the City of Portland's distribution of its citywide 3% marijuana tax revenue found that "most of the collected taxes have gone toward shortages in the city’s general fund and specifically to police and transportation programs."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.opb.org/news/article/audit\-recreational\-cannabis\-tax\-revenue\-goes\-mostly\-to\-portland\-police\-transportation/\|title\=Portland's Recreational Cannabis Tax Revenue Goes Mostly To Police, Transportation\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729054359/https://www.opb.org/news/article/audit\-recreational\-cannabis\-tax\-revenue\-goes\-mostly\-to\-portland\-police\-transportation/\|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-29\|url\-status\=live}}
Tax revenue of $3\.6 million in the 2018 fiscal year and $4\.6 million in 2019 primarily went toward public safety. Small business/prohibition effects received only 16% of the revenue and drug and alcohol programs received 5%." Further, "cannabis business owners and community members have not been involved in budget decisions and the city has not reported on how it has used those tax revenues, according to the audit."
### Conflict with federal drug law
{{Legality of cannabis by US state}}
#### Physician liability
Physicians cannot have their licenses revoked for recommending or supporting marijuana according to a September 7, 2000 decision by the [U.S. District Court](/wiki/U.S._District_Court "U.S. District Court"). The case, *[Dr. Marcus Conant, et al., v. McCaffrey et al.](/wiki/Dr._Marcus_Conant%2C_et_al.%2C_v._McCaffrey_et_al. "Dr. Marcus Conant, et al., v. McCaffrey et al.")*, arose from two events: the November 1996 passage of [California Proposition 215](/wiki/California_Proposition_215_%281996%29 "California Proposition 215 (1996)") which authorized medical marijuana, and a December 30, 1996 response to the law by the director of the [Office of National Drug Control Policy](/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy "Office of National Drug Control Policy") which said:
{{quote\|A practitioner's action of recommending or prescribing Schedule I controlled substances is not consistent with the 'public interest' (as that phrase is used in the federal Controlled Substances Act) and will lead to administrative action by the \[\[Drug Enforcement Administration]] to revoke the practitioner's registration.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.wamm.org/conant\-v\-mccaffrey.pdf
\| title \= Conant v. Walters, C\-97\-00139\-WHA, In the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
\| date \= September 7, 2000
\| access\-date \= 2008\-12\-26
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325012403/http://www.wamm.org/conant\-v\-mccaffrey.pdf
\| archive\-date \= March 25, 2009
\| url\-status \= live
}}}}
The statement accompanied authorization for the U.S. Inspector General for Health and Human Services to exclude individuals from participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs, such as physicians who recommend marijuana to patients for medical purposes. Clarification two months later affirmed that mere discussion of any drugs with a patient was not grounds for sanction, but affirmed that physicians "may not intentionally provide their patients with oral or written statements in order to enable them to obtain controlled substances in violation of federal law." The court's decision acknowledged that the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore,
{{quote\|Given the doctrine of constitutional doubt, the government's construction of the Controlled Substances Act cannot stand. The government should be permanently enjoined from (i) revoking any physician class member's DEA registration merely because the doctor makes a recommendation for the use of medical marijuana based on a sincere medical judgment and (ii) from initiating any investigation solely on that ground. The injunction should apply whether or not the doctor anticipates that the patient will, in turn, use his or her recommendation to obtain marijuana in violation of federal law.}}
The government appealed the decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which agreed with the lower court on October 29, 2002, and expanded the grounds for the injunction to include free speech.{{cite court
\| url\= http://www.chrisconrad.com/expert.witness/conant.htm
\| litigants \= Conant v. Walters
\| vol \= 309
\| reporter \= F.3d
\| opinion \= 629
\| pinpoint \=
\| court \= 9th Cir
\| date \= October 29, 2002
}} The government appealed again to the Supreme Court which declined to hear it October 14, 2003,{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}} reaffirming the California Circuit Court's injunction.
#### Law enforcement
In November 2007, a California appeals court ruled that "it is not the job of the local police to enforce the federal drug laws." The [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court") denied an appeal by the city of [Garden Grove](/wiki/Garden_Grove%2C_California "Garden Grove, California") in December 2008, upholding the decision. The case began in June 2005 with a medical marijuana patient from Garden Grove being pulled over by city police and cited for possession of marijuana, despite his immediate display of proper medical marijuana documentation. The charge against him was later dismissed, but the city refused to return his confiscated eight grams of marijuana, even after being instructed by [Orange County](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_California "Orange County, California") Superior Court. The Supreme Court ruling affects 13 U.S. states with medical marijuana laws.{{cite web
\| url \= http://www.salem\-news.com/articles/december012008/court\_ruling\_medpot\_12\-1\-08\.php
\| title \= U.S. Supreme Court: State Medical Marijuana Laws Not Preempted by Federal Law
\| work \= Salem\-News
\| date \= 2008\-12\-01
\| access\-date \= 2008\-12\-17
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084710/http://www.salem\-news.com/articles/december012008/court\_ruling\_medpot\_12\-1\-08\.php
\| archive\-date \= 2008\-12\-05
\| url\-status \= live
}}
Police departments throughout Oregon decline to press charges, or charges have been dropped for possessing and growing marijuana, even for convicted drug dealers. [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_Oregon "Salem, Oregon") police estimated they received 30 or 40 calls for marijuana activity in 2007 which were not pursued because the grow operations were legal, even one next to a high school. One grower, a previously convicted felon, was found with evidence of making [hash oil](/wiki/Honey_oil "Honey oil"), which is not protected, though a grand jury did not indict him.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.katu.com/news/specialreports/11651506\.html
\|title\=Special Report: Highly legal
\|author\=Thom Jensen and \[\[KATU]] Web Staff
\|publisher\=KATU
\|date\=2007\-11\-20
\|access\-date\=2008\-12\-17
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325104439/http://www.katu.com/news/specialreports/11651506\.html
\|archive\-date\=2008\-03\-25
}}
### Thermal imaging searches
{{main\|Kyllo v. United States}}
After a federal agent from the [Department of the Interior](/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior "Department of the Interior") used a thermal imaging device to determine that Danny Lee Kyllo was using [grow lamps](/wiki/Grow_light "Grow light") to grow marijuana in his Florence, Oregon home, the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") determined that the use of a thermal imaging device from a public vantage point to monitor the radiation of heat from a person's home was a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and thus required a warrant. Because the police in this case did not have a warrant, the Court reversed Kyllo's conviction for growing marijuana.
### Interstate commerce
Since May 2023, along the whole west coast of the United States (namely [California](/wiki/California "California"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") and [Washington State](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)")) has implemented "interstate commerce" of cannabis and marijuana protection legislation.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/washington\-governor\-signs\-interstate\-marijuana\-commerce\-bill\-into\-law/ \| title\=Washington Governor Signs Interstate Marijuana Commerce Bill into Law \| date\=May 4, 2023 }}
|
[
"Legal history\n-------------",
"### Prohibition",
"Amidst a nationwide trend of cannabis prohibition, the State of Oregon outlawed cannabis in 1923\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Richard Davenport\\-Hines\\|title\\=The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Social History of Drugs\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mus3AgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT126\\|date\\=29 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Orion Publishing Group\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78022\\-542\\-5\\|pages\\=126–}}\nIn 1935, the State of Oregon passed the [Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act](/wiki/Uniform_State_Narcotic_Drug_Act \"Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act\"), bringing Oregon's laws regarding cannabis in line with the majority of states.{{cite journal\n \\|url\\=http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/blachly2\\.cfm \n \\|publisher\\=Drug Policy Institute \n \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-26 \n \\|author\\=Paul Blachly \n \\|title\\=Effects of Decriminalization of Marijuana in Oregon \n \\|journal\\=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \n \\|year\\=1976 \n \\|volume\\=282 \n \\|issue\\=1 \n \\|pages\\=405–415 \n \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1749\\-6632\\.1976\\.tb49913\\.x \n \\|pmid\\=1071391 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062025/http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/blachly2\\.cfm \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-01 \n\\|bibcode\\=1976NYASA.282\\..405B \n \\|s2cid\\=39686952 \n }}",
"### Decriminalization",
"{{see also\\|Decriminalization of non\\-medical cannabis in the United States}}\n{{quote box\n \\| align\\=right\n \\| width\\=300px\n \\| quote\\=… the solution is not to toss youthful offenders into jail or prisons. We long ago recognized alcoholism to be a disease, and abandoned efforts to treat alcoholics simply by locking them up.\n \\| source\\= — Oregon Governor \\[\\[Tom McCall]], who signed the nation's first legislation decriminalizing certain marijuana offenses in 1973\\.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/quotes.html\n \\| title \\= Quotes About the War on Some Drug Users\n \\| publisher \\= PDX NORML\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090201090734/http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/quotes.html\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-02\\-01\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}\n}}",
"In 1973, Oregon became the first state to decriminalize cannabis. Possession of 28\\.35 grams (1 ounce) or less is a violation (not a crime) punishable by a $500 to $1,000 fine; stricter punishments exist for sale or cultivation. Possession of 1 ounce to 110 grams is a class B [felony](/wiki/Felony \"Felony\") punishable by 10 years in prison, and possession of more than 110 grams is a felony with punishment depending on the defendant's prior record.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.norml.com/index.cfm?wtm\\_view\\=\\&Group\\_ID\\=4559 \n \\|title\\=State by State Laws: Oregon \n \\|publisher\\=National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws \n \\|year\\=2006 \n \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-10 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117163451/http://www.norml.com/index.cfm?wtm\\_view\\=\\&Group\\_ID\\=4559 \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-17 \n}}",
"The Oregon Decriminalization Bill of 1973 abolished criminal penalties for possession of small amounts of marijuana. As a result, possession of up to an ounce of marijuana in Oregon was a violation (not a crime), punishable only by a fine of $500 to $1000\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://nevergetbusted.com/marijuana\\-laws\\-oregon/ \\| title \\= Marijuana Laws Oregon \\| access\\-date \\= 2015\\-06\\-07 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150524044830/http://nevergetbusted.com/marijuana\\-laws\\-oregon/ \\| archive\\-date \\= 2015\\-05\\-24 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} There is one exception, however, which is: if possession of such an amount occurs in a public place within 1000 feet of a school attended by minors, the person committing the offense is guilty of a Class C [misdemeanor](/wiki/Misdemeanor \"Misdemeanor\") instead. Possession of more than one ounce, no matter the proximity to a school, was a Class B [felony](/wiki/Felony \"Felony\") until July 3, 2013, at which point it became a Class B misdemeanor.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= http://www.thedailychronic.net/2013/24316/oregon\\-governor\\-signs\\-marijuana\\-penalty\\-reduction\\-bills\\-into\\-law/\n \\| title \\= Oregon Governor Signs Marijuana Penalty Reduction Bills Into Law\n \\| author \\= Phillip Smith\n \\| work \\= The Daily Chronic\n \\| date \\= July 3, 2013\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-07\\-09\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130709013923/http://www.thedailychronic.net/2013/24316/oregon\\-governor\\-signs\\-marijuana\\-penalty\\-reduction\\-bills\\-into\\-law/\n \\| archive\\-date \\= July 9, 2013\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }} The actual *use* of marijuana in private, and being under the influence of marijuana, are not punishable offenses under Oregon law. However, public use, and also [driving under the influence of intoxicants](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence_of_intoxicants \"Driving under the influence of intoxicants\") are punishable offenses.",
"Intentionally growing even one marijuana plant (Unlawful manufacture of marijuana), was a Class A felony in Oregon (ORS 475\\.856, 475\\.858\\) until July 1, 2015\\. Selling or giving away marijuana was an offense (Unlawful delivery of marijuana) that varied in severity and penalty depending on the amount of marijuana involved in the transaction, whether or not [consideration](/wiki/Consideration \"Consideration\") was involved, the relative ages of the people involved, and the proximity of the transaction to nearby schools attended by minors (ORS 475\\.860, 475\\.862\\). Giving away five grams (approx. 0\\.18oz) of marijuana or less by an adult to another adult for no payment at a location at least 1000 feet from the closest school was only a violation, punishable by a fine of $500 to $1000\\. However, if greater amounts of marijuana were involved, if any payment at all were involved, if delivery was by an adult to a minor, and/or if delivery occurred within 1000 feet of a school (even if both parties are adults), the severity of the offense ranged from Class C misdemeanor to Class A felony with increasing penalties.",
"In 1986, Oregon's Ballot Measure 5 sought to legalize cannabis. The Oregon Marijuana Initiative spent about $50,000 promoting the proposition, and collected the 87,000 signatures necessary to place it on the ballot. In 1986, by some estimates, cannabis was Oregon's largest [cash crop](/wiki/Cash_crop \"Cash crop\"),{{cite magazine\n \\| url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962394,00\\.html\n \\| title\\=American Notes Oregon\n \\| date\\=1986\\-09\\-29\n \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221231328/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962394,00\\.html\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-21\n \\| url\\-status\\=dead\n }} estimated in 1985 at between $1 billion and $1\\.15 billion.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/No1\\_Crop\\_0486\\.html\n \\| title\\=America's \\#1 Crop \\- Marijuana Tops the Charts\n \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[High Times]] quoted by the Portland NORML\n \\| date\\=April 1986\n \\| pages\\=48–49\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-16\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101175117/http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/No1\\_Crop\\_0486\\.html\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-01\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} The ballot measure was rejected by Oregon voters{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kgw.com/news\\-local/stories/kgw\\_091104\\_health\\_medical\\_pot.108fb5a64\\.html \\|title\\=Medical pot measure sparks opposition \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Brad \\|date\\=2004\\-09\\-11 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KGW]] \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} with 279,479 \"Yes\" and 781,922 \"No\" votes, or 26\\.33% support.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=https://sos.oregon.gov/blue\\-book/Documents/elections/initiative.pdf\n \\| title\\=Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1980–1987\n \\| work\\=\\[\\[Oregon Blue Book]]\n \\| publisher\\=Oregon Secretary of State\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-16\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224519/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue\\-book/Documents/elections/initiative.pdf\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-08\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }}",
"In 1995, Oregon House Bill 3466, which would have recriminalized marijuana in Oregon, died. According to bill sponsor [Jerry Grisham](/wiki/Jerry_Grisham \"Jerry Grisham\") ([R](/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party \"Oregon Republican Party\")–[Beavercreek](/wiki/Beavercreek%2C_Oregon \"Beavercreek, Oregon\")), HB 3466 was meant to counter a circulating initiative petition called *The Oregon Cannabis Tax Act* of 1997, which would have allowed state liquor stores to sell marijuana and permitted [hemp](/wiki/Hemp \"Hemp\") production for paper, fabric, oil, and protein. Taxes on these products would go to schools to replace funding allegedly lost by [Measure 5](/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_5_%281990%29 \"Oregon Ballot Measure 5 (1990)\"). The petition was sponsored by a political action committee named Pay for Schools by Regulating Cannabis.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://www.pdxnorml.org/recrim.html\n \\| title\\=Recriminalization of Marijuana Dies in the Oregon Legislature—Initiative Petition to Regulate Marijuana Sales Gathers Momentum\n \\|date\\=September 1996\n \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\\|NORML]]\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221054558/http://www.pdxnorml.org/recrim.html\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2005\\-12\\-21\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-16\n}} Cannabis activists [Paul Stanford](/wiki/Paul_Stanford \"Paul Stanford\") and Chris Iverson were the chief petitioners for the Oregon Cannabis Tax Act of 1997\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Kamph\\|first1\\=Stefan\\|title\\=Prohibition Deja\\-Vu: Should Oregon Sell Pot?\\|url\\=https://post.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/07/22/prohibition\\-deja\\-vu\\-should\\-oregon\\-sell\\-pot\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2017\\|newspaper\\=The Portland Mercury\\|date\\=July 22, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012723/https://post.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2010/07/22/prohibition\\-deja\\-vu\\-should\\-oregon\\-sell\\-pot\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=June 22 Portland Hemp Fest Update\\|url\\=http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/052396\\.html\\|website\\=MarijuanaLibrary.org\\|publisher\\=NORML \\- National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\\|date\\=May 23, 1996\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209013907/http://marijuanalibrary.org/052396\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 9, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"HB 3466 would have increased penalties for possession of under an ounce of marijuana from an infraction (traffic ticket\\-like offense) to a Class A [misdemeanor](/wiki/Misdemeanor \"Misdemeanor\"), the worst non\\-felony offense, with a fine of $100 to $1,000 per gram, up to a maximum of $5,000\\. The bill also would have created a new crime—being under the influence of marijuana—punishable by a fine of up to $5,000\\. The bill would have passed according to the positions of state senators, but was blocked on a technical basis which prevented it from coming to the floor the same day it was read—which allows public input—unless overridden by a vote.",
"In 1997, the [Oregon Legislature](/wiki/Oregon_Legislature \"Oregon Legislature\") passed House Bill 3643, making the possession of less than an ounce of marijuana a Class C misdemeanor,{{cite news\n \\| url\\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ORGB\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=0EB08A7271F0FC32\\&svc\\_dat\\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\\&req\\_dat\\=0D10F2CADB4B24C0\n \\| title\\=Petitioners Expect to Suspend Law Recriminalizing Pot\n \\| first\\=Ashbel S.\n \\| last\\=Green\n \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Oregonian]]\n \\| date\\=1997\\-10\\-04\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-16\n \\| archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2021\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012729/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document\\-view?p\\=WORLDNEWS\\&docref\\=news%2F0EB08A7271F0FC32\\&f\\=basic\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} (Registration required) which added a possible jail sentence of up to 30 days. According to [Eric Schlosser](/wiki/Eric_Schlosser \"Eric Schlosser\") of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*, [John Kitzhaber](/wiki/John_Kitzhaber \"John Kitzhaber\"), then Oregon's governor, signed the bill because he did not want to appear soft on crime. Activists opposing HB 3643 collected twice as many signatures as were required to force a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") on the bill. [John Sperling](/wiki/John_Sperling \"John Sperling\"), [Peter Lewis](/wiki/Peter_Lewis_%28businessman%29 \"Peter Lewis (businessman)\"), and [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros \"George Soros\") were the principal financial backers of the referendum signature drive.{{cite news\n \\| title\\=Pot referendum gets its money from out of state: Three men with deep pockets contribute most of the cash for a measure to overturn Oregon's marijuana recriminalization law\n \\| first\\=Ashbel S.\n \\| last\\=Green\n \\| work \\= The Oregonian\n \\| date\\=1997\\-10\\-21\n }} Measure 57, which would have upheld HB 3643, was turned down by a margin of 2–1\\.{{cite magazine\n \\| url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17537507/the\\_politics\\_of\\_pot\\_a\\_government\\_in\\_denial\n \\| title\\=The Politics Of Pot: A Government In Denial\n \\| last\\=Schlosser\n \\| first\\=Eric\n \\| date\\=2005\\-12\\-05\n \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725164556/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17537507/the\\_politics\\_of\\_pot\\_a\\_government\\_in\\_denial\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-25\n \\| url\\-status\\=dead\n }}{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722\n \\| title\\=Official Results—November 3, 1998 General Election—State Measure 57\n \\| publisher\\=Oregon Secretary of State\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-21\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203801/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }}",
"The Oregonians For Cannabis Reform 2010 hoped to make cannabis products legal and available in a retail environment by enacting the [Oregon Cannabis Tax Act](/wiki/Oregon_Cannabis_Tax_Act \"Oregon Cannabis Tax Act\") of 2010 (OCTA), but the effort failed to collect the minimum 83,000 signatures by the July 2 deadline to qualify for the 2010 ballot.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://www.salem\\-news.com/articles/july092008/new\\_po\\-t\\_law\\_7\\-9\\-08\\.php\n \\| title\\=New Law Would Legalize Marijuana in Oregon\n \\| first\\=Tim\n \\| last\\=King\n \\| work\\=Salem\\-News\n \\| date\\=2008\\-07\\-09\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-18\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123234955/http://www.salem\\-news.com/articles/july092008/new\\_po\\-t\\_law\\_7\\-9\\-08\\.php\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-23\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }}\nBackers of the initiative said 90% of the proceeds from the state's sale of marijuana would have gone to Oregon's general fund (as much as $300 million), lowering the state tax burden, while 10% of the revenue would have been used to fund drug abuse education and treatment programs. Advocates claimed the marijuana market would be removed from the [underground economy](/wiki/Underground_economy \"Underground economy\"), where young people and drug abusers often take control, and place it in liquor stores regulated by the [Oregon Liquor Control Commission](/wiki/Oregon_Liquor_Control_Commission \"Oregon Liquor Control Commission\") (OLCC) so that the minimum age of 21 could be enforced. According to Madeline Martinez, Executive Director of NORML's Oregon chapter, [U.S. Congressman](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") [Barney Frank](/wiki/Barney_Frank \"Barney Frank\") ([D](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\")–[Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")) endorsed the idea, though support from Oregon state officials had been limited.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/business/1218165915122730\\.xml\\&coll\\=7\n \\| title \\= Legal pot backer sees pluses for state, businesses\n \\| first \\= Anne\n \\| last \\= Saker\n \\| date \\= 2008\\-08\\-10\n \\| work \\= The Oregonian\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-26\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090209040720/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fbusiness%2F1218165915122730\\.xml\\&coll\\=7\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-02\\-09\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}",
"### Medical cannabis",
"{{main\\|Oregon Ballot Measure 67 (1998\\)}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|Cannabis dispensary in Portland](/wiki/File:Front_Avenue_Medicinals%2C_Portland_%282014%29_-_2.jpg \"Front Avenue Medicinals, Portland (2014) - 2.jpg\")\nOregon marijuana law is further complicated due to the existence of Oregon's [medical marijuana program](/wiki/Oregon_Medical_Marijuana_Act \"Oregon Medical Marijuana Act\"). The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program allows individuals with a medical history of one or more qualifying illnesses and a doctor's recommendation to apply for registration with the program. Accepted applicants are issued a [Medical Marijuana Card](/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_Card \"Medical Marijuana Card\"), which entitles them to different treatment under the law. Essentially, medical marijuana patients are allowed to possess, without fear of citation, arrest, or penalty, up to 1\\.5 pounds of marijuana at a time. Possession of a greater amount, however, does become punishable by law. In addition to legal possession, cardholders may also legally grow, without fear of citation, arrest, or penalty, up to 18 immature cannabis plants and 6 mature ones at a single time. Cardholders are also allowed to designate a primary caregiver and a grower of their choice, if so inclined. These people enjoy the same freedoms, in regard to possession, as the cardholder as long as they remain officially registered. The above limits of legal possession apply to the total combined property of the cardholder, caregiver, and grower. If a grower is growing plants for more than one cardholder, he or she may possess up to 18 immature plants per cardholder. A grower may not grow plants for more than four cardholders at a time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://public.health.oregon.gov/DiseasesConditions/ChronicDisease/MedicalMarijuanaProgram/Documents/ommpHandbook.pdf \\|title\\=The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program \\|publisher\\=Oregon Health Authority \\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094441/http://public.health.oregon.gov/DiseasesConditions/ChronicDisease/MedicalMarijuanaProgram/Documents/ommpHandbook.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2013 }} Also, in addition to legal possession and manufacture as outlined above, cardholders, caregivers, and growers may legally deliver marijuana to each other, and to other cardholders, so long as the delivery is made without consideration. The privileges which normally protect cardholders, caregivers, and growers from citation, arrest, and penalty do not excuse possession, manufacture, or delivery in cases where they are simultaneously guilty of certain offenses listed in ORS 475\\.316, such as driving under the influence of marijuana or using marijuana in public.",
"In 1994, Portland cannabis activist Chris Iverson, who was chairman of the NW Hemp Foundation opened the first cannabis buyers club in Oregon.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Trappen\\|first1\\=Michelle\\|title\\=Marijuana Advocates State Case\\|url\\=http://christopheriverson.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/05/IMG\\_20150519\\_0002\\.jpg\\|website\\=christopheriverson.com\\|publisher\\=The Oregonian\\|date\\=January 7, 1994\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035048/http://christopheriverson.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/05/IMG\\_20150519\\_0002\\.jpg\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Mr. Iverson was quoted as saying \"Sure, working within the system is the best way. But we've been robbed of this resource for too many years.\"",
"The Oregon Medical Marijuana Act was established by Ballot Measure 67, a citizens' initiative, in November 1998, the same election as the referendum Measure 57\\.\nIt modified [state law](/wiki/Oregon_Revised_Statutes \"Oregon Revised Statutes\") to allow the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana by prescription by patients with certain medical conditions. The ballot measure passed by a margin of 54\\.6% to 45\\.4%.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722\n \\| title\\=Official Results—November 3, 1998 General Election—State Measure 67\n \\| publisher\\=Oregon Secretary of State\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-21\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203801/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6920722\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} The Act does not affect [federal](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\") law, which still prohibits the cultivation and possession of marijuana. Bernie Hobson, spokesman for the DEA's [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\") regional office, said \"From a federal standpoint, there is no such thing as medical marijuana.\"\n{{cite news\n \\| url\\=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/print\\_story.php?story\\_id\\=118609925649231700\n \\| title\\=Feds strike medical pot growers\n \\| last\\=Budnick\n \\| first\\=Nick\n \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Portland Tribune]]\n \\| date\\=2007\\-08\\-03\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620051046/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/print\\_story.php?story\\_id\\=118609925649231700\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-20\n \\| url\\-status\\=dead\n }}\n Four other western states ([Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"), Nevada and Washington) and the [District of Columbia](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") passed similar measures legalizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes in the same election.{{cite news\n \\| url\\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ORGB\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=0EB08B4B262EB702\\&svc\\_dat\\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\\&req\\_dat\\=0D10F2CADB4B24C0\n \\| title\\=The War on the War on Drugs\n \\| date\\=1998\\-11\\-05\n \\| newspaper\\=The Oregonian\n \\| access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-31\n \\| archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2021\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012810/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document\\-view?p\\=WORLDNEWS\\&docref\\=news%2F0EB08B4B262EB702\\&f\\=basic\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }}(Registration required)",
"The act created \"The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program,\" which administers the Medical Marijuana Act approved by the public in November 1998\\.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/about\\_us.shtml \n \\|title\\=Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP): About Us \n \\|publisher\\=oregon.gov \n \\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-25 \n \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-16 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129174025/http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/about\\_us.shtml \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-29 \n}} The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program administers the program within the [Oregon Department of Human Services](/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Human_Services \"Oregon Department of Human Services\"). As of April 1, 2009, there were 20,974 patients registered, with 10,626 caregivers holding cards for these patients.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/data.shtml \n \\|title\\=Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP): Statistics \n \\|publisher\\=oregon.gov \n \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-10 \n \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-16 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122075751/http://oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/data.shtml \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-22 \n}} Data as of 2009\\-04\\-01\\. Virtually all patients benefiting from the program (18,000\\+) suffer from [severe pain](/wiki/Chronic_pain \"Chronic pain\") and more than 3,200 from [nausea](/wiki/Nausea \"Nausea\"). The other conditions are given as [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy \"Epilepsy\"), [HIV](/wiki/HIV \"HIV\")/[AIDS](/wiki/AIDS \"AIDS\"), [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\"), [cachexia](/wiki/Cachexia \"Cachexia\"), chronic [glaucoma](/wiki/Glaucoma \"Glaucoma\") and [tremors](/wiki/Tremor \"Tremor\") caused by [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\"). Multiple states have requested information on Oregon's program to use as a model for their own medical marijuana initiatives and registration systems.",
"In 2004, an Oregon ballot measure that would have increased the amount of cannabis a patient can legally possess to six pounds was defeated by Oregon voters.{{cite news\n \\| url\\=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002080669\\_ore03m.html\n \\| title\\=Pot measure fails; gay\\-marriage ban OK'd\n \\| date\\=2004\\-11\\-03\n \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Seattle Post\\-Intelligencer]]\n \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524142457/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002080669\\_ore03m.html\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-24\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} In 2005, the Oregon Medical Marijuana Program brought in more than $900,000 to the state's budget for the Department of Human Services.",
"In June 2010, the [Oregon Board of Pharmacy](/wiki/Oregon_Board_of_Pharmacy \"Oregon Board of Pharmacy\") reclassified marijuana from a [Schedule I](/wiki/List_of_Schedule_I_drugs_%28US%29 \"List of Schedule I drugs (US)\") drug to a [Schedule II](/wiki/List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_%28US%29 \"List of Schedule II drugs (US)\") drug.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/06/recognizing\\_medical\\_marijuana.html\n \\| title\\=Recognizing medical marijuana, state pharmacy board changes its legal classification\n \\| author\\=Dworkin, Andy\n \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Oregonian]]\n \\| date\\=2010\\-06\\-20\n \\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-26\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623025639/http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/06/recognizing\\_medical\\_marijuana.html\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-23\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} According to a press release from the board, \"The Board of Pharmacy's action to reschedule marijuana on the state list does not supersede federal law or create a direct conflict with federal law. It simply does not address federal law,\" and, \"Marijuana or products containing any amount of marijuana will not be available by prescription in Oregon unless they have been approved by the FDA.\"{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://www.pharmacy.state.or.us/Pharmacy/Imports/News/June.29\\.10PressReleaseMarijuana.pdf\n \\| title\\=News Release: Marijuana is not available by prescription\n \\| author\\=Schnabel, Gary A.\n \\| publisher\\=Oregon Board of Pharmacy\n \\| date\\=2010\\-06\\-29\n \\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-11\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005144520/http://www.pharmacy.state.or.us/Pharmacy/Imports/News/June.29\\.10PressReleaseMarijuana.pdf\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-05\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} News reports noted that this reclassification makes Oregon the \"first state in the nation to make marijuana anything less serious than a Schedule I drug.\"{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.katu.com/news/medicalalert/96523444\\.html \n \\|title\\=Oregon Board of Pharmacy vote a marijuana milestone \n \\|author\\=KVAL News \n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KATU]] \n \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-17 \n \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-26 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623115144/http://www.katu.com/news/medicalalert/96523444\\.html \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-23 \n}} (*See also [Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act](/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act \"Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act\")*)",
"A [ballot measure](/wiki/Oregon_elections%2C_2010%23Measure_74 \"Oregon elections, 2010#Measure 74\") of the November 2010 election would have established a state licensing system for marijuana producers and dispensaries, allowed the sale of marijuana from the dispensaries to medical marijuana patients, provide low income assistance for those patients, and set up a research program to evaluate the effects of the new law.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebdrawer/RecordView/6873656 \\|title\\= November 2, 2010 Voters' Pamphlet: Measure 74, page 81 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Oregon Secretary of State]] \\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2021}} It was defeated with 43\\.85% support and 56\\.15% opposition.{{cite web\n \\| url\\=http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Oregon\\_Regulated\\_Medical\\_Marijuana\\_Supply\\_System\\_Act,\\_Measure\\_74\\_%282010%29\n \\| title\\=Oregon Regulated Medical Marijuana Supply System Act, Measure 74 (2010\\)\n \\| publisher\\=Ballotpedia\n \\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-26\n \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119235410/http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Oregon\\_Regulated\\_Medical\\_Marijuana\\_Supply\\_System\\_Act,\\_Measure\\_74\\_(2010\\)\n \\| archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-19\n \\| url\\-status\\=live\n }} However, the state legislature legalized medical dispensaries a few years later during its 2013 legislative session.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.mpp.org/medical\\-marijuana/oregon\\-medical\\-marijuana\\-dispensary\\-bill\\-sent\\-to\\-governor/07082013/\\|title\\=Oregon Medical Marijuana Dispensary Bill Sent to Governor\\|author\\=Robert Capecchi\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Marijuana Policy Project]]\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717090621/http://blog.mpp.org/medical\\-marijuana/oregon\\-medical\\-marijuana\\-dispensary\\-bill\\-sent\\-to\\-governor/07082013/\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Recreational use",
"The [Oregon Cannabis Tax Act](/wiki/Oregon_Cannabis_Tax_Act \"Oregon Cannabis Tax Act\") qualified for the [November 2012 state ballot](/wiki/Oregon_state_elections%2C_2012 \"Oregon state elections, 2012\"), with the petition having 88,887 valid signatures. If approved, it would have legalized marijuana for recreational adult use, regulated and taxed the cultivation and sale of marijuana, and legalized the production, use, and sale of hemp. It appeared as Measure 80 on the ballot, but was defeated by a margin of approximately 53%\\-47%.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/us/politics/marijuana\\-laws\\-eased\\-in\\-colorado\\-and\\-washington.html?\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Voters Ease Marijuana Laws in 2 States, but Legal Questions Remain\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2012\\|date\\=November 7, 2012\\|first\\=Jack\\|last\\=Healy\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111084208/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/us/politics/marijuana\\-laws\\-eased\\-in\\-colorado\\-and\\-washington.html?\\_r\\=0\\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|Results by county of Ballot Measure 91; green counties voted yes and red counties voted no.](/wiki/File:Oregon_2014_Measure_91.svg \"Oregon 2014 Measure 91.svg\")\n[Measure 91](/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_91_%282014%29 \"Oregon Ballot Measure 91 (2014)\") was approved in 2014, legalizing non\\-medical cultivation and uses of marijuana in Oregon starting July 1, 2015\\. Measure 91's success legitimized the marijuana reform movement and added to the momentum built from Initiative 502 in Washington and Amendment 64 in Colorado, which passed in 2012\\. While polls in late 2013 showed high support for Measure 91, support waned as the media raised concerns over the practicality of recreational cannabis. This lead the [Drug Policy Alliance](/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance \"Drug Policy Alliance\") to spend more money on raising public opinion of Measure 91\\. [Ethan Nadelmann](/wiki/Ethan_Nadelmann \"Ethan Nadelmann\"), Drug Policy Alliance Executive Director, said in a 2015 talk, \"If I hadn't raised over $2 million last year for Oregon, a tiny fraction of it from people in Oregon, \\[Measure 91] would have lost. I think it would have lost. You know, these things don't legalize themselves, and it takes real money from people not just in the state and not just in the industry.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=Ethan Nadelmann ICBC San Francisco 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=rVfj2zs8kZY \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-07}}",
"In September 2014, some of the municipalities revealed intention to apply sales tax on recreational use, ahead of it being legalized. Measure 91 only allows the state to tax marijuana, so local governments are hoping they'll be able to get their taxes grandfathered in if they pass them now.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Hunter\\|first1\\=Schwarz\\|title\\=Oregon city looking to tax marijuana even though voters haven't even decided if it's legal yet\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/09/10/oregon\\-city\\-looking\\-to\\-tax\\-marijuana\\-even\\-though\\-voters\\-havent\\-even\\-decided\\-if\\-its\\-legal\\-yet/\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912093711/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/09/10/oregon\\-city\\-looking\\-to\\-tax\\-marijuana\\-even\\-though\\-voters\\-havent\\-even\\-decided\\-if\\-its\\-legal\\-yet/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[thumb\\|A cannabis shop in a suburb of Portland in 2017\\|leftIn](/wiki/File:Marijuana_slang_in_neon_at_cannabis_shop_in_Oregon_%282017%29.jpg \"Marijuana slang in neon at cannabis shop in Oregon (2017).jpg\") 2015, Oregon Governor [Kate Brown](/wiki/Kate_Brown \"Kate Brown\") signed an emergency bill declaring marijuana sales legal to recreational users from [dispensaries](/wiki/Marijuana_dispensary \"Marijuana dispensary\") starting October 1, 2015, during an \"early sales\" period, through the end of 2016\\. Additional legislation signed into law by Governor Brown in March 2016 allowed the sale of medical and recreational marijuana from the same outlets.{{cite news\\|last\\=Aachen\\|first\\=Paris\\|title\\=New marijuana law clears way for recreational, medical sales in same place\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Portland Tribune]]\\|date\\=March 30, 2016\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9\\-news/300048\\-177791\\-new\\-marijuana\\-law\\-clears\\-way\\-for\\-recreational\\-medical\\-sales\\-in\\-same\\-place\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084005/http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9\\-news/300048\\-177791\\-new\\-marijuana\\-law\\-clears\\-way\\-for\\-recreational\\-medical\\-sales\\-in\\-same\\-place\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Effective January 1, 2017, marijuana can be sold for recreational use only by businesses that have obtained a \"recreational license\" from the OLCC; such businesses can also sell for medical use.{{cite news\\|last\\=Lehman\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=300 Oregon Dispensaries Could Stop Recreational Cannabis Sales Soon\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]\\|date\\=December 28, 2016\\|url\\=http://www.opb.org/news/article/marijuana\\-cannabis\\-oregon\\-recreational\\-sales\\-medical\\-dispensaries\\-2016/\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080803/http://www.opb.org/news/article/marijuana\\-cannabis\\-oregon\\-recreational\\-sales\\-medical\\-dispensaries\\-2016/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Medical marijuana dispensaries that had not obtained a recreational license were no longer permitted to sell for recreational use after 2016\\. In mid\\-December 2016, there were fewer than 100 Oregon businesses licensed to sell recreational marijuana, whereas there were more than 300 medical\\-marijuana dispensaries (down from a peak of 425\\).{{cite news\\|last\\=Danko\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=Oregon reports big jump in marijuana business applications, licenses\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Portland Business Journal]]\\|date\\=January 9, 2017\\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/01/09/oregon\\-reports\\-big\\-jump\\-in\\-marijuana\\-business.html\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080526/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/01/09/oregon\\-reports\\-big\\-jump\\-in\\-marijuana\\-business.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, the number of applications for recreational licenses jumped sharply in the last months of 2016, and the number of licensed retailers grew from 99 to 260 in the one\\-month span from early December 2016 to early January 2017\\.",
"According to the [Oregon Department of Revenue](/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Revenue \"Oregon Department of Revenue\"), state and local recreational marijuana sales/excise taxes generated $78 million in tax revenue in 2017, up from $60 million in 2016\\.{{cite news\n\\|url\\= http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/programs/gov\\-research/Documents/monthly\\-marijuana\\-tax\\-receipts.xlsx\n\\|title\\= Oregon Marijuana Tax Statistics: Accounting Information\n\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Oregon Department of Revenue]]\n\\|date\\= 2018\\-01\\-18\n\\|access\\-date\\= 2018\\-02\\-06\n\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182914/http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/programs/gov\\-research/Documents/monthly\\-marijuana\\-tax\\-receipts.xlsx\n\\|archive\\-date\\= 2018\\-02\\-07\n\\|url\\-status\\= live\n}} A 2019 audit of the City of Portland's distribution of its citywide 3% marijuana tax revenue found that \"most of the collected taxes have gone toward shortages in the city’s general fund and specifically to police and transportation programs.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.opb.org/news/article/audit\\-recreational\\-cannabis\\-tax\\-revenue\\-goes\\-mostly\\-to\\-portland\\-police\\-transportation/\\|title\\=Portland's Recreational Cannabis Tax Revenue Goes Mostly To Police, Transportation\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729054359/https://www.opb.org/news/article/audit\\-recreational\\-cannabis\\-tax\\-revenue\\-goes\\-mostly\\-to\\-portland\\-police\\-transportation/\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-29\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Tax revenue of $3\\.6 million in the 2018 fiscal year and $4\\.6 million in 2019 primarily went toward public safety. Small business/prohibition effects received only 16% of the revenue and drug and alcohol programs received 5%.\" Further, \"cannabis business owners and community members have not been involved in budget decisions and the city has not reported on how it has used those tax revenues, according to the audit.\"",
"### Conflict with federal drug law",
"{{Legality of cannabis by US state}}",
"#### Physician liability",
"Physicians cannot have their licenses revoked for recommending or supporting marijuana according to a September 7, 2000 decision by the [U.S. District Court](/wiki/U.S._District_Court \"U.S. District Court\"). The case, *[Dr. Marcus Conant, et al., v. McCaffrey et al.](/wiki/Dr._Marcus_Conant%2C_et_al.%2C_v._McCaffrey_et_al. \"Dr. Marcus Conant, et al., v. McCaffrey et al.\")*, arose from two events: the November 1996 passage of [California Proposition 215](/wiki/California_Proposition_215_%281996%29 \"California Proposition 215 (1996)\") which authorized medical marijuana, and a December 30, 1996 response to the law by the director of the [Office of National Drug Control Policy](/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy \"Office of National Drug Control Policy\") which said:",
"{{quote\\|A practitioner's action of recommending or prescribing Schedule I controlled substances is not consistent with the 'public interest' (as that phrase is used in the federal Controlled Substances Act) and will lead to administrative action by the \\[\\[Drug Enforcement Administration]] to revoke the practitioner's registration.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= http://www.wamm.org/conant\\-v\\-mccaffrey.pdf\n \\| title \\= Conant v. Walters, C\\-97\\-00139\\-WHA, In the United States District Court for the Northern District of California\n \\| date \\= September 7, 2000\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-26\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325012403/http://www.wamm.org/conant\\-v\\-mccaffrey.pdf\n \\| archive\\-date \\= March 25, 2009\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}}}",
"The statement accompanied authorization for the U.S. Inspector General for Health and Human Services to exclude individuals from participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs, such as physicians who recommend marijuana to patients for medical purposes. Clarification two months later affirmed that mere discussion of any drugs with a patient was not grounds for sanction, but affirmed that physicians \"may not intentionally provide their patients with oral or written statements in order to enable them to obtain controlled substances in violation of federal law.\" The court's decision acknowledged that the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore,",
"{{quote\\|Given the doctrine of constitutional doubt, the government's construction of the Controlled Substances Act cannot stand. The government should be permanently enjoined from (i) revoking any physician class member's DEA registration merely because the doctor makes a recommendation for the use of medical marijuana based on a sincere medical judgment and (ii) from initiating any investigation solely on that ground. The injunction should apply whether or not the doctor anticipates that the patient will, in turn, use his or her recommendation to obtain marijuana in violation of federal law.}}",
"The government appealed the decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which agreed with the lower court on October 29, 2002, and expanded the grounds for the injunction to include free speech.{{cite court\n \\| url\\= http://www.chrisconrad.com/expert.witness/conant.htm\n \\| litigants \\= Conant v. Walters\n \\| vol \\= 309\n \\| reporter \\= F.3d\n \\| opinion \\= 629\n \\| pinpoint \\=\n \\| court \\= 9th Cir\n \\| date \\= October 29, 2002\n}} The government appealed again to the Supreme Court which declined to hear it October 14, 2003,{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}} reaffirming the California Circuit Court's injunction.",
"#### Law enforcement",
"In November 2007, a California appeals court ruled that \"it is not the job of the local police to enforce the federal drug laws.\" The [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\") denied an appeal by the city of [Garden Grove](/wiki/Garden_Grove%2C_California \"Garden Grove, California\") in December 2008, upholding the decision. The case began in June 2005 with a medical marijuana patient from Garden Grove being pulled over by city police and cited for possession of marijuana, despite his immediate display of proper medical marijuana documentation. The charge against him was later dismissed, but the city refused to return his confiscated eight grams of marijuana, even after being instructed by [Orange County](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_California \"Orange County, California\") Superior Court. The Supreme Court ruling affects 13 U.S. states with medical marijuana laws.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= http://www.salem\\-news.com/articles/december012008/court\\_ruling\\_medpot\\_12\\-1\\-08\\.php\n \\| title \\= U.S. Supreme Court: State Medical Marijuana Laws Not Preempted by Federal Law\n \\| work \\= Salem\\-News\n \\| date \\= 2008\\-12\\-01\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-17\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084710/http://www.salem\\-news.com/articles/december012008/court\\_ruling\\_medpot\\_12\\-1\\-08\\.php\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-05\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}",
"Police departments throughout Oregon decline to press charges, or charges have been dropped for possessing and growing marijuana, even for convicted drug dealers. [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_Oregon \"Salem, Oregon\") police estimated they received 30 or 40 calls for marijuana activity in 2007 which were not pursued because the grow operations were legal, even one next to a high school. One grower, a previously convicted felon, was found with evidence of making [hash oil](/wiki/Honey_oil \"Honey oil\"), which is not protected, though a grand jury did not indict him.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.katu.com/news/specialreports/11651506\\.html \n \\|title\\=Special Report: Highly legal \n \\|author\\=Thom Jensen and \\[\\[KATU]] Web Staff \n \\|publisher\\=KATU \n \\|date\\=2007\\-11\\-20 \n \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-17 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325104439/http://www.katu.com/news/specialreports/11651506\\.html \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-25 \n}}",
"### Thermal imaging searches",
"{{main\\|Kyllo v. United States}}\nAfter a federal agent from the [Department of the Interior](/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior \"Department of the Interior\") used a thermal imaging device to determine that Danny Lee Kyllo was using [grow lamps](/wiki/Grow_light \"Grow light\") to grow marijuana in his Florence, Oregon home, the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") determined that the use of a thermal imaging device from a public vantage point to monitor the radiation of heat from a person's home was a \"search\" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and thus required a warrant. Because the police in this case did not have a warrant, the Court reversed Kyllo's conviction for growing marijuana.",
"### Interstate commerce",
"Since May 2023, along the whole west coast of the United States (namely [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\") and [Washington State](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\")) has implemented \"interstate commerce\" of cannabis and marijuana protection legislation.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/washington\\-governor\\-signs\\-interstate\\-marijuana\\-commerce\\-bill\\-into\\-law/ \\| title\\=Washington Governor Signs Interstate Marijuana Commerce Bill into Law \\| date\\=May 4, 2023 }}",
""
] |
Morphology
----------
ASL [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 "Morphology (linguistics)") consists of two different processes: derivational morphology and inflectional morphology.{{Cite web \|title\=Morphology \|url\=http://asllinguistics.weebly.com/morphology.html \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-16 \|website\=Asl linguistics}}
[Derivational morphology](/wiki/Derivational_morphology "Derivational morphology") in ASL occurs when movement in a sign changes the meaning \- often between a noun and a verb.{{Citation \|title\=Derivational morphology \|date\=2006 \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sign\-language\-and\-linguistic\-universals/derivational\-morphology/7CD3C97AACFAC639EAEE1771EA36ED60 \|work\=Sign Language and Linguistic Universals \|pages\=55–75 \|editor\-last\=Lillo\-Martin \|editor\-first\=Diane \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-16 \|place\=Cambridge \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|doi\=10\.1017/CBO9781139163910\.006 \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-48395\-7 \|editor2\-last\=Sandler \|editor2\-first\=Wendy}} For example, for the sign CHAIR, a noun, a person would tap their dominant pointer and middle fingers against their non\-dominant pointer and middle fingers twice or more. For the sign SIT, a verb, a person would tap these fingers together only once and with more force.
[Inflectional morphology](/wiki/Inflectional_morphology "Inflectional morphology") adds units of language to other words. For example, this would be changing 'watch' to 'watches' or 'watching.' In ASL, the sign may remain unchanged as WATCH, or the meaning may change based on NMM (Non\-Manual\-Markers).
ASL morphology demonstrates [reduplication](/wiki/Reduplication "Reduplication") and [indexicality](/wiki/Indexicality "Indexicality") as well.
### Derivation
[Compounding](/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 "Compound (linguistics)") is used to derive new words in ASL, which often differ in meaning from their constituent signs.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=20}} For example, the signs FACE and STRONG compound to create a new sign FACE^STRONG, meaning 'to resemble'. Compounds undergo the phonetic process of "hold deletion", whereby the holds at the end of the first constituent and the beginning of the second are [elided](/wiki/Elision "Elision"):
| \+ASL [compounding](/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 "Compound (linguistics)"){{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=21}} | Individual signs | | Compound sign |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FACE | STRONG | FACE^STRONG |
| **M**H | H**MH** | **MMH** |
Many ASL nouns are derived from verbs. This may be done either by [reduplicating](/wiki/Reduplication "Reduplication") the [movement](/wiki/Movement_%28sign_language%29 "Movement (sign language)") of the verb if the verb has a single movement, or by restraining (making smaller and faster) the movement of the verb if it already has repeated movement.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|pp\=21–22}} For example, the noun CHAIR is derived from the verb SIT through reduplication. Another [productive](/wiki/Productivity_%28linguistics%29 "Productivity (linguistics)") method is available for deriving nouns from non\-stative verbs.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|pp\=22–23}} This form of derivation modifies the verb's movement, reduplicating it in a "trilled" manner ("small, quick, stiff movements"). For example, this method is used to derive the noun ACTING from the verb ACT.
Characteristic adjectives, which refer to inherent states, may be derived from adjectives which refer to "incidental or temporary states".{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=23}} Characteristic adjectives always use both hands, even if the source adjective only uses one, and they always have repeated, circular movement. Additionally, if the source adjective was one\-handed, the derived adjective has alternating movement. "Trilling" may also be used productively to derive adjectives with an "ish" meaning, e.g. BLUE becomes BLUISH.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=24}}
ASL occasionally uses [suffixation](/wiki/Suffix "Suffix") in derivation, but less often than in English. Agent nouns may be derived from verbs by adding the suffix AGENT and deleting the final hold of the verb, e.g. TEACH\+AGENT 'teacher'. Superlatives are also formed by suffixation, e.g. SMART\+MOST 'smartest'.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=25}}
Certain types of signs, for example those relating to time and age, may incorporate numbers by assimilating their [handshape](/wiki/Handshape "Handshape"). For example, the word WEEK has handshape /B/ with the weak hand and /1/ with the active hand; the active hand's handshape may be changed to the handshape of any number up to 9 to indicate that many weeks.
There are about 20 non\-manual modifiers in ASL, which are either adjectival or adverbial.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=50}} For example, the adverb 'th', realized as the tongue being placed between the teeth, means 'carelessly / lazily' when combined with a verb:{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|pp\=50–51}}
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|JOHN WRITE LETTER
\|'John writes a letter.'}}
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|JOHN WRITE LETTER
\|{} th {}
\|'John writes a letter carelessly.'}}
### Degree
[Mouthing](/wiki/Mouthing "Mouthing") is when an individual appears to be making speech sounds, and this is very important for fluent signing. It also has specific morphological uses. For example, one may sign 'man tall' to indicate *the man is tall,* but by mouthing the syllable *cha* while signing 'tall', the phrase becomes *that man is enormous!*
There are other ways of modifying a verb or adjective to make it more intense. These are all more or less equivalent to adding the word "very" in English; which morphology is used depends on the word being modified. Certain words which are short in English, such as 'sad' and 'mad', are sometimes fingerspelled rather than signed to mean 'very sad' and 'very mad'. However, the concept of 'very sad' or 'very mad' can be portrayed with the use of exaggerated body movements and facial expressions. Reduplication of the signs may also occur to emphasize the degree of the statement. Some signs are produced with an exaggeratedly large motion, so that they take up more sign space than normal. This may involve a back\-and\-forth scissoring motion of the arms to indicate that the sign ought to be yet larger, but that one is physically incapable of making it big enough. Many other signs are given a slow, tense production. The fact that this modulation is morphological rather than merely [mimetic](/wiki/Mimesis "Mimesis") can be seen in the sign for 'fast': both 'very slow' and 'very fast' are signed by making the motion either unusually slowly or unusually quickly than it is in the citation forms of 'slow' and 'fast'—not exclusively by making it slower for 'very slow' and faster for 'very fast'.
### Reduplication
[Reduplication](/wiki/Reduplication "Reduplication") is morphological repetition, and this is extremely common in ASL. Generally the motion of the sign is shortened as well as repeated. Nouns may be derived from verbs through reduplication. For example, the noun *clothes* is formed from the verb *to wear*, signed by brushing open 5 hands down the chest once, by repeating it with a reduced degree of motion. Similar relationships exist between *acquisition* and *to get, airplane* and *to fly (on an airplane),* also *window* and *to open/close a window.* Reduplication is commonly used to express intensity as well as several verbal aspects (see below). It is also used to derive signs such as 'every two weeks' from 'two weeks', and is used for verbal number (see below), where the reduplication is iconic for the repetitive meaning of the sign.
### Compounds
Many ASL words are historically compounds. However, the two elements of these signs have fused, with features being lost from one or both, to create what might be better called a [blend](/wiki/wikt:Blend "Blend") than a compound. Typically only the final hold (see above) remains from the first element, and any reduplication is lost from the second.
An example is the verb *[AGREE](/wiki/wikt:1%40Sfhead-PalmDown_1%40RadialHand-PalmDown-1%40CenterChesthigh-PalmDown "1@Sfhead-PalmDown 1@RadialHand-PalmDown-1@CenterChesthigh-PalmDown")*, which derives from the two signs *[THINK](/wiki/wikt:1%40NearSfhead-PalmDown_1%40Sfhead-PalmDown "1@NearSfhead-PalmDown 1@Sfhead-PalmDown")* and *ALIKE*. The verb *THINK* is signed by bringing a 1 hand inward and touching the forehead (a move and a hold). *ALIKE* is signed by holding two 1 hands parallel, pointing outward, and bringing them together two or three times. The compound/blend *AGREE* starts as *THINK* ends: with the index finger touching the forehead (the final hold of that sign). In addition, the weak hand is already in place, in anticipation of the next part of the sign. Then the hand at the forehead is brought down parallel to the weak hand; it approaches but does not make actual contact, and there is no repetition.
### Affixes
ASL, like other mature signed languages, makes extensive use of [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 "Morphology (linguistics)").{{cite journal \|last1\=Aronoff \|first1\=M. \|last2\=Meir \|first2\=I. \|last3\=Sandler \|first3\=W. \|title\=The paradox of sign language morphology \|journal\=Language \|volume\=81 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=301–344 \|date\=2005 \|doi\= 10\.1353/lan.2005\.0043\|pmid\=22223926 \|pmc\=3250214 \|url\=}} Many of ASL's [affixes](/wiki/Affix "Affix") are combined simultaneously rather than sequentially. For example, [Ted Supalla](/wiki/Ted_Supalla "Ted Supalla")'s seminal work on ASL verbs of motion revealed that these signs consist of many different affixes, articulated simultaneously according to complex grammatical constraints.{{cite thesis \|first\=T.R. \|last\=Supalla \|title\=Structure and acquisition of verbs of motion and location in American Sign Language \|date\=1982 \|type\=PhD \|publisher\=University of California, San Diego \|id\=8224531 \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/openview/a1d1dc9116594c3d9a1413bfc88b4ab4/1}} This differs from the [concatenative](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 "Morphology (linguistics)") morphology of many spoken languages, which except for [suprasegmental features](/wiki/Suprasegmental_feature "Suprasegmental feature") such as tone are tightly constrained by the sequential nature of voice sounds.
ASL does have a limited number of concatenative affixes. For example, the agentive suffix (similar to the English '\-er') is made by placing two B or 5 hands in front of the torso, palms facing each other, and lowering them. On its own this sign means 'person'; in a compound sign following a verb, it is a suffix for the performer of the action, as in 'drive\-er' and 'teach\-er'. However, it cannot generally be used to translate English '\-er', as it is used with a much more limited set of verbs. It is very similar to the '\-ulo' suffix in [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto "Esperanto"), meaning 'person' by itself and '\-related person' when combined with other words.
An ASL prefix, (touching the chin), is used with number signs to indicate 'years old'. The prefix completely [assimilates](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 "Assimilation (linguistics)") with the initial handshape of the number. For instance, 'fourteen' is signed with a B hand that bends several times at the knuckles. The chin\-touch prefix in 'fourteen years old' is thus also made with a B hand. For 'three years old', however, the prefix is made with a 3 hand.
### Numeral incorporation and classifiers {{anchor\|Classifiers}}
Rather than relying on sequential affixes, ASL makes heavy use of simultaneous modification of signs. One example of this is found in the aspectual system (see below); another is *numeral [incorporation](/wiki/Incorporation_%28linguistics%29 "Incorporation (linguistics)"):* There are several families of two\-handed signs which require one of the hands to take the handshape of a numeral. Many of these deal with time. For example, drawing the dominant hand lengthwise across the palm and fingers of a flat B hand indicates a number of weeks; the dominant hand takes the form of a numeral from one to nine to specify how many weeks. There are analogous signs for 'weeks ago' and 'weeks from now', etc., though in practice several of these signs are only found with the lower numerals.
ASL also has [a system of classifiers](/wiki/Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages "Classifier constructions in sign languages") which may be incorporated into signs.{{cite conference \|first\=T. \|last\=Supalla \|title\=The classifier system in American sign language \|publisher\=J. Benjamins \|book\-title\=Noun classes and categorization: proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983 \|date\=1986 \|isbn\=90\-272\-7917\-9 \|pages\=181–214 \|oclc\=631938237}} A fist may represent an inactive object such as a rock (this is the default or neutral classifier), a horizontal ILY hand may represent an aircraft, a horizontal 3 hand (thumb pointing up and slightly forward) a motor vehicle, an upright G hand a person on foot, an upright V hand a pair of people on foot, and so on through higher numbers of people. These classifiers are moved through sign space to iconically represent the actions of their referents. For example, an ILY hand may 'lift off' or 'land on' a horizontal B hand to sign an aircraft taking off or landing; a 3 hand may be brought down on a B hand to sign parking a car; and a G hand may be brought toward a V hand to represent one person approaching two.
The frequency of classifier use depends greatly on genre, occurring at a rate of 17\.7% in narratives but only 1\.1% in casual speech and 0\.9% in formal speech.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1353/sls.2003\.0003 \|title\=Frequency Characteristics of American Sign Language \|year\=2003 \|last1\=Morford \|first1\=Jill\|author\-link \= Jill Morford \|last2\=MacFarlane \|first2\=James \|journal\=Sign Language Studies \|volume\=3 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=213\|s2cid\=6031673 }}
### Frames
Frames are a morphological device that may be unique to sign languages (Liddell 2004\). They are incomplete sets of the features which make up signs, and they combine with existing signs, absorbing features from them to form a derived sign. It is the frame which specifies the number and nature of segments in the resulting sign, while the basic signs it combines with lose all but one or two of their original features.
One, the WEEKLY frame, consists of a simple downward movement. It combines with the signs for the days of the week, which then lose their inherent movement. For example, 'Monday' consists of an M/O hand made with a circling movement. 'MondayWEEKLY' (that is, 'on Mondays') is therefore signed as an M/O hand that drops downward, but without the circling movement. A similar ALL DAY frame (a sideward pan) combines with times of the day, such as 'morning' and 'afternoon', which likewise keep their handshape and location but lose their original movement. Numeral incorporation (see above) also uses frames. However, in ASL frames are most productively utilized for verbal aspect.
### Verbal aspect
While there is no grammatical [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense "Grammatical tense") in ASL, there are numerous verbal [aspects](/wiki/Aspect_%28linguistics%29 "Aspect (linguistics)"). These are produced by modulating the verb: Through reduplication, by placing the verb in an aspectual frame (see above), or with a combination of these means.
An example of an aspectual frame is the *unrealized inceptive* aspect ('just about to X'), illustrated here with the verb 'to tell'. 'To tell' is an indexical (directional) verb, where the index finger (a G hand) begins with a touch to the chin and then moves outward to point out the recipient of the telling. 'To be just about to tell' retains just the locus and the initial chin touch, which now becomes the final hold of the sign; all other features from the basic verb (in this case, the outward motion and pointing) are dropped and replaced by features from the frame (which are shared with the unrealized inceptive aspects of other verbs such as 'look at', 'wash the dishes', 'yell', 'flirt', etc.). These frame features are: Eye gaze toward the locus (which is no longer pointed at with the hand), an open jaw, and a hand (or hands, in the case of two\-hand verbs) in front of the trunk which moves in an arc to the onset location of the basic verb (in this case, touching the chin), while the trunk rotates and the signer inhales, catching her breath during the final hold. The hand shape throughout the sign is whichever is required by the final hold, in this case a G hand.
The variety of aspects in ASL can be illustrated by the verb 'to be sick', which involves the middle finger of the Y/8 hand touching the forehead, and which can be modified by a large number of frames. Several of these involve reduplication, which may but need not be analyzed as part of the frame. (The appropriate non\-manual features are not described here.)
* [stative](/wiki/Stative "Stative") "to be sick" is made with simple iterated contact, typically with around four iterations. This is the basic, [citation form](/wiki/Citation_form "Citation form") of the verb.
* [inchoative](/wiki/Inchoative "Inchoative") "to get sick, to take sick" is made with a single straight movement to contact and a hold of the finger on the forehead.
* predisposional "to be sickly, to be prone to get sick" is made with incomplete motion: three even circular cycles without contact. This aspect adds reduplication to verbs such as 'to look at' which do not already contain repetition.
* susceptative "to get sick easily" is made with a thrusting motion: The onset is held; then there is a brief, tense thrust that is checked before actual contact can be made.
* [frequentative](/wiki/Frequentative "Frequentative") "to be often sick" is given a [marcato](/wiki/Marcato "Marcato") articulation: A regular beat, with 4–6 iterations, and marked onsets and holds.
* susceptive and frequentative may be combined to mean "to get sick easily and often": Four brief thrusts on a marked, steady beat, without contact with the forehead.
* protractive "to be continuously sick" is made with a long, tense hold and no movement at all.
* incessant "to get sick incessantly" has a reduplicated [tremolo](/wiki/Tremolo "Tremolo") articulation: A dozen tiny, tense, uneven iterations, as rapid as possible and without contact.
* durative "to be sick for a long time" is made with a reduplicated elliptical motion: Three slow, uneven cycles, with a heavy downward brush of the forehead and an arching return.
* [iterative](/wiki/Iterative "Iterative") "to get sick over and over again" is made with three tense movements and slow returns to the onset position.
* intensive "to be very sick" is given a single tense articulation: A tense onset hold followed by a single very rapid motion to a long final hold.
* [resultative](/wiki/Resultative "Resultative") "to become fully sick" (that is, a complete change of health) is made with an accelerando articulation: A single elongated tense movement which starts slowly and heavily, accelerating to a long final hold.
* approximative "to be sort of sick, to be a little sick" is made with a reduplicated lax articulation: A spacially extremely reduced, minimal movement, involving a dozen iterations without contact.
* semblitive "to appear to be sick" \[no description]
* increasing "to get more and more sick" is made with the movements becoming more and more intense.
These modulations readily combine with each other to create yet finer distinctions. Not all verbs take all aspects, and the forms they do take will not necessarily be completely analogous to the verb illustrated here. Conversely, not all aspects are possible with this one verb.
Aspect is unusual in ASL in that [transitive verbs](/wiki/Transitive_verb "Transitive verb") derived for aspect lose their transitivity. That is, while you can sign 'dog chew bone' for *the dog chewed on a bone,* or 'she look\-at me' for *she looked at me,* you cannot do the same in the durative to mean *the dog gnawed on the bone* or *she stared at me.* Instead, you must use other strategies, such as a topic construction (see below) to avoid having an object for the verb.
### Verbal number
Reduplication is also used for expressing [verbal number](/wiki/Verbal_number "Verbal number"). Verbal number indicates that the action of the verb is repeated; in the case of ASL it is apparently limited to transitive verbs, where the motion of the verb is either extended or repeated to cover multiple object or recipient loci. (Simple plurality of action can also be conveyed with reduplication, but without indexing any object loci; in fact, such aspectual forms do not allow objects, as noted above.) There are specific dual forms (and for some signers [trial](/wiki/Trial_number "Trial number") forms), as well as plurals. With dual objects, the motion of the verb may be made twice with one hand, or simultaneously with both; while with plurals the object loci may be taken as a group by using a single sweep of the signing hand while the verbal motion is being performed, or individuated by iterating the move across the sweep. For example, 'to ask someone a question' is signed by flexing the index finger of an upright G hand in the direction of that person; the dual involves flexing it at both object loci (sequentially with one hand or simultaneously with both), the simple plural involves a single flexing which spans the object group while the hand arcs across it, and the individuated plural involves multiple rapid flexings while the hand arcs. If the singular verb uses reduplication, that is lost in the dual and plural forms.
### Name signs
There are three types of personal [name signs](/wiki/Name_sign "Name sign") in ASL: fingerspelled, arbitrary, and descriptive. Fingerspelled names are simply spelled out letter\-by\-letter. Arbitrary name signs only refer to a person's name, while descriptive name signs refer to a person's personality or physical characteristics.{{Cite journal\|last\=Supalla\|first\=Samuel J.\|date\=1990\|title\=The Arbitrary Name Sign System in American Sign Language\|url\=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/sign\_language\_studies/v1067/67\.supalla.html\|journal\=Sign Language Studies\|language\=en\|volume\=1067\|issue\=1\|pages\=99–126\|doi\=10\.1353/sls.1990\.0006\|s2cid\=144191789\|issn\=1533\-6263}} Once given, names are for life, apart from changing from one of the latter types to an arbitrary sign in childhood.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.linguistics.fi/julkaisut/SKY2017/SKYJol30\_borstell.pdf\|title\=Types and trends of name signs in the Swedish Sign Language community}} Name signs are usually assigned by another member of the Deaf community, and signal inclusion in that community. Name signs are not used to address people, as names are in English, but are used only for third\-person reference, and usually only when the person is absent.{{cite book \|first\=Samuel J. \|last\=Supalla \|title\=The Book of Name Signs: Naming in American Sign Language \|publisher\=DawnSignPress \|date\=1992 \|isbn\=0\-915035\-30\-8 \|oclc\=1148010763}}
The majority of people, probably well in excess of 90%, have arbitrary name signs. These are initialized signs: The hand shape is the initial of one of the English names of the person, usually the first.The J hand shape is articulated with a brush of the pinkie finger against the sign location. It cannot occur in neutral space. There is no provision for Z: that is, there are no Z\-initial arbitrary name signs. The sign may occur in neutral space, with a tremble; with a double\-tap (as a noun) at one of a limited number of specific locations, such as the side of the chin, the temple, or the elbow;Contrastive locations are limited to the temple, forehead, side of chin, chin, shoulder, chest, outside of elbow, inside of elbow, palm of a vertical flat hand, back of a horizontal back hand. Some name signs are distinguished by orientation. For example, an I hand shape may make contact with either the tip of the pinkie finger or the side of the thumb; the M hand shape with either the tips of the three fingers or the side of the index finger, etc. or moving across a location or between two locations, with a single tap at each.The two locations are usually close by, such as the hand moving across the chin or down the chest, but may occasionally be further apart, as from the shoulder to the back of the hand. Single\-location signs are simpler in connotation, like English "Vee"; double\-location signs are fancier, like English "Veronica". Sam Supalla (1992\) collected 525 simple arbitrary name signs like these.
There are two constraints on arbitrary signs. First, it should not mean anything. That is, it should not duplicate an existing ASL word.There are occasional exceptions to this constraint. For example, [I. King Jordan](/wiki/I._King_Jordan "I. King Jordan")'s name sign is homophonous with "king" (K hand moving from the shoulder to the hip). Second, there should not be more than one person with the name sign in the local community. If a person moves to a new community where someone already has their name sign, then the newcomer is obligated to modify theirs{{Dubious\|date\=February 2022}}. This is usually accomplished by compounding the hand shape, so that the first tap of the sign takes the initial of the person's first English name, and the second tap takes the initial of their last name. There are potentially thousands of such compound\-initial signs.
Descriptive name signs are not initialized, but rather use non\-core ASL signs. They tend to be assigned and used by children, rather like "Blinky" in English. Parents do not give such names to their children, but most Deaf people do not have deaf parents and are assigned their name sign by classmates in their first school for the deaf. At most 10% of Deaf people retain such name signs into adulthood.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}. Arbitrary name signs became established very early in the history of ASL. Descriptive name signs refer to a person's appearance or personality.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
The two systems, arbitrary and descriptive, are sometimes combined, usually for humorous purposes. Hearing people learning ASL are also often assigned combined name signs. This is not traditional for Deaf people. Sometimes people with very short English names, such as "Ann" or "Lee", or ones that flow easily, such as "Larry", may never acquire a name sign, but may instead be referred to with finger\-spelling.
|
[
"Morphology\n----------",
"ASL [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 \"Morphology (linguistics)\") consists of two different processes: derivational morphology and inflectional morphology.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Morphology \\|url\\=http://asllinguistics.weebly.com/morphology.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=Asl linguistics}}",
"[Derivational morphology](/wiki/Derivational_morphology \"Derivational morphology\") in ASL occurs when movement in a sign changes the meaning \\- often between a noun and a verb.{{Citation \\|title\\=Derivational morphology \\|date\\=2006 \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sign\\-language\\-and\\-linguistic\\-universals/derivational\\-morphology/7CD3C97AACFAC639EAEE1771EA36ED60 \\|work\\=Sign Language and Linguistic Universals \\|pages\\=55–75 \\|editor\\-last\\=Lillo\\-Martin \\|editor\\-first\\=Diane \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-16 \\|place\\=Cambridge \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/CBO9781139163910\\.006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-48395\\-7 \\|editor2\\-last\\=Sandler \\|editor2\\-first\\=Wendy}} For example, for the sign CHAIR, a noun, a person would tap their dominant pointer and middle fingers against their non\\-dominant pointer and middle fingers twice or more. For the sign SIT, a verb, a person would tap these fingers together only once and with more force.",
"[Inflectional morphology](/wiki/Inflectional_morphology \"Inflectional morphology\") adds units of language to other words. For example, this would be changing 'watch' to 'watches' or 'watching.' In ASL, the sign may remain unchanged as WATCH, or the meaning may change based on NMM (Non\\-Manual\\-Markers).",
"ASL morphology demonstrates [reduplication](/wiki/Reduplication \"Reduplication\") and [indexicality](/wiki/Indexicality \"Indexicality\") as well.",
"### Derivation",
"[Compounding](/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 \"Compound (linguistics)\") is used to derive new words in ASL, which often differ in meaning from their constituent signs.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=20}} For example, the signs FACE and STRONG compound to create a new sign FACE^STRONG, meaning 'to resemble'. Compounds undergo the phonetic process of \"hold deletion\", whereby the holds at the end of the first constituent and the beginning of the second are [elided](/wiki/Elision \"Elision\"):",
"| \\+ASL [compounding](/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 \"Compound (linguistics)\"){{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=21}} | Individual signs | | Compound sign |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| FACE | STRONG | FACE^STRONG |\n| **M**H | H**MH** | **MMH** |",
"",
"Many ASL nouns are derived from verbs. This may be done either by [reduplicating](/wiki/Reduplication \"Reduplication\") the [movement](/wiki/Movement_%28sign_language%29 \"Movement (sign language)\") of the verb if the verb has a single movement, or by restraining (making smaller and faster) the movement of the verb if it already has repeated movement.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|pp\\=21–22}} For example, the noun CHAIR is derived from the verb SIT through reduplication. Another [productive](/wiki/Productivity_%28linguistics%29 \"Productivity (linguistics)\") method is available for deriving nouns from non\\-stative verbs.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|pp\\=22–23}} This form of derivation modifies the verb's movement, reduplicating it in a \"trilled\" manner (\"small, quick, stiff movements\"). For example, this method is used to derive the noun ACTING from the verb ACT.",
"Characteristic adjectives, which refer to inherent states, may be derived from adjectives which refer to \"incidental or temporary states\".{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=23}} Characteristic adjectives always use both hands, even if the source adjective only uses one, and they always have repeated, circular movement. Additionally, if the source adjective was one\\-handed, the derived adjective has alternating movement. \"Trilling\" may also be used productively to derive adjectives with an \"ish\" meaning, e.g. BLUE becomes BLUISH.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=24}}",
"ASL occasionally uses [suffixation](/wiki/Suffix \"Suffix\") in derivation, but less often than in English. Agent nouns may be derived from verbs by adding the suffix AGENT and deleting the final hold of the verb, e.g. TEACH\\+AGENT 'teacher'. Superlatives are also formed by suffixation, e.g. SMART\\+MOST 'smartest'.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=25}}",
"Certain types of signs, for example those relating to time and age, may incorporate numbers by assimilating their [handshape](/wiki/Handshape \"Handshape\"). For example, the word WEEK has handshape /B/ with the weak hand and /1/ with the active hand; the active hand's handshape may be changed to the handshape of any number up to 9 to indicate that many weeks.",
"There are about 20 non\\-manual modifiers in ASL, which are either adjectival or adverbial.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=50}} For example, the adverb 'th', realized as the tongue being placed between the teeth, means 'carelessly / lazily' when combined with a verb:{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|pp\\=50–51}}",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|JOHN WRITE LETTER\n\\|'John writes a letter.'}}",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|JOHN WRITE LETTER\n\\|{} th {}\n\\|'John writes a letter carelessly.'}}",
"### Degree",
"[Mouthing](/wiki/Mouthing \"Mouthing\") is when an individual appears to be making speech sounds, and this is very important for fluent signing. It also has specific morphological uses. For example, one may sign 'man tall' to indicate *the man is tall,* but by mouthing the syllable *cha* while signing 'tall', the phrase becomes *that man is enormous!*",
"There are other ways of modifying a verb or adjective to make it more intense. These are all more or less equivalent to adding the word \"very\" in English; which morphology is used depends on the word being modified. Certain words which are short in English, such as 'sad' and 'mad', are sometimes fingerspelled rather than signed to mean 'very sad' and 'very mad'. However, the concept of 'very sad' or 'very mad' can be portrayed with the use of exaggerated body movements and facial expressions. Reduplication of the signs may also occur to emphasize the degree of the statement. Some signs are produced with an exaggeratedly large motion, so that they take up more sign space than normal. This may involve a back\\-and\\-forth scissoring motion of the arms to indicate that the sign ought to be yet larger, but that one is physically incapable of making it big enough. Many other signs are given a slow, tense production. The fact that this modulation is morphological rather than merely [mimetic](/wiki/Mimesis \"Mimesis\") can be seen in the sign for 'fast': both 'very slow' and 'very fast' are signed by making the motion either unusually slowly or unusually quickly than it is in the citation forms of 'slow' and 'fast'—not exclusively by making it slower for 'very slow' and faster for 'very fast'.",
"### Reduplication",
"[Reduplication](/wiki/Reduplication \"Reduplication\") is morphological repetition, and this is extremely common in ASL. Generally the motion of the sign is shortened as well as repeated. Nouns may be derived from verbs through reduplication. For example, the noun *clothes* is formed from the verb *to wear*, signed by brushing open 5 hands down the chest once, by repeating it with a reduced degree of motion. Similar relationships exist between *acquisition* and *to get, airplane* and *to fly (on an airplane),* also *window* and *to open/close a window.* Reduplication is commonly used to express intensity as well as several verbal aspects (see below). It is also used to derive signs such as 'every two weeks' from 'two weeks', and is used for verbal number (see below), where the reduplication is iconic for the repetitive meaning of the sign.",
"### Compounds",
"Many ASL words are historically compounds. However, the two elements of these signs have fused, with features being lost from one or both, to create what might be better called a [blend](/wiki/wikt:Blend \"Blend\") than a compound. Typically only the final hold (see above) remains from the first element, and any reduplication is lost from the second.",
"An example is the verb *[AGREE](/wiki/wikt:1%40Sfhead-PalmDown_1%40RadialHand-PalmDown-1%40CenterChesthigh-PalmDown \"1@Sfhead-PalmDown 1@RadialHand-PalmDown-1@CenterChesthigh-PalmDown\")*, which derives from the two signs *[THINK](/wiki/wikt:1%40NearSfhead-PalmDown_1%40Sfhead-PalmDown \"1@NearSfhead-PalmDown 1@Sfhead-PalmDown\")* and *ALIKE*. The verb *THINK* is signed by bringing a 1 hand inward and touching the forehead (a move and a hold). *ALIKE* is signed by holding two 1 hands parallel, pointing outward, and bringing them together two or three times. The compound/blend *AGREE* starts as *THINK* ends: with the index finger touching the forehead (the final hold of that sign). In addition, the weak hand is already in place, in anticipation of the next part of the sign. Then the hand at the forehead is brought down parallel to the weak hand; it approaches but does not make actual contact, and there is no repetition.",
"### Affixes",
"ASL, like other mature signed languages, makes extensive use of [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 \"Morphology (linguistics)\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Aronoff \\|first1\\=M. \\|last2\\=Meir \\|first2\\=I. \\|last3\\=Sandler \\|first3\\=W. \\|title\\=The paradox of sign language morphology \\|journal\\=Language \\|volume\\=81 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=301–344 \\|date\\=2005 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1353/lan.2005\\.0043\\|pmid\\=22223926 \\|pmc\\=3250214 \\|url\\=}} Many of ASL's [affixes](/wiki/Affix \"Affix\") are combined simultaneously rather than sequentially. For example, [Ted Supalla](/wiki/Ted_Supalla \"Ted Supalla\")'s seminal work on ASL verbs of motion revealed that these signs consist of many different affixes, articulated simultaneously according to complex grammatical constraints.{{cite thesis \\|first\\=T.R. \\|last\\=Supalla \\|title\\=Structure and acquisition of verbs of motion and location in American Sign Language \\|date\\=1982 \\|type\\=PhD \\|publisher\\=University of California, San Diego \\|id\\=8224531 \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/openview/a1d1dc9116594c3d9a1413bfc88b4ab4/1}} This differs from the [concatenative](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 \"Morphology (linguistics)\") morphology of many spoken languages, which except for [suprasegmental features](/wiki/Suprasegmental_feature \"Suprasegmental feature\") such as tone are tightly constrained by the sequential nature of voice sounds.",
"ASL does have a limited number of concatenative affixes. For example, the agentive suffix (similar to the English '\\-er') is made by placing two B or 5 hands in front of the torso, palms facing each other, and lowering them. On its own this sign means 'person'; in a compound sign following a verb, it is a suffix for the performer of the action, as in 'drive\\-er' and 'teach\\-er'. However, it cannot generally be used to translate English '\\-er', as it is used with a much more limited set of verbs. It is very similar to the '\\-ulo' suffix in [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\"), meaning 'person' by itself and '\\-related person' when combined with other words.",
"An ASL prefix, (touching the chin), is used with number signs to indicate 'years old'. The prefix completely [assimilates](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 \"Assimilation (linguistics)\") with the initial handshape of the number. For instance, 'fourteen' is signed with a B hand that bends several times at the knuckles. The chin\\-touch prefix in 'fourteen years old' is thus also made with a B hand. For 'three years old', however, the prefix is made with a 3 hand.",
"### Numeral incorporation and classifiers {{anchor\\|Classifiers}}",
"Rather than relying on sequential affixes, ASL makes heavy use of simultaneous modification of signs. One example of this is found in the aspectual system (see below); another is *numeral [incorporation](/wiki/Incorporation_%28linguistics%29 \"Incorporation (linguistics)\"):* There are several families of two\\-handed signs which require one of the hands to take the handshape of a numeral. Many of these deal with time. For example, drawing the dominant hand lengthwise across the palm and fingers of a flat B hand indicates a number of weeks; the dominant hand takes the form of a numeral from one to nine to specify how many weeks. There are analogous signs for 'weeks ago' and 'weeks from now', etc., though in practice several of these signs are only found with the lower numerals.",
"ASL also has [a system of classifiers](/wiki/Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages \"Classifier constructions in sign languages\") which may be incorporated into signs.{{cite conference \\|first\\=T. \\|last\\=Supalla \\|title\\=The classifier system in American sign language \\|publisher\\=J. Benjamins \\|book\\-title\\=Noun classes and categorization: proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983 \\|date\\=1986 \\|isbn\\=90\\-272\\-7917\\-9 \\|pages\\=181–214 \\|oclc\\=631938237}} A fist may represent an inactive object such as a rock (this is the default or neutral classifier), a horizontal ILY hand may represent an aircraft, a horizontal 3 hand (thumb pointing up and slightly forward) a motor vehicle, an upright G hand a person on foot, an upright V hand a pair of people on foot, and so on through higher numbers of people. These classifiers are moved through sign space to iconically represent the actions of their referents. For example, an ILY hand may 'lift off' or 'land on' a horizontal B hand to sign an aircraft taking off or landing; a 3 hand may be brought down on a B hand to sign parking a car; and a G hand may be brought toward a V hand to represent one person approaching two.",
"The frequency of classifier use depends greatly on genre, occurring at a rate of 17\\.7% in narratives but only 1\\.1% in casual speech and 0\\.9% in formal speech.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/sls.2003\\.0003 \\|title\\=Frequency Characteristics of American Sign Language \\|year\\=2003 \\|last1\\=Morford \\|first1\\=Jill\\|author\\-link \\= Jill Morford \\|last2\\=MacFarlane \\|first2\\=James \\|journal\\=Sign Language Studies \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=213\\|s2cid\\=6031673 }}",
"### Frames",
"Frames are a morphological device that may be unique to sign languages (Liddell 2004\\). They are incomplete sets of the features which make up signs, and they combine with existing signs, absorbing features from them to form a derived sign. It is the frame which specifies the number and nature of segments in the resulting sign, while the basic signs it combines with lose all but one or two of their original features.",
"One, the WEEKLY frame, consists of a simple downward movement. It combines with the signs for the days of the week, which then lose their inherent movement. For example, 'Monday' consists of an M/O hand made with a circling movement. 'MondayWEEKLY' (that is, 'on Mondays') is therefore signed as an M/O hand that drops downward, but without the circling movement. A similar ALL DAY frame (a sideward pan) combines with times of the day, such as 'morning' and 'afternoon', which likewise keep their handshape and location but lose their original movement. Numeral incorporation (see above) also uses frames. However, in ASL frames are most productively utilized for verbal aspect.",
"### Verbal aspect",
"While there is no grammatical [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\") in ASL, there are numerous verbal [aspects](/wiki/Aspect_%28linguistics%29 \"Aspect (linguistics)\"). These are produced by modulating the verb: Through reduplication, by placing the verb in an aspectual frame (see above), or with a combination of these means.",
"An example of an aspectual frame is the *unrealized inceptive* aspect ('just about to X'), illustrated here with the verb 'to tell'. 'To tell' is an indexical (directional) verb, where the index finger (a G hand) begins with a touch to the chin and then moves outward to point out the recipient of the telling. 'To be just about to tell' retains just the locus and the initial chin touch, which now becomes the final hold of the sign; all other features from the basic verb (in this case, the outward motion and pointing) are dropped and replaced by features from the frame (which are shared with the unrealized inceptive aspects of other verbs such as 'look at', 'wash the dishes', 'yell', 'flirt', etc.). These frame features are: Eye gaze toward the locus (which is no longer pointed at with the hand), an open jaw, and a hand (or hands, in the case of two\\-hand verbs) in front of the trunk which moves in an arc to the onset location of the basic verb (in this case, touching the chin), while the trunk rotates and the signer inhales, catching her breath during the final hold. The hand shape throughout the sign is whichever is required by the final hold, in this case a G hand.",
"The variety of aspects in ASL can be illustrated by the verb 'to be sick', which involves the middle finger of the Y/8 hand touching the forehead, and which can be modified by a large number of frames. Several of these involve reduplication, which may but need not be analyzed as part of the frame. (The appropriate non\\-manual features are not described here.)\n* [stative](/wiki/Stative \"Stative\") \"to be sick\" is made with simple iterated contact, typically with around four iterations. This is the basic, [citation form](/wiki/Citation_form \"Citation form\") of the verb.\n* [inchoative](/wiki/Inchoative \"Inchoative\") \"to get sick, to take sick\" is made with a single straight movement to contact and a hold of the finger on the forehead.\n* predisposional \"to be sickly, to be prone to get sick\" is made with incomplete motion: three even circular cycles without contact. This aspect adds reduplication to verbs such as 'to look at' which do not already contain repetition.\n* susceptative \"to get sick easily\" is made with a thrusting motion: The onset is held; then there is a brief, tense thrust that is checked before actual contact can be made.\n* [frequentative](/wiki/Frequentative \"Frequentative\") \"to be often sick\" is given a [marcato](/wiki/Marcato \"Marcato\") articulation: A regular beat, with 4–6 iterations, and marked onsets and holds.\n* susceptive and frequentative may be combined to mean \"to get sick easily and often\": Four brief thrusts on a marked, steady beat, without contact with the forehead.\n* protractive \"to be continuously sick\" is made with a long, tense hold and no movement at all.\n* incessant \"to get sick incessantly\" has a reduplicated [tremolo](/wiki/Tremolo \"Tremolo\") articulation: A dozen tiny, tense, uneven iterations, as rapid as possible and without contact.\n* durative \"to be sick for a long time\" is made with a reduplicated elliptical motion: Three slow, uneven cycles, with a heavy downward brush of the forehead and an arching return.\n* [iterative](/wiki/Iterative \"Iterative\") \"to get sick over and over again\" is made with three tense movements and slow returns to the onset position.\n* intensive \"to be very sick\" is given a single tense articulation: A tense onset hold followed by a single very rapid motion to a long final hold.\n* [resultative](/wiki/Resultative \"Resultative\") \"to become fully sick\" (that is, a complete change of health) is made with an accelerando articulation: A single elongated tense movement which starts slowly and heavily, accelerating to a long final hold.\n* approximative \"to be sort of sick, to be a little sick\" is made with a reduplicated lax articulation: A spacially extremely reduced, minimal movement, involving a dozen iterations without contact.\n* semblitive \"to appear to be sick\" \\[no description]\n* increasing \"to get more and more sick\" is made with the movements becoming more and more intense.",
"These modulations readily combine with each other to create yet finer distinctions. Not all verbs take all aspects, and the forms they do take will not necessarily be completely analogous to the verb illustrated here. Conversely, not all aspects are possible with this one verb.",
"Aspect is unusual in ASL in that [transitive verbs](/wiki/Transitive_verb \"Transitive verb\") derived for aspect lose their transitivity. That is, while you can sign 'dog chew bone' for *the dog chewed on a bone,* or 'she look\\-at me' for *she looked at me,* you cannot do the same in the durative to mean *the dog gnawed on the bone* or *she stared at me.* Instead, you must use other strategies, such as a topic construction (see below) to avoid having an object for the verb.",
"### Verbal number",
"Reduplication is also used for expressing [verbal number](/wiki/Verbal_number \"Verbal number\"). Verbal number indicates that the action of the verb is repeated; in the case of ASL it is apparently limited to transitive verbs, where the motion of the verb is either extended or repeated to cover multiple object or recipient loci. (Simple plurality of action can also be conveyed with reduplication, but without indexing any object loci; in fact, such aspectual forms do not allow objects, as noted above.) There are specific dual forms (and for some signers [trial](/wiki/Trial_number \"Trial number\") forms), as well as plurals. With dual objects, the motion of the verb may be made twice with one hand, or simultaneously with both; while with plurals the object loci may be taken as a group by using a single sweep of the signing hand while the verbal motion is being performed, or individuated by iterating the move across the sweep. For example, 'to ask someone a question' is signed by flexing the index finger of an upright G hand in the direction of that person; the dual involves flexing it at both object loci (sequentially with one hand or simultaneously with both), the simple plural involves a single flexing which spans the object group while the hand arcs across it, and the individuated plural involves multiple rapid flexings while the hand arcs. If the singular verb uses reduplication, that is lost in the dual and plural forms.",
"### Name signs",
"There are three types of personal [name signs](/wiki/Name_sign \"Name sign\") in ASL: fingerspelled, arbitrary, and descriptive. Fingerspelled names are simply spelled out letter\\-by\\-letter. Arbitrary name signs only refer to a person's name, while descriptive name signs refer to a person's personality or physical characteristics.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Supalla\\|first\\=Samuel J.\\|date\\=1990\\|title\\=The Arbitrary Name Sign System in American Sign Language\\|url\\=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/sign\\_language\\_studies/v1067/67\\.supalla.html\\|journal\\=Sign Language Studies\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=1067\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=99–126\\|doi\\=10\\.1353/sls.1990\\.0006\\|s2cid\\=144191789\\|issn\\=1533\\-6263}} Once given, names are for life, apart from changing from one of the latter types to an arbitrary sign in childhood.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.linguistics.fi/julkaisut/SKY2017/SKYJol30\\_borstell.pdf\\|title\\=Types and trends of name signs in the Swedish Sign Language community}} Name signs are usually assigned by another member of the Deaf community, and signal inclusion in that community. Name signs are not used to address people, as names are in English, but are used only for third\\-person reference, and usually only when the person is absent.{{cite book \\|first\\=Samuel J. \\|last\\=Supalla \\|title\\=The Book of Name Signs: Naming in American Sign Language \\|publisher\\=DawnSignPress \\|date\\=1992 \\|isbn\\=0\\-915035\\-30\\-8 \\|oclc\\=1148010763}}",
"The majority of people, probably well in excess of 90%, have arbitrary name signs. These are initialized signs: The hand shape is the initial of one of the English names of the person, usually the first.The J hand shape is articulated with a brush of the pinkie finger against the sign location. It cannot occur in neutral space. There is no provision for Z: that is, there are no Z\\-initial arbitrary name signs. The sign may occur in neutral space, with a tremble; with a double\\-tap (as a noun) at one of a limited number of specific locations, such as the side of the chin, the temple, or the elbow;Contrastive locations are limited to the temple, forehead, side of chin, chin, shoulder, chest, outside of elbow, inside of elbow, palm of a vertical flat hand, back of a horizontal back hand. Some name signs are distinguished by orientation. For example, an I hand shape may make contact with either the tip of the pinkie finger or the side of the thumb; the M hand shape with either the tips of the three fingers or the side of the index finger, etc. or moving across a location or between two locations, with a single tap at each.The two locations are usually close by, such as the hand moving across the chin or down the chest, but may occasionally be further apart, as from the shoulder to the back of the hand. Single\\-location signs are simpler in connotation, like English \"Vee\"; double\\-location signs are fancier, like English \"Veronica\". Sam Supalla (1992\\) collected 525 simple arbitrary name signs like these.",
"There are two constraints on arbitrary signs. First, it should not mean anything. That is, it should not duplicate an existing ASL word.There are occasional exceptions to this constraint. For example, [I. King Jordan](/wiki/I._King_Jordan \"I. King Jordan\")'s name sign is homophonous with \"king\" (K hand moving from the shoulder to the hip). Second, there should not be more than one person with the name sign in the local community. If a person moves to a new community where someone already has their name sign, then the newcomer is obligated to modify theirs{{Dubious\\|date\\=February 2022}}. This is usually accomplished by compounding the hand shape, so that the first tap of the sign takes the initial of the person's first English name, and the second tap takes the initial of their last name. There are potentially thousands of such compound\\-initial signs.",
"Descriptive name signs are not initialized, but rather use non\\-core ASL signs. They tend to be assigned and used by children, rather like \"Blinky\" in English. Parents do not give such names to their children, but most Deaf people do not have deaf parents and are assigned their name sign by classmates in their first school for the deaf. At most 10% of Deaf people retain such name signs into adulthood.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}. Arbitrary name signs became established very early in the history of ASL. Descriptive name signs refer to a person's appearance or personality.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}",
"The two systems, arbitrary and descriptive, are sometimes combined, usually for humorous purposes. Hearing people learning ASL are also often assigned combined name signs. This is not traditional for Deaf people. Sometimes people with very short English names, such as \"Ann\" or \"Lee\", or ones that flow easily, such as \"Larry\", may never acquire a name sign, but may instead be referred to with finger\\-spelling.",
""
] |
### Verbal aspect
While there is no grammatical [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense "Grammatical tense") in ASL, there are numerous verbal [aspects](/wiki/Aspect_%28linguistics%29 "Aspect (linguistics)"). These are produced by modulating the verb: Through reduplication, by placing the verb in an aspectual frame (see above), or with a combination of these means.
An example of an aspectual frame is the *unrealized inceptive* aspect ('just about to X'), illustrated here with the verb 'to tell'. 'To tell' is an indexical (directional) verb, where the index finger (a G hand) begins with a touch to the chin and then moves outward to point out the recipient of the telling. 'To be just about to tell' retains just the locus and the initial chin touch, which now becomes the final hold of the sign; all other features from the basic verb (in this case, the outward motion and pointing) are dropped and replaced by features from the frame (which are shared with the unrealized inceptive aspects of other verbs such as 'look at', 'wash the dishes', 'yell', 'flirt', etc.). These frame features are: Eye gaze toward the locus (which is no longer pointed at with the hand), an open jaw, and a hand (or hands, in the case of two\-hand verbs) in front of the trunk which moves in an arc to the onset location of the basic verb (in this case, touching the chin), while the trunk rotates and the signer inhales, catching her breath during the final hold. The hand shape throughout the sign is whichever is required by the final hold, in this case a G hand.
The variety of aspects in ASL can be illustrated by the verb 'to be sick', which involves the middle finger of the Y/8 hand touching the forehead, and which can be modified by a large number of frames. Several of these involve reduplication, which may but need not be analyzed as part of the frame. (The appropriate non\-manual features are not described here.)
* [stative](/wiki/Stative "Stative") "to be sick" is made with simple iterated contact, typically with around four iterations. This is the basic, [citation form](/wiki/Citation_form "Citation form") of the verb.
* [inchoative](/wiki/Inchoative "Inchoative") "to get sick, to take sick" is made with a single straight movement to contact and a hold of the finger on the forehead.
* predisposional "to be sickly, to be prone to get sick" is made with incomplete motion: three even circular cycles without contact. This aspect adds reduplication to verbs such as 'to look at' which do not already contain repetition.
* susceptative "to get sick easily" is made with a thrusting motion: The onset is held; then there is a brief, tense thrust that is checked before actual contact can be made.
* [frequentative](/wiki/Frequentative "Frequentative") "to be often sick" is given a [marcato](/wiki/Marcato "Marcato") articulation: A regular beat, with 4–6 iterations, and marked onsets and holds.
* susceptive and frequentative may be combined to mean "to get sick easily and often": Four brief thrusts on a marked, steady beat, without contact with the forehead.
* protractive "to be continuously sick" is made with a long, tense hold and no movement at all.
* incessant "to get sick incessantly" has a reduplicated [tremolo](/wiki/Tremolo "Tremolo") articulation: A dozen tiny, tense, uneven iterations, as rapid as possible and without contact.
* durative "to be sick for a long time" is made with a reduplicated elliptical motion: Three slow, uneven cycles, with a heavy downward brush of the forehead and an arching return.
* [iterative](/wiki/Iterative "Iterative") "to get sick over and over again" is made with three tense movements and slow returns to the onset position.
* intensive "to be very sick" is given a single tense articulation: A tense onset hold followed by a single very rapid motion to a long final hold.
* [resultative](/wiki/Resultative "Resultative") "to become fully sick" (that is, a complete change of health) is made with an accelerando articulation: A single elongated tense movement which starts slowly and heavily, accelerating to a long final hold.
* approximative "to be sort of sick, to be a little sick" is made with a reduplicated lax articulation: A spacially extremely reduced, minimal movement, involving a dozen iterations without contact.
* semblitive "to appear to be sick" \[no description]
* increasing "to get more and more sick" is made with the movements becoming more and more intense.
These modulations readily combine with each other to create yet finer distinctions. Not all verbs take all aspects, and the forms they do take will not necessarily be completely analogous to the verb illustrated here. Conversely, not all aspects are possible with this one verb.
Aspect is unusual in ASL in that [transitive verbs](/wiki/Transitive_verb "Transitive verb") derived for aspect lose their transitivity. That is, while you can sign 'dog chew bone' for *the dog chewed on a bone,* or 'she look\-at me' for *she looked at me,* you cannot do the same in the durative to mean *the dog gnawed on the bone* or *she stared at me.* Instead, you must use other strategies, such as a topic construction (see below) to avoid having an object for the verb.
|
[
"### Verbal aspect",
"While there is no grammatical [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\") in ASL, there are numerous verbal [aspects](/wiki/Aspect_%28linguistics%29 \"Aspect (linguistics)\"). These are produced by modulating the verb: Through reduplication, by placing the verb in an aspectual frame (see above), or with a combination of these means.",
"An example of an aspectual frame is the *unrealized inceptive* aspect ('just about to X'), illustrated here with the verb 'to tell'. 'To tell' is an indexical (directional) verb, where the index finger (a G hand) begins with a touch to the chin and then moves outward to point out the recipient of the telling. 'To be just about to tell' retains just the locus and the initial chin touch, which now becomes the final hold of the sign; all other features from the basic verb (in this case, the outward motion and pointing) are dropped and replaced by features from the frame (which are shared with the unrealized inceptive aspects of other verbs such as 'look at', 'wash the dishes', 'yell', 'flirt', etc.). These frame features are: Eye gaze toward the locus (which is no longer pointed at with the hand), an open jaw, and a hand (or hands, in the case of two\\-hand verbs) in front of the trunk which moves in an arc to the onset location of the basic verb (in this case, touching the chin), while the trunk rotates and the signer inhales, catching her breath during the final hold. The hand shape throughout the sign is whichever is required by the final hold, in this case a G hand.",
"The variety of aspects in ASL can be illustrated by the verb 'to be sick', which involves the middle finger of the Y/8 hand touching the forehead, and which can be modified by a large number of frames. Several of these involve reduplication, which may but need not be analyzed as part of the frame. (The appropriate non\\-manual features are not described here.)\n* [stative](/wiki/Stative \"Stative\") \"to be sick\" is made with simple iterated contact, typically with around four iterations. This is the basic, [citation form](/wiki/Citation_form \"Citation form\") of the verb.\n* [inchoative](/wiki/Inchoative \"Inchoative\") \"to get sick, to take sick\" is made with a single straight movement to contact and a hold of the finger on the forehead.\n* predisposional \"to be sickly, to be prone to get sick\" is made with incomplete motion: three even circular cycles without contact. This aspect adds reduplication to verbs such as 'to look at' which do not already contain repetition.\n* susceptative \"to get sick easily\" is made with a thrusting motion: The onset is held; then there is a brief, tense thrust that is checked before actual contact can be made.\n* [frequentative](/wiki/Frequentative \"Frequentative\") \"to be often sick\" is given a [marcato](/wiki/Marcato \"Marcato\") articulation: A regular beat, with 4–6 iterations, and marked onsets and holds.\n* susceptive and frequentative may be combined to mean \"to get sick easily and often\": Four brief thrusts on a marked, steady beat, without contact with the forehead.\n* protractive \"to be continuously sick\" is made with a long, tense hold and no movement at all.\n* incessant \"to get sick incessantly\" has a reduplicated [tremolo](/wiki/Tremolo \"Tremolo\") articulation: A dozen tiny, tense, uneven iterations, as rapid as possible and without contact.\n* durative \"to be sick for a long time\" is made with a reduplicated elliptical motion: Three slow, uneven cycles, with a heavy downward brush of the forehead and an arching return.\n* [iterative](/wiki/Iterative \"Iterative\") \"to get sick over and over again\" is made with three tense movements and slow returns to the onset position.\n* intensive \"to be very sick\" is given a single tense articulation: A tense onset hold followed by a single very rapid motion to a long final hold.\n* [resultative](/wiki/Resultative \"Resultative\") \"to become fully sick\" (that is, a complete change of health) is made with an accelerando articulation: A single elongated tense movement which starts slowly and heavily, accelerating to a long final hold.\n* approximative \"to be sort of sick, to be a little sick\" is made with a reduplicated lax articulation: A spacially extremely reduced, minimal movement, involving a dozen iterations without contact.\n* semblitive \"to appear to be sick\" \\[no description]\n* increasing \"to get more and more sick\" is made with the movements becoming more and more intense.",
"These modulations readily combine with each other to create yet finer distinctions. Not all verbs take all aspects, and the forms they do take will not necessarily be completely analogous to the verb illustrated here. Conversely, not all aspects are possible with this one verb.",
"Aspect is unusual in ASL in that [transitive verbs](/wiki/Transitive_verb \"Transitive verb\") derived for aspect lose their transitivity. That is, while you can sign 'dog chew bone' for *the dog chewed on a bone,* or 'she look\\-at me' for *she looked at me,* you cannot do the same in the durative to mean *the dog gnawed on the bone* or *she stared at me.* Instead, you must use other strategies, such as a topic construction (see below) to avoid having an object for the verb.",
""
] |
Parameters
----------
[thumb\|Different hand shapes account for different meaning. 'C' handshape](/wiki/File:C%40InForward.jpg "C@InForward.jpg")
[thumb\|'Y' handshape](/wiki/File:Y%40InForward.jpg "Y@InForward.jpg")
There are 5 official parameters in American Sign Language that dictate meaning and grammar.{{cite web \|title\=The 5 Parameters of ASL \|work\=Language Learning Center (LLC) \|publisher\=Mt. San Antonio College \|url\=https://www.mtsac.edu/llc/passportrewards/languagepartners/5ParametersofASL.pdf}} There is a 6th honorary parameter known as proximalization.{{Cite web \|title\=Proximalization in sign language linguistics \|url\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/29/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-17 \|website\=www.handspeak.com}}
Signs can share several of the same parameters. The difference in at least one parameter accounts for the difference in meaning or grammar.{{Cite web \|title\=Log In to Canvas \|url\=https://asl.instructure.com/login/canvas \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-17 \|website\=asl.instructure.com}}
### Handshape
Handshapes in ASL consist of the fingerspelling alphabet (A\-Z) as well as other variations. For BROWN and TAN, the location, movement, and palm orientation are the same, but the handshape differs. It consists of B for BROWN, and T for TAN.
The ASL handshape parameter contains over 55 handshapes, which is over double the amount contained in the [Latin\-script alphabet](/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet "Latin-script alphabet").{{Cite web \|title\=Parameters: handshape, location, movement, palm orientation \|url\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/397/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-17 \|website\=www.handspeak.com}} Some of the differences between these handshapes are small. These handshapes play into morphology and how meaning changes based on minuscule details.
Depending on the handshape, a different grammatical meaning can be portrayed.
### Palm orientation
The palm orientation in ASL refers to which direction the hand's center faces during a sign. There are documented differences possible for palm orientation:
1. Palm facing in/out
2. Palm facing up/down
3. Palm facing left/right
4. Palm facing horizontal
5. Palm facing toward other palm
These differences result in different semantic and structural meanings. The signs MAYBE and BALANCE have all of the same parameters except for palm orientation, resulting in different meanings.
### Movement
The movement parameter determines how and where the hand moves for a particular sign. The hand can move up and down, forward and backward, in a circular motion, in a tapping rhythm, or many other ways. Like all other parameters, hand movement determines ASL grammar and diction meaning.
This parameter is also where derivational morphology in ASL is most noticeable. Words change between nouns and verbs depending on the movement of the hand. Some examples of these differences are below:
* *SCISSORS* (noun) → pointer and middle finger tap together in a 'cutting' fashion at least twice.
* *CUT* (verb) → pointer and middle finger tap together once and more intensely.
* *AIRPLANE* (noun) → sign for *I LOVE YOU* is moved forward and backward.
* *FLY* (verb) → sign for *I LOVE YOU* is moved forward once.
* *EXAMPLE* (noun) → dominant pointer points at non\-dominant palm and is shaken in a particular direction at least twice.
* *SHOW* (verb) → dominant pointer points at non\-dominant palm and is moved in a particular direction once.
### Location
The location parameter is the space in which your hands reside for a certain sign. This space is measured in adjacence to one's body, and resides within the [signing space](/wiki/Signing_space "Signing space").
A sign may move from one location to another from the beginning to end. Signs in ASL are fluid, and are not always stagnant in one location.
Some common locations for signing are:
1. Chin
2. Forehead
3. Upper chest
4. Shoulder
5. Along the non\-dominant arm
This list is non\-exhaustive but a good indicator of where many signs reside.
Location changes word and sentence meaning, just like all other parameters.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Mauk CE, Tyrone ME \|title\=Location in ASL: Insights from phonetic variation \|journal\=Sign Lang Linguist \|volume\=15 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=128–146 \|date\=April 2012 \|pmid\=26478715 \|pmc\=4606891 \|doi\=10\.1075/sll.15\.1\.06mau }} APPLE and ONION have the same handshape, but different locations along the side of the face.
[thumb\|Facial expressions can change the meaning of a sign.](/wiki/File:ASL_1%40Sfhead-PalmDown.png "ASL 1@Sfhead-PalmDown.png")
### Non\-Manual Markers
[Non\-Manual Markers](/wiki/Non-manual_markers_in_sign_language "Non-manual markers in sign language") (NMM), or Non\-Manual Signals (NMS) are communication methods not found in the hands. They typically consist of facial expressions and body language. NMMs can change the grammar of a sentence. Not every sign uses non\-manual markers, but for many others, these markers determine what sign is being produced.
Some examples of non\-manual markers would be the shifting of shoulders, the lowering or raising of eyebrows, a head nod or shake, scrunching of the nose, pursing of the lips, or an open mouth.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Brentari \|first1\=Diane \|last2\=Crossley \|first2\=Laurinda \|date\=2002\-01\-01 \|title\=Prosody on the hands and face: Evidence from American Sign Language \|url\=https://www.jbe\-platform.com/content/journals/10\.1075/sll.5\.2\.03bre \|journal\=Sign Language \& Linguistics \|language\=en \|volume\=5 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=105–130 \|doi\=10\.1075/sll.5\.2\.03bre \|issn\=1387\-9316}}
NMMs are important for indicating if a question is being asked. For *WH\-* questions, the eyebrows are lowered, and for *YES/NO* questions, the eyebrows are raised.{{Cite thesis \|last\=Watson \|first\=Katharine L. \|date\=2010 \|title\=WH\-questions in American Sign Language: Contributions of non\-manual marking to structure and meaning \|url\=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI1479959 \|id\=AAI1479959 \|type\=PhD \|publisher\=Purdue University}} It is hard to indicate if a question is being asked otherwise without facial indicators.
Another example would be between *I UNDERSTAND* and *I DON'T UNDERSTAND*. The sign for this is the same; the hand is held up near the forehead with the palm facing the self. The pointer finger is then extended. If the person is nodding and has their eyebrows raised, it means *I UNDERSTAND*. If they are shaking their head with eyebrows lowered, it means *I DON'T UNDERSTAND*.
### Proximalization
This parameter is a linguistic feature only found in infants with ASL as a primary language. Babies learn and acquire more motor skills in the arms, shoulders, knuckles, and fingers thanks to the early acquisition of signed language.
Due to the exclusivity of this characteristic, as well as being a physical attribute rather than a performed one, this parameter is not widely talked about. It is mostly shared between members of the Deaf community.{{harvnb\|Mirus\|Rathmann\|Meier\|2001}}
|
[
"Parameters\n----------",
"[thumb\\|Different hand shapes account for different meaning. 'C' handshape](/wiki/File:C%40InForward.jpg \"C@InForward.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|'Y' handshape](/wiki/File:Y%40InForward.jpg \"Y@InForward.jpg\")\nThere are 5 official parameters in American Sign Language that dictate meaning and grammar.{{cite web \\|title\\=The 5 Parameters of ASL \\|work\\=Language Learning Center (LLC) \\|publisher\\=Mt. San Antonio College \\|url\\=https://www.mtsac.edu/llc/passportrewards/languagepartners/5ParametersofASL.pdf}} There is a 6th honorary parameter known as proximalization.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Proximalization in sign language linguistics \\|url\\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/29/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-17 \\|website\\=www.handspeak.com}}",
"Signs can share several of the same parameters. The difference in at least one parameter accounts for the difference in meaning or grammar.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Log In to Canvas \\|url\\=https://asl.instructure.com/login/canvas \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-17 \\|website\\=asl.instructure.com}}",
"### Handshape",
"Handshapes in ASL consist of the fingerspelling alphabet (A\\-Z) as well as other variations. For BROWN and TAN, the location, movement, and palm orientation are the same, but the handshape differs. It consists of B for BROWN, and T for TAN.",
"The ASL handshape parameter contains over 55 handshapes, which is over double the amount contained in the [Latin\\-script alphabet](/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet \"Latin-script alphabet\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Parameters: handshape, location, movement, palm orientation \\|url\\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/397/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-17 \\|website\\=www.handspeak.com}} Some of the differences between these handshapes are small. These handshapes play into morphology and how meaning changes based on minuscule details.",
"Depending on the handshape, a different grammatical meaning can be portrayed.",
"### Palm orientation",
"The palm orientation in ASL refers to which direction the hand's center faces during a sign. There are documented differences possible for palm orientation:",
"1. Palm facing in/out\n2. Palm facing up/down\n3. Palm facing left/right\n4. Palm facing horizontal\n5. Palm facing toward other palm",
"These differences result in different semantic and structural meanings. The signs MAYBE and BALANCE have all of the same parameters except for palm orientation, resulting in different meanings.",
"### Movement",
"The movement parameter determines how and where the hand moves for a particular sign. The hand can move up and down, forward and backward, in a circular motion, in a tapping rhythm, or many other ways. Like all other parameters, hand movement determines ASL grammar and diction meaning.",
"This parameter is also where derivational morphology in ASL is most noticeable. Words change between nouns and verbs depending on the movement of the hand. Some examples of these differences are below:",
"* *SCISSORS* (noun) → pointer and middle finger tap together in a 'cutting' fashion at least twice.\n* *CUT* (verb) → pointer and middle finger tap together once and more intensely.\n* *AIRPLANE* (noun) → sign for *I LOVE YOU* is moved forward and backward.\n* *FLY* (verb) → sign for *I LOVE YOU* is moved forward once.\n* *EXAMPLE* (noun) → dominant pointer points at non\\-dominant palm and is shaken in a particular direction at least twice.\n* *SHOW* (verb) → dominant pointer points at non\\-dominant palm and is moved in a particular direction once.",
"### Location",
"The location parameter is the space in which your hands reside for a certain sign. This space is measured in adjacence to one's body, and resides within the [signing space](/wiki/Signing_space \"Signing space\").",
"A sign may move from one location to another from the beginning to end. Signs in ASL are fluid, and are not always stagnant in one location.",
"Some common locations for signing are:",
"1. Chin\n2. Forehead\n3. Upper chest\n4. Shoulder\n5. Along the non\\-dominant arm",
"This list is non\\-exhaustive but a good indicator of where many signs reside.",
"Location changes word and sentence meaning, just like all other parameters.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Mauk CE, Tyrone ME \\|title\\=Location in ASL: Insights from phonetic variation \\|journal\\=Sign Lang Linguist \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=128–146 \\|date\\=April 2012 \\|pmid\\=26478715 \\|pmc\\=4606891 \\|doi\\=10\\.1075/sll.15\\.1\\.06mau }} APPLE and ONION have the same handshape, but different locations along the side of the face.\n[thumb\\|Facial expressions can change the meaning of a sign.](/wiki/File:ASL_1%40Sfhead-PalmDown.png \"ASL 1@Sfhead-PalmDown.png\")",
"### Non\\-Manual Markers",
"[Non\\-Manual Markers](/wiki/Non-manual_markers_in_sign_language \"Non-manual markers in sign language\") (NMM), or Non\\-Manual Signals (NMS) are communication methods not found in the hands. They typically consist of facial expressions and body language. NMMs can change the grammar of a sentence. Not every sign uses non\\-manual markers, but for many others, these markers determine what sign is being produced.",
"Some examples of non\\-manual markers would be the shifting of shoulders, the lowering or raising of eyebrows, a head nod or shake, scrunching of the nose, pursing of the lips, or an open mouth.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Brentari \\|first1\\=Diane \\|last2\\=Crossley \\|first2\\=Laurinda \\|date\\=2002\\-01\\-01 \\|title\\=Prosody on the hands and face: Evidence from American Sign Language \\|url\\=https://www.jbe\\-platform.com/content/journals/10\\.1075/sll.5\\.2\\.03bre \\|journal\\=Sign Language \\& Linguistics \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=105–130 \\|doi\\=10\\.1075/sll.5\\.2\\.03bre \\|issn\\=1387\\-9316}}",
"NMMs are important for indicating if a question is being asked. For *WH\\-* questions, the eyebrows are lowered, and for *YES/NO* questions, the eyebrows are raised.{{Cite thesis \\|last\\=Watson \\|first\\=Katharine L. \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=WH\\-questions in American Sign Language: Contributions of non\\-manual marking to structure and meaning \\|url\\=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI1479959 \\|id\\=AAI1479959 \\|type\\=PhD \\|publisher\\=Purdue University}} It is hard to indicate if a question is being asked otherwise without facial indicators.",
"Another example would be between *I UNDERSTAND* and *I DON'T UNDERSTAND*. The sign for this is the same; the hand is held up near the forehead with the palm facing the self. The pointer finger is then extended. If the person is nodding and has their eyebrows raised, it means *I UNDERSTAND*. If they are shaking their head with eyebrows lowered, it means *I DON'T UNDERSTAND*.",
"### Proximalization",
"This parameter is a linguistic feature only found in infants with ASL as a primary language. Babies learn and acquire more motor skills in the arms, shoulders, knuckles, and fingers thanks to the early acquisition of signed language.",
"Due to the exclusivity of this characteristic, as well as being a physical attribute rather than a performed one, this parameter is not widely talked about. It is mostly shared between members of the Deaf community.{{harvnb\\|Mirus\\|Rathmann\\|Meier\\|2001}}",
""
] |
Word order
----------
ASL is a [subject\-verb\-object](/wiki/Subject-verb-object "Subject-verb-object") (SVO) language.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=30}} However, OSV is also an accepted sentence form.
### Topic\-comment order
The default SVO word order is sometimes altered by processes including [topicalization](/wiki/Topicalization "Topicalization") and null elements.{{harvnb\|Pichler\|2001\|pp\=14–15}} This is marked either with non\-manual signals like eyebrow or body position, or with [prosodic](/wiki/Prosodic "Prosodic") marking such as pausing. These non\-manual grammatical markings (such as eyebrow movement or head\-shaking) may optionally spread over the [c\-command](/wiki/C-command "C-command") domain of the node which it is attached to.{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|p\=31}} However, ASL is a [pro\-drop language](/wiki/Pro-drop_language "Pro-drop language"), and when the manual sign that a non\-manual grammatical marking is attached to is omitted, the non\-manual marking obligatorily spreads over the c\-command domain.
The full sentence structure in ASL is \[topic] \[subject] verb \[object] \[subject\-pronoun\-tag]. Topics and *tags* are both indicated with non\-manual features, and both give a great deal of flexibility to ASL word order.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=55}} Within a [noun phrase](/wiki/Noun_phrase "Noun phrase"), the word order is noun\-number and noun\-adjective.
ASL does not have a [copula](/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 "Copula (linguistics)") (linking 'to be' verb).{{harvnb\|Pichler\|2001\|p\=23}} For example:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|MY HAIR WET
\|my hair is wet}}
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[name my]TOPIC P\-E\-T\-E
\|my name is Pete}}
### Noun\-adjective order
In addition to its basic topic–comment structure, ASL typically places an adjective after a noun, though it may occur before the noun for stylistic purposes. Numerals also occur after the noun, a very rare pattern among oral languages.
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|DOG BROWN I HAVE
\|I have a brown dog.}}
Adverbs, however, occur before the verbs. Most of the time adverbs are simply the same sign as an adjective, distinguished by the context of the sentence.
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|HOUSE I QUIET ENTER
\|I enter the house quietly.}}
When the scope of the adverb is the entire clause, as in the case of time, it comes before the topic. This is the only thing which can appear before the topic in ASL: *time–topic–comment.*
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|9\-HOUR MORNING STORE I GO
\|I'm going to the store at 9:00AM.}}
[Modal verbs](/wiki/Modal_verb "Modal verb") come after the main verb of the clause:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|FOR YOU, STORE I GO CAN
\|I can go to the store for you.}}
### Time\-sequenced clause ordering
ASL makes heavy use of time\-sequenced ordering, meaning that events are signed in the order in which they occur. For example, for *I was late to class last night because my boss handed me a huge stack of work after lunch yesterday,* one would sign 'YESTERDAY LUNCH FINISH, BOSS GIVE\-me WORK BIG\-STACK, NIGHT CLASS LATE\-me'. In stories, however, ordering is malleable, since one can choose to sequence the events either in the order in which they occurred or in the order in which one found out about them.
|
[
"Word order\n----------",
"ASL is a [subject\\-verb\\-object](/wiki/Subject-verb-object \"Subject-verb-object\") (SVO) language.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=30}} However, OSV is also an accepted sentence form.",
"### Topic\\-comment order",
"The default SVO word order is sometimes altered by processes including [topicalization](/wiki/Topicalization \"Topicalization\") and null elements.{{harvnb\\|Pichler\\|2001\\|pp\\=14–15}} This is marked either with non\\-manual signals like eyebrow or body position, or with [prosodic](/wiki/Prosodic \"Prosodic\") marking such as pausing. These non\\-manual grammatical markings (such as eyebrow movement or head\\-shaking) may optionally spread over the [c\\-command](/wiki/C-command \"C-command\") domain of the node which it is attached to.{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|p\\=31}} However, ASL is a [pro\\-drop language](/wiki/Pro-drop_language \"Pro-drop language\"), and when the manual sign that a non\\-manual grammatical marking is attached to is omitted, the non\\-manual marking obligatorily spreads over the c\\-command domain.",
"The full sentence structure in ASL is \\[topic] \\[subject] verb \\[object] \\[subject\\-pronoun\\-tag]. Topics and *tags* are both indicated with non\\-manual features, and both give a great deal of flexibility to ASL word order.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=55}} Within a [noun phrase](/wiki/Noun_phrase \"Noun phrase\"), the word order is noun\\-number and noun\\-adjective.",
"ASL does not have a [copula](/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 \"Copula (linguistics)\") (linking 'to be' verb).{{harvnb\\|Pichler\\|2001\\|p\\=23}} For example:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|MY HAIR WET\n\\|my hair is wet}}",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[name my]TOPIC P\\-E\\-T\\-E\n\\|my name is Pete}}",
"### Noun\\-adjective order",
"In addition to its basic topic–comment structure, ASL typically places an adjective after a noun, though it may occur before the noun for stylistic purposes. Numerals also occur after the noun, a very rare pattern among oral languages.",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|DOG BROWN I HAVE\n\\|I have a brown dog.}}",
"Adverbs, however, occur before the verbs. Most of the time adverbs are simply the same sign as an adjective, distinguished by the context of the sentence.",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|HOUSE I QUIET ENTER\n\\|I enter the house quietly.}}",
"When the scope of the adverb is the entire clause, as in the case of time, it comes before the topic. This is the only thing which can appear before the topic in ASL: *time–topic–comment.*",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|9\\-HOUR MORNING STORE I GO\n\\|I'm going to the store at 9:00AM.}}",
"[Modal verbs](/wiki/Modal_verb \"Modal verb\") come after the main verb of the clause:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|FOR YOU, STORE I GO CAN\n\\|I can go to the store for you.}}",
"### Time\\-sequenced clause ordering",
"ASL makes heavy use of time\\-sequenced ordering, meaning that events are signed in the order in which they occur. For example, for *I was late to class last night because my boss handed me a huge stack of work after lunch yesterday,* one would sign 'YESTERDAY LUNCH FINISH, BOSS GIVE\\-me WORK BIG\\-STACK, NIGHT CLASS LATE\\-me'. In stories, however, ordering is malleable, since one can choose to sequence the events either in the order in which they occurred or in the order in which one found out about them.",
""
] |
CP syntax
---------
### Topics and main clauses
A topic sets off background information that will be discussed in the following main clause. Topic constructions are not often used in standard English, but they are common in some dialects, as in,
{{blockquote\|That dog, I never could hunt him.}}
Topicalization is used productively in ASL and often results in surface forms that do not follow the basic SVO word order.{{harvnb\|Pichler\|2001\|p\=15}} In order to non\-manually mark topics, the eyebrows are raised and the head is tilted back during the production of a topic. The head is often lowered toward the end of the sign, and sometimes the sign is followed rapidly nodding the head. A slight pause follows the topic, setting it off from the rest of the sentence:{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=70}}
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[MEAT]{{gcl\|tm\|topic marking}}, I LIKE LAMB
\|As for meat, I prefer lamb.}}
Another way topics may be signed is by shifting the body. The signer may use the space on one side of his/her body to sign the topic, and then shifts to the other side for the rest of the sentence.
ASL utterances do not require topics, but their use is extremely common. They are used for purposes of [information flow](/wiki/Information_flow "Information flow"), to set up referent loci (see above), and to supply objects for verbs which are grammatically prevented from taking objects themselves (see below).
Without a topic, *the dog chased my cat* is signed:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|DOG CHASE MY CAT
\|The dog chased my cat}}
However, people tend to want to set up the object of their concern first and then discuss what happened to it. English does this with [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice "Passive voice") clauses: *my cat was chased by the dog.* In ASL, topics are used with similar effect:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[MY CAT]{{gcl\|tm\|topic marking}} DOG CHASE
\|{{lit}} 'my cat, the dog chased it.'}}
If the word order of the main clause is changed, the meaning of the utterance also changes:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[MY CAT]{{gcl\|tm\|topic marking}} CHASE DOG
\|'my cat chased the dog,'{{br}} {{lit}} 'my cat, it chased the dog.'}}
There are three types of non\-manual topic markers, all of which involve raised eyebrows. The three types of non\-manual topic markers are used with different types of topics and in different contexts, and the topic markings cannot spread over other elements in the utterance. Topics can be moved from and remain null in the main clause of an utterance, or topics can be base\-generated and either be co\-referential to either the subject or object in the main clause or be related to the subject of object by a semantic property.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|pp\=151–3}}
The first type of non\-manual marking, topic marking 1 (tm1\), is only used with a moved topic.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=155}} Tm1 is characterized by raised eyebrows, widened eyes, and head tilted backwards. At the end of the sign the head moves down and there is a pause, often with an eye blink, before the sentence is continued.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|pp\=156–7}} The following is an example of a context in which the tm1 marking is used:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[MARY]{{gcl\|tm1\|topic marking 1}} JOHN LOVE
\|'Mary, John loves,' or 'John loves Mary'{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=157}}}}
Topic marking 2 (tm2\) and topic marking 3 (tm3\) are both used with base\-generated topics. Tm2 is characterized by raised eyebrows, widened eyes, and the head tilted backwards and to the side. Toward the end of the sign the head moves forward and to the opposite side, and there is a pause and often an eye blink before continuing.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=160}} For tm3 the eyebrows are raised and the eyes are opened wide, the head starts tilted down and jerks up and down, the lips are opened and raised, and the head is nodded rapidly a few times before pausing and continuing the sentence. Although both tm2 and tm3 accompany base\-generated topics, they are used in different contexts. Tm2 is used to introduce new information and change the topic of a conversation to something that the signer is going to subsequently characterize, while tm3 is used to introduce new information that the signer believes is already known by his/her interlocutor.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|pp\=163–5}} Tm2 may be used with any base\-generated topic, whereas only topics that are co\-referential with an argument in the sentence may be marked with tm3\.{{harvnb\|Pichler\|2001\|pp\=28–29}}
An example of a tm2 marking used with a topic related to the object of the main clause is:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[VEGETABLE]{{gcl\|tm2\|topic marking 2}}, JOHN LIKE CORN
\|'As for vegetables, John likes corn.'}}
An example of a tm2 marking used with a co\-referential topic is:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[FRESH VEGETABLE]{{gcl\|tm3\|topic marking 3}}, JOHN LIKE IX\-3rd
\|'As for fresh vegetables, John likes them.'{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=162}}}}
IX\-3rd represents a 3rd person index.
Another example of a tm2 marking with a co\-referential topic is:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[JOHNi]{{gcl\|tm2\|topic marking 2}}, IX\-3rdi LOVE MARY
\|'as for John, he loves Mary' }}
An example of a tm3 topic marking is:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[JOHNi]{{gcl\|tm3\|topic marking 3}}, IX\-3rdi LOVE MARY
\|'(you know) John, he loves Mary'{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=165}} }}
ASL sentences may have up to two marked [topics](/wiki/Grammatical_topic "Grammatical topic").{{harvnb\|Bahan\|1996\|pp\=41–42}} Possible combinations of topic types are two tm2 topics, two tm3 topics, tm2 preceding tm1, tm3 preceding tm1, and tm2 preceding tm3\. Sentences with these topic combinations in the opposite orders or with two tm1 topics are considered ungrammatical by native signers.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|pp\=177–181}}
### Relative clauses
[Relative clauses](/wiki/Relative_clause "Relative clause") are signaled by tilting back the head and raising the eyebrows and upper lip. This is done during the performance of the entire clause. There is no change in word order. For example:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[recently dog chase cat]RELATIVE come home
\|The dog which recently chased the cat came home}}
where the brackets here indicate the duration of the non\-manual features. If the sign 'recently' were made without these features, it would lie outside the relative clause, and the meaning would change to "the dog which chased the cat recently came home".
### Negated clauses
[Negated](/wiki/Negation "Negation") clauses may be signaled by shaking the head during the entire clause. A topic, however, cannot be so negated; the headshake can only be produced during the production of the main clause. (A second type of negation starts with the verb and continues to the end of the clause.)
In addition, in many communities, negation is put at the end of the clause, unless there is a wh\- question word. For example, the sentence, "I thought the movie was not good," could be signed as, "BEFORE MOVIE ME SEE, THINK WHAT? IT GOOD NOT."
There are two manual signs that negate a sentence, NOT and NONE, which are accompanied by a shake of the head. NONE is typically used when talking about possession:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|DOG I HAVE NONE
\|I don't have any dogs.}}
NOT negates a verb:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|TENNIS I LIKE PLAY NOT
\|I don't like to play tennis.}}
### Interrogative clauses
There are three types of questions with different constructions in ASL: wh\- questions, yes/no questions, and rhetorical questions.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=67–69}}
#### Non\-manual grammatical markings
Non\-manual grammatical markings are grammatical and semantic features that do not include the use of hands. They can include mouth shape, eye gazes, facial expressions, body shifting, head tilting, and eyebrow raising. Non \-manual grammatical markings can also aid in identifying sentence type, which is especially relevant to our discussion of different types of interrogatives.{{Cite web \|title\=Non\-manual signals in sign language \|url\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/index.php?id\=158\#:\~:text\=Non\-manual%20signals%20or%20NMS,,%20adjectives,%20and%20other%20adverbs. \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-21 \|website\=www.handspeak.com}}
#### Wh\-questions
Wh\-questions can be formed in a variety of ways in ASL. The wh\-word can appear solely at the end of the sentence, solely at the beginning of the sentence, at both the beginning and end of the sentence (see section 4\.4\.2\.1 on 'double\-occurring wh\-words', or in situ (i.e. where the wh\-word is in the sentence structure before movement occurs)). Manual wh\-signs are also accompanied by a non\-manual grammatical marking (see section 4\.4\.1\), which can include a variety of features.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=69}} This non\-manual grammatical marking can spread optionally over the entire wh\-phrase or just a small part.
Some languages have very few wh\-words, where context and discourse are sufficient to elicit the information that one needs. ASL has many different wh\-words, with certain wh\-words having multiple variations. A list of the wh\-words of ASL can be found below. WHAT, WHAT\-DO, WHAT\-FOR, WHAT\-PU, WHAT\- FS, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHO (several variations), WHY, HOW, HOW\-MANY{{Cite book \|first1\=Joseph Christopher \|last1\=Hill \|title\=Sign languages: structures and contexts \|date\=2019 \|first2\=Diane C. \|last2\=Lillo\-Martin \|first3\=Sandra K. \|last3\=Wood \|isbn\=978\-0\-429\-02087\-2 \|location\=London \|pages\=65 \|publisher\=Routledge \|oclc\=1078875378}}
##### Double\-occurring wh\-words
As mentioned above, ASL possesses wh\-questions with word initial placement, word final placement, in situ structure, but the most unique style of wh\-word occurrence in ASL is where the wh\-word occurs twice, copied in final position.{{Cite book \|title\=The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research \|date\=2021 \|first1\=Josep \|last1\=Quer \|first2\=Roland \|last2\=Pfau \|first3\=Annika \|last3\=Herrmann \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-62427\-1 \|publisher\=Routledge \|pages\=234 \|oclc\=1182020388}} This doubling can be seen in the table below.
| \+ |
| --- |
| WHAT | JOHN | BUY | WHAT |
| 'what did John buy' | | | |
This doubling provides a useful template to analyze two separate analyses about whether wh\-words move rightward or leftward in ASL. While some researchers argue for rightward movement in wh\- questions such as Aarons and Neidle,{{cite journal \|last\=Neidle \|first\=Carol \|year\=2002 \|title\=Language across modalities: ASL focus and question constructions \|journal\=Linguistic Variation Yearbook \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=71–98 \|doi\=10\.1075/livy.2\.05nei}} others, including Petronio and Lillo\-Martin, have argued that ASL has leftward movement and wh\- words that appear to the right of the clause move by other processes.{{harvnb\|Petronio\|Lillo\-Martin\|1997}} Both analyses agree upon the fact that there is wh\-movement present in these interrogative phrases, but it is a matter of what direction the wh\-movement is moving in that causes controversy. No matter what direction the wh\-movement is analyzed to go in, it is crucial to the analysis that the movement of the wh\-element is to the position of SPEC CP
[thumb\|377x377px\|Leftward Wh\-movement Analysis in American Sign Language](/wiki/File:Leftward_wh-movement_analysis_in_ASL.jpg "Leftward wh-movement analysis in ASL.jpg")
##### Lillo\-Martin \& Fischer's, and Petronio's leftward wh\-movement analysis
Summary of the leftward wh\-movement analysis in American Sign Language:
The leftward movement analysis is congruent with cross linguistic data that wh\-movement is always leftward. It can be seen as the less controversial of the two proposals. The main arguments presented by the Leftward Wh\-movement analysis are: That the spec\-CP is on the left, that the wh\-movement is leftward, and that the final wh\-word in a sentence is a base\-generated double. This is illustrated in the syntax tree located to the right of this paragraph.{{harvnb\|Quer\|Pfau\|Herrmann\|2021\|p\=235}} Arguments for leftward movement are based on the facts that if wh\-movement in ASL were rightward, ASL would be an exception to cross\-linguistic generalizations that wh\-movement is leftward.
It has also been hypothesized that wh\-elements cannot be topicalized, as topicalized elements must be presupposed and interrogatives are not. This would be detrimental to the rightward analysis, as they are analyzing the doubled wh\-word as a 'base generated topic'.
##### Aarons et al.'s rightward wh\-movement analysis
Summary of the rightward wh\-movement analysis in American Sign Language[thumb\|377x377px\|Rightward Wh\-movement Analysis in American Sign LanguageThe](/wiki/File:Rightward_wh-movement_analysis_in_American_Sign_Language.jpg "Rightward wh-movement analysis in American Sign Language.jpg") rightward movement analysis is a newer, more abstract argument of how wh\-movement occurs in ASL. The main arguments for rightward movement begin by analyzing spec\-CP as being on the right, the wh\-movement as being rightward, and as the initial wh\-word as a base\-generated topic. This can be seen in the syntax tree on the right.
One of the rightward movement analysis' main arguments is in regards to the non\-manual grammatical markings, and their optional spreading over the sentence. In ASL the use of non\-manual grammatical markings is optional depending on the type of wh\-question being asked. In the rightward analysis both partial and full spreading of non\-manual grammatical markers can be accounted for due to the association with the \+WH feature over its c\-command domain.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Neidle \|first1\=Carol \|last2\=MacLaughlin \|first2\=Dawn \|last3\=Lee \|first3\=Robert G. \|last4\=Bahan \|first4\=Benjamin \|last5\=Kegl \|first5\=Judy \|date\=1998 \|title\=The Rightward Analysis of wh\-Movement in ASL: A Reply to Petronio and Lillo\-Martin \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/417004 \|journal\=Language \|volume\=74 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=823–825 \|doi\=10\.2307/417004 \|jstor\=417004 \|issn\=0097\-8507}} In the leftward analysis, the partial or full spreading of non manual grammatical markings cannot be accounted for in this same way. The leftward movement analysis requires wh\-marking to extend over the entirety of the question, regardless (which is not what is attested in ASL).
#### Yes/no questions
In spoken language Yes/no questions will oftentimes differ in their word order from the statement form. For example, in English:
English Statement: {{blockquote\|HE WILL BUY THE SHIRT.}}English Yes/no Q:{{blockquote\|WILL HE BUY THE SHIRT?{{Cite book \|editor\-last\=Baker\|editor\-first\=Anne \|editor2\-first\=Beppie \|editor2\-last\=van den Bogaerde \|editor3\-first\=Roland \|editor3\-last\=Pfau \|editor4\-first\=Trude \|editor4\-last\=Schermer \|chapter\=6 Simple sentences 6\.7 Sentence types 6\.7\.1 Interrogatives \|title\=The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction \|publisher\=J. Benjamins \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-90\-272\-6734\-4 \|pages\=130 \|oclc\=936433607 \|url\={{GBurl\|IECEDAAAQBAJ\|pg\=PR8}}}}}}In ASL, yes/no questions are marked by the non\-manual grammatical markings (as discussed in section 4\.4\.1\). This eyebrow raise, slight tilt of the head and lean forward are what indicate that a yes/no question is being asked, without any change in word order from the statement form. There is speculation amongst linguists that these non\-manual grammatical markings that indicate a yes/no questions are similar to the question intonation of spoken languages.{{harvnb\|Baker\|van den Bogaerde\|Pfau\|Schermer\|2016\|p\=131}}
Yes/no questions differ from wh\-questions as they do not differ in word order from the original statement form of the sentence, whereas wh\-questions do. As well, in yes/no questions, the non\-manual marking must be used over the whole utterance in order for it to be judged as a statement opposed to a question.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=92}} The yes/no question is the same word order as the statement form of the sentence, with the addition of non\-manual grammatical markings. This can be seen in the examples below.
*ASL Statement:*{{blockquote\|JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY
"Juan will buy shoes today"}}*ASL Yes/no Question:*{{blockquote\|\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_brow raise
JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY
"Will Juan buy shoes today?"{{Citation \|last1\=Hill \|first1\=Joseph C. \|title\=Syntax \|year\=2018 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.4324/9780429020872\-4 \|work\=Sign Languages \|pages\=55–81 \|place\=New York \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-0\-429\-02087\-2 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|last2\=Lillo\-Martin \|first2\=Diane C. \|last3\=Wood \|first3\=Sandra K.\|doi\=10\.4324/9780429020872\-4 \|s2cid\=239556102 }}}}
#### Rhetorical questions
Non\-manual grammatical markings are also used for rhetorical questions, which are questions that do not intend to elicit an answer. To distinguish the non\-manual marking for rhetorical questions from that of yes/no questions, the body is in a neutral position opposed to tilted forward, and the head is tilted in a different way than in yes/no questions.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=68}} Rhetorical questions are much more common in ASL than in English. For example, in ASL:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[I LIKE]NEGATIVE \[WHAT?]RHETORICAL, GARLIC.
\|"I don't like garlic"}}
This strategy is commonly used instead of signing the word 'because' for clarity or emphasis. For instance:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|PASTA I EAT ENJOY TRUE \[WHY?]RHETORICAL, ITALIAN I.
\|"I love to eat pasta because I am Italian"}}
|
[
"CP syntax\n---------",
"### Topics and main clauses",
"A topic sets off background information that will be discussed in the following main clause. Topic constructions are not often used in standard English, but they are common in some dialects, as in,",
"{{blockquote\\|That dog, I never could hunt him.}}",
"Topicalization is used productively in ASL and often results in surface forms that do not follow the basic SVO word order.{{harvnb\\|Pichler\\|2001\\|p\\=15}} In order to non\\-manually mark topics, the eyebrows are raised and the head is tilted back during the production of a topic. The head is often lowered toward the end of the sign, and sometimes the sign is followed rapidly nodding the head. A slight pause follows the topic, setting it off from the rest of the sentence:{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=70}}",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[MEAT]{{gcl\\|tm\\|topic marking}}, I LIKE LAMB\n\\|As for meat, I prefer lamb.}}",
"Another way topics may be signed is by shifting the body. The signer may use the space on one side of his/her body to sign the topic, and then shifts to the other side for the rest of the sentence.",
"ASL utterances do not require topics, but their use is extremely common. They are used for purposes of [information flow](/wiki/Information_flow \"Information flow\"), to set up referent loci (see above), and to supply objects for verbs which are grammatically prevented from taking objects themselves (see below).",
"Without a topic, *the dog chased my cat* is signed:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|DOG CHASE MY CAT\n\\|The dog chased my cat}}",
"However, people tend to want to set up the object of their concern first and then discuss what happened to it. English does this with [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\") clauses: *my cat was chased by the dog.* In ASL, topics are used with similar effect:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[MY CAT]{{gcl\\|tm\\|topic marking}} DOG CHASE\n\\|{{lit}} 'my cat, the dog chased it.'}}",
"If the word order of the main clause is changed, the meaning of the utterance also changes:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[MY CAT]{{gcl\\|tm\\|topic marking}} CHASE DOG\n\\|'my cat chased the dog,'{{br}} {{lit}} 'my cat, it chased the dog.'}}",
"There are three types of non\\-manual topic markers, all of which involve raised eyebrows. The three types of non\\-manual topic markers are used with different types of topics and in different contexts, and the topic markings cannot spread over other elements in the utterance. Topics can be moved from and remain null in the main clause of an utterance, or topics can be base\\-generated and either be co\\-referential to either the subject or object in the main clause or be related to the subject of object by a semantic property.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|pp\\=151–3}}",
"The first type of non\\-manual marking, topic marking 1 (tm1\\), is only used with a moved topic.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=155}} Tm1 is characterized by raised eyebrows, widened eyes, and head tilted backwards. At the end of the sign the head moves down and there is a pause, often with an eye blink, before the sentence is continued.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|pp\\=156–7}} The following is an example of a context in which the tm1 marking is used:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[MARY]{{gcl\\|tm1\\|topic marking 1}} JOHN LOVE\n\\|'Mary, John loves,' or 'John loves Mary'{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=157}}}}",
"Topic marking 2 (tm2\\) and topic marking 3 (tm3\\) are both used with base\\-generated topics. Tm2 is characterized by raised eyebrows, widened eyes, and the head tilted backwards and to the side. Toward the end of the sign the head moves forward and to the opposite side, and there is a pause and often an eye blink before continuing.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=160}} For tm3 the eyebrows are raised and the eyes are opened wide, the head starts tilted down and jerks up and down, the lips are opened and raised, and the head is nodded rapidly a few times before pausing and continuing the sentence. Although both tm2 and tm3 accompany base\\-generated topics, they are used in different contexts. Tm2 is used to introduce new information and change the topic of a conversation to something that the signer is going to subsequently characterize, while tm3 is used to introduce new information that the signer believes is already known by his/her interlocutor.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|pp\\=163–5}} Tm2 may be used with any base\\-generated topic, whereas only topics that are co\\-referential with an argument in the sentence may be marked with tm3\\.{{harvnb\\|Pichler\\|2001\\|pp\\=28–29}}",
"An example of a tm2 marking used with a topic related to the object of the main clause is:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[VEGETABLE]{{gcl\\|tm2\\|topic marking 2}}, JOHN LIKE CORN\n\\|'As for vegetables, John likes corn.'}}",
"An example of a tm2 marking used with a co\\-referential topic is:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[FRESH VEGETABLE]{{gcl\\|tm3\\|topic marking 3}}, JOHN LIKE IX\\-3rd\n\\|'As for fresh vegetables, John likes them.'{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=162}}}}",
"IX\\-3rd represents a 3rd person index.",
"Another example of a tm2 marking with a co\\-referential topic is:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[JOHNi]{{gcl\\|tm2\\|topic marking 2}}, IX\\-3rdi LOVE MARY\n\\|'as for John, he loves Mary' }}",
"An example of a tm3 topic marking is:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[JOHNi]{{gcl\\|tm3\\|topic marking 3}}, IX\\-3rdi LOVE MARY\n\\|'(you know) John, he loves Mary'{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=165}} }}",
"ASL sentences may have up to two marked [topics](/wiki/Grammatical_topic \"Grammatical topic\").{{harvnb\\|Bahan\\|1996\\|pp\\=41–42}} Possible combinations of topic types are two tm2 topics, two tm3 topics, tm2 preceding tm1, tm3 preceding tm1, and tm2 preceding tm3\\. Sentences with these topic combinations in the opposite orders or with two tm1 topics are considered ungrammatical by native signers.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|pp\\=177–181}}",
"### Relative clauses",
"[Relative clauses](/wiki/Relative_clause \"Relative clause\") are signaled by tilting back the head and raising the eyebrows and upper lip. This is done during the performance of the entire clause. There is no change in word order. For example:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[recently dog chase cat]RELATIVE come home\n\\|The dog which recently chased the cat came home}}",
"where the brackets here indicate the duration of the non\\-manual features. If the sign 'recently' were made without these features, it would lie outside the relative clause, and the meaning would change to \"the dog which chased the cat recently came home\".",
"### Negated clauses",
"[Negated](/wiki/Negation \"Negation\") clauses may be signaled by shaking the head during the entire clause. A topic, however, cannot be so negated; the headshake can only be produced during the production of the main clause. (A second type of negation starts with the verb and continues to the end of the clause.)",
"In addition, in many communities, negation is put at the end of the clause, unless there is a wh\\- question word. For example, the sentence, \"I thought the movie was not good,\" could be signed as, \"BEFORE MOVIE ME SEE, THINK WHAT? IT GOOD NOT.\"",
"There are two manual signs that negate a sentence, NOT and NONE, which are accompanied by a shake of the head. NONE is typically used when talking about possession:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|DOG I HAVE NONE\n\\|I don't have any dogs.}}",
"NOT negates a verb:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|TENNIS I LIKE PLAY NOT\n\\|I don't like to play tennis.}}",
"### Interrogative clauses",
"There are three types of questions with different constructions in ASL: wh\\- questions, yes/no questions, and rhetorical questions.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=67–69}}",
"#### Non\\-manual grammatical markings",
"Non\\-manual grammatical markings are grammatical and semantic features that do not include the use of hands. They can include mouth shape, eye gazes, facial expressions, body shifting, head tilting, and eyebrow raising. Non \\-manual grammatical markings can also aid in identifying sentence type, which is especially relevant to our discussion of different types of interrogatives.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Non\\-manual signals in sign language \\|url\\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/index.php?id\\=158\\#:\\~:text\\=Non\\-manual%20signals%20or%20NMS,,%20adjectives,%20and%20other%20adverbs. \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-21 \\|website\\=www.handspeak.com}}",
"#### Wh\\-questions",
"Wh\\-questions can be formed in a variety of ways in ASL. The wh\\-word can appear solely at the end of the sentence, solely at the beginning of the sentence, at both the beginning and end of the sentence (see section 4\\.4\\.2\\.1 on 'double\\-occurring wh\\-words', or in situ (i.e. where the wh\\-word is in the sentence structure before movement occurs)). Manual wh\\-signs are also accompanied by a non\\-manual grammatical marking (see section 4\\.4\\.1\\), which can include a variety of features.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=69}} This non\\-manual grammatical marking can spread optionally over the entire wh\\-phrase or just a small part.",
"Some languages have very few wh\\-words, where context and discourse are sufficient to elicit the information that one needs. ASL has many different wh\\-words, with certain wh\\-words having multiple variations. A list of the wh\\-words of ASL can be found below. WHAT, WHAT\\-DO, WHAT\\-FOR, WHAT\\-PU, WHAT\\- FS, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHO (several variations), WHY, HOW, HOW\\-MANY{{Cite book \\|first1\\=Joseph Christopher \\|last1\\=Hill \\|title\\=Sign languages: structures and contexts \\|date\\=2019 \\|first2\\=Diane C. \\|last2\\=Lillo\\-Martin \\|first3\\=Sandra K. \\|last3\\=Wood \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-429\\-02087\\-2 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=65 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|oclc\\=1078875378}}",
"##### Double\\-occurring wh\\-words",
"As mentioned above, ASL possesses wh\\-questions with word initial placement, word final placement, in situ structure, but the most unique style of wh\\-word occurrence in ASL is where the wh\\-word occurs twice, copied in final position.{{Cite book \\|title\\=The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research \\|date\\=2021 \\|first1\\=Josep \\|last1\\=Quer \\|first2\\=Roland \\|last2\\=Pfau \\|first3\\=Annika \\|last3\\=Herrmann \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-62427\\-1 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|pages\\=234 \\|oclc\\=1182020388}} This doubling can be seen in the table below.",
"| \\+ |\n| --- |\n| WHAT | JOHN | BUY | WHAT |\n| 'what did John buy' | | | |",
"This doubling provides a useful template to analyze two separate analyses about whether wh\\-words move rightward or leftward in ASL. While some researchers argue for rightward movement in wh\\- questions such as Aarons and Neidle,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Neidle \\|first\\=Carol \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=Language across modalities: ASL focus and question constructions \\|journal\\=Linguistic Variation Yearbook \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=71–98 \\|doi\\=10\\.1075/livy.2\\.05nei}} others, including Petronio and Lillo\\-Martin, have argued that ASL has leftward movement and wh\\- words that appear to the right of the clause move by other processes.{{harvnb\\|Petronio\\|Lillo\\-Martin\\|1997}} Both analyses agree upon the fact that there is wh\\-movement present in these interrogative phrases, but it is a matter of what direction the wh\\-movement is moving in that causes controversy. No matter what direction the wh\\-movement is analyzed to go in, it is crucial to the analysis that the movement of the wh\\-element is to the position of SPEC CP\n[thumb\\|377x377px\\|Leftward Wh\\-movement Analysis in American Sign Language](/wiki/File:Leftward_wh-movement_analysis_in_ASL.jpg \"Leftward wh-movement analysis in ASL.jpg\")",
"##### Lillo\\-Martin \\& Fischer's, and Petronio's leftward wh\\-movement analysis",
"Summary of the leftward wh\\-movement analysis in American Sign Language:",
"The leftward movement analysis is congruent with cross linguistic data that wh\\-movement is always leftward. It can be seen as the less controversial of the two proposals. The main arguments presented by the Leftward Wh\\-movement analysis are: That the spec\\-CP is on the left, that the wh\\-movement is leftward, and that the final wh\\-word in a sentence is a base\\-generated double. This is illustrated in the syntax tree located to the right of this paragraph.{{harvnb\\|Quer\\|Pfau\\|Herrmann\\|2021\\|p\\=235}} Arguments for leftward movement are based on the facts that if wh\\-movement in ASL were rightward, ASL would be an exception to cross\\-linguistic generalizations that wh\\-movement is leftward.",
"It has also been hypothesized that wh\\-elements cannot be topicalized, as topicalized elements must be presupposed and interrogatives are not. This would be detrimental to the rightward analysis, as they are analyzing the doubled wh\\-word as a 'base generated topic'.",
"##### Aarons et al.'s rightward wh\\-movement analysis",
"Summary of the rightward wh\\-movement analysis in American Sign Language[thumb\\|377x377px\\|Rightward Wh\\-movement Analysis in American Sign LanguageThe](/wiki/File:Rightward_wh-movement_analysis_in_American_Sign_Language.jpg \"Rightward wh-movement analysis in American Sign Language.jpg\") rightward movement analysis is a newer, more abstract argument of how wh\\-movement occurs in ASL. The main arguments for rightward movement begin by analyzing spec\\-CP as being on the right, the wh\\-movement as being rightward, and as the initial wh\\-word as a base\\-generated topic. This can be seen in the syntax tree on the right.",
"One of the rightward movement analysis' main arguments is in regards to the non\\-manual grammatical markings, and their optional spreading over the sentence. In ASL the use of non\\-manual grammatical markings is optional depending on the type of wh\\-question being asked. In the rightward analysis both partial and full spreading of non\\-manual grammatical markers can be accounted for due to the association with the \\+WH feature over its c\\-command domain.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Neidle \\|first1\\=Carol \\|last2\\=MacLaughlin \\|first2\\=Dawn \\|last3\\=Lee \\|first3\\=Robert G. \\|last4\\=Bahan \\|first4\\=Benjamin \\|last5\\=Kegl \\|first5\\=Judy \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=The Rightward Analysis of wh\\-Movement in ASL: A Reply to Petronio and Lillo\\-Martin \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/417004 \\|journal\\=Language \\|volume\\=74 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=823–825 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/417004 \\|jstor\\=417004 \\|issn\\=0097\\-8507}} In the leftward analysis, the partial or full spreading of non manual grammatical markings cannot be accounted for in this same way. The leftward movement analysis requires wh\\-marking to extend over the entirety of the question, regardless (which is not what is attested in ASL).",
"#### Yes/no questions",
"In spoken language Yes/no questions will oftentimes differ in their word order from the statement form. For example, in English:\nEnglish Statement: {{blockquote\\|HE WILL BUY THE SHIRT.}}English Yes/no Q:{{blockquote\\|WILL HE BUY THE SHIRT?{{Cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Baker\\|editor\\-first\\=Anne \\|editor2\\-first\\=Beppie \\|editor2\\-last\\=van den Bogaerde \\|editor3\\-first\\=Roland \\|editor3\\-last\\=Pfau \\|editor4\\-first\\=Trude \\|editor4\\-last\\=Schermer \\|chapter\\=6 Simple sentences 6\\.7 Sentence types 6\\.7\\.1 Interrogatives \\|title\\=The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction \\|publisher\\=J. Benjamins \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-272\\-6734\\-4 \\|pages\\=130 \\|oclc\\=936433607 \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|IECEDAAAQBAJ\\|pg\\=PR8}}}}}}In ASL, yes/no questions are marked by the non\\-manual grammatical markings (as discussed in section 4\\.4\\.1\\). This eyebrow raise, slight tilt of the head and lean forward are what indicate that a yes/no question is being asked, without any change in word order from the statement form. There is speculation amongst linguists that these non\\-manual grammatical markings that indicate a yes/no questions are similar to the question intonation of spoken languages.{{harvnb\\|Baker\\|van den Bogaerde\\|Pfau\\|Schermer\\|2016\\|p\\=131}}",
"Yes/no questions differ from wh\\-questions as they do not differ in word order from the original statement form of the sentence, whereas wh\\-questions do. As well, in yes/no questions, the non\\-manual marking must be used over the whole utterance in order for it to be judged as a statement opposed to a question.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=92}} The yes/no question is the same word order as the statement form of the sentence, with the addition of non\\-manual grammatical markings. This can be seen in the examples below.",
"*ASL Statement:*{{blockquote\\|JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY",
"\"Juan will buy shoes today\"}}*ASL Yes/no Question:*{{blockquote\\|\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_brow raise",
"JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY",
"\"Will Juan buy shoes today?\"{{Citation \\|last1\\=Hill \\|first1\\=Joseph C. \\|title\\=Syntax \\|year\\=2018 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.4324/9780429020872\\-4 \\|work\\=Sign Languages \\|pages\\=55–81 \\|place\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-429\\-02087\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|last2\\=Lillo\\-Martin \\|first2\\=Diane C. \\|last3\\=Wood \\|first3\\=Sandra K.\\|doi\\=10\\.4324/9780429020872\\-4 \\|s2cid\\=239556102 }}}}",
"#### Rhetorical questions",
"Non\\-manual grammatical markings are also used for rhetorical questions, which are questions that do not intend to elicit an answer. To distinguish the non\\-manual marking for rhetorical questions from that of yes/no questions, the body is in a neutral position opposed to tilted forward, and the head is tilted in a different way than in yes/no questions.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=68}} Rhetorical questions are much more common in ASL than in English. For example, in ASL:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[I LIKE]NEGATIVE \\[WHAT?]RHETORICAL, GARLIC.\n\\|\"I don't like garlic\"}}",
"This strategy is commonly used instead of signing the word 'because' for clarity or emphasis. For instance:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|PASTA I EAT ENJOY TRUE \\[WHY?]RHETORICAL, ITALIAN I.\n\\|\"I love to eat pasta because I am Italian\"}}",
"",
"",
""
] |
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