text
stringlengths 791
228k
| parts
listlengths 6
567
|
|---|---|
### Interrogative clauses
There are three types of questions with different constructions in ASL: wh\- questions, yes/no questions, and rhetorical questions.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=67–69}}
#### Non\-manual grammatical markings
Non\-manual grammatical markings are grammatical and semantic features that do not include the use of hands. They can include mouth shape, eye gazes, facial expressions, body shifting, head tilting, and eyebrow raising. Non \-manual grammatical markings can also aid in identifying sentence type, which is especially relevant to our discussion of different types of interrogatives.{{Cite web \|title\=Non\-manual signals in sign language \|url\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/index.php?id\=158\#:\~:text\=Non\-manual%20signals%20or%20NMS,,%20adjectives,%20and%20other%20adverbs. \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-21 \|website\=www.handspeak.com}}
#### Wh\-questions
Wh\-questions can be formed in a variety of ways in ASL. The wh\-word can appear solely at the end of the sentence, solely at the beginning of the sentence, at both the beginning and end of the sentence (see section 4\.4\.2\.1 on 'double\-occurring wh\-words', or in situ (i.e. where the wh\-word is in the sentence structure before movement occurs)). Manual wh\-signs are also accompanied by a non\-manual grammatical marking (see section 4\.4\.1\), which can include a variety of features.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=69}} This non\-manual grammatical marking can spread optionally over the entire wh\-phrase or just a small part.
Some languages have very few wh\-words, where context and discourse are sufficient to elicit the information that one needs. ASL has many different wh\-words, with certain wh\-words having multiple variations. A list of the wh\-words of ASL can be found below. WHAT, WHAT\-DO, WHAT\-FOR, WHAT\-PU, WHAT\- FS, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHO (several variations), WHY, HOW, HOW\-MANY{{Cite book \|first1\=Joseph Christopher \|last1\=Hill \|title\=Sign languages: structures and contexts \|date\=2019 \|first2\=Diane C. \|last2\=Lillo\-Martin \|first3\=Sandra K. \|last3\=Wood \|isbn\=978\-0\-429\-02087\-2 \|location\=London \|pages\=65 \|publisher\=Routledge \|oclc\=1078875378}}
##### Double\-occurring wh\-words
As mentioned above, ASL possesses wh\-questions with word initial placement, word final placement, in situ structure, but the most unique style of wh\-word occurrence in ASL is where the wh\-word occurs twice, copied in final position.{{Cite book \|title\=The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research \|date\=2021 \|first1\=Josep \|last1\=Quer \|first2\=Roland \|last2\=Pfau \|first3\=Annika \|last3\=Herrmann \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-62427\-1 \|publisher\=Routledge \|pages\=234 \|oclc\=1182020388}} This doubling can be seen in the table below.
| \+ |
| --- |
| WHAT | JOHN | BUY | WHAT |
| 'what did John buy' | | | |
This doubling provides a useful template to analyze two separate analyses about whether wh\-words move rightward or leftward in ASL. While some researchers argue for rightward movement in wh\- questions such as Aarons and Neidle,{{cite journal \|last\=Neidle \|first\=Carol \|year\=2002 \|title\=Language across modalities: ASL focus and question constructions \|journal\=Linguistic Variation Yearbook \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=71–98 \|doi\=10\.1075/livy.2\.05nei}} others, including Petronio and Lillo\-Martin, have argued that ASL has leftward movement and wh\- words that appear to the right of the clause move by other processes.{{harvnb\|Petronio\|Lillo\-Martin\|1997}} Both analyses agree upon the fact that there is wh\-movement present in these interrogative phrases, but it is a matter of what direction the wh\-movement is moving in that causes controversy. No matter what direction the wh\-movement is analyzed to go in, it is crucial to the analysis that the movement of the wh\-element is to the position of SPEC CP
[thumb\|377x377px\|Leftward Wh\-movement Analysis in American Sign Language](/wiki/File:Leftward_wh-movement_analysis_in_ASL.jpg "Leftward wh-movement analysis in ASL.jpg")
##### Lillo\-Martin \& Fischer's, and Petronio's leftward wh\-movement analysis
Summary of the leftward wh\-movement analysis in American Sign Language:
The leftward movement analysis is congruent with cross linguistic data that wh\-movement is always leftward. It can be seen as the less controversial of the two proposals. The main arguments presented by the Leftward Wh\-movement analysis are: That the spec\-CP is on the left, that the wh\-movement is leftward, and that the final wh\-word in a sentence is a base\-generated double. This is illustrated in the syntax tree located to the right of this paragraph.{{harvnb\|Quer\|Pfau\|Herrmann\|2021\|p\=235}} Arguments for leftward movement are based on the facts that if wh\-movement in ASL were rightward, ASL would be an exception to cross\-linguistic generalizations that wh\-movement is leftward.
It has also been hypothesized that wh\-elements cannot be topicalized, as topicalized elements must be presupposed and interrogatives are not. This would be detrimental to the rightward analysis, as they are analyzing the doubled wh\-word as a 'base generated topic'.
##### Aarons et al.'s rightward wh\-movement analysis
Summary of the rightward wh\-movement analysis in American Sign Language[thumb\|377x377px\|Rightward Wh\-movement Analysis in American Sign LanguageThe](/wiki/File:Rightward_wh-movement_analysis_in_American_Sign_Language.jpg "Rightward wh-movement analysis in American Sign Language.jpg") rightward movement analysis is a newer, more abstract argument of how wh\-movement occurs in ASL. The main arguments for rightward movement begin by analyzing spec\-CP as being on the right, the wh\-movement as being rightward, and as the initial wh\-word as a base\-generated topic. This can be seen in the syntax tree on the right.
One of the rightward movement analysis' main arguments is in regards to the non\-manual grammatical markings, and their optional spreading over the sentence. In ASL the use of non\-manual grammatical markings is optional depending on the type of wh\-question being asked. In the rightward analysis both partial and full spreading of non\-manual grammatical markers can be accounted for due to the association with the \+WH feature over its c\-command domain.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Neidle \|first1\=Carol \|last2\=MacLaughlin \|first2\=Dawn \|last3\=Lee \|first3\=Robert G. \|last4\=Bahan \|first4\=Benjamin \|last5\=Kegl \|first5\=Judy \|date\=1998 \|title\=The Rightward Analysis of wh\-Movement in ASL: A Reply to Petronio and Lillo\-Martin \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/417004 \|journal\=Language \|volume\=74 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=823–825 \|doi\=10\.2307/417004 \|jstor\=417004 \|issn\=0097\-8507}} In the leftward analysis, the partial or full spreading of non manual grammatical markings cannot be accounted for in this same way. The leftward movement analysis requires wh\-marking to extend over the entirety of the question, regardless (which is not what is attested in ASL).
#### Yes/no questions
In spoken language Yes/no questions will oftentimes differ in their word order from the statement form. For example, in English:
English Statement: {{blockquote\|HE WILL BUY THE SHIRT.}}English Yes/no Q:{{blockquote\|WILL HE BUY THE SHIRT?{{Cite book \|editor\-last\=Baker\|editor\-first\=Anne \|editor2\-first\=Beppie \|editor2\-last\=van den Bogaerde \|editor3\-first\=Roland \|editor3\-last\=Pfau \|editor4\-first\=Trude \|editor4\-last\=Schermer \|chapter\=6 Simple sentences 6\.7 Sentence types 6\.7\.1 Interrogatives \|title\=The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction \|publisher\=J. Benjamins \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-90\-272\-6734\-4 \|pages\=130 \|oclc\=936433607 \|url\={{GBurl\|IECEDAAAQBAJ\|pg\=PR8}}}}}}In ASL, yes/no questions are marked by the non\-manual grammatical markings (as discussed in section 4\.4\.1\). This eyebrow raise, slight tilt of the head and lean forward are what indicate that a yes/no question is being asked, without any change in word order from the statement form. There is speculation amongst linguists that these non\-manual grammatical markings that indicate a yes/no questions are similar to the question intonation of spoken languages.{{harvnb\|Baker\|van den Bogaerde\|Pfau\|Schermer\|2016\|p\=131}}
Yes/no questions differ from wh\-questions as they do not differ in word order from the original statement form of the sentence, whereas wh\-questions do. As well, in yes/no questions, the non\-manual marking must be used over the whole utterance in order for it to be judged as a statement opposed to a question.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=92}} The yes/no question is the same word order as the statement form of the sentence, with the addition of non\-manual grammatical markings. This can be seen in the examples below.
*ASL Statement:*{{blockquote\|JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY
"Juan will buy shoes today"}}*ASL Yes/no Question:*{{blockquote\|\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_brow raise
JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY
"Will Juan buy shoes today?"{{Citation \|last1\=Hill \|first1\=Joseph C. \|title\=Syntax \|year\=2018 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.4324/9780429020872\-4 \|work\=Sign Languages \|pages\=55–81 \|place\=New York \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-0\-429\-02087\-2 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|last2\=Lillo\-Martin \|first2\=Diane C. \|last3\=Wood \|first3\=Sandra K.\|doi\=10\.4324/9780429020872\-4 \|s2cid\=239556102 }}}}
#### Rhetorical questions
Non\-manual grammatical markings are also used for rhetorical questions, which are questions that do not intend to elicit an answer. To distinguish the non\-manual marking for rhetorical questions from that of yes/no questions, the body is in a neutral position opposed to tilted forward, and the head is tilted in a different way than in yes/no questions.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=68}} Rhetorical questions are much more common in ASL than in English. For example, in ASL:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|\[I LIKE]NEGATIVE \[WHAT?]RHETORICAL, GARLIC.
\|"I don't like garlic"}}
This strategy is commonly used instead of signing the word 'because' for clarity or emphasis. For instance:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|PASTA I EAT ENJOY TRUE \[WHY?]RHETORICAL, ITALIAN I.
\|"I love to eat pasta because I am Italian"}}
|
[
"### Interrogative clauses",
"There are three types of questions with different constructions in ASL: wh\\- questions, yes/no questions, and rhetorical questions.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=67–69}}",
"#### Non\\-manual grammatical markings",
"Non\\-manual grammatical markings are grammatical and semantic features that do not include the use of hands. They can include mouth shape, eye gazes, facial expressions, body shifting, head tilting, and eyebrow raising. Non \\-manual grammatical markings can also aid in identifying sentence type, which is especially relevant to our discussion of different types of interrogatives.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Non\\-manual signals in sign language \\|url\\=https://www.handspeak.com/learn/index.php?id\\=158\\#:\\~:text\\=Non\\-manual%20signals%20or%20NMS,,%20adjectives,%20and%20other%20adverbs. \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-21 \\|website\\=www.handspeak.com}}",
"#### Wh\\-questions",
"Wh\\-questions can be formed in a variety of ways in ASL. The wh\\-word can appear solely at the end of the sentence, solely at the beginning of the sentence, at both the beginning and end of the sentence (see section 4\\.4\\.2\\.1 on 'double\\-occurring wh\\-words', or in situ (i.e. where the wh\\-word is in the sentence structure before movement occurs)). Manual wh\\-signs are also accompanied by a non\\-manual grammatical marking (see section 4\\.4\\.1\\), which can include a variety of features.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=69}} This non\\-manual grammatical marking can spread optionally over the entire wh\\-phrase or just a small part.",
"Some languages have very few wh\\-words, where context and discourse are sufficient to elicit the information that one needs. ASL has many different wh\\-words, with certain wh\\-words having multiple variations. A list of the wh\\-words of ASL can be found below. WHAT, WHAT\\-DO, WHAT\\-FOR, WHAT\\-PU, WHAT\\- FS, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHO (several variations), WHY, HOW, HOW\\-MANY{{Cite book \\|first1\\=Joseph Christopher \\|last1\\=Hill \\|title\\=Sign languages: structures and contexts \\|date\\=2019 \\|first2\\=Diane C. \\|last2\\=Lillo\\-Martin \\|first3\\=Sandra K. \\|last3\\=Wood \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-429\\-02087\\-2 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=65 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|oclc\\=1078875378}}",
"##### Double\\-occurring wh\\-words",
"As mentioned above, ASL possesses wh\\-questions with word initial placement, word final placement, in situ structure, but the most unique style of wh\\-word occurrence in ASL is where the wh\\-word occurs twice, copied in final position.{{Cite book \\|title\\=The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research \\|date\\=2021 \\|first1\\=Josep \\|last1\\=Quer \\|first2\\=Roland \\|last2\\=Pfau \\|first3\\=Annika \\|last3\\=Herrmann \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-62427\\-1 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|pages\\=234 \\|oclc\\=1182020388}} This doubling can be seen in the table below.",
"| \\+ |\n| --- |\n| WHAT | JOHN | BUY | WHAT |\n| 'what did John buy' | | | |",
"This doubling provides a useful template to analyze two separate analyses about whether wh\\-words move rightward or leftward in ASL. While some researchers argue for rightward movement in wh\\- questions such as Aarons and Neidle,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Neidle \\|first\\=Carol \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=Language across modalities: ASL focus and question constructions \\|journal\\=Linguistic Variation Yearbook \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=71–98 \\|doi\\=10\\.1075/livy.2\\.05nei}} others, including Petronio and Lillo\\-Martin, have argued that ASL has leftward movement and wh\\- words that appear to the right of the clause move by other processes.{{harvnb\\|Petronio\\|Lillo\\-Martin\\|1997}} Both analyses agree upon the fact that there is wh\\-movement present in these interrogative phrases, but it is a matter of what direction the wh\\-movement is moving in that causes controversy. No matter what direction the wh\\-movement is analyzed to go in, it is crucial to the analysis that the movement of the wh\\-element is to the position of SPEC CP\n[thumb\\|377x377px\\|Leftward Wh\\-movement Analysis in American Sign Language](/wiki/File:Leftward_wh-movement_analysis_in_ASL.jpg \"Leftward wh-movement analysis in ASL.jpg\")",
"##### Lillo\\-Martin \\& Fischer's, and Petronio's leftward wh\\-movement analysis",
"Summary of the leftward wh\\-movement analysis in American Sign Language:",
"The leftward movement analysis is congruent with cross linguistic data that wh\\-movement is always leftward. It can be seen as the less controversial of the two proposals. The main arguments presented by the Leftward Wh\\-movement analysis are: That the spec\\-CP is on the left, that the wh\\-movement is leftward, and that the final wh\\-word in a sentence is a base\\-generated double. This is illustrated in the syntax tree located to the right of this paragraph.{{harvnb\\|Quer\\|Pfau\\|Herrmann\\|2021\\|p\\=235}} Arguments for leftward movement are based on the facts that if wh\\-movement in ASL were rightward, ASL would be an exception to cross\\-linguistic generalizations that wh\\-movement is leftward.",
"It has also been hypothesized that wh\\-elements cannot be topicalized, as topicalized elements must be presupposed and interrogatives are not. This would be detrimental to the rightward analysis, as they are analyzing the doubled wh\\-word as a 'base generated topic'.",
"##### Aarons et al.'s rightward wh\\-movement analysis",
"Summary of the rightward wh\\-movement analysis in American Sign Language[thumb\\|377x377px\\|Rightward Wh\\-movement Analysis in American Sign LanguageThe](/wiki/File:Rightward_wh-movement_analysis_in_American_Sign_Language.jpg \"Rightward wh-movement analysis in American Sign Language.jpg\") rightward movement analysis is a newer, more abstract argument of how wh\\-movement occurs in ASL. The main arguments for rightward movement begin by analyzing spec\\-CP as being on the right, the wh\\-movement as being rightward, and as the initial wh\\-word as a base\\-generated topic. This can be seen in the syntax tree on the right.",
"One of the rightward movement analysis' main arguments is in regards to the non\\-manual grammatical markings, and their optional spreading over the sentence. In ASL the use of non\\-manual grammatical markings is optional depending on the type of wh\\-question being asked. In the rightward analysis both partial and full spreading of non\\-manual grammatical markers can be accounted for due to the association with the \\+WH feature over its c\\-command domain.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Neidle \\|first1\\=Carol \\|last2\\=MacLaughlin \\|first2\\=Dawn \\|last3\\=Lee \\|first3\\=Robert G. \\|last4\\=Bahan \\|first4\\=Benjamin \\|last5\\=Kegl \\|first5\\=Judy \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=The Rightward Analysis of wh\\-Movement in ASL: A Reply to Petronio and Lillo\\-Martin \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/417004 \\|journal\\=Language \\|volume\\=74 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=823–825 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/417004 \\|jstor\\=417004 \\|issn\\=0097\\-8507}} In the leftward analysis, the partial or full spreading of non manual grammatical markings cannot be accounted for in this same way. The leftward movement analysis requires wh\\-marking to extend over the entirety of the question, regardless (which is not what is attested in ASL).",
"#### Yes/no questions",
"In spoken language Yes/no questions will oftentimes differ in their word order from the statement form. For example, in English:\nEnglish Statement: {{blockquote\\|HE WILL BUY THE SHIRT.}}English Yes/no Q:{{blockquote\\|WILL HE BUY THE SHIRT?{{Cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Baker\\|editor\\-first\\=Anne \\|editor2\\-first\\=Beppie \\|editor2\\-last\\=van den Bogaerde \\|editor3\\-first\\=Roland \\|editor3\\-last\\=Pfau \\|editor4\\-first\\=Trude \\|editor4\\-last\\=Schermer \\|chapter\\=6 Simple sentences 6\\.7 Sentence types 6\\.7\\.1 Interrogatives \\|title\\=The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction \\|publisher\\=J. Benjamins \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-272\\-6734\\-4 \\|pages\\=130 \\|oclc\\=936433607 \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|IECEDAAAQBAJ\\|pg\\=PR8}}}}}}In ASL, yes/no questions are marked by the non\\-manual grammatical markings (as discussed in section 4\\.4\\.1\\). This eyebrow raise, slight tilt of the head and lean forward are what indicate that a yes/no question is being asked, without any change in word order from the statement form. There is speculation amongst linguists that these non\\-manual grammatical markings that indicate a yes/no questions are similar to the question intonation of spoken languages.{{harvnb\\|Baker\\|van den Bogaerde\\|Pfau\\|Schermer\\|2016\\|p\\=131}}",
"Yes/no questions differ from wh\\-questions as they do not differ in word order from the original statement form of the sentence, whereas wh\\-questions do. As well, in yes/no questions, the non\\-manual marking must be used over the whole utterance in order for it to be judged as a statement opposed to a question.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=92}} The yes/no question is the same word order as the statement form of the sentence, with the addition of non\\-manual grammatical markings. This can be seen in the examples below.",
"*ASL Statement:*{{blockquote\\|JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY",
"\"Juan will buy shoes today\"}}*ASL Yes/no Question:*{{blockquote\\|\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_brow raise",
"JUAN WILL BUY SHOES TODAY",
"\"Will Juan buy shoes today?\"{{Citation \\|last1\\=Hill \\|first1\\=Joseph C. \\|title\\=Syntax \\|year\\=2018 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.4324/9780429020872\\-4 \\|work\\=Sign Languages \\|pages\\=55–81 \\|place\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-429\\-02087\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|last2\\=Lillo\\-Martin \\|first2\\=Diane C. \\|last3\\=Wood \\|first3\\=Sandra K.\\|doi\\=10\\.4324/9780429020872\\-4 \\|s2cid\\=239556102 }}}}",
"#### Rhetorical questions",
"Non\\-manual grammatical markings are also used for rhetorical questions, which are questions that do not intend to elicit an answer. To distinguish the non\\-manual marking for rhetorical questions from that of yes/no questions, the body is in a neutral position opposed to tilted forward, and the head is tilted in a different way than in yes/no questions.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=68}} Rhetorical questions are much more common in ASL than in English. For example, in ASL:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|\\[I LIKE]NEGATIVE \\[WHAT?]RHETORICAL, GARLIC.\n\\|\"I don't like garlic\"}}",
"This strategy is commonly used instead of signing the word 'because' for clarity or emphasis. For instance:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|PASTA I EAT ENJOY TRUE \\[WHY?]RHETORICAL, ITALIAN I.\n\\|\"I love to eat pasta because I am Italian\"}}",
"",
"",
""
] |
#### Wh\-questions
Wh\-questions can be formed in a variety of ways in ASL. The wh\-word can appear solely at the end of the sentence, solely at the beginning of the sentence, at both the beginning and end of the sentence (see section 4\.4\.2\.1 on 'double\-occurring wh\-words', or in situ (i.e. where the wh\-word is in the sentence structure before movement occurs)). Manual wh\-signs are also accompanied by a non\-manual grammatical marking (see section 4\.4\.1\), which can include a variety of features.{{harvnb\|Aarons\|1994\|p\=69}} This non\-manual grammatical marking can spread optionally over the entire wh\-phrase or just a small part.
Some languages have very few wh\-words, where context and discourse are sufficient to elicit the information that one needs. ASL has many different wh\-words, with certain wh\-words having multiple variations. A list of the wh\-words of ASL can be found below. WHAT, WHAT\-DO, WHAT\-FOR, WHAT\-PU, WHAT\- FS, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHO (several variations), WHY, HOW, HOW\-MANY{{Cite book \|first1\=Joseph Christopher \|last1\=Hill \|title\=Sign languages: structures and contexts \|date\=2019 \|first2\=Diane C. \|last2\=Lillo\-Martin \|first3\=Sandra K. \|last3\=Wood \|isbn\=978\-0\-429\-02087\-2 \|location\=London \|pages\=65 \|publisher\=Routledge \|oclc\=1078875378}}
##### Double\-occurring wh\-words
As mentioned above, ASL possesses wh\-questions with word initial placement, word final placement, in situ structure, but the most unique style of wh\-word occurrence in ASL is where the wh\-word occurs twice, copied in final position.{{Cite book \|title\=The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research \|date\=2021 \|first1\=Josep \|last1\=Quer \|first2\=Roland \|last2\=Pfau \|first3\=Annika \|last3\=Herrmann \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-62427\-1 \|publisher\=Routledge \|pages\=234 \|oclc\=1182020388}} This doubling can be seen in the table below.
| \+ |
| --- |
| WHAT | JOHN | BUY | WHAT |
| 'what did John buy' | | | |
This doubling provides a useful template to analyze two separate analyses about whether wh\-words move rightward or leftward in ASL. While some researchers argue for rightward movement in wh\- questions such as Aarons and Neidle,{{cite journal \|last\=Neidle \|first\=Carol \|year\=2002 \|title\=Language across modalities: ASL focus and question constructions \|journal\=Linguistic Variation Yearbook \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=71–98 \|doi\=10\.1075/livy.2\.05nei}} others, including Petronio and Lillo\-Martin, have argued that ASL has leftward movement and wh\- words that appear to the right of the clause move by other processes.{{harvnb\|Petronio\|Lillo\-Martin\|1997}} Both analyses agree upon the fact that there is wh\-movement present in these interrogative phrases, but it is a matter of what direction the wh\-movement is moving in that causes controversy. No matter what direction the wh\-movement is analyzed to go in, it is crucial to the analysis that the movement of the wh\-element is to the position of SPEC CP
[thumb\|377x377px\|Leftward Wh\-movement Analysis in American Sign Language](/wiki/File:Leftward_wh-movement_analysis_in_ASL.jpg "Leftward wh-movement analysis in ASL.jpg")
##### Lillo\-Martin \& Fischer's, and Petronio's leftward wh\-movement analysis
Summary of the leftward wh\-movement analysis in American Sign Language:
The leftward movement analysis is congruent with cross linguistic data that wh\-movement is always leftward. It can be seen as the less controversial of the two proposals. The main arguments presented by the Leftward Wh\-movement analysis are: That the spec\-CP is on the left, that the wh\-movement is leftward, and that the final wh\-word in a sentence is a base\-generated double. This is illustrated in the syntax tree located to the right of this paragraph.{{harvnb\|Quer\|Pfau\|Herrmann\|2021\|p\=235}} Arguments for leftward movement are based on the facts that if wh\-movement in ASL were rightward, ASL would be an exception to cross\-linguistic generalizations that wh\-movement is leftward.
It has also been hypothesized that wh\-elements cannot be topicalized, as topicalized elements must be presupposed and interrogatives are not. This would be detrimental to the rightward analysis, as they are analyzing the doubled wh\-word as a 'base generated topic'.
##### Aarons et al.'s rightward wh\-movement analysis
Summary of the rightward wh\-movement analysis in American Sign Language[thumb\|377x377px\|Rightward Wh\-movement Analysis in American Sign LanguageThe](/wiki/File:Rightward_wh-movement_analysis_in_American_Sign_Language.jpg "Rightward wh-movement analysis in American Sign Language.jpg") rightward movement analysis is a newer, more abstract argument of how wh\-movement occurs in ASL. The main arguments for rightward movement begin by analyzing spec\-CP as being on the right, the wh\-movement as being rightward, and as the initial wh\-word as a base\-generated topic. This can be seen in the syntax tree on the right.
One of the rightward movement analysis' main arguments is in regards to the non\-manual grammatical markings, and their optional spreading over the sentence. In ASL the use of non\-manual grammatical markings is optional depending on the type of wh\-question being asked. In the rightward analysis both partial and full spreading of non\-manual grammatical markers can be accounted for due to the association with the \+WH feature over its c\-command domain.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Neidle \|first1\=Carol \|last2\=MacLaughlin \|first2\=Dawn \|last3\=Lee \|first3\=Robert G. \|last4\=Bahan \|first4\=Benjamin \|last5\=Kegl \|first5\=Judy \|date\=1998 \|title\=The Rightward Analysis of wh\-Movement in ASL: A Reply to Petronio and Lillo\-Martin \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/417004 \|journal\=Language \|volume\=74 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=823–825 \|doi\=10\.2307/417004 \|jstor\=417004 \|issn\=0097\-8507}} In the leftward analysis, the partial or full spreading of non manual grammatical markings cannot be accounted for in this same way. The leftward movement analysis requires wh\-marking to extend over the entirety of the question, regardless (which is not what is attested in ASL).
|
[
"#### Wh\\-questions",
"Wh\\-questions can be formed in a variety of ways in ASL. The wh\\-word can appear solely at the end of the sentence, solely at the beginning of the sentence, at both the beginning and end of the sentence (see section 4\\.4\\.2\\.1 on 'double\\-occurring wh\\-words', or in situ (i.e. where the wh\\-word is in the sentence structure before movement occurs)). Manual wh\\-signs are also accompanied by a non\\-manual grammatical marking (see section 4\\.4\\.1\\), which can include a variety of features.{{harvnb\\|Aarons\\|1994\\|p\\=69}} This non\\-manual grammatical marking can spread optionally over the entire wh\\-phrase or just a small part.",
"Some languages have very few wh\\-words, where context and discourse are sufficient to elicit the information that one needs. ASL has many different wh\\-words, with certain wh\\-words having multiple variations. A list of the wh\\-words of ASL can be found below. WHAT, WHAT\\-DO, WHAT\\-FOR, WHAT\\-PU, WHAT\\- FS, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHO (several variations), WHY, HOW, HOW\\-MANY{{Cite book \\|first1\\=Joseph Christopher \\|last1\\=Hill \\|title\\=Sign languages: structures and contexts \\|date\\=2019 \\|first2\\=Diane C. \\|last2\\=Lillo\\-Martin \\|first3\\=Sandra K. \\|last3\\=Wood \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-429\\-02087\\-2 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=65 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|oclc\\=1078875378}}",
"##### Double\\-occurring wh\\-words",
"As mentioned above, ASL possesses wh\\-questions with word initial placement, word final placement, in situ structure, but the most unique style of wh\\-word occurrence in ASL is where the wh\\-word occurs twice, copied in final position.{{Cite book \\|title\\=The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research \\|date\\=2021 \\|first1\\=Josep \\|last1\\=Quer \\|first2\\=Roland \\|last2\\=Pfau \\|first3\\=Annika \\|last3\\=Herrmann \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-62427\\-1 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|pages\\=234 \\|oclc\\=1182020388}} This doubling can be seen in the table below.",
"| \\+ |\n| --- |\n| WHAT | JOHN | BUY | WHAT |\n| 'what did John buy' | | | |",
"This doubling provides a useful template to analyze two separate analyses about whether wh\\-words move rightward or leftward in ASL. While some researchers argue for rightward movement in wh\\- questions such as Aarons and Neidle,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Neidle \\|first\\=Carol \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=Language across modalities: ASL focus and question constructions \\|journal\\=Linguistic Variation Yearbook \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=71–98 \\|doi\\=10\\.1075/livy.2\\.05nei}} others, including Petronio and Lillo\\-Martin, have argued that ASL has leftward movement and wh\\- words that appear to the right of the clause move by other processes.{{harvnb\\|Petronio\\|Lillo\\-Martin\\|1997}} Both analyses agree upon the fact that there is wh\\-movement present in these interrogative phrases, but it is a matter of what direction the wh\\-movement is moving in that causes controversy. No matter what direction the wh\\-movement is analyzed to go in, it is crucial to the analysis that the movement of the wh\\-element is to the position of SPEC CP\n[thumb\\|377x377px\\|Leftward Wh\\-movement Analysis in American Sign Language](/wiki/File:Leftward_wh-movement_analysis_in_ASL.jpg \"Leftward wh-movement analysis in ASL.jpg\")",
"##### Lillo\\-Martin \\& Fischer's, and Petronio's leftward wh\\-movement analysis",
"Summary of the leftward wh\\-movement analysis in American Sign Language:",
"The leftward movement analysis is congruent with cross linguistic data that wh\\-movement is always leftward. It can be seen as the less controversial of the two proposals. The main arguments presented by the Leftward Wh\\-movement analysis are: That the spec\\-CP is on the left, that the wh\\-movement is leftward, and that the final wh\\-word in a sentence is a base\\-generated double. This is illustrated in the syntax tree located to the right of this paragraph.{{harvnb\\|Quer\\|Pfau\\|Herrmann\\|2021\\|p\\=235}} Arguments for leftward movement are based on the facts that if wh\\-movement in ASL were rightward, ASL would be an exception to cross\\-linguistic generalizations that wh\\-movement is leftward.",
"It has also been hypothesized that wh\\-elements cannot be topicalized, as topicalized elements must be presupposed and interrogatives are not. This would be detrimental to the rightward analysis, as they are analyzing the doubled wh\\-word as a 'base generated topic'.",
"##### Aarons et al.'s rightward wh\\-movement analysis",
"Summary of the rightward wh\\-movement analysis in American Sign Language[thumb\\|377x377px\\|Rightward Wh\\-movement Analysis in American Sign LanguageThe](/wiki/File:Rightward_wh-movement_analysis_in_American_Sign_Language.jpg \"Rightward wh-movement analysis in American Sign Language.jpg\") rightward movement analysis is a newer, more abstract argument of how wh\\-movement occurs in ASL. The main arguments for rightward movement begin by analyzing spec\\-CP as being on the right, the wh\\-movement as being rightward, and as the initial wh\\-word as a base\\-generated topic. This can be seen in the syntax tree on the right.",
"One of the rightward movement analysis' main arguments is in regards to the non\\-manual grammatical markings, and their optional spreading over the sentence. In ASL the use of non\\-manual grammatical markings is optional depending on the type of wh\\-question being asked. In the rightward analysis both partial and full spreading of non\\-manual grammatical markers can be accounted for due to the association with the \\+WH feature over its c\\-command domain.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Neidle \\|first1\\=Carol \\|last2\\=MacLaughlin \\|first2\\=Dawn \\|last3\\=Lee \\|first3\\=Robert G. \\|last4\\=Bahan \\|first4\\=Benjamin \\|last5\\=Kegl \\|first5\\=Judy \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=The Rightward Analysis of wh\\-Movement in ASL: A Reply to Petronio and Lillo\\-Martin \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/417004 \\|journal\\=Language \\|volume\\=74 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=823–825 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/417004 \\|jstor\\=417004 \\|issn\\=0097\\-8507}} In the leftward analysis, the partial or full spreading of non manual grammatical markings cannot be accounted for in this same way. The leftward movement analysis requires wh\\-marking to extend over the entirety of the question, regardless (which is not what is attested in ASL).",
""
] |
DP syntax
---------
### Subject pronoun tags
Information may also be added after the main clause as a kind of 'afterthought'. In ASL this is commonly seen with subject pronouns. These are accompanied by a nod of the head, and make a statement more emphatic:
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|boy fall
\|"The boy fell down."}}
versus
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|boy fall \[he]TAG
\|"The boy fell down, he did."}}
The subject need not be mentioned, as in
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|fall
\|"He fell down."}}
versus
{{interlinear\|lang\=ase\|indent\=3
\|fall \[he]TAG
\|"He fell down, he did."}}
### Deixis
In ASL signers set up regions of space (loci) for specific referents (see above); these can then be referred to indexically by pointing at those locations with pronouns and indexical verbs.
#### Pronouns
Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic. That is, they point to their referent, or to a locus representing their referent. When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses: A 'G' handshape is a [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun"), an extended 'B' handshape with an outward palm orientation is a [possessive pronoun](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun "Possessive pronoun"), and an extended\-thumb 'A' handshape is a [reflexive pronoun](/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun "Reflexive pronoun"); these may be combined with numeral signs to sign 'you two', 'us three', 'all of them', etc.
If the referent is not physically present, the speaker identifies the referent and then points to a location (the *locus)* in the sign space near their body. This locus can then be pointed at to refer to the referent. Theoretically, any number of loci may be set up, as long as the signer and recipient remember them all, but in practice, no more than eight loci are used.
Meier 1990 demonstrates that only two [grammatical persons](/wiki/Grammatical_person "Grammatical person") are distinguished in ASL: First person and non\-first person, as in [Damin](/wiki/Damin "Damin"). Both persons come in several numbers as well as with signs such as 'my' and 'by myself'.
Meier provides several arguments for believing that ASL does not formally distinguish second from third person. For example, when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse. There is nothing in the sign itself, nor in the direction of eye gaze or body posture, that can be relied on to make this distinction. That is, the same formal sign can refer to any of several second or third persons, which the indexic nature of the pronoun makes clear. In English, indexic uses also occur, as in 'I need *you* to go to the store and *you* to stay here', but not so ubiquitously. In contrast, several first\-person ASL pronouns, such as the plural possessive ('our'), look different from their non\-first\-person equivalents, and a couple of pronouns do not occur in the first person at all, so first and non\-first persons are formally distinct.
Personal pronouns have separate forms for singular ('I' and 'you/(s)he') and plural ('we' and 'you/they'). These have [possessive](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun "Possessive pronoun") counterparts: 'my', 'our', 'your/his/her', 'your/their'. In addition, there are pronoun forms which incorporate numerals from two to five ('the three of us', 'the four of you/them', etc.), though the [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 "Dual (grammatical number)") pronouns are slightly idiosyncratic in form *(i.e.,* they have a K rather than 2 handshape, and the wrist nods rather than circles). These numeral\-incorporated pronouns have no possessive equivalents.
Also among the personal pronouns are the 'self' forms ('by myself', 'by your/themselves', etc.). These only occur in the singular and plural (there is no numeral incorporation), and are only found as subjects. They have derived emphatic and 'characterizing' forms, with modifications used for derivation rather like those for verbal aspect. The 'characterizing' pronoun is used when describing someone who has just been mentioned. It only occurs as a non\-first\-person singular form.
Finally, there are formal pronouns used for honored guests. These occur as singular and plural in the non\-first person, but only as singular in the first person.
ASL is a [pro\-drop](/wiki/Pro-drop "Pro-drop") language, which means that pronouns are not used when the referent is obvious from context and is not being emphasized.
#### Indexical verbs
Within ASL there is a class of indexical (often called 'directional') verbs. These include the signs for 'see', 'pay', 'give', 'show', 'invite', 'help', 'send', 'bite', etc. These verbs include an element of motion that indexes one or more referents, either physically present or set up through the referent locus system. If there are two loci, the first indicates the subject and the second the object, [direct](/wiki/Direct_object "Direct object") or [indirect](/wiki/Indirect_object "Indirect object") depending on the verb, reflecting the basic word order of ASL. For example, 'give' is a bi\-indexical verb based on a flattened M/O handshape. For 'I give you', the hand moves from myself toward you; for 'you give me', it moves from you to me. 'See' is indicated with a V handshape. Two loci for a dog and a cat can be set up, with the sign moving between them to indicate 'the dog sees the cat' (if it starts at the locus for dog and moves toward the locus for cat) or 'the cat sees the dog' (with the motion in the opposite direction), or the V hand can circulate between both loci and myself to mean 'we (the dog, the cat, and myself) see each other'. The verb 'to be in pain' (index fingers pointed at each other and alternately approaching and separating) is signed at the location of the pain (head for headache, cheek for toothache, abdomen for stomachache, etc.). This is normally done in relation to the signer's own body, regardless of the person feeling the pain, but may take also use the locus system, especially for body parts which are not normally part of the sign space, such as the leg. There are also spatial verbs such as put\-up and put\-below, which allow signers to specify where things are or how they moved them around.
|
[
"DP syntax\n---------",
"### Subject pronoun tags",
"Information may also be added after the main clause as a kind of 'afterthought'. In ASL this is commonly seen with subject pronouns. These are accompanied by a nod of the head, and make a statement more emphatic:",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|boy fall\n\\|\"The boy fell down.\"}}\nversus\n{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|boy fall \\[he]TAG\n\\|\"The boy fell down, he did.\"}}",
"The subject need not be mentioned, as in",
"{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|fall\n\\|\"He fell down.\"}}\nversus\n{{interlinear\\|lang\\=ase\\|indent\\=3\n\\|fall \\[he]TAG\n\\|\"He fell down, he did.\"}}",
"### Deixis",
"In ASL signers set up regions of space (loci) for specific referents (see above); these can then be referred to indexically by pointing at those locations with pronouns and indexical verbs.",
"#### Pronouns",
"Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic. That is, they point to their referent, or to a locus representing their referent. When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses: A 'G' handshape is a [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun \"Personal pronoun\"), an extended 'B' handshape with an outward palm orientation is a [possessive pronoun](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun \"Possessive pronoun\"), and an extended\\-thumb 'A' handshape is a [reflexive pronoun](/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun \"Reflexive pronoun\"); these may be combined with numeral signs to sign 'you two', 'us three', 'all of them', etc.",
"If the referent is not physically present, the speaker identifies the referent and then points to a location (the *locus)* in the sign space near their body. This locus can then be pointed at to refer to the referent. Theoretically, any number of loci may be set up, as long as the signer and recipient remember them all, but in practice, no more than eight loci are used.",
"Meier 1990 demonstrates that only two [grammatical persons](/wiki/Grammatical_person \"Grammatical person\") are distinguished in ASL: First person and non\\-first person, as in [Damin](/wiki/Damin \"Damin\"). Both persons come in several numbers as well as with signs such as 'my' and 'by myself'.",
"Meier provides several arguments for believing that ASL does not formally distinguish second from third person. For example, when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse. There is nothing in the sign itself, nor in the direction of eye gaze or body posture, that can be relied on to make this distinction. That is, the same formal sign can refer to any of several second or third persons, which the indexic nature of the pronoun makes clear. In English, indexic uses also occur, as in 'I need *you* to go to the store and *you* to stay here', but not so ubiquitously. In contrast, several first\\-person ASL pronouns, such as the plural possessive ('our'), look different from their non\\-first\\-person equivalents, and a couple of pronouns do not occur in the first person at all, so first and non\\-first persons are formally distinct.",
"Personal pronouns have separate forms for singular ('I' and 'you/(s)he') and plural ('we' and 'you/they'). These have [possessive](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun \"Possessive pronoun\") counterparts: 'my', 'our', 'your/his/her', 'your/their'. In addition, there are pronoun forms which incorporate numerals from two to five ('the three of us', 'the four of you/them', etc.), though the [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 \"Dual (grammatical number)\") pronouns are slightly idiosyncratic in form *(i.e.,* they have a K rather than 2 handshape, and the wrist nods rather than circles). These numeral\\-incorporated pronouns have no possessive equivalents.",
"Also among the personal pronouns are the 'self' forms ('by myself', 'by your/themselves', etc.). These only occur in the singular and plural (there is no numeral incorporation), and are only found as subjects. They have derived emphatic and 'characterizing' forms, with modifications used for derivation rather like those for verbal aspect. The 'characterizing' pronoun is used when describing someone who has just been mentioned. It only occurs as a non\\-first\\-person singular form.",
"Finally, there are formal pronouns used for honored guests. These occur as singular and plural in the non\\-first person, but only as singular in the first person.",
"ASL is a [pro\\-drop](/wiki/Pro-drop \"Pro-drop\") language, which means that pronouns are not used when the referent is obvious from context and is not being emphasized.",
"#### Indexical verbs",
"Within ASL there is a class of indexical (often called 'directional') verbs. These include the signs for 'see', 'pay', 'give', 'show', 'invite', 'help', 'send', 'bite', etc. These verbs include an element of motion that indexes one or more referents, either physically present or set up through the referent locus system. If there are two loci, the first indicates the subject and the second the object, [direct](/wiki/Direct_object \"Direct object\") or [indirect](/wiki/Indirect_object \"Indirect object\") depending on the verb, reflecting the basic word order of ASL. For example, 'give' is a bi\\-indexical verb based on a flattened M/O handshape. For 'I give you', the hand moves from myself toward you; for 'you give me', it moves from you to me. 'See' is indicated with a V handshape. Two loci for a dog and a cat can be set up, with the sign moving between them to indicate 'the dog sees the cat' (if it starts at the locus for dog and moves toward the locus for cat) or 'the cat sees the dog' (with the motion in the opposite direction), or the V hand can circulate between both loci and myself to mean 'we (the dog, the cat, and myself) see each other'. The verb 'to be in pain' (index fingers pointed at each other and alternately approaching and separating) is signed at the location of the pain (head for headache, cheek for toothache, abdomen for stomachache, etc.). This is normally done in relation to the signer's own body, regardless of the person feeling the pain, but may take also use the locus system, especially for body parts which are not normally part of the sign space, such as the leg. There are also spatial verbs such as put\\-up and put\\-below, which allow signers to specify where things are or how they moved them around.",
""
] |
### Deixis
In ASL signers set up regions of space (loci) for specific referents (see above); these can then be referred to indexically by pointing at those locations with pronouns and indexical verbs.
#### Pronouns
Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic. That is, they point to their referent, or to a locus representing their referent. When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses: A 'G' handshape is a [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun"), an extended 'B' handshape with an outward palm orientation is a [possessive pronoun](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun "Possessive pronoun"), and an extended\-thumb 'A' handshape is a [reflexive pronoun](/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun "Reflexive pronoun"); these may be combined with numeral signs to sign 'you two', 'us three', 'all of them', etc.
If the referent is not physically present, the speaker identifies the referent and then points to a location (the *locus)* in the sign space near their body. This locus can then be pointed at to refer to the referent. Theoretically, any number of loci may be set up, as long as the signer and recipient remember them all, but in practice, no more than eight loci are used.
Meier 1990 demonstrates that only two [grammatical persons](/wiki/Grammatical_person "Grammatical person") are distinguished in ASL: First person and non\-first person, as in [Damin](/wiki/Damin "Damin"). Both persons come in several numbers as well as with signs such as 'my' and 'by myself'.
Meier provides several arguments for believing that ASL does not formally distinguish second from third person. For example, when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse. There is nothing in the sign itself, nor in the direction of eye gaze or body posture, that can be relied on to make this distinction. That is, the same formal sign can refer to any of several second or third persons, which the indexic nature of the pronoun makes clear. In English, indexic uses also occur, as in 'I need *you* to go to the store and *you* to stay here', but not so ubiquitously. In contrast, several first\-person ASL pronouns, such as the plural possessive ('our'), look different from their non\-first\-person equivalents, and a couple of pronouns do not occur in the first person at all, so first and non\-first persons are formally distinct.
Personal pronouns have separate forms for singular ('I' and 'you/(s)he') and plural ('we' and 'you/they'). These have [possessive](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun "Possessive pronoun") counterparts: 'my', 'our', 'your/his/her', 'your/their'. In addition, there are pronoun forms which incorporate numerals from two to five ('the three of us', 'the four of you/them', etc.), though the [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 "Dual (grammatical number)") pronouns are slightly idiosyncratic in form *(i.e.,* they have a K rather than 2 handshape, and the wrist nods rather than circles). These numeral\-incorporated pronouns have no possessive equivalents.
Also among the personal pronouns are the 'self' forms ('by myself', 'by your/themselves', etc.). These only occur in the singular and plural (there is no numeral incorporation), and are only found as subjects. They have derived emphatic and 'characterizing' forms, with modifications used for derivation rather like those for verbal aspect. The 'characterizing' pronoun is used when describing someone who has just been mentioned. It only occurs as a non\-first\-person singular form.
Finally, there are formal pronouns used for honored guests. These occur as singular and plural in the non\-first person, but only as singular in the first person.
ASL is a [pro\-drop](/wiki/Pro-drop "Pro-drop") language, which means that pronouns are not used when the referent is obvious from context and is not being emphasized.
#### Indexical verbs
Within ASL there is a class of indexical (often called 'directional') verbs. These include the signs for 'see', 'pay', 'give', 'show', 'invite', 'help', 'send', 'bite', etc. These verbs include an element of motion that indexes one or more referents, either physically present or set up through the referent locus system. If there are two loci, the first indicates the subject and the second the object, [direct](/wiki/Direct_object "Direct object") or [indirect](/wiki/Indirect_object "Indirect object") depending on the verb, reflecting the basic word order of ASL. For example, 'give' is a bi\-indexical verb based on a flattened M/O handshape. For 'I give you', the hand moves from myself toward you; for 'you give me', it moves from you to me. 'See' is indicated with a V handshape. Two loci for a dog and a cat can be set up, with the sign moving between them to indicate 'the dog sees the cat' (if it starts at the locus for dog and moves toward the locus for cat) or 'the cat sees the dog' (with the motion in the opposite direction), or the V hand can circulate between both loci and myself to mean 'we (the dog, the cat, and myself) see each other'. The verb 'to be in pain' (index fingers pointed at each other and alternately approaching and separating) is signed at the location of the pain (head for headache, cheek for toothache, abdomen for stomachache, etc.). This is normally done in relation to the signer's own body, regardless of the person feeling the pain, but may take also use the locus system, especially for body parts which are not normally part of the sign space, such as the leg. There are also spatial verbs such as put\-up and put\-below, which allow signers to specify where things are or how they moved them around.
|
[
"### Deixis",
"In ASL signers set up regions of space (loci) for specific referents (see above); these can then be referred to indexically by pointing at those locations with pronouns and indexical verbs.",
"#### Pronouns",
"Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic. That is, they point to their referent, or to a locus representing their referent. When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses: A 'G' handshape is a [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun \"Personal pronoun\"), an extended 'B' handshape with an outward palm orientation is a [possessive pronoun](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun \"Possessive pronoun\"), and an extended\\-thumb 'A' handshape is a [reflexive pronoun](/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun \"Reflexive pronoun\"); these may be combined with numeral signs to sign 'you two', 'us three', 'all of them', etc.",
"If the referent is not physically present, the speaker identifies the referent and then points to a location (the *locus)* in the sign space near their body. This locus can then be pointed at to refer to the referent. Theoretically, any number of loci may be set up, as long as the signer and recipient remember them all, but in practice, no more than eight loci are used.",
"Meier 1990 demonstrates that only two [grammatical persons](/wiki/Grammatical_person \"Grammatical person\") are distinguished in ASL: First person and non\\-first person, as in [Damin](/wiki/Damin \"Damin\"). Both persons come in several numbers as well as with signs such as 'my' and 'by myself'.",
"Meier provides several arguments for believing that ASL does not formally distinguish second from third person. For example, when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse. There is nothing in the sign itself, nor in the direction of eye gaze or body posture, that can be relied on to make this distinction. That is, the same formal sign can refer to any of several second or third persons, which the indexic nature of the pronoun makes clear. In English, indexic uses also occur, as in 'I need *you* to go to the store and *you* to stay here', but not so ubiquitously. In contrast, several first\\-person ASL pronouns, such as the plural possessive ('our'), look different from their non\\-first\\-person equivalents, and a couple of pronouns do not occur in the first person at all, so first and non\\-first persons are formally distinct.",
"Personal pronouns have separate forms for singular ('I' and 'you/(s)he') and plural ('we' and 'you/they'). These have [possessive](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun \"Possessive pronoun\") counterparts: 'my', 'our', 'your/his/her', 'your/their'. In addition, there are pronoun forms which incorporate numerals from two to five ('the three of us', 'the four of you/them', etc.), though the [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 \"Dual (grammatical number)\") pronouns are slightly idiosyncratic in form *(i.e.,* they have a K rather than 2 handshape, and the wrist nods rather than circles). These numeral\\-incorporated pronouns have no possessive equivalents.",
"Also among the personal pronouns are the 'self' forms ('by myself', 'by your/themselves', etc.). These only occur in the singular and plural (there is no numeral incorporation), and are only found as subjects. They have derived emphatic and 'characterizing' forms, with modifications used for derivation rather like those for verbal aspect. The 'characterizing' pronoun is used when describing someone who has just been mentioned. It only occurs as a non\\-first\\-person singular form.",
"Finally, there are formal pronouns used for honored guests. These occur as singular and plural in the non\\-first person, but only as singular in the first person.",
"ASL is a [pro\\-drop](/wiki/Pro-drop \"Pro-drop\") language, which means that pronouns are not used when the referent is obvious from context and is not being emphasized.",
"#### Indexical verbs",
"Within ASL there is a class of indexical (often called 'directional') verbs. These include the signs for 'see', 'pay', 'give', 'show', 'invite', 'help', 'send', 'bite', etc. These verbs include an element of motion that indexes one or more referents, either physically present or set up through the referent locus system. If there are two loci, the first indicates the subject and the second the object, [direct](/wiki/Direct_object \"Direct object\") or [indirect](/wiki/Indirect_object \"Indirect object\") depending on the verb, reflecting the basic word order of ASL. For example, 'give' is a bi\\-indexical verb based on a flattened M/O handshape. For 'I give you', the hand moves from myself toward you; for 'you give me', it moves from you to me. 'See' is indicated with a V handshape. Two loci for a dog and a cat can be set up, with the sign moving between them to indicate 'the dog sees the cat' (if it starts at the locus for dog and moves toward the locus for cat) or 'the cat sees the dog' (with the motion in the opposite direction), or the V hand can circulate between both loci and myself to mean 'we (the dog, the cat, and myself) see each other'. The verb 'to be in pain' (index fingers pointed at each other and alternately approaching and separating) is signed at the location of the pain (head for headache, cheek for toothache, abdomen for stomachache, etc.). This is normally done in relation to the signer's own body, regardless of the person feeling the pain, but may take also use the locus system, especially for body parts which are not normally part of the sign space, such as the leg. There are also spatial verbs such as put\\-up and put\\-below, which allow signers to specify where things are or how they moved them around.",
""
] |
#### Pronouns
Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic. That is, they point to their referent, or to a locus representing their referent. When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses: A 'G' handshape is a [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun"), an extended 'B' handshape with an outward palm orientation is a [possessive pronoun](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun "Possessive pronoun"), and an extended\-thumb 'A' handshape is a [reflexive pronoun](/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun "Reflexive pronoun"); these may be combined with numeral signs to sign 'you two', 'us three', 'all of them', etc.
If the referent is not physically present, the speaker identifies the referent and then points to a location (the *locus)* in the sign space near their body. This locus can then be pointed at to refer to the referent. Theoretically, any number of loci may be set up, as long as the signer and recipient remember them all, but in practice, no more than eight loci are used.
Meier 1990 demonstrates that only two [grammatical persons](/wiki/Grammatical_person "Grammatical person") are distinguished in ASL: First person and non\-first person, as in [Damin](/wiki/Damin "Damin"). Both persons come in several numbers as well as with signs such as 'my' and 'by myself'.
Meier provides several arguments for believing that ASL does not formally distinguish second from third person. For example, when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse. There is nothing in the sign itself, nor in the direction of eye gaze or body posture, that can be relied on to make this distinction. That is, the same formal sign can refer to any of several second or third persons, which the indexic nature of the pronoun makes clear. In English, indexic uses also occur, as in 'I need *you* to go to the store and *you* to stay here', but not so ubiquitously. In contrast, several first\-person ASL pronouns, such as the plural possessive ('our'), look different from their non\-first\-person equivalents, and a couple of pronouns do not occur in the first person at all, so first and non\-first persons are formally distinct.
Personal pronouns have separate forms for singular ('I' and 'you/(s)he') and plural ('we' and 'you/they'). These have [possessive](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun "Possessive pronoun") counterparts: 'my', 'our', 'your/his/her', 'your/their'. In addition, there are pronoun forms which incorporate numerals from two to five ('the three of us', 'the four of you/them', etc.), though the [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 "Dual (grammatical number)") pronouns are slightly idiosyncratic in form *(i.e.,* they have a K rather than 2 handshape, and the wrist nods rather than circles). These numeral\-incorporated pronouns have no possessive equivalents.
Also among the personal pronouns are the 'self' forms ('by myself', 'by your/themselves', etc.). These only occur in the singular and plural (there is no numeral incorporation), and are only found as subjects. They have derived emphatic and 'characterizing' forms, with modifications used for derivation rather like those for verbal aspect. The 'characterizing' pronoun is used when describing someone who has just been mentioned. It only occurs as a non\-first\-person singular form.
Finally, there are formal pronouns used for honored guests. These occur as singular and plural in the non\-first person, but only as singular in the first person.
ASL is a [pro\-drop](/wiki/Pro-drop "Pro-drop") language, which means that pronouns are not used when the referent is obvious from context and is not being emphasized.
|
[
"#### Pronouns",
"Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic. That is, they point to their referent, or to a locus representing their referent. When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses: A 'G' handshape is a [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun \"Personal pronoun\"), an extended 'B' handshape with an outward palm orientation is a [possessive pronoun](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun \"Possessive pronoun\"), and an extended\\-thumb 'A' handshape is a [reflexive pronoun](/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun \"Reflexive pronoun\"); these may be combined with numeral signs to sign 'you two', 'us three', 'all of them', etc.",
"If the referent is not physically present, the speaker identifies the referent and then points to a location (the *locus)* in the sign space near their body. This locus can then be pointed at to refer to the referent. Theoretically, any number of loci may be set up, as long as the signer and recipient remember them all, but in practice, no more than eight loci are used.",
"Meier 1990 demonstrates that only two [grammatical persons](/wiki/Grammatical_person \"Grammatical person\") are distinguished in ASL: First person and non\\-first person, as in [Damin](/wiki/Damin \"Damin\"). Both persons come in several numbers as well as with signs such as 'my' and 'by myself'.",
"Meier provides several arguments for believing that ASL does not formally distinguish second from third person. For example, when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse. There is nothing in the sign itself, nor in the direction of eye gaze or body posture, that can be relied on to make this distinction. That is, the same formal sign can refer to any of several second or third persons, which the indexic nature of the pronoun makes clear. In English, indexic uses also occur, as in 'I need *you* to go to the store and *you* to stay here', but not so ubiquitously. In contrast, several first\\-person ASL pronouns, such as the plural possessive ('our'), look different from their non\\-first\\-person equivalents, and a couple of pronouns do not occur in the first person at all, so first and non\\-first persons are formally distinct.",
"Personal pronouns have separate forms for singular ('I' and 'you/(s)he') and plural ('we' and 'you/they'). These have [possessive](/wiki/Possessive_pronoun \"Possessive pronoun\") counterparts: 'my', 'our', 'your/his/her', 'your/their'. In addition, there are pronoun forms which incorporate numerals from two to five ('the three of us', 'the four of you/them', etc.), though the [dual](/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29 \"Dual (grammatical number)\") pronouns are slightly idiosyncratic in form *(i.e.,* they have a K rather than 2 handshape, and the wrist nods rather than circles). These numeral\\-incorporated pronouns have no possessive equivalents.",
"Also among the personal pronouns are the 'self' forms ('by myself', 'by your/themselves', etc.). These only occur in the singular and plural (there is no numeral incorporation), and are only found as subjects. They have derived emphatic and 'characterizing' forms, with modifications used for derivation rather like those for verbal aspect. The 'characterizing' pronoun is used when describing someone who has just been mentioned. It only occurs as a non\\-first\\-person singular form.",
"Finally, there are formal pronouns used for honored guests. These occur as singular and plural in the non\\-first person, but only as singular in the first person.",
"ASL is a [pro\\-drop](/wiki/Pro-drop \"Pro-drop\") language, which means that pronouns are not used when the referent is obvious from context and is not being emphasized.",
""
] |
Episodes
--------
### Pilot movies (1976–77\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=\#689CCF
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|aux1\=
\|aux1T\=Story
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts \= 4
\|Title \= The Love Boat
\|Aux1\_1 \= Mona Lisa Speaks
\|Aux1\_2 \= Till Death Do Its Part
\|Aux1\_3 \= Mr. \& Mrs. Havlicek Aboard
\|Aux1\_4 \= Are There Any Real Love Stories?
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Richard Kinon and Alan Myerson
\|DirectedBy\_4 \= Richard Kinon and Alan Myerson
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Carl Kleinschmitt
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Carl Kleinschmitt
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Robert Iles \& James R. Stein
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Dawn Aldredge \& Marion C. Freeman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1976\|9\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=1
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\=First \[\[Television pilot\|pilot movie]]. It includes the storylines ''Mona Lisa Speaks'', ''Till Death Do Its Part''; ''Mr. \& Mrs. Havlicek Aboard''; and ''Are There Any Real Love Stories?''. None of the eventual TV series cast appear in this first production.
\|LineColor\=689CCF
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts \= 4
\|Title \= The Love Boat II
\|Aux1\_1 \= Here's Looking at You, Love
\|Aux1\_2 \= For the Love of Sandy
\|Aux1\_3 \= Unfaithfully Yours
\|Aux1\_4 \= The Heckler
\|DirectedBy \= \[\[Hy Averback]]
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Dawn Aldredge \& Marion C. Freeman
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|t\=Dawn Aldredge \& Marion C. Freeman\|s\=Dawn Aldredge \& Marion C. Freeman and Leonora Thuna}}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Carl Kleinschmitt
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Steve Pretzker
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|1\|21}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=2
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|ShortSummary\=Second \[\[Television pilot\|pilot movie]]. It includes the storylines ''Here's Looking at You, Love''; ''For the Love of Sandy''; ''Unfaithfully Yours''; and ''The Heckler''. It has the first appearance of regular series cast members Fred Grandy as Gopher, Bernie Kopell as the ship's doctor and Ted Lange as Isaac the bartender.
\|LineColor\=689CCF
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts \= 3
\|Title\= The New Love Boat
\|Aux1\_1 \= The Newlyweds
\|Aux1\_2 \= The Exchange
\|Aux1\_3 \= Cleo's First Voyage
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Brad Buckner
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Rick Hawkins \& Liz Sage
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Michael Norell
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|5\|05}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=3
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\=Final \[\[Television pilot\|pilot movie]]. It includes the storylines ''The Newlyweds''; ''The Exchange''; and ''Cleo's First Voyage''. It introduces regular series cast members Gavin MacLeod as Captain Stubing and Lauren Tewes as Julie the cruise director; the previous captain is said to be now on leave. Guest stars include Georgia Engel as a stowaway, Gary Frank and Melanie Mayron as a pair of tremulous honeymooners, Stella Stevens and Pat Harrington as an eternally bickering married couple, and Audra Lindley and Phil Silvers as respectively, an outspoken middle\-aged lady and a woebegone widower.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Georgia Engel]] as Cleo Bagby, \[\[Gary Frank (actor)\|Gary Frank]] as Stanley Adams, \[\[Pat Harrington Jr.]] as Ernie Klopman (credited as Pat Harrington), \[\[Audra Lindley]] as Mae Allen, \[\[Melanie Mayron]] as Joyce Adams, \[\[Phil Silvers]] as Morris Beckman, and \[\[Stella Stevens]] as Leonara Klopman.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[William Bassett (actor)\|William Bassett]] as Josh and Paula Victor as Paula.
\|LineColor\=689CCF
}}
}}
### Season 1 (1977–78\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=\#4ba1dc
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\= Captain \& the Lady
\|Title\_2\= Centerfold
\|Title\_3\= One If by Land...
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Stuart Margolin
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jay Grossman
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Judy Skelton \& Paula A. Roth
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|9\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=1
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\= Captain Stubing's ex\-wife (\[\[Bonnie Franklin]]) is a passenger with her new husband (\[\[Robert Symonds]]), a cruise line executive. She makes the crew pay for her animosity with the Captain. A former centerfold model (\[\[Meredith Baxter]]) struggles to hide her past from her fiancé who is a Congressman. A woman (\[\[Brenda Sykes]]) is followed by her boyfriend (\[\[Jimmie Walker]]) whom she dumped because he won't commit to marriage.
''Guest stars:'' Meredith Baxter as Sandy Rytell (credited as Meredith Baxter Birney), Bonnie Franklin as Stacy Skaugstad, Captain Stubing's Ex\-Wife, \[\[Shelly Novack]] as Congressman Brad Brockway, \[\[Suzanne Somers]] as Lorraine Hoffman, \[\[Brenda Sykes]] as Ginny O'Brien, and \[\[Jimmie Walker]] as Ronald Baker.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Robert Symonds]] as Aubrey Skaugstag, \[\[Gertrude Flynn]] as Mrs. Pendleton.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=A Tasteful Affair
\|Title\_2\= Oh, Dale!
\|Title\_3\= The Main Event
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Alan Rafkin
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Stuart Margolin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Carl Kleischmitt
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Rick Callahan
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|10\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=2
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|ShortSummary\= A man (\[\[John Ritter]]) poses as a woman because the only available cabin he could share was already occupied by another woman (\[\[Tovah Feldshuh]]). A quarreling couple (\[\[Sherman Hemsley]], \[\[LaWanda Page]]) is trapped in an elevator. A tycoon hires a detective (\[\[Dennis Cole]]) to find out if his wife (\[\[Jaclyn Smith]]) is cheating.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Dennis Cole]] as Dennis Kingsley, Tovah Feldshuh as Susan Ridley, Sherman Hemsley as Maurice Marshall, LaWanda Page as Stella Marshall, John Ritter as Dale Riley / Dale Reinhardt, and Jaclyn Smith as Janette Bradford.
''Other Guests:'' Jennifer Shaw as Joanne Pringle (credited as Joanne), David Knapp as Lucas Bradford (credited as Lucas), \[\[Craig Littler]] as Carl Daggett, Tiiu Leek as Linda Daggett, and \[\[Mark Thomas]] as Peter Pringle.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Ex Plus Y
\|Title\_2\= Golden Agers
\|Title\_3\= Graham and Kelly
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Alan Rafkin
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Stuart Margolin
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ed Jurist
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ann Gibbs \& Joel Kimmell
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Michael Norell
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|10\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=3
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\= A man (\[\[Robert Reed]]) and woman (\[\[Loretta Swit]]) who are divorced from each other meet. Two teens (\[\[Kristy McNichol]], \[\[Scott Baio]]) fall in love. A senior citizens guide (\[\[Charles Frank]]) is kept busy by his group and interfering with his romance with Julie.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Edward Andrews]] as Seniors Group Leader, Harry, \[\[Hermione Baddeley]] as Mrs. Kitty Pickrel, Scott Baio as Graham D. Pickrel II, \[\[Pamela Bellwood]] as Judy Watson, \[\[Charles Frank]] as Jim Wright, Seniors' Chaperone, Kristy McNichol as Kelly Rixie, \[\[Richard Mulligan]] as Ron Larsen, Robert Reed as Barney Mason, and Loretta Swit as Terry Larsen.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Queenie Smith]] as Helen Lindsay, \[\[Betty Kean]] as Mrs. Svenson, and \[\[Florence Halop]] as Millie Lindsay.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Message for Maureen
\|Title\_2\= Gotcha
\|Title\_3\= Acapulco Connection
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Stuart Margolin
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Peter Baldwin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Kenneth Hartigan \& David Garber
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Neil Rosen \& George Trecker
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|10\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=4
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ShortSummary\= A sportswriter (\[\[Bill Bixby]]) romances a paraplegic former tennis pro (\[\[Brenda Benet]]), and they may have been a couple prior; Doc falls for a seasick stowaway (\[\[Charo]]) who creates havoc; A practical joker (\[\[Milton Berle]]) plays one joke too many and learns a lesson.
''Guest Stars:'' Brenda Benet as Maureen Mitchell, Milton Berle as Cyril Wolfe, Bill Bixby as John Ballard, Charo as April Lopez, and \[\[Audra Lindley]] as Anita Wolfe.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Mary Grace Canfield]] as Housekeeper, \[\[Britt Leach]] as Reverend Dickerson (credited as Rev. Dickerson), and \[\[Lynn Adams]] as Martha Dickerson (credited as Mrs. Dickerson).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Isaac the Groupie
\|Title\_2\= Mr. Popularity
\|Title\_3\= Help! Murder!
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Peter Baldwin
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Tony Webster
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= \[\[James Sheldon]]
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|10\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=5
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac's favorite singer, Roxy Blue (\[\[Diahann Carroll]]), becomes his lover. Talky Robert Tanner's (\[\[Jim Nabors]]) popularity increases when fellow passengers think he may be a jewel thief. Bert Fredericks (\[\[David Groh]]) plans his wife Denise's (\[\[Michele Lee]]) birthday party, but she thinks it's a murder plot.
''Guest Stars:'' Diahann Carroll as Roxy Blue, David Gro as Bert Fredericks, Michele Lee as Denise Fredericks, Jim Nabors as Robert Tanner (later claims to be 'Roscoe Toller'), and \[\[Reva Rose]] as Myra Grove.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Olan Soule]] as Harvey Grove (credited as Olan Soulé), and \[\[Bob Hastings (actor)\|Robert Hastings]] as Customer (credited as Bob Hastings).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Joker Is Mild
\|Title\_2\= Take My Granddaughter, Please
\|Title\_3\= First Time Out
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= David Ketchum \& Tony Dimarco
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Mark Evanier \& Dennis Palumbo
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|10\|29}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=6
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ShortSummary\= Has\-been comic Barry Keys (\[\[Phil Foster]]) asks Julie to let him entertain on board to return a favor. Mrs. Warner (\[\[Ruth Gordon]]) is determined to marry off her granddaughter Shirley (\[\[Patty Duke]]). College pals bet on whether virginal Dan (\[\[Robert Hegyes]]) changes his status before the cruise ends.
''Guest Stars:'' Patty Duke as Shirley Warner (credited as Patty Duke Astin), Phil Foster as Barry Keys, Ruth Gordon as Mrs. Warner, Robert Hegyes as Danny, \[\[Tab Hunter]] as Dave King, \[\[Maureen McCormick]] as Barbara Holmes, and \[\[John Mark Robinson]] as Lee.
''Other Guests:'' W.K. Stratton as Kyle, Meegan King as Paul, and \[\[Robert Hackman]] as Freddy Stevens – Booking Agent (credited as Bob Hackman).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Julie's Old Flame
\|Title\_2\= The Jinx
\|Title\_3\= The Identical Problem
\|DirectedBy \= Don Weis
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= David Ketchum \& Tony Dimarco
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|11\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=7
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ShortSummary\= Identical twins (\[\[Diana Canova]] in a dual role) bewilder a smitten Doc. Julie tries to dodge a former beau (\[\[David Hedison]]). The crew blames a "jinxed" couple (\[\[Ray Bolger]], \[\[Harriet Nelson]]) for a series of accidents.
''Guest Stars:'' Ray Bolger as Horace McDonald, Harriet Nelson as Henrietta McDonald, Diana Canova as Ellen Edwards / Helen Edwards, and David Hedison as Buddy Stanfield.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Alana Stewart]] as Mrs. Stanfield (credited as Alana Collins).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Lost and Found
\|Title\_2\= The Understudy
\|Title\_3\= Married Singles
\|DirectedBy \= Stuart Margolin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Bruce Shelly
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Jessel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|11\|19}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=8
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|ShortSummary\= A cruise\-director trainee (\[\[Jo Ann Harris]]) is after Julie's job. A bickering married couple (\[\[Polly Bergen]], \[\[Steve Allen]]) pose as swinging singles. A childless couple (\[\[Sandy Duncan]], \[\[Jim Stafford]]) takes in a young runaway (James Bond III).
''Guest Stars:'' Steve Allen as Durwood Moss, Polly Bergen as Maisie Nolan, Sandy Duncan as Sharon Baker, Jo Ann Harris as Connie Evans, and Jim Stafford as Richard Baker.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Loni Anderson]] as Barbie, \[\[Joshua Bryant]] as Jack Plymouth (credited as Josh Bryant), J. Jay Saunders as Mr. Dennison, Marilyn Coleman as Mrs. Dennison, \[\[Hayden Rorke]] as Mr. Humbertson, and James Bond III as Theodore Dennison, Jr.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Captain's Captain
\|Title\_2\= Romance Roulette
\|Title\_3\= Hounded
\|DirectedBy \= Jack Arnold
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ann Gibbs \& Joel Kimmel
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= David Ketchum \& Tony Dimarco
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|11\|26}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=9
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\= Three women (\[\[Jane Curtin]], Susan Heldfond, \[\[Joanna Kerns]]) romance—but complications occur when they try to dump three men. The Captain's father (\[\[Phil Silvers]]) visits and falls for a galley cook (\[\[Judy Canova]]). A security dog traps a passenger (\[\[Gary Burghoff]]) in his bathroom.
''Guest Stars:'' Gary Burghoff as Donald M. Flanders, Judy Canova as P. J. Muldoon, Jane Curtin as Regina Parker, and Phil Silvers as Merrill Stubing, Sr. ('Stubby').
''Other Guests:'' \[\[David Landsberg]] as Morton, \[\[Vincent Baggetta]] as Frank Vallone the plumber (credited as Vince Baggetta), Joanna Kerns as Beth Luckner, and Susan Heldfond as Toby Chapman.
''Others:'' \[\[Peter Mensah]] as Passenger (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Dear Beverly
\|Title\_2\= The Strike
\|Title\_3\= Special Delivery
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Mark Fink
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Marlon C. Freeman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|12\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=10
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|ShortSummary\=Advice columnist Beverly Blanchard (\[\[Eva Gabor]]) neglects her husband, Russ (\[\[Leslie Nielsen]]), who thus spends time with a fellow passenger (Stephanie Blackmore). Captain Stubing wages war with a visiting chef, Antonio Borga (\[\[Al Molinaro]]). Julie's friend, Jeff Smith (\[\[Robert Urich]]), is separated from his wife, Gail (\[\[Pamela Franklin]]), but doesn't know that she's on board and carrying his child.
''Guest Stars:'' Pamela Franklin as Gail Smith, Eva Gabor as Beverly Blanchard, Al Molinaro as Chef Antonio Borga, Leslie Nielsen as Russ Blanchard, and Robert Urich as Jeff Smith (credited as Bob Urich).
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Meg Wyllie]] as Sister \#1, \[\[Mary Treen]] as Sister \#2\.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Lonely at the Top
\|Title\_2\= Silent Night
\|Title\_3\= Divorce Me, Please
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Gordon Farr \& Lynne Farr
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bruce Howard
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|12\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=11
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|ShortSummary\= At Christmas, a lonely Captain Stubing alienates the crew by his lack of Christmas spirit. Ex\-convict Dan Barton (\[\[John Gavin]]) meets his double\-crossing law partner Walter Perry (Dean Santoro) on board and plans to get revenge, for being convicted of the crime the partner committed. Paul and Audrey Baynes (\[\[Shecky Greene]], \[\[Florence Henderson]]) fantasize about divorcing each other. Minister Father Mike (\[\[Dick Sargent]]) chaperones six orphans.
''Guest Stars:'' John Gavin as Dan Barton, Shecky Greene as Paul Baynes, Florence Henderson as Audrey Baynes, \[\[Donna Mills]] as Lila Barton, and Dick Sargent as Father Mike.
''Other Guests:'' Dean Santoro as Walter Perry, \[\[Tiger Williams]] as Tony, Philip Tanzini as Peanut, \[\[Beatrice Colen]] as Vera, and \[\[Chanin Hale]] as Claire.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Old Man and the Runaway
\|Title\_2\= The Painters
\|Title\_3\= A Fine Romance
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Stuart Margolin
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= James Sheldon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= James Sheldon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jack Hanrahan \& Don Sherman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1977\|12\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=12
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\= A curmudgeon (\[\[Will Geer]]) strikes up a friendship with a runaway teen (\[\[Bayn Johnson]] as Nancy Brown). The brother of a friend of Julie (\[\[Anson Williams]]) rebuffs her advances. Inept painters (\[\[Arte Johnson]], \[\[Pat Morita]]) make a shambles of the Captain's cabin.
''Guest Stars:'' Will Geer as Franklyn Bootherstone, Arte Johnson as Ronald, Pat Morita as Vincent, \[\[Tom Poston]] as Mickey O'Day, and Anson Williams as Sean McGlynn.
''Others:'' \[\[Dorothy Green (actress born 1920\)\|Dorothy Green]] as Miss Westlake (uncredited){{citation needed\|date\=October 2015}}
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\= Too Hot to Handle
\|Title\_2\= Family Reunion
\|Title\_3\= Cinderella Story
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Richard Kinon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= James Sheldon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Bruce Shelly
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bruce Shelly
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|1\|7}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=13
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\= Honeymooners (\[\[John Rubinstein]], \[\[Kathy Bates]]) experience a nightmare of a honeymoon. A supermarket assistant manager (\[\[Bruce Solomon]]), traveling with his wife (Judy Luciano), poses as a hot\-shot executive with the crew's connivance. A ship's steward (\[\[Bob Crane]]) is reunited with his long\-lost daughter (\[\[Dori Brenner]]).
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Bob Crane]] as Edward 'Teddy' Anderson, \[\[Rosemary DeCamp]] as Cynthia Loudon, \[\[Don DeFore]] as Everett Loudon, \[\[Robert Hays]] as Sam Bradley, \[\[Bruce Solomon]] as Bill Edwards, \[\[David White (actor)\|David White]] as Greg Beatty, John Rubinstein as George Allison, and Kathy Bates as Sally Allison.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Victoria Carroll]] as Ginger LeDoux, Bruce Solomon as Bill Edwards, Judy Luciano as Doreen Edwards (credited as Judy Luciano Adams), and \[\[Earl Montgomery]] as the man on the ''Sun Princess''.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Isaac's Double Standard
\|Title\_2\= One More Time
\|Title\_3\= Chimpanzeeshines
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= James Sheldon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= James Sheldon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Sue Masters and John Walsh
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ann Gibbs \& Joel Kimmel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bernie Kahn
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|1\|14}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=14
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|ShortSummary\= A thieving chimp almost wrecks Gopher's love life. Isaac's mother (\[\[Pearl Bailey]]) shocks her son by sharing quarters with her boyfriend. Feuding performers (\[\[Nanette Fabray]], \[\[Don Adams]]) reunite for a show.
''Guest Stars:'' Pearl Bailey as Millie Washington, Don Adams as Lenny Camen, Nanette Fabray as Mitzi Monroe, \[\[Allyn Ann McLerie]] as Cynthia Parker, \[\[Tracy Reed (American actress)\|Tracy Reed]] as Charlene Franks (credited as Tracey Reed), and introducing Louise the Chimpanzee.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Kim Lankford]] as Anne Parker and Arthur Adams as Roy Harwood, D.D.S.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\= The Eyes of Love
\|Title\_2\= Masquerade
\|Title\_3\= Hollywood Royalty
\|Title\_4\= The Caper
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Louis Pelletier and Marciia Muldoon
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Gordon \& Lynne Farr and Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|1\|21}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=15
---
16
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
---
16
\|ShortSummary\= A Hollywood couple argues about a film he wants to produce, unaware that thieves are planning to rob them of a precious diamond in their possession. A blind girl is reunited with her schoolmate—who is no longer blind. A lawyer tries to keep his wife from finding out about his mistress who is also on the cruise. A masquerade ball highlights the conclusion of the voyage. The bumbling gang of thieves believes they have finally figured out a way to nab an elusive diamond, even as its owner comes to her own drastic decision on its fate; a blind woman wonders if she can be happy with a former blind friend, who has regained his sight; a man's wife and mistress discover who each other are.
A husband and wife (\[\[Fernando Lamas]], \[\[Michele Lee]]), a famous Hollywood couple, arrive with paparazzi. She is adorned with a famous gigantic diamond which, of course, entices dim\-witted bumbling crooks (\[\[Harold Gould]], \[\[Karen Valentine]], \[\[Larry Storch]], \[\[John Schuck]]), in a delightful caper reminiscent of old Hollywood. A husband (\[\[Dan Rowan]]) is chagrined into bringing his wife (\[\[Juliet Mills]]) on the cruise when she finds the tickets for his mistress (\[\[Adrienne Barbeau]]) and himself, with some surprises. Two former attendees of a blind school (\[\[Desi Arnaz, Jr.]], \[\[Stephanie Zimbalist]]) are reunited. A masquerade night moves the plot right along.
''Guest Stars:'' Harold Gould as Vernon Crowler, Fernando Lamas as Bill Teague, Michele Lee as Roz Rogers, Juliet Mills as Barbara Danver, Dan Rowan as Alan Danver, Adrienne Barbeau as Cathy Randall, John Schuck as Ox, Larry Storch as Elwood Riggs, Karen Valentine as Taffy Martino, Desi Arnaz, Jr. as Steve Hollis, and Stephanie Zimbalist as Jenny Lang.
''Other Guests:'' Lea Vernon as TV Reporter, John J. Fox as Chauffeur, and \[\[Richard Lineback]] as Steward.
''Others:'' John Hugh McKnight as Passenger (uncredited), and Paul Van as Maitre D' (uncredited).
''Note:'' This is the first time in which the opening credits included video images of the guest stars as well as names. This was the only time it occurred in the first season but it would become the standard format in subsequent seasons.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Winner Take Love
\|Title\_2\= The Congressman Was Indiscreet
\|Title\_3\= Isaac's History Lesson
\|DirectedBy \= Jack Arnold
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Kevin Hartigan and David Garber
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jack Matcha
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|1\|28}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=17
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\= A beauty contest on board ship divides a couple (\[\[Maureen McCormick]], \[\[Bobby Sherman]]). A reporter (\[\[Vicki Lawrence]]) falls for a disgraced congressman (\[\[Dick Van Patten]]). A visiting college professor (\[\[Vernee Watson\-Johnson]]) researching \[\[African American\|Black]] history disapproves of an older passenger's \[\[Juba dance\|hambone]] moves – even though most of the others like it – and convinces Isaac to feel the same way until they find out to their embarrassment that the man (\[\[Scatman Crothers]]) is one of the greatest pitchers in \[\[Negro leagues]] history.
''Guest Stars:'' Scatman Crothers as Virgil 'Scattergun' Gibson, \[\[Graham Jarvis]] as Waldo Linden, Vicki Lawrence as Robin Brandt, Dick Van Patten as Congressman John Whitcomb, Maureen McCormick as Suzy Corbett, Bobby Sherman as Rick Leonard, and Vernee Watson\-Johnson as Stephanie Hayden (credited as Vernée Watson).
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Priscilla Barnes]] as Jeanette Arnold (credited as Jeanette), \[\[Maria O'Brien (actress)\|Maria O'Brien]] as Rita Almerez (credited as Rita), Melissa Tennille as Alma Hodges (credited as Alma), and Marianne Marks as Teresa Chen (credited as Teresa).
''Others:'' Paul DeCeglie as Passenger (uncredited), Bob Harks as Contest Judge (uncredited), and Monty O'Grady as Waiter (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Last of the Stubings
\|Title\_2\= Million Dollar Man
\|Title\_3\= The Sisters
\|DirectedBy \= Jack Arnold
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Steve Pritzker
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Jessel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|2\|4}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=18
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|ShortSummary\= Captain Stubing's nephew turns out to be a klutz. An embezzler falls for a cop. Romance comes between two unmarried sisters.
Stubing's nephew (Peter Isacksen) comes on board to be trained to work on ships, like everyone in his family but doesn't exactly do a good job at whatever he is told to do. Eventually, he reveals a secret to the crew that he can't tell Stubing. A man who stole a million dollars (\[\[Frank Converse]]) hooks up with a female passenger (\[\[Marcia Strassman]]) but when he reveals what he did, she reveals that she's a cop and intends to turn him in when they return. Two sisters (\[\[Pat Crowley]], \[\[Marion Ross]]) come aboard and when one sister is attracted to a male passenger (\[\[Brett Halsey]]), her sister is jealous because she feels neglected.
''Guest Stars:'' Frank Converse as Bill Thompson, Marcia Strassman as Stephanie Lewis, Pat Crowley as Noreen Badger, Marion Ross as Rose Higby, Brett Halsey as Clark Tyler, and Peter Isacksen as L. Courtney Stubing IV.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Benny Baker]] as Grandad 'Jack Daniels' (credited without role).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=A Very Special Girl
\|Title\_2\= Until the Last Goodbye
\|Title\_3\= The Inspector
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Jerry Winnick
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bruce Howard
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|2\|11}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=19
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|ShortSummary\=The crew is on its best behavior for an incognito cruise inspector while an elderly Russian man keeps asking the same phrase repeatedly. Illness affects an adoring couple (\[\[Susan Blanchard (actress)\|Susan Blanchard]], \[\[Paul Burke (actor)\|Paul Burke]]). A children's book author (\[\[Jim Backus]]) tries to find inspiration on the cruise. Two girlfriends (\[\[Laurette Spang]], \[\[Debralee Scott]]) cruise, and one is ignored by all the men on board while all the others hit on the other.
''Guest Stars:'' Jim Backus as Mr. Marvin Waterman, Susan Blanchard as Sarah Lambert, Paul Burke as Brian Sherwood, Patti MacLeod (wife of Gavin MacLeod) as Mrs. Corwin, Debralee Scott as Jane Cole, Laurette Spang as Melanie Taylor, \[\[Bob Seagren]] as Mike Andrews, and \[\[Sal Viscuso]] as Doug Ketchum.
''Other Guests:'' Jack Bernardi as Mr. Zidreczky and Don Bovingloh as Pianist (credited as Don Boevingloh).
''Others:'' \[\[Henry Z. Jones Jr.]] as Ship's Inspector (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Memories of You
\|Title\_2\= Computerman
\|Title\_3\= Parlez Vous?
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Carmen Finestra
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= David Assael
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Mark Fink
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|2\|13}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=20
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|ShortSummary\= A matchmaker uses a computer to pair up the cruise guests. He also manipulates it to pair himself with Julie. American gold diggers pass themselves off as French. A New York ad executive and a long\-lost love reunite.
Two American women (\[\[Barbi Benton]], \[\[Susan Silo]]) pretend they are French, to get men and gifts. Julie is wooed by a man (\[\[Frankie Avalon]]) who runs a computer\-dating service and offers his computer matchmaking for the Valentine's Day cruise. A woman (Patty Duke Astin) believes another passenger (\[\[Ricky Nelson]]), who has amnesia, is a former lost love.
''Guest Stars:'' Patty Duke as Lilly Mackim (credited as Patty Duke Astin), \[\[Frankie Avalon]] as Nick Heider, \[\[Barbi Benton]] as Brigitte LeBlanc, Denny Evans as Sam Worth, \[\[Jamie Farr]] as Seymour, \[\[Ricky Nelson]] as Ted Wilcox / Alex Fowler (credited as Rick Nelson), and \[\[Carole White]] as Penny Jacobs (credited as Carole Ita White).
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Shelley Long]] as Heather McKenzie (credited as Heather), Lawrence P. Casey as Daryl Matson (credited as Lawrence Casey; credited as Daryl), \[\[Susan Silo]] as Yvonne Boulanger (credited as Yvonne), \[\[Danny Dayton]] as Walt, and \[\[Georganne LaPiere]] as Betsy Carruthers (credited as Georganne La Piere; credited as Betsy).
''Others:'' \[\[Tom Brumley]] as himself – Steel Guitarist.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Taking Sides
\|Title\_2\= Going by the Book
\|Title\_3\= A Friendly Little Game
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Hugh Wedlock, Jr.
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jerry Winnick
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Brenner
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|2\|18}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=21
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\= Older Max and Gladys (\[\[ Robert Mandan]] and \[\[Audrey Meadows]]) turns newlyweds Scott and Denise (\[\[Robert Urich]] and \[\[Diana Canova]]) against one another with bickering. Howard (\[\[Harvey Jason]]) uses a dating manual to hit on young Sheila (\[\[Georgia Engel]]). Cardsharp Wendell (\[\[Harry Morgan]]) cheats the crew to pay the passage for him and his wife Ida (\[\[Priscilla Morrill]]).
''Also guest starring'': \[\[Herb Voland]] and Paul Sylvan
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=A Selfless Love
\|Title\_2\= The Nubile Nurse
\|Title\_3\= Parents Know Best
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Phil Foster and Marion Zola
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|2\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=22
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|ShortSummary\= A couple (\[\[Monty Hall]] and \[\[Janis Paige]]) takes their son (\[\[Mark Shera]]) along on the cruise, hoping he will end a relationship; A couple (\[\[Leslie Nielsen]] and \[\[Lynda Day George]]) rethink their romance; An ex\-showgirl (\[\[Elaine Joyce]]) jeopardizes her nursing career.
''Also guest starring:'' Laurie Prange, \[\[Marla Adams]], \[\[Craig Littler]], Dorothy Konrad, \[\[Joe E. Ross]]
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Musical Cabins
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy \= Michael Norell
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|5\|6}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=23
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|ShortSummary\=In order to claim an inheritance, a young bachelor (\[\[Paul Williams (songwriter)\|Paul Williams]]) has a week to marry; A widow (\[\[Michele Lee]]), posing as an adventuress, captures the Captain's heart; A chauvinist (\[\[Richard Gautier]]) angers his fiancée (\[\[Barbara Rhoades]]), who finds comfort in Doc; A tabloid reporter (\[\[Marcia Wallace]]) uses sex as the subject for her story.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=This Business of Love
\|Title\_2\= Crash Diet Crush
\|Title\_3\= I'll Never Fall in Love Again
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ann Gibbs \& Joel Kimmel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|5\|13}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=24
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary\=A former prostitute (\[\[Caren Kaye]]) trying to overcome her past meets a nice man (\[\[Christopher George]]) but is threatened with exposure by a former client (\[\[Jack Carter (comedian)\|Jack Carter]]) having troubles with his wife (\[\[Jayne Meadows]]). Captain Stubing reunites with an old flame (\[\[Jessica Walter]]). Two depressed widowed people (\[\[Annette Funicello]], \[\[Michael Callan]]) find comfort in each other while avoiding an overly happy couple (\[\[Morey Amsterdam]], \[\[Rose Marie]]).
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Pacific Princess Overtures
\|Title\_2\= Gopher, the Rebel
\|Title\_3\= Cabin Fever
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Dawn Aldredge \& Martin Cohan
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ann Gibbs \& Joel Kimmel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|5\|20}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=25
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher is encouraged by a young passenger (\[\[Eve Plumb]]) to stand up to Captain Stubing, with unexpected consequences; A man (\[\[Antonio Fargas]]) is caught cheating on his wife, by his neighbors – from home; A businessman (\[\[Gary Collins (actor)\|Gary Collins]]) convinces a widow (\[\[Diane Baker]]) to sell her late husband's business to a Japanese conglomerate, whose chairman (\[\[Pat Morita]]) is on board.
\|LineColor\=4ba1dc
}}
}}
### Season 2 (1978–79\)
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. {{Episode table
\|background\=\#41407a
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=26
---
27
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
---
2
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Marooned
\|Title\_2\= The Search
\|Title\_3\= Issac's Holiday
\|DirectedBy\=Paul Stanley
\|WrittenBy\_1\=Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_2\=Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_3\=Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|9\|16}}
\|ShortSummary\=Part 1: Captain Stubing's deputy turns out to be incompetent in his new role. The captain, Doc, Julie, Gopher, and some of the guests visit an island near Cabo San Lucas. They are taken hostage by a nutty hermit (\[\[John Astin]]) and caught in a hurricane. Gopher, who is anxious about his upcoming vacation, drives everyone crazy. Isaac sails on the ship as a passenger and hopes to impress a woman with his lies about being rich and famous. A passenger tracks down a woman who gave her up as a newborn and also meets a soap\-opera actor.
Part 2: The captain and his marooned group struggle to survive on the island during a hurricane. The woman (\[\[Donna Mills]]) looking for her birth mother (\[\[Laraine Day]]) makes a startling discovery. Isaac tries to save the ship from the storm while trying to regain Mara's (\[\[Lola Falana]]) trust.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Edie Adams]] as Maureen Buell, John Astin as David P. Crothers, \[\[Barbi Benton]] as Kiki Atwood, \[\[David Birney]] as Mike Adler, \[\[Norm Crosby]] as Wally the Bartender, Donna Mills as Jeannie Carter, Laraine Day as Vera Simpson, \[\[Lola Falana]] as Mara Carroll, \[\[Audra Lindley]] as Mrs. Worth, \[\[Dick Martin (comedian)\|Dick Martin]] as Deputy Captain Cunningham, and \[\[Avery Schreiber]] as Everett Buell.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Gordon Connell (actor)\|Gordon Connell]] as Douglas the chauffeur (credit only), and Chris Capen as Radio Officer (credit only).
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=28
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Rocky
\|Title\_2\= Julie's Dilemma
\|Title\_3\= Who's Who?
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Allen Baron
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Roger Duchowny
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bob Fraser and Rob Dames
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|9\|23}}
\|ShortSummary\=Julie's parents (\[\[Norman Fell]] and \[\[Betty Garrett]]) are getting divorced. An author (\[\[James Coco]]) and a censor (\[\[Dody Goodman]]) fall in love, unaware they are sharing the same cabin. A young girl (\[\[Melissa Gilbert]]) loses her tomboy image after receiving her first kiss.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Jimmy Baio]] as Norman, \[\[James Coco]] as Marion Atkins, the Author, Norman Fell as Bill McCoy, Betty Garrett as Martha McCoy, Melissa Gilbert as Rosemary 'Rocky' Simpson, \[\[Dody Goodman]] as Patricia Seldon, \[\[Ellen Travolta]] as Norman's Mother, and \[\[Edward Winter (actor)\|Edward Winter]] as Rod Simpson.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Marla Adams]] as Arlene Simpson.
''Others:'' \[\[Emmaline Henry]] as Love Interest for 'Billy Boy' (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Man Who Loved Women
\|Title\_2\= A Different Girl
\|Title\_3\= Oh, My Aching Brother
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Cynthia Santillo
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bruce Howard
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|9\|30}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=29
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ShortSummary\=A man (\[\[David Doyle (actor)\|David Doyle]]) makes a move on and falls in love with three passengers (\[\[Cathryn Damon]], \[\[Brett Somers]], \[\[Jo Ann Pflug]]), whom he doesn't know are traveling together. During separate introductions, they individually refer to him as 'Cornelious,' 'McNair,' and 'Vinny,' respectively. Captain Stubing's godson (\[\[Grant Goodeve]]) and his wife (\[\[Bess Armstrong]]) are cruising together after being separated for two years by his military duties overseas. Two brothers, Harold and Joe Nash (\[\[Sonny Bono]] and \[\[Marty Ingels]]) stage false injuries so they can sue the insurance company, but Harold has a change of heart when he meets a nice lady (\[\[Judy Landers]]).
''Guest Stars:'' Grant Goodeve as Captain Dave Stanton, Bess Armstrong as Laura Stanton, Sonny Bono as Harold Nash, Marty Ingels as Joe Nash, Judy Landers as Rita, David Doyle as Alvin McNair, Cathryn Damon as Charlotte, Jo Ann Pflug as Bonnie Stokes, and Brett Somers as Anita Carmichael.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Julie's Aunt
\|Title\_2\= Where Is It Written?
\|Title\_3\= The Big Deal
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lan O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= James F. Henry
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|10\|14}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=30
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|ShortSummary\=Captain Stubing's uncle (\[\[Red Buttons]]) makes efforts to be alone with Julie but is thwarted by her aunt – Gopher in disguise; A businessman (\[\[Allen Ludden]]) tries to close a deal, using his daughter (\[\[Mackenzie Phillips]]) as bait; The neglected wife (\[\[Hope Lange]]) of a publisher (\[\[Gene Barry]]) hopes to find inspiration for the remaining chapter of a book by romancing a novelist (\[\[Richard Mulligan]]).
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Sam Groom]], \[\[Erik Estrada]]
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Mike and Ike
\|Title\_2\= The Witness
\|Title\_3\= The Kissing Bandit
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Roger Duchowny
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Roger Duchowny
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Arnold Grossman
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|10\|21}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=31
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ShortSummary\=A shy young man becomes a different person at night; a businessman learns a lesson about neglecting his family; a man believes he has better chances of surviving at sea than on trial.
A shy guy (\[\[Billy Crystal]]) dons a mask and goes around kissing every girl on the ship. Then, he meets a girl (\[\[Laurie Walters]]) with whom he connects. A couple (\[\[Marilyn McCoo]], \[\[Billy Davis Jr.]]), who are friends of Isaac's and with whom they performed on the streets in their youth, are now successful and rich and have a young son (\[\[Todd Bridges]]). But his father spends more time on work than with his son. And a woman (\[\[Toni Tennille]]) follows a man (\[\[Robert Reed]]), whom she knows witnessed what happened to someone she cares about and urges him to come forward and tell what he saw.
''Guest Stars:'' Billy Crystal as Newton Weems, Laurie Walters as Roberta Potter, \[\[Sharon Acker]] as Evelyn, \[\[Todd Bridges]] as Michael Jr., Marilyn McCoo as Lenore, Billy Davis Jr. as Michael Sr., \[\[Pat Carroll (actress)\|Pat Carroll]] as Muriel, \[\[Nancy Kulp]] as Gert, Toni Tennille as Suzanne Henderson, and Robert Reed as Frank McLean.
''Note:'' Isaac, Lenore, and Michael Sr. complete a song and dance scene later credited as "Our Language of Love," words by Fred Grandy and music by Ray Jessel.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Ship of Ghouls
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy \= Mickey Rose
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|10\|28}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=32
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ShortSummary\= An illusionist is in such demand that he nearly misses what is in front of him; two recently reunited parents have trouble trying to stop their son from telling tall tales; Julie's model friend, scarred physically and psychologically by a car crash, is romanced by Gopher and Doc but is suspicious of their motives.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Iris Adrian]] as The Amazing Alonzo Groupie, Charlie Aiken as Bobby Diller, \[\[Barbara Anderson (actress)\|Barbara Anderson]] as Karen Williamson, \[\[Joan Blondell]] as Ramona Bevans, \[\[Gary Collins (actor)\|Gary Collins]] as Mr. Diller, \[\[Jane Kean]] as The Amazing Alonzo Groupie, \[\[Mary Ann Mobley]] as Mrs. Diller, \[\[Bibi Osterwald]] as The Amazing Alonzo Groupie and \[\[Vincent Price]] as Wendell Mordan – 'The Amazing Alonzo.'
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Maureen Reagan]] as Mrs. Moss and \[\[Larry Gelman]] as Harvey Greenswann (credited as Harvey).
''Others:'' unknown girl (uncredited) as Lucy, daughter to Mrs. Moss and cruise ship friend to Billy Diller.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=A Time for Everything
\|Title\_2\=The Song Is Ended
\|Title\_3\= Accidental Cruise
\|Title\_4\= Anoushka
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lan O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Steve Hattman and Dave Hackel
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Michael Norell
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|11\|4}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=33
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|ShortSummary\= A stuffy executive loosens up and falls in love with his secretary; a songwriter rekindles a wife's love for her husband; Captain Stubing takes charge of the orphaned child of his former love; a stern Russian cruise director gets a new image, to Doc's delight.
Sandy Beal (\[\[Jo Anne Worley]]) is a secretary secretly in love with her boss Victor Marshall (\[\[Soupy Sales]]). The two of them get drunk at an office party and take an "Accidental Cruise." In "The Song Has Ended," Charlie Godwin (\[\[Robert Goulet]]) is a former songwriter now unhappily married and working for an advertising agency. Once they board the ship, Charlie and his wife June (\[\[Juliet Mills]]) encounter his former partner Burt Buchanan (\[\[Richard Dawson]]), who has gone on to garner more fame than he had with Charlie. "A Time for Everything" reunites Captain Stubing with Dolores (Sandra Deel), whose sister Georgina was an old flame of Stubing's and died eight months earlier, leaving Georgina's daughter Vicki (\[\[Jill Whelan]]) in Dolores' care. Miss "Anoushka" Mishancov (\[\[Loretta Swit]]), the vodka\-loving Commissar of Cruise Vessels for the Soviet Union, is on board and falls for Doc, after persuading Julie to help her become "slinky."
''Guest Stars:'' Jo Anne Worley as Sandy Beal, Soupy Sales as Victor Marshall, Robert Goulet as Charlie Godwin, Juliet Mills as June Godwin, Richard Dawson as Bert Buchanan, Jill Whelan as Vicki Stubing, and Loretta Swit as Anoushka Mishancov.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Melendy Britt]] as Georgina and Sandra Deel as Dolores Strickland.
''Others:'' Lawrence Moran as Jimmy (uncredited).
''Note:'' This is the first appearance of Vicki.
''Note:'' This is a 90\-minute episode.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Till Death Do Us Part–Maybe
\|Title\_2\= Locked Away
\|Title\_3\= Chubs
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Loraine Despres
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|11\|11}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=34
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\= A widow (Vernee Watson\-Johnson) who still hasn't gotten over her husband's death is followed by her husband's ghost (\[\[Jimmie Walker]]), who tries to fix her up with another passenger (\[\[Greg Morris]]). A divorced couple (\[\[Janet Leigh]], \[\[Conrad Bain]]) sees their daughter (\[\[Jamie Lee Curtis]]) and her husband (\[\[Peter Coffield]]) off but get locked in one of the unused cabins. Gopher's sister (\[\[Melissa Sue Anderson]]) comes on board and makes a beeline for Doc.
''Guest Stars:'' Vernee Watson\-Johnson as Ellen Garner (credited as Vernee Watson), Jimmie Walker as The Late Mickey Garner, Greg Morris as Greg Elkins, Conrad Bain as Les, Jamie Lee Curtis as Linda, Janet Leigh as Gail, and Melissa Sue Anderson as Jennifer 'Chubs' Smith.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Peter Coffield]] as Wayne, Bebe Drake\-Hooks as Mrs. Cory, \[\[Raymond Allen (television actor)\|Raymond Allen]] as Mr. Cory, and \[\[Deney Terrio]] as Floyd.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Man of the Cloth
\|Title\_2\= Her Own Two Feet
\|Title\_3\= Tony's Family
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Henry Colman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|11\|17}}Aired on Friday instead of Saturday, http://www.ultimate70s.com/seventies\_history/19781117/television
\|EpisodeNumber\=35
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|ShortSummary\= A minister falls for a Las Vegas \[\[exotic dancer]], much to the dismay of a female parishioner, who attempts to break them up but causes a strain on her marriage; a man tries to help his wife overcome her denial over her blindness; the crew convinces the chief engineer to forgo his \[\[Thanksgiving (United States)\|Thanksgiving]] holiday by having his entire family stow away on board the ship.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[June Allyson]], \[\[Vivian Blaine]], \[\[Peter Graves]], \[\[Van Johnson]], \[\[Roz Kelly]], \[\[Larry Storch]], \[\[Alan Young]], \[\[Mitzi Hoag]], Tony La Torre, \[\[Renata Vanni]], \[\[Mario Bellini]], Jennifer Surprenant, \[\[Kelly Greenwood]]
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Heads or Tails
\|Title\_2\= Mona of the Movies
\|Title\_3\= The Little People
\|DirectedBy \= Buddy Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Barry Blitzer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|11\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=36
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|ShortSummary\= A movie queen (\[\[Rhonda Fleming]]) intimidates a businessman (\[\[Orson Bean]]); two swingers (\[\[Richard Gilliland]], \[\[Adam Arkin]]) go after Julie and make a bet as to whom she will fall for; a man (\[\[Edward Albert]]) treats his parents to the cruise (\[\[Billy Barty]], \[\[Patty Maloney]]) for their 25th wedding anniversary. He strikes up a romance with a lady from his work (\[\[Patty McCormack]]) until he finds she is uncomfortable around "little people", i.e. the man's parents.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Captain's Cup
\|Title\_2\= The Folks from Home
\|Title\_3\= Legal Eagle
\|DirectedBy \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Fred Grandy \& Bernie Kopell
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Gordon Farr
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|12\|2}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=37
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\= A woman in charge of the presentation of the Captain's Cup convinces an engineer to pose as the executive in charge so as not to disappoint Captain Stubing; Doc begins spending all of his time with an older couple from his hometown; a recently divorced man is paired up with his ex's divorce attorney.
The Captain is expecting a prestigious award but the presenter (\[\[Pat Harrington Jr.]]) may not be who he expects it to be. Doc becomes attached to an elderly couple (\[\[John McIntire]], \[\[Jeanette Nolan]]) from his hometown, only to have to perform a life\-threatening operation on the woman. A recently divorced man (\[\[Bert Convy]]) runs into the lawyer (\[\[Leigh Taylor\-Young]]) who represented his ex\-wife in the divorce.
''Guest Stars:'' Pat Harrington Jr. as Hank Vosnick (credited as Pat Harrington), \[\[Florence Henderson]] as Diane DiMarzo, John McIntire as George Hancock, Jeanette Nolan as Gloria Hancock, Bert Convy as Danny Holt, and Leigh Taylor\-Young as Ann Sterling (credited as Leigh Taylor Young).
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Cisse Cameron]] as Amber, \[\[George O. Petrie\|George Petrie]] as Dr. David Barnes (credited as Dr. Barnes), and Chris Capen as Radio Officer.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=El Kid
\|Title\_2\= The Last Hundred Bucks
\|Title\_3\= Isosceles Triangle
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Mark Fink
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|12\|9}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=38
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\= A couple and their friend meet a former marketing executive who is penniless and looking for work. A couple looking to adopt a child in Puerto Vallarta gets the sad news the biological parents had a change of heart but the director of the orphanage has another child in mind. A friend of Julie's is romanced by both Doc and the Captain; Isaac and Gopher take sides and even bet their last $100 on the outcome.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Dabney Coleman]], \[\[Dena Dietrich]], \[\[Dave Madden]], \[\[Rue McClanahan]], Gabriel Melgar, Heather Menzies, \[\[Connie Stevens]], \[\[Robert Urich]], \[\[Victor Millan]], David Clover, Keith Allison
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Julie Falls Hard
\|Title\_2\= Double Wedding
\|Title\_3\= The Dummies
\|DirectedBy \= Bob Claver
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lan O'Kun
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1978\|12\|16}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=39
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|ShortSummary\= A double wedding is in store for identical twins; A separated couple argues through their ventriloquist act; Julie settles an argument between two adolescent girls, to the pleasure of their father, and the girls then decide to fix up with him and Julie.
Julie falls in love with a man (\[\[Tony Roberts (actor)\|Tony Roberts]]) and his daughters (Annrae Walterhouse, \[\[Melora Hardin]]). Will she leave the ship for Alaska? Twins (Cyb Barnstable, Trish Barnstable), unhappy with their prospective spouses (\[\[David Nelson (actor)\|David Nelson]], \[\[Fred Travalena]]), switch places. A separate couple (\[\[Ruth Buzzi]], \[\[Sid Caesar]]) are assigned to the same cabin, so they and their ventriloquist dummies entertain the passengers.
''Guest Stars:'' Tony Roberts as Jack Chenault, Priscilla Barnstable as Judy Barrett (credited as Cyb Barnstable), Patricia Barnstable as Joanie Barrett (credited as Trish Barnstable), David Nelson as Gary Gage, Fred Travalena as Ted Ashton, Ruth Buzzi as Patti Harmon, and Sid Caesar as Michael Harmon.
''Other Guests:'' Annrae Waterhouse as Ashley Chenault (credited as Ashley) and \[\[Melora Hardin]] as Courtney Chenault (credited as Courtney).
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=My Sister, Irene
\|Title\_2\= The 'Now' Marriage
\|Title\_3\= Second Time Around
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|t\=Ray Jessel \|s\=Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein}}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|1\|13}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=40
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|ShortSummary\= A woman poses as her sister to avoid an old flame. An author tries to live up to the philosophies he espoused in his recent work. One of Doc's ex\-wives hires an actor to pose as her fiancé to win him back.
Irene Austin (\[\[Martha Raye]]) agrees to meet her college classmate, Andy Hopkins (\[\[Ray Bolger]]), after 40 years. She then panics and tells him she's Irene's sister. Dr. Todd Gardiner (\[\[Peter Marshall (entertainer)\|Peter Marshall]]) wrote a book about open marriage, but finds his union to Eleanor Gardiner (\[\[Barbara Rush]]) in jeopardy, as he gets close to a fellow passenger (\[\[Phyllis Davis]]). Doc's ex\-wife (\[\[Tina Louise]]) arrives with a new fiancé (\[\[Lyle Waggoner]]).
''Guest Stars:'' Martha Raye as Irene Austin, Ray Bolger as Andy Hopkins, Peter Marshall as Dr. Todd Gardiner, Barbara Rush as Eleanor Gardiner, Phyllis Davis as Nancy Bishop, Tina Louise as Betty Bricker, and Lyle Waggoner as Lance Wilson.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Gopher's Opportunity
\|Title\_2\= The Switch
\|Title\_3\= Home Sweet Home
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Roger Duchowny
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Roger Duchowny
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Sue Masters and John Walsh
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lan O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Jessel and Natalie Schafer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|1\|20}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=41
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher's friend offers him a job at a plush hotel in \[\[Lake Havasu City, Arizona]]; Gopher considers it after an argument with the Captain. A magician's assistant is upset when he sends his brother to replace him in the act. A dowager is attracted to a cabin steward.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Elaine Joyce]] as Melody Livingston, Melinda Naud as Maggie Walsh, \[\[Ron Palillo]] as Al Breyer, \[\[Bobby Van (actor)\|Bobby Van]] as Phil Livingston, \[\[Abe Vigoda]] as Charlie Fletcher, and \[\[Nancy Walker]] as Hetty Waterhouse.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Michael Gregory (actor)\|Michael Gregory]] as Ken Breyer (credited as Ken).
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Second Chance
\|Title\_2\= Don't Push Me
\|Title\_3\= Like Father, Like Son
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Barbara Evans
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jerry Winnick
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|1\|27}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=42
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac worries that a young woman on probation (\[\[Debbi Morgan]]), working in the gift shop, has stolen some jewelry. A henpecked man (\[\[Roddy McDowall]]) feels he's being pressured, by his girlfriend (\[\[Tammy Grimes]]), into marriage, against his will. A charming widower and his son (\[\[Robert Mandan]], \[\[Randolph Mantooth]]) fall in love with the same woman (\[\[Cathy Lee Crosby]]).
''Guest Stars:'' Debbi Morgan as Stephanie Jackson, \[\[Virginia Graham]] as Gift Shop Customer, Roddy McDowall as Fred Beery, Tammy Grimes as Christine, Robert Mandan as Woody Billingsley, Randolph Mantooth as Alan Billingsley, and Cathy Lee Crosby as Libby Hall.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=43
---
44
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
---
19
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\=Disco Baby
\|Title\_2\= Alas, Poor Dwyer
\|Title\_3\= After the War
\|Title\_4\= Ticket to Ride
\|Title\_5\= Itsy Bitsy
\|DirectedBy\=Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1\=Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_2\=Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_3\=Carmen Finestra
\|WrittenBy\_4\=Joyce Armor \& Judie Neer
\|WrittenBy\_5\=Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|2\|3}}
\|ShortSummary\=Julie is driving everyone crazy since she is organizing her high school reunion on board ship:
\# Julie's high school teacher is on board but is struggling with his alcoholism.
\# A former boyfriend of hers is on board with her high school rival.
\# The football quarterback is reunited with his former teammates.
\# Another couple, who had moved to Canada for him to avoid the Vietnam War draft and recently returned under amnesty, meet another classmate who is in a wheelchair due to wounds received in the war.
\# Doc romances one of Julie's classmates.
\# Julie learns her recently divorced friend Wendy is on the cruise because an unknown admirer has sent her the cruise ticket.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Raymond Burr]], \[\[Michael Cole (actor)\|Michael Cole]], \[\[Kim Darby]], \[\[Bob Denver]], \[\[Conchata Ferrell]], \[\[Christopher George]], \[\[Lisa Hartman]], \[\[Michael Lembeck]], \[\[Kelly Monteith]], \[\[John Rubinstein]], Judi West, \[\[David Landsberg]].
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Best of Friends
\|Title\_2\= Aftermath
\|Title\_3\= Dream Boat
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Sue Masters and John Walsh , ''Teleplay By:'' Lee Aronsohn }}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bruce Howard
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|2\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=45
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|ShortSummary\= Doc's old mentor from \[\[Johns Hopkins University\|Johns Hopkins]] disapproves of his lifestyle while dealing with the loss of an arm in a car crash, not realizing his wife has become addicted to painkillers; a series of misunderstandings strains an engaged couple and the woman's best friend. A representative from the cruise ship ''Lorelei'' evaluates the Captain as a possible commanding officer for that ship.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Richard Anderson]], \[\[Joyce Brothers]], \[\[Hans Conried]], \[\[Carol Lynley]], \[\[Diana Muldaur]], \[\[Ben Murphy]], \[\[Donna Pescow]], Mary Farrell, Starr Hester
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=A Good and Faithful Servant
\|Title\_2\=The Secret Life of Burl Smith
\|Title\_3\= Tug of War
\|Title\_4\= Designated Lover
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Bruce Howard
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Bob Fraser and Rob Dames
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|2\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=46
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\=A vacationing chauffeur and his wealthy employer fall in love; a famous model causes love\-smitten Gopher to fantasize that he is various flamboyant heroes; a separated couple vies for their son's affection; \[\[Reggie Jackson]] (as himself) can't convince anyone on board that he is who he says he is.
''Note'': This is a 90\-minute episode.
''Guest stars'': \[\[John Mills]], \[\[Hayley Mills]], \[\[Juliet Mills]], \[\[Telma Hopkins]], \[\[David Hedison]], \[\[Celeste Holm]], \[\[Keith Coogan]]
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Love Me, Love My Dog
\|Title\_2\= Poor Little Rich Girl
\|Title\_3\= The Decision
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Henry Colman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|2\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=47
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|ShortSummary\= A terrier "protects" its mistress from the advances of a gentleman; a waitress inherits a fortune and finds her new life, and her former fiancé's renewed interest, a big adjustment; Isaac laments his ill\-fated love affairs.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Debbie Allen]], \[\[Dennis Cole]], \[\[Fannie Flagg]], \[\[Maren Jensen]], \[\[Gene Rayburn]], Cricket, \[\[Noah Keen]].
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Funny Valentine
\|Title\_2\= The Wallflower
\|Title\_3\= A Home is Not a Home
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= John V. Hanrahan and Tom Dagenais
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|3\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=48
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|ShortSummary\=A wallflower is secretly followed by a shy milquetoast; Stubing is charmed by a fortune\-teller; two honeymooning retirees are unexpectedly joined by their overprotective children.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Warren Berlinger]], \[\[Elinor Donahue]], Patty Dworkin, \[\[Samantha Eggar]], \[\[Arthur Godfrey]], \[\[Minnie Pearl]], Zane Lasky, Dorrie Thomson.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Ages of Man
\|Title\_2\= Bo 'n Sam
\|Title\_3\= Families
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lsn O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|3\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=49
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary \= Julie falls for an older man while an adolescent boy falls for her; two rival publishers clash while their children become romantic; the crew's plans for a present for their captain's anniversary keep hitting a huge snag.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Paul Burke (actor)\|Paul Burke]], \[\[Arlene Dahl]], \[\[Patrick Labyorteaux]], \[\[Leslie Nielsen]], \[\[Mark Shera]], \[\[Philip Charles MacKenzie]], \[\[Michael Tucci]], \[\[Ellen Bry]], James Dobson, James Hackett, Bill Smillie
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Murder on the High Seas
\|Title\_2\= Sounds of Silence
\|Title\_3\= Cyrano de Bricker
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Margie Peters
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Joyce Armor and Judie Neer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|3\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=50
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|ShortSummary \= A rocker meets and falls in love with a deaf girl; a gambler in marital trouble gets Doc to tell his wife how he feels; Isaac mistakes a conversation by two writers about an upcoming mystery\-murder novel as an actual plot to kill the captain.
''Guest stars'': Sonny Bono, \[\[Charlie Callas]], \[\[Arte Johnson]], \[\[Peter Lawford]], \[\[Jill St. John]], \[\[Dana Wynter]], Sheila Lenham, James Dobson.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=April's Return
\|Title\_2\= Super Mom
\|Title\_3\= I'll See You Again
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tom Dunsmuir
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|5\|5}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=51
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|ShortSummary\= An old war buddy of the captain's is reunited with a long\-lost love from that period; a couple on their second honeymoon have their four children with them; April (\[\[Charo]]), now a successful singer with the cruise line, tries her hand at cruise directing, without much success.
''Other Guest stars'': \[\[Cyd Charisse]], \[\[Anne Meara]], \[\[Craig Stevens (actor)\|Craig Stevens]], \[\[Jerry Stiller]], \[\[Katy Kurtzman]], \[\[Corey Feldman]], \[\[Stephen Schnetzer]], Speedy Zapata, Greg Robblee.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Third Wheel
\|Title\_2\= Grandmother's Day
\|Title\_3\= Second String Mom
\|DirectedBy \= Gordon Farr
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|5\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=52
\|EpisodeNumber2\=27
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher's parents visit but the father feels like a third wheel; a couple with five already grown children find out they will have a new addition to the family; two sisters are less than friendly to their new stepmother.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Ken Berry]], \[\[Robert Cummings]], \[\[Nanette Fabray]], \[\[Beth Howland]], \[\[Ethel Merman]], \[\[Barry Nelson]], Michele Tobin, Shelly Juttner.
\|LineColor\=41407a
}}
}}
### Season 3 (1979–80\)
* + - * + - * + {{Episode table
\|background\=\#00AC53
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=Carol and Doug's Story
\|Title\_2\=Peter and Alicia's Story
\|Title\_3\= Julie's Story
\|Title\_4\= Buddy and Portia's Story
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchovny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Lan O'Kun
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|9\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=53
---
54
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
---
2
\|ShortSummary\=This wedding cruise takes place up the Alaska and British Columbia coastline:
\* The couple getting married (\[\[Mark Harmon]], \[\[Lisa Hartman]]) have to deal with his interfering ex\-girlfriend Natalie (\[\[Caren Kaye]]).
\* The groom's divorced parents (\[\[Ray Milland]], \[\[Eleanor Parker]]) quarrel while he is suffering from terminal cancer and she has to declare bankruptcy. Both try to keep their problems from one another.
\* Julie is deciding on accepting Jack's (\[\[Tony Roberts (actor)\|Tony Roberts]]) proposal (from Season 2 episode "Julie Falls Hard") while fending off the advances of the best man of this wedding (\[\[Donny Most]]).
\* The grandfather of the bride (\[\[Lorne Greene]]) and the aunt of the groom (\[\[Audra Lindley]]) fall in love and get married.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Robert Lussier]], Stephanie Steele, and \[\[Julia Duffy]].
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Grass Is Always Greener
\|Title\_2\= Three Stages of Love
\|Title\_3\= Oldies But Goodies
\|DirectedBy \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Jan Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tom Dunsmuir
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Rob Dames \& Bob Fraser
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|9\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=55
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\= A woman and her man\-hunting daughter arrive on the ship, the mother is attracted to a disabled man but their relationship is hampered by his snobby and obnoxious aide. Julie thinks she's opted for the wrong career when she meets her happily married friend who took the cruise director course with her, especially when she feels that Capt. Stubing is overly friendly to the woman. A man feels that he and his wife are experiencing the three stages of love.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Amanda Blake]], \[\[Karen Morrow]], \[\[Barry Sullivan (actor)\|Barry Sullivan]], \[\[Werner Klemperer]], \[\[Eddie Mekka]], \[\[Lani O'Grady]], \[\[Joan Hackett]], \[\[Adam Rich]].
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Doc, Be Patient
\|Title\_2\= Dance with Me
\|Title\_3\= Going My Way
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= James Sheldon
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= James Sheldon
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Haskell Barkin
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Carmen Finestra
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|9\|29}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=56
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ShortSummary\= A vacationing doctor cares for an ailing Doc, and he falls for her; A former dancer asks her reluctant ex\-partner to teach with her at her school in Germany—much to the annoyance of his new and younger partner; After being stood up, a woman brings her cab driver along on the cruise.
''Guest stars'': Starr Danias, \[\[Arlene Golonka]], \[\[Buddy Hackett]], \[\[Carol Lawrence]], \[\[John Meehan (dancer)\|John Meehan]], \[\[Susan Sullivan]].
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Audit Couple
\|Title\_2\= The Scoop
\|Title\_3\= My Boyfriend's Back
\|DirectedBy \= Jack Arnold
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Rob Dames \& Bob Fraser
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Joyce Armor \& Judie Neer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|10\|6}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=57
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|ShortSummary\= An IRS agent Viola (\[\[Phyllis Diller]]) comes on board to audit the Captain. A celebrity Jackie (\[\[Joyce DeWitt]]) tries to avoid a tabloid reporter (\[\[Ray Buktenica]]) trying to uncover her secret. Newlyweds Danny and Patricia (\[\[Richard Kline]], \[\[Jennifer Salt]]) discover their ex Jay (\[\[Lyle Waggoner]]) is also on the cruise and wants to win her back.
''Other guest stars'': Shane Butterworth, David Matthau, \[\[Virginia Hawkins]] (uncredited). \[\[Richard Kline]] and \[\[Joyce DeWitt]] also starred in ''\[\[Three's Company]]''.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Gopher's Greatest Hits
\|Title\_2\= One Rose a Day
\|Title\_3\= The Vacation
\|DirectedBy \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Henry Colman
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|10\|13}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=58
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher agrees to take over for a sick performer but he finds out that his vocal cords are not the most entertaining factor in his act. Two sisters (\[\[Joanna Cassidy]] \& \[\[Jaye P. Morgan]]) who usually take the cruise together are joined by one sister's husband Byron (\[\[Conrad Janis]]). When he finds out about the prior trips they have taken, he learns more about trust in the institution of marriage. When a widow Janet (\[\[Martha Scott]]) meets the man Henry (\[\[Don Ameche]]) responsible for sending her a remembrance even after her husband's death, she is in for a heartrending surprise.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Reunion
\|Title\_2\= Haven't I Seen You?
\|Title\_3\= Crew Confessions
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Bob Fraser and Rob Dames
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|10\|20}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=59
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac has trouble on the high seas when the Love Boat crew discovers he has included some racy tales about them in his new novel. A man (\[\[Don Knotts]]) who closely resembles a celebrity starts to enjoy his new identity when a strikingly beautiful passenger (\[\[Julie Newmar]]) showers him with love. A husband and wife (\[\[Jane Wyatt]] and \[\[Jean Pierre Aumont]]) are reunited after being separated during World War II.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Play by Play
\|Title\_2\= Cindy
\|Title\_3\= What's a Brother For?
\|DirectedBy \= James Sheldon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Michael Norell
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tom Dunsmuir
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|10\|27}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=60
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher plays fairy godmother to a girl (\[\[Melissa Sue Anderson]]) vacationing with the proverbial wicked step\-family (\[\[Carolyn Jones]], \[\[Rhonda Bates]], \& Lila Kent) and gets her an audition with the Prince of Pop (\[\[Frank Sinatra Jr.]]). A competing couple (\[\[Christopher George]], \[\[Linda Day George]]) do athletic feats to see who is the weaker sex. A man (Tom Hallick) traveling with his invalid brother (\[\[Patrick Wayne]]) meets a lovely woman (\[\[Joan Van Ark]]) but his budding romance with her is nearly ruined by his feeling of neglecting his brother – which the brother does little to discourage.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Trial Romance
\|Title\_2\= Never Say Goodbye
\|Title\_3\= A New Woman
\|DirectedBy \= Gordon Farr
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|11\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=61
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\= The Captain and Vicki (\[\[Jill Whelan]]) are reunited now that he has confirmation of what they have long suspected. An older woman (\[\[Gale Storm]]) who wants to "get with it" seeks advice from Julie, but the coaching backfires when Rose falls for Doc leaving one suitor behind (\[\[Louis Nye]]). He on the other hand mistakes Julie's attempts to fix him up with the lady as affection for him and feels uncomfortable with too young an admirer. A man and a woman (\[\[Vic Tayback]] and \[\[Jo Ann Pflug]]) who were on the same deadlocked jury meet again. Unfortunately, the two can't stand each other because of personal idiosyncrasies, but make the most of the situation on the high seas.
''Also guest starring'' \[\[Sandra Deel (actress)\|Sandra Deel]].
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\=Critical Success
\|Title\_2\=The Love Lamp Is Lit
\|Title\_3\=Take My Boyfriend, Please
\|Title\_4\= Rent a Family
\|Title\_5\= The Man in Her Life
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_5 \= Margie Peters
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|11\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=62
---
63
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
---
11
\|ShortSummary\=This takes place during a charity cruise involving \[\[The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders]].
\* A bachelor executive hires actors to pose as his family to impress his boss and wife who don't know of his status. He however falls for one of the cheerleaders.
\* A beautiful movie star is on board to be the chairperson for the ship's charity cruise. However, once on board, she runs into the dean of American film and drama critics who have never given Miss Logan a good review. Once the two get together it's a contest of digs, and a surprise happening between the two.
\* One of the cheerleaders gets her friends to spend time with a persistent suitor to get him out of her hair. However, when one of them begins spending too much time with him, she starts to re\-evaluate her relationship.
\* A man and a woman search for a supposedly hidden treasure on board.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Bill Daily]], \[\[Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.]], \[\[Jackie Earle Haley]], \[\[John Hillerman]], \[\[Gunilla Hutton]], \[\[Patsy Kelly]], \[\[Roz Kelly]], \[\[Larry Linville]], \[\[Dina Merrill]], \[\[Ginger Rogers]], \[\[Natalie Schafer\|Natalie Schäfer]], \[\[Stephen Shortridge]], \[\[William Windom (actor)\|William Windom]]
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Brotherhood of the Sea
\|Title\_2\= Letter to Babycakes
\|Title\_3\= Daddy's Pride
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Jay Grossman
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Merrill
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|11\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=64
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\= To keep Julie from finding out about her surprise birthday party, Gopher, Isaac, and Doc invent a phony fraternity to keep her busy and devise frat\-like procedures for her to join. This interferes with her romance with a passenger (\[\[Christopher Connelly (actor)\|Christopher Connelly]]). A womanizer (\[\[Demond Wilson]]) has his friend (\[\[Jimmie Walker]]) take responsibility when his girlfriend (\[\[Telma Hopkins]]) finds a letter from another woman in his jacket. A young gymnast's (\[\[Nancy McKeon]]) whole cruise is taken up by her father\-coach (\[\[Alex Cord]]).
''Other guest stars'': Sydney Goldsmith, Stephen Manley and Sid Gould as Sidney The Waiter.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Not Now, I'm Dying
\|Title\_2\= Too Young to Love
\|Title\_3\= Eleanor's Return
\|DirectedBy\_1 \= Alan Rafkin
\|DirectedBy\_2 \= Roger Duchowny
\|DirectedBy\_3 \= Alan Rafkin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Haskell Barkin
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Lee Aronsohn \|t\=Gordon Farr}}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Jessel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|11\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=65
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\= A woman whom Stubing likes (\[\[Barbara Rush]]) comes on board but before he could make a move she hooks up with another man (\[\[Jon Cypher]]). A friend of Doc's (\[\[Barbi Benton]]) comes on board with her boyfriend (\[\[Dack Rambo]]). Now she wants a commitment but the guy keeps on making excuses to the point of faking an illness. Doc tries to help her by calling his bluff but discovers he truly is sick. And an underage couple (\[\[Timothy Patrick Murphy]] and Cristen Kauffman) comes on board to lose their virginity together. The girl's father (\[\[Frank Aletter]]) who's an exec of the line tells Stubing to make sure nothing happens between them. And Stubing lays that task on Gopher.
''Also guest starring'' Sid Gould.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Stimulation of Stephanie
\|Title\_2\= Life Begins at 40
\|Title\_3\= The Next Step
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Bob Fraser \& Rob Dames and Gordon Farr\|t\=Gordon Farr}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|12\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=66
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|ShortSummary\=A lady about to turn 40 (\[\[Jo Anne Worley]]) has planned her upcoming wedding down to every detail except one – the groom. She hopes to find one on the cruise. A semi\-retired NFL star (\[\[Rosey Grier]]) is trying to contemplate his post\-NFL future with his wife (\[\[Melba Moore]]). A college professor (\[\[Dick Martin (comedian)\|Dick Martin]]) trying to evaluate sexual stimulation with his student (\[\[Char Fontane]]) does not see that he is the one stimulating her. In the meantime, Doc romances a passenger (\[\[Judy Landers]]).
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Harder They Fall
\|Title\_2\= The Spider Serenade
\|Title\_3\= Next Door Wife
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Carmen Finestra
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Fred Grandy
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|12\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=67
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher falls for a married, but separated, lady (\[\[Jill St. John]]). A man (\[\[James MacArthur]]) traveling with his fiancée (\[\[Susan Buckner]]) finds his ex\-wife (\[\[Joanna Pettet]]) in the cabin next door. Two cruise line execs (\[\[Milton Berle]], \[\[Alan Hale Jr.]]) were former middleweights who knocked out the referee. They decide to settle things once and for all, to the disgust of their wives (\[\[Nancy Kulp]], \[\[Sheila MacRae]]). Unfortunately, history repeats itself as they succeed in knocking out Stubing. Also starring \[\[Robert Sampson (actor)\|Robert Sampson]].
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Making the Grade
\|Title\_2\= The Gift
\|Title\_3\= Doc's 'Ex' Change
\|DirectedBy \= Gordon Farr
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Don Segall
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Marc Sheffler
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1979\|12\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=68
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|ShortSummary\= A 12\-year\-old resents the romance between his mother (\[\[Jessica Walter]]) and his teacher (\[\[Richard Gautier]]); a financially troubled man (\[\[Sonny Bono]]) finds $2,000 in a borrowed coat; Doc and his ex\-wife (\[\[Juliet Prowse]]) realize they're still married.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Kaye Ballard]], \[\[Ronee Blakley]], \[\[Red Buttons]], Johnny Timko
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=April's Love
\|Title\_2\= We Three
\|Title\_3\= Happy Ending
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|1\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=69
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\= The crew are quite suspicious of April's (\[\[Charo]]) manager\-fiancé (\[\[Forrest Tucker]]). A divorcing script\-writing couple (\[\[Don Adams]] and \[\[Juliet Mills]]) are trying to finish their script but the man is having second thoughts about the divorce. A woman (\[\[Marjorie Lord]]) and her adopted daughter (\[\[Laurie Walters]]) find themselves on the cruise with the daughter's birth father (\[\[Ross Martin]]) but the girl was told both her birth parents were deceased.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\=Kinfolk
\|Title\_2\=Sis and the Slicker
\|Title\_3\=Moonlight and Moonshine
\|Title\_4\= Too Close for Comfort
\|Title\_5\= The Affair
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_5 \= Lan O'Kun
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|1\|19}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=70
---
71
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
---
19
\|ShortSummary\=A singer (\[\[Donny Osmond]]) is ashamed of his family, who arouses the curiosity of a novelist; two passengers (\[\[Robert Guillaume]], \[\[Pam Grier]]) cheat on their mates; Captain Stubing invites the crew into his suite when their quarters are flooded.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Loni Anderson]], \[\[Eve Arden]], \[\[Randall Carver]], \[\[Rich Little]], \[\[Denise Nicholas]], \[\[Slim Pickens]], \[\[Richard Paul (actor)\|Richard Paul]], \[\[Marion Ross]] and \[\[Richard Roundtree]]. Note: Pam Grier is listed as "Pamala Grier" in the opening credits.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Rent a Romeo
\|Title\_2\= Matchmaker, Matchmaker
\|Title\_3\= Y' Gotta Have Heart
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= R.S. Allen
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Anitra Earle
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= R.S. Allen
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|1\|26}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=72
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|ShortSummary\=Doc's attempts to spend time alone with his lady (\[\[Misty Rowe]]) are impeded by her emotionally unstable sister (\[\[Vicki Lawrence]]) so he gets a playboy friend (\[\[Joe Namath]]) to romance her. Vicki supports a boy (Mark James) who is trying to reunite his divorced parents (\[\[Ja'net DuBois]], \[\[Cleavon Little]]); a woman (\[\[Brett Somers]]) prescribes a slow pace for her husband (\[\[Phil Harris]]), who is recovering from surgery.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Remake
\|Title\_2\= The Perfect Match
\|Title\_3\= The Captain's Ne'er Do Well Brother
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lee Aronsohn
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Eric Gethers
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Casey Keller and Richard Albrecht
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|2\|2}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=73
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\=The Captain is not very thrilled to have his black\-sheep brother Marshall (\[\[Gavin MacLeod\|O.D. Warbux]]) on the cruise, especially when he romances a wealthy oil magnate (\[\[Diane Ladd]]). A woman (\[\[Connie Stevens]]) follows a handsome man (\[\[Kent McCord]]) on board because she is convinced he is the perfect man to father her baby. Julie's widowed aunt (\[\[Florence Henderson]]) becomes convinced she sees her late husband's double (\[\[James Broderick]]).
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Not So Fast, Gopher
\|Title\_2\= Haven't We Met Before?
\|Title\_3\= Seoul Mates (aka Foreign Exchange)
\|DirectedBy \= Gordon Farr
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Gordon Farr
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Tony Webster and Lee Aronsohn \|t\=Tony Webster}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|2\|9}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=74
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher's widowed mother (\[\[Ethel Merman]]) tries to hide her grief from her son; a comic (\[\[Johnny Yune]]) falls for a reporter (Momo Yashima) doing a story on him; a waiter (\[\[Nicholas Hammond]]) pretends to be a banker to win over a jet\-setter (\[\[Hayley Mills]]).
''Also guest starring'' The \[\[Hudson Brothers]]: Bill Hudson, Brett Hudson, and Mark Hudson, \[\[Gene Rayburn]]
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Another Time, Another Place
\|Title\_2\= Doctor Who
\|Title\_3\= Gopher's Engagement
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Henry Colman
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Evelyn Marienberg
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Harvey Bullock
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|3\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=75
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|ShortSummary\= A mother (\[\[Audrey Meadows]]) thinks Gopher would make a good suitor for her daughter (\[\[Maureen McCormick]]); a woman (\[\[Phyllis Davis]]) mistakes a professor (\[\[Arte Johnson]]) for a sex expert (\[\[Bert Parks]]); a journalist (\[\[Dennis Morgan]]) does not know his high\-school friend (\[\[Jane Wyman]]) is a nun.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hey, Jealous Lover
\|Title\_2\= Tres Amigos
\|Title\_3\= Dumb Luck
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ray Jessel
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|3\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=76
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary\= Julie helps a brilliant, but plain\-looking woman become a glamor queen. Vicki and a young passenger try to help out a stowaway and a very jealous man accuses crew members of making passes at his wife.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Shelley Hack]], \[\[Kevin Tighe]], \[\[Ronnie Scribner]], \[\[Tony Ramirez]], \[\[Jennifer Darling]], \[\[John Gabriel (actor)\|John Gabriel]], \[\[James Gregory (actor)\|James Gregory]], \[\[Jayne Meadows]]
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Celebration
\|Title\_2\= Captain Papa
\|Title\_3\= Honeymoon Pressure
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Lee Aronsohn \|t\=Ruth Brooks Flippen}}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Sylvia Hecht
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|3\|29}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=77
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|ShortSummary\=The crew tries to impress a social worker (\[\[Lois Nettleton]]) aboard to determine if Stubing is a good parent; a mobster leader's (\[\[Frank Campanella]]) daughter and her husband (\[\[Eve Plumb]], \[\[Sal Viscuso]]) honeymoon in the shadow of two bodyguards (\[\[Norman Alden]], \[\[Richard Bakalyan]]); Isaac suspects a free\-spending bank guard (\[\[Noah Beery Jr.]]) who is traveling with his wife (\[\[Alice Faye]]). Note: Richard Bakalyan is credited as Dick Bakalyan.
''Also guest starring'' Alice Nunn.
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Vicki's First Love
\|Title\_2\= High Cost of Loving
\|Title\_3\= Accident Prone
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lou Patrick
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= R.S. Allen
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jill Baer and Rick Shaw
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|4\|5}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=78
\|EpisodeNumber2\=26
\|ShortSummary\= An accident victim (\[\[Alan Feinstein (actor)\|Alan Feinstein]]) and the woman (\[\[Britt Ekland]]) who caused it keep their distance; Vicki tries to look shapely to catch a singer's (\[\[Rex Smith (entertainer)\|Rex Smith]]) eye; a palimony victim (\[\[Steve Kanaly]]) wants to avoid new relationships.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Catherine Campbell (actress)\|Catherine Campbell]], Robin Eisenman, Shauna Sullivan
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Invisible Maniac
\|Title\_2\= September Song
\|Title\_3\= Peekaboo
\|DirectedBy \= George Tyne
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= R.S. Allen
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Harvey Bullock
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|4\|19}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=79
\|EpisodeNumber2\=27
\|ShortSummary\= A model (\[\[BernNadette Stanis]]) uses Isaac to make her husband (\[\[Clifton Davis]]) jealous; a lawyer (\[\[David Hasselhoff]]) wants to marry a colleague (\[\[Shelley Fabares]]) who is afraid to commit due to the ten\-year difference in their ages; a woman (\[\[Peggy Cass]]) thinks a carefree attitude will save her marriage from boredom.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Gordon Jump]], \[\[Jane Withers]] and \[\[Ann B. Davis]]
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\= No Girls for Doc
\|Title\_2\= Marriage of Convenience
\|Title\_3\= The Caller
\|Title\_4\= Witness for the Prosecution
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|5\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=80
\|EpisodeNumber2\=28
\|ShortSummary\=A widow must make a serious decision about her friend, a woman being bothered by a mystery caller. The male members of the crew are shocked when Doc swears off women, so challenge him to a bet. A man who has had a gorgeous young woman in protective custody falls for her.
''Note:'' This is a 90\-minute episode.
''Guest stars'': \[\[James MacArthur]], \[\[Mildred Natwick]], \[\[Helen Hayes]], \[\[Maurice Evans (actor)\|Maurice Evans]], \[\[John McCook]], \[\[Christopher Norris (actress)\|Christopher Norris]], \[\[Larry Wilcox]], \[\[Catherine Bach]], \[\[Martin Short]]
\|LineColor\=00AC53
}}
}}
### Season 4 (1980–81\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=\#633894
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\= Sergeant Bull
\|Title\_2\= Friends and Lovers
\|Title\_3\= Miss Mother
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Carmen Finestra
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Steve Hattman \& Dave Hackel
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ann Gibbs \& Joel Kimmel
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|10\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=81
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\= A young woman (\[\[Shelley Smith (actress)\|Shelley Smith]]) falls for a nice man (\[\[Dennis Cole]]) but is afraid to tell him she is pregnant. Three army buddies (\[\[Nipsey Russell]], \[\[Harvey Lembeck]] and \[\[Jack Somack]]) come to regret reuniting with their old sergeant (\[\[Vic Tayback]]) when he begins running the reunion like a boot camp, so they fix him up with a housekeeper (\[\[Doris Roberts]]). Gopher gets Julie to pose as his girlfriend to impress his old college fraternity friend (\[\[Tom Hanks]]), but complications develop between the two co\-workers.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\= The Family Plan
\|Title\_2\= The Promoter
\|Title\_3\= May the Best Man Win
\|Title\_4\= Forever Engaged
\|Title\_5\= The Judges
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Fred S. Fox \& Seaman Jacobs
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_5 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|11\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=82
---
83
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
---
3
\|ShortSummary\= This trip revolves around a "Marriage\-a\-Thon" special of 50 couples set to make their vows. The cruise begins in the \[\[Virgin Islands\|US Virgin Islands]] and ends in Los Angeles. Sights include \[\[Curaçao]] and the \[\[Panama Canal]]. The promoter of the marriage cruise is trying to reconcile with his wife, but when he makes a crooked deal with one of the couples, he is in danger of losing his wife to Captain Stubing. Doc tricks Gopher into being a contestant judge but then discovers the other two judges are attractive women who vie for Gopher's attention. Another couple has a reputation for being perpetually engaged. Julie's old friend Marv is supposed to be the best man in the mass wedding, but the groom runs off with an ex\-girlfriend. Marv has the burden of telling the bride about her groom, only to fall in love with her himself. A groom's father and bride's mother attempt to talk their children out of marrying, only to fall in love themselves. The pinnacle of the voyage is the beautiful mass wedding. Gopher finds himself in hot water in \[\[Curaçao]] when he runs a pharmaceutical errand for Doc, who sent him so he could be alone with the attractive female judges. Gopher gets even in the closing scene.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Darren McGavin]], \[\[Debbie Reynolds]], \[\[Peter Graves]], \[\[Brian Kerwin]], \[\[Erin Moran]], \[\[Charlene Tilton]], \[\[Donny Most]], \[\[Rue McClanahan]], \[\[Ted Knight]], \[\[Ann Jillian]], \[\[Dawn Wells]], \[\[Kathie Browne]]
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\= The Major's Wife
\|Title\_2\= The Oilman Cometh
\|Title\_3\= Target Gopher
\|Title\_4\= Strange Honeymoon
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= \[\[Pat Fielder]]
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= \[\[R. S. Allen\|R.S. Allen]] \& \[\[Harvey Bullock (writer)\|Harvey Bullock]]
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Fred S. Fox \& Seaman Jacobs
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= \[\[R. S. Allen\|R.S. Allen]] \& \[\[Harvey Bullock (writer)\|Harvey Bullock]]
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|11\|08}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=84
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ShortSummary\= The \[\[Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders]] come aboard. Gopher loses his job because the promoter becomes jealous when the cheerleader that he is interested in likes Gopher and not him. A Saudi oil sheik mistakes his gift from the promoter's assistant to be one of the cheerleaders. A man and his bride\-to\-be share the honeymoon with his best man. An Air Force officer and his Japanese\-born wife find themselves confronted by his ex\-girlfriend.
''Note:'' This is a 90\-minute episode.
''Guest stars'': \[\[David Cassidy]], \[\[Al Corley]], \[\[Robert Culp]], \[\[Pat Harrington, Jr.\|Pat Harrington]], \[\[Nobu McCarthy]], \[\[Mark Pinter]], Jo Ann Pflug.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Mallory Quest
\|Title\_2\= Julie, the Vamp
\|Title\_3\= The Offer
\|DirectedBy \= \[\[Richard Kinon]]
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Stephen Kandel \& Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= R.S. Allen \& Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= R.S. Allen
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|11\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=85
---
86
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
---
6
\|ShortSummary\=On a Caribbean cruise, famous author Mallory (\[\[Pernell Roberts]]) invites several people to help find his nephew with the promise of a huge reward. His aggravated wife (\[\[Gayle Hunnicutt]]) leaves him and finds comfort with Doc. One of the participants (\[\[Skip Stephenson]]) is about to donate a kidney to his brother but is being followed by his brother's fiancée (\[\[Maren Jensen]]). Another member (\[\[Jimmie Walker]]) is trying to find his dream girl on the cruise. The boyfriend (\[\[Peter Lupus]]) of another member of the quest (\[\[Connie Stevens]]) is suspicious of Mallory's motives. A jealous woman (\[\[Lani O'Grady]]) accuses Julie of trying to steal her fiancé (\[\[Bart Braverman]]), whom Julie had known in college. As the quest for Mallory's nephew (Gregg Robblee) continues, the people involved become suspicious and eventually make Mallory confess his real motives. A repentant Mallory tries to reconcile with his wife. A mysterious man (\[\[Sorrell Booke]]) begins following them. The kidney donor and the fiancėe become attracted to each other. Julie's friend and his girlfriend continue to drive her crazy.
''Other guest stars'': Dick Van Patten, \[\[Walter Slezak]], Patti Macleod, James Dobson.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Horse Lover
\|Title\_2\=Secretary to the Stars
\|Title\_3\=Julie's Decision
\|Title\_4\= Gopher and Isaac Buy a Horse
\|Title\_5\= The Village People Ride Again
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|11\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=87
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ShortSummary\= In preparation for a steeplechase race in Mexico, one of the racers (\[\[Allen Ludden]]) spends more time with his horse than with his wife (\[\[Betty White]]), who finds comfort in the man's business partner (David Doyle). A Hollywood actress (\[\[Loni Anderson]]) disguises herself as her secretary to obtain privacy but ends up falling for a reporter (\[\[Charles Frank]]) sent to interview her. A wealthy racer (\[\[Robert Stack]]) falls for Julie and proposes to her. Gopher and Isaac stable a horse on board. \[\[Village People\|The Village People]] (as themselves) also have a horse in the race.
''Note:'' This is a 90\-minute episode.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Baby Alarm
\|Title\_2\= Tell Her She's Great
\|Title\_3\= Matchmaker, Matchmaker Times Two
\|DirectedBy \= Ray Austin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lan O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|11\|29}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=88
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac gets the crew to bolster his stagestruck aunt's (\[\[Isabel Sanford]]) ego, which turns her into an outrageous prima donna and upsets his uncle (\[\[Mel Stewart]]). Two sets of parents (\[\[Farley Granger]], \[\[Joan Lorring]], \[\[Terry Moore (actress)\|Terry Moore]] and \[\[Troy Donahue]]) go overboard trying to spark a romance between their respective children (\[\[Lorenzo Lamas]] and \[\[Melissa Sue Anderson]]). An unwed mother's (\[\[Susan Howard]]) infant son has an unusual way of showing his disapproval to men who try to romance her.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=She Stole His Heart
\|Title\_2\= Return of the Captain's Brother
\|Title\_3\= Swag and Mag
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Jack Turley
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|12\|6}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=89
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\=A kleptomaniac (\[\[Joan Van Ark]]) meets a psychiatrist (Stephen Keep Mills) who tries to help her but when they fall for each other, he keeps his distance. A television star (\[\[Ron Ely]]) whom Vicki adores comes on board with his girlfriend\-agent (\[\[Erin Gray]]) but has to deal with an overbearing passenger (\[\[William Boyett]]). The Captain's brother comes on the cruise to introduce the woman he is going to marry (\[\[Arlene Dahl]]), but an ex (\[\[Zsa Zsa Gabor]]) follows, determined to win him back.
''Also guest starring'' \[\[Gavin Macleod\|Sonny Wilde]] as the Captain's youngest brother meaning MacLeod plays three characters in this one episode.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Boomerang
\|Title\_2\= Captain's Triangle
\|Title\_3\= Out of This World
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lou Patrick
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ken Hecht
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jill Baer and Christopher Vane
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|12\|13}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=90
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher and a passenger (\[\[Tom Smothers]]) believe a librarian (\[\[Helen Reddy]]) is actually a space alien. A model (\[\[Pamela Sue Martin]]) pretending to be a married woman learns a lesson from two bachelors (Guich Koock and \[\[Barry Van Dyke]]). The Captain's ex\-girlfriend (\[\[Sue Anne Langdon]]) tries to seduce him even though she is married to a former captain friend of his (\[\[Monte Markham]]).
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=That's My Dad
\|Title\_2\= The Captain's Bird
\|Title\_3\= Captive Audience
\|DirectedBy \= Allen Baron
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Hudson Hickman \& Alfred Monacella
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1980\|12\|20}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=91
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|ShortSummary\= The Captain gets Vicki a parrot for Christmas, but it hasn't been trained to talk, and Gopher's and Isaac's efforts to train it prove disastrous. A stowaway (\[\[Meeno Peluce]]) convinces the crew that a playboy passenger (\[\[Dirk Benedict]]) is his father but this story becomes considerably more serious as the episode progresses. An estranged father and son (\[\[Allan Jones (actor)\|Allan Jones]] and \[\[Jack Jones (singer)\|Jack Jones]]) resist their wives' (\[\[Dorothy Lamour]] \& Laraine Stephens) efforts to reunite them.
''Other guest stars'': Beth Scheffel and Robert Aguayo.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Doc's Dismissal
\|Title\_2\= The Frugal Pair
\|Title\_3\= The Girl Next Door
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster \& Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Fredi Towbin
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Christopher Vane \& Jill Baer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|1\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=92
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\= A couple celebrating their 40th anniversary see their marriage in risk of ending when the wife makes a revelation about their financial affairs. A woman fed up with her husband's constant ogling of other women attempts to use Doc to make him jealous and could cost him his career. A man suspecting his girlfriend of cheating convinces the woman in the cabin next door that he is a \[\[CIA]] agent tracking down \[\[KGB]] operatives.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Lew Ayres]], \[\[Janet Gaynor]], \[\[Alex Cord]], \[\[Jessica Walter]], \[\[Sal Viscuso]], \[\[Lynda Goodfriend]], \[\[Denise DuBarry]], \[\[Stephen Shortridge]], Bobby Justin (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Isaac's Secret
\|Title\_2\= Seal of Approval
\|Title\_3\= The Curse of the Dumbrowskis
\|DirectedBy \= Bob Sweeney
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lloyd J. Schwartz
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Madora McKenzie \& Andy Ruben
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ray Allen \& Harvey Bullock
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|1\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=93
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac is afraid to tell his former teacher (\[\[Lillian Gish]]) that he is just a bartender, so Gopher gets him to pose as the ship's first officer. Shirley the Seal goes overboard when she spots her trainer (\[\[Donald O'Connor]]) with another woman (\[\[Georgia Engel]]). A woman (\[\[Florence Henderson]]), convinced of her impending death, tries to find a new wife for her husband (\[\[Jeffrey Tambor]]).
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Christina Hart]] and \[\[Reb Brown]]
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=From Here to Maternity
\|Title\_2\= Jealousy
\|Title\_3\= The Trigamist
\|DirectedBy \= Howard Morris
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Sid Morse
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|1\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=94
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|ShortSummary\=A judge finds herself attracted to the man whom she had placed on probation for \[\[polygamy]]. Vicki is jealous when her father is attracted to a beautiful passenger. An expectant couple pesters Doc while he tries to court another passenger.
''Guest stars'': Murphy Cross, \[\[Michael Young (actor)\|Michael Young]], \[\[Nancy Walker]], \[\[George Gobel]], \[\[Rebecca Holden]], \[\[Pat Crowley]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=First Voyage, Last Voyage
\|Title\_2\= April the Ninny
\|Title\_3\= The Loan Arranger
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Si Rose
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Art Baer and Ben Joelson
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jay Grossman
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|1\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=95
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|ShortSummary\=April (Charo)'s becomes a nanny to the two children of a TV sportscaster. A loan shark sends a man to collect an outstanding debt from a passenger. A young woman traveling with her parents meets and falls in love with a man, but she does not know that she is dying from leukemia.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Larry Linville]], Rachel Jacobs, Alex Woodard, \[\[Kathleen Nolan]], \[\[Maureen McCormick]], \[\[Richard Kline]], \[\[Lisa Hartman]], Erik Stern, \[\[Jay Thomas]], \[\[Dody Goodman]], \[\[Ty Hardin]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Gopher's Bride
\|Title\_2\= Love with a Married Man
\|Title\_3\= Not Tonight, Jack!
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Len Janson and Chuck Menville
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Sid Morse
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|1\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=96
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac and Doc compete for the affection of a girl (Marie Laurin) to whom they have been writing joke love letters under Gopher's name. A couple (\[\[Dana Wynter]], \[\[Paul Burke (actor)\|Paul Burke]]) drift apart over work habits. The man whose wife is too busy for him finds another love (\[\[Susan Oliver]]). A man (\[\[Patrick Wayne]]) is displaced after his furious girlfriend (\[\[Trish Stewart]]) discovers they were to share quarters.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Pamela Jean Bryant]] and Paul Gale.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Lose One, Win One
\|Title\_2\= The $10,000 Lover
\|Title\_3\= Mind My Wife
\|DirectedBy \= Jack Arnold
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Sid Morse
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jill Baer and Christopher Vane
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Sid Morse
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|1\|31}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=97
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\= A woman (Dorian Lopinto) traveling with her fiancé (\[\[Sam Chew Jr.]]) meets a man (Steve Marachuk) who claims to have known her from high school. A man (\[\[Ron Palillo]]) is on the verge of setting a record for having intimate relations with the most women but finds true love with a fellow passenger (\[\[Gina Hecht]]), causing distress for the keeper of stats for the world\-record book (\[\[James Darren]]). Doc must fend off the advances of the love\-starved wife (\[\[Jill St. John]]) of his best friend from college (\[\[Jim McKrell]]).
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Aquaphobiac
\|Title\_2\= Humpty Dumpty
\|Title\_3\= The Starmaker
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ruth Brooks Flippen
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ted Lange and Jean Ford
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|2\|7}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=98
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|ShortSummary\=Isaac tries to impress a visiting concert promoter with his singing skills and convinces three maids (the \[\[Pointer Sisters]]) to act as his backup. A former football star has a romance with Julie. A man is forced by his wife to take a cruise to overcome his fear of water.
''Guest stars'': \[\[The Pointer Sisters\|Ruth, Anita, and June Pointer]], \[\[Jason Hervey]], Suzanne Kent, \[\[Louis Nye]], \[\[Audra Lindley]], \[\[David Hasselhoff]], and \[\[Jeff Cooper (actor)]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Return of the Ninny
\|Title\_2\= Split Personality
\|Title\_3\= Touchdown Twins
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Art Baer and Ben Joelson
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lee Goldstein
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|2\|14}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=99
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|ShortSummary\=April (Charo) and her charges accidentally find themselves on board while her employer and his new fiancée set sail. Gopher's college friend tries to please both his boss and the boss' daughter, not knowing they are father and daughter. A man falls for the mother of his old college friend.
''Other Guest stars'': \[\[Michael Lembeck]], \[\[Larry Linville]], \[\[Samantha Eggar]], \[\[Vincent Van Patten]], \[\[Rachel Jacobs]], \[\[Laurette Spang]], \[\[Ralph Bellamy]], Alex Woodard, Natasha Martell, \[\[Philip Brown (actor)\|Philip Brown]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Quiet, My Wife's Listening
\|Title\_2\= Eye of the Beholder
\|Title\_3\= The Nudist from Sunshine Gardens
\|DirectedBy \= Harry Mastrogeorge
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Sid Morse
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Evelyn Marienberg
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|2\|21}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=100
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|ShortSummary\=A self\-pitying blind woman is romanced by a gentle farmer. A man traveling with his new girlfriend is convinced that his estranged wife has planted bugs in his cabin. Gopher's attempts to prohibit a woman from sunbathing nude are blocked by a lawyer who feels her rights are being denied.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Leslie Uggams]], \[\[David Hedison]], \[\[Dick Martin (comedian)\|Dick Martin]], \[\[Barbi Benton]], \[\[Peter Haskell]], \[\[Mary Ann Mobley]], \[\[Judith Chapman]], \[\[Thelma Carpenter]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Clothes Make the Girl
\|Title\_2\= Black Sheep
\|Title\_3\= Hometown Doc
\|DirectedBy \= Earl Bellamy
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lan O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Fred Grandy and Jan Gough Grandy
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Haskell Barkin
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|2\|28}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=101
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\=Isaac's shady uncle (\[\[Demond Wilson]]) is shadowed by a government agent (\[\[Robert Ginty]]). A crew member (Larry Breeding) pretends to be a rich passenger to please the mother (\[\[Lee Meriwether]]) of his love interest (Kyle Aletter). Doc's old friend (\[\[Randolph Powell]]) introduces Doc to his fiancée (\[\[Cindy Morgan]]) but tells him that he's not going to practice medicine in their hometown, so Doc decides to resign and fill the role himself.
''Other guest stars'': Steve Doubet, \[\[Vernee Watson\-Johnson]] and \[\[John Beradino]]
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Sally's Paradise
\|Title\_2\= I Love You Too, Smith
\|Title\_3\= Mama and Me
\|DirectedBy \= Earl Bellamy
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Fred Grandy
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|3\|7}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=102
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher has a love\-hate relationship with a customs official who is traveling with her boyfriend. A young man is reunited with an old girlfriend, but his mother has someone else in mind for him at home. The manager of the gift shop has her hands full with all three of her fiancés on board.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Joanna Pettet]], \[\[Christopher Pennock]], \[\[Eddie Mekka]], \[\[Joan Prather]], \[\[Sylvia Sidney]], \[\[Juliet Mills]], \[\[Gary Conway]], \[\[Pedro Armendariz Jr.]], Kenneth Kimmins.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Duel
\|Title\_2\= Two for Julie
\|Title\_3\= Aunt Hilly
\|DirectedBy \= Ray Austin
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Evelyn Marienberg
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Barbara Allyn
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lou Patrick
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|3\|14}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=103
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|ShortSummary\=Two toymaking engineers (\[\[Ken Kercheval]] and \[\[Dack Rambo]]) traveling with their boss (\[\[Don Ameche]]) vie for Julie's affections. Captain Stubing's aunt (\[\[Olivia de Havilland]]) and uncle (\[\[Joseph Cotten]]) visit to meet Vicki. Doc is challenged to a duel by a man (\[\[Alejandro Rey]]) whose girlfriend (\[\[Linda Cristal]]) is sweet on Doc.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=That Old Gang of Mine
\|Title\_2\= Love with a Skinny Stranger
\|Title\_3\= Vicki and the Gambler
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Sid Morse
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|4\|11}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=104
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary\=A woman dating a man who was once obese now has to deal with a romantic rival. A professional gambler makes friends with Vicki. A group of aging crooks meets to plan one last heist (\[\[Jack Gilford]] played a similar character in the 1967 film ''\[\[Who's Minding the Mint?]]'', for which \[\[R.S. Allen]] and \[\[Harvey Bullock (writer)\|Harvey Bullock]] also wrote).
''Guest stars'': \[\[Kaye Ballard]], \[\[Gene Barry]], Jack Gilford, \[\[Vicki Lawrence]], \[\[Charles Siebert]], \[\[Jesse White (actor)\|Jesse White]], Cindee Appleton.
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\= This Year's Model
\|Title\_2\= The Model Marriage
\|Title\_3\= Vogue Rogue
\|Title\_4\= Too Clothes for Comfort
\|Title\_5\= Original Sin
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Richard Albrecht and Casey Keller
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Barry Blitzer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Richard Albrecht and Casey Keller
\|WrittenBy\_5 \= Barry Blitzer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|5\|2}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=105
---
106
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
---
26
\|ShortSummary\= On a special cruise to Acapulco for a fashion festival, designers \[\[Geoffrey Beene]], \[\[Halston]], \[\[Bob Mackie]], and \[\[Gloria Vanderbilt]] play themselves. A husband and wife who own a model agency spar over the use of one of the models who has captured the Captain's eye. A cosmetics king searching for a unique woman to represent his new product finds two competing candidates. Julie stands in for a model friend who has fallen in love. A couple searches for missing designer clothes while trying to keep their marriage secret from the woman's father.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Robert Vaughn]], \[\[Anne Baxter]], \[\[Mike Connors]], \[\[McLean Stevenson]], Debra Clinger, \[\[Elke Sommer]], \[\[Morgan Brittany]], \[\[Jayne Kennedy]], \[\[Cristina Ferrare]], \[\[Dick Shawn]], \[\[Bobby Short]], \[\[Richard Gilliland]], \[\[Camilla Sparv]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Maid for Each Other
\|Title\_2\= Lost and Found
\|Title\_3\= Then There Were Two
\|DirectedBy \= Howard Morris
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Henry Colman
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|5\|9}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=107
\|EpisodeNumber2\=27
\|ShortSummary\= Gopher's aunt (\[\[Jane Powell]]), afraid to tell him she is no longer wealthy and has to work as a maid for another passenger (\[\[Mary Wickes]]), meets a charming passenger (\[\[Howard Keel]]). A playboy (\[\[Joe Namath]]) schemes against his best friend (\[\[Fred Willard]]) to claim a cash windfall. An abandoned infant needs an emergency blood transfusion.
''Other guest stars'': \[\[Gary Burghoff]], \[\[Karen Grassle]], \[\[Belinda J. Montgomery]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Tony and Julie
\|Title\_2\= Separate Beds
\|Title\_3\= America's Sweetheart
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson and Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Si Rose
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Richard Albrecht and Casey Keller
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|5\|16}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=108
\|EpisodeNumber2\=28
\|ShortSummary\=Julie butts heads with a male passenger (\[\[Anthony Andrews]]). A young actress comes on board and makes a fool of Vicki. An estranged husband and wife end up in the same cabin.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Anthony Andrews]], \[\[Alison Arngrim]], \[\[William Christopher]], \[\[Nancy Kulp]], \[\[Ronnie Schell]], \[\[Toni Tennille]], \[\[Lindsay Bloom]].
\|LineColor\=633894
}}
}}
### Season 5 (1981–82\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=\#38A969
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 6
\|Title\_1\=The Expedition
\|Title\_2\=Julie's Wedding
\|Title\_3\=The Mongala
\|Title\_4\=Julie's Replacement
\|Title\_5\= The Three R's
\|Title\_6\= The Professor's Wife
\|DirectedBy \= Roger Duchowny
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer and Jill Baer \& Christopher Vane
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer and Tony Webster
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer and Jill Baer \& Christopher Vane
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller and Ben Joelson \& Art Baer
\|WrittenBy\_5 \= Donald Ross
\|WrittenBy\_6 \= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer and Jill Baer \& Christopher Vane
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1981\|10\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=109
---
### Season 6 (1982–83\)
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Episode table
\|background\=\#006400
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=138
---
### Season 7 (1983–84\)
* + {{Episode table
\|background\=\#500050
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=The Pledge
\|Title\_2\= East Meets West
\|Title\_3\= Dear Roberta
\|Title\_4\= My Two Dumplings
\|DirectedBy \= \[\[Robert Scheerer]]
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Lan O'Kun
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Christopher Vane \& Jill Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Lawrence Levy \& Robert Spears
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=167
---
168
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
---
2
\|ShortSummary\= A woman suffering from end stage \[\[heart failure]] and a man wanted in the U.S. for killing a drug dealer to protect his students begin a romance. The police detective who has been tracking him is coincidentally vacationing on the ship. Doc falls for a woman who spurns Western medicine because her mother had died during a routine operation. A man who writes the \[\[advice column]] "Dear Roberta" meets a woman who blames the column for her divorce. A friend of Gopher who is dating two women is on board to decide which one he truly loves, unaware that both women are also on the cruise. Location filming in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Beijing.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Ursula Andress]] as Carole, \[\[Susan Anton]] as Leslie, \[\[Michael Constantine]] as Charlie, \[\[Linda Evans]] as Barbara, \[\[John Forsythe]] as Burt, \[\[Lee Horsley]] as Greg, \[\[Pat Klous]] as Laurie, \[\[Lee Majors]] as Robert, \[\[Erin Moran]] as Joanne
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Bricker's Boy
\|Title\_2\= Lotions of Love
\|Title\_3\= The Hustlers
\|DirectedBy \= Jerome Courtland
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Bernie Kopell \& Fred Grandy}}
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lloyd Turner \& Howard Liebling
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|1\= John Whelpley\|t\= Tony Webster}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=169
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\= A young man claims that he is Doc's son; an ad executive collaborates on a campaign with the daughter of his latest client; a professional escort of an older woman falls for another younger woman.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Chuck Connors]] as Roy, \[\[Lydia Cornell]] as Sandy, \[\[Constance Forslund]] as Fran, \[\[Brodie Greer]] as Andy O'Neal, \[\[Evelyn Keyes]] as Mrs. Parker, \[\[Ted McGinley]] as Gary Thomas, \[\[Vera Miles]] as Arlene Kemper, \[\[Timothy Patrick Murphy]] as David
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Youth Takes a Holiday
\|Title\_2\= Don't Leave Home Without It
\|Title\_3\= Prisoner of Love
\|DirectedBy \= Robert Scheerer
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= David Ketchum \& Tony DiMarco
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Richard A. Goldman
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Donald Ross
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=170
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ShortSummary\= An Army captain sets her sights on Gopher; a married couple meets up with two swingers.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Gloria DeHaven]], \[\[Jamie Farr]], \[\[Beth Howland]], \[\[Heather Locklear]], \[\[Louis Nye]], \[\[Charlotte Rae]], \[\[Glenn Scarpelli]], \[\[Cornel Wilde]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Rhino of the Year
\|Title\_2\= One Last Time
\|Title\_3\= For Love or Money
\|DirectedBy \= Don Weis
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=171
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|ShortSummary\= A divorcing couple decides they'll go another round before the final papers come; a do\-gooder hires a sex therapist to help an impotent friend.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Mike Douglas]], \[\[Paul Kreppel]], \[\[Kevin McCarthy (actor)\|Kevin McCarthy]], \[\[Donna Pescow]], \[\[Paul Sand]], \[\[Stella Stevens]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Friend of the Family
\|Title\_2\= Affair on Demand
\|Title\_3\= Just Another Pretty Face
\|DirectedBy \= \[\[Ted Lange]]
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Jerry Winnick
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Ronnie Cass \& Donald Ross
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Joan Brooker \& Alexandra Stoddart
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|29}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=172
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ShortSummary\= A man cons his wife into insisting he has an affair; a man orders an end to the romance between his daughter and his best friend.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Cathryn Damon]], \[\[Florence Henderson]], \[\[Gordon Jump]], \[\[Kim Lankford]], \[\[Robert Reed]], \[\[Deborah Shelton]], \[\[Clint Walker]]
Note: Florence Henderson and Robert Reed both starred on \[\[The Brady Bunch]] on \[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC]], from 1969 to 1974\.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\= When Worlds Collide
\|Title\_2\= The Captain and the Geisha
\|Title\_3\= The Lottery Winners
\|Title\_4\= The Emperor's Fortune
\|DirectedBy \= Jerome Courtland
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|5}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=173
---
174
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
---
8
\|ShortSummary\= On a Japanese junket, a teacher impersonates a geisha to stay near the Captain; lottery winners carry their rags\-to\-riches routine to comic heights; a girl and her mother fall in love with two strangers.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Tony Danza]] as Bud O'Hara, \[\[Mariette Hartley]] as Martha Chambers, \[\[Ted Knight]] as Barney Gordon, \[\[Harvey Korman]] as Harvey Willis, \[\[Jean Marsh]] as Celia Hoffman, \[\[Rita Moreno]] as Gladys Gordon, \[\[Nancy Morgan]] as Joanie Hoffman, \[\[John Ritter]] as Ben Cummins, \[\[James Shigeta]] as Bud's Father, and \[\[Heather Thomas]] as Lila Pearsall
\*Nancy Morgan and John Ritter were married during filming.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Long Time No See
\|Title\_2\= Bear Essence
\|Title\_3\= Kisses and Makeup
\|DirectedBy \= Don Weis
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Richard A. Goldman
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Mike Marmer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer \|t\= Hollace White \& Stephanie Garman}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=175
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\= A carnival owner gets mixed messages from a woman; a comedy duo falls for the same woman.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Crystal Bernard]], \[\[Dean Butler (actor)\|Dean Butler]], \[\[Howard Keel]], \[\[Michael Lembeck]], \[\[Christopher Mayer (American actor)\|Christopher Mayer]], \[\[Randi Oakes]], \[\[Jan Smithers]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Julie and the Bachelor
\|Title\_2\= Set\-up for Romance
\|Title\_3\= Intensive Care
\|DirectedBy \= \[\[Richard Kinon]]
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= David Ketchum \& Tony DiMarco
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Lloyd Turner \& Howard Liebling
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jim Rogers
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|19}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=176
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|ShortSummary\= An executive is entangled in an affair between his co\-worker and their boss; Doc and Gopher are smitten by a pretty nurse but her invalid charge interferes.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Tom Bosley]], Patricia Carr, \[\[Bradford Dillman]], \[\[Penny Fuller]], \[\[Mark Harmon]], \[\[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)\|Engelbert Humperdinck]], \[\[Cristina Raines]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|EpisodeNumber\=177
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The World's Greatest Kisser
\|Title\_2\= Don't Take My Wife, Please
\|Title\_3\= The Reluctant Father
\|DirectedBy \= Ted Lange
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Buddy Atkinson
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Richard A. Goldman
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Martin Donovan
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|26}}
\|ShortSummary\= A jilted fiancé hires a Mata Hari to find the crew member that ruined his wedding plans; a junior executive suffers in silence while his boss lusts after his bride.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Kirstie Alley]], \[\[Danielle Brisebois]], \[\[William Christopher]], \[\[David Doyle (actor)\|David Doyle]], \[\[Dan Haggerty]], Cindy Hayes, \[\[Elaine Joyce]], \[\[Parker Stevenson]]
\*Kirstie Alley and Parker Stevenson were dating during the filming of this episode and married in December after the episode aired.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Dee Dee's Dilemma
\|Title\_2\= Julie's Blind Date
\|Title\_3\= The Prize Winner
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jill Baer \& Christopher Vane
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=178
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\= A woman (\[\[Markie Post]]), who is being sought by a private detective (\[\[Don Gordon (actor)\|Don Gordon]]) to testify in a messy divorce case, sneaks on board disguised as a young girl. With and without her disguise, she finds herself being pursued by a father (\[\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\|Geoffrey Scott]]) and his son (\[\[Clark Brandon]]), respectively. A guy (\[\[Walter Olkewicz]]) whom Julie (Lauren Tewes) was set up with is not exactly her type; but before she could dump him, he dumps her, and this bruises her ego. An author (\[\[Tom Poston]]) who recently won a literary prize, comes on board with his wife (\[\[Abby Dalton]]) and his assistant (\[\[Leslie Easterbrook]]). The assistant knows that the book he wrote was not entirely written by him and is using this knowledge to blackmail him into having an affair with her.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Clark Brandon]] as Jerry Howard, \[\[Abby Dalton]] as Ellen Baker, \[\[Leslie Easterbrook]] as Wendy, \[\[Don Gordon (actor)\|Don Gordon]] as Frank Fenimore, \[\[Walter Olkewicz]] as Leonard Gluck, \[\[Markie Post]] as Doris Holden / Dee Dee, \[\[Tom Poston]] as Daniel Baker, and \[\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\|Geoffrey Scott]] as Phil Howard.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Misunderstanding
\|Title\_2\= Love Below Decks
\|Title\_3\= The End Is Near
\|DirectedBy \= Robert Scheerer
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael Grace
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\= McLean Stevenson \& Mike Marmer}}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|1\= Rick Shaw \& Brian Pollock \|t\= Mike Marmer}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=179
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\=
A retired actress (\[\[Claire Trevor]]) seeks help from her son\-in\-law (\[\[Jim Houghton\|James Houghton]]) in effecting a reconciliation with her daughter (\[\[Morgan Brittany]]); a widowed passenger (\[\[Arlene Dahl]]) has a shipboard romance with the ship's engineer (\[\[Vic Tayback]]); two newlyweds (\[\[Delta Burke]] and \[\[Lou Richards]]) cause havoc as the husband is convinced the world is coming to an end.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Morgan Brittany]], \[\[Delta Burke]], \[\[Arlene Dahl]], \[\[Jim Houghton\|James Houghton]], \[\[Lou Richards (actor)\|Lou Richards]], \[\[Vic Tayback]], \[\[Claire Trevor]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Last Case
\|Title\_2\= Looking for Mr. Wilson
\|Title\_3\= Love on Strike
\|DirectedBy \= Richard A. Wells
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= David Abrams
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Shea E. Butler\|t\= Mike Marmer}}
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= {{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Ben Joelson \& Art Baer\|t\= Richard Albrecht \& Casey Keller}}
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=180
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
\|ShortSummary\= A detective traveling with his secretary investigates the case of a vanished passenger; an engaged couple is harassed by his jilted fiancée.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Claude Akins]], \[\[Didi Conn]], \[\[Tony Dow]], \[\[Grant Goodeve]], \[\[John Hillerman]], \[\[Allyn Ann McLerie]], \[\[Wendy Schaal]], Jeannie Wilson, \[\[R.J. Williams]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=How Do I Love Thee?
\|Title\_2\= No More Alimony
\|Title\_3\= Authoress! Authoress!
\|DirectedBy \= Kim Friedman
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Mike Marmer
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Howard Albrecht \& Sol Weinstein
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Tony Webster
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|7}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=181
\|EpisodeNumber2\=15
\|ShortSummary\= Captain Stubing reunites with an old friend (\[\[Rue McClanahan]]) but when she shows up for a cruise breakfast with bruises, he suspects her salesman husband (\[\[Dick Van Patten]]) is abusing her; a man named Alan Price (\[\[Alan Thicke]]) tries to rush his ex\-wife Sheila (\[\[Michelle Phillips]]) into marrying her new fiance Lou (\[\[Fred Willard]]) so he will no longer have to pay alimony; Aunt Sylvia (\[\[Carol Channing]]) and her friend Betsy (\[\[Betty White]]) try to persuade a famous publisher (\[\[Cesar Romero]]) to print Betsy's memoirs.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Carol Channing]] as Aunt Sylvia Duvall, \[\[Rue McClanahan]] as Laura Thornton Hayes, \[\[Michelle Phillips]] as Sheila Price, \[\[Cesar Romero]] as John Drake, \[\[Alan Thicke]] as Alan Price, \[\[Dick Van Patten]] as George Hayes, \[\[Betty White]] as Betsy Boucher, and \[\[Fred Willard]] as Lou.
Also Starring: Christie Claridge as Cindy
Note: Betty White and Rue McClanahan both appeared on \[\[Mama's Family]] in 1983\-84\. They would later star on \[\[The Golden Girls]] on \[\[National Broadcasting Company\| NBC]] from 1985 to 1992, and on its spinoff show, \[\[The Golden Palace]] on \[\[Columbia Broadcasting System\| CBS]] in 1992\.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=For Better or Worse
\|Title\_2\= The Buck Stops Here
\|Title\_3\= Bet on It
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|14}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=182
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|ShortSummary\= A gambling cruise for charity proves a chancy thing for a teacher (\[\[McLean Stevenson]]), two honeymooners (\[\[Leah Ayres]] and \[\[Shea Farrell]]), and the charity drive chairwoman (\[\[Celeste Holm]]).
''Guest Stars'': \[\[Leah Ayres]] as Nancy Sidon, \[\[Shea Farrell]] as Stewart Sidon, \[\[Celeste Holm]] as Florence Flanders, \[\[Richard Jaeckel]] as Frank Bannon, \[\[Jo Ann Pflug]] as Sally, and \[\[McLean Stevenson]] as Michael Borden.
Other Guests: \[\[Antony Ponzini]] as Al Dixon, \[\[Gil Mandelik]] as Croupier, and \[\[Sam Nickens]] as Ship Passenger (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Aunt Emma, I Love You
\|Title\_2\= Hoopla
\|Title\_3\= The First Romance
\|DirectedBy \= Don Weis
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|21}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=183
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\= Bound for an exhibition game, the Harlem Globetrotters become wary of their promoter; a painting ruins a second honeymoon.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Sid Caesar]], \[\[Bert Convy]], Irena Ferris, Darrow Igus, \[\[Rose Marie]], \[\[Philip McKeon]], Jimmy Blacklock, Lou Dunbar, Billy Ray Hobley, \[\[Curly Neal]], \[\[Gator Rivers]], and the \[\[Harlem Globetrotters]] ("Hoopla")
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Ace in the Hole
\|Title\_2\= Uncle Joey's Song
\|Title\_3\= Father in the Cradle
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|28}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=184
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|ShortSummary\= A photographer (\[\[Ted McGinley]]) joins the crew and when all the girls — especially two sisters (\[\[Julie Ronnie]] and \[\[K.C. Winkler]]) who Doc and Gopher are interested in — throw themselves at him, it makes the guys unhappy. The retired host of a children's show, “Uncle Joey” (\[\[Barnard Hughes]]), comes aboard and tries to help a traumatized boy (\[\[David Faustino]]), whose father died recently. A guy (\[\[Michael Spound]]) comes aboard to meet his mother (\[\[Lee Meriwether]]), who just got married but is not happy that the guy (\[\[Dean Paul Martin]]) she married is almost his age.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Barnard Hughes]] as Joseph Stobble, \[\[Dean Paul Martin]] as Brad Elliott, \[\[Ted McGinley]] as Ashley 'Ace' Covington Evans, \[\[Lee Meriwether]] as Jessica Chapman\-Elliott, \[\[Michael Spound]] as Larry Chapman, and \[\[Carlene Watkins]] as Mrs. Susan Russell.
Other Guests: \[\[David Faustino]] as Scott Russell, \[\[Julie Ronnie]] as Jeannie Colby, \[\[K.C. Winkler]] as Caroline Colby, and \[\[David Armstrong (actor)\|David Armstrong]] as Passenger (uncredited).
Note: \[\[Ted McGinley]] is listed as a Guest Star in the opening credits, and introduced in the opening scene as the new ship’s photographer, and a longtime family friend to Gopher. In the final scene, Ace explains to the Captain that he will be taking full\-time photography classes and be back in three weeks.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\=Polly's Poker Palace
\|Title\_2\= Shop Ahoy
\|Title\_3\= Double Date
\|Title\_4\= The Hong Kong Affair
\|Title\_5\= Two Tails of a City
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|4}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=185
---
186
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
---
20
\|ShortSummary\= On a Hong Kong cruise: a Senator romances a woman until he learns the nature of her visit; two brothers date Julie and Vicki; a woman passenger is a shopaholic; a retired spy is on vacation and romances a woman passenger.
''Guest stars'': \[\[Herb Edelman]] as Robert Savage, \[\[Noel Harrison]] as Trevor Staines, \[\[Pamela Hensley]] as Kathy James, \[\[Gene Kelly]] as Charles Dane, Lee Majors II as Jimmy Adams, \[\[Frank Maxwell]] as Colonel Charles Holmsey, \[\[Leigh McCloskey]] as Peter Adams, \[\[Yvette Mimieux]] as Leni Martek, \[\[Ben Murphy]] as Matthew Saver, \[\[Donna Reed]] as Polly Sullivan, \[\[Brenda Vaccaro]] as Eleanor Savage, and \[\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] as Senator Dan Whitman
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Ace's Valet
\|Title\_2\= Mother Comes First
\|Title\_3\= Hit or Miss America
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=187
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\=Ace's parents send the family valet, Ernest Finley (Jeremy Brett), to be his valet on the ship, but Ace is afraid that Finley will embarrass him in front of the other crew members. Mrs. Rhodes (Marian Mercer) is afraid of growing old, so her daughter Jenny (Audrey Landers) tries to fix her up with eligible men, by recruiting Gopher to pose as an Eastern Indian named Punjab Singh. Isaac's high school friend, Cassie (Gloria Gifford), wants him to be her date for their upcoming reunion, but he only has eyes for Vanessa Williams, who is one of four Miss Americas on board. And Vanessa has an admirer of her own, Tyrone (Glynn Turman).
Miss America (Vanessa Williams) dazzles Isaac; A woman (Audrey Landers) seeks a date for her mother; A butler complicates Ace's job.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Jeremy Brett]] as Ernest Finley, \[\[Audrey Landers]] Jenny Rhodes, \[\[Ted McGinley]] as Ashley 'Ace' Covington Evans, \[\[Marian Mercer]] as Mrs. Rhodes, \[\[Glynn Turman]] as Tyrone, and \[\[Vanessa Williams]] as herself (as Miss America 1984\).
''Other Guests:'' Gloria Gifford as Cassie Jones, \[\[Jean Bartel]] as herself (as Miss America 1943\), \[\[Marian McKnight]] as herself (as Miss America 1957\), and \[\[Nancy Fleming]] as herself (as Miss America 1961\).
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Lady and the Maid
\|Title\_2\= Love Is Blind
\|Title\_3\= The Babymakers
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=188
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
\|ShortSummary\=A ship's maid (\[\[Luise Rainer]]) has resented her twin sister for decades; Barry (\[\[Kin Shriner]]) and Sheila (\[\[Jenilee Harrison]]) take a scientific approach to conception; Isaac and blind Darnell (\[\[LaVar Burton]]) compete for Terry Cook (\[\[Shari Belafonte]]).
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Don Ameche]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Side by Side
\|Title\_2\= A Fish Out of Water
\|Title\_3\= Rub Me Tender
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy \= Mike Marmer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|10}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=189
\|EpisodeNumber2\=23
\|ShortSummary\= A teenage boy (\[\[Ross Harris (actor)]]) is preoccupied with his Grandma's (\[\[Glynis Johns]]) health. An awkward man (\[\[Ed Begley Jr.]]) meets an unusual woman (\[\[Mary Crosby]]) while snooping. Gopher hires a woman (\[\[Mandy Perryment]]) as a masseuse but doesn't have time to tell Merrill, who falls for her.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Nita Talbot]], \[\[Leigh Lombardi]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=A Rose Is Not a Rose
\|Title\_2\= Novelties
\|Title\_3\= Too Rich and Too Thin
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=190
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary\= A man impersonating a female singer gets double trouble when a passenger falls for the singer and Julie falls for him; a novelty salesman has difficulty separating business from pleasure.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Don Adams]], \[\[Jaime Lyn Bauer]], \[\[Arte Johnson]], \[\[Rich Little]], and \[\[Audrey Meadows]].
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 5
\|Title\_1\=Dreamboat
\|Title\_2\= Gopher, Isaac \& the Starlet
\|Title\_3\= The Parents
\|Title\_4\= The Importance of Being Johnny
\|Title\_5\= Julie and the Producer
\|DirectedBy \= Robert Scheerer
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|5\|5}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=191
---
192
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
---
26
\|ShortSummary\= A Hollywood movie company is filming a musical called Dream Boat on board the ship with plans to use both crew and passengers as extras. Starlet Shelley Rush (\[\[Melba Moore]]) desperately wants to audition for the production crew but can't seem to get their attention. Merrill falls for faded star Angela Lovett (\[\[Alexis Smith]]), while Vicki is enamored of Johnny Lovett (\[\[Jimmy Osmond]]), a rock star who has never acted before, is very apprehensive about his debut, and takes it out on Vicki by being rude to her. Producer Marty Chenault (\[\[Dean Jones (actor)\|Dean Jones]]) is the older brother of Jack Chenault, whom Julie almost married once.
''Also guest starring'': \[\[Ben Vereen]], \[\[David L. Lander]], \[\[Juliet Prowse]]
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Best Ex\-Friends
\|Title\_2\= All the Congressman's Women
\|Title\_3\= Three Faces of Love
\|DirectedBy \= Ted Lange
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|5\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=193
\|EpisodeNumber2\=27
\|ShortSummary\= Isaac is taken with the new barmaid (\[\[Eugenia Wright]]), but it gets complicated when Gopher tells him to fire her. A movie makeup man (\[\[Sal Viscuso]]) tests his fiancée's (\[\[Heidi Bohay]]) fidelity. Meanwhile, a congressman (\[\[Sam Groom]]) brings his daughter (\[\[Tori Spelling]]) aboard the Pacific Princess after receiving letters threatening her young life, which comes between him and his fiancée (\[\[Phyllis Davis]]).
Guest Stars: (\[\[Heidi Bohay]]) as Suzy Rand, (\[\[Phyllis Davis]]) as Gayle Ludwig, (\[\[Sam Groom]]) as Congressman Blake Gibson, (\[\[Tori Spelling]]) as Penny Gibson, (\[\[Sal Viscuso]]) as Wendell Shamer, and (\[\[Eugenia Wright]]) as Tina Burrell.
Other Guests: (\[\[Fred Leaf]]) as Burt Reynolds look\-alike.
Note: This was the final appearance of (\[\[Lauren Tewes]]), as she was fired before filming commenced for Season 8\.
\|LineColor\=500050
}}
}}
### Season 8 (1984–85\)
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Episode table
\|background\=\#B11030
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Crew's Cruise Director
\|Title\_2\= What a Drag
\|Title\_3\= Doc's Slump (Alaska Cruise)
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|9\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=194
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\= The crew is working a special Alaskan cruise:
\* All the passengers are women who are vying for a date with \[\[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)\|Engelbert Humperdinck]].
\* Because Julie has married, the crew has a new cruise director, the terrorizing Bernice (\[\[Diane Ladd]]). Meanwhile, Julie's recently divorced sister Judy (\[\[Pat Klous]]) is aboard.
\* Harry (\[\[Bert Convy]]) fears he's inadequate for wife Jane (\[\[Patty Duke]]), the cruise's organizer. He and his friend Ralph (\[\[Arte Johnson]]) pose as women to follow Jane.
\* Doc's romance with Emily (\[\[Michelle Phillips]]) crumbles.
''Also Guest Starring'': \[\[Lydia Cornell]] as Bonnie, \[\[Rebecca Holden]] as Diane, \[\[Selma Archerd]] as Mrs. Carter, \[\[Anulka Dziubinska]] as Ginger, and Linda Stayer as Angie.
''Notes'': This is a 90\-minute episode. Patty Duke is credited as Patty Duke Astin. Pat Klous is credited as Patricia Klous. Julie (\[\[Lauren Tewes]]) does not appear in this episode. Klous joins the cast, as does \[\[Ted McGinley]] as "Your Ship's Photographer," Ashley "Ace" Covington Evans.
\|LineColor\=B11030
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=Vicki and the Fugitive
\|Title\_2\= Lady in the Window
\|Title\_3\= Stolen Years
\|Title\_4\= Dutch Treat
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|9\|29}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=195
---
### Season 9 (1985–86\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=\#FFA500
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts \= 4
\|Title\_1 \= A Day in Port
\|Title\_2 \= The Villa
\|Title\_3 \= The Racer's Edge
\|Title\_4 \= Love or Money
\|DirectedBy \= Kim Friedman
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Paula A. Roth
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Michael L. Grace
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jill Baer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Mike Marmer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|9\|28}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=221
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\= The ship gets a makeover and gains new dancers. Isaac gets a surprising visit from a former girlfriend who wants to renew with him. Introducing the Love Boat Mermaids. Their choreographer is Phylicia Ayers\-Allen (a.k.a. \[\[Phylicia Rashad]]).
The Mermaids' choreographer charms Isaac; Gopher plays mediator; Doc looks after Gopher's girlfriend; Judy falls for a mysterious man.
The Love Boat Mermaids include: \[\[Debbie Bartlett]] as Susie – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Deborah Bartlett); \[\[Tori Brenno]] as Maria – Love Boat Mermaid; \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Lynn Hammond); \[\[Teri Hatcher]] as Amy – Love Boat Mermaid; \[\[Debra Johnson]] as Patti – Love Boat Mermaid; Macarena as Sheila – Love Boat Mermaid; \[\[Andrea Moenas]] as Starlight – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Andrea Moen); and \[\[Beth Myatt]] as Mary Beth – Love Boat Mermaid.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Phylicia Rashad]] as Lonette Becker (credited as Phylicia Ayers Allen), \[\[Conrad Bain]] as Charles Custers, \[\[Diane Ladd]] as Christa Johanson, \[\[John Ratzenberger]] as Marty Elder, \[\[Gordon Thomson (actor)\|Gordon Thomson]] as Nick Durrell, \[\[Ava Cadell]] as Dee Dee Winters (listed in final credits as Didi Winters), and \[\[Steven M. Gagnon]] as Paul (credited as Steve Gagnon).
Note: This episode introduced the Love Boat Mermaids; it also included a newer version of the introductory credits and the title theme song was now sung by \[\[Dionne Warwick]].
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Your Money or Your Wife
\|Title\_2\= Joint Custody
\|Title\_3\= The Temptations
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|5}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=222
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|ShortSummary\=Vicki is thrilled to let everyone know that she got the famous band the Temptations to perform during the cruise. A couple fights each other to gain custody of their son.
The Temptations board with their manager; a loan shark (Vic Tayback) bargains for a date; the captain becomes involved in a kidnapping.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Franklin Cover]] as Marvin Brown, \[\[Penny Fuller]] as Catherine Gerra, \[\[Charlotte Rae]] as Milly Brown, \[\[Robert Reed]] as Carl Gerra, \[\[Michael Spound]] as Ted Belmond, \[\[Connie Stevens]] as Heidi Lester, \[\[Robert Jayne]] as Brian Gerard (credited as Bobby Jacoby), and \[\[Vic Tayback]] as Jack Hamilton.
\[\[The Temptations]] as Themselves – Musical Guests: \[\[Melvin Franklin]] as himself (as the Temptations), \[\[Richard Street]] as himself (as the Temptations), \[\[Ron Tyson]] as himself (as the Temptations), \[\[Otis Williams]] as himself (as the Temptations), and \[\[Ali\-Ollie Woodson]] as himself (as the Temptations).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hidden Treasure
\|Title\_2\= Picture from the Past
\|Title\_3\= Ace's Salary
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=223
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\=A couple is looking for a rare stamp hidden somewhere on the boat. Ace and the crew campaign for a salary raise. A woman avoids Andy Warhol, wanting to forget the time she was in one of his movies.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Milton Berle]] as Lionel Cooper, \[\[Tom Bosley]] as George Hammond, \[\[Peter Duchin]] as Peter Duchin, \[\[Andy Griffith]] as Larry Cooper, \[\[Cloris Leachman]] as Karen Cooper, \[\[Marion Ross]] as Mary Hammond, \[\[Raymond St. Jacques]] as Ramon, and \[\[Andy Warhol]] as Andy Warhol.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Lisa Dean Ryan]] as Spock and \[\[Vera Perez]] as B.F.D.
\[\[Marion Ross]] and \[\[Tom Bosley]] played husband and wife on the hit ABC show \[\[Happy Days]]
In 1997, \[\[TV Guide]] ranked this episode \#82 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.{{cite journal \|year\=1997 \|title\=Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time \|journal\=\[\[TV Guide]] \|issue\=June 28 – July 4 }}
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\= German Cruise: The Villa
\|Title\_2\= The Racer's Edge
\|Title\_3\= Love or Money
\|Title\_4\= The Accident
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael L. Grace
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jill Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Mike Marmer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Art Baer \& Ben Joelson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|2}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=224
---
225
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
---
5
\|ShortSummary\=German Cruise: Part 1 of 2\. The crew is now in Germany and among the passengers is a woman (Alexis Smith), whose family estate was taken by a nemesis (Craig Stevens), who runs into an old flame (Mel Ferrer). Doc meets a woman (Susan Blakely), who's traveling with her brother (Ken Olandt), who doesn't warm up to Doc. Later, while they're out, Doc hits a man (Olandt) who appears to be seriously injured. Two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers), are looking to score a rich guy but, when one of them is attracted to Ace, the other tries to sabotage the relationship. And a biker (Jack Coleman), who just got married (Lisa Whelchel) and is retiring from competition, is being courted by his coach (Harry Morgan), who says he wants him to enter one last race so that the coach can get the job he's trying to get. On the Rivera: a former bike\-racing coach (Harry Morgan) tries to lure a newlywed champion (Jack Coleman) out of retirement; a woman (Alexis Smith) wants to visit the family villa before it's sold; Doc feels bad about a young man (Ken Olandt)'s death; two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers) try to attract wealthy men.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Susan Blakely]] as Nicole Phillips, \[\[Jack Coleman (actor)\|Jack Coleman]] as Scott Barrett, \[\[Mel Ferrer]] as Jack Powers, \[\[Audrey Landers]] as Brenda Adams\-Rosenberg, \[\[Judy Landers]] as Edie Adams\-Rosenberg, \[\[Harry Morgan]] as Charly Fields, \[\[Ken Olandt]] as Don Phillips, \[\[Alexis Smith]] as Justina Downey, \[\[Craig Stevens (actor)\|Craig Stevens]] as Viktor Lukas, and \[\[Lisa Whelchel]] as Kelly Barrett.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Patti MacLeod]] as Society Matron (credit only), \[\[Richard Wren]] as Carl Mueller, \[\[William Jackson (actor)\|William Jackson]] as Alexander Dietrich (credited as William B. Jackson), \[\[Peter Kelly (actor)\|Peter Kelly]] as Marcel Villemin, \[\[Barbara Ward]] as Gina, \[\[Charles Howard (actor)\|Charles Howard]] as man at Bar, \[\[Sisse Hasbo]] as Sophia, \[\[Ulrich Matschoss]] as Anton, and \[\[Gil Mandelik]] as Croupier (credit only).
Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Forties Fantasy
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|16}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=226
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher envisions the liner as a World War II troop ship en route to France.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Charo]] as Lupe Zapata De Vega Valdez, \[\[Nathan Cook (actor)\|Nathan Cook]] as Carl Tysdell, \[\[Leigh McCloskey]] as Charles "Chip" Reynolds, \[\[Stephanie Mills]] as Tara, and \[\[Erin Moran]] as Janet Reynolds.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[John Zarchen]] as Martin and \[\[Michael Pniewski]] as Stefanowicz.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Good Time Girls
\|Title\_2\= The Iron Man
\|Title\_3\= Soap War
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|23}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=227
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ShortSummary\=Three college girls (Carrell Myers, Toni Hudson, and Christie Claridge) are mistaken for prostitutes; fitness expert and health book author Andy (Charles Frank) suffers fainting spells during triathlon training and Doc tells him he has diabetes; Judy (Pat Klous) soap opera star aunt Sylvia's (Carol Channing) jealous friend Betsy (Betty White) auditions for a new part on their soap opera with Sylvia's lecherous co\-star Roger (Louis Nye).
Judy's soap\-star aunt boards; a health\-book author finds out what ails him; three women court Ace.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Carol Channing]] as Sylvia Bennett, \[\[Charles Frank]] as Andy Singer, \[\[Belinda Montgomery]] as Valerie Singer, \[\[Louis Nye]] as Roger Garrett, and \[\[Betty White]] as Betsy Boucher.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Carrell Myers]] as Denise, \[\[Toni Hudson]] as Rita, Christie Claridge as Sherry, \[\[Don Bovingloh]] as Howard, \[\[Joe Renteria]] as Ramon, \[\[Rose Parrah]] as Chi Chi, and \[\[Anthony Barton (actor)\|Anthony Barton]] as Dean.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Trouble in Paradise
\|Title\_2\= No More Mister Nice Guy
\|Title\_3\= The Mermaid and the Cop
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|30}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=228
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|ShortSummary\=Julie McCoy asks Gopher for advice when her marriage starts to fall apart. Amy (\[\[Teri Hatcher]]), one of the Mermaid dancers, believes she was involved in a crime and is afraid that a Las Vegas cop who is being friendly to her might recognize her. Ace is forced to fire two employees.
Julie McCoy Chenault (Lauren Tewes) comes back; Ace must prove himself by firing two employees; A police detective woos mermaid Amy.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Pamela Brull]] as Linda Hershel, \[\[Richard Hatch (actor)\|Richard Hatch]] as Ryan Curly, \[\[Lauren Tewes]] as Julie McCoy Chenault, and \[\[David Wayne]] as Max Marshall.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Roommates
\|Title\_2\= Heartbreaker
\|Title\_3\= Out of the Blue
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|7}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=229
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\=New roommates Vicki and Judy have to deal with their opposite habits. A multimillionaire makes everyone's dreams come true. A rich man promises to make wishes come true; Vicki and Judy become roommates; A pro golfer learns the truth about the woman he loves.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Diana Canova]] as Christine Bradley, \[\[Jeff Conaway]] as Randy Jackson, \[\[Sandy Dennis]] as Gina Caldwell, and \[\[Harvey Korman]] as Cabot Fairfield.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Toni Lamond]] as Mrs. Burton and \[\[Warren Munson]] as Edgar Fairchild.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Father of the Bride
\|Title\_2\= The Best Man
\|Title\_3\= Members of the Wedding
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|11}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=230
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|ShortSummary\=Love is in the air with a wedding on board. Ace is attracted by the bride that ran away, and the groom is getting closer to her sister. Passengers involved in a shipboard wedding include the nearly bankrupt father of the bride, the best man, and a wedding party\-crasher.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Lydia Cornell]] as Jackie Ryan Proctor, \[\[Fannie Flagg]] as Laurie Ryan, \[\[Robert Mandan]] as Ernie Ryan, \[\[Denver Pyle]] as Eric Springer, and \[\[Morgan Stevens]] as Kurt Duncan.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[John Scott Clough]] as Matthew Springer (listed as Matt Springer), \[\[Elaine Wilkes]] as Lori Ryan, \[\[Archie Hahn (actor)\|Archie Hahn]] as Eldon Lundy, \[\[Lou Richards (actor)\|Lou Richards]] as Andrew Proctor (listed as Doctor Proctor), and \[\[Danny Goldman]] as George Thurlow.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Dare Devil
\|Title\_2\= Picture Me as a Spy
\|Title\_3\= Sleeper
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|18}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=231
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|ShortSummary\=Ace's cabin has been searched and he suspects spy teamwork. Doc's new patient is sleepwalking. A woman is scared by her boyfriend's risky stunts. Ace photographs a spy and his daughter; A girl challenges a daredevil (Peter Scolari); Doc helps a senator (Alan Thicke) and his wife.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Courteney Cox]] as Carol, \[\[Herb Edelman]] as Dr. Ivan Petrovska (credited as Herbert Edelman), \[\[Peter Scolari]] as Frank Hobbs, \[\[Shelley Smith (actress)\|Shelley Smith]] as Phyllis Townsend, \[\[Alan Thicke]] as Senator Bob Townsend, and \[\[Kristina Wayborn]] as Anna Petrovska.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Yakov Smirnoff]] as Dmitri Kostov.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hippies and Yuppies
\|Title\_2\= Frat Wars
\|Title\_3\= Return of the Lambdas
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=232
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\=When a fraternity has the turnover of one of their relics from one chapter to another, the chapter receiving the relic feels the chapter currently in possession of it is not worthy to be part of the fraternity, so the recipient chapter leader (Tim Ryan) tries to make it appear that they violated several of the fraternity's laws so that they would be thrown out. He even sends a girl (Karen L. Scott) to seduce and distract the leader (Steven Eckholdt) of the other group, who seems to keep them in check. And two couples, who were also in the fraternity 20 years ago and were hippies then, meet and while one of them (Larry Wilcox and Carlene Watkins) is still hippie, the other one is now more yuppie (Melanie Chartoff and James Houghton), so they feel as if they don't have anything in common anymore.
Rival fraternities vie to impress the head of their national alumni association; Old college pals find they have different lifestyles.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Melanie Chartoff]] as Betty Bell, \[\[Jim Houghton\|James Houghton]] as Buddy Bell, \[\[Gordon Jump]] as Grant Woodrow, \[\[Carlene Watkins]] as Rebecca Davis, and \[\[Larry Wilcox]] as Larry Davis.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Steven Eckholdt]] as Eric Matthews, \[\[Karen L. Scott]] as Connie Disch, \[\[Tim Ryan (actor born 1958\)\|Tim Ryan]] as Nolan Dickford (aka Timothy Ryan Meinelschmidt), \[\[Robbie Rist]] as Zit, \[\[Stephen Lee (actor)\|Stephen Lee]] as Hockstein, \[\[Claud Mann]] as Carnegie, and \[\[Daniel Roebuck]] as S. C. U. Lambda.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Miss Mom
\|Title\_2\= Who's the Champ
\|Title\_3\= Gopher's Delusion
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=233
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\=Judy thinks a writer (Ben Murphy) of children's books is perfect for her picky cousin (Ellen Bry), who is also pregnant; A pro wrestler (Tim Rossovich) forbids his sister (Jennifer Holmes) to associate with his opponent (Bruce Jenner); Gopher is accidentally hypnotized and given a post\-hypnotic suggestion that he's the captain.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Ellen Bry]] as Gretchen Sommers, \[\[Hulk Hogan]] as himself, \[\[Jennifer Holmes (actress)\|Jennifer Holmes]] as Linda Sharkey, \[\[Caitlyn Jenner]] as Lover Boy Bob (credited as Bruce Jenner), \[\[Ben Murphy]] as Nathan Paul, and \[\[Tim Rossovich]] as Thomas "The Mangler" Sharkey.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Patrick Cronin (actor)\|Patrick Cronin]] as Eddie Dumont, \[\[Neil Thompson]] as The Amazing Zimmerman, and Jim Holmes as Camera Man.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Egyptian Cruise: Parts 1 \& 2
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=234
---
235
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
---
15
\|ShortSummary\=Part 1 of 2\. Cruising the Nile – the Captain and his friend's widow (Jean Stapleton) share memories; A producer (John Astin) wants a starlet (Deborah Adair) to play Cleopatra; A woman (Catherine Oxenberg) eyes the gold ankh that Doc was given at a bazaar; A busy man (James Sloyan) may lose his schoolteacher wife (Valerie Harper) to a former student.
On the Nile: Stubing meets a widow; Two agents want Doc's souvenir; A couple faces facts; A reporter upsets an actress.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Deborah Adair]] as Deborah Grant, \[\[John Astin]] as Michael Sawyer, \[\[Joseph Campanella]] as Nabil El Masri, \[\[Chad Everett]] as Wayne Richmond, \[\[Valerie Harper]] as Laurel Peters, \[\[Catherine Oxenberg]] as Carrie Barton, \[\[John Putch]] as Jason Matthews, \[\[Grant Show]] as Christopher Stuart, \[\[James Sloyan]] as Greg Peters and \[\[Jean Stapleton]] as Helen Branigan.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[René Assa]] as Ahmed and Ken Lewis as Steward.
Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hello, Emily
\|Title\_2\= The Tour Guide
\|Title\_3\= The Winning Number
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=236
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|ShortSummary\=A widow (Marion Ross) has her eyes on the Captain. A freshly appointed tour guide (Teri Copley) has to deal with a group of demanding senior citizens. A recent lottery winner (Noah Beery Jr.) becomes greedy.
A wealthy businesswoman (Marion Ross) flirts with Stubing; A tour guide loses her group; An $ 8 million lottery winner becomes a boor.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Noah Beery Jr.]] as Daryl Wilcox, \[\[Teri Copley]] as Donna Louise Bedford, \[\[Virginia Mayo]] as Virginia Wilcox, \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood and \[\[Barry Van Dyke]] as Brandon Cobb.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Martin Hewitt (actor)\|Martin Hewitt]] as Kirby Haywood, \[\[Isabelle Walker]] as Karen Haywood, \[\[Iris Adrian]] as Emma Baxter, and \[\[Helen Kleeb]] as Mildred Wiley.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Second Time Around
\|Title\_2\= Hello, Spencer
\|Title\_3\= Runaway, Go Home
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=237
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\=The Captain welcomes back a widow (Marion Ross), who has romantic plans for her new cruise. Larry Gatlin is trying to help a runaway (Quinn Cummings).
Stubing proposes to Emily (Marion Ross); A teenage stowaway who meets Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers; A phony agent who dupes a comedian.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Quinn Cummings]] as Anny, Larry Gatlin and The Gatlin Brothers as Themselves – Musical Guests (credited as The Gatlin Brothers), \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood, \[\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson, \[\[Larry Gatlin]] as himself, \[\[Steve Gatlin]] \[\[Rudy Gatlin]] as himself.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Art Lover
\|Title\_2\= Couples
\|Title\_3\= Made for Each Other
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=238
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher is afraid of getting fired, after breaking a very valuable art piece. Newlyweds (Mary Cadorette and Dean Butler) realize that they have nothing in common besides sex. Gopher breaks a passenger's (Jose Ferrer) priceless statue; Judy is labeled a home\-wrecker; Ace snaps a telling shot of two couples.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Dean Butler (actor)\|Dean Butler]] as Brent Harper, \[\[Mary Cadorette]] as Darlene Harper, \[\[José Ferrer]] as Simon Beck, \[\[Caren Kaye]] as Paula Mercer, \[\[Vicki Lawrence]] as Betty Logan, \[\[David Spielberg]] as Marc Mercer, \[\[Alana Stewart]] as Miss Enty and \[\[Fred Willard]] as Nil Logan.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Bert Rosario]] as Julio.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Second Banana
\|Title\_2\= The Prodigy
\|Title\_3\= What Goes Around Comes Around
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=239
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|ShortSummary\=An artist (Donald O'Connor) and his orangutan give their last performance during the cruise. Doc falls for a radio psychologist; A gambler (Thomas Bray) risks love; A woman wants to retire her spouse's (Donald O'Connor) orangutan.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Thom Bray]] as Lowell Mandell, \[\[CJ the Orangutan]] as Tanny the Orangutan, \[\[Patti Davis]] as Brenda (credited as Patricia Davis), \[\[Gloria DeHaven]] as Mary Halbert, \[\[Nancy Dussault]] as Dr. Dorothee Davis, and \[\[Donald O'Connor]] as Leo Halbert.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Vincent Di Paolo]] as Passenger (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Gothic Romance
\|Title\_2\= Whatever Happened to Crazy Joe Flash?
\|Title\_3\= We'll Meet Again
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=240
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|ShortSummary\=Searching for inspiration, a romance novelist (Morgan Brittany) fantasizes that Ace is courting her; A rock star (Joe Regalbuto) tries to act like a regular guy and finds romance with another passenger (Donna Pescow); A couple (Jayne Meadows and Bill Macy) who regularly take the cruise and have the same cabin, for ten years, are really married to other people and sneaking away for the cruise. A disguised rock star faces rejection; A novelist sees Ace as the hero of her next book; Two lovers celebrate their 10th anniversary.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Jayne Meadows]] as Janice (credited as Jayne Meadows Allen), \[\[Morgan Brittany]] as Katherine Wilde, \[\[Bill Macy]] as Myles, \[\[Donna Pescow]] as Joyce Anderson, \[\[Joe Regalbuto]] as Herb Hanson / Crazy Joe Flash, and \[\[Michael Young (actor)\|Michael Young]] as Henry Gordon.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Will
\|Title\_2\= Deja Vu
\|Title\_3\= The Prediction
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=241
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\=A millionaire is after a mysterious woman who turned out to be his wife. A psychic (Eva Gabor) makes a very scary prediction. A psychic predicts doom; A woman and an old beau are reunited by her dead husband's design; A man discovers that he was once married.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Eva Gabor]] as Leila Kane, \[\[Mimi Kuzyk]] as Nancy Brown, \[\[Garrett Morris]] as Gary Samuels, \[\[Roxie Roker]] as Rhonda Whitney, and \[\[Patrick Wayne]] as Jim Stanton / Ed Brown.
Note: \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=Spain Cruise: The Matadors
\|Title\_2\= Mrs. Jameson Comes Out
\|Title\_3\= Love's Labor Found
\|Title\_4\= Marry Me, Marry Me
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=242
---
243
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
---
23
\|ShortSummary\=Spain cruise: The grandson (Lorenzo Lamas) of a famous matador (Cesar Romero) wants to write rather than become a bullfighter; A woman (Sada Thompson), who spent 20 years in prison, hopes to be reunited with her daughter (Melissa Sue Anderson); A passenger (Adrian Zmed) is seeing both Judy and Vicki without their knowledge; Isaac helps a pregnant unmarried stowaway (Olivia Brown). A matador clashes with his grandson; A released convict seeks her daughter; Isaac finds a stowaway; A man woos two women.
Note: The crew is on vacation in Genoa, Italy, before returning to work and sailing on the Vistafjord around Spain and Portugal. Part 1 includes stops in Barcelona, Ibiza, and Malaga. Part 2 starts in Malaga and includes a stop in Lisbon.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Melissa Sue Anderson]] as Dana Colton, \[\[Olivia Brown]] as Lois Hendrix, \[\[Mary Crosby]] as Helen Elaine, \[\[Lorenzo Lamas]] as Antonio Belmonte, \[\[William R. Moses]] as Mark Davis, \[\[Cesar Romero]] as Carlos Belmonte, \[\[Sada Thompson]] as Laura Jameson, and \[\[Adrian Zmed]] as Eddy Conrad.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Mykelti Williamson]] as James Russell (credited as Mykel T. Williamson) (credit only), \[\[Robin Harlan]] as Beautiful Girl (credit only), \[\[Peter Forbes\-Robertson]] as Doctor (credit only), \[\[Denise Gallup]] as Twin \#1 (credit only), and \[\[Dian Gallup]] as Twin \#2 (credit only). Note: These five Other Guests are credited in Part 1 and Part 2, but only appear in Part 2\.
Note: \[\[Chiquito de la Calzada]] appeared as Musician (uncredited) in Part 1 only.
Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=My Stepmother, Myself
\|Title\_2\= Almost Roommates
\|Title\_3\= Cornerback Sneak
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=244
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary\=Captain Stubing's happiness is darkened by Vicki's jealousy. The crew learns that they have to share their cabins. Stubing's pending marriage upsets Vicki; A veteran football player faces being cut; A cook (Michael Winslow) has two roommates.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood, \[\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\|Geoffrey Scott]] as John Jackson / John 'Hatchet Man' Hatcher, \[\[Trish Van Devere]] as Amanda Dailey (new owner of the San Jose Friars), \[\[Vanessa Williams]] as Pearl, and \[\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson (also introduced as Assistant Cruise Director by Gopher in beginning dialogue).
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Sam Scarber]] as Bubba Powell.
Note: \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Happily Ever After
\|Title\_2\= Have I Got a Job for You
\|Title\_3\= Mr. Smith Goes to Minikulu
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=245
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|ShortSummary\=The Captain might reconsider his marriage to Emily (Marion Ross). Gopher has second thoughts about an offer to manage an island resort when Isaac leaves the project. Stubing has prenuptial jitters; Ace is prepared to take over as purser if Gopher accepts an offer to manage a tropical resort.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Clive Revill]] as Slade Collins, \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood / Emily Stubing, \[\[Renée Taylor]] as Monica Douglas and \[\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Jan Peters (actor)\|Jan Peters]] as Minister.
Note: \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).
Note: This was the series finale. Some special episodes followed, and are sometimes referred to as Season 10, but are not usually included in the series syndication re\-runs.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
}}
### Specials (1986–90\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=gold
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|Title\=The Shipshape Cruise
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|11\|21}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=246
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\=An overweight diet doctor hires a fitness instructor to promote her nutrition program; a man tells his significant other that he wants to see other women; Doc runs into an ex (Stephanie Beacham) while he is on his honeymoon.
\[\[Ted McGinley]] is now the ship's yeoman purser, Ashley "Ace" Covington Evans, and \[\[Lauren Tewes]] rejoins the cast as cruise director Julie McCoy.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Stubing, \[\[Stephanie Beacham]] as Elaine Riskin, \[\[Heidi Bohay]] as Jerry Sullivan Bricker, \[\[Cathy Lee Crosby]] as Carol Darnell, \[\[Katherine Helmond]] as Harriet Darnell Stevens, \[\[Jennifer Holliday]] as Dr. Charlene Thomas, \[\[Steve Lundquist]] as Steve Riskin, \[\[Dack Rambo]] as Boyd Hughes, and \[\[Stephanie E. Williams\|Stephanie Williams]] as Doris Johnson.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Julius Harris]] as Minister, and \[\[Lana Clarkson]] as Angela.
Note: \[\[Fred Grandy]] left the show to successfully run for a seat in the \[\[United States House of Representatives]]. Grandy, a \[\[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] representing \[\[Iowa's 6th congressional district]], went on to serve four consecutive terms (1987–1995\).
\[\[Pat Klous]] did not appear in this episode.
\|LineColor\=FFD700
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=The Christmas Cruise – Part 1
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|12\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=247
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|ShortSummary\=Part 1 of 2\. Mother and daughter cons work a Christmas cruise; depression overcomes a comic portraying Santa; a couple is reunited after 11 years; the new Mrs. Stubing wonders what to get her husband for Christmas.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Stubing, \[\[John Byner]] as Arthur Burkley, \[\[Leslie Caron]] as Mrs. Duvall, \[\[Anthony Franciosa]] as David Morgan, \[\[Jennifer Caron Hall]] as Heather Duvall, \[\[Gina Lollobrigida]] as Carla Lucci, and \[\[Peter Scolari]] as Wellington Davis Rothmeyer.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Judith Barsi]] as Christmas Angel, \[\[Efrain Figueroa]] as Bartender, \[\[Ruben Moreno]] as Maitre D', \[\[Janet Maylie]] as Maid, \[\[Peter Love]] as Cabin Boy, \[\[Cindy Adlesh]] as Bikini Girl \#1, \[\[Renee Gentry]] as Bikini Girl \#3, \[\[Eva LaRue]] as Bikini Girl \#4, \[\[Stacy Lindholm]] as Bikini Girl \#5, \[\[Meilani Paul]] as Bikini Girl \#2 (credited as Meilani Figalan), \[\[Patty Robinson]] as Bikini Girl \#6 and \[\[Lorin Jean Vail]] as Bikini Girl \#7\.
''Others:'' \[\[Bert Parks]] as Rich Businessman (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=FFD700
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=The Christmas Cruise – Part 2
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|12\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=248
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\=Conclusion. Heather wonders if Wellington will still love her when he finds out about her; a chance meeting between David and the morose Santa helps them both make a fateful decision; Mrs. Stubing struggles to find a present for Merrill.
''Guest Stars/Other Guests:'' Same as Part 1\.
\|LineColor\=FFD700
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Who Killed Maxwell Thorn?
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1987\|2\|27}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=249
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
\|ShortSummary\=A billionaire who had secretly given free cruises to six strangers is reported missing, and Ace suspects that one of the cruise recipients murdered him; Emily (Marion Ross) searches for fulfillment as someone other than the captain's wife.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Stubing, \[\[Lloyd Bochner]] as George Tillman, \[\[Arlene Dahl]] as Jessica York, \[\[Peter Graves]] as Leonard Culver, \[\[Julie Harris (actress)\|Julie Harris]] as Irene Culver, \[\[Jenilee Harrison]] as Sarah York, \[\[Roger E. Mosley]] as Jeffrey T. Gilbert, \[\[John Rubinstein]] as Allan Davis, \[\[Connie Stevens]] as Margret Grant, \[\[Alan Thicke]] as Robert McBride, \[\[Jayne Meadows]] as Jayne Meadows (credited as Jayne Meadows Allen), \[\[Steve Allen]] as Steve Allen, \[\[Army Archerd]] as himself, \[\[Selma Archerd]] as Selma Archerd, \[\[Barbi Benton]] as Barbi Benton, \[\[Milton Berle]] as himself, \[\[Barbara Billingsley]] as \[\[June Cleaver]], \[\[Tom Bosley]] as Howard Pfister, \[\[Ruth Buzzi]] as Ruth Buzzi, \[\[Carol Channing]] as Tante Sylvia, \[\[Charo]] as April Lopez, \[\[Bert Convy]] as Bert Convy (credited as Bert Convey), \[\[Elinor Donahue]] as Betty Anderson, \[\[Tony Dow]] as \[\[Wally Cleaver]], \[\[Florence Henderson]] as \[\[Carol Brady]], \[\[Gordon Jump]] as Maître d, \[\[Don Knotts]] as Don Knotts, \[\[Judy Landers]] as Judy Landers, \[\[Tina Louise]] as Tina Louise, \[\[Patti MacLeod]] as Patti MacLeod, \[\[Robert Mandan]] Robert Mandan, \[\[Jerry Mathers]] as \[\[Beaver Cleaver]], \[\[Christopher Norris (actress)\|Christopher Norris]] as herself, \[\[Louis Nye]] as Louis Nye, \[\[Tom Poston]] as Tom Poston, \[\[Juliet Prowse]] as Juliet Prowse, \[\[Robert Reed]] as \[\[Mike Brady (The Brady Bunch)\|Mike Brady]], \[\[Charles Siebert]] as Dr. Stanley Riverside, \[\[Gale Storm]] as Gale Storm, \[\[Vic Tayback]] as Vic Tayback, \[\[Charlene Tilton]] as Secretary, \[\[Leslie Uggams]] as Leslie Uggams, \[\[Jo Anne Worley]] as Jo Anne Worley, and \[\[Jane Wyatt]] as Margaret Anderson.
''Others:'' \[\[David Doyle (actor)\|David Doyle]] as Repairer \#1 and \[\[Arte Johnson]] as Repairer \#2\.
\|LineColor\=FFD700
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=The Love Boat: A Valentine Voyage
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1990\|2\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=250
\|EpisodeNumber2\=5
\|ShortSummary\=A \[\[Valentine's Day]] episode, centered on a suspended police lieutenant trailing a group of jewel thieves and Captain Stubing and Vicki mourning Emily's sudden death and eventually returning to Barbados (where the Stubings honeymooned) to find closure. Also: The new cruise director sets her eyes on a passenger who is a TV star, but another ship employee is interested in her. Doc has to care for the pregnant wife of the ship's chief executive.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Steve Bond]] as Kirk, \[\[Tom Bosley]] as Lt. Logan, \[\[Julia Duffy]] as Myrna Foley, \[\[Roddy Piper]] as Maurice Steiger, \[\[Shanna Reed]] as Nina Morgan, \[\[Joe Regalbuto]] as Tony Blanchard, \[\[Ted Shackelford]] as Paul Royce, \[\[Kim Johnston Ulrich]] as Kelly
\|LineColor\=FFD700
}}
}}
|
[
"Episodes\n--------",
"### Pilot movies (1976–77\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#689CCF\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|aux1\\=\n\\|aux1T\\=Story\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts \\= 4\n \\|Title \\= The Love Boat\n \\|Aux1\\_1 \\= Mona Lisa Speaks\n \\|Aux1\\_2 \\= Till Death Do Its Part\n \\|Aux1\\_3 \\= Mr. \\& Mrs. Havlicek Aboard\n \\|Aux1\\_4 \\= Are There Any Real Love Stories?\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Richard Kinon and Alan Myerson\n \\|DirectedBy\\_4 \\= Richard Kinon and Alan Myerson\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Carl Kleinschmitt \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Carl Kleinschmitt \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Robert Iles \\& James R. Stein \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Dawn Aldredge \\& Marion C. Freeman \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1976\\|9\\|17}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ShortSummary\\=First \\[\\[Television pilot\\|pilot movie]]. It includes the storylines ''Mona Lisa Speaks'', ''Till Death Do Its Part''; ''Mr. \\& Mrs. Havlicek Aboard''; and ''Are There Any Real Love Stories?''. None of the eventual TV series cast appear in this first production.\n \\|LineColor\\=689CCF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts \\= 4\n \\|Title \\= The Love Boat II\n \\|Aux1\\_1 \\= Here's Looking at You, Love\n \\|Aux1\\_2 \\= For the Love of Sandy\n \\|Aux1\\_3 \\= Unfaithfully Yours\n \\|Aux1\\_4 \\= The Heckler\n \\|DirectedBy \\= \\[\\[Hy Averback]] \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Dawn Aldredge \\& Marion C. Freeman\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=Dawn Aldredge \\& Marion C. Freeman\\|s\\=Dawn Aldredge \\& Marion C. Freeman and Leonora Thuna}}\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Carl Kleinschmitt \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Steve Pretzker \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|1\\|21}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Second \\[\\[Television pilot\\|pilot movie]]. It includes the storylines ''Here's Looking at You, Love''; ''For the Love of Sandy''; ''Unfaithfully Yours''; and ''The Heckler''. It has the first appearance of regular series cast members Fred Grandy as Gopher, Bernie Kopell as the ship's doctor and Ted Lange as Isaac the bartender.\n \\|LineColor\\=689CCF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts \\= 3\n \\|Title\\= The New Love Boat\n \\|Aux1\\_1 \\= The Newlyweds\n \\|Aux1\\_2 \\= The Exchange\n \\|Aux1\\_3 \\= Cleo's First Voyage\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Brad Buckner \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Rick Hawkins \\& Liz Sage \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Michael Norell \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|5\\|05}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Final \\[\\[Television pilot\\|pilot movie]]. It includes the storylines ''The Newlyweds''; ''The Exchange''; and ''Cleo's First Voyage''. It introduces regular series cast members Gavin MacLeod as Captain Stubing and Lauren Tewes as Julie the cruise director; the previous captain is said to be now on leave. Guest stars include Georgia Engel as a stowaway, Gary Frank and Melanie Mayron as a pair of tremulous honeymooners, Stella Stevens and Pat Harrington as an eternally bickering married couple, and Audra Lindley and Phil Silvers as respectively, an outspoken middle\\-aged lady and a woebegone widower.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Georgia Engel]] as Cleo Bagby, \\[\\[Gary Frank (actor)\\|Gary Frank]] as Stanley Adams, \\[\\[Pat Harrington Jr.]] as Ernie Klopman (credited as Pat Harrington), \\[\\[Audra Lindley]] as Mae Allen, \\[\\[Melanie Mayron]] as Joyce Adams, \\[\\[Phil Silvers]] as Morris Beckman, and \\[\\[Stella Stevens]] as Leonara Klopman.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[William Bassett (actor)\\|William Bassett]] as Josh and Paula Victor as Paula.\n \\|LineColor\\=689CCF\n}}\n}}",
"### Season 1 (1977–78\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#4ba1dc\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\= Captain \\& the Lady \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Centerfold \n \\|Title\\_3\\= One If by Land...\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Stuart Margolin \n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Alan Rafkin \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael Norell \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jay Grossman \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Judy Skelton \\& Paula A. Roth \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|9\\|24}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Captain Stubing's ex\\-wife (\\[\\[Bonnie Franklin]]) is a passenger with her new husband (\\[\\[Robert Symonds]]), a cruise line executive. She makes the crew pay for her animosity with the Captain. A former centerfold model (\\[\\[Meredith Baxter]]) struggles to hide her past from her fiancé who is a Congressman. A woman (\\[\\[Brenda Sykes]]) is followed by her boyfriend (\\[\\[Jimmie Walker]]) whom she dumped because he won't commit to marriage.",
"''Guest stars:'' Meredith Baxter as Sandy Rytell (credited as Meredith Baxter Birney), Bonnie Franklin as Stacy Skaugstad, Captain Stubing's Ex\\-Wife, \\[\\[Shelly Novack]] as Congressman Brad Brockway, \\[\\[Suzanne Somers]] as Lorraine Hoffman, \\[\\[Brenda Sykes]] as Ginny O'Brien, and \\[\\[Jimmie Walker]] as Ronald Baker.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Robert Symonds]] as Aubrey Skaugstag, \\[\\[Gertrude Flynn]] as Mrs. Pendleton.",
"\\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=A Tasteful Affair \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Oh, Dale! \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Main Event\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Alan Rafkin \n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Stuart Margolin \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Carl Kleischmitt \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Rick Callahan \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|10\\|1}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A man (\\[\\[John Ritter]]) poses as a woman because the only available cabin he could share was already occupied by another woman (\\[\\[Tovah Feldshuh]]). A quarreling couple (\\[\\[Sherman Hemsley]], \\[\\[LaWanda Page]]) is trapped in an elevator. A tycoon hires a detective (\\[\\[Dennis Cole]]) to find out if his wife (\\[\\[Jaclyn Smith]]) is cheating.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Dennis Cole]] as Dennis Kingsley, Tovah Feldshuh as Susan Ridley, Sherman Hemsley as Maurice Marshall, LaWanda Page as Stella Marshall, John Ritter as Dale Riley / Dale Reinhardt, and Jaclyn Smith as Janette Bradford.",
"''Other Guests:'' Jennifer Shaw as Joanne Pringle (credited as Joanne), David Knapp as Lucas Bradford (credited as Lucas), \\[\\[Craig Littler]] as Carl Daggett, Tiiu Leek as Linda Daggett, and \\[\\[Mark Thomas]] as Peter Pringle.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Ex Plus Y \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Golden Agers \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Graham and Kelly\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Alan Rafkin\n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Stuart Margolin\n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Alan Rafkin\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ed Jurist \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ann Gibbs \\& Joel Kimmell \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Michael Norell \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|10\\|8}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=3 \n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A man (\\[\\[Robert Reed]]) and woman (\\[\\[Loretta Swit]]) who are divorced from each other meet. Two teens (\\[\\[Kristy McNichol]], \\[\\[Scott Baio]]) fall in love. A senior citizens guide (\\[\\[Charles Frank]]) is kept busy by his group and interfering with his romance with Julie.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Edward Andrews]] as Seniors Group Leader, Harry, \\[\\[Hermione Baddeley]] as Mrs. Kitty Pickrel, Scott Baio as Graham D. Pickrel II, \\[\\[Pamela Bellwood]] as Judy Watson, \\[\\[Charles Frank]] as Jim Wright, Seniors' Chaperone, Kristy McNichol as Kelly Rixie, \\[\\[Richard Mulligan]] as Ron Larsen, Robert Reed as Barney Mason, and Loretta Swit as Terry Larsen.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Queenie Smith]] as Helen Lindsay, \\[\\[Betty Kean]] as Mrs. Svenson, and \\[\\[Florence Halop]] as Millie Lindsay.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Message for Maureen \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Gotcha \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Acapulco Connection\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Stuart Margolin \n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Peter Baldwin \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Kenneth Hartigan \\& David Garber \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Neil Rosen \\& George Trecker \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|10\\|15}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A sportswriter (\\[\\[Bill Bixby]]) romances a paraplegic former tennis pro (\\[\\[Brenda Benet]]), and they may have been a couple prior; Doc falls for a seasick stowaway (\\[\\[Charo]]) who creates havoc; A practical joker (\\[\\[Milton Berle]]) plays one joke too many and learns a lesson.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Brenda Benet as Maureen Mitchell, Milton Berle as Cyril Wolfe, Bill Bixby as John Ballard, Charo as April Lopez, and \\[\\[Audra Lindley]] as Anita Wolfe.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Mary Grace Canfield]] as Housekeeper, \\[\\[Britt Leach]] as Reverend Dickerson (credited as Rev. Dickerson), and \\[\\[Lynn Adams]] as Martha Dickerson (credited as Mrs. Dickerson).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Isaac the Groupie \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Mr. Popularity \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Help! Murder!\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Peter Baldwin \n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= \\[\\[James Sheldon]] \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael Norell \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|10\\|22}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac's favorite singer, Roxy Blue (\\[\\[Diahann Carroll]]), becomes his lover. Talky Robert Tanner's (\\[\\[Jim Nabors]]) popularity increases when fellow passengers think he may be a jewel thief. Bert Fredericks (\\[\\[David Groh]]) plans his wife Denise's (\\[\\[Michele Lee]]) birthday party, but she thinks it's a murder plot.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Diahann Carroll as Roxy Blue, David Gro as Bert Fredericks, Michele Lee as Denise Fredericks, Jim Nabors as Robert Tanner (later claims to be 'Roscoe Toller'), and \\[\\[Reva Rose]] as Myra Grove.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Olan Soule]] as Harvey Grove (credited as Olan Soulé), and \\[\\[Bob Hastings (actor)\\|Robert Hastings]] as Customer (credited as Bob Hastings).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Joker Is Mild \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Take My Granddaughter, Please \n \\|Title\\_3\\= First Time Out\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Alan Rafkin\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= David Ketchum \\& Tony Dimarco \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Barry Blitzer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Mark Evanier \\& Dennis Palumbo \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|10\\|29}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Has\\-been comic Barry Keys (\\[\\[Phil Foster]]) asks Julie to let him entertain on board to return a favor. Mrs. Warner (\\[\\[Ruth Gordon]]) is determined to marry off her granddaughter Shirley (\\[\\[Patty Duke]]). College pals bet on whether virginal Dan (\\[\\[Robert Hegyes]]) changes his status before the cruise ends.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Patty Duke as Shirley Warner (credited as Patty Duke Astin), Phil Foster as Barry Keys, Ruth Gordon as Mrs. Warner, Robert Hegyes as Danny, \\[\\[Tab Hunter]] as Dave King, \\[\\[Maureen McCormick]] as Barbara Holmes, and \\[\\[John Mark Robinson]] as Lee.",
"''Other Guests:'' W.K. Stratton as Kyle, Meegan King as Paul, and \\[\\[Robert Hackman]] as Freddy Stevens – Booking Agent (credited as Bob Hackman).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Julie's Old Flame \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Jinx \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Identical Problem\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael Norell \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= David Ketchum \\& Tony Dimarco \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|11\\|12}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Identical twins (\\[\\[Diana Canova]] in a dual role) bewilder a smitten Doc. Julie tries to dodge a former beau (\\[\\[David Hedison]]). The crew blames a \"jinxed\" couple (\\[\\[Ray Bolger]], \\[\\[Harriet Nelson]]) for a series of accidents.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Ray Bolger as Horace McDonald, Harriet Nelson as Henrietta McDonald, Diana Canova as Ellen Edwards / Helen Edwards, and David Hedison as Buddy Stanfield.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Alana Stewart]] as Mrs. Stanfield (credited as Alana Collins).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Lost and Found \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Understudy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Married Singles\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Stuart Margolin\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Bruce Shelly \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Jessel \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|11\\|19}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=8\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A cruise\\-director trainee (\\[\\[Jo Ann Harris]]) is after Julie's job. A bickering married couple (\\[\\[Polly Bergen]], \\[\\[Steve Allen]]) pose as swinging singles. A childless couple (\\[\\[Sandy Duncan]], \\[\\[Jim Stafford]]) takes in a young runaway (James Bond III).",
"''Guest Stars:'' Steve Allen as Durwood Moss, Polly Bergen as Maisie Nolan, Sandy Duncan as Sharon Baker, Jo Ann Harris as Connie Evans, and Jim Stafford as Richard Baker.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Loni Anderson]] as Barbie, \\[\\[Joshua Bryant]] as Jack Plymouth (credited as Josh Bryant), J. Jay Saunders as Mr. Dennison, Marilyn Coleman as Mrs. Dennison, \\[\\[Hayden Rorke]] as Mr. Humbertson, and James Bond III as Theodore Dennison, Jr.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Captain's Captain \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Romance Roulette \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Hounded \n \\|DirectedBy \\= Jack Arnold\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ann Gibbs \\& Joel Kimmel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= David Ketchum \\& Tony Dimarco \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|11\\|26}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=9\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Three women (\\[\\[Jane Curtin]], Susan Heldfond, \\[\\[Joanna Kerns]]) romance—but complications occur when they try to dump three men. The Captain's father (\\[\\[Phil Silvers]]) visits and falls for a galley cook (\\[\\[Judy Canova]]). A security dog traps a passenger (\\[\\[Gary Burghoff]]) in his bathroom.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Gary Burghoff as Donald M. Flanders, Judy Canova as P. J. Muldoon, Jane Curtin as Regina Parker, and Phil Silvers as Merrill Stubing, Sr. ('Stubby').",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[David Landsberg]] as Morton, \\[\\[Vincent Baggetta]] as Frank Vallone the plumber (credited as Vince Baggetta), Joanna Kerns as Beth Luckner, and Susan Heldfond as Toby Chapman.",
"''Others:'' \\[\\[Peter Mensah]] as Passenger (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Dear Beverly \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Strike \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Special Delivery\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Mark Fink \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Marlon C. Freeman \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|12\\|3}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=10\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Advice columnist Beverly Blanchard (\\[\\[Eva Gabor]]) neglects her husband, Russ (\\[\\[Leslie Nielsen]]), who thus spends time with a fellow passenger (Stephanie Blackmore). Captain Stubing wages war with a visiting chef, Antonio Borga (\\[\\[Al Molinaro]]). Julie's friend, Jeff Smith (\\[\\[Robert Urich]]), is separated from his wife, Gail (\\[\\[Pamela Franklin]]), but doesn't know that she's on board and carrying his child.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Pamela Franklin as Gail Smith, Eva Gabor as Beverly Blanchard, Al Molinaro as Chef Antonio Borga, Leslie Nielsen as Russ Blanchard, and Robert Urich as Jeff Smith (credited as Bob Urich).",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Meg Wyllie]] as Sister \\#1, \\[\\[Mary Treen]] as Sister \\#2\\.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Lonely at the Top \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Silent Night \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Divorce Me, Please\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Gordon Farr \\& Lynne Farr \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bruce Howard \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|12\\|10}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=11\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|ShortSummary\\= At Christmas, a lonely Captain Stubing alienates the crew by his lack of Christmas spirit. Ex\\-convict Dan Barton (\\[\\[John Gavin]]) meets his double\\-crossing law partner Walter Perry (Dean Santoro) on board and plans to get revenge, for being convicted of the crime the partner committed. Paul and Audrey Baynes (\\[\\[Shecky Greene]], \\[\\[Florence Henderson]]) fantasize about divorcing each other. Minister Father Mike (\\[\\[Dick Sargent]]) chaperones six orphans.",
"''Guest Stars:'' John Gavin as Dan Barton, Shecky Greene as Paul Baynes, Florence Henderson as Audrey Baynes, \\[\\[Donna Mills]] as Lila Barton, and Dick Sargent as Father Mike.\n \n''Other Guests:'' Dean Santoro as Walter Perry, \\[\\[Tiger Williams]] as Tony, Philip Tanzini as Peanut, \\[\\[Beatrice Colen]] as Vera, and \\[\\[Chanin Hale]] as Claire.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Old Man and the Runaway \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Painters \n \\|Title\\_3\\= A Fine Romance\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Stuart Margolin\n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= James Sheldon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= James Sheldon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ray Jessel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jack Hanrahan \\& Don Sherman \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1977\\|12\\|24}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=12\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A curmudgeon (\\[\\[Will Geer]]) strikes up a friendship with a runaway teen (\\[\\[Bayn Johnson]] as Nancy Brown). The brother of a friend of Julie (\\[\\[Anson Williams]]) rebuffs her advances. Inept painters (\\[\\[Arte Johnson]], \\[\\[Pat Morita]]) make a shambles of the Captain's cabin.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Will Geer as Franklyn Bootherstone, Arte Johnson as Ronald, Pat Morita as Vincent, \\[\\[Tom Poston]] as Mickey O'Day, and Anson Williams as Sean McGlynn.",
"''Others:'' \\[\\[Dorothy Green (actress born 1920\\)\\|Dorothy Green]] as Miss Westlake (uncredited){{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2015}}\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\= Too Hot to Handle \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Family Reunion \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Cinderella Story\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= James Sheldon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Bruce Shelly\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bruce Shelly\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|1\\|7}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=13\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Honeymooners (\\[\\[John Rubinstein]], \\[\\[Kathy Bates]]) experience a nightmare of a honeymoon. A supermarket assistant manager (\\[\\[Bruce Solomon]]), traveling with his wife (Judy Luciano), poses as a hot\\-shot executive with the crew's connivance. A ship's steward (\\[\\[Bob Crane]]) is reunited with his long\\-lost daughter (\\[\\[Dori Brenner]]).",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Bob Crane]] as Edward 'Teddy' Anderson, \\[\\[Rosemary DeCamp]] as Cynthia Loudon, \\[\\[Don DeFore]] as Everett Loudon, \\[\\[Robert Hays]] as Sam Bradley, \\[\\[Bruce Solomon]] as Bill Edwards, \\[\\[David White (actor)\\|David White]] as Greg Beatty, John Rubinstein as George Allison, and Kathy Bates as Sally Allison.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Victoria Carroll]] as Ginger LeDoux, Bruce Solomon as Bill Edwards, Judy Luciano as Doreen Edwards (credited as Judy Luciano Adams), and \\[\\[Earl Montgomery]] as the man on the ''Sun Princess''.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Isaac's Double Standard \n \\|Title\\_2\\= One More Time \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Chimpanzeeshines\n \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= James Sheldon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= James Sheldon\n \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Sue Masters and John Walsh \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ann Gibbs \\& Joel Kimmel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bernie Kahn \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|1\\|14}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=14\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A thieving chimp almost wrecks Gopher's love life. Isaac's mother (\\[\\[Pearl Bailey]]) shocks her son by sharing quarters with her boyfriend. Feuding performers (\\[\\[Nanette Fabray]], \\[\\[Don Adams]]) reunite for a show.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Pearl Bailey as Millie Washington, Don Adams as Lenny Camen, Nanette Fabray as Mitzi Monroe, \\[\\[Allyn Ann McLerie]] as Cynthia Parker, \\[\\[Tracy Reed (American actress)\\|Tracy Reed]] as Charlene Franks (credited as Tracey Reed), and introducing Louise the Chimpanzee.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Kim Lankford]] as Anne Parker and Arthur Adams as Roy Harwood, D.D.S.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1\\= The Eyes of Love\n \\|Title\\_2\\= Masquerade \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Hollywood Royalty \n \\|Title\\_4\\= The Caper\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Louis Pelletier and Marciia Muldoon \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Jessel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Gordon \\& Lynne Farr and Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|1\\|21}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=15",
"---",
"16\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15",
"---",
"16\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A Hollywood couple argues about a film he wants to produce, unaware that thieves are planning to rob them of a precious diamond in their possession. A blind girl is reunited with her schoolmate—who is no longer blind. A lawyer tries to keep his wife from finding out about his mistress who is also on the cruise. A masquerade ball highlights the conclusion of the voyage. The bumbling gang of thieves believes they have finally figured out a way to nab an elusive diamond, even as its owner comes to her own drastic decision on its fate; a blind woman wonders if she can be happy with a former blind friend, who has regained his sight; a man's wife and mistress discover who each other are.",
"A husband and wife (\\[\\[Fernando Lamas]], \\[\\[Michele Lee]]), a famous Hollywood couple, arrive with paparazzi. She is adorned with a famous gigantic diamond which, of course, entices dim\\-witted bumbling crooks (\\[\\[Harold Gould]], \\[\\[Karen Valentine]], \\[\\[Larry Storch]], \\[\\[John Schuck]]), in a delightful caper reminiscent of old Hollywood. A husband (\\[\\[Dan Rowan]]) is chagrined into bringing his wife (\\[\\[Juliet Mills]]) on the cruise when she finds the tickets for his mistress (\\[\\[Adrienne Barbeau]]) and himself, with some surprises. Two former attendees of a blind school (\\[\\[Desi Arnaz, Jr.]], \\[\\[Stephanie Zimbalist]]) are reunited. A masquerade night moves the plot right along.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Harold Gould as Vernon Crowler, Fernando Lamas as Bill Teague, Michele Lee as Roz Rogers, Juliet Mills as Barbara Danver, Dan Rowan as Alan Danver, Adrienne Barbeau as Cathy Randall, John Schuck as Ox, Larry Storch as Elwood Riggs, Karen Valentine as Taffy Martino, Desi Arnaz, Jr. as Steve Hollis, and Stephanie Zimbalist as Jenny Lang.",
"''Other Guests:'' Lea Vernon as TV Reporter, John J. Fox as Chauffeur, and \\[\\[Richard Lineback]] as Steward.",
"''Others:'' John Hugh McKnight as Passenger (uncredited), and Paul Van as Maitre D' (uncredited).",
"''Note:'' This is the first time in which the opening credits included video images of the guest stars as well as names. This was the only time it occurred in the first season but it would become the standard format in subsequent seasons.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Winner Take Love \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Congressman Was Indiscreet \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Isaac's History Lesson\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Jack Arnold\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Kevin Hartigan and David Garber \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jack Matcha \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|1\\|28}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=17\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A beauty contest on board ship divides a couple (\\[\\[Maureen McCormick]], \\[\\[Bobby Sherman]]). A reporter (\\[\\[Vicki Lawrence]]) falls for a disgraced congressman (\\[\\[Dick Van Patten]]). A visiting college professor (\\[\\[Vernee Watson\\-Johnson]]) researching \\[\\[African American\\|Black]] history disapproves of an older passenger's \\[\\[Juba dance\\|hambone]] moves – even though most of the others like it – and convinces Isaac to feel the same way until they find out to their embarrassment that the man (\\[\\[Scatman Crothers]]) is one of the greatest pitchers in \\[\\[Negro leagues]] history.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Scatman Crothers as Virgil 'Scattergun' Gibson, \\[\\[Graham Jarvis]] as Waldo Linden, Vicki Lawrence as Robin Brandt, Dick Van Patten as Congressman John Whitcomb, Maureen McCormick as Suzy Corbett, Bobby Sherman as Rick Leonard, and Vernee Watson\\-Johnson as Stephanie Hayden (credited as Vernée Watson).",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Priscilla Barnes]] as Jeanette Arnold (credited as Jeanette), \\[\\[Maria O'Brien (actress)\\|Maria O'Brien]] as Rita Almerez (credited as Rita), Melissa Tennille as Alma Hodges (credited as Alma), and Marianne Marks as Teresa Chen (credited as Teresa).",
"''Others:'' Paul DeCeglie as Passenger (uncredited), Bob Harks as Contest Judge (uncredited), and Monty O'Grady as Waiter (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Last of the Stubings \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Million Dollar Man \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Sisters\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Jack Arnold\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael Norell \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Steve Pritzker \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Jessel \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|2\\|4}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=18\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Captain Stubing's nephew turns out to be a klutz. An embezzler falls for a cop. Romance comes between two unmarried sisters.",
"Stubing's nephew (Peter Isacksen) comes on board to be trained to work on ships, like everyone in his family but doesn't exactly do a good job at whatever he is told to do. Eventually, he reveals a secret to the crew that he can't tell Stubing. A man who stole a million dollars (\\[\\[Frank Converse]]) hooks up with a female passenger (\\[\\[Marcia Strassman]]) but when he reveals what he did, she reveals that she's a cop and intends to turn him in when they return. Two sisters (\\[\\[Pat Crowley]], \\[\\[Marion Ross]]) come aboard and when one sister is attracted to a male passenger (\\[\\[Brett Halsey]]), her sister is jealous because she feels neglected.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Frank Converse as Bill Thompson, Marcia Strassman as Stephanie Lewis, Pat Crowley as Noreen Badger, Marion Ross as Rose Higby, Brett Halsey as Clark Tyler, and Peter Isacksen as L. Courtney Stubing IV.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Benny Baker]] as Grandad 'Jack Daniels' (credited without role).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=A Very Special Girl \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Until the Last Goodbye \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Inspector\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Jerry Winnick \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bruce Howard \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|2\\|11}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=19\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The crew is on its best behavior for an incognito cruise inspector while an elderly Russian man keeps asking the same phrase repeatedly. Illness affects an adoring couple (\\[\\[Susan Blanchard (actress)\\|Susan Blanchard]], \\[\\[Paul Burke (actor)\\|Paul Burke]]). A children's book author (\\[\\[Jim Backus]]) tries to find inspiration on the cruise. Two girlfriends (\\[\\[Laurette Spang]], \\[\\[Debralee Scott]]) cruise, and one is ignored by all the men on board while all the others hit on the other.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Jim Backus as Mr. Marvin Waterman, Susan Blanchard as Sarah Lambert, Paul Burke as Brian Sherwood, Patti MacLeod (wife of Gavin MacLeod) as Mrs. Corwin, Debralee Scott as Jane Cole, Laurette Spang as Melanie Taylor, \\[\\[Bob Seagren]] as Mike Andrews, and \\[\\[Sal Viscuso]] as Doug Ketchum.",
"''Other Guests:'' Jack Bernardi as Mr. Zidreczky and Don Bovingloh as Pianist (credited as Don Boevingloh).",
"''Others:'' \\[\\[Henry Z. Jones Jr.]] as Ship's Inspector (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Memories of You \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Computerman \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Parlez Vous?\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Carmen Finestra \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= David Assael \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Mark Fink \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|2\\|13}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=20\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A matchmaker uses a computer to pair up the cruise guests. He also manipulates it to pair himself with Julie. American gold diggers pass themselves off as French. A New York ad executive and a long\\-lost love reunite.",
"Two American women (\\[\\[Barbi Benton]], \\[\\[Susan Silo]]) pretend they are French, to get men and gifts. Julie is wooed by a man (\\[\\[Frankie Avalon]]) who runs a computer\\-dating service and offers his computer matchmaking for the Valentine's Day cruise. A woman (Patty Duke Astin) believes another passenger (\\[\\[Ricky Nelson]]), who has amnesia, is a former lost love.",
"''Guest Stars:'' Patty Duke as Lilly Mackim (credited as Patty Duke Astin), \\[\\[Frankie Avalon]] as Nick Heider, \\[\\[Barbi Benton]] as Brigitte LeBlanc, Denny Evans as Sam Worth, \\[\\[Jamie Farr]] as Seymour, \\[\\[Ricky Nelson]] as Ted Wilcox / Alex Fowler (credited as Rick Nelson), and \\[\\[Carole White]] as Penny Jacobs (credited as Carole Ita White).\n \n''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Shelley Long]] as Heather McKenzie (credited as Heather), Lawrence P. Casey as Daryl Matson (credited as Lawrence Casey; credited as Daryl), \\[\\[Susan Silo]] as Yvonne Boulanger (credited as Yvonne), \\[\\[Danny Dayton]] as Walt, and \\[\\[Georganne LaPiere]] as Betsy Carruthers (credited as Georganne La Piere; credited as Betsy).",
"''Others:'' \\[\\[Tom Brumley]] as himself – Steel Guitarist.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Taking Sides \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Going by the Book \n \\|Title\\_3\\= A Friendly Little Game\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Hugh Wedlock, Jr. \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jerry Winnick \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Brenner \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|2\\|18}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=21\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Older Max and Gladys (\\[\\[ Robert Mandan]] and \\[\\[Audrey Meadows]]) turns newlyweds Scott and Denise (\\[\\[Robert Urich]] and \\[\\[Diana Canova]]) against one another with bickering. Howard (\\[\\[Harvey Jason]]) uses a dating manual to hit on young Sheila (\\[\\[Georgia Engel]]). Cardsharp Wendell (\\[\\[Harry Morgan]]) cheats the crew to pay the passage for him and his wife Ida (\\[\\[Priscilla Morrill]]).",
"''Also guest starring'': \\[\\[Herb Voland]] and Paul Sylvan\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=A Selfless Love \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Nubile Nurse \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Parents Know Best\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Phil Foster and Marion Zola \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Barry Blitzer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|2\\|25}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=22\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A couple (\\[\\[Monty Hall]] and \\[\\[Janis Paige]]) takes their son (\\[\\[Mark Shera]]) along on the cruise, hoping he will end a relationship; A couple (\\[\\[Leslie Nielsen]] and \\[\\[Lynda Day George]]) rethink their romance; An ex\\-showgirl (\\[\\[Elaine Joyce]]) jeopardizes her nursing career.",
"''Also guest starring:'' Laurie Prange, \\[\\[Marla Adams]], \\[\\[Craig Littler]], Dorothy Konrad, \\[\\[Joe E. Ross]]\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=Musical Cabins\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n \\|WrittenBy \\= Michael Norell\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|5\\|6}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=23\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n \\|ShortSummary\\=In order to claim an inheritance, a young bachelor (\\[\\[Paul Williams (songwriter)\\|Paul Williams]]) has a week to marry; A widow (\\[\\[Michele Lee]]), posing as an adventuress, captures the Captain's heart; A chauvinist (\\[\\[Richard Gautier]]) angers his fiancée (\\[\\[Barbara Rhoades]]), who finds comfort in Doc; A tabloid reporter (\\[\\[Marcia Wallace]]) uses sex as the subject for her story.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=This Business of Love \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Crash Diet Crush \n \\|Title\\_3\\= I'll Never Fall in Love Again\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ray Jessel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ann Gibbs \\& Joel Kimmel \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|5\\|13}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=24\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A former prostitute (\\[\\[Caren Kaye]]) trying to overcome her past meets a nice man (\\[\\[Christopher George]]) but is threatened with exposure by a former client (\\[\\[Jack Carter (comedian)\\|Jack Carter]]) having troubles with his wife (\\[\\[Jayne Meadows]]). Captain Stubing reunites with an old flame (\\[\\[Jessica Walter]]). Two depressed widowed people (\\[\\[Annette Funicello]], \\[\\[Michael Callan]]) find comfort in each other while avoiding an overly happy couple (\\[\\[Morey Amsterdam]], \\[\\[Rose Marie]]).\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Pacific Princess Overtures \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Gopher, the Rebel \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Cabin Fever\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Dawn Aldredge \\& Martin Cohan \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ray Jessel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ann Gibbs \\& Joel Kimmel \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|5\\|20}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=25\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher is encouraged by a young passenger (\\[\\[Eve Plumb]]) to stand up to Captain Stubing, with unexpected consequences; A man (\\[\\[Antonio Fargas]]) is caught cheating on his wife, by his neighbors – from home; A businessman (\\[\\[Gary Collins (actor)\\|Gary Collins]]) convinces a widow (\\[\\[Diane Baker]]) to sell her late husband's business to a Japanese conglomerate, whose chairman (\\[\\[Pat Morita]]) is on board.\n \\|LineColor\\=4ba1dc\n}}\n}}",
"### Season 2 (1978–79\\)",
"1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. {{Episode table\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|background\\=\\#41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|overall\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|season\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|title\\=20\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|director\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|writer\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|airdate\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|episodes\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=26\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t27\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Marooned \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Search \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Issac's Holiday\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\=Paul Stanley\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Michael Norell \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Lee Aronsohn \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3\\=Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|9\\|16}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=Part 1: Captain Stubing's deputy turns out to be incompetent in his new role. The captain, Doc, Julie, Gopher, and some of the guests visit an island near Cabo San Lucas. They are taken hostage by a nutty hermit (\\[\\[John Astin]]) and caught in a hurricane. Gopher, who is anxious about his upcoming vacation, drives everyone crazy. Isaac sails on the ship as a passenger and hopes to impress a woman with his lies about being rich and famous. A passenger tracks down a woman who gave her up as a newborn and also meets a soap\\-opera actor.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPart 2: The captain and his marooned group struggle to survive on the island during a hurricane. The woman (\\[\\[Donna Mills]]) looking for her birth mother (\\[\\[Laraine Day]]) makes a startling discovery. Isaac tries to save the ship from the storm while trying to regain Mara's (\\[\\[Lola Falana]]) trust.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Edie Adams]] as Maureen Buell, John Astin as David P. Crothers, \\[\\[Barbi Benton]] as Kiki Atwood, \\[\\[David Birney]] as Mike Adler, \\[\\[Norm Crosby]] as Wally the Bartender, Donna Mills as Jeannie Carter, Laraine Day as Vera Simpson, \\[\\[Lola Falana]] as Mara Carroll, \\[\\[Audra Lindley]] as Mrs. Worth, \\[\\[Dick Martin (comedian)\\|Dick Martin]] as Deputy Captain Cunningham, and \\[\\[Avery Schreiber]] as Everett Buell.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Gordon Connell (actor)\\|Gordon Connell]] as Douglas the chauffeur (credit only), and Chris Capen as Radio Officer (credit only). \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=28\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Rocky \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Julie's Dilemma \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Who's Who?\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bob Fraser and Rob Dames \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|9\\|23}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=Julie's parents (\\[\\[Norman Fell]] and \\[\\[Betty Garrett]]) are getting divorced. An author (\\[\\[James Coco]]) and a censor (\\[\\[Dody Goodman]]) fall in love, unaware they are sharing the same cabin. A young girl (\\[\\[Melissa Gilbert]]) loses her tomboy image after receiving her first kiss.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Jimmy Baio]] as Norman, \\[\\[James Coco]] as Marion Atkins, the Author, Norman Fell as Bill McCoy, Betty Garrett as Martha McCoy, Melissa Gilbert as Rosemary 'Rocky' Simpson, \\[\\[Dody Goodman]] as Patricia Seldon, \\[\\[Ellen Travolta]] as Norman's Mother, and \\[\\[Edward Winter (actor)\\|Edward Winter]] as Rod Simpson.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Marla Adams]] as Arlene Simpson.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Others:'' \\[\\[Emmaline Henry]] as Love Interest for 'Billy Boy' (uncredited).\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Man Who Loved Women \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= A Different Girl \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Oh, My Aching Brother\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Cynthia Santillo \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bruce Howard \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|9\\|30}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=29\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A man (\\[\\[David Doyle (actor)\\|David Doyle]]) makes a move on and falls in love with three passengers (\\[\\[Cathryn Damon]], \\[\\[Brett Somers]], \\[\\[Jo Ann Pflug]]), whom he doesn't know are traveling together. During separate introductions, they individually refer to him as 'Cornelious,' 'McNair,' and 'Vinny,' respectively. Captain Stubing's godson (\\[\\[Grant Goodeve]]) and his wife (\\[\\[Bess Armstrong]]) are cruising together after being separated for two years by his military duties overseas. Two brothers, Harold and Joe Nash (\\[\\[Sonny Bono]] and \\[\\[Marty Ingels]]) stage false injuries so they can sue the insurance company, but Harold has a change of heart when he meets a nice lady (\\[\\[Judy Landers]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Grant Goodeve as Captain Dave Stanton, Bess Armstrong as Laura Stanton, Sonny Bono as Harold Nash, Marty Ingels as Joe Nash, Judy Landers as Rita, David Doyle as Alvin McNair, Cathryn Damon as Charlotte, Jo Ann Pflug as Bonnie Stokes, and Brett Somers as Anita Carmichael.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Julie's Aunt \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Where Is It Written? \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Big Deal\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Barry Blitzer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lan O'Kun \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= James F. Henry \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|10\\|14}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=30\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=Captain Stubing's uncle (\\[\\[Red Buttons]]) makes efforts to be alone with Julie but is thwarted by her aunt – Gopher in disguise; A businessman (\\[\\[Allen Ludden]]) tries to close a deal, using his daughter (\\[\\[Mackenzie Phillips]]) as bait; The neglected wife (\\[\\[Hope Lange]]) of a publisher (\\[\\[Gene Barry]]) hopes to find inspiration for the remaining chapter of a book by romancing a novelist (\\[\\[Richard Mulligan]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Sam Groom]], \\[\\[Erik Estrada]]\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Mike and Ike \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Witness \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Kissing Bandit\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Arnold Grossman\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|10\\|21}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=31\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A shy young man becomes a different person at night; a businessman learns a lesson about neglecting his family; a man believes he has better chances of surviving at sea than on trial.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tA shy guy (\\[\\[Billy Crystal]]) dons a mask and goes around kissing every girl on the ship. Then, he meets a girl (\\[\\[Laurie Walters]]) with whom he connects. A couple (\\[\\[Marilyn McCoo]], \\[\\[Billy Davis Jr.]]), who are friends of Isaac's and with whom they performed on the streets in their youth, are now successful and rich and have a young son (\\[\\[Todd Bridges]]). But his father spends more time on work than with his son. And a woman (\\[\\[Toni Tennille]]) follows a man (\\[\\[Robert Reed]]), whom she knows witnessed what happened to someone she cares about and urges him to come forward and tell what he saw.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Billy Crystal as Newton Weems, Laurie Walters as Roberta Potter, \\[\\[Sharon Acker]] as Evelyn, \\[\\[Todd Bridges]] as Michael Jr., Marilyn McCoo as Lenore, Billy Davis Jr. as Michael Sr., \\[\\[Pat Carroll (actress)\\|Pat Carroll]] as Muriel, \\[\\[Nancy Kulp]] as Gert, Toni Tennille as Suzanne Henderson, and Robert Reed as Frank McLean.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Note:'' Isaac, Lenore, and Michael Sr. complete a song and dance scene later credited as \"Our Language of Love,\" words by Fred Grandy and music by Ray Jessel.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\=Ship of Ghouls\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy \\= Mickey Rose\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|10\\|28}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=32\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= An illusionist is in such demand that he nearly misses what is in front of him; two recently reunited parents have trouble trying to stop their son from telling tall tales; Julie's model friend, scarred physically and psychologically by a car crash, is romanced by Gopher and Doc but is suspicious of their motives.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Iris Adrian]] as The Amazing Alonzo Groupie, Charlie Aiken as Bobby Diller, \\[\\[Barbara Anderson (actress)\\|Barbara Anderson]] as Karen Williamson, \\[\\[Joan Blondell]] as Ramona Bevans, \\[\\[Gary Collins (actor)\\|Gary Collins]] as Mr. Diller, \\[\\[Jane Kean]] as The Amazing Alonzo Groupie, \\[\\[Mary Ann Mobley]] as Mrs. Diller, \\[\\[Bibi Osterwald]] as The Amazing Alonzo Groupie and \\[\\[Vincent Price]] as Wendell Mordan – 'The Amazing Alonzo.'\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Maureen Reagan]] as Mrs. Moss and \\[\\[Larry Gelman]] as Harvey Greenswann (credited as Harvey).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Others:'' unknown girl (uncredited) as Lucy, daughter to Mrs. Moss and cruise ship friend to Billy Diller.\n\t\t\t\t\t\\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=A Time for Everything\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\=The Song Is Ended \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Accidental Cruise \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Anoushka\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lan O'Kun\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Steve Hattman and Dave Hackel\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Michael Norell\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|11\\|4}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=33\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A stuffy executive loosens up and falls in love with his secretary; a songwriter rekindles a wife's love for her husband; Captain Stubing takes charge of the orphaned child of his former love; a stern Russian cruise director gets a new image, to Doc's delight.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSandy Beal (\\[\\[Jo Anne Worley]]) is a secretary secretly in love with her boss Victor Marshall (\\[\\[Soupy Sales]]). The two of them get drunk at an office party and take an \"Accidental Cruise.\" In \"The Song Has Ended,\" Charlie Godwin (\\[\\[Robert Goulet]]) is a former songwriter now unhappily married and working for an advertising agency. Once they board the ship, Charlie and his wife June (\\[\\[Juliet Mills]]) encounter his former partner Burt Buchanan (\\[\\[Richard Dawson]]), who has gone on to garner more fame than he had with Charlie. \"A Time for Everything\" reunites Captain Stubing with Dolores (Sandra Deel), whose sister Georgina was an old flame of Stubing's and died eight months earlier, leaving Georgina's daughter Vicki (\\[\\[Jill Whelan]]) in Dolores' care. Miss \"Anoushka\" Mishancov (\\[\\[Loretta Swit]]), the vodka\\-loving Commissar of Cruise Vessels for the Soviet Union, is on board and falls for Doc, after persuading Julie to help her become \"slinky.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Jo Anne Worley as Sandy Beal, Soupy Sales as Victor Marshall, Robert Goulet as Charlie Godwin, Juliet Mills as June Godwin, Richard Dawson as Bert Buchanan, Jill Whelan as Vicki Stubing, and Loretta Swit as Anoushka Mishancov. \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Melendy Britt]] as Georgina and Sandra Deel as Dolores Strickland.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Others:'' Lawrence Moran as Jimmy (uncredited).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Note:'' This is the first appearance of Vicki.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Note:'' This is a 90\\-minute episode.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Till Death Do Us Part–Maybe \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Locked Away \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Chubs\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Loraine Despres \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|11\\|11}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=34\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A widow (Vernee Watson\\-Johnson) who still hasn't gotten over her husband's death is followed by her husband's ghost (\\[\\[Jimmie Walker]]), who tries to fix her up with another passenger (\\[\\[Greg Morris]]). A divorced couple (\\[\\[Janet Leigh]], \\[\\[Conrad Bain]]) sees their daughter (\\[\\[Jamie Lee Curtis]]) and her husband (\\[\\[Peter Coffield]]) off but get locked in one of the unused cabins. Gopher's sister (\\[\\[Melissa Sue Anderson]]) comes on board and makes a beeline for Doc.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Vernee Watson\\-Johnson as Ellen Garner (credited as Vernee Watson), Jimmie Walker as The Late Mickey Garner, Greg Morris as Greg Elkins, Conrad Bain as Les, Jamie Lee Curtis as Linda, Janet Leigh as Gail, and Melissa Sue Anderson as Jennifer 'Chubs' Smith.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Peter Coffield]] as Wayne, Bebe Drake\\-Hooks as Mrs. Cory, \\[\\[Raymond Allen (television actor)\\|Raymond Allen]] as Mr. Cory, and \\[\\[Deney Terrio]] as Floyd.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Man of the Cloth \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Her Own Two Feet \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Tony's Family\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Henry Colman \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|11\\|17}}Aired on Friday instead of Saturday, http://www.ultimate70s.com/seventies\\_history/19781117/television\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=35\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A minister falls for a Las Vegas \\[\\[exotic dancer]], much to the dismay of a female parishioner, who attempts to break them up but causes a strain on her marriage; a man tries to help his wife overcome her denial over her blindness; the crew convinces the chief engineer to forgo his \\[\\[Thanksgiving (United States)\\|Thanksgiving]] holiday by having his entire family stow away on board the ship.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[June Allyson]], \\[\\[Vivian Blaine]], \\[\\[Peter Graves]], \\[\\[Van Johnson]], \\[\\[Roz Kelly]], \\[\\[Larry Storch]], \\[\\[Alan Young]], \\[\\[Mitzi Hoag]], Tony La Torre, \\[\\[Renata Vanni]], \\[\\[Mario Bellini]], Jennifer Surprenant, \\[\\[Kelly Greenwood]]\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Heads or Tails \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Mona of the Movies \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Little People\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Buddy Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Barry Blitzer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|11\\|25}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=36\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A movie queen (\\[\\[Rhonda Fleming]]) intimidates a businessman (\\[\\[Orson Bean]]); two swingers (\\[\\[Richard Gilliland]], \\[\\[Adam Arkin]]) go after Julie and make a bet as to whom she will fall for; a man (\\[\\[Edward Albert]]) treats his parents to the cruise (\\[\\[Billy Barty]], \\[\\[Patty Maloney]]) for their 25th wedding anniversary. He strikes up a romance with a lady from his work (\\[\\[Patty McCormack]]) until he finds she is uncomfortable around \"little people\", i.e. the man's parents. \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Captain's Cup \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Folks from Home \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Legal Eagle\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Alan Rafkin\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Fred Grandy \\& Bernie Kopell \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Gordon Farr \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|12\\|2}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=37\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman in charge of the presentation of the Captain's Cup convinces an engineer to pose as the executive in charge so as not to disappoint Captain Stubing; Doc begins spending all of his time with an older couple from his hometown; a recently divorced man is paired up with his ex's divorce attorney.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Captain is expecting a prestigious award but the presenter (\\[\\[Pat Harrington Jr.]]) may not be who he expects it to be. Doc becomes attached to an elderly couple (\\[\\[John McIntire]], \\[\\[Jeanette Nolan]]) from his hometown, only to have to perform a life\\-threatening operation on the woman. A recently divorced man (\\[\\[Bert Convy]]) runs into the lawyer (\\[\\[Leigh Taylor\\-Young]]) who represented his ex\\-wife in the divorce.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Pat Harrington Jr. as Hank Vosnick (credited as Pat Harrington), \\[\\[Florence Henderson]] as Diane DiMarzo, John McIntire as George Hancock, Jeanette Nolan as Gloria Hancock, Bert Convy as Danny Holt, and Leigh Taylor\\-Young as Ann Sterling (credited as Leigh Taylor Young).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Cisse Cameron]] as Amber, \\[\\[George O. Petrie\\|George Petrie]] as Dr. David Barnes (credited as Dr. Barnes), and Chris Capen as Radio Officer.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=El Kid \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Last Hundred Bucks \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Isosceles Triangle\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Barry Blitzer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ray Jessel \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Mark Fink \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|12\\|9}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=38\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A couple and their friend meet a former marketing executive who is penniless and looking for work. A couple looking to adopt a child in Puerto Vallarta gets the sad news the biological parents had a change of heart but the director of the orphanage has another child in mind. A friend of Julie's is romanced by both Doc and the Captain; Isaac and Gopher take sides and even bet their last $100 on the outcome.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Dabney Coleman]], \\[\\[Dena Dietrich]], \\[\\[Dave Madden]], \\[\\[Rue McClanahan]], Gabriel Melgar, Heather Menzies, \\[\\[Connie Stevens]], \\[\\[Robert Urich]], \\[\\[Victor Millan]], David Clover, Keith Allison\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Julie Falls Hard \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Double Wedding \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Dummies\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Bob Claver\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael Norell \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ray Jessel \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lan O'Kun \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1978\\|12\\|16}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=39\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A double wedding is in store for identical twins; A separated couple argues through their ventriloquist act; Julie settles an argument between two adolescent girls, to the pleasure of their father, and the girls then decide to fix up with him and Julie.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tJulie falls in love with a man (\\[\\[Tony Roberts (actor)\\|Tony Roberts]]) and his daughters (Annrae Walterhouse, \\[\\[Melora Hardin]]). Will she leave the ship for Alaska? Twins (Cyb Barnstable, Trish Barnstable), unhappy with their prospective spouses (\\[\\[David Nelson (actor)\\|David Nelson]], \\[\\[Fred Travalena]]), switch places. A separate couple (\\[\\[Ruth Buzzi]], \\[\\[Sid Caesar]]) are assigned to the same cabin, so they and their ventriloquist dummies entertain the passengers.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Tony Roberts as Jack Chenault, Priscilla Barnstable as Judy Barrett (credited as Cyb Barnstable), Patricia Barnstable as Joanie Barrett (credited as Trish Barnstable), David Nelson as Gary Gage, Fred Travalena as Ted Ashton, Ruth Buzzi as Patti Harmon, and Sid Caesar as Michael Harmon.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' Annrae Waterhouse as Ashley Chenault (credited as Ashley) and \\[\\[Melora Hardin]] as Courtney Chenault (credited as Courtney).\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=My Sister, Irene \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The 'Now' Marriage \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Second Time Around\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=Ray Jessel \\|s\\=Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|1\\|13}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=40\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman poses as her sister to avoid an old flame. An author tries to live up to the philosophies he espoused in his recent work. One of Doc's ex\\-wives hires an actor to pose as her fiancé to win him back.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIrene Austin (\\[\\[Martha Raye]]) agrees to meet her college classmate, Andy Hopkins (\\[\\[Ray Bolger]]), after 40 years. She then panics and tells him she's Irene's sister. Dr. Todd Gardiner (\\[\\[Peter Marshall (entertainer)\\|Peter Marshall]]) wrote a book about open marriage, but finds his union to Eleanor Gardiner (\\[\\[Barbara Rush]]) in jeopardy, as he gets close to a fellow passenger (\\[\\[Phyllis Davis]]). Doc's ex\\-wife (\\[\\[Tina Louise]]) arrives with a new fiancé (\\[\\[Lyle Waggoner]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Martha Raye as Irene Austin, Ray Bolger as Andy Hopkins, Peter Marshall as Dr. Todd Gardiner, Barbara Rush as Eleanor Gardiner, Phyllis Davis as Nancy Bishop, Tina Louise as Betty Bricker, and Lyle Waggoner as Lance Wilson.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Gopher's Opportunity \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Switch \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Home Sweet Home\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Roger Duchowny \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Sue Masters and John Walsh \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lan O'Kun \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Jessel and Natalie Schafer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|1\\|20}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=41\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher's friend offers him a job at a plush hotel in \\[\\[Lake Havasu City, Arizona]]; Gopher considers it after an argument with the Captain. A magician's assistant is upset when he sends his brother to replace him in the act. A dowager is attracted to a cabin steward.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Elaine Joyce]] as Melody Livingston, Melinda Naud as Maggie Walsh, \\[\\[Ron Palillo]] as Al Breyer, \\[\\[Bobby Van (actor)\\|Bobby Van]] as Phil Livingston, \\[\\[Abe Vigoda]] as Charlie Fletcher, and \\[\\[Nancy Walker]] as Hetty Waterhouse.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Michael Gregory (actor)\\|Michael Gregory]] as Ken Breyer (credited as Ken).\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Second Chance \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Don't Push Me \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Like Father, Like Son\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Barbara Evans \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jerry Winnick \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|1\\|27}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=42\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac worries that a young woman on probation (\\[\\[Debbi Morgan]]), working in the gift shop, has stolen some jewelry. A henpecked man (\\[\\[Roddy McDowall]]) feels he's being pressured, by his girlfriend (\\[\\[Tammy Grimes]]), into marriage, against his will. A charming widower and his son (\\[\\[Robert Mandan]], \\[\\[Randolph Mantooth]]) fall in love with the same woman (\\[\\[Cathy Lee Crosby]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest Stars:'' Debbi Morgan as Stephanie Jackson, \\[\\[Virginia Graham]] as Gift Shop Customer, Roddy McDowall as Fred Beery, Tammy Grimes as Christine, Robert Mandan as Woody Billingsley, Randolph Mantooth as Alan Billingsley, and Cathy Lee Crosby as Libby Hall.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=43\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t44\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t19\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 5\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Disco Baby\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Alas, Poor Dwyer\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= After the War \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Ticket to Ride \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_5\\= Itsy Bitsy\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\=Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1\\=Ray Jessel\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2\\=Barry Blitzer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3\\=Carmen Finestra\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4\\=Joyce Armor \\& Judie Neer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_5\\=Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|2\\|3}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=Julie is driving everyone crazy since she is organizing her high school reunion on board ship:\n\t\t\t\t\t\\# Julie's high school teacher is on board but is struggling with his alcoholism.\n\t\t\t\t\t\\# A former boyfriend of hers is on board with her high school rival.\n\t\t\t\t\t\\# The football quarterback is reunited with his former teammates.\n\t\t\t\t\t\\# Another couple, who had moved to Canada for him to avoid the Vietnam War draft and recently returned under amnesty, meet another classmate who is in a wheelchair due to wounds received in the war.\n\t\t\t\t\t\\# Doc romances one of Julie's classmates.\n\t\t\t\t\t\\# Julie learns her recently divorced friend Wendy is on the cruise because an unknown admirer has sent her the cruise ticket.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Raymond Burr]], \\[\\[Michael Cole (actor)\\|Michael Cole]], \\[\\[Kim Darby]], \\[\\[Bob Denver]], \\[\\[Conchata Ferrell]], \\[\\[Christopher George]], \\[\\[Lisa Hartman]], \\[\\[Michael Lembeck]], \\[\\[Kelly Monteith]], \\[\\[John Rubinstein]], Judi West, \\[\\[David Landsberg]].\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Best of Friends \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Aftermath \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Dream Boat\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Sue Masters and John Walsh , ''Teleplay By:'' Lee Aronsohn }}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bruce Howard \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|2\\|10}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=45\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Doc's old mentor from \\[\\[Johns Hopkins University\\|Johns Hopkins]] disapproves of his lifestyle while dealing with the loss of an arm in a car crash, not realizing his wife has become addicted to painkillers; a series of misunderstandings strains an engaged couple and the woman's best friend. A representative from the cruise ship ''Lorelei'' evaluates the Captain as a possible commanding officer for that ship.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Richard Anderson]], \\[\\[Joyce Brothers]], \\[\\[Hans Conried]], \\[\\[Carol Lynley]], \\[\\[Diana Muldaur]], \\[\\[Ben Murphy]], \\[\\[Donna Pescow]], Mary Farrell, Starr Hester\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=A Good and Faithful Servant\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\=The Secret Life of Burl Smith \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Tug of War \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Designated Lover\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Bruce Howard\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Barry Blitzer\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Bob Fraser and Rob Dames\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|2\\|17}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=46\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A vacationing chauffeur and his wealthy employer fall in love; a famous model causes love\\-smitten Gopher to fantasize that he is various flamboyant heroes; a separated couple vies for their son's affection; \\[\\[Reggie Jackson]] (as himself) can't convince anyone on board that he is who he says he is.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Note'': This is a 90\\-minute episode.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[John Mills]], \\[\\[Hayley Mills]], \\[\\[Juliet Mills]], \\[\\[Telma Hopkins]], \\[\\[David Hedison]], \\[\\[Celeste Holm]], \\[\\[Keith Coogan]] \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Love Me, Love My Dog \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Poor Little Rich Girl \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Decision\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Barry Blitzer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Henry Colman \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|2\\|24}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=47\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A terrier \"protects\" its mistress from the advances of a gentleman; a waitress inherits a fortune and finds her new life, and her former fiancé's renewed interest, a big adjustment; Isaac laments his ill\\-fated love affairs.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Debbie Allen]], \\[\\[Dennis Cole]], \\[\\[Fannie Flagg]], \\[\\[Maren Jensen]], \\[\\[Gene Rayburn]], Cricket, \\[\\[Noah Keen]].\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Funny Valentine \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Wallflower \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= A Home is Not a Home\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Fred Grandy and Bernie Kopell \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= John V. Hanrahan and Tom Dagenais \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|3\\|3}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=48\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A wallflower is secretly followed by a shy milquetoast; Stubing is charmed by a fortune\\-teller; two honeymooning retirees are unexpectedly joined by their overprotective children.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Warren Berlinger]], \\[\\[Elinor Donahue]], Patty Dworkin, \\[\\[Samantha Eggar]], \\[\\[Arthur Godfrey]], \\[\\[Minnie Pearl]], Zane Lasky, Dorrie Thomson.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Ages of Man \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Bo 'n Sam \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Families\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lsn O'Kun \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|3\\|10}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=49\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary \\= Julie falls for an older man while an adolescent boy falls for her; two rival publishers clash while their children become romantic; the crew's plans for a present for their captain's anniversary keep hitting a huge snag.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Paul Burke (actor)\\|Paul Burke]], \\[\\[Arlene Dahl]], \\[\\[Patrick Labyorteaux]], \\[\\[Leslie Nielsen]], \\[\\[Mark Shera]], \\[\\[Philip Charles MacKenzie]], \\[\\[Michael Tucci]], \\[\\[Ellen Bry]], James Dobson, James Hackett, Bill Smillie\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Murder on the High Seas \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Sounds of Silence \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Cyrano de Bricker\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Margie Peters \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Joyce Armor and Judie Neer \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|3\\|17}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=50\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary \\= A rocker meets and falls in love with a deaf girl; a gambler in marital trouble gets Doc to tell his wife how he feels; Isaac mistakes a conversation by two writers about an upcoming mystery\\-murder novel as an actual plot to kill the captain.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': Sonny Bono, \\[\\[Charlie Callas]], \\[\\[Arte Johnson]], \\[\\[Peter Lawford]], \\[\\[Jill St. John]], \\[\\[Dana Wynter]], Sheila Lenham, James Dobson.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=April's Return \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Super Mom \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= I'll See You Again\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tom Dunsmuir\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|5\\|5}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=51\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= An old war buddy of the captain's is reunited with a long\\-lost love from that period; a couple on their second honeymoon have their four children with them; April (\\[\\[Charo]]), now a successful singer with the cruise line, tries her hand at cruise directing, without much success.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Other Guest stars'': \\[\\[Cyd Charisse]], \\[\\[Anne Meara]], \\[\\[Craig Stevens (actor)\\|Craig Stevens]], \\[\\[Jerry Stiller]], \\[\\[Katy Kurtzman]], \\[\\[Corey Feldman]], \\[\\[Stephen Schnetzer]], Speedy Zapata, Greg Robblee.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Third Wheel \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Grandmother's Day \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Second String Mom\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Gordon Farr\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lee Aronsohn \n\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|5\\|12}}\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=52\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=27\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher's parents visit but the father feels like a third wheel; a couple with five already grown children find out they will have a new addition to the family; two sisters are less than friendly to their new stepmother.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Ken Berry]], \\[\\[Robert Cummings]], \\[\\[Nanette Fabray]], \\[\\[Beth Howland]], \\[\\[Ethel Merman]], \\[\\[Barry Nelson]], Michele Tobin, Shelly Juttner.\n\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=41407a\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t}}",
"### Season 3 (1979–80\\)",
"* + - * + - * + {{Episode table\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|background\\=\\#00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|overall\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|season\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|title\\=20\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|director\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|writer\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|airdate\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|episodes\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Carol and Doug's Story\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\=Peter and Alicia's Story \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Julie's Story \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Buddy and Portia's Story\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchovny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ray Jessel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Lan O'Kun \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|9\\|15}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t54\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=This wedding cruise takes place up the Alaska and British Columbia coastline:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The couple getting married (\\[\\[Mark Harmon]], \\[\\[Lisa Hartman]]) have to deal with his interfering ex\\-girlfriend Natalie (\\[\\[Caren Kaye]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The groom's divorced parents (\\[\\[Ray Milland]], \\[\\[Eleanor Parker]]) quarrel while he is suffering from terminal cancer and she has to declare bankruptcy. Both try to keep their problems from one another.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Julie is deciding on accepting Jack's (\\[\\[Tony Roberts (actor)\\|Tony Roberts]]) proposal (from Season 2 episode \"Julie Falls Hard\") while fending off the advances of the best man of this wedding (\\[\\[Donny Most]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The grandfather of the bride (\\[\\[Lorne Greene]]) and the aunt of the groom (\\[\\[Audra Lindley]]) fall in love and get married.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Robert Lussier]], Stephanie Steele, and \\[\\[Julia Duffy]].\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Grass Is Always Greener \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Three Stages of Love \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Oldies But Goodies\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Alan Rafkin \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Jan Jessel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tom Dunsmuir \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Rob Dames \\& Bob Fraser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|9\\|22}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=55\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman and her man\\-hunting daughter arrive on the ship, the mother is attracted to a disabled man but their relationship is hampered by his snobby and obnoxious aide. Julie thinks she's opted for the wrong career when she meets her happily married friend who took the cruise director course with her, especially when she feels that Capt. Stubing is overly friendly to the woman. A man feels that he and his wife are experiencing the three stages of love.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Amanda Blake]], \\[\\[Karen Morrow]], \\[\\[Barry Sullivan (actor)\\|Barry Sullivan]], \\[\\[Werner Klemperer]], \\[\\[Eddie Mekka]], \\[\\[Lani O'Grady]], \\[\\[Joan Hackett]], \\[\\[Adam Rich]].\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Doc, Be Patient \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Dance with Me \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Going My Way\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= James Sheldon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= James Sheldon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Alan Rafkin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Haskell Barkin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Carmen Finestra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|9\\|29}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=56\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A vacationing doctor cares for an ailing Doc, and he falls for her; A former dancer asks her reluctant ex\\-partner to teach with her at her school in Germany—much to the annoyance of his new and younger partner; After being stood up, a woman brings her cab driver along on the cruise.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': Starr Danias, \\[\\[Arlene Golonka]], \\[\\[Buddy Hackett]], \\[\\[Carol Lawrence]], \\[\\[John Meehan (dancer)\\|John Meehan]], \\[\\[Susan Sullivan]].\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Audit Couple \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Scoop \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= My Boyfriend's Back\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Jack Arnold\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Rob Dames \\& Bob Fraser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Joyce Armor \\& Judie Neer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|10\\|6}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=57\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= An IRS agent Viola (\\[\\[Phyllis Diller]]) comes on board to audit the Captain. A celebrity Jackie (\\[\\[Joyce DeWitt]]) tries to avoid a tabloid reporter (\\[\\[Ray Buktenica]]) trying to uncover her secret. Newlyweds Danny and Patricia (\\[\\[Richard Kline]], \\[\\[Jennifer Salt]]) discover their ex Jay (\\[\\[Lyle Waggoner]]) is also on the cruise and wants to win her back.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': Shane Butterworth, David Matthau, \\[\\[Virginia Hawkins]] (uncredited). \\[\\[Richard Kline]] and \\[\\[Joyce DeWitt]] also starred in ''\\[\\[Three's Company]]''.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Gopher's Greatest Hits \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= One Rose a Day \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Vacation\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Alan Rafkin \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Henry Colman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ann Gibbs and Joel Kimmel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|10\\|13}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=58\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher agrees to take over for a sick performer but he finds out that his vocal cords are not the most entertaining factor in his act. Two sisters (\\[\\[Joanna Cassidy]] \\& \\[\\[Jaye P. Morgan]]) who usually take the cruise together are joined by one sister's husband Byron (\\[\\[Conrad Janis]]). When he finds out about the prior trips they have taken, he learns more about trust in the institution of marriage. When a widow Janet (\\[\\[Martha Scott]]) meets the man Henry (\\[\\[Don Ameche]]) responsible for sending her a remembrance even after her husband's death, she is in for a heartrending surprise.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Reunion \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Haven't I Seen You? \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Crew Confessions\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Bob Fraser and Rob Dames\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|10\\|20}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=59\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac has trouble on the high seas when the Love Boat crew discovers he has included some racy tales about them in his new novel. A man (\\[\\[Don Knotts]]) who closely resembles a celebrity starts to enjoy his new identity when a strikingly beautiful passenger (\\[\\[Julie Newmar]]) showers him with love. A husband and wife (\\[\\[Jane Wyatt]] and \\[\\[Jean Pierre Aumont]]) are reunited after being separated during World War II.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Play by Play \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Cindy \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= What's a Brother For?\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= James Sheldon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Barry Blitzer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Michael Norell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tom Dunsmuir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|10\\|27}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=60\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher plays fairy godmother to a girl (\\[\\[Melissa Sue Anderson]]) vacationing with the proverbial wicked step\\-family (\\[\\[Carolyn Jones]], \\[\\[Rhonda Bates]], \\& Lila Kent) and gets her an audition with the Prince of Pop (\\[\\[Frank Sinatra Jr.]]). A competing couple (\\[\\[Christopher George]], \\[\\[Linda Day George]]) do athletic feats to see who is the weaker sex. A man (Tom Hallick) traveling with his invalid brother (\\[\\[Patrick Wayne]]) meets a lovely woman (\\[\\[Joan Van Ark]]) but his budding romance with her is nearly ruined by his feeling of neglecting his brother – which the brother does little to discourage.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Trial Romance \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Never Say Goodbye \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= A New Woman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Gordon Farr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|11\\|3}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=61\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= The Captain and Vicki (\\[\\[Jill Whelan]]) are reunited now that he has confirmation of what they have long suspected. An older woman (\\[\\[Gale Storm]]) who wants to \"get with it\" seeks advice from Julie, but the coaching backfires when Rose falls for Doc leaving one suitor behind (\\[\\[Louis Nye]]). He on the other hand mistakes Julie's attempts to fix him up with the lady as affection for him and feels uncomfortable with too young an admirer. A man and a woman (\\[\\[Vic Tayback]] and \\[\\[Jo Ann Pflug]]) who were on the same deadlocked jury meet again. Unfortunately, the two can't stand each other because of personal idiosyncrasies, but make the most of the situation on the high seas.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Also guest starring'' \\[\\[Sandra Deel (actress)\\|Sandra Deel]].\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 5\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Critical Success\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\=The Love Lamp Is Lit\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\=Take My Boyfriend, Please \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Rent a Family \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_5\\= The Man in Her Life\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_5 \\= Margie Peters \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|11\\|10}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=62\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t63\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=This takes place during a charity cruise involving \\[\\[The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders]].\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* A bachelor executive hires actors to pose as his family to impress his boss and wife who don't know of his status. He however falls for one of the cheerleaders.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* A beautiful movie star is on board to be the chairperson for the ship's charity cruise. However, once on board, she runs into the dean of American film and drama critics who have never given Miss Logan a good review. Once the two get together it's a contest of digs, and a surprise happening between the two.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* One of the cheerleaders gets her friends to spend time with a persistent suitor to get him out of her hair. However, when one of them begins spending too much time with him, she starts to re\\-evaluate her relationship.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* A man and a woman search for a supposedly hidden treasure on board.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Bill Daily]], \\[\\[Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.]], \\[\\[Jackie Earle Haley]], \\[\\[John Hillerman]], \\[\\[Gunilla Hutton]], \\[\\[Patsy Kelly]], \\[\\[Roz Kelly]], \\[\\[Larry Linville]], \\[\\[Dina Merrill]], \\[\\[Ginger Rogers]], \\[\\[Natalie Schafer\\|Natalie Schäfer]], \\[\\[Stephen Shortridge]], \\[\\[William Windom (actor)\\|William Windom]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Brotherhood of the Sea \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Letter to Babycakes \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Daddy's Pride\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Jay Grossman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Merrill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|11\\|17}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=64\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= To keep Julie from finding out about her surprise birthday party, Gopher, Isaac, and Doc invent a phony fraternity to keep her busy and devise frat\\-like procedures for her to join. This interferes with her romance with a passenger (\\[\\[Christopher Connelly (actor)\\|Christopher Connelly]]). A womanizer (\\[\\[Demond Wilson]]) has his friend (\\[\\[Jimmie Walker]]) take responsibility when his girlfriend (\\[\\[Telma Hopkins]]) finds a letter from another woman in his jacket. A young gymnast's (\\[\\[Nancy McKeon]]) whole cruise is taken up by her father\\-coach (\\[\\[Alex Cord]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': Sydney Goldsmith, Stephen Manley and Sid Gould as Sidney The Waiter.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Not Now, I'm Dying \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Too Young to Love \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Eleanor's Return\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_1 \\= Alan Rafkin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_2 \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy\\_3 \\= Alan Rafkin \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Haskell Barkin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Lee Aronsohn \\|t\\=Gordon Farr}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Jessel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|11\\|24}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=65\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman whom Stubing likes (\\[\\[Barbara Rush]]) comes on board but before he could make a move she hooks up with another man (\\[\\[Jon Cypher]]). A friend of Doc's (\\[\\[Barbi Benton]]) comes on board with her boyfriend (\\[\\[Dack Rambo]]). Now she wants a commitment but the guy keeps on making excuses to the point of faking an illness. Doc tries to help her by calling his bluff but discovers he truly is sick. And an underage couple (\\[\\[Timothy Patrick Murphy]] and Cristen Kauffman) comes on board to lose their virginity together. The girl's father (\\[\\[Frank Aletter]]) who's an exec of the line tells Stubing to make sure nothing happens between them. And Stubing lays that task on Gopher.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Also guest starring'' Sid Gould.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Stimulation of Stephanie \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Life Begins at 40 \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Next Step\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Bob Fraser \\& Rob Dames and Gordon Farr\\|t\\=Gordon Farr}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|12\\|1}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=66\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A lady about to turn 40 (\\[\\[Jo Anne Worley]]) has planned her upcoming wedding down to every detail except one – the groom. She hopes to find one on the cruise. A semi\\-retired NFL star (\\[\\[Rosey Grier]]) is trying to contemplate his post\\-NFL future with his wife (\\[\\[Melba Moore]]). A college professor (\\[\\[Dick Martin (comedian)\\|Dick Martin]]) trying to evaluate sexual stimulation with his student (\\[\\[Char Fontane]]) does not see that he is the one stimulating her. In the meantime, Doc romances a passenger (\\[\\[Judy Landers]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Harder They Fall \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Spider Serenade \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Next Door Wife\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Carmen Finestra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Fred Grandy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|12\\|8}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=67\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher falls for a married, but separated, lady (\\[\\[Jill St. John]]). A man (\\[\\[James MacArthur]]) traveling with his fiancée (\\[\\[Susan Buckner]]) finds his ex\\-wife (\\[\\[Joanna Pettet]]) in the cabin next door. Two cruise line execs (\\[\\[Milton Berle]], \\[\\[Alan Hale Jr.]]) were former middleweights who knocked out the referee. They decide to settle things once and for all, to the disgust of their wives (\\[\\[Nancy Kulp]], \\[\\[Sheila MacRae]]). Unfortunately, history repeats itself as they succeed in knocking out Stubing. Also starring \\[\\[Robert Sampson (actor)\\|Robert Sampson]].\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Making the Grade \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Gift \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Doc's 'Ex' Change\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Gordon Farr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Don Segall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Marc Sheffler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1979\\|12\\|15}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=68\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A 12\\-year\\-old resents the romance between his mother (\\[\\[Jessica Walter]]) and his teacher (\\[\\[Richard Gautier]]); a financially troubled man (\\[\\[Sonny Bono]]) finds $2,000 in a borrowed coat; Doc and his ex\\-wife (\\[\\[Juliet Prowse]]) realize they're still married.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Kaye Ballard]], \\[\\[Ronee Blakley]], \\[\\[Red Buttons]], Johnny Timko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=April's Love \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= We Three \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Happy Ending \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|1\\|12}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=69\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= The crew are quite suspicious of April's (\\[\\[Charo]]) manager\\-fiancé (\\[\\[Forrest Tucker]]). A divorcing script\\-writing couple (\\[\\[Don Adams]] and \\[\\[Juliet Mills]]) are trying to finish their script but the man is having second thoughts about the divorce. A woman (\\[\\[Marjorie Lord]]) and her adopted daughter (\\[\\[Laurie Walters]]) find themselves on the cruise with the daughter's birth father (\\[\\[Ross Martin]]) but the girl was told both her birth parents were deceased.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 5\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Kinfolk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\=Sis and the Slicker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\=Moonlight and Moonshine \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Too Close for Comfort \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_5\\= The Affair\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Lee Aronsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_5 \\= Lan O'Kun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|1\\|19}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=70\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t71\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A singer (\\[\\[Donny Osmond]]) is ashamed of his family, who arouses the curiosity of a novelist; two passengers (\\[\\[Robert Guillaume]], \\[\\[Pam Grier]]) cheat on their mates; Captain Stubing invites the crew into his suite when their quarters are flooded.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Loni Anderson]], \\[\\[Eve Arden]], \\[\\[Randall Carver]], \\[\\[Rich Little]], \\[\\[Denise Nicholas]], \\[\\[Slim Pickens]], \\[\\[Richard Paul (actor)\\|Richard Paul]], \\[\\[Marion Ross]] and \\[\\[Richard Roundtree]]. Note: Pam Grier is listed as \"Pamala Grier\" in the opening credits.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Rent a Romeo \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Matchmaker, Matchmaker \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Y' Gotta Have Heart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= R.S. Allen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Anitra Earle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= R.S. Allen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|1\\|26}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=72\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=Doc's attempts to spend time alone with his lady (\\[\\[Misty Rowe]]) are impeded by her emotionally unstable sister (\\[\\[Vicki Lawrence]]) so he gets a playboy friend (\\[\\[Joe Namath]]) to romance her. Vicki supports a boy (Mark James) who is trying to reunite his divorced parents (\\[\\[Ja'net DuBois]], \\[\\[Cleavon Little]]); a woman (\\[\\[Brett Somers]]) prescribes a slow pace for her husband (\\[\\[Phil Harris]]), who is recovering from surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Remake \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Perfect Match \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Captain's Ne'er Do Well Brother\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lee Aronsohn \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Eric Gethers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Casey Keller and Richard Albrecht\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|2\\|2}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=73\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=The Captain is not very thrilled to have his black\\-sheep brother Marshall (\\[\\[Gavin MacLeod\\|O.D. Warbux]]) on the cruise, especially when he romances a wealthy oil magnate (\\[\\[Diane Ladd]]). A woman (\\[\\[Connie Stevens]]) follows a handsome man (\\[\\[Kent McCord]]) on board because she is convinced he is the perfect man to father her baby. Julie's widowed aunt (\\[\\[Florence Henderson]]) becomes convinced she sees her late husband's double (\\[\\[James Broderick]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Not So Fast, Gopher \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Haven't We Met Before? \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Seoul Mates (aka Foreign Exchange)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Gordon Farr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Gordon Farr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Tony Webster and Lee Aronsohn \\|t\\=Tony Webster}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|2\\|9}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=74\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher's widowed mother (\\[\\[Ethel Merman]]) tries to hide her grief from her son; a comic (\\[\\[Johnny Yune]]) falls for a reporter (Momo Yashima) doing a story on him; a waiter (\\[\\[Nicholas Hammond]]) pretends to be a banker to win over a jet\\-setter (\\[\\[Hayley Mills]]).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Also guest starring'' The \\[\\[Hudson Brothers]]: Bill Hudson, Brett Hudson, and Mark Hudson, \\[\\[Gene Rayburn]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Another Time, Another Place \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Doctor Who \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Gopher's Engagement\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Henry Colman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evelyn Marienberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Harvey Bullock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|3\\|1}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=75\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A mother (\\[\\[Audrey Meadows]]) thinks Gopher would make a good suitor for her daughter (\\[\\[Maureen McCormick]]); a woman (\\[\\[Phyllis Davis]]) mistakes a professor (\\[\\[Arte Johnson]]) for a sex expert (\\[\\[Bert Parks]]); a journalist (\\[\\[Dennis Morgan]]) does not know his high\\-school friend (\\[\\[Jane Wyman]]) is a nun.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Hey, Jealous Lover \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Tres Amigos \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Dumb Luck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ray Jessel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tony Webster\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|3\\|15}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=76\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Julie helps a brilliant, but plain\\-looking woman become a glamor queen. Vicki and a young passenger try to help out a stowaway and a very jealous man accuses crew members of making passes at his wife.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Shelley Hack]], \\[\\[Kevin Tighe]], \\[\\[Ronnie Scribner]], \\[\\[Tony Ramirez]], \\[\\[Jennifer Darling]], \\[\\[John Gabriel (actor)\\|John Gabriel]], \\[\\[James Gregory (actor)\\|James Gregory]], \\[\\[Jayne Meadows]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Celebration \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Captain Papa \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Honeymoon Pressure\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Harvey Bullock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Lee Aronsohn \\|t\\=Ruth Brooks Flippen}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Sylvia Hecht\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|3\\|29}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=77\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=The crew tries to impress a social worker (\\[\\[Lois Nettleton]]) aboard to determine if Stubing is a good parent; a mobster leader's (\\[\\[Frank Campanella]]) daughter and her husband (\\[\\[Eve Plumb]], \\[\\[Sal Viscuso]]) honeymoon in the shadow of two bodyguards (\\[\\[Norman Alden]], \\[\\[Richard Bakalyan]]); Isaac suspects a free\\-spending bank guard (\\[\\[Noah Beery Jr.]]) who is traveling with his wife (\\[\\[Alice Faye]]). Note: Richard Bakalyan is credited as Dick Bakalyan.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Also guest starring'' Alice Nunn.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Vicki's First Love \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= High Cost of Loving \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Accident Prone\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lou Patrick\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= R.S. Allen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jill Baer and Rick Shaw\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|4\\|5}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=78\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=26\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= An accident victim (\\[\\[Alan Feinstein (actor)\\|Alan Feinstein]]) and the woman (\\[\\[Britt Ekland]]) who caused it keep their distance; Vicki tries to look shapely to catch a singer's (\\[\\[Rex Smith (entertainer)\\|Rex Smith]]) eye; a palimony victim (\\[\\[Steve Kanaly]]) wants to avoid new relationships.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Catherine Campbell (actress)\\|Catherine Campbell]], Robin Eisenman, Shauna Sullivan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Invisible Maniac \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= September Song \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Peekaboo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\= George Tyne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Harvey Bullock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= R.S. Allen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Harvey Bullock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|4\\|19}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=79\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=27\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A model (\\[\\[BernNadette Stanis]]) uses Isaac to make her husband (\\[\\[Clifton Davis]]) jealous; a lawyer (\\[\\[David Hasselhoff]]) wants to marry a colleague (\\[\\[Shelley Fabares]]) who is afraid to commit due to the ten\\-year difference in their ages; a woman (\\[\\[Peggy Cass]]) thinks a carefree attitude will save her marriage from boredom.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Gordon Jump]], \\[\\[Jane Withers]] and \\[\\[Ann B. Davis]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\= No Girls for Doc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Marriage of Convenience \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Caller \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Witness for the Prosecution\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|5\\|3}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=80\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=28\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A widow must make a serious decision about her friend, a woman being bothered by a mystery caller. The male members of the crew are shocked when Doc swears off women, so challenge him to a bet. A man who has had a gorgeous young woman in protective custody falls for her. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Note:'' This is a 90\\-minute episode.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[James MacArthur]], \\[\\[Mildred Natwick]], \\[\\[Helen Hayes]], \\[\\[Maurice Evans (actor)\\|Maurice Evans]], \\[\\[John McCook]], \\[\\[Christopher Norris (actress)\\|Christopher Norris]], \\[\\[Larry Wilcox]], \\[\\[Catherine Bach]], \\[\\[Martin Short]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=00AC53\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}",
"### Season 4 (1980–81\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#633894\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\= Sergeant Bull \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Friends and Lovers \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Miss Mother\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Carmen Finestra \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Steve Hattman \\& Dave Hackel \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ann Gibbs \\& Joel Kimmel \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|10\\|25}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=81\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A young woman (\\[\\[Shelley Smith (actress)\\|Shelley Smith]]) falls for a nice man (\\[\\[Dennis Cole]]) but is afraid to tell him she is pregnant. Three army buddies (\\[\\[Nipsey Russell]], \\[\\[Harvey Lembeck]] and \\[\\[Jack Somack]]) come to regret reuniting with their old sergeant (\\[\\[Vic Tayback]]) when he begins running the reunion like a boot camp, so they fix him up with a housekeeper (\\[\\[Doris Roberts]]). Gopher gets Julie to pose as his girlfriend to impress his old college fraternity friend (\\[\\[Tom Hanks]]), but complications develop between the two co\\-workers. \n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 5\n \\|Title\\_1\\= The Family Plan\n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Promoter\n \\|Title\\_3\\= May the Best Man Win \n \\|Title\\_4\\= Forever Engaged \n \\|Title\\_5\\= The Judges\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Fred S. Fox \\& Seaman Jacobs\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer\n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|WrittenBy\\_5 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|11\\|1}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=82",
"---",
"83\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2",
"---",
"3\n \\|ShortSummary\\= This trip revolves around a \"Marriage\\-a\\-Thon\" special of 50 couples set to make their vows. The cruise begins in the \\[\\[Virgin Islands\\|US Virgin Islands]] and ends in Los Angeles. Sights include \\[\\[Curaçao]] and the \\[\\[Panama Canal]]. The promoter of the marriage cruise is trying to reconcile with his wife, but when he makes a crooked deal with one of the couples, he is in danger of losing his wife to Captain Stubing. Doc tricks Gopher into being a contestant judge but then discovers the other two judges are attractive women who vie for Gopher's attention. Another couple has a reputation for being perpetually engaged. Julie's old friend Marv is supposed to be the best man in the mass wedding, but the groom runs off with an ex\\-girlfriend. Marv has the burden of telling the bride about her groom, only to fall in love with her himself. A groom's father and bride's mother attempt to talk their children out of marrying, only to fall in love themselves. The pinnacle of the voyage is the beautiful mass wedding. Gopher finds himself in hot water in \\[\\[Curaçao]] when he runs a pharmaceutical errand for Doc, who sent him so he could be alone with the attractive female judges. Gopher gets even in the closing scene.",
"''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Darren McGavin]], \\[\\[Debbie Reynolds]], \\[\\[Peter Graves]], \\[\\[Brian Kerwin]], \\[\\[Erin Moran]], \\[\\[Charlene Tilton]], \\[\\[Donny Most]], \\[\\[Rue McClanahan]], \\[\\[Ted Knight]], \\[\\[Ann Jillian]], \\[\\[Dawn Wells]], \\[\\[Kathie Browne]]\n\\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1\\= The Major's Wife\n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Oilman Cometh \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Target Gopher \n \\|Title\\_4\\= Strange Honeymoon\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= \\[\\[Pat Fielder]] \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= \\[\\[R. S. Allen\\|R.S. Allen]] \\& \\[\\[Harvey Bullock (writer)\\|Harvey Bullock]] \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Fred S. Fox \\& Seaman Jacobs\n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= \\[\\[R. S. Allen\\|R.S. Allen]] \\& \\[\\[Harvey Bullock (writer)\\|Harvey Bullock]] \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|11\\|08}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=84\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|ShortSummary\\= The \\[\\[Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders]] come aboard. Gopher loses his job because the promoter becomes jealous when the cheerleader that he is interested in likes Gopher and not him. A Saudi oil sheik mistakes his gift from the promoter's assistant to be one of the cheerleaders. A man and his bride\\-to\\-be share the honeymoon with his best man. An Air Force officer and his Japanese\\-born wife find themselves confronted by his ex\\-girlfriend.",
"''Note:'' This is a 90\\-minute episode.\n \n''Guest stars'': \\[\\[David Cassidy]], \\[\\[Al Corley]], \\[\\[Robert Culp]], \\[\\[Pat Harrington, Jr.\\|Pat Harrington]], \\[\\[Nobu McCarthy]], \\[\\[Mark Pinter]], Jo Ann Pflug.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Mallory Quest \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Julie, the Vamp \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Offer\n \\|DirectedBy \\= \\[\\[Richard Kinon]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Stephen Kandel \\& Harvey Bullock \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= R.S. Allen \\& Harvey Bullock \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= R.S. Allen \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|11\\|15}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=85",
"---",
"86\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5",
"---",
"6\n \\|ShortSummary\\=On a Caribbean cruise, famous author Mallory (\\[\\[Pernell Roberts]]) invites several people to help find his nephew with the promise of a huge reward. His aggravated wife (\\[\\[Gayle Hunnicutt]]) leaves him and finds comfort with Doc. One of the participants (\\[\\[Skip Stephenson]]) is about to donate a kidney to his brother but is being followed by his brother's fiancée (\\[\\[Maren Jensen]]). Another member (\\[\\[Jimmie Walker]]) is trying to find his dream girl on the cruise. The boyfriend (\\[\\[Peter Lupus]]) of another member of the quest (\\[\\[Connie Stevens]]) is suspicious of Mallory's motives. A jealous woman (\\[\\[Lani O'Grady]]) accuses Julie of trying to steal her fiancé (\\[\\[Bart Braverman]]), whom Julie had known in college. As the quest for Mallory's nephew (Gregg Robblee) continues, the people involved become suspicious and eventually make Mallory confess his real motives. A repentant Mallory tries to reconcile with his wife. A mysterious man (\\[\\[Sorrell Booke]]) begins following them. The kidney donor and the fiancėe become attracted to each other. Julie's friend and his girlfriend continue to drive her crazy.",
"''Other guest stars'': Dick Van Patten, \\[\\[Walter Slezak]], Patti Macleod, James Dobson.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Horse Lover\n \\|Title\\_2\\=Secretary to the Stars\n \\|Title\\_3\\=Julie's Decision \n \\|Title\\_4\\= Gopher and Isaac Buy a Horse \n \\|Title\\_5\\= The Village People Ride Again \n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|11\\|22}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=87\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|ShortSummary\\= In preparation for a steeplechase race in Mexico, one of the racers (\\[\\[Allen Ludden]]) spends more time with his horse than with his wife (\\[\\[Betty White]]), who finds comfort in the man's business partner (David Doyle). A Hollywood actress (\\[\\[Loni Anderson]]) disguises herself as her secretary to obtain privacy but ends up falling for a reporter (\\[\\[Charles Frank]]) sent to interview her. A wealthy racer (\\[\\[Robert Stack]]) falls for Julie and proposes to her. Gopher and Isaac stable a horse on board. \\[\\[Village People\\|The Village People]] (as themselves) also have a horse in the race.",
"''Note:'' This is a 90\\-minute episode.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Baby Alarm \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Tell Her She's Great \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Matchmaker, Matchmaker Times Two \n \\|DirectedBy \\= Ray Austin\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lan O'Kun \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|11\\|29}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=88\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac gets the crew to bolster his stagestruck aunt's (\\[\\[Isabel Sanford]]) ego, which turns her into an outrageous prima donna and upsets his uncle (\\[\\[Mel Stewart]]). Two sets of parents (\\[\\[Farley Granger]], \\[\\[Joan Lorring]], \\[\\[Terry Moore (actress)\\|Terry Moore]] and \\[\\[Troy Donahue]]) go overboard trying to spark a romance between their respective children (\\[\\[Lorenzo Lamas]] and \\[\\[Melissa Sue Anderson]]). An unwed mother's (\\[\\[Susan Howard]]) infant son has an unusual way of showing his disapproval to men who try to romance her.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=She Stole His Heart \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Return of the Captain's Brother \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Swag and Mag\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Jack Turley \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|12\\|6}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=89\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A kleptomaniac (\\[\\[Joan Van Ark]]) meets a psychiatrist (Stephen Keep Mills) who tries to help her but when they fall for each other, he keeps his distance. A television star (\\[\\[Ron Ely]]) whom Vicki adores comes on board with his girlfriend\\-agent (\\[\\[Erin Gray]]) but has to deal with an overbearing passenger (\\[\\[William Boyett]]). The Captain's brother comes on the cruise to introduce the woman he is going to marry (\\[\\[Arlene Dahl]]), but an ex (\\[\\[Zsa Zsa Gabor]]) follows, determined to win him back.",
"''Also guest starring'' \\[\\[Gavin Macleod\\|Sonny Wilde]] as the Captain's youngest brother meaning MacLeod plays three characters in this one episode.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Boomerang \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Captain's Triangle \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Out of This World\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lou Patrick \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ken Hecht \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jill Baer and Christopher Vane \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|12\\|13}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=90\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher and a passenger (\\[\\[Tom Smothers]]) believe a librarian (\\[\\[Helen Reddy]]) is actually a space alien. A model (\\[\\[Pamela Sue Martin]]) pretending to be a married woman learns a lesson from two bachelors (Guich Koock and \\[\\[Barry Van Dyke]]). The Captain's ex\\-girlfriend (\\[\\[Sue Anne Langdon]]) tries to seduce him even though she is married to a former captain friend of his (\\[\\[Monte Markham]]).\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=That's My Dad \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Captain's Bird \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Captive Audience\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Allen Baron\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Hudson Hickman \\& Alfred Monacella \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1980\\|12\\|20}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=91\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|ShortSummary\\= The Captain gets Vicki a parrot for Christmas, but it hasn't been trained to talk, and Gopher's and Isaac's efforts to train it prove disastrous. A stowaway (\\[\\[Meeno Peluce]]) convinces the crew that a playboy passenger (\\[\\[Dirk Benedict]]) is his father but this story becomes considerably more serious as the episode progresses. An estranged father and son (\\[\\[Allan Jones (actor)\\|Allan Jones]] and \\[\\[Jack Jones (singer)\\|Jack Jones]]) resist their wives' (\\[\\[Dorothy Lamour]] \\& Laraine Stephens) efforts to reunite them.",
"''Other guest stars'': Beth Scheffel and Robert Aguayo.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Doc's Dismissal \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Frugal Pair \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Girl Next Door\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster \\& Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Fredi Towbin\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Christopher Vane \\& Jill Baer \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|1\\|3}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=92\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A couple celebrating their 40th anniversary see their marriage in risk of ending when the wife makes a revelation about their financial affairs. A woman fed up with her husband's constant ogling of other women attempts to use Doc to make him jealous and could cost him his career. A man suspecting his girlfriend of cheating convinces the woman in the cabin next door that he is a \\[\\[CIA]] agent tracking down \\[\\[KGB]] operatives.",
"''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Lew Ayres]], \\[\\[Janet Gaynor]], \\[\\[Alex Cord]], \\[\\[Jessica Walter]], \\[\\[Sal Viscuso]], \\[\\[Lynda Goodfriend]], \\[\\[Denise DuBarry]], \\[\\[Stephen Shortridge]], Bobby Justin (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Isaac's Secret \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Seal of Approval \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Curse of the Dumbrowskis \n \\|DirectedBy \\= Bob Sweeney\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lloyd J. Schwartz \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Madora McKenzie \\& Andy Ruben \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ray Allen \\& Harvey Bullock \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|1\\|10}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=93\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac is afraid to tell his former teacher (\\[\\[Lillian Gish]]) that he is just a bartender, so Gopher gets him to pose as the ship's first officer. Shirley the Seal goes overboard when she spots her trainer (\\[\\[Donald O'Connor]]) with another woman (\\[\\[Georgia Engel]]). A woman (\\[\\[Florence Henderson]]), convinced of her impending death, tries to find a new wife for her husband (\\[\\[Jeffrey Tambor]]).",
"''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Christina Hart]] and \\[\\[Reb Brown]]\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=From Here to Maternity \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Jealousy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Trigamist\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Howard Morris\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Fred S. Fox and Seaman Jacobs \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Sid Morse \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|1\\|17}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=94\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A judge finds herself attracted to the man whom she had placed on probation for \\[\\[polygamy]]. Vicki is jealous when her father is attracted to a beautiful passenger. An expectant couple pesters Doc while he tries to court another passenger.",
"''Guest stars'': Murphy Cross, \\[\\[Michael Young (actor)\\|Michael Young]], \\[\\[Nancy Walker]], \\[\\[George Gobel]], \\[\\[Rebecca Holden]], \\[\\[Pat Crowley]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=First Voyage, Last Voyage \n \\|Title\\_2\\= April the Ninny \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Loan Arranger\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Si Rose \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Art Baer and Ben Joelson \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jay Grossman \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|1\\|17}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=95\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\|ShortSummary\\=April (Charo)'s becomes a nanny to the two children of a TV sportscaster. A loan shark sends a man to collect an outstanding debt from a passenger. A young woman traveling with her parents meets and falls in love with a man, but she does not know that she is dying from leukemia.",
"''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Larry Linville]], Rachel Jacobs, Alex Woodard, \\[\\[Kathleen Nolan]], \\[\\[Maureen McCormick]], \\[\\[Richard Kline]], \\[\\[Lisa Hartman]], Erik Stern, \\[\\[Jay Thomas]], \\[\\[Dody Goodman]], \\[\\[Ty Hardin]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Gopher's Bride \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Love with a Married Man \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Not Tonight, Jack!\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Len Janson and Chuck Menville \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Sid Morse \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|1\\|24}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=96\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac and Doc compete for the affection of a girl (Marie Laurin) to whom they have been writing joke love letters under Gopher's name. A couple (\\[\\[Dana Wynter]], \\[\\[Paul Burke (actor)\\|Paul Burke]]) drift apart over work habits. The man whose wife is too busy for him finds another love (\\[\\[Susan Oliver]]). A man (\\[\\[Patrick Wayne]]) is displaced after his furious girlfriend (\\[\\[Trish Stewart]]) discovers they were to share quarters.",
"''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Pamela Jean Bryant]] and Paul Gale.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Lose One, Win One \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The $10,000 Lover \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Mind My Wife\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Jack Arnold\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Sid Morse\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jill Baer and Christopher Vane\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Sid Morse \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|1\\|31}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=97\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman (Dorian Lopinto) traveling with her fiancé (\\[\\[Sam Chew Jr.]]) meets a man (Steve Marachuk) who claims to have known her from high school. A man (\\[\\[Ron Palillo]]) is on the verge of setting a record for having intimate relations with the most women but finds true love with a fellow passenger (\\[\\[Gina Hecht]]), causing distress for the keeper of stats for the world\\-record book (\\[\\[James Darren]]). Doc must fend off the advances of the love\\-starved wife (\\[\\[Jill St. John]]) of his best friend from college (\\[\\[Jim McKrell]]).\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Aquaphobiac \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Humpty Dumpty \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Starmaker\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ruth Brooks Flippen \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ted Lange and Jean Ford \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|2\\|7}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=98\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Isaac tries to impress a visiting concert promoter with his singing skills and convinces three maids (the \\[\\[Pointer Sisters]]) to act as his backup. A former football star has a romance with Julie. A man is forced by his wife to take a cruise to overcome his fear of water.\n''Guest stars'': \\[\\[The Pointer Sisters\\|Ruth, Anita, and June Pointer]], \\[\\[Jason Hervey]], Suzanne Kent, \\[\\[Louis Nye]], \\[\\[Audra Lindley]], \\[\\[David Hasselhoff]], and \\[\\[Jeff Cooper (actor)]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Return of the Ninny \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Split Personality \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Touchdown Twins\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Art Baer and Ben Joelson \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lee Goldstein \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|2\\|14}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=99\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|ShortSummary\\=April (Charo) and her charges accidentally find themselves on board while her employer and his new fiancée set sail. Gopher's college friend tries to please both his boss and the boss' daughter, not knowing they are father and daughter. A man falls for the mother of his old college friend.",
"''Other Guest stars'': \\[\\[Michael Lembeck]], \\[\\[Larry Linville]], \\[\\[Samantha Eggar]], \\[\\[Vincent Van Patten]], \\[\\[Rachel Jacobs]], \\[\\[Laurette Spang]], \\[\\[Ralph Bellamy]], Alex Woodard, Natasha Martell, \\[\\[Philip Brown (actor)\\|Philip Brown]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Quiet, My Wife's Listening \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Eye of the Beholder \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Nudist from Sunshine Gardens\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Harry Mastrogeorge\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Sid Morse \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Evelyn Marienberg \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|2\\|21}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=100\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A self\\-pitying blind woman is romanced by a gentle farmer. A man traveling with his new girlfriend is convinced that his estranged wife has planted bugs in his cabin. Gopher's attempts to prohibit a woman from sunbathing nude are blocked by a lawyer who feels her rights are being denied.\n''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Leslie Uggams]], \\[\\[David Hedison]], \\[\\[Dick Martin (comedian)\\|Dick Martin]], \\[\\[Barbi Benton]], \\[\\[Peter Haskell]], \\[\\[Mary Ann Mobley]], \\[\\[Judith Chapman]], \\[\\[Thelma Carpenter]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Clothes Make the Girl \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Black Sheep \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Hometown Doc\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Earl Bellamy\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lan O'Kun \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Fred Grandy and Jan Gough Grandy \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Haskell Barkin \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|2\\|28}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=101\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Isaac's shady uncle (\\[\\[Demond Wilson]]) is shadowed by a government agent (\\[\\[Robert Ginty]]). A crew member (Larry Breeding) pretends to be a rich passenger to please the mother (\\[\\[Lee Meriwether]]) of his love interest (Kyle Aletter). Doc's old friend (\\[\\[Randolph Powell]]) introduces Doc to his fiancée (\\[\\[Cindy Morgan]]) but tells him that he's not going to practice medicine in their hometown, so Doc decides to resign and fill the role himself.\n \n''Other guest stars'': Steve Doubet, \\[\\[Vernee Watson\\-Johnson]] and \\[\\[John Beradino]]\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Sally's Paradise \n \\|Title\\_2\\= I Love You Too, Smith \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Mama and Me\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Earl Bellamy\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Fred Grandy\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|3\\|7}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=102\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher has a love\\-hate relationship with a customs official who is traveling with her boyfriend. A young man is reunited with an old girlfriend, but his mother has someone else in mind for him at home. The manager of the gift shop has her hands full with all three of her fiancés on board.\n''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Joanna Pettet]], \\[\\[Christopher Pennock]], \\[\\[Eddie Mekka]], \\[\\[Joan Prather]], \\[\\[Sylvia Sidney]], \\[\\[Juliet Mills]], \\[\\[Gary Conway]], \\[\\[Pedro Armendariz Jr.]], Kenneth Kimmins.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Duel \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Two for Julie \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Aunt Hilly\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Ray Austin\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Evelyn Marienberg \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Barbara Allyn \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lou Patrick \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|3\\|14}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=103\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Two toymaking engineers (\\[\\[Ken Kercheval]] and \\[\\[Dack Rambo]]) traveling with their boss (\\[\\[Don Ameche]]) vie for Julie's affections. Captain Stubing's aunt (\\[\\[Olivia de Havilland]]) and uncle (\\[\\[Joseph Cotten]]) visit to meet Vicki. Doc is challenged to a duel by a man (\\[\\[Alejandro Rey]]) whose girlfriend (\\[\\[Linda Cristal]]) is sweet on Doc.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=That Old Gang of Mine \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Love with a Skinny Stranger \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Vicki and the Gambler\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= R.S. Allen and Harvey Bullock \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Sid Morse \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|4\\|11}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=104\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman dating a man who was once obese now has to deal with a romantic rival. A professional gambler makes friends with Vicki. A group of aging crooks meets to plan one last heist (\\[\\[Jack Gilford]] played a similar character in the 1967 film ''\\[\\[Who's Minding the Mint?]]'', for which \\[\\[R.S. Allen]] and \\[\\[Harvey Bullock (writer)\\|Harvey Bullock]] also wrote).",
"''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Kaye Ballard]], \\[\\[Gene Barry]], Jack Gilford, \\[\\[Vicki Lawrence]], \\[\\[Charles Siebert]], \\[\\[Jesse White (actor)\\|Jesse White]], Cindee Appleton.\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\|NumParts\\= 5\n\\|Title\\_1\\= This Year's Model\n\\|Title\\_2\\= The Model Marriage\n\\|Title\\_3\\= Vogue Rogue \n\\|Title\\_4\\= Too Clothes for Comfort \n\\|Title\\_5\\= Original Sin\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Richard Albrecht and Casey Keller \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Tony Webster \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Barry Blitzer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Richard Albrecht and Casey Keller \n \\|WrittenBy\\_5 \\= Barry Blitzer \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|5\\|2}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=105",
"---",
"106\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25",
"---",
"26\n \\|ShortSummary\\= On a special cruise to Acapulco for a fashion festival, designers \\[\\[Geoffrey Beene]], \\[\\[Halston]], \\[\\[Bob Mackie]], and \\[\\[Gloria Vanderbilt]] play themselves. A husband and wife who own a model agency spar over the use of one of the models who has captured the Captain's eye. A cosmetics king searching for a unique woman to represent his new product finds two competing candidates. Julie stands in for a model friend who has fallen in love. A couple searches for missing designer clothes while trying to keep their marriage secret from the woman's father.\n''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Robert Vaughn]], \\[\\[Anne Baxter]], \\[\\[Mike Connors]], \\[\\[McLean Stevenson]], Debra Clinger, \\[\\[Elke Sommer]], \\[\\[Morgan Brittany]], \\[\\[Jayne Kennedy]], \\[\\[Cristina Ferrare]], \\[\\[Dick Shawn]], \\[\\[Bobby Short]], \\[\\[Richard Gilliland]], \\[\\[Camilla Sparv]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Maid for Each Other \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Lost and Found \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Then There Were Two\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Howard Morris\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Tony Webster\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Henry Colman\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|5\\|9}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=107\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=27\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Gopher's aunt (\\[\\[Jane Powell]]), afraid to tell him she is no longer wealthy and has to work as a maid for another passenger (\\[\\[Mary Wickes]]), meets a charming passenger (\\[\\[Howard Keel]]). A playboy (\\[\\[Joe Namath]]) schemes against his best friend (\\[\\[Fred Willard]]) to claim a cash windfall. An abandoned infant needs an emergency blood transfusion.",
"''Other guest stars'': \\[\\[Gary Burghoff]], \\[\\[Karen Grassle]], \\[\\[Belinda J. Montgomery]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Tony and Julie \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Separate Beds \n \\|Title\\_3\\= America's Sweetheart\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson and Art Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Si Rose \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Richard Albrecht and Casey Keller \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|5\\|16}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=108\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=28\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Julie butts heads with a male passenger (\\[\\[Anthony Andrews]]). A young actress comes on board and makes a fool of Vicki. An estranged husband and wife end up in the same cabin.",
"''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Anthony Andrews]], \\[\\[Alison Arngrim]], \\[\\[William Christopher]], \\[\\[Nancy Kulp]], \\[\\[Ronnie Schell]], \\[\\[Toni Tennille]], \\[\\[Lindsay Bloom]].\n \\|LineColor\\=633894\n}}\n}}",
"### Season 5 (1981–82\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#38A969\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 6\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Expedition\n \\|Title\\_2\\=Julie's Wedding\n \\|Title\\_3\\=The Mongala\n \\|Title\\_4\\=Julie's Replacement \n \\|Title\\_5\\= The Three R's \n \\|Title\\_6\\= The Professor's Wife\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Roger Duchowny\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer and Jill Baer \\& Christopher Vane \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer and Tony Webster\n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer and Jill Baer \\& Christopher Vane \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller and Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer\n \\|WrittenBy\\_5 \\= Donald Ross\n \\|WrittenBy\\_6 \\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer and Jill Baer \\& Christopher Vane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1981\\|10\\|10}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=109",
"---",
"",
"### Season 6 (1982–83\\)",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - {{Episode table\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|background\\=\\#006400\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|overall\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|season\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|title\\=20\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|director\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|writer\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|airdate\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|episodes\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=138\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---",
"### Season 7 (1983–84\\)",
"* + {{Episode table\n\t\\|background\\=\\#500050\n\t\\|overall\\=2\n\t\\|season\\=2\n\t\\|title\\=20\n\t\\|director\\=19\n\t\\|writer\\=19\n\t\\|airdate\\=10\n\t\\|episodes\\=\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Pledge\n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= East Meets West \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Dear Roberta \n\t \\|Title\\_4\\= My Two Dumplings\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= \\[\\[Robert Scheerer]]\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Lan O'Kun \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Christopher Vane \\& Jill Baer\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Lawrence Levy \\& Robert Spears\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|1}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=167\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t168\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t2\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman suffering from end stage \\[\\[heart failure]] and a man wanted in the U.S. for killing a drug dealer to protect his students begin a romance. The police detective who has been tracking him is coincidentally vacationing on the ship. Doc falls for a woman who spurns Western medicine because her mother had died during a routine operation. A man who writes the \\[\\[advice column]] \"Dear Roberta\" meets a woman who blames the column for her divorce. A friend of Gopher who is dating two women is on board to decide which one he truly loves, unaware that both women are also on the cruise. Location filming in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Beijing.\n\t\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Ursula Andress]] as Carole, \\[\\[Susan Anton]] as Leslie, \\[\\[Michael Constantine]] as Charlie, \\[\\[Linda Evans]] as Barbara, \\[\\[John Forsythe]] as Burt, \\[\\[Lee Horsley]] as Greg, \\[\\[Pat Klous]] as Laurie, \\[\\[Lee Majors]] as Robert, \\[\\[Erin Moran]] as Joanne \n\t\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Bricker's Boy \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Lotions of Love \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Hustlers\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Jerome Courtland\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Bernie Kopell \\& Fred Grandy}}\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lloyd Turner \\& Howard Liebling\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|1\\= John Whelpley\\|t\\= Tony Webster}}\n\t\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|8}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=169\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A young man claims that he is Doc's son; an ad executive collaborates on a campaign with the daughter of his latest client; a professional escort of an older woman falls for another younger woman.\n\t\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Chuck Connors]] as Roy, \\[\\[Lydia Cornell]] as Sandy, \\[\\[Constance Forslund]] as Fran, \\[\\[Brodie Greer]] as Andy O'Neal, \\[\\[Evelyn Keyes]] as Mrs. Parker, \\[\\[Ted McGinley]] as Gary Thomas, \\[\\[Vera Miles]] as Arlene Kemper, \\[\\[Timothy Patrick Murphy]] as David\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Youth Takes a Holiday \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Don't Leave Home Without It \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Prisoner of Love\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Robert Scheerer\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= David Ketchum \\& Tony DiMarco\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Richard A. Goldman\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Donald Ross\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|15}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=170\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= An Army captain sets her sights on Gopher; a married couple meets up with two swingers.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Gloria DeHaven]], \\[\\[Jamie Farr]], \\[\\[Beth Howland]], \\[\\[Heather Locklear]], \\[\\[Louis Nye]], \\[\\[Charlotte Rae]], \\[\\[Glenn Scarpelli]], \\[\\[Cornel Wilde]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Rhino of the Year \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= One Last Time \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= For Love or Money\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Don Weis\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|22}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=171\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A divorcing couple decides they'll go another round before the final papers come; a do\\-gooder hires a sex therapist to help an impotent friend.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Mike Douglas]], \\[\\[Paul Kreppel]], \\[\\[Kevin McCarthy (actor)\\|Kevin McCarthy]], \\[\\[Donna Pescow]], \\[\\[Paul Sand]], \\[\\[Stella Stevens]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Friend of the Family \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Affair on Demand \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Just Another Pretty Face\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= \\[\\[Ted Lange]]\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Jerry Winnick \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ronnie Cass \\& Donald Ross\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Joan Brooker \\& Alexandra Stoddart\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|29}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=172\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A man cons his wife into insisting he has an affair; a man orders an end to the romance between his daughter and his best friend. \n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Cathryn Damon]], \\[\\[Florence Henderson]], \\[\\[Gordon Jump]], \\[\\[Kim Lankford]], \\[\\[Robert Reed]], \\[\\[Deborah Shelton]], \\[\\[Clint Walker]]\n\tNote: Florence Henderson and Robert Reed both starred on \\[\\[The Brady Bunch]] on \\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC]], from 1969 to 1974\\.\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\= When Worlds Collide\n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Captain and the Geisha \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Lottery Winners \n\t \\|Title\\_4\\= The Emperor's Fortune\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Jerome Courtland\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|5}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=173\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t174\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t8\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= On a Japanese junket, a teacher impersonates a geisha to stay near the Captain; lottery winners carry their rags\\-to\\-riches routine to comic heights; a girl and her mother fall in love with two strangers.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Tony Danza]] as Bud O'Hara, \\[\\[Mariette Hartley]] as Martha Chambers, \\[\\[Ted Knight]] as Barney Gordon, \\[\\[Harvey Korman]] as Harvey Willis, \\[\\[Jean Marsh]] as Celia Hoffman, \\[\\[Rita Moreno]] as Gladys Gordon, \\[\\[Nancy Morgan]] as Joanie Hoffman, \\[\\[John Ritter]] as Ben Cummins, \\[\\[James Shigeta]] as Bud's Father, and \\[\\[Heather Thomas]] as Lila Pearsall\n\t\\*Nancy Morgan and John Ritter were married during filming.\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Long Time No See \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Bear Essence \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Kisses and Makeup\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Don Weis\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Richard A. Goldman \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Mike Marmer \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer \\|t\\= Hollace White \\& Stephanie Garman}}\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|12}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=175\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A carnival owner gets mixed messages from a woman; a comedy duo falls for the same woman.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Crystal Bernard]], \\[\\[Dean Butler (actor)\\|Dean Butler]], \\[\\[Howard Keel]], \\[\\[Michael Lembeck]], \\[\\[Christopher Mayer (American actor)\\|Christopher Mayer]], \\[\\[Randi Oakes]], \\[\\[Jan Smithers]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Julie and the Bachelor \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Set\\-up for Romance \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Intensive Care\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= \\[\\[Richard Kinon]]\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= David Ketchum \\& Tony DiMarco\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Lloyd Turner \\& Howard Liebling\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jim Rogers \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|19}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=176\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= An executive is entangled in an affair between his co\\-worker and their boss; Doc and Gopher are smitten by a pretty nurse but her invalid charge interferes.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Tom Bosley]], Patricia Carr, \\[\\[Bradford Dillman]], \\[\\[Penny Fuller]], \\[\\[Mark Harmon]], \\[\\[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)\\|Engelbert Humperdinck]], \\[\\[Cristina Raines]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=177\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The World's Greatest Kisser \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Don't Take My Wife, Please \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Reluctant Father\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Ted Lange\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Buddy Atkinson\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Richard A. Goldman\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Martin Donovan\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|26}}\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A jilted fiancé hires a Mata Hari to find the crew member that ruined his wedding plans; a junior executive suffers in silence while his boss lusts after his bride.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Kirstie Alley]], \\[\\[Danielle Brisebois]], \\[\\[William Christopher]], \\[\\[David Doyle (actor)\\|David Doyle]], \\[\\[Dan Haggerty]], Cindy Hayes, \\[\\[Elaine Joyce]], \\[\\[Parker Stevenson]]\n\t\\*Kirstie Alley and Parker Stevenson were dating during the filming of this episode and married in December after the episode aired.\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Dee Dee's Dilemma \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Julie's Blind Date \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Prize Winner\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jill Baer \\& Christopher Vane\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|3}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=178\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A woman (\\[\\[Markie Post]]), who is being sought by a private detective (\\[\\[Don Gordon (actor)\\|Don Gordon]]) to testify in a messy divorce case, sneaks on board disguised as a young girl. With and without her disguise, she finds herself being pursued by a father (\\[\\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\\|Geoffrey Scott]]) and his son (\\[\\[Clark Brandon]]), respectively. A guy (\\[\\[Walter Olkewicz]]) whom Julie (Lauren Tewes) was set up with is not exactly her type; but before she could dump him, he dumps her, and this bruises her ego. An author (\\[\\[Tom Poston]]) who recently won a literary prize, comes on board with his wife (\\[\\[Abby Dalton]]) and his assistant (\\[\\[Leslie Easterbrook]]). The assistant knows that the book he wrote was not entirely written by him and is using this knowledge to blackmail him into having an affair with her.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Clark Brandon]] as Jerry Howard, \\[\\[Abby Dalton]] as Ellen Baker, \\[\\[Leslie Easterbrook]] as Wendy, \\[\\[Don Gordon (actor)\\|Don Gordon]] as Frank Fenimore, \\[\\[Walter Olkewicz]] as Leonard Gluck, \\[\\[Markie Post]] as Doris Holden / Dee Dee, \\[\\[Tom Poston]] as Daniel Baker, and \\[\\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\\|Geoffrey Scott]] as Phil Howard.\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Misunderstanding \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Love Below Decks \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The End Is Near\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Robert Scheerer\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael Grace \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= McLean Stevenson \\& Mike Marmer}}\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|1\\= Rick Shaw \\& Brian Pollock \\|t\\= Mike Marmer}}\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|10}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=179\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= \n\t\n\tA retired actress (\\[\\[Claire Trevor]]) seeks help from her son\\-in\\-law (\\[\\[Jim Houghton\\|James Houghton]]) in effecting a reconciliation with her daughter (\\[\\[Morgan Brittany]]); a widowed passenger (\\[\\[Arlene Dahl]]) has a shipboard romance with the ship's engineer (\\[\\[Vic Tayback]]); two newlyweds (\\[\\[Delta Burke]] and \\[\\[Lou Richards]]) cause havoc as the husband is convinced the world is coming to an end.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Morgan Brittany]], \\[\\[Delta Burke]], \\[\\[Arlene Dahl]], \\[\\[Jim Houghton\\|James Houghton]], \\[\\[Lou Richards (actor)\\|Lou Richards]], \\[\\[Vic Tayback]], \\[\\[Claire Trevor]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Last Case \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Looking for Mr. Wilson \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Love on Strike\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard A. Wells\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= David Abrams\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Shea E. Butler\\|t\\= Mike Marmer}}\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= {{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Ben Joelson \\& Art Baer\\|t\\= Richard Albrecht \\& Casey Keller}}\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|17}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=180\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A detective traveling with his secretary investigates the case of a vanished passenger; an engaged couple is harassed by his jilted fiancée.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Claude Akins]], \\[\\[Didi Conn]], \\[\\[Tony Dow]], \\[\\[Grant Goodeve]], \\[\\[John Hillerman]], \\[\\[Allyn Ann McLerie]], \\[\\[Wendy Schaal]], Jeannie Wilson, \\[\\[R.J. Williams]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=How Do I Love Thee? \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= No More Alimony \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Authoress! Authoress!\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Kim Friedman\n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Mike Marmer \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Howard Albrecht \\& Sol Weinstein \n\t \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Tony Webster \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|7}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=181\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Captain Stubing reunites with an old friend (\\[\\[Rue McClanahan]]) but when she shows up for a cruise breakfast with bruises, he suspects her salesman husband (\\[\\[Dick Van Patten]]) is abusing her; a man named Alan Price (\\[\\[Alan Thicke]]) tries to rush his ex\\-wife Sheila (\\[\\[Michelle Phillips]]) into marrying her new fiance Lou (\\[\\[Fred Willard]]) so he will no longer have to pay alimony; Aunt Sylvia (\\[\\[Carol Channing]]) and her friend Betsy (\\[\\[Betty White]]) try to persuade a famous publisher (\\[\\[Cesar Romero]]) to print Betsy's memoirs.\n\t\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Carol Channing]] as Aunt Sylvia Duvall, \\[\\[Rue McClanahan]] as Laura Thornton Hayes, \\[\\[Michelle Phillips]] as Sheila Price, \\[\\[Cesar Romero]] as John Drake, \\[\\[Alan Thicke]] as Alan Price, \\[\\[Dick Van Patten]] as George Hayes, \\[\\[Betty White]] as Betsy Boucher, and \\[\\[Fred Willard]] as Lou.\n\t\n\tAlso Starring: Christie Claridge as Cindy\n\tNote: Betty White and Rue McClanahan both appeared on \\[\\[Mama's Family]] in 1983\\-84\\. They would later star on \\[\\[The Golden Girls]] on \\[\\[National Broadcasting Company\\| NBC]] from 1985 to 1992, and on its spinoff show, \\[\\[The Golden Palace]] on \\[\\[Columbia Broadcasting System\\| CBS]] in 1992\\. \n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=For Better or Worse \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= The Buck Stops Here \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Bet on It\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|14}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=182\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A gambling cruise for charity proves a chancy thing for a teacher (\\[\\[McLean Stevenson]]), two honeymooners (\\[\\[Leah Ayres]] and \\[\\[Shea Farrell]]), and the charity drive chairwoman (\\[\\[Celeste Holm]]).\n\t\n\t''Guest Stars'': \\[\\[Leah Ayres]] as Nancy Sidon, \\[\\[Shea Farrell]] as Stewart Sidon, \\[\\[Celeste Holm]] as Florence Flanders, \\[\\[Richard Jaeckel]] as Frank Bannon, \\[\\[Jo Ann Pflug]] as Sally, and \\[\\[McLean Stevenson]] as Michael Borden.\n\t\n\tOther Guests: \\[\\[Antony Ponzini]] as Al Dixon, \\[\\[Gil Mandelik]] as Croupier, and \\[\\[Sam Nickens]] as Ship Passenger (uncredited).\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Aunt Emma, I Love You \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Hoopla \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The First Romance\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Don Weis\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|21}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=183\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Bound for an exhibition game, the Harlem Globetrotters become wary of their promoter; a painting ruins a second honeymoon.\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Sid Caesar]], \\[\\[Bert Convy]], Irena Ferris, Darrow Igus, \\[\\[Rose Marie]], \\[\\[Philip McKeon]], Jimmy Blacklock, Lou Dunbar, Billy Ray Hobley, \\[\\[Curly Neal]], \\[\\[Gator Rivers]], and the \\[\\[Harlem Globetrotters]] (\"Hoopla\")\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Ace in the Hole \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Uncle Joey's Song \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Father in the Cradle\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|28}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=184\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n\t\\|ShortSummary\\= A photographer (\\[\\[Ted McGinley]]) joins the crew and when all the girls — especially two sisters (\\[\\[Julie Ronnie]] and \\[\\[K.C. Winkler]]) who Doc and Gopher are interested in — throw themselves at him, it makes the guys unhappy. The retired host of a children's show, “Uncle Joey” (\\[\\[Barnard Hughes]]), comes aboard and tries to help a traumatized boy (\\[\\[David Faustino]]), whose father died recently. A guy (\\[\\[Michael Spound]]) comes aboard to meet his mother (\\[\\[Lee Meriwether]]), who just got married but is not happy that the guy (\\[\\[Dean Paul Martin]]) she married is almost his age.\n\t\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Barnard Hughes]] as Joseph Stobble, \\[\\[Dean Paul Martin]] as Brad Elliott, \\[\\[Ted McGinley]] as Ashley 'Ace' Covington Evans, \\[\\[Lee Meriwether]] as Jessica Chapman\\-Elliott, \\[\\[Michael Spound]] as Larry Chapman, and \\[\\[Carlene Watkins]] as Mrs. Susan Russell.\n\t\n\tOther Guests: \\[\\[David Faustino]] as Scott Russell, \\[\\[Julie Ronnie]] as Jeannie Colby, \\[\\[K.C. Winkler]] as Caroline Colby, and \\[\\[David Armstrong (actor)\\|David Armstrong]] as Passenger (uncredited).\n\t\n\tNote: \\[\\[Ted McGinley]] is listed as a Guest Star in the opening credits, and introduced in the opening scene as the new ship’s photographer, and a longtime family friend to Gopher. In the final scene, Ace explains to the Captain that he will be taking full\\-time photography classes and be back in three weeks.\n\t\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 5\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Polly's Poker Palace\n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Shop Ahoy\n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Double Date \n\t \\|Title\\_4\\= The Hong Kong Affair \n\t \\|Title\\_5\\= Two Tails of a City\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|4}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=185\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t186\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t20\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= On a Hong Kong cruise: a Senator romances a woman until he learns the nature of her visit; two brothers date Julie and Vicki; a woman passenger is a shopaholic; a retired spy is on vacation and romances a woman passenger.\n\t\n\t''Guest stars'': \\[\\[Herb Edelman]] as Robert Savage, \\[\\[Noel Harrison]] as Trevor Staines, \\[\\[Pamela Hensley]] as Kathy James, \\[\\[Gene Kelly]] as Charles Dane, Lee Majors II as Jimmy Adams, \\[\\[Frank Maxwell]] as Colonel Charles Holmsey, \\[\\[Leigh McCloskey]] as Peter Adams, \\[\\[Yvette Mimieux]] as Leni Martek, \\[\\[Ben Murphy]] as Matthew Saver, \\[\\[Donna Reed]] as Polly Sullivan, \\[\\[Brenda Vaccaro]] as Eleanor Savage, and \\[\\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] as Senator Dan Whitman\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Ace's Valet \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Mother Comes First \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Hit or Miss America\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= \n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|25}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=187\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\=Ace's parents send the family valet, Ernest Finley (Jeremy Brett), to be his valet on the ship, but Ace is afraid that Finley will embarrass him in front of the other crew members. Mrs. Rhodes (Marian Mercer) is afraid of growing old, so her daughter Jenny (Audrey Landers) tries to fix her up with eligible men, by recruiting Gopher to pose as an Eastern Indian named Punjab Singh. Isaac's high school friend, Cassie (Gloria Gifford), wants him to be her date for their upcoming reunion, but he only has eyes for Vanessa Williams, who is one of four Miss Americas on board. And Vanessa has an admirer of her own, Tyrone (Glynn Turman).\n\t\n\tMiss America (Vanessa Williams) dazzles Isaac; A woman (Audrey Landers) seeks a date for her mother; A butler complicates Ace's job.\n\t\n\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Jeremy Brett]] as Ernest Finley, \\[\\[Audrey Landers]] Jenny Rhodes, \\[\\[Ted McGinley]] as Ashley 'Ace' Covington Evans, \\[\\[Marian Mercer]] as Mrs. Rhodes, \\[\\[Glynn Turman]] as Tyrone, and \\[\\[Vanessa Williams]] as herself (as Miss America 1984\\).\n\t\n\t''Other Guests:'' Gloria Gifford as Cassie Jones, \\[\\[Jean Bartel]] as herself (as Miss America 1943\\), \\[\\[Marian McKnight]] as herself (as Miss America 1957\\), and \\[\\[Nancy Fleming]] as herself (as Miss America 1961\\).\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Lady and the Maid \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Love Is Blind \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Babymakers\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|3}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=188\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\=A ship's maid (\\[\\[Luise Rainer]]) has resented her twin sister for decades; Barry (\\[\\[Kin Shriner]]) and Sheila (\\[\\[Jenilee Harrison]]) take a scientific approach to conception; Isaac and blind Darnell (\\[\\[LaVar Burton]]) compete for Terry Cook (\\[\\[Shari Belafonte]]).\n\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Don Ameche]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Side by Side \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= A Fish Out of Water \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Rub Me Tender\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= Mike Marmer\n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|10}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=189\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=23\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A teenage boy (\\[\\[Ross Harris (actor)]]) is preoccupied with his Grandma's (\\[\\[Glynis Johns]]) health. An awkward man (\\[\\[Ed Begley Jr.]]) meets an unusual woman (\\[\\[Mary Crosby]]) while snooping. Gopher hires a woman (\\[\\[Mandy Perryment]]) as a masseuse but doesn't have time to tell Merrill, who falls for her.\n\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Nita Talbot]], \\[\\[Leigh Lombardi]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=A Rose Is Not a Rose \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Novelties \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Too Rich and Too Thin\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= \n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|17}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=190\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A man impersonating a female singer gets double trouble when a passenger falls for the singer and Julie falls for him; a novelty salesman has difficulty separating business from pleasure.\n\t\n\t''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Don Adams]], \\[\\[Jaime Lyn Bauer]], \\[\\[Arte Johnson]], \\[\\[Rich Little]], and \\[\\[Audrey Meadows]].\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 5\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Dreamboat\n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Gopher, Isaac \\& the Starlet\n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= The Parents \n\t \\|Title\\_4\\= The Importance of Being Johnny \n\t \\|Title\\_5\\= Julie and the Producer\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Robert Scheerer\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|5\\|5}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=191\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t192\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n\t\n\t---\n\t\n\t26\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= A Hollywood movie company is filming a musical called Dream Boat on board the ship with plans to use both crew and passengers as extras. Starlet Shelley Rush (\\[\\[Melba Moore]]) desperately wants to audition for the production crew but can't seem to get their attention. Merrill falls for faded star Angela Lovett (\\[\\[Alexis Smith]]), while Vicki is enamored of Johnny Lovett (\\[\\[Jimmy Osmond]]), a rock star who has never acted before, is very apprehensive about his debut, and takes it out on Vicki by being rude to her. Producer Marty Chenault (\\[\\[Dean Jones (actor)\\|Dean Jones]]) is the older brother of Jack Chenault, whom Julie almost married once.\n\t\n\t''Also guest starring'': \\[\\[Ben Vereen]], \\[\\[David L. Lander]], \\[\\[Juliet Prowse]]\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t{{Episode list\n\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Best Ex\\-Friends \n\t \\|Title\\_2\\= All the Congressman's Women \n\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Three Faces of Love\n\t \\|DirectedBy \\= Ted Lange\n\t \\|WrittenBy \\= \n\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|5\\|12}}\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=193\n\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=27\n\t \\|ShortSummary\\= Isaac is taken with the new barmaid (\\[\\[Eugenia Wright]]), but it gets complicated when Gopher tells him to fire her. A movie makeup man (\\[\\[Sal Viscuso]]) tests his fiancée's (\\[\\[Heidi Bohay]]) fidelity. Meanwhile, a congressman (\\[\\[Sam Groom]]) brings his daughter (\\[\\[Tori Spelling]]) aboard the Pacific Princess after receiving letters threatening her young life, which comes between him and his fiancée (\\[\\[Phyllis Davis]]).\n\t\n\tGuest Stars: (\\[\\[Heidi Bohay]]) as Suzy Rand, (\\[\\[Phyllis Davis]]) as Gayle Ludwig, (\\[\\[Sam Groom]]) as Congressman Blake Gibson, (\\[\\[Tori Spelling]]) as Penny Gibson, (\\[\\[Sal Viscuso]]) as Wendell Shamer, and (\\[\\[Eugenia Wright]]) as Tina Burrell.\n\t\n\tOther Guests: (\\[\\[Fred Leaf]]) as Burt Reynolds look\\-alike.\n\t\n\tNote: This was the final appearance of (\\[\\[Lauren Tewes]]), as she was fired before filming commenced for Season 8\\.\n\t\n\t \\|LineColor\\=500050\n\t}}\n\t}}",
"### Season 8 (1984–85\\)",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{Episode table\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|background\\=\\#B11030\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|overall\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|season\\=2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|title\\=20\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|director\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|writer\\=19\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|airdate\\=10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\|episodes\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=The Crew's Cruise Director \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= What a Drag \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Doc's Slump (Alaska Cruise)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|9\\|22}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=194\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|ShortSummary\\= The crew is working a special Alaskan cruise:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* All the passengers are women who are vying for a date with \\[\\[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)\\|Engelbert Humperdinck]]. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Because Julie has married, the crew has a new cruise director, the terrorizing Bernice (\\[\\[Diane Ladd]]). Meanwhile, Julie's recently divorced sister Judy (\\[\\[Pat Klous]]) is aboard. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Harry (\\[\\[Bert Convy]]) fears he's inadequate for wife Jane (\\[\\[Patty Duke]]), the cruise's organizer. He and his friend Ralph (\\[\\[Arte Johnson]]) pose as women to follow Jane. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Doc's romance with Emily (\\[\\[Michelle Phillips]]) crumbles.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Also Guest Starring'': \\[\\[Lydia Cornell]] as Bonnie, \\[\\[Rebecca Holden]] as Diane, \\[\\[Selma Archerd]] as Mrs. Carter, \\[\\[Anulka Dziubinska]] as Ginger, and Linda Stayer as Angie.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t''Notes'': This is a 90\\-minute episode. Patty Duke is credited as Patty Duke Astin. Pat Klous is credited as Patricia Klous. Julie (\\[\\[Lauren Tewes]]) does not appear in this episode. Klous joins the cast, as does \\[\\[Ted McGinley]] as \"Your Ship's Photographer,\" Ashley \"Ace\" Covington Evans.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|LineColor\\=B11030\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{Episode list\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|NumParts\\= 4\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_1\\=Vicki and the Fugitive \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_2\\= Lady in the Window \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_3\\= Stolen Years \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|Title\\_4\\= Dutch Treat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|DirectedBy \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|WrittenBy \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|9\\|29}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \\|EpisodeNumber\\=195\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t---",
"### Season 9 (1985–86\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#FFA500\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts \\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1 \\= A Day in Port\n \\|Title\\_2 \\= The Villa\n \\|Title\\_3 \\= The Racer's Edge\n \\|Title\\_4 \\= Love or Money\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Kim Friedman\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Paula A. Roth\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Michael L. Grace \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jill Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Mike Marmer \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|9\\|28}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=221\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ShortSummary\\= The ship gets a makeover and gains new dancers. Isaac gets a surprising visit from a former girlfriend who wants to renew with him. Introducing the Love Boat Mermaids. Their choreographer is Phylicia Ayers\\-Allen (a.k.a. \\[\\[Phylicia Rashad]]).",
"The Mermaids' choreographer charms Isaac; Gopher plays mediator; Doc looks after Gopher's girlfriend; Judy falls for a mysterious man.",
"The Love Boat Mermaids include: \\[\\[Debbie Bartlett]] as Susie – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Deborah Bartlett); \\[\\[Tori Brenno]] as Maria – Love Boat Mermaid; \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Lynn Hammond); \\[\\[Teri Hatcher]] as Amy – Love Boat Mermaid; \\[\\[Debra Johnson]] as Patti – Love Boat Mermaid; Macarena as Sheila – Love Boat Mermaid; \\[\\[Andrea Moenas]] as Starlight – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Andrea Moen); and \\[\\[Beth Myatt]] as Mary Beth – Love Boat Mermaid.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Phylicia Rashad]] as Lonette Becker (credited as Phylicia Ayers Allen), \\[\\[Conrad Bain]] as Charles Custers, \\[\\[Diane Ladd]] as Christa Johanson, \\[\\[John Ratzenberger]] as Marty Elder, \\[\\[Gordon Thomson (actor)\\|Gordon Thomson]] as Nick Durrell, \\[\\[Ava Cadell]] as Dee Dee Winters (listed in final credits as Didi Winters), and \\[\\[Steven M. Gagnon]] as Paul (credited as Steve Gagnon).",
"Note: This episode introduced the Love Boat Mermaids; it also included a newer version of the introductory credits and the title theme song was now sung by \\[\\[Dionne Warwick]].\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Your Money or Your Wife \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Joint Custody \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Temptations\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|5}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=222\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Vicki is thrilled to let everyone know that she got the famous band the Temptations to perform during the cruise. A couple fights each other to gain custody of their son.",
"The Temptations board with their manager; a loan shark (Vic Tayback) bargains for a date; the captain becomes involved in a kidnapping.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Franklin Cover]] as Marvin Brown, \\[\\[Penny Fuller]] as Catherine Gerra, \\[\\[Charlotte Rae]] as Milly Brown, \\[\\[Robert Reed]] as Carl Gerra, \\[\\[Michael Spound]] as Ted Belmond, \\[\\[Connie Stevens]] as Heidi Lester, \\[\\[Robert Jayne]] as Brian Gerard (credited as Bobby Jacoby), and \\[\\[Vic Tayback]] as Jack Hamilton.",
"\\[\\[The Temptations]] as Themselves – Musical Guests: \\[\\[Melvin Franklin]] as himself (as the Temptations), \\[\\[Richard Street]] as himself (as the Temptations), \\[\\[Ron Tyson]] as himself (as the Temptations), \\[\\[Otis Williams]] as himself (as the Temptations), and \\[\\[Ali\\-Ollie Woodson]] as himself (as the Temptations).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Hidden Treasure \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Picture from the Past \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Ace's Salary\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|12}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=223\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A couple is looking for a rare stamp hidden somewhere on the boat. Ace and the crew campaign for a salary raise. A woman avoids Andy Warhol, wanting to forget the time she was in one of his movies.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Milton Berle]] as Lionel Cooper, \\[\\[Tom Bosley]] as George Hammond, \\[\\[Peter Duchin]] as Peter Duchin, \\[\\[Andy Griffith]] as Larry Cooper, \\[\\[Cloris Leachman]] as Karen Cooper, \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Mary Hammond, \\[\\[Raymond St. Jacques]] as Ramon, and \\[\\[Andy Warhol]] as Andy Warhol.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Lisa Dean Ryan]] as Spock and \\[\\[Vera Perez]] as B.F.D.\n\\[\\[Marion Ross]] and \\[\\[Tom Bosley]] played husband and wife on the hit ABC show \\[\\[Happy Days]]",
"In 1997, \\[\\[TV Guide]] ranked this episode \\#82 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.{{cite journal \\|year\\=1997 \\|title\\=Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time \\|journal\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]] \\|issue\\=June 28 – July 4 }}\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1\\= German Cruise: The Villa \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Racer's Edge \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Love or Money \n \\|Title\\_4\\= The Accident\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael L. Grace \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jill Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Mike Marmer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Art Baer \\& Ben Joelson\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|2}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=224",
"---",
"225\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4",
"---",
"5\n \\|ShortSummary\\=German Cruise: Part 1 of 2\\. The crew is now in Germany and among the passengers is a woman (Alexis Smith), whose family estate was taken by a nemesis (Craig Stevens), who runs into an old flame (Mel Ferrer). Doc meets a woman (Susan Blakely), who's traveling with her brother (Ken Olandt), who doesn't warm up to Doc. Later, while they're out, Doc hits a man (Olandt) who appears to be seriously injured. Two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers), are looking to score a rich guy but, when one of them is attracted to Ace, the other tries to sabotage the relationship. And a biker (Jack Coleman), who just got married (Lisa Whelchel) and is retiring from competition, is being courted by his coach (Harry Morgan), who says he wants him to enter one last race so that the coach can get the job he's trying to get. On the Rivera: a former bike\\-racing coach (Harry Morgan) tries to lure a newlywed champion (Jack Coleman) out of retirement; a woman (Alexis Smith) wants to visit the family villa before it's sold; Doc feels bad about a young man (Ken Olandt)'s death; two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers) try to attract wealthy men.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Susan Blakely]] as Nicole Phillips, \\[\\[Jack Coleman (actor)\\|Jack Coleman]] as Scott Barrett, \\[\\[Mel Ferrer]] as Jack Powers, \\[\\[Audrey Landers]] as Brenda Adams\\-Rosenberg, \\[\\[Judy Landers]] as Edie Adams\\-Rosenberg, \\[\\[Harry Morgan]] as Charly Fields, \\[\\[Ken Olandt]] as Don Phillips, \\[\\[Alexis Smith]] as Justina Downey, \\[\\[Craig Stevens (actor)\\|Craig Stevens]] as Viktor Lukas, and \\[\\[Lisa Whelchel]] as Kelly Barrett.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Patti MacLeod]] as Society Matron (credit only), \\[\\[Richard Wren]] as Carl Mueller, \\[\\[William Jackson (actor)\\|William Jackson]] as Alexander Dietrich (credited as William B. Jackson), \\[\\[Peter Kelly (actor)\\|Peter Kelly]] as Marcel Villemin, \\[\\[Barbara Ward]] as Gina, \\[\\[Charles Howard (actor)\\|Charles Howard]] as man at Bar, \\[\\[Sisse Hasbo]] as Sophia, \\[\\[Ulrich Matschoss]] as Anton, and \\[\\[Gil Mandelik]] as Croupier (credit only).",
"Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=Forties Fantasy\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|16}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=226\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher envisions the liner as a World War II troop ship en route to France.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Charo]] as Lupe Zapata De Vega Valdez, \\[\\[Nathan Cook (actor)\\|Nathan Cook]] as Carl Tysdell, \\[\\[Leigh McCloskey]] as Charles \"Chip\" Reynolds, \\[\\[Stephanie Mills]] as Tara, and \\[\\[Erin Moran]] as Janet Reynolds.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[John Zarchen]] as Martin and \\[\\[Michael Pniewski]] as Stefanowicz.",
"\\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Good Time Girls \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Iron Man \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Soap War\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|23}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=227\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Three college girls (Carrell Myers, Toni Hudson, and Christie Claridge) are mistaken for prostitutes; fitness expert and health book author Andy (Charles Frank) suffers fainting spells during triathlon training and Doc tells him he has diabetes; Judy (Pat Klous) soap opera star aunt Sylvia's (Carol Channing) jealous friend Betsy (Betty White) auditions for a new part on their soap opera with Sylvia's lecherous co\\-star Roger (Louis Nye).",
"Judy's soap\\-star aunt boards; a health\\-book author finds out what ails him; three women court Ace.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Carol Channing]] as Sylvia Bennett, \\[\\[Charles Frank]] as Andy Singer, \\[\\[Belinda Montgomery]] as Valerie Singer, \\[\\[Louis Nye]] as Roger Garrett, and \\[\\[Betty White]] as Betsy Boucher.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Carrell Myers]] as Denise, \\[\\[Toni Hudson]] as Rita, Christie Claridge as Sherry, \\[\\[Don Bovingloh]] as Howard, \\[\\[Joe Renteria]] as Ramon, \\[\\[Rose Parrah]] as Chi Chi, and \\[\\[Anthony Barton (actor)\\|Anthony Barton]] as Dean.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Trouble in Paradise \n \\|Title\\_2\\= No More Mister Nice Guy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Mermaid and the Cop\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|30}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=228\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Julie McCoy asks Gopher for advice when her marriage starts to fall apart. Amy (\\[\\[Teri Hatcher]]), one of the Mermaid dancers, believes she was involved in a crime and is afraid that a Las Vegas cop who is being friendly to her might recognize her. Ace is forced to fire two employees.",
"Julie McCoy Chenault (Lauren Tewes) comes back; Ace must prove himself by firing two employees; A police detective woos mermaid Amy.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Pamela Brull]] as Linda Hershel, \\[\\[Richard Hatch (actor)\\|Richard Hatch]] as Ryan Curly, \\[\\[Lauren Tewes]] as Julie McCoy Chenault, and \\[\\[David Wayne]] as Max Marshall.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Roommates \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Heartbreaker \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Out of the Blue\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|7}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=229\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|ShortSummary\\=New roommates Vicki and Judy have to deal with their opposite habits. A multimillionaire makes everyone's dreams come true. A rich man promises to make wishes come true; Vicki and Judy become roommates; A pro golfer learns the truth about the woman he loves.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Diana Canova]] as Christine Bradley, \\[\\[Jeff Conaway]] as Randy Jackson, \\[\\[Sandy Dennis]] as Gina Caldwell, and \\[\\[Harvey Korman]] as Cabot Fairfield.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Toni Lamond]] as Mrs. Burton and \\[\\[Warren Munson]] as Edgar Fairchild.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Father of the Bride \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Best Man \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Members of the Wedding\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|11}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=230\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Love is in the air with a wedding on board. Ace is attracted by the bride that ran away, and the groom is getting closer to her sister. Passengers involved in a shipboard wedding include the nearly bankrupt father of the bride, the best man, and a wedding party\\-crasher.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Lydia Cornell]] as Jackie Ryan Proctor, \\[\\[Fannie Flagg]] as Laurie Ryan, \\[\\[Robert Mandan]] as Ernie Ryan, \\[\\[Denver Pyle]] as Eric Springer, and \\[\\[Morgan Stevens]] as Kurt Duncan.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[John Scott Clough]] as Matthew Springer (listed as Matt Springer), \\[\\[Elaine Wilkes]] as Lori Ryan, \\[\\[Archie Hahn (actor)\\|Archie Hahn]] as Eldon Lundy, \\[\\[Lou Richards (actor)\\|Lou Richards]] as Andrew Proctor (listed as Doctor Proctor), and \\[\\[Danny Goldman]] as George Thurlow.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Dare Devil \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Picture Me as a Spy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Sleeper\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|18}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=231\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Ace's cabin has been searched and he suspects spy teamwork. Doc's new patient is sleepwalking. A woman is scared by her boyfriend's risky stunts. Ace photographs a spy and his daughter; A girl challenges a daredevil (Peter Scolari); Doc helps a senator (Alan Thicke) and his wife.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Courteney Cox]] as Carol, \\[\\[Herb Edelman]] as Dr. Ivan Petrovska (credited as Herbert Edelman), \\[\\[Peter Scolari]] as Frank Hobbs, \\[\\[Shelley Smith (actress)\\|Shelley Smith]] as Phyllis Townsend, \\[\\[Alan Thicke]] as Senator Bob Townsend, and \\[\\[Kristina Wayborn]] as Anna Petrovska.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Yakov Smirnoff]] as Dmitri Kostov.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Hippies and Yuppies \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Frat Wars \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Return of the Lambdas\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|25}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=232\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|ShortSummary\\=When a fraternity has the turnover of one of their relics from one chapter to another, the chapter receiving the relic feels the chapter currently in possession of it is not worthy to be part of the fraternity, so the recipient chapter leader (Tim Ryan) tries to make it appear that they violated several of the fraternity's laws so that they would be thrown out. He even sends a girl (Karen L. Scott) to seduce and distract the leader (Steven Eckholdt) of the other group, who seems to keep them in check. And two couples, who were also in the fraternity 20 years ago and were hippies then, meet and while one of them (Larry Wilcox and Carlene Watkins) is still hippie, the other one is now more yuppie (Melanie Chartoff and James Houghton), so they feel as if they don't have anything in common anymore.",
"Rival fraternities vie to impress the head of their national alumni association; Old college pals find they have different lifestyles.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Melanie Chartoff]] as Betty Bell, \\[\\[Jim Houghton\\|James Houghton]] as Buddy Bell, \\[\\[Gordon Jump]] as Grant Woodrow, \\[\\[Carlene Watkins]] as Rebecca Davis, and \\[\\[Larry Wilcox]] as Larry Davis.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Steven Eckholdt]] as Eric Matthews, \\[\\[Karen L. Scott]] as Connie Disch, \\[\\[Tim Ryan (actor born 1958\\)\\|Tim Ryan]] as Nolan Dickford (aka Timothy Ryan Meinelschmidt), \\[\\[Robbie Rist]] as Zit, \\[\\[Stephen Lee (actor)\\|Stephen Lee]] as Hockstein, \\[\\[Claud Mann]] as Carnegie, and \\[\\[Daniel Roebuck]] as S. C. U. Lambda.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Miss Mom \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Who's the Champ \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Gopher's Delusion\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|1}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=233\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Judy thinks a writer (Ben Murphy) of children's books is perfect for her picky cousin (Ellen Bry), who is also pregnant; A pro wrestler (Tim Rossovich) forbids his sister (Jennifer Holmes) to associate with his opponent (Bruce Jenner); Gopher is accidentally hypnotized and given a post\\-hypnotic suggestion that he's the captain.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Ellen Bry]] as Gretchen Sommers, \\[\\[Hulk Hogan]] as himself, \\[\\[Jennifer Holmes (actress)\\|Jennifer Holmes]] as Linda Sharkey, \\[\\[Caitlyn Jenner]] as Lover Boy Bob (credited as Bruce Jenner), \\[\\[Ben Murphy]] as Nathan Paul, and \\[\\[Tim Rossovich]] as Thomas \"The Mangler\" Sharkey.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Patrick Cronin (actor)\\|Patrick Cronin]] as Eddie Dumont, \\[\\[Neil Thompson]] as The Amazing Zimmerman, and Jim Holmes as Camera Man.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=Egyptian Cruise: Parts 1 \\& 2\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|8}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=234",
"---",
"235\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14",
"---",
"15\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Part 1 of 2\\. Cruising the Nile – the Captain and his friend's widow (Jean Stapleton) share memories; A producer (John Astin) wants a starlet (Deborah Adair) to play Cleopatra; A woman (Catherine Oxenberg) eyes the gold ankh that Doc was given at a bazaar; A busy man (James Sloyan) may lose his schoolteacher wife (Valerie Harper) to a former student.",
"On the Nile: Stubing meets a widow; Two agents want Doc's souvenir; A couple faces facts; A reporter upsets an actress.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Deborah Adair]] as Deborah Grant, \\[\\[John Astin]] as Michael Sawyer, \\[\\[Joseph Campanella]] as Nabil El Masri, \\[\\[Chad Everett]] as Wayne Richmond, \\[\\[Valerie Harper]] as Laurel Peters, \\[\\[Catherine Oxenberg]] as Carrie Barton, \\[\\[John Putch]] as Jason Matthews, \\[\\[Grant Show]] as Christopher Stuart, \\[\\[James Sloyan]] as Greg Peters and \\[\\[Jean Stapleton]] as Helen Branigan.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[René Assa]] as Ahmed and Ken Lewis as Steward.",
"Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Hello, Emily \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Tour Guide \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Winning Number\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|15}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=236\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A widow (Marion Ross) has her eyes on the Captain. A freshly appointed tour guide (Teri Copley) has to deal with a group of demanding senior citizens. A recent lottery winner (Noah Beery Jr.) becomes greedy.",
"A wealthy businesswoman (Marion Ross) flirts with Stubing; A tour guide loses her group; An $ 8 million lottery winner becomes a boor.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Noah Beery Jr.]] as Daryl Wilcox, \\[\\[Teri Copley]] as Donna Louise Bedford, \\[\\[Virginia Mayo]] as Virginia Wilcox, \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood and \\[\\[Barry Van Dyke]] as Brandon Cobb.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Martin Hewitt (actor)\\|Martin Hewitt]] as Kirby Haywood, \\[\\[Isabelle Walker]] as Karen Haywood, \\[\\[Iris Adrian]] as Emma Baxter, and \\[\\[Helen Kleeb]] as Mildred Wiley.",
"\\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Second Time Around \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Hello, Spencer \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Runaway, Go Home\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|22}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=237\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The Captain welcomes back a widow (Marion Ross), who has romantic plans for her new cruise. Larry Gatlin is trying to help a runaway (Quinn Cummings).",
"Stubing proposes to Emily (Marion Ross); A teenage stowaway who meets Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers; A phony agent who dupes a comedian.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Quinn Cummings]] as Anny, Larry Gatlin and The Gatlin Brothers as Themselves – Musical Guests (credited as The Gatlin Brothers), \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood, \\[\\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson, \\[\\[Larry Gatlin]] as himself, \\[\\[Steve Gatlin]] \\[\\[Rudy Gatlin]] as himself.",
"\\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Art Lover \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Couples \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Made for Each Other\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|1}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=238\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher is afraid of getting fired, after breaking a very valuable art piece. Newlyweds (Mary Cadorette and Dean Butler) realize that they have nothing in common besides sex. Gopher breaks a passenger's (Jose Ferrer) priceless statue; Judy is labeled a home\\-wrecker; Ace snaps a telling shot of two couples.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Dean Butler (actor)\\|Dean Butler]] as Brent Harper, \\[\\[Mary Cadorette]] as Darlene Harper, \\[\\[José Ferrer]] as Simon Beck, \\[\\[Caren Kaye]] as Paula Mercer, \\[\\[Vicki Lawrence]] as Betty Logan, \\[\\[David Spielberg]] as Marc Mercer, \\[\\[Alana Stewart]] as Miss Enty and \\[\\[Fred Willard]] as Nil Logan.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Bert Rosario]] as Julio.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Second Banana \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Prodigy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= What Goes Around Comes Around\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|8}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=239\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|ShortSummary\\=An artist (Donald O'Connor) and his orangutan give their last performance during the cruise. Doc falls for a radio psychologist; A gambler (Thomas Bray) risks love; A woman wants to retire her spouse's (Donald O'Connor) orangutan.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Thom Bray]] as Lowell Mandell, \\[\\[CJ the Orangutan]] as Tanny the Orangutan, \\[\\[Patti Davis]] as Brenda (credited as Patricia Davis), \\[\\[Gloria DeHaven]] as Mary Halbert, \\[\\[Nancy Dussault]] as Dr. Dorothee Davis, and \\[\\[Donald O'Connor]] as Leo Halbert.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Vincent Di Paolo]] as Passenger (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Gothic Romance \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Whatever Happened to Crazy Joe Flash? \n \\|Title\\_3\\= We'll Meet Again\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|15}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=240\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Searching for inspiration, a romance novelist (Morgan Brittany) fantasizes that Ace is courting her; A rock star (Joe Regalbuto) tries to act like a regular guy and finds romance with another passenger (Donna Pescow); A couple (Jayne Meadows and Bill Macy) who regularly take the cruise and have the same cabin, for ten years, are really married to other people and sneaking away for the cruise. A disguised rock star faces rejection; A novelist sees Ace as the hero of her next book; Two lovers celebrate their 10th anniversary.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Jayne Meadows]] as Janice (credited as Jayne Meadows Allen), \\[\\[Morgan Brittany]] as Katherine Wilde, \\[\\[Bill Macy]] as Myles, \\[\\[Donna Pescow]] as Joyce Anderson, \\[\\[Joe Regalbuto]] as Herb Hanson / Crazy Joe Flash, and \\[\\[Michael Young (actor)\\|Michael Young]] as Henry Gordon.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Will \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Deja Vu \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Prediction\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|22}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=241\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A millionaire is after a mysterious woman who turned out to be his wife. A psychic (Eva Gabor) makes a very scary prediction. A psychic predicts doom; A woman and an old beau are reunited by her dead husband's design; A man discovers that he was once married.\n''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Eva Gabor]] as Leila Kane, \\[\\[Mimi Kuzyk]] as Nancy Brown, \\[\\[Garrett Morris]] as Gary Samuels, \\[\\[Roxie Roker]] as Rhonda Whitney, and \\[\\[Patrick Wayne]] as Jim Stanton / Ed Brown.",
"Note: \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Spain Cruise: The Matadors \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Mrs. Jameson Comes Out \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Love's Labor Found \n \\|Title\\_4\\= Marry Me, Marry Me\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|3}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=242",
"---",
"243\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22",
"---",
"23\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Spain cruise: The grandson (Lorenzo Lamas) of a famous matador (Cesar Romero) wants to write rather than become a bullfighter; A woman (Sada Thompson), who spent 20 years in prison, hopes to be reunited with her daughter (Melissa Sue Anderson); A passenger (Adrian Zmed) is seeing both Judy and Vicki without their knowledge; Isaac helps a pregnant unmarried stowaway (Olivia Brown). A matador clashes with his grandson; A released convict seeks her daughter; Isaac finds a stowaway; A man woos two women.",
"Note: The crew is on vacation in Genoa, Italy, before returning to work and sailing on the Vistafjord around Spain and Portugal. Part 1 includes stops in Barcelona, Ibiza, and Malaga. Part 2 starts in Malaga and includes a stop in Lisbon.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Melissa Sue Anderson]] as Dana Colton, \\[\\[Olivia Brown]] as Lois Hendrix, \\[\\[Mary Crosby]] as Helen Elaine, \\[\\[Lorenzo Lamas]] as Antonio Belmonte, \\[\\[William R. Moses]] as Mark Davis, \\[\\[Cesar Romero]] as Carlos Belmonte, \\[\\[Sada Thompson]] as Laura Jameson, and \\[\\[Adrian Zmed]] as Eddy Conrad.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Mykelti Williamson]] as James Russell (credited as Mykel T. Williamson) (credit only), \\[\\[Robin Harlan]] as Beautiful Girl (credit only), \\[\\[Peter Forbes\\-Robertson]] as Doctor (credit only), \\[\\[Denise Gallup]] as Twin \\#1 (credit only), and \\[\\[Dian Gallup]] as Twin \\#2 (credit only). Note: These five Other Guests are credited in Part 1 and Part 2, but only appear in Part 2\\.",
"Note: \\[\\[Chiquito de la Calzada]] appeared as Musician (uncredited) in Part 1 only.",
"Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=My Stepmother, Myself \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Almost Roommates \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Cornerback Sneak\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|17}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=244\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Captain Stubing's happiness is darkened by Vicki's jealousy. The crew learns that they have to share their cabins. Stubing's pending marriage upsets Vicki; A veteran football player faces being cut; A cook (Michael Winslow) has two roommates.\n''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood, \\[\\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\\|Geoffrey Scott]] as John Jackson / John 'Hatchet Man' Hatcher, \\[\\[Trish Van Devere]] as Amanda Dailey (new owner of the San Jose Friars), \\[\\[Vanessa Williams]] as Pearl, and \\[\\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson (also introduced as Assistant Cruise Director by Gopher in beginning dialogue).",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Sam Scarber]] as Bubba Powell.",
"Note: \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Happily Ever After \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Have I Got a Job for You \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Mr. Smith Goes to Minikulu\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|24}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=245\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The Captain might reconsider his marriage to Emily (Marion Ross). Gopher has second thoughts about an offer to manage an island resort when Isaac leaves the project. Stubing has prenuptial jitters; Ace is prepared to take over as purser if Gopher accepts an offer to manage a tropical resort.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Clive Revill]] as Slade Collins, \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood / Emily Stubing, \\[\\[Renée Taylor]] as Monica Douglas and \\[\\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Jan Peters (actor)\\|Jan Peters]] as Minister.",
"Note: \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).",
"Note: This was the series finale. Some special episodes followed, and are sometimes referred to as Season 10, but are not usually included in the series syndication re\\-runs.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n}}",
"### Specials (1986–90\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=gold\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=The Shipshape Cruise\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|11\\|21}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=246\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ShortSummary\\=An overweight diet doctor hires a fitness instructor to promote her nutrition program; a man tells his significant other that he wants to see other women; Doc runs into an ex (Stephanie Beacham) while he is on his honeymoon.",
"\\[\\[Ted McGinley]] is now the ship's yeoman purser, Ashley \"Ace\" Covington Evans, and \\[\\[Lauren Tewes]] rejoins the cast as cruise director Julie McCoy.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Stubing, \\[\\[Stephanie Beacham]] as Elaine Riskin, \\[\\[Heidi Bohay]] as Jerry Sullivan Bricker, \\[\\[Cathy Lee Crosby]] as Carol Darnell, \\[\\[Katherine Helmond]] as Harriet Darnell Stevens, \\[\\[Jennifer Holliday]] as Dr. Charlene Thomas, \\[\\[Steve Lundquist]] as Steve Riskin, \\[\\[Dack Rambo]] as Boyd Hughes, and \\[\\[Stephanie E. Williams\\|Stephanie Williams]] as Doris Johnson.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Julius Harris]] as Minister, and \\[\\[Lana Clarkson]] as Angela.",
"Note: \\[\\[Fred Grandy]] left the show to successfully run for a seat in the \\[\\[United States House of Representatives]]. Grandy, a \\[\\[Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican]] representing \\[\\[Iowa's 6th congressional district]], went on to serve four consecutive terms (1987–1995\\).",
"\\[\\[Pat Klous]] did not appear in this episode.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFD700\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=The Christmas Cruise – Part 1\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|12\\|25}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=247\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Part 1 of 2\\. Mother and daughter cons work a Christmas cruise; depression overcomes a comic portraying Santa; a couple is reunited after 11 years; the new Mrs. Stubing wonders what to get her husband for Christmas.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Stubing, \\[\\[John Byner]] as Arthur Burkley, \\[\\[Leslie Caron]] as Mrs. Duvall, \\[\\[Anthony Franciosa]] as David Morgan, \\[\\[Jennifer Caron Hall]] as Heather Duvall, \\[\\[Gina Lollobrigida]] as Carla Lucci, and \\[\\[Peter Scolari]] as Wellington Davis Rothmeyer.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Judith Barsi]] as Christmas Angel, \\[\\[Efrain Figueroa]] as Bartender, \\[\\[Ruben Moreno]] as Maitre D', \\[\\[Janet Maylie]] as Maid, \\[\\[Peter Love]] as Cabin Boy, \\[\\[Cindy Adlesh]] as Bikini Girl \\#1, \\[\\[Renee Gentry]] as Bikini Girl \\#3, \\[\\[Eva LaRue]] as Bikini Girl \\#4, \\[\\[Stacy Lindholm]] as Bikini Girl \\#5, \\[\\[Meilani Paul]] as Bikini Girl \\#2 (credited as Meilani Figalan), \\[\\[Patty Robinson]] as Bikini Girl \\#6 and \\[\\[Lorin Jean Vail]] as Bikini Girl \\#7\\.",
"''Others:'' \\[\\[Bert Parks]] as Rich Businessman (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFD700\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=The Christmas Cruise – Part 2\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|12\\|25}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=248\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Conclusion. Heather wonders if Wellington will still love her when he finds out about her; a chance meeting between David and the morose Santa helps them both make a fateful decision; Mrs. Stubing struggles to find a present for Merrill.",
"''Guest Stars/Other Guests:'' Same as Part 1\\.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFD700\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=Who Killed Maxwell Thorn?\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1987\\|2\\|27}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=249\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A billionaire who had secretly given free cruises to six strangers is reported missing, and Ace suspects that one of the cruise recipients murdered him; Emily (Marion Ross) searches for fulfillment as someone other than the captain's wife.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Stubing, \\[\\[Lloyd Bochner]] as George Tillman, \\[\\[Arlene Dahl]] as Jessica York, \\[\\[Peter Graves]] as Leonard Culver, \\[\\[Julie Harris (actress)\\|Julie Harris]] as Irene Culver, \\[\\[Jenilee Harrison]] as Sarah York, \\[\\[Roger E. Mosley]] as Jeffrey T. Gilbert, \\[\\[John Rubinstein]] as Allan Davis, \\[\\[Connie Stevens]] as Margret Grant, \\[\\[Alan Thicke]] as Robert McBride, \\[\\[Jayne Meadows]] as Jayne Meadows (credited as Jayne Meadows Allen), \\[\\[Steve Allen]] as Steve Allen, \\[\\[Army Archerd]] as himself, \\[\\[Selma Archerd]] as Selma Archerd, \\[\\[Barbi Benton]] as Barbi Benton, \\[\\[Milton Berle]] as himself, \\[\\[Barbara Billingsley]] as \\[\\[June Cleaver]], \\[\\[Tom Bosley]] as Howard Pfister, \\[\\[Ruth Buzzi]] as Ruth Buzzi, \\[\\[Carol Channing]] as Tante Sylvia, \\[\\[Charo]] as April Lopez, \\[\\[Bert Convy]] as Bert Convy (credited as Bert Convey), \\[\\[Elinor Donahue]] as Betty Anderson, \\[\\[Tony Dow]] as \\[\\[Wally Cleaver]], \\[\\[Florence Henderson]] as \\[\\[Carol Brady]], \\[\\[Gordon Jump]] as Maître d, \\[\\[Don Knotts]] as Don Knotts, \\[\\[Judy Landers]] as Judy Landers, \\[\\[Tina Louise]] as Tina Louise, \\[\\[Patti MacLeod]] as Patti MacLeod, \\[\\[Robert Mandan]] Robert Mandan, \\[\\[Jerry Mathers]] as \\[\\[Beaver Cleaver]], \\[\\[Christopher Norris (actress)\\|Christopher Norris]] as herself, \\[\\[Louis Nye]] as Louis Nye, \\[\\[Tom Poston]] as Tom Poston, \\[\\[Juliet Prowse]] as Juliet Prowse, \\[\\[Robert Reed]] as \\[\\[Mike Brady (The Brady Bunch)\\|Mike Brady]], \\[\\[Charles Siebert]] as Dr. Stanley Riverside, \\[\\[Gale Storm]] as Gale Storm, \\[\\[Vic Tayback]] as Vic Tayback, \\[\\[Charlene Tilton]] as Secretary, \\[\\[Leslie Uggams]] as Leslie Uggams, \\[\\[Jo Anne Worley]] as Jo Anne Worley, and \\[\\[Jane Wyatt]] as Margaret Anderson.",
"''Others:'' \\[\\[David Doyle (actor)\\|David Doyle]] as Repairer \\#1 and \\[\\[Arte Johnson]] as Repairer \\#2\\.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFD700\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=The Love Boat: A Valentine Voyage\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1990\\|2\\|12}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=250\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A \\[\\[Valentine's Day]] episode, centered on a suspended police lieutenant trailing a group of jewel thieves and Captain Stubing and Vicki mourning Emily's sudden death and eventually returning to Barbados (where the Stubings honeymooned) to find closure. Also: The new cruise director sets her eyes on a passenger who is a TV star, but another ship employee is interested in her. Doc has to care for the pregnant wife of the ship's chief executive.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Steve Bond]] as Kirk, \\[\\[Tom Bosley]] as Lt. Logan, \\[\\[Julia Duffy]] as Myrna Foley, \\[\\[Roddy Piper]] as Maurice Steiger, \\[\\[Shanna Reed]] as Nina Morgan, \\[\\[Joe Regalbuto]] as Tony Blanchard, \\[\\[Ted Shackelford]] as Paul Royce, \\[\\[Kim Johnston Ulrich]] as Kelly\n\\|LineColor\\=FFD700\n}}\n}}",
""
] |
### Season 9 (1985–86\)
{{Episode table
\|background\=\#FFA500
\|overall\=2
\|season\=2
\|title\=20
\|director\=19
\|writer\=19
\|airdate\=10
\|episodes\=
{{Episode list
\|NumParts \= 4
\|Title\_1 \= A Day in Port
\|Title\_2 \= The Villa
\|Title\_3 \= The Racer's Edge
\|Title\_4 \= Love or Money
\|DirectedBy \= Kim Friedman
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Paula A. Roth
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Michael L. Grace
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Jill Baer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Mike Marmer
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|9\|28}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=221
\|EpisodeNumber2\=1
\|ShortSummary\= The ship gets a makeover and gains new dancers. Isaac gets a surprising visit from a former girlfriend who wants to renew with him. Introducing the Love Boat Mermaids. Their choreographer is Phylicia Ayers\-Allen (a.k.a. \[\[Phylicia Rashad]]).
The Mermaids' choreographer charms Isaac; Gopher plays mediator; Doc looks after Gopher's girlfriend; Judy falls for a mysterious man.
The Love Boat Mermaids include: \[\[Debbie Bartlett]] as Susie – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Deborah Bartlett); \[\[Tori Brenno]] as Maria – Love Boat Mermaid; \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Lynn Hammond); \[\[Teri Hatcher]] as Amy – Love Boat Mermaid; \[\[Debra Johnson]] as Patti – Love Boat Mermaid; Macarena as Sheila – Love Boat Mermaid; \[\[Andrea Moenas]] as Starlight – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Andrea Moen); and \[\[Beth Myatt]] as Mary Beth – Love Boat Mermaid.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Phylicia Rashad]] as Lonette Becker (credited as Phylicia Ayers Allen), \[\[Conrad Bain]] as Charles Custers, \[\[Diane Ladd]] as Christa Johanson, \[\[John Ratzenberger]] as Marty Elder, \[\[Gordon Thomson (actor)\|Gordon Thomson]] as Nick Durrell, \[\[Ava Cadell]] as Dee Dee Winters (listed in final credits as Didi Winters), and \[\[Steven M. Gagnon]] as Paul (credited as Steve Gagnon).
Note: This episode introduced the Love Boat Mermaids; it also included a newer version of the introductory credits and the title theme song was now sung by \[\[Dionne Warwick]].
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Your Money or Your Wife
\|Title\_2\= Joint Custody
\|Title\_3\= The Temptations
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|5}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=222
\|EpisodeNumber2\=2
\|ShortSummary\=Vicki is thrilled to let everyone know that she got the famous band the Temptations to perform during the cruise. A couple fights each other to gain custody of their son.
The Temptations board with their manager; a loan shark (Vic Tayback) bargains for a date; the captain becomes involved in a kidnapping.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Franklin Cover]] as Marvin Brown, \[\[Penny Fuller]] as Catherine Gerra, \[\[Charlotte Rae]] as Milly Brown, \[\[Robert Reed]] as Carl Gerra, \[\[Michael Spound]] as Ted Belmond, \[\[Connie Stevens]] as Heidi Lester, \[\[Robert Jayne]] as Brian Gerard (credited as Bobby Jacoby), and \[\[Vic Tayback]] as Jack Hamilton.
\[\[The Temptations]] as Themselves – Musical Guests: \[\[Melvin Franklin]] as himself (as the Temptations), \[\[Richard Street]] as himself (as the Temptations), \[\[Ron Tyson]] as himself (as the Temptations), \[\[Otis Williams]] as himself (as the Temptations), and \[\[Ali\-Ollie Woodson]] as himself (as the Temptations).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hidden Treasure
\|Title\_2\= Picture from the Past
\|Title\_3\= Ace's Salary
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|12}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=223
\|EpisodeNumber2\=3
\|ShortSummary\=A couple is looking for a rare stamp hidden somewhere on the boat. Ace and the crew campaign for a salary raise. A woman avoids Andy Warhol, wanting to forget the time she was in one of his movies.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Milton Berle]] as Lionel Cooper, \[\[Tom Bosley]] as George Hammond, \[\[Peter Duchin]] as Peter Duchin, \[\[Andy Griffith]] as Larry Cooper, \[\[Cloris Leachman]] as Karen Cooper, \[\[Marion Ross]] as Mary Hammond, \[\[Raymond St. Jacques]] as Ramon, and \[\[Andy Warhol]] as Andy Warhol.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Lisa Dean Ryan]] as Spock and \[\[Vera Perez]] as B.F.D.
\[\[Marion Ross]] and \[\[Tom Bosley]] played husband and wife on the hit ABC show \[\[Happy Days]]
In 1997, \[\[TV Guide]] ranked this episode \#82 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.{{cite journal \|year\=1997 \|title\=Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time \|journal\=\[\[TV Guide]] \|issue\=June 28 – July 4 }}
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\= German Cruise: The Villa
\|Title\_2\= The Racer's Edge
\|Title\_3\= Love or Money
\|Title\_4\= The Accident
\|DirectedBy \= Richard Kinon
\|WrittenBy\_1 \= Michael L. Grace
\|WrittenBy\_2 \= Jill Baer
\|WrittenBy\_3 \= Mike Marmer
\|WrittenBy\_4 \= Art Baer \& Ben Joelson
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|2}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=224
---
225
\|EpisodeNumber2\=4
---
5
\|ShortSummary\=German Cruise: Part 1 of 2\. The crew is now in Germany and among the passengers is a woman (Alexis Smith), whose family estate was taken by a nemesis (Craig Stevens), who runs into an old flame (Mel Ferrer). Doc meets a woman (Susan Blakely), who's traveling with her brother (Ken Olandt), who doesn't warm up to Doc. Later, while they're out, Doc hits a man (Olandt) who appears to be seriously injured. Two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers), are looking to score a rich guy but, when one of them is attracted to Ace, the other tries to sabotage the relationship. And a biker (Jack Coleman), who just got married (Lisa Whelchel) and is retiring from competition, is being courted by his coach (Harry Morgan), who says he wants him to enter one last race so that the coach can get the job he's trying to get. On the Rivera: a former bike\-racing coach (Harry Morgan) tries to lure a newlywed champion (Jack Coleman) out of retirement; a woman (Alexis Smith) wants to visit the family villa before it's sold; Doc feels bad about a young man (Ken Olandt)'s death; two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers) try to attract wealthy men.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Susan Blakely]] as Nicole Phillips, \[\[Jack Coleman (actor)\|Jack Coleman]] as Scott Barrett, \[\[Mel Ferrer]] as Jack Powers, \[\[Audrey Landers]] as Brenda Adams\-Rosenberg, \[\[Judy Landers]] as Edie Adams\-Rosenberg, \[\[Harry Morgan]] as Charly Fields, \[\[Ken Olandt]] as Don Phillips, \[\[Alexis Smith]] as Justina Downey, \[\[Craig Stevens (actor)\|Craig Stevens]] as Viktor Lukas, and \[\[Lisa Whelchel]] as Kelly Barrett.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Patti MacLeod]] as Society Matron (credit only), \[\[Richard Wren]] as Carl Mueller, \[\[William Jackson (actor)\|William Jackson]] as Alexander Dietrich (credited as William B. Jackson), \[\[Peter Kelly (actor)\|Peter Kelly]] as Marcel Villemin, \[\[Barbara Ward]] as Gina, \[\[Charles Howard (actor)\|Charles Howard]] as man at Bar, \[\[Sisse Hasbo]] as Sophia, \[\[Ulrich Matschoss]] as Anton, and \[\[Gil Mandelik]] as Croupier (credit only).
Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Forties Fantasy
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|16}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=226
\|EpisodeNumber2\=6
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher envisions the liner as a World War II troop ship en route to France.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Charo]] as Lupe Zapata De Vega Valdez, \[\[Nathan Cook (actor)\|Nathan Cook]] as Carl Tysdell, \[\[Leigh McCloskey]] as Charles "Chip" Reynolds, \[\[Stephanie Mills]] as Tara, and \[\[Erin Moran]] as Janet Reynolds.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[John Zarchen]] as Martin and \[\[Michael Pniewski]] as Stefanowicz.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Good Time Girls
\|Title\_2\= The Iron Man
\|Title\_3\= Soap War
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|23}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=227
\|EpisodeNumber2\=7
\|ShortSummary\=Three college girls (Carrell Myers, Toni Hudson, and Christie Claridge) are mistaken for prostitutes; fitness expert and health book author Andy (Charles Frank) suffers fainting spells during triathlon training and Doc tells him he has diabetes; Judy (Pat Klous) soap opera star aunt Sylvia's (Carol Channing) jealous friend Betsy (Betty White) auditions for a new part on their soap opera with Sylvia's lecherous co\-star Roger (Louis Nye).
Judy's soap\-star aunt boards; a health\-book author finds out what ails him; three women court Ace.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Carol Channing]] as Sylvia Bennett, \[\[Charles Frank]] as Andy Singer, \[\[Belinda Montgomery]] as Valerie Singer, \[\[Louis Nye]] as Roger Garrett, and \[\[Betty White]] as Betsy Boucher.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Carrell Myers]] as Denise, \[\[Toni Hudson]] as Rita, Christie Claridge as Sherry, \[\[Don Bovingloh]] as Howard, \[\[Joe Renteria]] as Ramon, \[\[Rose Parrah]] as Chi Chi, and \[\[Anthony Barton (actor)\|Anthony Barton]] as Dean.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Trouble in Paradise
\|Title\_2\= No More Mister Nice Guy
\|Title\_3\= The Mermaid and the Cop
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|30}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=228
\|EpisodeNumber2\=8
\|ShortSummary\=Julie McCoy asks Gopher for advice when her marriage starts to fall apart. Amy (\[\[Teri Hatcher]]), one of the Mermaid dancers, believes she was involved in a crime and is afraid that a Las Vegas cop who is being friendly to her might recognize her. Ace is forced to fire two employees.
Julie McCoy Chenault (Lauren Tewes) comes back; Ace must prove himself by firing two employees; A police detective woos mermaid Amy.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Pamela Brull]] as Linda Hershel, \[\[Richard Hatch (actor)\|Richard Hatch]] as Ryan Curly, \[\[Lauren Tewes]] as Julie McCoy Chenault, and \[\[David Wayne]] as Max Marshall.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Roommates
\|Title\_2\= Heartbreaker
\|Title\_3\= Out of the Blue
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|7}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=229
\|EpisodeNumber2\=9
\|ShortSummary\=New roommates Vicki and Judy have to deal with their opposite habits. A multimillionaire makes everyone's dreams come true. A rich man promises to make wishes come true; Vicki and Judy become roommates; A pro golfer learns the truth about the woman he loves.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Diana Canova]] as Christine Bradley, \[\[Jeff Conaway]] as Randy Jackson, \[\[Sandy Dennis]] as Gina Caldwell, and \[\[Harvey Korman]] as Cabot Fairfield.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Toni Lamond]] as Mrs. Burton and \[\[Warren Munson]] as Edgar Fairchild.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Father of the Bride
\|Title\_2\= The Best Man
\|Title\_3\= Members of the Wedding
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|11}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=230
\|EpisodeNumber2\=10
\|ShortSummary\=Love is in the air with a wedding on board. Ace is attracted by the bride that ran away, and the groom is getting closer to her sister. Passengers involved in a shipboard wedding include the nearly bankrupt father of the bride, the best man, and a wedding party\-crasher.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Lydia Cornell]] as Jackie Ryan Proctor, \[\[Fannie Flagg]] as Laurie Ryan, \[\[Robert Mandan]] as Ernie Ryan, \[\[Denver Pyle]] as Eric Springer, and \[\[Morgan Stevens]] as Kurt Duncan.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[John Scott Clough]] as Matthew Springer (listed as Matt Springer), \[\[Elaine Wilkes]] as Lori Ryan, \[\[Archie Hahn (actor)\|Archie Hahn]] as Eldon Lundy, \[\[Lou Richards (actor)\|Lou Richards]] as Andrew Proctor (listed as Doctor Proctor), and \[\[Danny Goldman]] as George Thurlow.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Dare Devil
\|Title\_2\= Picture Me as a Spy
\|Title\_3\= Sleeper
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|18}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=231
\|EpisodeNumber2\=11
\|ShortSummary\=Ace's cabin has been searched and he suspects spy teamwork. Doc's new patient is sleepwalking. A woman is scared by her boyfriend's risky stunts. Ace photographs a spy and his daughter; A girl challenges a daredevil (Peter Scolari); Doc helps a senator (Alan Thicke) and his wife.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Courteney Cox]] as Carol, \[\[Herb Edelman]] as Dr. Ivan Petrovska (credited as Herbert Edelman), \[\[Peter Scolari]] as Frank Hobbs, \[\[Shelley Smith (actress)\|Shelley Smith]] as Phyllis Townsend, \[\[Alan Thicke]] as Senator Bob Townsend, and \[\[Kristina Wayborn]] as Anna Petrovska.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Yakov Smirnoff]] as Dmitri Kostov.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hippies and Yuppies
\|Title\_2\= Frat Wars
\|Title\_3\= Return of the Lambdas
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|25}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=232
\|EpisodeNumber2\=12
\|ShortSummary\=When a fraternity has the turnover of one of their relics from one chapter to another, the chapter receiving the relic feels the chapter currently in possession of it is not worthy to be part of the fraternity, so the recipient chapter leader (Tim Ryan) tries to make it appear that they violated several of the fraternity's laws so that they would be thrown out. He even sends a girl (Karen L. Scott) to seduce and distract the leader (Steven Eckholdt) of the other group, who seems to keep them in check. And two couples, who were also in the fraternity 20 years ago and were hippies then, meet and while one of them (Larry Wilcox and Carlene Watkins) is still hippie, the other one is now more yuppie (Melanie Chartoff and James Houghton), so they feel as if they don't have anything in common anymore.
Rival fraternities vie to impress the head of their national alumni association; Old college pals find they have different lifestyles.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Melanie Chartoff]] as Betty Bell, \[\[Jim Houghton\|James Houghton]] as Buddy Bell, \[\[Gordon Jump]] as Grant Woodrow, \[\[Carlene Watkins]] as Rebecca Davis, and \[\[Larry Wilcox]] as Larry Davis.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Steven Eckholdt]] as Eric Matthews, \[\[Karen L. Scott]] as Connie Disch, \[\[Tim Ryan (actor born 1958\)\|Tim Ryan]] as Nolan Dickford (aka Timothy Ryan Meinelschmidt), \[\[Robbie Rist]] as Zit, \[\[Stephen Lee (actor)\|Stephen Lee]] as Hockstein, \[\[Claud Mann]] as Carnegie, and \[\[Daniel Roebuck]] as S. C. U. Lambda.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Miss Mom
\|Title\_2\= Who's the Champ
\|Title\_3\= Gopher's Delusion
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=233
\|EpisodeNumber2\=13
\|ShortSummary\=Judy thinks a writer (Ben Murphy) of children's books is perfect for her picky cousin (Ellen Bry), who is also pregnant; A pro wrestler (Tim Rossovich) forbids his sister (Jennifer Holmes) to associate with his opponent (Bruce Jenner); Gopher is accidentally hypnotized and given a post\-hypnotic suggestion that he's the captain.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Ellen Bry]] as Gretchen Sommers, \[\[Hulk Hogan]] as himself, \[\[Jennifer Holmes (actress)\|Jennifer Holmes]] as Linda Sharkey, \[\[Caitlyn Jenner]] as Lover Boy Bob (credited as Bruce Jenner), \[\[Ben Murphy]] as Nathan Paul, and \[\[Tim Rossovich]] as Thomas "The Mangler" Sharkey.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Patrick Cronin (actor)\|Patrick Cronin]] as Eddie Dumont, \[\[Neil Thompson]] as The Amazing Zimmerman, and Jim Holmes as Camera Man.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|Title\=Egyptian Cruise: Parts 1 \& 2
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=234
---
235
\|EpisodeNumber2\=14
---
15
\|ShortSummary\=Part 1 of 2\. Cruising the Nile – the Captain and his friend's widow (Jean Stapleton) share memories; A producer (John Astin) wants a starlet (Deborah Adair) to play Cleopatra; A woman (Catherine Oxenberg) eyes the gold ankh that Doc was given at a bazaar; A busy man (James Sloyan) may lose his schoolteacher wife (Valerie Harper) to a former student.
On the Nile: Stubing meets a widow; Two agents want Doc's souvenir; A couple faces facts; A reporter upsets an actress.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Deborah Adair]] as Deborah Grant, \[\[John Astin]] as Michael Sawyer, \[\[Joseph Campanella]] as Nabil El Masri, \[\[Chad Everett]] as Wayne Richmond, \[\[Valerie Harper]] as Laurel Peters, \[\[Catherine Oxenberg]] as Carrie Barton, \[\[John Putch]] as Jason Matthews, \[\[Grant Show]] as Christopher Stuart, \[\[James Sloyan]] as Greg Peters and \[\[Jean Stapleton]] as Helen Branigan.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[René Assa]] as Ahmed and Ken Lewis as Steward.
Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Hello, Emily
\|Title\_2\= The Tour Guide
\|Title\_3\= The Winning Number
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=236
\|EpisodeNumber2\=16
\|ShortSummary\=A widow (Marion Ross) has her eyes on the Captain. A freshly appointed tour guide (Teri Copley) has to deal with a group of demanding senior citizens. A recent lottery winner (Noah Beery Jr.) becomes greedy.
A wealthy businesswoman (Marion Ross) flirts with Stubing; A tour guide loses her group; An $ 8 million lottery winner becomes a boor.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Noah Beery Jr.]] as Daryl Wilcox, \[\[Teri Copley]] as Donna Louise Bedford, \[\[Virginia Mayo]] as Virginia Wilcox, \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood and \[\[Barry Van Dyke]] as Brandon Cobb.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Martin Hewitt (actor)\|Martin Hewitt]] as Kirby Haywood, \[\[Isabelle Walker]] as Karen Haywood, \[\[Iris Adrian]] as Emma Baxter, and \[\[Helen Kleeb]] as Mildred Wiley.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Second Time Around
\|Title\_2\= Hello, Spencer
\|Title\_3\= Runaway, Go Home
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=237
\|EpisodeNumber2\=17
\|ShortSummary\=The Captain welcomes back a widow (Marion Ross), who has romantic plans for her new cruise. Larry Gatlin is trying to help a runaway (Quinn Cummings).
Stubing proposes to Emily (Marion Ross); A teenage stowaway who meets Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers; A phony agent who dupes a comedian.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Quinn Cummings]] as Anny, Larry Gatlin and The Gatlin Brothers as Themselves – Musical Guests (credited as The Gatlin Brothers), \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood, \[\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson, \[\[Larry Gatlin]] as himself, \[\[Steve Gatlin]] \[\[Rudy Gatlin]] as himself.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Art Lover
\|Title\_2\= Couples
\|Title\_3\= Made for Each Other
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|1}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=238
\|EpisodeNumber2\=18
\|ShortSummary\=Gopher is afraid of getting fired, after breaking a very valuable art piece. Newlyweds (Mary Cadorette and Dean Butler) realize that they have nothing in common besides sex. Gopher breaks a passenger's (Jose Ferrer) priceless statue; Judy is labeled a home\-wrecker; Ace snaps a telling shot of two couples.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Dean Butler (actor)\|Dean Butler]] as Brent Harper, \[\[Mary Cadorette]] as Darlene Harper, \[\[José Ferrer]] as Simon Beck, \[\[Caren Kaye]] as Paula Mercer, \[\[Vicki Lawrence]] as Betty Logan, \[\[David Spielberg]] as Marc Mercer, \[\[Alana Stewart]] as Miss Enty and \[\[Fred Willard]] as Nil Logan.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Bert Rosario]] as Julio.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Second Banana
\|Title\_2\= The Prodigy
\|Title\_3\= What Goes Around Comes Around
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|8}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=239
\|EpisodeNumber2\=19
\|ShortSummary\=An artist (Donald O'Connor) and his orangutan give their last performance during the cruise. Doc falls for a radio psychologist; A gambler (Thomas Bray) risks love; A woman wants to retire her spouse's (Donald O'Connor) orangutan.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Thom Bray]] as Lowell Mandell, \[\[CJ the Orangutan]] as Tanny the Orangutan, \[\[Patti Davis]] as Brenda (credited as Patricia Davis), \[\[Gloria DeHaven]] as Mary Halbert, \[\[Nancy Dussault]] as Dr. Dorothee Davis, and \[\[Donald O'Connor]] as Leo Halbert.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Vincent Di Paolo]] as Passenger (uncredited).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Gothic Romance
\|Title\_2\= Whatever Happened to Crazy Joe Flash?
\|Title\_3\= We'll Meet Again
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|15}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=240
\|EpisodeNumber2\=20
\|ShortSummary\=Searching for inspiration, a romance novelist (Morgan Brittany) fantasizes that Ace is courting her; A rock star (Joe Regalbuto) tries to act like a regular guy and finds romance with another passenger (Donna Pescow); A couple (Jayne Meadows and Bill Macy) who regularly take the cruise and have the same cabin, for ten years, are really married to other people and sneaking away for the cruise. A disguised rock star faces rejection; A novelist sees Ace as the hero of her next book; Two lovers celebrate their 10th anniversary.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Jayne Meadows]] as Janice (credited as Jayne Meadows Allen), \[\[Morgan Brittany]] as Katherine Wilde, \[\[Bill Macy]] as Myles, \[\[Donna Pescow]] as Joyce Anderson, \[\[Joe Regalbuto]] as Herb Hanson / Crazy Joe Flash, and \[\[Michael Young (actor)\|Michael Young]] as Henry Gordon.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=The Will
\|Title\_2\= Deja Vu
\|Title\_3\= The Prediction
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|22}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=241
\|EpisodeNumber2\=21
\|ShortSummary\=A millionaire is after a mysterious woman who turned out to be his wife. A psychic (Eva Gabor) makes a very scary prediction. A psychic predicts doom; A woman and an old beau are reunited by her dead husband's design; A man discovers that he was once married.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Eva Gabor]] as Leila Kane, \[\[Mimi Kuzyk]] as Nancy Brown, \[\[Garrett Morris]] as Gary Samuels, \[\[Roxie Roker]] as Rhonda Whitney, and \[\[Patrick Wayne]] as Jim Stanton / Ed Brown.
Note: \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 4
\|Title\_1\=Spain Cruise: The Matadors
\|Title\_2\= Mrs. Jameson Comes Out
\|Title\_3\= Love's Labor Found
\|Title\_4\= Marry Me, Marry Me
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|3}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=242
---
243
\|EpisodeNumber2\=22
---
23
\|ShortSummary\=Spain cruise: The grandson (Lorenzo Lamas) of a famous matador (Cesar Romero) wants to write rather than become a bullfighter; A woman (Sada Thompson), who spent 20 years in prison, hopes to be reunited with her daughter (Melissa Sue Anderson); A passenger (Adrian Zmed) is seeing both Judy and Vicki without their knowledge; Isaac helps a pregnant unmarried stowaway (Olivia Brown). A matador clashes with his grandson; A released convict seeks her daughter; Isaac finds a stowaway; A man woos two women.
Note: The crew is on vacation in Genoa, Italy, before returning to work and sailing on the Vistafjord around Spain and Portugal. Part 1 includes stops in Barcelona, Ibiza, and Malaga. Part 2 starts in Malaga and includes a stop in Lisbon.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Melissa Sue Anderson]] as Dana Colton, \[\[Olivia Brown]] as Lois Hendrix, \[\[Mary Crosby]] as Helen Elaine, \[\[Lorenzo Lamas]] as Antonio Belmonte, \[\[William R. Moses]] as Mark Davis, \[\[Cesar Romero]] as Carlos Belmonte, \[\[Sada Thompson]] as Laura Jameson, and \[\[Adrian Zmed]] as Eddy Conrad.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Mykelti Williamson]] as James Russell (credited as Mykel T. Williamson) (credit only), \[\[Robin Harlan]] as Beautiful Girl (credit only), \[\[Peter Forbes\-Robertson]] as Doctor (credit only), \[\[Denise Gallup]] as Twin \#1 (credit only), and \[\[Dian Gallup]] as Twin \#2 (credit only). Note: These five Other Guests are credited in Part 1 and Part 2, but only appear in Part 2\.
Note: \[\[Chiquito de la Calzada]] appeared as Musician (uncredited) in Part 1 only.
Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=My Stepmother, Myself
\|Title\_2\= Almost Roommates
\|Title\_3\= Cornerback Sneak
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|17}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=244
\|EpisodeNumber2\=24
\|ShortSummary\=Captain Stubing's happiness is darkened by Vicki's jealousy. The crew learns that they have to share their cabins. Stubing's pending marriage upsets Vicki; A veteran football player faces being cut; A cook (Michael Winslow) has two roommates.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood, \[\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\|Geoffrey Scott]] as John Jackson / John 'Hatchet Man' Hatcher, \[\[Trish Van Devere]] as Amanda Dailey (new owner of the San Jose Friars), \[\[Vanessa Williams]] as Pearl, and \[\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson (also introduced as Assistant Cruise Director by Gopher in beginning dialogue).
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Sam Scarber]] as Bubba Powell.
Note: \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
{{Episode list
\|NumParts\= 3
\|Title\_1\=Happily Ever After
\|Title\_2\= Have I Got a Job for You
\|Title\_3\= Mr. Smith Goes to Minikulu
\|DirectedBy \=
\|WrittenBy \=
\|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|24}}
\|EpisodeNumber\=245
\|EpisodeNumber2\=25
\|ShortSummary\=The Captain might reconsider his marriage to Emily (Marion Ross). Gopher has second thoughts about an offer to manage an island resort when Isaac leaves the project. Stubing has prenuptial jitters; Ace is prepared to take over as purser if Gopher accepts an offer to manage a tropical resort.
''Guest Stars:'' \[\[Clive Revill]] as Slade Collins, \[\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood / Emily Stubing, \[\[Renée Taylor]] as Monica Douglas and \[\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson.
''Other Guests:'' \[\[Jan Peters (actor)\|Jan Peters]] as Minister.
Note: \[\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).
Note: This was the series finale. Some special episodes followed, and are sometimes referred to as Season 10, but are not usually included in the series syndication re\-runs.
\|LineColor\=FFA500
}}
}}
|
[
"### Season 9 (1985–86\\)",
"{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#FFA500\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=20\n\\|director\\=19\n\\|writer\\=19\n\\|airdate\\=10\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts \\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1 \\= A Day in Port\n \\|Title\\_2 \\= The Villa\n \\|Title\\_3 \\= The Racer's Edge\n \\|Title\\_4 \\= Love or Money\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Kim Friedman\n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Paula A. Roth\n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Michael L. Grace \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Jill Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Mike Marmer \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|9\\|28}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=221\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|ShortSummary\\= The ship gets a makeover and gains new dancers. Isaac gets a surprising visit from a former girlfriend who wants to renew with him. Introducing the Love Boat Mermaids. Their choreographer is Phylicia Ayers\\-Allen (a.k.a. \\[\\[Phylicia Rashad]]).",
"The Mermaids' choreographer charms Isaac; Gopher plays mediator; Doc looks after Gopher's girlfriend; Judy falls for a mysterious man.",
"The Love Boat Mermaids include: \\[\\[Debbie Bartlett]] as Susie – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Deborah Bartlett); \\[\\[Tori Brenno]] as Maria – Love Boat Mermaid; \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Lynn Hammond); \\[\\[Teri Hatcher]] as Amy – Love Boat Mermaid; \\[\\[Debra Johnson]] as Patti – Love Boat Mermaid; Macarena as Sheila – Love Boat Mermaid; \\[\\[Andrea Moenas]] as Starlight – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Andrea Moen); and \\[\\[Beth Myatt]] as Mary Beth – Love Boat Mermaid.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Phylicia Rashad]] as Lonette Becker (credited as Phylicia Ayers Allen), \\[\\[Conrad Bain]] as Charles Custers, \\[\\[Diane Ladd]] as Christa Johanson, \\[\\[John Ratzenberger]] as Marty Elder, \\[\\[Gordon Thomson (actor)\\|Gordon Thomson]] as Nick Durrell, \\[\\[Ava Cadell]] as Dee Dee Winters (listed in final credits as Didi Winters), and \\[\\[Steven M. Gagnon]] as Paul (credited as Steve Gagnon).",
"Note: This episode introduced the Love Boat Mermaids; it also included a newer version of the introductory credits and the title theme song was now sung by \\[\\[Dionne Warwick]].\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Your Money or Your Wife \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Joint Custody \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Temptations\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|5}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=222\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Vicki is thrilled to let everyone know that she got the famous band the Temptations to perform during the cruise. A couple fights each other to gain custody of their son.",
"The Temptations board with their manager; a loan shark (Vic Tayback) bargains for a date; the captain becomes involved in a kidnapping.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Franklin Cover]] as Marvin Brown, \\[\\[Penny Fuller]] as Catherine Gerra, \\[\\[Charlotte Rae]] as Milly Brown, \\[\\[Robert Reed]] as Carl Gerra, \\[\\[Michael Spound]] as Ted Belmond, \\[\\[Connie Stevens]] as Heidi Lester, \\[\\[Robert Jayne]] as Brian Gerard (credited as Bobby Jacoby), and \\[\\[Vic Tayback]] as Jack Hamilton.",
"\\[\\[The Temptations]] as Themselves – Musical Guests: \\[\\[Melvin Franklin]] as himself (as the Temptations), \\[\\[Richard Street]] as himself (as the Temptations), \\[\\[Ron Tyson]] as himself (as the Temptations), \\[\\[Otis Williams]] as himself (as the Temptations), and \\[\\[Ali\\-Ollie Woodson]] as himself (as the Temptations).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Hidden Treasure \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Picture from the Past \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Ace's Salary\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|12}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=223\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A couple is looking for a rare stamp hidden somewhere on the boat. Ace and the crew campaign for a salary raise. A woman avoids Andy Warhol, wanting to forget the time she was in one of his movies.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Milton Berle]] as Lionel Cooper, \\[\\[Tom Bosley]] as George Hammond, \\[\\[Peter Duchin]] as Peter Duchin, \\[\\[Andy Griffith]] as Larry Cooper, \\[\\[Cloris Leachman]] as Karen Cooper, \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Mary Hammond, \\[\\[Raymond St. Jacques]] as Ramon, and \\[\\[Andy Warhol]] as Andy Warhol.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Lisa Dean Ryan]] as Spock and \\[\\[Vera Perez]] as B.F.D.\n\\[\\[Marion Ross]] and \\[\\[Tom Bosley]] played husband and wife on the hit ABC show \\[\\[Happy Days]]",
"In 1997, \\[\\[TV Guide]] ranked this episode \\#82 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.{{cite journal \\|year\\=1997 \\|title\\=Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time \\|journal\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]] \\|issue\\=June 28 – July 4 }}\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1\\= German Cruise: The Villa \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Racer's Edge \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Love or Money \n \\|Title\\_4\\= The Accident\n \\|DirectedBy \\= Richard Kinon \n \\|WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Michael L. Grace \n \\|WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Jill Baer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_3 \\= Mike Marmer \n \\|WrittenBy\\_4 \\= Art Baer \\& Ben Joelson\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|2}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=224",
"---",
"225\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4",
"---",
"5\n \\|ShortSummary\\=German Cruise: Part 1 of 2\\. The crew is now in Germany and among the passengers is a woman (Alexis Smith), whose family estate was taken by a nemesis (Craig Stevens), who runs into an old flame (Mel Ferrer). Doc meets a woman (Susan Blakely), who's traveling with her brother (Ken Olandt), who doesn't warm up to Doc. Later, while they're out, Doc hits a man (Olandt) who appears to be seriously injured. Two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers), are looking to score a rich guy but, when one of them is attracted to Ace, the other tries to sabotage the relationship. And a biker (Jack Coleman), who just got married (Lisa Whelchel) and is retiring from competition, is being courted by his coach (Harry Morgan), who says he wants him to enter one last race so that the coach can get the job he's trying to get. On the Rivera: a former bike\\-racing coach (Harry Morgan) tries to lure a newlywed champion (Jack Coleman) out of retirement; a woman (Alexis Smith) wants to visit the family villa before it's sold; Doc feels bad about a young man (Ken Olandt)'s death; two sisters (Audrey Landers and Judy Landers) try to attract wealthy men.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Susan Blakely]] as Nicole Phillips, \\[\\[Jack Coleman (actor)\\|Jack Coleman]] as Scott Barrett, \\[\\[Mel Ferrer]] as Jack Powers, \\[\\[Audrey Landers]] as Brenda Adams\\-Rosenberg, \\[\\[Judy Landers]] as Edie Adams\\-Rosenberg, \\[\\[Harry Morgan]] as Charly Fields, \\[\\[Ken Olandt]] as Don Phillips, \\[\\[Alexis Smith]] as Justina Downey, \\[\\[Craig Stevens (actor)\\|Craig Stevens]] as Viktor Lukas, and \\[\\[Lisa Whelchel]] as Kelly Barrett.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Patti MacLeod]] as Society Matron (credit only), \\[\\[Richard Wren]] as Carl Mueller, \\[\\[William Jackson (actor)\\|William Jackson]] as Alexander Dietrich (credited as William B. Jackson), \\[\\[Peter Kelly (actor)\\|Peter Kelly]] as Marcel Villemin, \\[\\[Barbara Ward]] as Gina, \\[\\[Charles Howard (actor)\\|Charles Howard]] as man at Bar, \\[\\[Sisse Hasbo]] as Sophia, \\[\\[Ulrich Matschoss]] as Anton, and \\[\\[Gil Mandelik]] as Croupier (credit only).",
"Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=Forties Fantasy\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|16}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=226\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher envisions the liner as a World War II troop ship en route to France.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Charo]] as Lupe Zapata De Vega Valdez, \\[\\[Nathan Cook (actor)\\|Nathan Cook]] as Carl Tysdell, \\[\\[Leigh McCloskey]] as Charles \"Chip\" Reynolds, \\[\\[Stephanie Mills]] as Tara, and \\[\\[Erin Moran]] as Janet Reynolds.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[John Zarchen]] as Martin and \\[\\[Michael Pniewski]] as Stefanowicz.",
"\\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Good Time Girls \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Iron Man \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Soap War\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|23}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=227\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Three college girls (Carrell Myers, Toni Hudson, and Christie Claridge) are mistaken for prostitutes; fitness expert and health book author Andy (Charles Frank) suffers fainting spells during triathlon training and Doc tells him he has diabetes; Judy (Pat Klous) soap opera star aunt Sylvia's (Carol Channing) jealous friend Betsy (Betty White) auditions for a new part on their soap opera with Sylvia's lecherous co\\-star Roger (Louis Nye).",
"Judy's soap\\-star aunt boards; a health\\-book author finds out what ails him; three women court Ace.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Carol Channing]] as Sylvia Bennett, \\[\\[Charles Frank]] as Andy Singer, \\[\\[Belinda Montgomery]] as Valerie Singer, \\[\\[Louis Nye]] as Roger Garrett, and \\[\\[Betty White]] as Betsy Boucher.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Carrell Myers]] as Denise, \\[\\[Toni Hudson]] as Rita, Christie Claridge as Sherry, \\[\\[Don Bovingloh]] as Howard, \\[\\[Joe Renteria]] as Ramon, \\[\\[Rose Parrah]] as Chi Chi, and \\[\\[Anthony Barton (actor)\\|Anthony Barton]] as Dean.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Trouble in Paradise \n \\|Title\\_2\\= No More Mister Nice Guy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Mermaid and the Cop\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|30}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=228\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Julie McCoy asks Gopher for advice when her marriage starts to fall apart. Amy (\\[\\[Teri Hatcher]]), one of the Mermaid dancers, believes she was involved in a crime and is afraid that a Las Vegas cop who is being friendly to her might recognize her. Ace is forced to fire two employees.",
"Julie McCoy Chenault (Lauren Tewes) comes back; Ace must prove himself by firing two employees; A police detective woos mermaid Amy.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Pamela Brull]] as Linda Hershel, \\[\\[Richard Hatch (actor)\\|Richard Hatch]] as Ryan Curly, \\[\\[Lauren Tewes]] as Julie McCoy Chenault, and \\[\\[David Wayne]] as Max Marshall.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Roommates \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Heartbreaker \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Out of the Blue\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|7}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=229\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|ShortSummary\\=New roommates Vicki and Judy have to deal with their opposite habits. A multimillionaire makes everyone's dreams come true. A rich man promises to make wishes come true; Vicki and Judy become roommates; A pro golfer learns the truth about the woman he loves.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Diana Canova]] as Christine Bradley, \\[\\[Jeff Conaway]] as Randy Jackson, \\[\\[Sandy Dennis]] as Gina Caldwell, and \\[\\[Harvey Korman]] as Cabot Fairfield.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Toni Lamond]] as Mrs. Burton and \\[\\[Warren Munson]] as Edgar Fairchild.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Father of the Bride \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Best Man \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Members of the Wedding\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|11}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=230\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Love is in the air with a wedding on board. Ace is attracted by the bride that ran away, and the groom is getting closer to her sister. Passengers involved in a shipboard wedding include the nearly bankrupt father of the bride, the best man, and a wedding party\\-crasher.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Lydia Cornell]] as Jackie Ryan Proctor, \\[\\[Fannie Flagg]] as Laurie Ryan, \\[\\[Robert Mandan]] as Ernie Ryan, \\[\\[Denver Pyle]] as Eric Springer, and \\[\\[Morgan Stevens]] as Kurt Duncan.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[John Scott Clough]] as Matthew Springer (listed as Matt Springer), \\[\\[Elaine Wilkes]] as Lori Ryan, \\[\\[Archie Hahn (actor)\\|Archie Hahn]] as Eldon Lundy, \\[\\[Lou Richards (actor)\\|Lou Richards]] as Andrew Proctor (listed as Doctor Proctor), and \\[\\[Danny Goldman]] as George Thurlow.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Dare Devil \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Picture Me as a Spy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Sleeper\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|18}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=231\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Ace's cabin has been searched and he suspects spy teamwork. Doc's new patient is sleepwalking. A woman is scared by her boyfriend's risky stunts. Ace photographs a spy and his daughter; A girl challenges a daredevil (Peter Scolari); Doc helps a senator (Alan Thicke) and his wife.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Courteney Cox]] as Carol, \\[\\[Herb Edelman]] as Dr. Ivan Petrovska (credited as Herbert Edelman), \\[\\[Peter Scolari]] as Frank Hobbs, \\[\\[Shelley Smith (actress)\\|Shelley Smith]] as Phyllis Townsend, \\[\\[Alan Thicke]] as Senator Bob Townsend, and \\[\\[Kristina Wayborn]] as Anna Petrovska.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Yakov Smirnoff]] as Dmitri Kostov.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Hippies and Yuppies \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Frat Wars \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Return of the Lambdas\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|25}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=232\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|ShortSummary\\=When a fraternity has the turnover of one of their relics from one chapter to another, the chapter receiving the relic feels the chapter currently in possession of it is not worthy to be part of the fraternity, so the recipient chapter leader (Tim Ryan) tries to make it appear that they violated several of the fraternity's laws so that they would be thrown out. He even sends a girl (Karen L. Scott) to seduce and distract the leader (Steven Eckholdt) of the other group, who seems to keep them in check. And two couples, who were also in the fraternity 20 years ago and were hippies then, meet and while one of them (Larry Wilcox and Carlene Watkins) is still hippie, the other one is now more yuppie (Melanie Chartoff and James Houghton), so they feel as if they don't have anything in common anymore.",
"Rival fraternities vie to impress the head of their national alumni association; Old college pals find they have different lifestyles.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Melanie Chartoff]] as Betty Bell, \\[\\[Jim Houghton\\|James Houghton]] as Buddy Bell, \\[\\[Gordon Jump]] as Grant Woodrow, \\[\\[Carlene Watkins]] as Rebecca Davis, and \\[\\[Larry Wilcox]] as Larry Davis.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Steven Eckholdt]] as Eric Matthews, \\[\\[Karen L. Scott]] as Connie Disch, \\[\\[Tim Ryan (actor born 1958\\)\\|Tim Ryan]] as Nolan Dickford (aka Timothy Ryan Meinelschmidt), \\[\\[Robbie Rist]] as Zit, \\[\\[Stephen Lee (actor)\\|Stephen Lee]] as Hockstein, \\[\\[Claud Mann]] as Carnegie, and \\[\\[Daniel Roebuck]] as S. C. U. Lambda.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Miss Mom \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Who's the Champ \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Gopher's Delusion\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|1}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=233\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Judy thinks a writer (Ben Murphy) of children's books is perfect for her picky cousin (Ellen Bry), who is also pregnant; A pro wrestler (Tim Rossovich) forbids his sister (Jennifer Holmes) to associate with his opponent (Bruce Jenner); Gopher is accidentally hypnotized and given a post\\-hypnotic suggestion that he's the captain.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Ellen Bry]] as Gretchen Sommers, \\[\\[Hulk Hogan]] as himself, \\[\\[Jennifer Holmes (actress)\\|Jennifer Holmes]] as Linda Sharkey, \\[\\[Caitlyn Jenner]] as Lover Boy Bob (credited as Bruce Jenner), \\[\\[Ben Murphy]] as Nathan Paul, and \\[\\[Tim Rossovich]] as Thomas \"The Mangler\" Sharkey.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Patrick Cronin (actor)\\|Patrick Cronin]] as Eddie Dumont, \\[\\[Neil Thompson]] as The Amazing Zimmerman, and Jim Holmes as Camera Man.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|Title\\=Egyptian Cruise: Parts 1 \\& 2\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\= \n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|8}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=234",
"---",
"235\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14",
"---",
"15\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Part 1 of 2\\. Cruising the Nile – the Captain and his friend's widow (Jean Stapleton) share memories; A producer (John Astin) wants a starlet (Deborah Adair) to play Cleopatra; A woman (Catherine Oxenberg) eyes the gold ankh that Doc was given at a bazaar; A busy man (James Sloyan) may lose his schoolteacher wife (Valerie Harper) to a former student.",
"On the Nile: Stubing meets a widow; Two agents want Doc's souvenir; A couple faces facts; A reporter upsets an actress.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Deborah Adair]] as Deborah Grant, \\[\\[John Astin]] as Michael Sawyer, \\[\\[Joseph Campanella]] as Nabil El Masri, \\[\\[Chad Everett]] as Wayne Richmond, \\[\\[Valerie Harper]] as Laurel Peters, \\[\\[Catherine Oxenberg]] as Carrie Barton, \\[\\[John Putch]] as Jason Matthews, \\[\\[Grant Show]] as Christopher Stuart, \\[\\[James Sloyan]] as Greg Peters and \\[\\[Jean Stapleton]] as Helen Branigan.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[René Assa]] as Ahmed and Ken Lewis as Steward.",
"Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Hello, Emily \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Tour Guide \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Winning Number\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|15}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=236\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A widow (Marion Ross) has her eyes on the Captain. A freshly appointed tour guide (Teri Copley) has to deal with a group of demanding senior citizens. A recent lottery winner (Noah Beery Jr.) becomes greedy.",
"A wealthy businesswoman (Marion Ross) flirts with Stubing; A tour guide loses her group; An $ 8 million lottery winner becomes a boor.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Noah Beery Jr.]] as Daryl Wilcox, \\[\\[Teri Copley]] as Donna Louise Bedford, \\[\\[Virginia Mayo]] as Virginia Wilcox, \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood and \\[\\[Barry Van Dyke]] as Brandon Cobb.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Martin Hewitt (actor)\\|Martin Hewitt]] as Kirby Haywood, \\[\\[Isabelle Walker]] as Karen Haywood, \\[\\[Iris Adrian]] as Emma Baxter, and \\[\\[Helen Kleeb]] as Mildred Wiley.",
"\\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Second Time Around \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Hello, Spencer \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Runaway, Go Home\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|22}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=237\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The Captain welcomes back a widow (Marion Ross), who has romantic plans for her new cruise. Larry Gatlin is trying to help a runaway (Quinn Cummings).",
"Stubing proposes to Emily (Marion Ross); A teenage stowaway who meets Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers; A phony agent who dupes a comedian.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Quinn Cummings]] as Anny, Larry Gatlin and The Gatlin Brothers as Themselves – Musical Guests (credited as The Gatlin Brothers), \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Haywood, \\[\\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson, \\[\\[Larry Gatlin]] as himself, \\[\\[Steve Gatlin]] \\[\\[Rudy Gatlin]] as himself.",
"\\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Art Lover \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Couples \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Made for Each Other\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|1}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=238\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Gopher is afraid of getting fired, after breaking a very valuable art piece. Newlyweds (Mary Cadorette and Dean Butler) realize that they have nothing in common besides sex. Gopher breaks a passenger's (Jose Ferrer) priceless statue; Judy is labeled a home\\-wrecker; Ace snaps a telling shot of two couples.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Dean Butler (actor)\\|Dean Butler]] as Brent Harper, \\[\\[Mary Cadorette]] as Darlene Harper, \\[\\[José Ferrer]] as Simon Beck, \\[\\[Caren Kaye]] as Paula Mercer, \\[\\[Vicki Lawrence]] as Betty Logan, \\[\\[David Spielberg]] as Marc Mercer, \\[\\[Alana Stewart]] as Miss Enty and \\[\\[Fred Willard]] as Nil Logan.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Bert Rosario]] as Julio.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Second Banana \n \\|Title\\_2\\= The Prodigy \n \\|Title\\_3\\= What Goes Around Comes Around\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|8}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=239\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|ShortSummary\\=An artist (Donald O'Connor) and his orangutan give their last performance during the cruise. Doc falls for a radio psychologist; A gambler (Thomas Bray) risks love; A woman wants to retire her spouse's (Donald O'Connor) orangutan.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Thom Bray]] as Lowell Mandell, \\[\\[CJ the Orangutan]] as Tanny the Orangutan, \\[\\[Patti Davis]] as Brenda (credited as Patricia Davis), \\[\\[Gloria DeHaven]] as Mary Halbert, \\[\\[Nancy Dussault]] as Dr. Dorothee Davis, and \\[\\[Donald O'Connor]] as Leo Halbert.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Vincent Di Paolo]] as Passenger (uncredited).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Gothic Romance \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Whatever Happened to Crazy Joe Flash? \n \\|Title\\_3\\= We'll Meet Again\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|15}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=240\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Searching for inspiration, a romance novelist (Morgan Brittany) fantasizes that Ace is courting her; A rock star (Joe Regalbuto) tries to act like a regular guy and finds romance with another passenger (Donna Pescow); A couple (Jayne Meadows and Bill Macy) who regularly take the cruise and have the same cabin, for ten years, are really married to other people and sneaking away for the cruise. A disguised rock star faces rejection; A novelist sees Ace as the hero of her next book; Two lovers celebrate their 10th anniversary.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Jayne Meadows]] as Janice (credited as Jayne Meadows Allen), \\[\\[Morgan Brittany]] as Katherine Wilde, \\[\\[Bill Macy]] as Myles, \\[\\[Donna Pescow]] as Joyce Anderson, \\[\\[Joe Regalbuto]] as Herb Hanson / Crazy Joe Flash, and \\[\\[Michael Young (actor)\\|Michael Young]] as Henry Gordon.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=The Will \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Deja Vu \n \\|Title\\_3\\= The Prediction\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|22}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=241\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A millionaire is after a mysterious woman who turned out to be his wife. A psychic (Eva Gabor) makes a very scary prediction. A psychic predicts doom; A woman and an old beau are reunited by her dead husband's design; A man discovers that he was once married.\n''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Eva Gabor]] as Leila Kane, \\[\\[Mimi Kuzyk]] as Nancy Brown, \\[\\[Garrett Morris]] as Gary Samuels, \\[\\[Roxie Roker]] as Rhonda Whitney, and \\[\\[Patrick Wayne]] as Jim Stanton / Ed Brown.",
"Note: \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 4\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Spain Cruise: The Matadors \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Mrs. Jameson Comes Out \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Love's Labor Found \n \\|Title\\_4\\= Marry Me, Marry Me\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|3}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=242",
"---",
"243\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22",
"---",
"23\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Spain cruise: The grandson (Lorenzo Lamas) of a famous matador (Cesar Romero) wants to write rather than become a bullfighter; A woman (Sada Thompson), who spent 20 years in prison, hopes to be reunited with her daughter (Melissa Sue Anderson); A passenger (Adrian Zmed) is seeing both Judy and Vicki without their knowledge; Isaac helps a pregnant unmarried stowaway (Olivia Brown). A matador clashes with his grandson; A released convict seeks her daughter; Isaac finds a stowaway; A man woos two women.",
"Note: The crew is on vacation in Genoa, Italy, before returning to work and sailing on the Vistafjord around Spain and Portugal. Part 1 includes stops in Barcelona, Ibiza, and Malaga. Part 2 starts in Malaga and includes a stop in Lisbon.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Melissa Sue Anderson]] as Dana Colton, \\[\\[Olivia Brown]] as Lois Hendrix, \\[\\[Mary Crosby]] as Helen Elaine, \\[\\[Lorenzo Lamas]] as Antonio Belmonte, \\[\\[William R. Moses]] as Mark Davis, \\[\\[Cesar Romero]] as Carlos Belmonte, \\[\\[Sada Thompson]] as Laura Jameson, and \\[\\[Adrian Zmed]] as Eddy Conrad.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Mykelti Williamson]] as James Russell (credited as Mykel T. Williamson) (credit only), \\[\\[Robin Harlan]] as Beautiful Girl (credit only), \\[\\[Peter Forbes\\-Robertson]] as Doctor (credit only), \\[\\[Denise Gallup]] as Twin \\#1 (credit only), and \\[\\[Dian Gallup]] as Twin \\#2 (credit only). Note: These five Other Guests are credited in Part 1 and Part 2, but only appear in Part 2\\.",
"Note: \\[\\[Chiquito de la Calzada]] appeared as Musician (uncredited) in Part 1 only.",
"Note: The Love Boat Mermaids did not appear.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=My Stepmother, Myself \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Almost Roommates \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Cornerback Sneak\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|17}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=244\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=24\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Captain Stubing's happiness is darkened by Vicki's jealousy. The crew learns that they have to share their cabins. Stubing's pending marriage upsets Vicki; A veteran football player faces being cut; A cook (Michael Winslow) has two roommates.\n''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood, \\[\\[Geoffrey Scott (actor)\\|Geoffrey Scott]] as John Jackson / John 'Hatchet Man' Hatcher, \\[\\[Trish Van Devere]] as Amanda Dailey (new owner of the San Jose Friars), \\[\\[Vanessa Williams]] as Pearl, and \\[\\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson (also introduced as Assistant Cruise Director by Gopher in beginning dialogue).",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Sam Scarber]] as Bubba Powell.",
"Note: \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 3\n \\|Title\\_1\\=Happily Ever After \n \\|Title\\_2\\= Have I Got a Job for You \n \\|Title\\_3\\= Mr. Smith Goes to Minikulu\n \\|DirectedBy \\=\n \\|WrittenBy \\=\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|24}}\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=245\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=25\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The Captain might reconsider his marriage to Emily (Marion Ross). Gopher has second thoughts about an offer to manage an island resort when Isaac leaves the project. Stubing has prenuptial jitters; Ace is prepared to take over as purser if Gopher accepts an offer to manage a tropical resort.",
"''Guest Stars:'' \\[\\[Clive Revill]] as Slade Collins, \\[\\[Marion Ross]] as Emily Heywood / Emily Stubing, \\[\\[Renée Taylor]] as Monica Douglas and \\[\\[Michael Winslow]] as Spencer Wilson.",
"''Other Guests:'' \\[\\[Jan Peters (actor)\\|Jan Peters]] as Minister.",
"Note: \\[\\[Nanci L. Hammond]] as Jane – Love Boat Mermaid (credited as Nanci Hammond, instead of Nanci Lynn Hammond as in previous episodes).",
"Note: This was the series finale. Some special episodes followed, and are sometimes referred to as Season 10, but are not usually included in the series syndication re\\-runs.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Grow was the seventh child of Henry Grow and Mary Riter Grow. Born in [Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township%2C_Pennsylvania "Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania"), he spent his childhood on his father's sixty acre (240,000 m²) farm. This farm was one of five bequeathed by Grow's German grandfather, Frederick Grow, to each of his children.
In his early adulthood, Grow was apprenticed as a [carpenter](/wiki/Carpenter "Carpenter") and [joiner](/wiki/Joiner "Joiner") for the [Norristown](/wiki/Norristown%2C_Pennsylvania "Norristown, Pennsylvania") and [Germantown](/wiki/Germantown%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania "Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania") [railroads](/wiki/Rail_transport "Rail transport"). He eventually superintended the construction of all bridges under George G. Whitmore, president of the railroads and ex\-mayor of Philadelphia.
In May 1842, Grow was baptized into the [Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints](/wiki/Church_of_Christ_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)"); he traveled to church headquarters in [Nauvoo, Illinois](/wiki/Nauvoo%2C_Illinois "Nauvoo, Illinois"), in 1843\. Grow worked on the [Nauvoo Temple](/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple "Nauvoo Temple") until its completion in May 1846\. By that time, church leader [Joseph Smith](/wiki/Joseph_Smith "Joseph Smith") had long been [assassinated by a mob](/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith "Death of Joseph Smith"), and the church had [schismed](/wiki/Schism_%28religion%29 "Schism (religion)") as Mormons were being driven from Nauvoo.
Following the leadership of [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young "Brigham Young"), Grow [traveled](/wiki/Mormon_Trail "Mormon Trail") across the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains "Great Plains") to Utah in 1851 as part of the James Cummings Company. He arrived in [Salt Lake Valley](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley "Salt Lake Valley") on October 1, 1851, his 34th birthday.
Grow settled north of present\-day [Ogden, Utah](/wiki/Ogden%2C_Utah "Ogden, Utah"), but was called to [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") by Young in 1852 to oversee construction projects for [Utah Territory](/wiki/Utah_Territory "Utah Territory") and for [the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\-day Saints](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints") (LDS Church). In 1853, Grow designed and built the first suspension bridge in Utah, over the [Weber River](/wiki/Weber_River "Weber River"). He was also superintendent for the construction of the original [Sugar House](/wiki/Sugar_House%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah "Sugar House, Salt Lake City, Utah") [sugar beet](/wiki/Sugar_beet "Sugar beet") mill under the direction of [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Bishop (Latter Day Saints)") Fred Kesler. From 1854 to 1861, Grow built or rebuilt at least five sawmills, mostly in [Big Cottonwood Canyon](/wiki/Big_Cottonwood_Canyon "Big Cottonwood Canyon"). He also worked on a cotton mill and built more bridges, over the [Provo](/wiki/Provo_River "Provo River") and [Jordan Rivers](/wiki/Jordan_River_%28Utah%29 "Jordan River (Utah)"). The Jordan River Bridge, finished in 1861, employed the patented Remington bridge lattice similar to other bridges he helped construct in Pennsylvania.
From 1876 to 1877, Grow served a [mission](/wiki/Mormon_missionary "Mormon missionary") for the church in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware"), and [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), where he was able to visit old relatives. Upon his return to Salt Lake City, he was assigned to tear down the so\-called "old Tabernacle" that stood on [Temple Square](/wiki/Temple_Square "Temple Square") and superintended the construction of the [Salt Lake Assembly Hall](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Assembly_Hall "Salt Lake Assembly Hall") under [Obed Taylor](/wiki/Obed_Taylor "Obed Taylor"). Grow built several residences, including a house for [church president](/wiki/President_of_the_Church_%28LDS_Church%29 "President of the Church (LDS Church)") [John Taylor](/wiki/John_Taylor_%28Mormon%29 "John Taylor (Mormon)"), and acted as superintendent of carpentry of the church through the 1880s. Grow's last important project was the construction of the [Deseret Paper Mill](/wiki/Deseret_Paper_Mill "Deseret Paper Mill") for the LDS Church\-owned *[Deseret News](/wiki/Deseret_Morning_News "Deseret Morning News")* newspaper.
### Salt Lake Tabernacle
In the early 1860s, Young tapped Grow for what became Grow's largest and most famous construction, the dome of the [Salt Lake Tabernacle](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tabernacle "Salt Lake Tabernacle"). Young had become infatuated with the idea of constructing the Tabernacle in an elongated dome shape. When asked how large a roof he could construct using a Remington bridge\-style lattice, Grow replied that it could be "100 feet wide and as long as is wanted." Grow engineered the tabernacle roof to be {{convert\|150\|ft\|m}} across and {{convert\|250\|ft\|m}} long.
Construction of the Tabernacle began on July 26, 1864, but construction of the roof did not begin until 1865 when all 44 supporting [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") [piers](/wiki/Pier "Pier") designed by [William H. Folsom](/wiki/William_H._Folsom "William H. Folsom") were in place. Grow rapidly built the roof structure from the center out, but encountered difficulty engineering the [semicircular](/wiki/Semicircle "Semicircle") ends of the roof. This difficulty dragged structural work on the roof into fall of 1866 even as other parts of the roof were being shingled. However, Grow finished and shingled the entire roof by the spring of 1867, before the interior of the building was finished. He continued to superintend the construction of the building until it was finished.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Grow was the seventh child of Henry Grow and Mary Riter Grow. Born in [Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania\"), he spent his childhood on his father's sixty acre (240,000 m²) farm. This farm was one of five bequeathed by Grow's German grandfather, Frederick Grow, to each of his children.",
"In his early adulthood, Grow was apprenticed as a [carpenter](/wiki/Carpenter \"Carpenter\") and [joiner](/wiki/Joiner \"Joiner\") for the [Norristown](/wiki/Norristown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Norristown, Pennsylvania\") and [Germantown](/wiki/Germantown%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania \"Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\") [railroads](/wiki/Rail_transport \"Rail transport\"). He eventually superintended the construction of all bridges under George G. Whitmore, president of the railroads and ex\\-mayor of Philadelphia.",
"In May 1842, Grow was baptized into the [Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints](/wiki/Church_of_Christ_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)\"); he traveled to church headquarters in [Nauvoo, Illinois](/wiki/Nauvoo%2C_Illinois \"Nauvoo, Illinois\"), in 1843\\. Grow worked on the [Nauvoo Temple](/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple \"Nauvoo Temple\") until its completion in May 1846\\. By that time, church leader [Joseph Smith](/wiki/Joseph_Smith \"Joseph Smith\") had long been [assassinated by a mob](/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith \"Death of Joseph Smith\"), and the church had [schismed](/wiki/Schism_%28religion%29 \"Schism (religion)\") as Mormons were being driven from Nauvoo.",
"Following the leadership of [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young \"Brigham Young\"), Grow [traveled](/wiki/Mormon_Trail \"Mormon Trail\") across the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains \"Great Plains\") to Utah in 1851 as part of the James Cummings Company. He arrived in [Salt Lake Valley](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley \"Salt Lake Valley\") on October 1, 1851, his 34th birthday.",
"Grow settled north of present\\-day [Ogden, Utah](/wiki/Ogden%2C_Utah \"Ogden, Utah\"), but was called to [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City \"Salt Lake City\") by Young in 1852 to oversee construction projects for [Utah Territory](/wiki/Utah_Territory \"Utah Territory\") and for [the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\\-day Saints](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\") (LDS Church). In 1853, Grow designed and built the first suspension bridge in Utah, over the [Weber River](/wiki/Weber_River \"Weber River\"). He was also superintendent for the construction of the original [Sugar House](/wiki/Sugar_House%2C_Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah \"Sugar House, Salt Lake City, Utah\") [sugar beet](/wiki/Sugar_beet \"Sugar beet\") mill under the direction of [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Bishop (Latter Day Saints)\") Fred Kesler. From 1854 to 1861, Grow built or rebuilt at least five sawmills, mostly in [Big Cottonwood Canyon](/wiki/Big_Cottonwood_Canyon \"Big Cottonwood Canyon\"). He also worked on a cotton mill and built more bridges, over the [Provo](/wiki/Provo_River \"Provo River\") and [Jordan Rivers](/wiki/Jordan_River_%28Utah%29 \"Jordan River (Utah)\"). The Jordan River Bridge, finished in 1861, employed the patented Remington bridge lattice similar to other bridges he helped construct in Pennsylvania.",
"From 1876 to 1877, Grow served a [mission](/wiki/Mormon_missionary \"Mormon missionary\") for the church in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\"), and [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), where he was able to visit old relatives. Upon his return to Salt Lake City, he was assigned to tear down the so\\-called \"old Tabernacle\" that stood on [Temple Square](/wiki/Temple_Square \"Temple Square\") and superintended the construction of the [Salt Lake Assembly Hall](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Assembly_Hall \"Salt Lake Assembly Hall\") under [Obed Taylor](/wiki/Obed_Taylor \"Obed Taylor\"). Grow built several residences, including a house for [church president](/wiki/President_of_the_Church_%28LDS_Church%29 \"President of the Church (LDS Church)\") [John Taylor](/wiki/John_Taylor_%28Mormon%29 \"John Taylor (Mormon)\"), and acted as superintendent of carpentry of the church through the 1880s. Grow's last important project was the construction of the [Deseret Paper Mill](/wiki/Deseret_Paper_Mill \"Deseret Paper Mill\") for the LDS Church\\-owned *[Deseret News](/wiki/Deseret_Morning_News \"Deseret Morning News\")* newspaper.",
"### Salt Lake Tabernacle",
"In the early 1860s, Young tapped Grow for what became Grow's largest and most famous construction, the dome of the [Salt Lake Tabernacle](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tabernacle \"Salt Lake Tabernacle\"). Young had become infatuated with the idea of constructing the Tabernacle in an elongated dome shape. When asked how large a roof he could construct using a Remington bridge\\-style lattice, Grow replied that it could be \"100 feet wide and as long as is wanted.\" Grow engineered the tabernacle roof to be {{convert\\|150\\|ft\\|m}} across and {{convert\\|250\\|ft\\|m}} long.",
"Construction of the Tabernacle began on July 26, 1864, but construction of the roof did not begin until 1865 when all 44 supporting [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") [piers](/wiki/Pier \"Pier\") designed by [William H. Folsom](/wiki/William_H._Folsom \"William H. Folsom\") were in place. Grow rapidly built the roof structure from the center out, but encountered difficulty engineering the [semicircular](/wiki/Semicircle \"Semicircle\") ends of the roof. This difficulty dragged structural work on the roof into fall of 1866 even as other parts of the roof were being shingled. However, Grow finished and shingled the entire roof by the spring of 1867, before the interior of the building was finished. He continued to superintend the construction of the building until it was finished.",
""
] |
Political activity
------------------
In August 2010 Plahotniuc stated: "I don't get involved in politics. I'm not interested in running on a party list." But on the evening of 19 November 2010, during the meeting of the Political Bureau of the [Democratic Party of Moldova](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Moldova "Democratic Party of Moldova"), it was decided to include Plahotniuc in 2nd place on its electoral party list.{{Citation \| url\=http://unimedia.info/stiri/\-26325\.html\| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130108082445/http://unimedia.info/stiri/\-26325\.html\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-date\=8 January 2013\| title\=S\-a confirmat! Vladimir Plahotniuc este candidatul la funcția de depu…\| newspaper\=archive.is\| date\= 8 January 2013\| access\-date\=18 March 2020}} As a result, he delegated the administration of his businesses to his managers to be able to dedicate himself to [politics](/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova "Politics of Moldova").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.azi.md/ro/story/14986\|title\=Vladimir Plahotniuc și\-a transmis afacerile în administrarea managerilor, pentru a se ocupa de politică\|access\-date\=14 January 2016\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231647/http://www.azi.md/ro/story/14986\|url\-status\=dead}} He became a member of the Parliament in December 2010,{{cite web\|url\=https://protv.md/stiri/politic/vlad\-plahotniuc\-a\-renuntat\-la\-afaceri\-\-\-59383\.html\|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc a renuntat la afaceri\|date\=23 March 2020\|work\=protv.md}} a position he held until October 2013, when he resigned.{{cite web\|url\=http://unimedia.info/stiri/video\-declaratia\-lui\-plahotniuc\-dupa\-vot\-Imi\-dau\-demisia\-si\-il\-indemn\-pe\-filat\-sa\-faca\-la\-fel\-57401\.html\|title\=(video) Declarația lui Plahotniuc după VOT: Îmi dau demisia și îl îndemn pe Filat să facă la fel!\|author\=UNIMEDIA\|work\=UNIMEDIA}}{{cite web\|url\=https://protv.md/stiri/plahotniuc\-si\-a\-prezentat\-demisia\-si\-cere\-demiterea\-lui\-filat\-\-\-111009\.html\|title\="Imi dau demisia si il astept pe Filat sa\-si anunte si el plecarea". Functia lui Plahotniuc, lichidata\|date\=23 March 2020\|work\=protv.md}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.publika.md/deputatul\-democrat\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-a\-demisionat\-din\-functia\-de\-prim\-vicepresedinte\-al\-parlamentului\-si\-ii\-cere\-lui\-vlad\-filat\-sa\-faca\-la\-fel\_1260991\.html\|title\=Deputatul democrat Vlad Plahotniuc a demisionat din funcția de prim\-vicepreședinte al Parlamentului și îi cere lui Vlad Filat să facă la fel\|date\=13 April 2016\|work\=PUBLIKA.MD\|access\-date\=19 April 2016\|archive\-date\=11 October 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011145406/http://www.publika.md/deputatul\-democrat\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-a\-demisionat\-din\-functia\-de\-prim\-vicepresedinte\-al\-parlamentului\-si\-ii\-cere\-lui\-vlad\-filat\-sa\-faca\-la\-fel\_1260991\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
On 30 December 2010 Plahotniuc was appointed deputy chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova at the party's National Political Council session. On the same day he was elected as the First Deputy Speaker of the [Parliament of the Republic of Moldova](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova "Parliament of the Republic of Moldova"). He was also elected as a member of the Parliament's Economy, Budget and Finance Committee.
On 19 May 2011, by presidential decree, [Marian Lupu](/wiki/Marian_Lupu "Marian Lupu") founded the *National Council for the Judiciary Reform*, which included Plahotniuc as vice\-chairman.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.interlic.md/2011\-05\-19/decret\-prezidential\-21140\.html\|title\=Decret prezidential\|access\-date\=14 January 2016\|archive\-date\=6 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606141403/http://www.interlic.md/2011\-05\-19/decret\-prezidential\-21140\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
In June 2012, Plahotniuc became First Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timpul.md/articol/video\-cel\-de\-al\-vii\-lea\-congres\-al\-pdm\-i\-a\-inceput\-lucrarile\-34628\.html\|title\=Lupu – reales, Plahotniuc – avansat\|work\=Timpul – Știri din Moldova}}
On 15 February 2013, the parliamentary group of [PCRM](/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova "Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova") and [PLDM](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova "Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova"), without the conclusion of the Parliament's "Legal Committee for Appointments and Immunities",{{Citation \| url\=https://www.privesc.eu/transcrieri/84/Sedinta\-Parlamentului\-Republicii\-Moldova\-din\-15\-februarie\-2013/92\| title\=Transcriere. Ședința Parlamentului Republicii Moldova din 15 februarie 2013\| newspaper\=Privesc.Eu\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}} together voted a [motion of no confidence](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence "Motion of no confidence") in Plahotniuc.{{Citation\| url\=http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/Parlament\_boljshynstvo\_golosov\_votum\_nedoverie\_Pla/default.aspx\| title\=Новости: Молдова: Парламент большинством голосов вынес вотум недоверия Владимиру Плахотнюку в качестве первого вице\-спикера\| website\=www.terra.md\| access\-date\=25 January 2019\| archive\-date\=19 April 2023\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419051956/http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/Parlament\_boljshynstvo\_golosov\_votum\_nedoverie\_Pla/default.aspx\| url\-status\=dead}} Following this decision, supported by the votes of 73 out of 101 deputies from the Communist Party and Liberal Democratic Party, the office of First Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Moldova was abolished, and this is what prompted Plahotniuc to resign.{{Citation \| url\=http://www.ipn.md/en/politica/52450\| title\=IPN Politics\| website\=www.ipn.md\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=http://www.ipn.md/en/politica/52451\| title\=IPN Politics\| website\=www.ipn.md\| date\=16 February 2013\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=http://www.e\-democracy.md/parties/pldm/\| title\=Partidul Liberal Democrat din Moldova (PLDM) / partide.md\| website\=www.e\-democracy.md\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation\| url\=http://www.m.timpul.md/articol/pcrm\-pldm\-i\-au\-dat\-un\-vot\-de\-neincredere\-lui\-vladimir\-plahotniuc\-40997\.html\| title\="Foaie verde și\-un cartuz\*, ghinda s\-a făcut harbuz", reacția PL după votul COMUN între PLDM și PCRM\| newspaper\=Timpul – Știri din Moldova\| access\-date\=25 January 2019\| archive\-date\=26 May 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526083605/http://www.m.timpul.md/articol/pcrm\-pldm\-i\-au\-dat\-un\-vot\-de\-neincredere\-lui\-vladimir\-plahotniuc\-40997\.html\| url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw.com/ro/plahotniuc\-a\-fost\-demis\-masca%C5%A3ii\-au\-n%C4%83v%C4%83lit\-%C3%AEn\-guvern/a\-16602236 \|title\=Plahotniuc a fost demis. Mascații au năvălit în Guvern \|publisher\=Deutsche Welle\|author\=\[\[Vitalie Călugăreanu]] \|date\=15 February 2013 \|access\-date\=8 October 2017 \|language\=ro}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rfi.ro/politic\-62040\-chi\-u\-prim\-vicepre\-edintele\-parlamentului\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-demis \|title\= Chișinău: Prim\-vicepreședintele Parlamentului, Vlad Plahotniuc demis \|publisher\=RFI Romania \|author\=Valeria Vițu\|date\=15 February 2013\|access\-date\=8 October 2017\|language\=ro}} In his turn, Plahotniuc urged the prime minister, Vlad Filat, who was later condemned for influence peddling and passive corruption,{{Citation \| url\=http://jurnal.md/ro/justitie/2017/8/10/fostul\-premier\-filat\-condamnat\-la\-9\-ani\-de\-inchisoare\-a\-depus\-o\-plangere\-la\-ctedo\-am\-fost\-victima\-unui\-proces\-desfasurat\-in\-conditii\-obscure\-de\-clandestinitate/\| title\=Fostul premier Filat, condamnat la 9 ani de închisoare, a depus o plângere la CtEDO: "Am fost victima unui proces desfășurat în condiții obscure, de clandestinitate"\| website\=jurnal.md\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation\| url\=https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2017/08/10/republica\-moldova\-fostul\-premier\-vlad\-filat\-condamnat\-la\-9\-ani\-de\-inchisoare\-a\-depus\-o\-plangere\-la\-cedo\-12\-44\-25\| title\=Republica Moldova: Fostul premier Vlad Filat, condamnat la 9 ani de închisoare, a depus o plângere la CEDO\| newspaper\=Agerpres.ro\| date\=10 August 2017\| access\-date\=25 January 2019\| archive\-date\=8 April 2022\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408163428/https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2017/08/10/republica\-moldova\-fostul\-premier\-vlad\-filat\-condamnat\-la\-9\-ani\-de\-inchisoare\-a\-depus\-o\-plangere\-la\-cedo\-12\-44\-25\| url\-status\=dead}} to follow his lead.{{Citation \| url\=http://www.e\-democracy.md/parties/docs/pdm/201302154/\| title\=Vlad Plahotniuc și\-a prezentat demisia: In Parlament s\-a creat o altă alianță — PLDM\-PCRM / partide.md\| website\=www.e\-democracy.md\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}} At the end of October 2013, Plahotniuc resigned as MP.{{Cite web\|url\=https://unimedia.info/\|title\=UNIMEDIA \- Portalul de știri nr. 1 din Moldova\|website\=unimedia.info}}
The motion of no confidence{{Citation \| url\=http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action\=view\&view\=doc\&id\=346743⟨\=1\| title\=Republica Moldova PARLAMENTUL HOTĂRÎRE Nr. 5 din 15\.02\.2013 \|website\=lex.justice.md\| access\-date\=25 January 2019}} was the reason given in January 2016 by the Moldovan President, [Nicolae Timofti](/wiki/Nicolae_Timofti "Nicolae Timofti"), to reject Plahotniuc's candidature for the position of prime minister.{{Citation \| url\=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri\-esential\-20725301\-ultima\-ora\-presedintele\-nicolae\-timofti\-respinge\-candidatura\-lui\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-pentru\-functia\-premier.htm\| title\=Presedintele Nicolae Timofti respinge candidatura lui Vlad Plahotniuc pentru functia de premier si cere un alt nume – Esential\| newspaper\=HotNews.ro\| date\=13 January 2016\| access\-date\=25 January 2019\|author \= Cristian Pantazi}} Timofti said that "Plahotniuc is not qualified for the Prime\-Minister position". He further said that among the qualifications for that position are that "the integrity of the candidate must not give rise to doubt".{{cite web\|title\=Moldovan president rejects candidacy of Vladimir Plahotniuc for prime minister\|url\=http://tass.ru/en/world/849388\|website\=TASS Russian News Agency\|access\-date\=27 May 2016}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.presedinte.md/rom/presa/presedintele\-nicolae\-timofti\-respinge\-candidatura\-domnului\-vladimir\-plahotniuc\-la\-functia\-de\-prim\-ministru\|title\=Președintele Nicolae Timofti respinge candidatura domnului Vladimir Plahotniuc la funcția de prim\-ministru\|website\=www.presedinte.md}}{{Cite web\|last\=Rapoza\|first\=Kenneth\|title\=How The Russians Helped Turn Moldova Into A Hotbed For Money Laundering\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/08/01/how\-the\-russians\-helped\-turn\-moldova\-into\-a\-hotbed\-for\-money\-laundering/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-15\|website\=Forbes\|language\=en}}
In 2014 Plahotniuc told reporters: "I entered politics with my business in place. I wanted to give something back, not the other way round."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/vlad\-plahotniuc\-moldova\-s\-man\-in\-shadows/\|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc: Moldova's man in the shadows\|website\=openDemocracy}} He is one of the wealthiest people in Moldova,{{Cite web\|url\=https://adevarul.ro/moldova/economie/cei\-mai\-bogati\-oameni\-republica\-moldova\-1\_55a6906bf5eaafab2c99e7bc/index.html\|title\=Cei mai bogaţi oameni din Republica Moldova\|date\=15 July 2015\|website\=adevarul.ro}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://adevarul.ro/moldova/actualitate/cum\-devenit\-vladimir\-plahotniuc\-milionar\-euro\-1\_50ad70757c42d5a663952dc5/index.html\|title\=Cum a devenit Vladimir Plahotniuc milionar în euro\|date\=27 January 2011\|website\=adevarul.ro}} if not the wealthiest one.[Moldova crisis: An elite power grab?](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35410818). David Stern, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"), 27 January 2016{{Cite web\|url\=http://jurnal.md/en/politic/2016/12/1/financial\-times\-about\-the\-oligarchs\-from\-eastern\-europe\-plahotniuc\-the\-richest\-man\-from\-moldova\-captured\-long\-time\-ago\-the\-power/\|title\=Financial Times, about the oligarchs from Eastern Europe: Plahotniuc, the richest man from Moldova, captured long time ago the power \- Politics \- Jurnal.md\|date\=21 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821213504/http://jurnal.md/en/politic/2016/12/1/financial\-times\-about\-the\-oligarchs\-from\-eastern\-europe\-plahotniuc\-the\-richest\-man\-from\-moldova\-captured\-long\-time\-ago\-the\-power/\|archive\-date\=21 August 2017}}[Ce avere are Vlad Plahotniuc? Între 2 și 2,5 miliarde de dolari](https://www.mold-street.com/?go=news&n=5258). mold\-street.com, 28 October 2016 According to his op\-ed, he declares himself to be a huge supporter of EU integration and strengthening relations with the west.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/01/07/message\-for\-trump\-and\-us\-moldova\-wants\-to\-be\-bridge\-not\-battleground\-between\-east\-and\-west.html\|title\=A message for Trump and the US: Moldova wants to be a bridge, not a battleground, between East and West\|last\=Plahotniuc\|first\=Vladimir\|date\=7 January 2017\|publisher\=Fox News Channel\|access\-date\=29 November 2017}} In December 2014, Plahotniuc was re\-elected as a member of Parliament, and in July 2015 he resigned again from this position{{cite web\|url\=http://agora.md/stiri/11322/plahotniuc\-pleaca\-din\-parlament\|title\=VIDEO. Plahotniuc pleacă din Parlament\|author\=Victoria Dumbravă\|date\=20 April 2016\|work\=AGORA}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.realitatea.md/ultima\-ora\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-renun\-a\-la\-mandatul\-de\-deputat\_24627\.html\|title\=ULTIMA ORĂ! Vlad Plahotniuc RENUNȚĂ la mandatul de deputat (VIDEO)\|date\=10 January 2021 \|publisher\=realitatea.md\|language\=ro}}{{cite web\|url\=http://unimedia.info/stiri/Ultima\-ora\-Vladimir\-Plahotniuc\-se\-retrage\-din\-Parlament\-98479\.html\|title\=Ultima oră! Vladimir Plahotniuc se retrage din Parlament\|publisher\=UNIMEDIA\|language\=ro}} "to focus his political activity on reforming the party".
On 15 October 2015, on the day [Vlad Filat](/wiki/Vlad_Filat "Vlad Filat") was detained as part of the ongoing investigation into the [2014 Moldovan bank fraud scandal](/wiki/2014_Moldovan_bank_fraud_scandal "2014 Moldovan bank fraud scandal"), Plahotniuc announced via Facebook that he had auto\-suspended himself from the position of First Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova, and also from the position of a member of this party "... to avoid insinuations that he influences the investigation in the bank fraud case, and to avoid damaging the image of the party (PDM)".
In early May 2016 Plahotniuc, as an executive coordinator of the Governing Coalition Council, a previously unknown position,{{Citation \| url\=https://agora.md/stiri/18758/noua\-functie\-a\-lui\-plahotniuc\-coordonator\-executiv\-al\-consiliului\-aliantei\-de\-guvernare\| title\=Noua funcție a lui Plahotniuc: "Coordonator Executiv al Consiliului Alianței de guvernare"\| newspaper\=AGORA\| date\=3 May 2016\| access\-date\=23 March 2020}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/world/europe/moldova\-vlad\-plahotniuc.html\|title\=Moldova Is Rattled as Washington Welcomes a Feared Tycoon\|first\=Andrew\|last\=Higgins\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=3 June 2016}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ziarulnational.md/manipulare\-pd\-cum\-a\-ajuns\-de\-fapt\-plahotniuc\-in\-sua\-si\-cum\-a\-fost\-ales\-in\-functia\-de\-coordonator\-executiv\-al\-consiliului\-coalitiei/\|title\=Cum a ajuns, de fapt, Plahotniuc în SUA și cum a fost ales în funcția de "coordonator executiv al Consiliului coaliției"\|website\=www.ziarulnational.md}} was on an official visit to Washington.[Noua funcție a lui Plahotniuc: „Coordonator Executiv al Consiliului Alianței de guvernare"](https://agora.md/stiri/18758/noua-functie-a-lui-plahotniuc-coordonator-executiv-al-consiliului-aliantei-de-guvernare)[Plahotniuc, în vizită în SUA, în calitate de coordonator executiv al Consiliului Coaliției de guvernare: Vrem să asigurăm stabilitatea economică a țării și să excludem fenomenul corupției](https://www.zdg.md/stiri/stiri-politice/plahotniuc-in-vizita-in-sua-in-calitate-de-coordonator-executiv-al-consiliului-coalitiei-de-guvernare-vrem-sa-asiguram-stabilitatea-economica-a-tarii-si-sa-excludem-fenomenul-coruptiei) He attended an event of the [Atlantic Council](/wiki/Atlantic_Council "Atlantic Council"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.allmoldova.com/ru/news/consiliul\-atlantic\-precizeaza\-nu\-avem\-nicio\-relatie\-financiara\-cu\-domnul\-plahotniuc \|title\=Consiliul Atlantic precizează: "Nu avem nicio relație financiară cu domnul Plahotniuc" \|access\-date\=14 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=21 July 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721190603/http://www.allmoldova.com/ru/news/consiliul\-atlantic\-precizeaza\-nu\-avem\-nicio\-relatie\-financiara\-cu\-domnul\-plahotniuc \|url\-status\=dead }} where he met [Victoria Nuland](/wiki/Victoria_Nuland "Victoria Nuland"), assistant to the US Secretary of State.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.digi24\.ro/stiri/externe/mapamond/controversatul\-om\-de\-afaceri\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-s\-a\-intalnit\-la\-washington\-cu\-victoria\-nuland\-513446\|title\=Controversatul om de afaceri Vlad Plahotniuc s\-a întâlnit la Washington cu Victoria Nuland\|website\=www.digi24\.ro\|date\=3 May 2016 }}
On 24 December 2016, during the 8th Democratic Party Congress, Plahotniuc was elected chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova.{{cite web \|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc a fost ales președinte al Partidului Democrat din Republica Moldova \|url\=https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2016/12/24/vlad\-plahotniuc\-a\-fost\-ales\-presedinte\-al\-partidului\-democrat\-din\-republica\-moldova\-15\-47\-50 \|website\=agerpres.ro \|date\=24 December 2016 \|access\-date\=3 January 2017 \|archive\-date\=4 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162438/https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2016/12/24/vlad\-plahotniuc\-a\-fost\-ales\-presedinte\-al\-partidului\-democrat\-din\-republica\-moldova\-15\-47\-50 \|url\-status\=dead }} On 6 March 2017, Plahotniuc announced that his party would propose a uninominal voting system.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.moldova.org/en/democratic\-party\-proposes\-uninominal\-voting\-system\-moldova\-opposition\-liberals\-oppose/\|title\=Democratic Party proposes uninominal voting system in Moldova, opposition and Liberals oppose it\|first\=Cristi\|last\=Vlas\|date\=6 March 2017}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://en.publika.md/democratic\-party\-of\-moldova\-proposes\-uninominal\-voting\-system\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-citizens\-to\-be\-able\-to\-dismiss\-mps\_2635444\.html\|title\=Democratic Party of Moldova proposes UNINOMINAL VOTING SYSTEM. Vlad Plahotniuc: Citizens to be able to dismiss MPs \| PUBLIKA .MD \- AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE\|first\=PUBLIKA MD\-AICI SUNT\|last\=ȘTIRILE\|date\=6 March 2017\|website\=en.publika.md}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://en.publika.md/democratic\-leader\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-announces\-government’s\-reshape\-number\-of\-ministries\-cut\-to\-9\-after\-decision\-in\-ruling\-coalition\_2637198\.html\|title\=Democratic leader Vlad Plahotniuc announces Government's reshape! Number of ministries, cut to 9, after decision in ruling coalition \| PUBLIKA .MD \- AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE\|first\=PUBLIKA MD\-AICI SUNT\|last\=ȘTIRILE\|date\=10 May 2017\|website\=en.publika.md}} Two months later, on 10 May, he announced the party's position to completely support the Government in its reform of the central administration.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.moldova.org/en/moldova\-democrats\-propose\-reduce\-number\-ministries\-16\-9\-insist\-uninominal\-system\-2022/\|title\=Moldova Democrats propose to reduce number of Ministries from 16 to 9, insist on uninominal system after 2022\|first\=Cristi\|last\=Vlas\|date\=11 May 2017}} In a press briefing, he stated only nine ministries would remain out of the existing sixteen.
In March 2017, at the XXVth congress of the [Socialist International](/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International"), taking place from 2 to 4 March in Cartagena, Colombia, Plahotniuc was elected as deputy president, joining the leadership team of George Papandreou, president, and Luis Ayala, secretary general, who were both re\-elected for the next four years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.moldova.org/en/vlad\-plahotniuc\-elected\-vice\-president\-socialist\-international/\|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc, elected Vice\-President of the Socialist International\|first\=Cristi\|last\=Vlas\|date\=3 March 2017}}
On 30 March 2017, a majority of the Moldova Parliament, led by the Democrats, approved a draft law modifying the Constitution of Moldova and lifting the immunity of MPs, while the Socialist and Communist MPs criticized the initiative.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.moldova.org/en/moldova\-parliament\-votes\-lifting\-mp\-immunity\-first\-lecture\-socialists\-communists\-oppose/\|title\=Moldova Parliament votes lifting MP immunity in first lecture, Socialists and Communists oppose it\|first\=Cristi\|last\=Vlas\|date\=30 March 2017}} In 2013, Plahotniuc declared, "Lifting the immunity of deputies is not populism: it is a test that politicians should give to society."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.timpul.md/articol/vlad\-plahotniuc\-lipsirea\-de\-imunitate\-a\-deputatiilor\-nu\-este\-populism\-este\-un\-test\-pe\-care\-clasa\-politica\-ar\-trebui\-sa\-l\-dea\-in\-faa\-societaii\-50690\.html\|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc: Lipsirea de imunitate a deputaţiilor nu este populism, este un test pe care clasa politică ar trebui să\-l dea în fața societății\|website\=Timpul \- Ştiri din Moldova}}
In July 2017, at the Congress of [Socialist International](/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International"), Plahotniuc demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from eastern Moldova.{{Citation \| url\=https://stiri.md/article/politica/plahotniuc\-a\-cerut\-la\-new\-york\-retragerea\-trupelor\-ruse\-de\-pe\-teritoriul\-republicii\-moldova\| title\=Plahotniuc a cerut, la New York, retragerea trupelor ruse de pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova\| newspaper\=stiri.md\| access\-date\=23 March 2020}}
In 2018, Plahotniuc urged the government to launch a campaign to promote a housing program named "Prima casă" ("First Home"), designed to facilitate the acquisition of housing for civil servants.[Plahotniuc promite că programul „Prima Casă" va fi funcțional din luna martie](http://agora.md/stiri/42188/plahotniuc-promite-ca-programul-prima-casa-va-fi-functional-din-luna-martie). Agora At the beginning of 2018, he also announced the launching of a national program "Drumuri bune pentru Moldova" ("Good Roads for Moldova"). Plahotniuc described this project as the biggest infrastructure project since the declaration of Independence,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mold\-street.com/?go\=news\&n\=7365\|title\=Proiectul lui Plahotniuc prinde contur. Primele licitații pentru Drumuri bune pentru Moldova \- MoldStreet\|website\=www.mold\-street.com}} but some experts found the project to be unrealistic.[Expert\-Grup, despre programul PDM: „Drumuri bune pentru Moldova": Are caracter populist, electoral și nu este acoperit financiar](http://tv8.md/2018/03/29/expert-grup-despre-programul-pdm-drumuri-bune-pentru-moldova-are-caracter-populist-electoral-si-nu-este-acoperit-financiar/). TV8, 29 March 2018
According to previous opinion polls, Plahotniuc was the lowest rated Moldovan politician, considered by Moldovan citizens to be untrustworthy.[Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Moldova. September 29 – October 21, 2015](http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2015-11-09_survey_of_moldovan_public_opinion_september_29-october_21_2015.pdf). International Republican Institute{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.soros.md/event/barometru\-aprilie\-2015\|title\=Barometrul opiniei publice \- aprilie 2015\|website\=Soros Foundation Moldova (FSM)\|access\-date\=14 October 2023\|archive\-date\=21 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081809/http://soros.md/event/barometru\-aprilie\-2015\|url\-status\=dead}} In opinion polls carried out in 2019 referring to the most respected politicians of the Republic of Moldova, Vladimir Plahotniuc was ranked 3rd and 5th among politicians in whom Moldovans have the most trust.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.ziarulnational.md/sondaj\-cate\-mandate\-de\-deputat\-ar\-obtine\-psrm\-acum\-si\-pd\-in\-cricumscriptia\-nationala\-partidul\-sor\-la\-limita/\| title\=SONDAJ // Câte mandate de deputat ar obține PSRM, "ACUM" și PD în cricumscripția națională: Partidul Șor, la limită. Cei mai mulți respondenți optează pentru vectorul "Pro Moldova"\| website\=www.ziarulnational.md\| access\-date\=13 February 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=https://noi.md/md/politica/top\-trei\-politicieni\-in\-care\-moldovenii\-au\-cea\-mai\-mare\-incredere\-sondaj\| title\=Top trei politicieni în care moldovenii au cea mai mare încredere – sondaj\| newspaper\=noi.md\| access\-date\=13 February 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/d8648c3c2edd695a/sondaj\-bop\-cei\-mai\-apreciati\-politicieni\-din\-republica\-moldova.html\| title\=Sondaj BOP: Cei mai apreciați politicieni din Republica Moldova\| newspaper\=UNIMEDIA\| date\=7 February 2019\| access\-date\=13 February 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=https://stiri.md/article/politica/sondaj\-cine\-sunt\-politicienii\-in\-care\-moldovenii\-au\-cea\-mai\-mare\-incredere\| title\=Sondaj: Cine sunt politicienii în care moldovenii au cea mai mare încredere\| newspaper\=stiri.md\| access\-date\=13 February 2019}}
In the [parliamentary elections on 24 February 2019](/wiki/2019_Moldovan_parliamentary_election "2019 Moldovan parliamentary election"), Plahotniuc was the candidate of the Democratic Party of Moldova in Nisporeni uninominal constituency no.17, and was elected as an MP.{{Citation \| url\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/1f7880bf11437bdb/vlad\-plahotniuc\-deputat\-in\-viitorul\-parlament\-rezultatele\-preliminare\-din\-circumscriptia\-nr\-17\.html\| title\=(update) "Trei trandafiri" la Nisporeni. Vlad Plahotniuc, deputatul care va reprezenta circumscripția nr. 17 în Parlament\| newspaper\=UNIMEDIA\| date\=24 February 2019\| access\-date\=31 March 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=http://alegeri.md/w/Circumscrip%C8%9Bia\_uninominal%C4%83\_nr.\_17,\_Nisporeni\_la\_alegerile\_parlamentare\_din\_2019\| title\=Circumscripția uninominală nr. 17, Nisporeni la alegerile parlamentare din 2019\|website\=alegeri.md\| access\-date\=10 April 2019}}
On 24 June 2019 Plahotniuc resigned as chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova.{{cn\|date\=March 2024}}
On 30 July 2019 Plahotniuc resigned as MP.{{Citation \| url\=https://stiri.md/article/politica/de\-cate\-ori\-a\-lasat\-deputatia\-vlad\-plahotniuc\| title\=De câte ori a lăsat Plahotniuc funcția de deputat\| website\=stiri.md\| access\-date\=31 July 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=https://radiochisinau.md/ultima\-ora\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-renunta\-la\-mandatul\-de\-deputat\-\-\-92249\.html\| title\=Ultima Oră! Vlad Plahotniuc renunță la mandatul de deputat\| website\=Radio Chișinău\| access\-date\= 31 July 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=https://www.ziarulnational.md/ultima\-ora\-plahotniuc\-explica\-de\-ce\-renunta\-la\-mandatul\-de\-deputat\-desi\-anterior\-nu\-se\-gandea\-sa\-faca\-asta\-nu\-am\-nevoie\-de\-imunitatea\-unui\-stat\-controlat\-astazi\-de\-moscova/\| title\=Plahotniuc explică de ce renunță la mandatul de DEPUTAT, deși anterior nu se gândea să facă asta: "Nu am nevoie de imunitatea unui stat controlat astăzi de Moscova"\| website\=/www.ziarulnational.md\| access\-date\= 31 July 2019}} Parliament accepted his resignation, and his seat was declared vacant.{{Citation \| url\=http://tv8\.md/2019/07/30/demisia\-lui\-plahotniuc\-din\-functia\-de\-deputat\-acceptata\-de\-parlament/\| title\=Demisia lui Plahotniuc din funcția de deputat, acceptată de Parlament\| website\=tv8\.md\| access\-date\= 31 July 2019}}{{Citation \| url\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/d28792cf3c9e794e/sedinta\-parlamentului\-din\-30\-iulie\-2019\.html\| title\=(video) Ședința Parlamentului: Demisia lui Plahotniuc, aprobată. Robu, numit procuror general interimar\| newspaper\=UNIMEDIA\| date\=30 July 2019\| access\-date\= 31 July 2019}}
### Parliamentary diplomacy
[thumb](/wiki/File:Vladimir_Plahotniuc.png "Vladimir Plahotniuc.png")
As the first deputy chairman of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova, Plahotniuc represented the country's interests during official trips and at official meetings with political leaders from other states.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.novisa.md/2011/06/14/in\-muntenegru\-se\-desfasoara\-cea\-de\-a\-9\-a\-conferinta\-a\-presedintilor\-parlamentelor\-statelor\-membre\-ale\-seecp/\|title\=NoVisa.md, În Muntenegru, se desfășoară cea de\-a 9\-a Conferință a Președinților Parlamentelor statelor membre ale SEECP, 14 iunie 2011\|access\-date\=9 December 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041316/http://www.novisa.md/2011/06/14/in\-muntenegru\-se\-desfasoara\-cea\-de\-a\-9\-a\-conferinta\-a\-presedintilor\-parlamentelor\-statelor\-membre\-ale\-seecp/\|archive\-date\=26 April 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.interlic.md/2011\-06\-29/germania\-sprijina\-apropierea\-rm\-de\-structurile\-europene\-21633\.html\|title\=Germania sprijină apropierea RM de structurile europene\|access\-date\=14 January 2016\|archive\-date\=28 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928031058/http://www.interlic.md/2011\-06\-29/germania\-sprijina\-apropierea\-rm\-de\-structurile\-europene\-21633\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.azi.md/ro/story/19912\|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc: "Cred că Moldova poate învăța de la Cipru câteva lecții importante"\|access\-date\=14 January 2016\|archive\-date\=19 April 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419081421/http://www.azi.md/ro/story/19912\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Citation \| url\=https://unimedia.info/stiri/plahotniuc\-in\-cehia\-39169\.html\| title\=Plahotniuc în Cehia\| newspaper\=UNIMEDIA\| access\-date\=23 March 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timpul.md/articol/vlad\-plahotniuc\-despre\-relatiile\-moldo\-romane\-si\-acordurile\-semnate\-intre\-cele\-doua\-tari\-22515\.html\|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc, despre relațiile moldo\-române și acordurile semnate între cele două țări\|work\=Timpul – Știri din Moldova\|date\=14 April 2011 \|access\-date\=14 January 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hotnews.md/articles/view.hot?id\=10695\|title\=HotNews.md\|access\-date\=14 January 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221162433/http://www.hotnews.md/articles/view.hot?id\=10695\|archive\-date\=21 February 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
Between 13 and 15 June 2011, Plahotniuc attended the 9th Conference of the presidents of the Parliaments of the member states of the [South\-East European Cooperation Process](/wiki/South-East_European_Cooperation_Process "South-East European Cooperation Process") (SEECP),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.allmoldova.com/ro/news/vlad\-plahotniuc\-recunoasterea\-perspectivei\-de\-aderare\-a\-moldovei\-la\-ue\-va\-stimula\-implementarea\-reformelor \|title\=Vlad Plahotniuc: Recunoașterea perspectivei de aderare a Moldovei la UE va stimula implementarea reformelor \|access\-date\=14 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=11 August 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811110449/http://www.allmoldova.com/ro/news/vlad\-plahotniuc\-recunoasterea\-perspectivei\-de\-aderare\-a\-moldovei\-la\-ue\-va\-stimula\-implementarea\-reformelor \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://point.md/ru/novosti/politika/o\-delegaie\-parlamentara\-pleaca\-in\-muntenegru\|title\=O delegaţie parlamentară pleacă în Muntenegru\|website\=point.md}} of which Moldova has been a member since 2006\.{{Citation \| url\=https://www.mae.ro/node/9968\| title\=Procesul de Cooperare din Europa de Sud\-Est\| website\=/www.mae.ro\| access\-date\=23 March 2020}} He was also part of the [Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA CIS)](/wiki/CIS_Interparliamentary_Assembly "CIS Interparliamentary Assembly"), the [Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe](/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe "Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"), the Friendship Group with the Swiss Confederation, the Friendship Group with the Hellenic Republic and the Friendship Group with the Hungarian Republic.[Members of the Parliament](http://www.parlament.md/LastructuredeParlament/Deputies/tabid/87/Id/317/Default.aspx)
### Position on foreign relations
In an interview for the Moldovan news website *Deschide.md*, Plahotniuc stated that "the Republic of Moldova will not cancel or renegotiate the Association Agreement with the EU, and will not sign an Agreement with the Euro\-Asiatic Union", qualifying the statements made by Igor Dodon in Moscow as purely electioneering rhetoric.{{cite news\|url\=http://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/6452/Exclusiv\-\-Interviu\-Vlad\-Plahotniuc\-regret%C4%83\-excesele\-lui\-Dodon\-nu\-a\-uitat\-de\-Filat\-%C8%99i\-are\-o\-ofert%C4%83\-pentru\-Jurnal\-TV.htm\|title\=Exclusiv: V.Plahotniuc regretă excesele lui Dodon, nu uită de Filat și are o ofertă pentru Jurnal TV\|trans\-title\=Exclusive: V. Plahotniuc deplores the excesses of Dodon, remembers Filat, and has an offer for Jurnal TV\|work\=Deschide.md\|first\=Vadim\|last\=Vasilu\|date\=24 January 2017}} Regarding president Igor Dodon's official visit to Moscow, Plahotniuc committed the Democratic Party to standing firmly for continuing Moldova's commitment to the European Union and maintained that Moldova – EU relations must remain pivotal for the country's foreign policy.{{Citation \| url\=https://en.publika.md/pdm\-moldova\-eu\-relation\-remains\-pivotal\-for\-the\-foreign\-policy\_2633428\.html\| title\=PDM: Moldova\-EU relation remains pivotal for the foreign policy\| newspaper\=PUBLIKA.MD – AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE\| date\= 17 January 2017\| access\-date\=23 March 2020 \|author \= Publika. Md}}
On 7 January 2017, Plahotniuc addressed a message to the U.S. president\-elect [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"); the statement reflected the party leader's vision: ″Moldova is willing to become a bridge between East and West, not a battleground for the world powers″.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/01/07/message\-for\-trump\-and\-us\-moldova\-wants\-to\-be\-bridge\-not\-battleground\-between\-east\-and\-west.html\|title\=A message for Trump and the US: Moldova wants to be a bridge, not a battleground, between East and West\|publisher\=Fox News Channel\|date\=7 January 2017}}
As chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova, Plahotniuc opposed the long\-looming prospect of a Russian\-annexed Moldova. The Democratic Party of Moldova has repeatedly reaffirmed its attachment to Western doctrines such as democracy.
During his presidency of the Democratic Party, Plahotniuc attended many meetings with officials from the US and Europe. One of his achievements in this respect was the submission of pro\-Moldovan resolutions in the US House of Representatives by Congressmen [David Price](/wiki/David_Price_%28American_politician%29 "David Price (American politician)") and [Pete Olson](/wiki/Pete_Olson "Pete Olson") after having several meetings with them. The resolutions reiterated US support for the territorial integrity of Moldova and for the resolution of the [Transnistria conflict](/wiki/Transnistria_conflict "Transnistria conflict"), and called for enhanced cooperation between Moldova and the US.{{Cite news\|url\=https://price.house.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/reps\-price\-and\-olson\-introduce\-bipartisan\-moldova\-resolution\|title\=Reps. Price and Olson Introduce Bipartisan Moldova Resolution\|date\=21 February 2018\|work\=Congressman David Price\|access\-date\=26 April 2018}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sua.mfa.md/embassy\-news\-en/510844/\|title\=Embassy of the Republic of Moldova to the United States of America and Mexico\|website\=sua.mfa.md\|access\-date\=26 April 2018\|archive\-date\=26 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213529/http://www.sua.mfa.md/embassy\-news\-en/510844/\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Position on Russian interference in Moldova
Plahotniuc has declared many times that one of his main goals is to stop Russian interference in Moldova, which had spread to all spheres of the Moldovan economy such as media, the banking system, insurance, NGOs and political organisations.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/01/07/message\-for\-trump\-and\-us\-moldova\-wants\-to\-be\-bridge\-not\-battleground\-between\-east\-and\-west.html\|title\=A message for Trump and the US: Moldova wants to be a bridge, not a battleground, between East and West\|last\=Plahotniuc\|first\=Vladimir\|date\=7 January 2017\|publisher\=Fox News Channel\|access\-date\=23 May 2018}} To minimize Russian influence over the region, Plahotniuc, together with the government coalition, pioneered many reforms and laws such as anti\-propaganda law, financial reforms based on EU directives and the reform of NGOs.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova\-parliament\-speaker\-approves\-russia\-media\-law/28966975\.html\|title\=Moldovan Parliament Speaker Passes Law Against Russian Propaganda\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=11 January 2018 \|access\-date\=23 May 2018}}
In response to laws that aimed to reduce its influence over the regions, Russia started to frame Moldovan officials, including Plahotniuc, with bogus legal cases, ratcheting up a long\-running diplomatic row between the two countries. According to Moldovan officials, these actions were due to ongoing investigations into the case known locally as the "[Russian Laundromat](/wiki/Russian_Laundromat "Russian Laundromat")". Plahotniuc declared that Russia's behavior "toward my colleagues and me is an explicit act of blackmail and political harassment ... abusive and illegal behavior, which will not change our commitment to the democratic and European development of Moldova.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-moldova\-russia/moldova\-ruling\-party\-chief\-says\-framed\-by\-russia\-in\-bogus\-cases\-idUSKBN1E12QJ\|title\=Moldova ruling party chief says framed by Russia in bogus cases\|last\=Williams\|first\=Matthias\|work\=U.S.\|access\-date\=23 May 2018}}
On 22 February 2019, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation accused Vladimir Plahotniuc of money laundering.{{Citation \| url\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russian\-opens\-money\-laundering\-probe\-involving\-moldova\-61232697\| title\=Russian opens money laundering probe involving Moldova\| newspaper\=ABC News\| access\-date\=23 March 2020}} According to Plahotniuc's own political party, the Democratic Party, "This was abusive interference by the Russian Federation in the elections in the Republic of Moldova. And this so\-called case was opened by Russians against the DP's leader, just two days before the parliamentary elections in Moldova, which is clearly abuse on the part of the Russian Federation by which they try to influence the election outcomes in Moldova".{{Citation \| url\=http://protv.md/stiri/actualitate/ce\-spun\-democratii\-despre\-faptul\-ca\-vlad\-plahotniuc\-ar\-fi\-fost\-\-\-2489121\.html\| title\=Democratii, despre presupusa implicare a lui Plahotniuc intr\-o schema de spalare de bani in Rusia: "O interventie abuziva a Rusiei de a influenta rezultatul alegerilor din tara noastra"\| newspaper\=protv.md\| access\-date\=25 February 2019}}
On 26 June 2019, two days after Plahotniuc resigned as chairperson of the PDM, he was arraigned, in his absence, in the Russian Federation for organizing a large criminal drug trafficking network in North Africa, through the European Union, to CIS countries, including the Russian Federation.{{Citation\| url\=https://xn\-\-b1aew.xn\-\-p1ai/news/item/17382374\| title\=Следователями МВД России заочно предъявлено обвинение бывшему 7председателю Демократической партии Республики Молдова и его доверенному лицу\| website\=xn\-\-b1aew.xn\| access\-date\=27 June 2019\| archive\-date\=26 March 2022\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326111359/https://xn\-\-b1aew.xn\-\-p1ai/news/item/17382374/\| url\-status\=dead}}{{cn\|date\=March 2024}} The former PD leader wrote that these were some of the "threats" addressed to him and his family: "The Russian Federation has several criminal cases against me, I do not know the exact number. I have learned about each of them from the press. They appeared either during elections or when the Republic of Moldova, governed by the Democratic Party, made decisions that were not to Moscow's liking. All these cases are fantasies and attempts to involve my name in cases that have absolutely nothing to do with me. It is precisely for reasons of political harassment that Interpol rejected tens of Russia's attempts to limit my freedom of movement abusively."{{Citation \| url\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/7b70769239dd982a/ultima\-ora\-plahotniuc\-despre\-dosarele\-din\-rusia\-una\-din\-amenintarile\-la\-adresa\-mea\-despre\-care\-am\-scris.html\| title\=Ultima oră! Plahotniuc, despre dosarele din Rusia: Una din amenințările la adresa mea despre care am scris anterior\| newspaper\=UNIMEDIA\| date\=26 June 2019\| access\-date\=27 June 2019}}
According to *International Security and Estonia 2020*, a report published by the Estonian secret services, at the end of 2017 the FSB Directorate for Support Program decided to carry out an influence operation against Plahotniuc, with the aim of spreading information on Plahotniuc's criminal image and his alleged opposition to European integration, hoping to discourage the West from cooperating with him. The Kremlin was concerned about Plahotniuc's influence as such, and not about the mechanisms and approaches he was implementing. His influence prevented Russia from achieving its own goals in Moldova and, consequently, from expanding Russian influence.{{Cite web\| url\=https://www.valisluureamet.ee/pdf/raport\-2020\-en.pdf\| title\=Raport 2020\| website\=www.valisluureamet.ee\| access\-date\=30 July 2020\| archive\-date\=6 July 2021\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706181418/https://www.valisluureamet.ee/pdf/raport\-2020\-en.pdf\| url\-status\=dead}}{{Citation \| url\=https://news.err.ee/1034242/intelligence\-service\-s\-annual\-report\-highlights\-russian\-and\-chinese\-threats\| title\=Intelligence service's annual report highlights Russian and Chinese threats\| newspaper\=ERR\| date\= 12 February 2020\| access\-date\=30 July 2020}}{{Citation \| url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article\-ukraine\-fell\-to\-russia\-belarus\-is\-at\-a\-crisis\-point\-is\-moldova\-next/\| title\=Opinion: Ukraine fell to Russia. Belarus is at a crisis point. Is Moldova next?\| newspaper\=The Globe and Mail\| date\= 28 August 2020\| access\-date\=10 September 2020}}
|
[
"Political activity\n------------------",
"In August 2010 Plahotniuc stated: \"I don't get involved in politics. I'm not interested in running on a party list.\" But on the evening of 19 November 2010, during the meeting of the Political Bureau of the [Democratic Party of Moldova](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Moldova \"Democratic Party of Moldova\"), it was decided to include Plahotniuc in 2nd place on its electoral party list.{{Citation \\| url\\=http://unimedia.info/stiri/\\-26325\\.html\\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130108082445/http://unimedia.info/stiri/\\-26325\\.html\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-date\\=8 January 2013\\| title\\=S\\-a confirmat! Vladimir Plahotniuc este candidatul la funcția de depu…\\| newspaper\\=archive.is\\| date\\= 8 January 2013\\| access\\-date\\=18 March 2020}} As a result, he delegated the administration of his businesses to his managers to be able to dedicate himself to [politics](/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova \"Politics of Moldova\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.azi.md/ro/story/14986\\|title\\=Vladimir Plahotniuc și\\-a transmis afacerile în administrarea managerilor, pentru a se ocupa de politică\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231647/http://www.azi.md/ro/story/14986\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He became a member of the Parliament in December 2010,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://protv.md/stiri/politic/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-a\\-renuntat\\-la\\-afaceri\\-\\-\\-59383\\.html\\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc a renuntat la afaceri\\|date\\=23 March 2020\\|work\\=protv.md}} a position he held until October 2013, when he resigned.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://unimedia.info/stiri/video\\-declaratia\\-lui\\-plahotniuc\\-dupa\\-vot\\-Imi\\-dau\\-demisia\\-si\\-il\\-indemn\\-pe\\-filat\\-sa\\-faca\\-la\\-fel\\-57401\\.html\\|title\\=(video) Declarația lui Plahotniuc după VOT: Îmi dau demisia și îl îndemn pe Filat să facă la fel!\\|author\\=UNIMEDIA\\|work\\=UNIMEDIA}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://protv.md/stiri/plahotniuc\\-si\\-a\\-prezentat\\-demisia\\-si\\-cere\\-demiterea\\-lui\\-filat\\-\\-\\-111009\\.html\\|title\\=\"Imi dau demisia si il astept pe Filat sa\\-si anunte si el plecarea\". Functia lui Plahotniuc, lichidata\\|date\\=23 March 2020\\|work\\=protv.md}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publika.md/deputatul\\-democrat\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-a\\-demisionat\\-din\\-functia\\-de\\-prim\\-vicepresedinte\\-al\\-parlamentului\\-si\\-ii\\-cere\\-lui\\-vlad\\-filat\\-sa\\-faca\\-la\\-fel\\_1260991\\.html\\|title\\=Deputatul democrat Vlad Plahotniuc a demisionat din funcția de prim\\-vicepreședinte al Parlamentului și îi cere lui Vlad Filat să facă la fel\\|date\\=13 April 2016\\|work\\=PUBLIKA.MD\\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011145406/http://www.publika.md/deputatul\\-democrat\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-a\\-demisionat\\-din\\-functia\\-de\\-prim\\-vicepresedinte\\-al\\-parlamentului\\-si\\-ii\\-cere\\-lui\\-vlad\\-filat\\-sa\\-faca\\-la\\-fel\\_1260991\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On 30 December 2010 Plahotniuc was appointed deputy chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova at the party's National Political Council session. On the same day he was elected as the First Deputy Speaker of the [Parliament of the Republic of Moldova](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova \"Parliament of the Republic of Moldova\"). He was also elected as a member of the Parliament's Economy, Budget and Finance Committee.",
"On 19 May 2011, by presidential decree, [Marian Lupu](/wiki/Marian_Lupu \"Marian Lupu\") founded the *National Council for the Judiciary Reform*, which included Plahotniuc as vice\\-chairman.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interlic.md/2011\\-05\\-19/decret\\-prezidential\\-21140\\.html\\|title\\=Decret prezidential\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=6 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606141403/http://www.interlic.md/2011\\-05\\-19/decret\\-prezidential\\-21140\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In June 2012, Plahotniuc became First Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timpul.md/articol/video\\-cel\\-de\\-al\\-vii\\-lea\\-congres\\-al\\-pdm\\-i\\-a\\-inceput\\-lucrarile\\-34628\\.html\\|title\\=Lupu – reales, Plahotniuc – avansat\\|work\\=Timpul – Știri din Moldova}}",
"On 15 February 2013, the parliamentary group of [PCRM](/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova \"Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova\") and [PLDM](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova \"Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova\"), without the conclusion of the Parliament's \"Legal Committee for Appointments and Immunities\",{{Citation \\| url\\=https://www.privesc.eu/transcrieri/84/Sedinta\\-Parlamentului\\-Republicii\\-Moldova\\-din\\-15\\-februarie\\-2013/92\\| title\\=Transcriere. Ședința Parlamentului Republicii Moldova din 15 februarie 2013\\| newspaper\\=Privesc.Eu\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}} together voted a [motion of no confidence](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence \"Motion of no confidence\") in Plahotniuc.{{Citation\\| url\\=http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/Parlament\\_boljshynstvo\\_golosov\\_votum\\_nedoverie\\_Pla/default.aspx\\| title\\=Новости: Молдова: Парламент большинством голосов вынес вотум недоверия Владимиру Плахотнюку в качестве первого вице\\-спикера\\| website\\=www.terra.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\| archive\\-date\\=19 April 2023\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419051956/http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/Parlament\\_boljshynstvo\\_golosov\\_votum\\_nedoverie\\_Pla/default.aspx\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} Following this decision, supported by the votes of 73 out of 101 deputies from the Communist Party and Liberal Democratic Party, the office of First Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Moldova was abolished, and this is what prompted Plahotniuc to resign.{{Citation \\| url\\=http://www.ipn.md/en/politica/52450\\| title\\=IPN Politics\\| website\\=www.ipn.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=http://www.ipn.md/en/politica/52451\\| title\\=IPN Politics\\| website\\=www.ipn.md\\| date\\=16 February 2013\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=http://www.e\\-democracy.md/parties/pldm/\\| title\\=Partidul Liberal Democrat din Moldova (PLDM) / partide.md\\| website\\=www.e\\-democracy.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation\\| url\\=http://www.m.timpul.md/articol/pcrm\\-pldm\\-i\\-au\\-dat\\-un\\-vot\\-de\\-neincredere\\-lui\\-vladimir\\-plahotniuc\\-40997\\.html\\| title\\=\"Foaie verde și\\-un cartuz\\*, ghinda s\\-a făcut harbuz\", reacția PL după votul COMUN între PLDM și PCRM\\| newspaper\\=Timpul – Știri din Moldova\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\| archive\\-date\\=26 May 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526083605/http://www.m.timpul.md/articol/pcrm\\-pldm\\-i\\-au\\-dat\\-un\\-vot\\-de\\-neincredere\\-lui\\-vladimir\\-plahotniuc\\-40997\\.html\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw.com/ro/plahotniuc\\-a\\-fost\\-demis\\-masca%C5%A3ii\\-au\\-n%C4%83v%C4%83lit\\-%C3%AEn\\-guvern/a\\-16602236 \\|title\\=Plahotniuc a fost demis. Mascații au năvălit în Guvern \\|publisher\\=Deutsche Welle\\|author\\=\\[\\[Vitalie Călugăreanu]] \\|date\\=15 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2017 \\|language\\=ro}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rfi.ro/politic\\-62040\\-chi\\-u\\-prim\\-vicepre\\-edintele\\-parlamentului\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-demis \\|title\\= Chișinău: Prim\\-vicepreședintele Parlamentului, Vlad Plahotniuc demis \\|publisher\\=RFI Romania \\|author\\=Valeria Vițu\\|date\\=15 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2017\\|language\\=ro}} In his turn, Plahotniuc urged the prime minister, Vlad Filat, who was later condemned for influence peddling and passive corruption,{{Citation \\| url\\=http://jurnal.md/ro/justitie/2017/8/10/fostul\\-premier\\-filat\\-condamnat\\-la\\-9\\-ani\\-de\\-inchisoare\\-a\\-depus\\-o\\-plangere\\-la\\-ctedo\\-am\\-fost\\-victima\\-unui\\-proces\\-desfasurat\\-in\\-conditii\\-obscure\\-de\\-clandestinitate/\\| title\\=Fostul premier Filat, condamnat la 9 ani de închisoare, a depus o plângere la CtEDO: \"Am fost victima unui proces desfășurat în condiții obscure, de clandestinitate\"\\| website\\=jurnal.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{Citation\\| url\\=https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2017/08/10/republica\\-moldova\\-fostul\\-premier\\-vlad\\-filat\\-condamnat\\-la\\-9\\-ani\\-de\\-inchisoare\\-a\\-depus\\-o\\-plangere\\-la\\-cedo\\-12\\-44\\-25\\| title\\=Republica Moldova: Fostul premier Vlad Filat, condamnat la 9 ani de închisoare, a depus o plângere la CEDO\\| newspaper\\=Agerpres.ro\\| date\\=10 August 2017\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\| archive\\-date\\=8 April 2022\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408163428/https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2017/08/10/republica\\-moldova\\-fostul\\-premier\\-vlad\\-filat\\-condamnat\\-la\\-9\\-ani\\-de\\-inchisoare\\-a\\-depus\\-o\\-plangere\\-la\\-cedo\\-12\\-44\\-25\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} to follow his lead.{{Citation \\| url\\=http://www.e\\-democracy.md/parties/docs/pdm/201302154/\\| title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc și\\-a prezentat demisia: In Parlament s\\-a creat o altă alianță — PLDM\\-PCRM / partide.md\\| website\\=www.e\\-democracy.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}} At the end of October 2013, Plahotniuc resigned as MP.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://unimedia.info/\\|title\\=UNIMEDIA \\- Portalul de știri nr. 1 din Moldova\\|website\\=unimedia.info}}\nThe motion of no confidence{{Citation \\| url\\=http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action\\=view\\&view\\=doc\\&id\\=346743⟨\\=1\\| title\\=Republica Moldova PARLAMENTUL HOTĂRÎRE Nr. 5 din 15\\.02\\.2013 \\|website\\=lex.justice.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}} was the reason given in January 2016 by the Moldovan President, [Nicolae Timofti](/wiki/Nicolae_Timofti \"Nicolae Timofti\"), to reject Plahotniuc's candidature for the position of prime minister.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri\\-esential\\-20725301\\-ultima\\-ora\\-presedintele\\-nicolae\\-timofti\\-respinge\\-candidatura\\-lui\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-pentru\\-functia\\-premier.htm\\| title\\=Presedintele Nicolae Timofti respinge candidatura lui Vlad Plahotniuc pentru functia de premier si cere un alt nume – Esential\\| newspaper\\=HotNews.ro\\| date\\=13 January 2016\\| access\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\|author \\= Cristian Pantazi}} Timofti said that \"Plahotniuc is not qualified for the Prime\\-Minister position\". He further said that among the qualifications for that position are that \"the integrity of the candidate must not give rise to doubt\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Moldovan president rejects candidacy of Vladimir Plahotniuc for prime minister\\|url\\=http://tass.ru/en/world/849388\\|website\\=TASS Russian News Agency\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presedinte.md/rom/presa/presedintele\\-nicolae\\-timofti\\-respinge\\-candidatura\\-domnului\\-vladimir\\-plahotniuc\\-la\\-functia\\-de\\-prim\\-ministru\\|title\\=Președintele Nicolae Timofti respinge candidatura domnului Vladimir Plahotniuc la funcția de prim\\-ministru\\|website\\=www.presedinte.md}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Rapoza\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|title\\=How The Russians Helped Turn Moldova Into A Hotbed For Money Laundering\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/08/01/how\\-the\\-russians\\-helped\\-turn\\-moldova\\-into\\-a\\-hotbed\\-for\\-money\\-laundering/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-15\\|website\\=Forbes\\|language\\=en}}",
"In 2014 Plahotniuc told reporters: \"I entered politics with my business in place. I wanted to give something back, not the other way round.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-moldova\\-s\\-man\\-in\\-shadows/\\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc: Moldova's man in the shadows\\|website\\=openDemocracy}} He is one of the wealthiest people in Moldova,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://adevarul.ro/moldova/economie/cei\\-mai\\-bogati\\-oameni\\-republica\\-moldova\\-1\\_55a6906bf5eaafab2c99e7bc/index.html\\|title\\=Cei mai bogaţi oameni din Republica Moldova\\|date\\=15 July 2015\\|website\\=adevarul.ro}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://adevarul.ro/moldova/actualitate/cum\\-devenit\\-vladimir\\-plahotniuc\\-milionar\\-euro\\-1\\_50ad70757c42d5a663952dc5/index.html\\|title\\=Cum a devenit Vladimir Plahotniuc milionar în euro\\|date\\=27 January 2011\\|website\\=adevarul.ro}} if not the wealthiest one.[Moldova crisis: An elite power grab?](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35410818). David Stern, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\"), 27 January 2016{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://jurnal.md/en/politic/2016/12/1/financial\\-times\\-about\\-the\\-oligarchs\\-from\\-eastern\\-europe\\-plahotniuc\\-the\\-richest\\-man\\-from\\-moldova\\-captured\\-long\\-time\\-ago\\-the\\-power/\\|title\\=Financial Times, about the oligarchs from Eastern Europe: Plahotniuc, the richest man from Moldova, captured long time ago the power \\- Politics \\- Jurnal.md\\|date\\=21 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821213504/http://jurnal.md/en/politic/2016/12/1/financial\\-times\\-about\\-the\\-oligarchs\\-from\\-eastern\\-europe\\-plahotniuc\\-the\\-richest\\-man\\-from\\-moldova\\-captured\\-long\\-time\\-ago\\-the\\-power/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 August 2017}}[Ce avere are Vlad Plahotniuc? Între 2 și 2,5 miliarde de dolari](https://www.mold-street.com/?go=news&n=5258). mold\\-street.com, 28 October 2016 According to his op\\-ed, he declares himself to be a huge supporter of EU integration and strengthening relations with the west.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/01/07/message\\-for\\-trump\\-and\\-us\\-moldova\\-wants\\-to\\-be\\-bridge\\-not\\-battleground\\-between\\-east\\-and\\-west.html\\|title\\=A message for Trump and the US: Moldova wants to be a bridge, not a battleground, between East and West\\|last\\=Plahotniuc\\|first\\=Vladimir\\|date\\=7 January 2017\\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}} In December 2014, Plahotniuc was re\\-elected as a member of Parliament, and in July 2015 he resigned again from this position{{cite web\\|url\\=http://agora.md/stiri/11322/plahotniuc\\-pleaca\\-din\\-parlament\\|title\\=VIDEO. Plahotniuc pleacă din Parlament\\|author\\=Victoria Dumbravă\\|date\\=20 April 2016\\|work\\=AGORA}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.realitatea.md/ultima\\-ora\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-renun\\-a\\-la\\-mandatul\\-de\\-deputat\\_24627\\.html\\|title\\=ULTIMA ORĂ! Vlad Plahotniuc RENUNȚĂ la mandatul de deputat (VIDEO)\\|date\\=10 January 2021 \\|publisher\\=realitatea.md\\|language\\=ro}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://unimedia.info/stiri/Ultima\\-ora\\-Vladimir\\-Plahotniuc\\-se\\-retrage\\-din\\-Parlament\\-98479\\.html\\|title\\=Ultima oră! Vladimir Plahotniuc se retrage din Parlament\\|publisher\\=UNIMEDIA\\|language\\=ro}} \"to focus his political activity on reforming the party\".",
"On 15 October 2015, on the day [Vlad Filat](/wiki/Vlad_Filat \"Vlad Filat\") was detained as part of the ongoing investigation into the [2014 Moldovan bank fraud scandal](/wiki/2014_Moldovan_bank_fraud_scandal \"2014 Moldovan bank fraud scandal\"), Plahotniuc announced via Facebook that he had auto\\-suspended himself from the position of First Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova, and also from the position of a member of this party \"... to avoid insinuations that he influences the investigation in the bank fraud case, and to avoid damaging the image of the party (PDM)\".",
"In early May 2016 Plahotniuc, as an executive coordinator of the Governing Coalition Council, a previously unknown position,{{Citation \\| url\\=https://agora.md/stiri/18758/noua\\-functie\\-a\\-lui\\-plahotniuc\\-coordonator\\-executiv\\-al\\-consiliului\\-aliantei\\-de\\-guvernare\\| title\\=Noua funcție a lui Plahotniuc: \"Coordonator Executiv al Consiliului Alianței de guvernare\"\\| newspaper\\=AGORA\\| date\\=3 May 2016\\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2020}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/world/europe/moldova\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc.html\\|title\\=Moldova Is Rattled as Washington Welcomes a Feared Tycoon\\|first\\=Andrew\\|last\\=Higgins\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=3 June 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ziarulnational.md/manipulare\\-pd\\-cum\\-a\\-ajuns\\-de\\-fapt\\-plahotniuc\\-in\\-sua\\-si\\-cum\\-a\\-fost\\-ales\\-in\\-functia\\-de\\-coordonator\\-executiv\\-al\\-consiliului\\-coalitiei/\\|title\\=Cum a ajuns, de fapt, Plahotniuc în SUA și cum a fost ales în funcția de \"coordonator executiv al Consiliului coaliției\"\\|website\\=www.ziarulnational.md}} was on an official visit to Washington.[Noua funcție a lui Plahotniuc: „Coordonator Executiv al Consiliului Alianței de guvernare\"](https://agora.md/stiri/18758/noua-functie-a-lui-plahotniuc-coordonator-executiv-al-consiliului-aliantei-de-guvernare)[Plahotniuc, în vizită în SUA, în calitate de coordonator executiv al Consiliului Coaliției de guvernare: Vrem să asigurăm stabilitatea economică a țării și să excludem fenomenul corupției](https://www.zdg.md/stiri/stiri-politice/plahotniuc-in-vizita-in-sua-in-calitate-de-coordonator-executiv-al-consiliului-coalitiei-de-guvernare-vrem-sa-asiguram-stabilitatea-economica-a-tarii-si-sa-excludem-fenomenul-coruptiei) He attended an event of the [Atlantic Council](/wiki/Atlantic_Council \"Atlantic Council\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.allmoldova.com/ru/news/consiliul\\-atlantic\\-precizeaza\\-nu\\-avem\\-nicio\\-relatie\\-financiara\\-cu\\-domnul\\-plahotniuc \\|title\\=Consiliul Atlantic precizează: \"Nu avem nicio relație financiară cu domnul Plahotniuc\" \\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 July 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721190603/http://www.allmoldova.com/ru/news/consiliul\\-atlantic\\-precizeaza\\-nu\\-avem\\-nicio\\-relatie\\-financiara\\-cu\\-domnul\\-plahotniuc \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} where he met [Victoria Nuland](/wiki/Victoria_Nuland \"Victoria Nuland\"), assistant to the US Secretary of State.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digi24\\.ro/stiri/externe/mapamond/controversatul\\-om\\-de\\-afaceri\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-s\\-a\\-intalnit\\-la\\-washington\\-cu\\-victoria\\-nuland\\-513446\\|title\\=Controversatul om de afaceri Vlad Plahotniuc s\\-a întâlnit la Washington cu Victoria Nuland\\|website\\=www.digi24\\.ro\\|date\\=3 May 2016 }}",
"On 24 December 2016, during the 8th Democratic Party Congress, Plahotniuc was elected chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova.{{cite web \\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc a fost ales președinte al Partidului Democrat din Republica Moldova \\|url\\=https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2016/12/24/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-a\\-fost\\-ales\\-presedinte\\-al\\-partidului\\-democrat\\-din\\-republica\\-moldova\\-15\\-47\\-50 \\|website\\=agerpres.ro \\|date\\=24 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162438/https://www.agerpres.ro/externe/2016/12/24/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-a\\-fost\\-ales\\-presedinte\\-al\\-partidului\\-democrat\\-din\\-republica\\-moldova\\-15\\-47\\-50 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 6 March 2017, Plahotniuc announced that his party would propose a uninominal voting system.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moldova.org/en/democratic\\-party\\-proposes\\-uninominal\\-voting\\-system\\-moldova\\-opposition\\-liberals\\-oppose/\\|title\\=Democratic Party proposes uninominal voting system in Moldova, opposition and Liberals oppose it\\|first\\=Cristi\\|last\\=Vlas\\|date\\=6 March 2017}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://en.publika.md/democratic\\-party\\-of\\-moldova\\-proposes\\-uninominal\\-voting\\-system\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-citizens\\-to\\-be\\-able\\-to\\-dismiss\\-mps\\_2635444\\.html\\|title\\=Democratic Party of Moldova proposes UNINOMINAL VOTING SYSTEM. Vlad Plahotniuc: Citizens to be able to dismiss MPs \\| PUBLIKA .MD \\- AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE\\|first\\=PUBLIKA MD\\-AICI SUNT\\|last\\=ȘTIRILE\\|date\\=6 March 2017\\|website\\=en.publika.md}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://en.publika.md/democratic\\-leader\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-announces\\-government’s\\-reshape\\-number\\-of\\-ministries\\-cut\\-to\\-9\\-after\\-decision\\-in\\-ruling\\-coalition\\_2637198\\.html\\|title\\=Democratic leader Vlad Plahotniuc announces Government's reshape! Number of ministries, cut to 9, after decision in ruling coalition \\| PUBLIKA .MD \\- AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE\\|first\\=PUBLIKA MD\\-AICI SUNT\\|last\\=ȘTIRILE\\|date\\=10 May 2017\\|website\\=en.publika.md}} Two months later, on 10 May, he announced the party's position to completely support the Government in its reform of the central administration.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moldova.org/en/moldova\\-democrats\\-propose\\-reduce\\-number\\-ministries\\-16\\-9\\-insist\\-uninominal\\-system\\-2022/\\|title\\=Moldova Democrats propose to reduce number of Ministries from 16 to 9, insist on uninominal system after 2022\\|first\\=Cristi\\|last\\=Vlas\\|date\\=11 May 2017}} In a press briefing, he stated only nine ministries would remain out of the existing sixteen.",
"In March 2017, at the XXVth congress of the [Socialist International](/wiki/Socialist_International \"Socialist International\"), taking place from 2 to 4 March in Cartagena, Colombia, Plahotniuc was elected as deputy president, joining the leadership team of George Papandreou, president, and Luis Ayala, secretary general, who were both re\\-elected for the next four years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moldova.org/en/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-elected\\-vice\\-president\\-socialist\\-international/\\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc, elected Vice\\-President of the Socialist International\\|first\\=Cristi\\|last\\=Vlas\\|date\\=3 March 2017}}",
"On 30 March 2017, a majority of the Moldova Parliament, led by the Democrats, approved a draft law modifying the Constitution of Moldova and lifting the immunity of MPs, while the Socialist and Communist MPs criticized the initiative.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moldova.org/en/moldova\\-parliament\\-votes\\-lifting\\-mp\\-immunity\\-first\\-lecture\\-socialists\\-communists\\-oppose/\\|title\\=Moldova Parliament votes lifting MP immunity in first lecture, Socialists and Communists oppose it\\|first\\=Cristi\\|last\\=Vlas\\|date\\=30 March 2017}} In 2013, Plahotniuc declared, \"Lifting the immunity of deputies is not populism: it is a test that politicians should give to society.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.timpul.md/articol/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-lipsirea\\-de\\-imunitate\\-a\\-deputatiilor\\-nu\\-este\\-populism\\-este\\-un\\-test\\-pe\\-care\\-clasa\\-politica\\-ar\\-trebui\\-sa\\-l\\-dea\\-in\\-faa\\-societaii\\-50690\\.html\\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc: Lipsirea de imunitate a deputaţiilor nu este populism, este un test pe care clasa politică ar trebui să\\-l dea în fața societății\\|website\\=Timpul \\- Ştiri din Moldova}}",
"In July 2017, at the Congress of [Socialist International](/wiki/Socialist_International \"Socialist International\"), Plahotniuc demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from eastern Moldova.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://stiri.md/article/politica/plahotniuc\\-a\\-cerut\\-la\\-new\\-york\\-retragerea\\-trupelor\\-ruse\\-de\\-pe\\-teritoriul\\-republicii\\-moldova\\| title\\=Plahotniuc a cerut, la New York, retragerea trupelor ruse de pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova\\| newspaper\\=stiri.md\\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2020}}",
"In 2018, Plahotniuc urged the government to launch a campaign to promote a housing program named \"Prima casă\" (\"First Home\"), designed to facilitate the acquisition of housing for civil servants.[Plahotniuc promite că programul „Prima Casă\" va fi funcțional din luna martie](http://agora.md/stiri/42188/plahotniuc-promite-ca-programul-prima-casa-va-fi-functional-din-luna-martie). Agora At the beginning of 2018, he also announced the launching of a national program \"Drumuri bune pentru Moldova\" (\"Good Roads for Moldova\"). Plahotniuc described this project as the biggest infrastructure project since the declaration of Independence,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mold\\-street.com/?go\\=news\\&n\\=7365\\|title\\=Proiectul lui Plahotniuc prinde contur. Primele licitații pentru Drumuri bune pentru Moldova \\- MoldStreet\\|website\\=www.mold\\-street.com}} but some experts found the project to be unrealistic.[Expert\\-Grup, despre programul PDM: „Drumuri bune pentru Moldova\": Are caracter populist, electoral și nu este acoperit financiar](http://tv8.md/2018/03/29/expert-grup-despre-programul-pdm-drumuri-bune-pentru-moldova-are-caracter-populist-electoral-si-nu-este-acoperit-financiar/). TV8, 29 March 2018",
"According to previous opinion polls, Plahotniuc was the lowest rated Moldovan politician, considered by Moldovan citizens to be untrustworthy.[Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Moldova. September 29 – October 21, 2015](http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2015-11-09_survey_of_moldovan_public_opinion_september_29-october_21_2015.pdf). International Republican Institute{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.soros.md/event/barometru\\-aprilie\\-2015\\|title\\=Barometrul opiniei publice \\- aprilie 2015\\|website\\=Soros Foundation Moldova (FSM)\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081809/http://soros.md/event/barometru\\-aprilie\\-2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In opinion polls carried out in 2019 referring to the most respected politicians of the Republic of Moldova, Vladimir Plahotniuc was ranked 3rd and 5th among politicians in whom Moldovans have the most trust.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.ziarulnational.md/sondaj\\-cate\\-mandate\\-de\\-deputat\\-ar\\-obtine\\-psrm\\-acum\\-si\\-pd\\-in\\-cricumscriptia\\-nationala\\-partidul\\-sor\\-la\\-limita/\\| title\\=SONDAJ // Câte mandate de deputat ar obține PSRM, \"ACUM\" și PD în cricumscripția națională: Partidul Șor, la limită. Cei mai mulți respondenți optează pentru vectorul \"Pro Moldova\"\\| website\\=www.ziarulnational.md\\| access\\-date\\=13 February 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://noi.md/md/politica/top\\-trei\\-politicieni\\-in\\-care\\-moldovenii\\-au\\-cea\\-mai\\-mare\\-incredere\\-sondaj\\| title\\=Top trei politicieni în care moldovenii au cea mai mare încredere – sondaj\\| newspaper\\=noi.md\\| access\\-date\\=13 February 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/d8648c3c2edd695a/sondaj\\-bop\\-cei\\-mai\\-apreciati\\-politicieni\\-din\\-republica\\-moldova.html\\| title\\=Sondaj BOP: Cei mai apreciați politicieni din Republica Moldova\\| newspaper\\=UNIMEDIA\\| date\\=7 February 2019\\| access\\-date\\=13 February 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://stiri.md/article/politica/sondaj\\-cine\\-sunt\\-politicienii\\-in\\-care\\-moldovenii\\-au\\-cea\\-mai\\-mare\\-incredere\\| title\\=Sondaj: Cine sunt politicienii în care moldovenii au cea mai mare încredere\\| newspaper\\=stiri.md\\| access\\-date\\=13 February 2019}}",
"In the [parliamentary elections on 24 February 2019](/wiki/2019_Moldovan_parliamentary_election \"2019 Moldovan parliamentary election\"), Plahotniuc was the candidate of the Democratic Party of Moldova in Nisporeni uninominal constituency no.17, and was elected as an MP.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/1f7880bf11437bdb/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-deputat\\-in\\-viitorul\\-parlament\\-rezultatele\\-preliminare\\-din\\-circumscriptia\\-nr\\-17\\.html\\| title\\=(update) \"Trei trandafiri\" la Nisporeni. Vlad Plahotniuc, deputatul care va reprezenta circumscripția nr. 17 în Parlament\\| newspaper\\=UNIMEDIA\\| date\\=24 February 2019\\| access\\-date\\=31 March 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=http://alegeri.md/w/Circumscrip%C8%9Bia\\_uninominal%C4%83\\_nr.\\_17,\\_Nisporeni\\_la\\_alegerile\\_parlamentare\\_din\\_2019\\| title\\=Circumscripția uninominală nr. 17, Nisporeni la alegerile parlamentare din 2019\\|website\\=alegeri.md\\| access\\-date\\=10 April 2019}}",
"On 24 June 2019 Plahotniuc resigned as chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova.{{cn\\|date\\=March 2024}}",
"On 30 July 2019 Plahotniuc resigned as MP.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://stiri.md/article/politica/de\\-cate\\-ori\\-a\\-lasat\\-deputatia\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\| title\\=De câte ori a lăsat Plahotniuc funcția de deputat\\| website\\=stiri.md\\| access\\-date\\=31 July 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://radiochisinau.md/ultima\\-ora\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-renunta\\-la\\-mandatul\\-de\\-deputat\\-\\-\\-92249\\.html\\| title\\=Ultima Oră! Vlad Plahotniuc renunță la mandatul de deputat\\| website\\=Radio Chișinău\\| access\\-date\\= 31 July 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://www.ziarulnational.md/ultima\\-ora\\-plahotniuc\\-explica\\-de\\-ce\\-renunta\\-la\\-mandatul\\-de\\-deputat\\-desi\\-anterior\\-nu\\-se\\-gandea\\-sa\\-faca\\-asta\\-nu\\-am\\-nevoie\\-de\\-imunitatea\\-unui\\-stat\\-controlat\\-astazi\\-de\\-moscova/\\| title\\=Plahotniuc explică de ce renunță la mandatul de DEPUTAT, deși anterior nu se gândea să facă asta: \"Nu am nevoie de imunitatea unui stat controlat astăzi de Moscova\"\\| website\\=/www.ziarulnational.md\\| access\\-date\\= 31 July 2019}} Parliament accepted his resignation, and his seat was declared vacant.{{Citation \\| url\\=http://tv8\\.md/2019/07/30/demisia\\-lui\\-plahotniuc\\-din\\-functia\\-de\\-deputat\\-acceptata\\-de\\-parlament/\\| title\\=Demisia lui Plahotniuc din funcția de deputat, acceptată de Parlament\\| website\\=tv8\\.md\\| access\\-date\\= 31 July 2019}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/d28792cf3c9e794e/sedinta\\-parlamentului\\-din\\-30\\-iulie\\-2019\\.html\\| title\\=(video) Ședința Parlamentului: Demisia lui Plahotniuc, aprobată. Robu, numit procuror general interimar\\| newspaper\\=UNIMEDIA\\| date\\=30 July 2019\\| access\\-date\\= 31 July 2019}}",
"### Parliamentary diplomacy",
"[thumb](/wiki/File:Vladimir_Plahotniuc.png \"Vladimir Plahotniuc.png\")\nAs the first deputy chairman of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova, Plahotniuc represented the country's interests during official trips and at official meetings with political leaders from other states.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.novisa.md/2011/06/14/in\\-muntenegru\\-se\\-desfasoara\\-cea\\-de\\-a\\-9\\-a\\-conferinta\\-a\\-presedintilor\\-parlamentelor\\-statelor\\-membre\\-ale\\-seecp/\\|title\\=NoVisa.md, În Muntenegru, se desfășoară cea de\\-a 9\\-a Conferință a Președinților Parlamentelor statelor membre ale SEECP, 14 iunie 2011\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041316/http://www.novisa.md/2011/06/14/in\\-muntenegru\\-se\\-desfasoara\\-cea\\-de\\-a\\-9\\-a\\-conferinta\\-a\\-presedintilor\\-parlamentelor\\-statelor\\-membre\\-ale\\-seecp/\\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interlic.md/2011\\-06\\-29/germania\\-sprijina\\-apropierea\\-rm\\-de\\-structurile\\-europene\\-21633\\.html\\|title\\=Germania sprijină apropierea RM de structurile europene\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928031058/http://www.interlic.md/2011\\-06\\-29/germania\\-sprijina\\-apropierea\\-rm\\-de\\-structurile\\-europene\\-21633\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.azi.md/ro/story/19912\\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc: \"Cred că Moldova poate învăța de la Cipru câteva lecții importante\"\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419081421/http://www.azi.md/ro/story/19912\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://unimedia.info/stiri/plahotniuc\\-in\\-cehia\\-39169\\.html\\| title\\=Plahotniuc în Cehia\\| newspaper\\=UNIMEDIA\\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timpul.md/articol/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-despre\\-relatiile\\-moldo\\-romane\\-si\\-acordurile\\-semnate\\-intre\\-cele\\-doua\\-tari\\-22515\\.html\\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc, despre relațiile moldo\\-române și acordurile semnate între cele două țări\\|work\\=Timpul – Știri din Moldova\\|date\\=14 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hotnews.md/articles/view.hot?id\\=10695\\|title\\=HotNews.md\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221162433/http://www.hotnews.md/articles/view.hot?id\\=10695\\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Between 13 and 15 June 2011, Plahotniuc attended the 9th Conference of the presidents of the Parliaments of the member states of the [South\\-East European Cooperation Process](/wiki/South-East_European_Cooperation_Process \"South-East European Cooperation Process\") (SEECP),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.allmoldova.com/ro/news/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-recunoasterea\\-perspectivei\\-de\\-aderare\\-a\\-moldovei\\-la\\-ue\\-va\\-stimula\\-implementarea\\-reformelor \\|title\\=Vlad Plahotniuc: Recunoașterea perspectivei de aderare a Moldovei la UE va stimula implementarea reformelor \\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 August 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811110449/http://www.allmoldova.com/ro/news/vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-recunoasterea\\-perspectivei\\-de\\-aderare\\-a\\-moldovei\\-la\\-ue\\-va\\-stimula\\-implementarea\\-reformelor \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://point.md/ru/novosti/politika/o\\-delegaie\\-parlamentara\\-pleaca\\-in\\-muntenegru\\|title\\=O delegaţie parlamentară pleacă în Muntenegru\\|website\\=point.md}} of which Moldova has been a member since 2006\\.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://www.mae.ro/node/9968\\| title\\=Procesul de Cooperare din Europa de Sud\\-Est\\| website\\=/www.mae.ro\\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2020}} He was also part of the [Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA CIS)](/wiki/CIS_Interparliamentary_Assembly \"CIS Interparliamentary Assembly\"), the [Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe](/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe \"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe\"), the Friendship Group with the Swiss Confederation, the Friendship Group with the Hellenic Republic and the Friendship Group with the Hungarian Republic.[Members of the Parliament](http://www.parlament.md/LastructuredeParlament/Deputies/tabid/87/Id/317/Default.aspx)",
"### Position on foreign relations",
"In an interview for the Moldovan news website *Deschide.md*, Plahotniuc stated that \"the Republic of Moldova will not cancel or renegotiate the Association Agreement with the EU, and will not sign an Agreement with the Euro\\-Asiatic Union\", qualifying the statements made by Igor Dodon in Moscow as purely electioneering rhetoric.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/6452/Exclusiv\\-\\-Interviu\\-Vlad\\-Plahotniuc\\-regret%C4%83\\-excesele\\-lui\\-Dodon\\-nu\\-a\\-uitat\\-de\\-Filat\\-%C8%99i\\-are\\-o\\-ofert%C4%83\\-pentru\\-Jurnal\\-TV.htm\\|title\\=Exclusiv: V.Plahotniuc regretă excesele lui Dodon, nu uită de Filat și are o ofertă pentru Jurnal TV\\|trans\\-title\\=Exclusive: V. Plahotniuc deplores the excesses of Dodon, remembers Filat, and has an offer for Jurnal TV\\|work\\=Deschide.md\\|first\\=Vadim\\|last\\=Vasilu\\|date\\=24 January 2017}} Regarding president Igor Dodon's official visit to Moscow, Plahotniuc committed the Democratic Party to standing firmly for continuing Moldova's commitment to the European Union and maintained that Moldova – EU relations must remain pivotal for the country's foreign policy.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://en.publika.md/pdm\\-moldova\\-eu\\-relation\\-remains\\-pivotal\\-for\\-the\\-foreign\\-policy\\_2633428\\.html\\| title\\=PDM: Moldova\\-EU relation remains pivotal for the foreign policy\\| newspaper\\=PUBLIKA.MD – AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE\\| date\\= 17 January 2017\\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2020 \\|author \\= Publika. Md}}",
"On 7 January 2017, Plahotniuc addressed a message to the U.S. president\\-elect [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\"); the statement reflected the party leader's vision: ″Moldova is willing to become a bridge between East and West, not a battleground for the world powers″.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/01/07/message\\-for\\-trump\\-and\\-us\\-moldova\\-wants\\-to\\-be\\-bridge\\-not\\-battleground\\-between\\-east\\-and\\-west.html\\|title\\=A message for Trump and the US: Moldova wants to be a bridge, not a battleground, between East and West\\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel\\|date\\=7 January 2017}}",
"As chairman of the Democratic Party of Moldova, Plahotniuc opposed the long\\-looming prospect of a Russian\\-annexed Moldova. The Democratic Party of Moldova has repeatedly reaffirmed its attachment to Western doctrines such as democracy.",
"During his presidency of the Democratic Party, Plahotniuc attended many meetings with officials from the US and Europe. One of his achievements in this respect was the submission of pro\\-Moldovan resolutions in the US House of Representatives by Congressmen [David Price](/wiki/David_Price_%28American_politician%29 \"David Price (American politician)\") and [Pete Olson](/wiki/Pete_Olson \"Pete Olson\") after having several meetings with them. The resolutions reiterated US support for the territorial integrity of Moldova and for the resolution of the [Transnistria conflict](/wiki/Transnistria_conflict \"Transnistria conflict\"), and called for enhanced cooperation between Moldova and the US.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://price.house.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/reps\\-price\\-and\\-olson\\-introduce\\-bipartisan\\-moldova\\-resolution\\|title\\=Reps. Price and Olson Introduce Bipartisan Moldova Resolution\\|date\\=21 February 2018\\|work\\=Congressman David Price\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sua.mfa.md/embassy\\-news\\-en/510844/\\|title\\=Embassy of the Republic of Moldova to the United States of America and Mexico\\|website\\=sua.mfa.md\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213529/http://www.sua.mfa.md/embassy\\-news\\-en/510844/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Position on Russian interference in Moldova",
"Plahotniuc has declared many times that one of his main goals is to stop Russian interference in Moldova, which had spread to all spheres of the Moldovan economy such as media, the banking system, insurance, NGOs and political organisations.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/01/07/message\\-for\\-trump\\-and\\-us\\-moldova\\-wants\\-to\\-be\\-bridge\\-not\\-battleground\\-between\\-east\\-and\\-west.html\\|title\\=A message for Trump and the US: Moldova wants to be a bridge, not a battleground, between East and West\\|last\\=Plahotniuc\\|first\\=Vladimir\\|date\\=7 January 2017\\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2018}} To minimize Russian influence over the region, Plahotniuc, together with the government coalition, pioneered many reforms and laws such as anti\\-propaganda law, financial reforms based on EU directives and the reform of NGOs.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova\\-parliament\\-speaker\\-approves\\-russia\\-media\\-law/28966975\\.html\\|title\\=Moldovan Parliament Speaker Passes Law Against Russian Propaganda\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=11 January 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2018}}",
"In response to laws that aimed to reduce its influence over the regions, Russia started to frame Moldovan officials, including Plahotniuc, with bogus legal cases, ratcheting up a long\\-running diplomatic row between the two countries. According to Moldovan officials, these actions were due to ongoing investigations into the case known locally as the \"[Russian Laundromat](/wiki/Russian_Laundromat \"Russian Laundromat\")\". Plahotniuc declared that Russia's behavior \"toward my colleagues and me is an explicit act of blackmail and political harassment ... abusive and illegal behavior, which will not change our commitment to the democratic and European development of Moldova.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-moldova\\-russia/moldova\\-ruling\\-party\\-chief\\-says\\-framed\\-by\\-russia\\-in\\-bogus\\-cases\\-idUSKBN1E12QJ\\|title\\=Moldova ruling party chief says framed by Russia in bogus cases\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Matthias\\|work\\=U.S.\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2018}}",
"On 22 February 2019, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation accused Vladimir Plahotniuc of money laundering.{{Citation \\| url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russian\\-opens\\-money\\-laundering\\-probe\\-involving\\-moldova\\-61232697\\| title\\=Russian opens money laundering probe involving Moldova\\| newspaper\\=ABC News\\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2020}} According to Plahotniuc's own political party, the Democratic Party, \"This was abusive interference by the Russian Federation in the elections in the Republic of Moldova. And this so\\-called case was opened by Russians against the DP's leader, just two days before the parliamentary elections in Moldova, which is clearly abuse on the part of the Russian Federation by which they try to influence the election outcomes in Moldova\".{{Citation \\| url\\=http://protv.md/stiri/actualitate/ce\\-spun\\-democratii\\-despre\\-faptul\\-ca\\-vlad\\-plahotniuc\\-ar\\-fi\\-fost\\-\\-\\-2489121\\.html\\| title\\=Democratii, despre presupusa implicare a lui Plahotniuc intr\\-o schema de spalare de bani in Rusia: \"O interventie abuziva a Rusiei de a influenta rezultatul alegerilor din tara noastra\"\\| newspaper\\=protv.md\\| access\\-date\\=25 February 2019}}",
"On 26 June 2019, two days after Plahotniuc resigned as chairperson of the PDM, he was arraigned, in his absence, in the Russian Federation for organizing a large criminal drug trafficking network in North Africa, through the European Union, to CIS countries, including the Russian Federation.{{Citation\\| url\\=https://xn\\-\\-b1aew.xn\\-\\-p1ai/news/item/17382374\\| title\\=Следователями МВД России заочно предъявлено обвинение бывшему 7председателю Демократической партии Республики Молдова и его доверенному лицу\\| website\\=xn\\-\\-b1aew.xn\\| access\\-date\\=27 June 2019\\| archive\\-date\\=26 March 2022\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326111359/https://xn\\-\\-b1aew.xn\\-\\-p1ai/news/item/17382374/\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cn\\|date\\=March 2024}} The former PD leader wrote that these were some of the \"threats\" addressed to him and his family: \"The Russian Federation has several criminal cases against me, I do not know the exact number. I have learned about each of them from the press. They appeared either during elections or when the Republic of Moldova, governed by the Democratic Party, made decisions that were not to Moscow's liking. All these cases are fantasies and attempts to involve my name in cases that have absolutely nothing to do with me. It is precisely for reasons of political harassment that Interpol rejected tens of Russia's attempts to limit my freedom of movement abusively.\"{{Citation \\| url\\=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/7b70769239dd982a/ultima\\-ora\\-plahotniuc\\-despre\\-dosarele\\-din\\-rusia\\-una\\-din\\-amenintarile\\-la\\-adresa\\-mea\\-despre\\-care\\-am\\-scris.html\\| title\\=Ultima oră! Plahotniuc, despre dosarele din Rusia: Una din amenințările la adresa mea despre care am scris anterior\\| newspaper\\=UNIMEDIA\\| date\\=26 June 2019\\| access\\-date\\=27 June 2019}}",
"According to *International Security and Estonia 2020*, a report published by the Estonian secret services, at the end of 2017 the FSB Directorate for Support Program decided to carry out an influence operation against Plahotniuc, with the aim of spreading information on Plahotniuc's criminal image and his alleged opposition to European integration, hoping to discourage the West from cooperating with him. The Kremlin was concerned about Plahotniuc's influence as such, and not about the mechanisms and approaches he was implementing. His influence prevented Russia from achieving its own goals in Moldova and, consequently, from expanding Russian influence.{{Cite web\\| url\\=https://www.valisluureamet.ee/pdf/raport\\-2020\\-en.pdf\\| title\\=Raport 2020\\| website\\=www.valisluureamet.ee\\| access\\-date\\=30 July 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=6 July 2021\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706181418/https://www.valisluureamet.ee/pdf/raport\\-2020\\-en.pdf\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://news.err.ee/1034242/intelligence\\-service\\-s\\-annual\\-report\\-highlights\\-russian\\-and\\-chinese\\-threats\\| title\\=Intelligence service's annual report highlights Russian and Chinese threats\\| newspaper\\=ERR\\| date\\= 12 February 2020\\| access\\-date\\=30 July 2020}}{{Citation \\| url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article\\-ukraine\\-fell\\-to\\-russia\\-belarus\\-is\\-at\\-a\\-crisis\\-point\\-is\\-moldova\\-next/\\| title\\=Opinion: Ukraine fell to Russia. Belarus is at a crisis point. Is Moldova next?\\| newspaper\\=The Globe and Mail\\| date\\= 28 August 2020\\| access\\-date\\=10 September 2020}}",
""
] |
Suspected victims
-----------------
### Joanne Ena Lynn
**Joanne Ena Lynn** (born April 20, 1938\), 11, left her home at 8:00 a.m. on September 19, 1949, to walk to Hemlock Central School in [Hemlock, New York](/wiki/Hemlock%2C_New_York "Hemlock, New York"). Two drivers who saw a girl matching her description wandering in a rural area towards a grey vehicle with [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") licence plates reported seeing her last an eighth of a mile from her home. On September 24, while harvesting butternuts four miles from Hemlock, 14\-year\-old Norma Marsden discovered Lynn's body face\-down in a ditch 200 yards off Road 15\-A.{{cite web\|url\=https://troopers.ny.gov/homicide\-victim\-lynn\-joanne\-ena\|title\=Homicide Victim: Lynn, Joanne Ena
\|work\=\[\[New York State Police]]\|accessdate\=October 31, 2022}}
Dr. Herbert Brown, Livingston county [pathologist](/wiki/Pathologist "Pathologist"), reported that there was “evidence of an attempt to [rape](/wiki/Rape "Rape")” but that the act had not been completed. Lt. William Stevenson of the Batavia State Police told reporters that she had probably been “lured or dragged into an auto, \[and] taken out of the car and shot twice as she cringed in a grove of locust trees. One bullet entered her forehead and pierced her arm as she tried to shield her face. The other entered her left breast and emerged from her back.” Both bullets were collected as evidence. Although Lynn was dressed, it was discovered that her sweater and underwear were gone. A German Luger [semi\-automatic pistol](/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol "Semi-automatic pistol") was used to kill Joanne, according to forensic experts. Police interviewed every known [sex offender](/wiki/Sex_offender "Sex offender") in the area but came up with no leads.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hemlockandcanadicelakes.com/hcl\_people\_lynn\_joanne.htm\|title\=Joanne Ena Lynn
\|work\=Hemlock and Canadice Lakes\|accessdate\=October 31, 2022}}
In 1989, after Redmond was finally tracked down and arrested by Pennsylvania police, he was publicly revealed to be a suspect in the murders of several other girls including Joanne Lynn. An article in the *Grand Island Independent* reported that; “Robert Montgomery, a New York State Police investigator, wrote in an August 1991 affidavit filed in Hall County Court that his agency’s crime laboratory had established a DNA profile of the killer from samples from \[Joanne’s] clothing.” The article further stated that Redmond had been a suspect in the investigation since 1951\. “Redmond worked before and after Joanne Lynn’s death as a Ferris wheel operator and truck driver for various traveling carnivals. At the time of her death, the Hemlock Fair and Carnival was in progress six miles south of where her body was found.” However, her case remains unsolved.{{cite web\|url\=https://theindependent.com/news/dead\-g\-i\-man\-suspect\-in\-1955\-murder/article\_3d1fff7b\-149e\-5b4f\-a086\-efa34109ac29\.html\|title\=Dead G.I. man suspect in 1955 murder
\|work\=The Grand Island Independent\|accessdate\=October 31, 2022}}
### Jane Marie Althoff
On April 25, 1951, **Jane Marie Althoff** (born August 28, 1942\), 8, was found murdered shortly after midnight in a pickup truck on the grounds of a Penn\-Premier Show carnival south of [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") in [Trainer, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Trainer%2C_Pennsylvania "Trainer, Pennsylvania"). She had died from [strangulation](/wiki/Strangulation "Strangulation"), an [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy "Autopsy") revealed. She was a schoolgirl who had joined her two brothers the day before at the carnival. She reportedly wandered off and was reported missing several hours before she was found. According to Chief County Detective Fred Jack, there was no evidence that Althoff had been molested. "We believe that she was enticed into the truck and killed when she screamed or started to scream for help," he said. Jane Marie was seen talking to Redmond at the carnival on the night she was murdered.
The truck cab where Althoff's body was recovered had Redmond's [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprints "Fingerprints") all over it. In January 1952, a warrant was issued for his arrest so that he could be questioned; however, it was never executed since he could not be found. Malcolm Murphy, a Pennsylvania state trooper, reopened the case in 1985\. Redmond was apprehended at his Grand Island residence in 1988 and transported to [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") where he was charged with killing Althoff. Murphy located Redmond using computerised vehicle registrations and made the arrest based on a dialogue with him.{{cite web\|url\=https://law.justia.com/cases/pennsylvania/supreme\-court/1990/395\-pa\-super\-286\-1\.html\|title\=COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. William Henry REDMOND
\|work\=\[\[Justia]]\|accessdate\=October 31, 2022}}
According to Delaware County District Attorney William Ryan, Redmond ″made a statement to police inculpating himself″ with the crime after fourteen hours of intense interrogation. Redmond, a former [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") operator, said that he choked Jane Marie to stop her from bothering him about taking additional rides on the [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") he oversaw. District Court Judge George Paige ordered Redmond to be detained in a county jail without posting bond, and he scheduled a [preliminary hearing](/wiki/Preliminary_hearing "Preliminary hearing") for February 8, 1989\. Redmond, however, was ultimately determined to be a non\-threat due to his advanced age and health issues and was released on a $1 bail. Redmond passed away in 1992 at his [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") home while he was awaiting trial. When Murphy refused to disclose the identity of a confidential informant, Althoff's case was dropped.
### Beverly Rose Potts
{{See also\|Disappearance of Beverly Potts}}
**[Beverly Rose Potts](/wiki/Beverly_Rose_Potts "Beverly Rose Potts")** (born April 15, 1941\), 10, left her residence in the 11300 block of Linnet Avenue in [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio "Cleveland, Ohio"), in the evening hours on August 24, 1951\. She took her [bicycle](/wiki/Bicycle "Bicycle") to the Showagon, an annual summer festival, with a female friend about eighth of a mile from Beverly's house in Halloran Park where the Showagon was held. Beverly's mother granted her special permission to attend the Showagon despite Beverly being forbidden to visit the park since she once returned home from there late a few days before. Just after 7:00 p.m., Beverly and her companion made it to the park, but they left their bicycles there right away and went back to their house. They later made a second appearance at the carnival at 8:00 p.m. after returning to the park.{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rbp\-VMvTFBcC \| title\=Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts \| publisher\=Kent State Press \| author\=James Jessen Badal \| year\=2005 \| page\=165 \| isbn\=0873388364}}Bibb, Leon. "[Disappearance of 10\-year\-old Beverly Potts, who vanished 63 years ago, still haunts Cleveland](http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/my-ohio/mystery-still-swirls-around-the-disappearance-of-a-cleveland-10-year-old-who-vanished-63-years-ago)" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20140906132728/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/my-ohio/mystery-still-swirls-around-the-disappearance-of-a-cleveland-10-year-old-who-vanished-63-years-ago)) Newsnet5\. May 9, 2014\. Updated May 12, 2014\. Retrieved on September 7, 2014\.
Beverly was permitted to stay until the end of the evening, but her friend had to leave at 8:40 p.m. so that she could get home before it got dark. She claimed that when she last saw Beverly, she was standing in front of a little, chubby woman with her hand on Beverly's shoulder, watching a show. The woman might have been the mother of a performer in the Showagon. About 9:30 p.m., when the Showagon was over and Halloran Park was starting to clear, Beverly was last seen. A 13\-year\-old acquaintance saw a girl he believed to be Beverly walking diagonally across the park, headed in a northeast direction towards her home. Her peculiar walk helped him identify her. When she was last seen, she was around 150 feet from the intersection of West 117th and Linnet Streets. When she still had not returned home and their search of the region had turned up nothing, her parents called the police and reported her missing at 10:30 p.m.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.officialcoldcaseinvestigations.com/showthread.php?15\-Beverly\-Rose\-Potts\-Ohio\-1951 \| title\=Search for Girl missing 20 years ends in failure \| work\=The Morgantown (WV) Post \| date\=19 April 1973 \| agency\=UPI \| accessdate\=30 November 2014}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12507923/reward\_posted\_for\_child/\|title\=Reward Posted For Child\|date\=27 August 1951\|publisher\=News\-Journal\|location\=Mansfield, Ohio\|page\=1\|accessdate\=20 July 2017\|via\=newspapers.com}}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12508300/murder\_story\_a\_hoax\_man\_says\_he/ \| title\=Murder story a hoax: Man says he confessed to get back to Cleveland \| work\=The Kansas City (MO) Times \| date\=17 December 1955 \| accessdate\=30 November 2014 \| agency\=AP\|via\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite news \| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=799\&dat\=19800818\&id\=KqdPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6512,4026895 \| title\=Police may have solved 23\-year\-old\-kidnapping \| work\=The Bryan (OH) Times \| date\=18 August 1980 \| accessdate\=30 November 2014 \| agency\=UPI}}
[135px\|thumb\|Police artist sketch of Potts, depicting the clothing she wore at the time of her disappearance](/wiki/File:Beverly_Potts_Police_Artist%27s_Sketch_August_29%2C_1951.jpg "Beverly Potts Police Artist's Sketch August 29, 1951.jpg")
Redmond, a carnival employee, was thought to be involved in Potts' disappearance. Beverly was older than his previous putative victims, and Redmond was never firmly linked to her apparent kidnapping. When Cleveland police questioned Redmond about her disappearance in January 1988 while he was being held in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), he flatly refused to say anything about it. According to Robert Montgomery, a New York State Police investigator:
"At that time, he indicated to police that he would provide information relevant to the Cleveland, Ohio, case after speaking to his Pennsylvania attorney. However, the interview was not continued."Roman, John M., ["Who Killed Jane Marie?"](http://malloylawoffice.com/pdfs/20070125084851762.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818235751/http://malloylawoffice.com/pdfs/20070125084851762\.pdf \|date\=2016\-08\-18 }}, *[Delaware County Daily Times](/wiki/Delaware_County_Daily_Times "Delaware County Daily Times")*, Apr. 11, 1999, p. 7, available online at malloylawoffice.com. Retrieved Aug. 23, 2015\. Beverly remains missing and [foul play](/wiki/wiktionary:Foul_play "Foul play") is suspected in her disappearance.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.charleyproject.org/case/beverly\-rose\-potts \| title\=The Charley Project: Beverly Rose Potts \| work\=The Charley Project \| accessdate\=30 November 2014 \| author\=Good, Meaghan}}{{cite news \| url\=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2012/09/investigators\_still\_chasing\_am.html \| title\=Investigators still chasing Amy Mihaljevic's killer
\| work\=\[\[The Cleveland Plain Dealer]] \| date\=29 September 2012\| accessdate\=30 November 2014 \| author\=Larkin, Brent}}
### Constance Christine Smith
**Constance Christine "Connie" Smith** (born July 11, 1942\), 10, was a young girl who disappeared after running away from a [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp "Summer camp") she was attending. She was residing at Camp Sloane in [Salisbury, Connecticut](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_Connecticut "Salisbury, Connecticut"), for a portion of the summer of 1952\. On the morning of July 16, 1952, she got into a fight with other female campers; as a result, her nose was bloodied. In order to drop off an ice pack she had used the night before when she fell out of her tent and hurt her hip, Connie told her tent mates that she would forgo breakfast that morning and instead walk to the camp clinic. She moved away from the camp and along Indian Mountain Road, leaving the ice pack in her tent and never visiting the pharmacy.{{cite web \| url\=https://charleyproject.org/case/constance\-christine\-smith\| title\=The Charley Project: Constance Christine Smith\| work\=The Charley Project \| accessdate\=30 November 2014 \| author\=Good, Meaghan}}
Around a half\-mile from Camp Sloane, Connie was seen picking [daisies](/wiki/Bellis_perennis "Bellis perennis") by the side of the road and asking multiple people how to go to [Lakeville, Connecticut](/wiki/Lakeville%2C_Connecticut "Lakeville, Connecticut"). With only one week left of her term at Camp Sloane, she supposedly chose to leave because she felt homesick.
Later in the day, Connie was last seen walking on [U.S. 44](/wiki/U.S._44 "U.S. 44") in Salisbury, close to the crossroads of U.S. 44 and Belgo Road. She appeared to be trying to [hitchhike](/wiki/Hitchhike "Hitchhike"), possibly to Lakeville, with her thumb out. She did not have any additional cash or clothing on her. Connie vanished without a trace. Connie's disappearance has had numerous suspects throughout the years, but no one has ever been put on trial.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.doenetwork.org/cases/532dfct.html\| title\=532DFCT \| work\=Doe Network }}
One of the possible suspects is Redmond, who was investigated for involvement in Connie's disappearance. William had been charged with murdering 8\-year\-old Althoff who was killed one year prior to Connie's disappearance. In relation to Smith's case, Redmond passed a polygraph examination, and investigators were unable to pinpoint whether William was in the [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") area when Connie vanished. She is still missing.
### Barbara Gaca
7\-year\-old **Barbara Gaca** (born November 7, 1947\) disappeared on March 24, 1955, after leaving home to walk to school six blocks away. In the Gratiot\-Seven Mile neighbourhood of [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"), she was last seen walking between her house and Assumption Grotto School. On March 31, 1955, a train worker discovered Barbara's body, which was covered in an Army blanket. She had been [sexually assaulted](/wiki/Sexually_assaulted "Sexually assaulted"), strangled, and stabbed fifteen times before being dumped at an Oakland County landfill. After interviewing friends and family members, it was determined that Barbara had spoken to a young male neighbour at the intersection of Linnhurst and Gratiot, four blocks from her school. She explained to him that she was waiting for a friend. Another neighbour claimed to have witnessed Barbara being dragged into a vehicle. Two further witnesses claimed to have seen a 1954 green Hudson at a gas station that morning near 10 Mile and Groesbeck.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.hourdetroit.com/community/who\-killed\-barbara\-gaca/\| title\=Who Killed Barbara Gaca?\| work\=Hour Detroit\| date\=30 April 2009}}
The driver was described as a 40\-to\-45\-year\-old man who was 150 pounds, around 5\-feet\-6 inches tall. An attendant was pumping fuel while a girl that matched Barbara's description was inside the vehicle; the girl seemed terrified according to the gas station attendant. Other witnesses came forward saying that between 10:30 and 11:00 a.m. on the day of Gaca's kidnapping, they had seen a new [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick") with a cream\-coloured top parked near her dump site. After thirteen pages of details regarding the murder were sent to the [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI")'s Violent Criminal Apprehension System ([VICAP](/wiki/VICAP "VICAP")) in 1996, Redmond came to light as a suspect. Redmond's whereabouts at the time of Barbara's murder are unknown although investigators determined that an individual with the name "William Henry Redmond" was working for a railroad in [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico") at the time of her murder.{{cite web \| url\=https://theindependent.com/news/dead\-g\-i\-man\-suspect\-in\-1955\-murder/article\_3d1fff7b\-149e\-5b4f\-a086\-efa34109ac29\.html\| title\=Dead G.I. man suspect in 1955 murder\| work\=The Grand Island Independent\| date\=25 February 1999}} Her murder is still unsolved.
### Maria Elizabeth Ridulph
{{See also\|Murder of Maria Ridulph}}
7\-year\-old **[Maria Elizabeth Ridulph](/wiki/Maria_Elizabeth_Ridulph "Maria Elizabeth Ridulph")** (born March 12, 1950\) disappeared from [Sycamore, Illinois](/wiki/Sycamore%2C_Illinois "Sycamore, Illinois"), on the evening of December 3, 1957\. Her remains were found almost five months later in a wooded area near [Woodbine, Illinois](/wiki/Woodbine%2C_Illinois "Woodbine, Illinois"), approximately 90 miles from her home.{{cite news \|author\= \|title\=Cause of Death Uncertain: Find Maria's Body on Wooded Hill \|url\=http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi\-bin/illinois?a\=d\&d\=STR19580429\.2\.6\# \|newspaper\=\[\[True Republican]] \|location\=\[\[Sycamore, Illinois]] \|date\=April 29, 1958 \|page\=1 \|via\=Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections, \[\[University of Illinois]] Library \|access\-date\=February 11, 2016 }} Maria was last seen by a friend on the corner of Center Cross Street and Archie Place in her neighbourhood with an unidentified male in his early twenties who went by the name "Johnny." In September 2012, Jack McCullough, formerly known as John Tessier, was found guilty of killing Maria.{{cite AV media \|people\=Greg Fisher, Judy Rybak, and Peter Henderson (producers) \|date\=May 24, 2014 \|title\=48 Hours Presents: Cold as Ice \|medium\=documentary \|language\=en \|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/can\-a\-childhood\-memory\-help\-solve\-1957\-murder\-of\-maria\-ridulph/ \|access\-date\=April 19, 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[CBS News]] \|quote\=Oldest cold case to go to trial in U.S. tests memories, forces family to expose deep, dark secrets in search of justice for murdered girl }} The [DeKalb County](/wiki/DeKalb_County%2C_Illinois "DeKalb County, Illinois") State's Attorney stated in March 2016 that a post\-conviction analysis of the available evidence revealed McCullough could not have been present at the scene and at the time Maria Ridulph was most likely abducted.{{cite news \|last\=O'Neill \|first\=Ann \|date\=April 22, 2016 \|title\=Charges Dropped in 1957 Cold Case Murder \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/22/us/jack\-mccullough\-maria\-ridulph\-1957\-cold\-case/ \|work\=CNN \|access\-date\=April 22, 2016 }}{{cite news\| last\=Hinkel\|first\=Dan \|date\=March 25, 2016\|title\=Prosecutor Says Conviction in Cold Case Slaying of Girl, 7, Should Be Overturned\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct\-mcculough\-conviction\-overturn\-20160325\-story.html\|access\-date\=March 25, 2016}} On April 15, 2016, McCullough was freed from prison, and on April 22, 2016, the accusations against him were dropped.{{cite news \|last\=O'Neill \|first\=Ann \|date\=April 15, 2016 \|title\=Judge Overturns 1957 Cold Case Murder Conviction; Jack McCullough Goes Free \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/15/us/1957\-cold\-case\-jack\-mccullough\-maria\-ridulph/index.html\|access\-date\=April 15, 2016}}{{cite news \|last\=Ward \|first\=Clifford \|date\=April 22, 2016 \|title\=Charges Dismissed Against Jack McCullough in '57 slaying of Sycamore Girl\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct\-jack\-mccullough\-1957\-sycamore\-murder\-hearing\-20160422\-story.html\|access\-date\=April 22, 2016}} The DeKalb County Circuit Court found McCullough not guilty of the felony on April 12, 2017\.[2017 Circuit Court ruling](http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2017/images/04/12/mccullough041217-signed.pdf){{cite web \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/12/us/ridulph\-mccullough\-innocence\-ruling/ \|title\=Man wrongfully convicted in 1957 cold case murder declared innocent \|last\=O'Neill \|first\=Ann \|date\=April 12, 2017 \|website\=CNN \|access\-date\=November 1, 2021}}
In 1997, Sycamore Police Lieutenant Patrick Solar closed the Ridulph case, naming Redmond as the man who had likely abducted and killed Ridulph.{{cite news \|last\=Miller \|first\=Grant \|date\=November 19, 1997 \|title\=Case Closed, but Not Solved: Key Questions Remain About Man Accused in Ridulph Murder \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/128886225 \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\|Daily Chronicle]] \|location\=DeKalb County, Illinois \|pages\=1–2 \|access\-date\=April 23, 2016 \|via\=Newspapers.com \|url\-access\=subscription }}{{cite news \|author\=Editorial Board \|date\=November 21, 1997 \|title\=The Man Who Would Be Chief \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/128886585/ \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\|Daily Chronicle]] \|location\=DeKalb County, Illinois \|page\=4 \|access\-date\=April 21, 2016 \|via\=Newspapers.com \|url\-access\=subscription }}{{cite news \|last\=Florio \|first\=Gwen \|date\=January 9, 1992 \|title\=Suspect In 1951 Slaying Dies In Neb.: William Redmond Was Accused Of Killing An 8\-year\-old At A Carnival. The Case Languished For Decades Until A State Trooper Reopened It. \|url\=http://articles.philly.com/1992\-01\-09/news/26034362\_1\_carnival\-worker\-ferris\-wheel\-michael\-malloy \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] \|access\-date\=April 21, 2016 \|via\=Philly.com }}Lachman, p. [PT70](https://books.google.com/books?id=wnSBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70).{{cite book \|last\=Badal \|first\=James Jessen \|date\=2005 \|title\=Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rbp\-VMvTFBcC\&pg\=PA145 \|publisher\=\[\[Kent State University Press]] \|location\=\[\[Kent, Ohio]] \|pages\=145–147 \|isbn\=978\-0873388368}}{{cite news \|author\= \|title\=Reopened Nebraska Murder Case Results in Charges 37 Years Later \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/154974768/ \|newspaper\=\[\[Akron Beacon Journal]] \|date\=February 9, 1988 \|page\=D7 \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|access\-date\=April 21, 2016 \|via\=Newspapers.com \|url\-access\=subscription }} Solar claimed that Redmond admitted to a fellow prisoner that he had committed a crime resembling the kidnapping and murder of Ridulph. Redmond's demeanour and actions, in Solar's opinion, were similar to "Johnny."{{cite news \|last\=Schott \|first\=Kate \|date\=December 6, 2007 \|title\=Innocence Lost: 'She Would Have Been Something' \|url\=http://www.daily\-chronicle.com/2007/12/06/innocence\-lost\-she\-would\-have\-been\-something/aqriqsz/news02\.txt \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\|Daily Chronicle]] \|location\=DeKalb County, Illinois \|access\-date\=April 23, 2016 \|archive\-date\=April 10, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410003229/http://www.daily\-chronicle.com/2007/12/06/innocence\-lost\-she\-would\-have\-been\-something/aqriqsz/news02\.txt \|url\-status\=dead }} Redmond, according to Solar, frequently traveled close to the location where Ridulph was discovered when he was employed as a truck driver in the neighborhood at the time.
The research by Solar received criticism for its lack of supporting data and purported political undertones. Redmond would have been difficult to convict in the Ridulph case if he had survived, according to Solar himself, who conceded that the evidence against him was purely circumstantial. Because of this, Solar declared the Ridulph case to be "closed, but not solved," leaving open the chance that a more suitable suspect could be identified in the future. The trial judge disallowed any testimony about Redmond because he was deemed to have not been a plausible suspect when Jack McCullough was later prosecuted in the Ridulph case. Ridulph's murder remains unsolved and her killer unidentified.
### Jillian Dee Cutshall
9\-year\-old **Jillian "Jill" Dee Cutshall** (born February 19, 1978\) was last seen at approximately 6:30 a.m. on August 13, 1987, in [Norfolk, Nebraska](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Nebraska "Norfolk, Nebraska"). She resided in Grand Bend, [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas"), with her mother and brother after her parents got divorced. When she vanished, she was in Norfolk with her father and stepmother. They resided in McNeely Apartments. After they both departed for work early that morning, Cutshall started strolling to her babysitter's home four blocks away because she did not like to be in their apartment alone. Jillian failed to show up and has not been seen since.{{cite web \| url\=https://charleyproject.org/case/jillian\-dee\-cutshall\| title\=The Charley Project: Jillian Dee Cutshall\| work\=The Charley Project}}
When she did not arrive home after 3:00 p.m., her stepmother went to the babysitter's house to pick her up and discovered she was not there; her babysitter had assumed she had made the decision to stay home. Her belongings—clothes, shoes, and keys—were discovered in the Wood Duck Wildlife Refuge in [Stanton, Nebraska](/wiki/Stanton%2C_Nebraska "Stanton, Nebraska"), three months after she vanished. This location was ten miles from her father's house. Police in Nebraska looked into whether Redmond was connected to the disappearance of Cutshall because of his past, but they were unable to link him to it. Eventually, the state deemed Cutshall to be legally deceased. Since then, a man has been charged with kidnapping her and is suspected of killing her, but he has never been indicted.{{cite web \| url\=https://doenetwork.org/cases/126dfne.html\| title\=126DFNE \| work\=Doe Network}}
|
[
"Suspected victims\n-----------------",
"### Joanne Ena Lynn",
"**Joanne Ena Lynn** (born April 20, 1938\\), 11, left her home at 8:00 a.m. on September 19, 1949, to walk to Hemlock Central School in [Hemlock, New York](/wiki/Hemlock%2C_New_York \"Hemlock, New York\"). Two drivers who saw a girl matching her description wandering in a rural area towards a grey vehicle with [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") licence plates reported seeing her last an eighth of a mile from her home. On September 24, while harvesting butternuts four miles from Hemlock, 14\\-year\\-old Norma Marsden discovered Lynn's body face\\-down in a ditch 200 yards off Road 15\\-A.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://troopers.ny.gov/homicide\\-victim\\-lynn\\-joanne\\-ena\\|title\\=Homicide Victim: Lynn, Joanne Ena\n\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York State Police]]\\|accessdate\\=October 31, 2022}}",
"Dr. Herbert Brown, Livingston county [pathologist](/wiki/Pathologist \"Pathologist\"), reported that there was “evidence of an attempt to [rape](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\")” but that the act had not been completed. Lt. William Stevenson of the Batavia State Police told reporters that she had probably been “lured or dragged into an auto, \\[and] taken out of the car and shot twice as she cringed in a grove of locust trees. One bullet entered her forehead and pierced her arm as she tried to shield her face. The other entered her left breast and emerged from her back.” Both bullets were collected as evidence. Although Lynn was dressed, it was discovered that her sweater and underwear were gone. A German Luger [semi\\-automatic pistol](/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol \"Semi-automatic pistol\") was used to kill Joanne, according to forensic experts. Police interviewed every known [sex offender](/wiki/Sex_offender \"Sex offender\") in the area but came up with no leads.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hemlockandcanadicelakes.com/hcl\\_people\\_lynn\\_joanne.htm\\|title\\=Joanne Ena Lynn\n\\|work\\=Hemlock and Canadice Lakes\\|accessdate\\=October 31, 2022}}",
"In 1989, after Redmond was finally tracked down and arrested by Pennsylvania police, he was publicly revealed to be a suspect in the murders of several other girls including Joanne Lynn. An article in the *Grand Island Independent* reported that; “Robert Montgomery, a New York State Police investigator, wrote in an August 1991 affidavit filed in Hall County Court that his agency’s crime laboratory had established a DNA profile of the killer from samples from \\[Joanne’s] clothing.” The article further stated that Redmond had been a suspect in the investigation since 1951\\. “Redmond worked before and after Joanne Lynn’s death as a Ferris wheel operator and truck driver for various traveling carnivals. At the time of her death, the Hemlock Fair and Carnival was in progress six miles south of where her body was found.” However, her case remains unsolved.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theindependent.com/news/dead\\-g\\-i\\-man\\-suspect\\-in\\-1955\\-murder/article\\_3d1fff7b\\-149e\\-5b4f\\-a086\\-efa34109ac29\\.html\\|title\\=Dead G.I. man suspect in 1955 murder\n\\|work\\=The Grand Island Independent\\|accessdate\\=October 31, 2022}}",
"### Jane Marie Althoff",
"On April 25, 1951, **Jane Marie Althoff** (born August 28, 1942\\), 8, was found murdered shortly after midnight in a pickup truck on the grounds of a Penn\\-Premier Show carnival south of [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") in [Trainer, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Trainer%2C_Pennsylvania \"Trainer, Pennsylvania\"). She had died from [strangulation](/wiki/Strangulation \"Strangulation\"), an [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy \"Autopsy\") revealed. She was a schoolgirl who had joined her two brothers the day before at the carnival. She reportedly wandered off and was reported missing several hours before she was found. According to Chief County Detective Fred Jack, there was no evidence that Althoff had been molested. \"We believe that she was enticed into the truck and killed when she screamed or started to scream for help,\" he said. Jane Marie was seen talking to Redmond at the carnival on the night she was murdered.",
"The truck cab where Althoff's body was recovered had Redmond's [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprints \"Fingerprints\") all over it. In January 1952, a warrant was issued for his arrest so that he could be questioned; however, it was never executed since he could not be found. Malcolm Murphy, a Pennsylvania state trooper, reopened the case in 1985\\. Redmond was apprehended at his Grand Island residence in 1988 and transported to [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") where he was charged with killing Althoff. Murphy located Redmond using computerised vehicle registrations and made the arrest based on a dialogue with him.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://law.justia.com/cases/pennsylvania/supreme\\-court/1990/395\\-pa\\-super\\-286\\-1\\.html\\|title\\=COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. William Henry REDMOND\n\\|work\\=\\[\\[Justia]]\\|accessdate\\=October 31, 2022}}",
"According to Delaware County District Attorney William Ryan, Redmond ″made a statement to police inculpating himself″ with the crime after fourteen hours of intense interrogation. Redmond, a former [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") operator, said that he choked Jane Marie to stop her from bothering him about taking additional rides on the [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") he oversaw. District Court Judge George Paige ordered Redmond to be detained in a county jail without posting bond, and he scheduled a [preliminary hearing](/wiki/Preliminary_hearing \"Preliminary hearing\") for February 8, 1989\\. Redmond, however, was ultimately determined to be a non\\-threat due to his advanced age and health issues and was released on a $1 bail. Redmond passed away in 1992 at his [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\") home while he was awaiting trial. When Murphy refused to disclose the identity of a confidential informant, Althoff's case was dropped.",
"### Beverly Rose Potts",
"{{See also\\|Disappearance of Beverly Potts}}\n**[Beverly Rose Potts](/wiki/Beverly_Rose_Potts \"Beverly Rose Potts\")** (born April 15, 1941\\), 10, left her residence in the 11300 block of Linnet Avenue in [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio \"Cleveland, Ohio\"), in the evening hours on August 24, 1951\\. She took her [bicycle](/wiki/Bicycle \"Bicycle\") to the Showagon, an annual summer festival, with a female friend about eighth of a mile from Beverly's house in Halloran Park where the Showagon was held. Beverly's mother granted her special permission to attend the Showagon despite Beverly being forbidden to visit the park since she once returned home from there late a few days before. Just after 7:00 p.m., Beverly and her companion made it to the park, but they left their bicycles there right away and went back to their house. They later made a second appearance at the carnival at 8:00 p.m. after returning to the park.{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rbp\\-VMvTFBcC \\| title\\=Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts \\| publisher\\=Kent State Press \\| author\\=James Jessen Badal \\| year\\=2005 \\| page\\=165 \\| isbn\\=0873388364}}Bibb, Leon. \"[Disappearance of 10\\-year\\-old Beverly Potts, who vanished 63 years ago, still haunts Cleveland](http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/my-ohio/mystery-still-swirls-around-the-disappearance-of-a-cleveland-10-year-old-who-vanished-63-years-ago)\" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20140906132728/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/my-ohio/mystery-still-swirls-around-the-disappearance-of-a-cleveland-10-year-old-who-vanished-63-years-ago)) Newsnet5\\. May 9, 2014\\. Updated May 12, 2014\\. Retrieved on September 7, 2014\\.",
"Beverly was permitted to stay until the end of the evening, but her friend had to leave at 8:40 p.m. so that she could get home before it got dark. She claimed that when she last saw Beverly, she was standing in front of a little, chubby woman with her hand on Beverly's shoulder, watching a show. The woman might have been the mother of a performer in the Showagon. About 9:30 p.m., when the Showagon was over and Halloran Park was starting to clear, Beverly was last seen. A 13\\-year\\-old acquaintance saw a girl he believed to be Beverly walking diagonally across the park, headed in a northeast direction towards her home. Her peculiar walk helped him identify her. When she was last seen, she was around 150 feet from the intersection of West 117th and Linnet Streets. When she still had not returned home and their search of the region had turned up nothing, her parents called the police and reported her missing at 10:30 p.m.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.officialcoldcaseinvestigations.com/showthread.php?15\\-Beverly\\-Rose\\-Potts\\-Ohio\\-1951 \\| title\\=Search for Girl missing 20 years ends in failure \\| work\\=The Morgantown (WV) Post \\| date\\=19 April 1973 \\| agency\\=UPI \\| accessdate\\=30 November 2014}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12507923/reward\\_posted\\_for\\_child/\\|title\\=Reward Posted For Child\\|date\\=27 August 1951\\|publisher\\=News\\-Journal\\|location\\=Mansfield, Ohio\\|page\\=1\\|accessdate\\=20 July 2017\\|via\\=newspapers.com}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12508300/murder\\_story\\_a\\_hoax\\_man\\_says\\_he/ \\| title\\=Murder story a hoax: Man says he confessed to get back to Cleveland \\| work\\=The Kansas City (MO) Times \\| date\\=17 December 1955 \\| accessdate\\=30 November 2014 \\| agency\\=AP\\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=799\\&dat\\=19800818\\&id\\=KqdPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6512,4026895 \\| title\\=Police may have solved 23\\-year\\-old\\-kidnapping \\| work\\=The Bryan (OH) Times \\| date\\=18 August 1980 \\| accessdate\\=30 November 2014 \\| agency\\=UPI}}\n[135px\\|thumb\\|Police artist sketch of Potts, depicting the clothing she wore at the time of her disappearance](/wiki/File:Beverly_Potts_Police_Artist%27s_Sketch_August_29%2C_1951.jpg \"Beverly Potts Police Artist's Sketch August 29, 1951.jpg\")\nRedmond, a carnival employee, was thought to be involved in Potts' disappearance. Beverly was older than his previous putative victims, and Redmond was never firmly linked to her apparent kidnapping. When Cleveland police questioned Redmond about her disappearance in January 1988 while he was being held in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), he flatly refused to say anything about it. According to Robert Montgomery, a New York State Police investigator:\n\"At that time, he indicated to police that he would provide information relevant to the Cleveland, Ohio, case after speaking to his Pennsylvania attorney. However, the interview was not continued.\"Roman, John M., [\"Who Killed Jane Marie?\"](http://malloylawoffice.com/pdfs/20070125084851762.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818235751/http://malloylawoffice.com/pdfs/20070125084851762\\.pdf \\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-18 }}, *[Delaware County Daily Times](/wiki/Delaware_County_Daily_Times \"Delaware County Daily Times\")*, Apr. 11, 1999, p. 7, available online at malloylawoffice.com. Retrieved Aug. 23, 2015\\. Beverly remains missing and [foul play](/wiki/wiktionary:Foul_play \"Foul play\") is suspected in her disappearance.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.charleyproject.org/case/beverly\\-rose\\-potts \\| title\\=The Charley Project: Beverly Rose Potts \\| work\\=The Charley Project \\| accessdate\\=30 November 2014 \\| author\\=Good, Meaghan}}{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2012/09/investigators\\_still\\_chasing\\_am.html \\| title\\=Investigators still chasing Amy Mihaljevic's killer\n \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Cleveland Plain Dealer]] \\| date\\=29 September 2012\\| accessdate\\=30 November 2014 \\| author\\=Larkin, Brent}}",
"### Constance Christine Smith",
"**Constance Christine \"Connie\" Smith** (born July 11, 1942\\), 10, was a young girl who disappeared after running away from a [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp \"Summer camp\") she was attending. She was residing at Camp Sloane in [Salisbury, Connecticut](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_Connecticut \"Salisbury, Connecticut\"), for a portion of the summer of 1952\\. On the morning of July 16, 1952, she got into a fight with other female campers; as a result, her nose was bloodied. In order to drop off an ice pack she had used the night before when she fell out of her tent and hurt her hip, Connie told her tent mates that she would forgo breakfast that morning and instead walk to the camp clinic. She moved away from the camp and along Indian Mountain Road, leaving the ice pack in her tent and never visiting the pharmacy.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://charleyproject.org/case/constance\\-christine\\-smith\\| title\\=The Charley Project: Constance Christine Smith\\| work\\=The Charley Project \\| accessdate\\=30 November 2014 \\| author\\=Good, Meaghan}}",
"Around a half\\-mile from Camp Sloane, Connie was seen picking [daisies](/wiki/Bellis_perennis \"Bellis perennis\") by the side of the road and asking multiple people how to go to [Lakeville, Connecticut](/wiki/Lakeville%2C_Connecticut \"Lakeville, Connecticut\"). With only one week left of her term at Camp Sloane, she supposedly chose to leave because she felt homesick.\nLater in the day, Connie was last seen walking on [U.S. 44](/wiki/U.S._44 \"U.S. 44\") in Salisbury, close to the crossroads of U.S. 44 and Belgo Road. She appeared to be trying to [hitchhike](/wiki/Hitchhike \"Hitchhike\"), possibly to Lakeville, with her thumb out. She did not have any additional cash or clothing on her. Connie vanished without a trace. Connie's disappearance has had numerous suspects throughout the years, but no one has ever been put on trial.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.doenetwork.org/cases/532dfct.html\\| title\\=532DFCT \\| work\\=Doe Network }}",
"One of the possible suspects is Redmond, who was investigated for involvement in Connie's disappearance. William had been charged with murdering 8\\-year\\-old Althoff who was killed one year prior to Connie's disappearance. In relation to Smith's case, Redmond passed a polygraph examination, and investigators were unable to pinpoint whether William was in the [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") area when Connie vanished. She is still missing.",
"### Barbara Gaca",
"7\\-year\\-old **Barbara Gaca** (born November 7, 1947\\) disappeared on March 24, 1955, after leaving home to walk to school six blocks away. In the Gratiot\\-Seven Mile neighbourhood of [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), she was last seen walking between her house and Assumption Grotto School. On March 31, 1955, a train worker discovered Barbara's body, which was covered in an Army blanket. She had been [sexually assaulted](/wiki/Sexually_assaulted \"Sexually assaulted\"), strangled, and stabbed fifteen times before being dumped at an Oakland County landfill. After interviewing friends and family members, it was determined that Barbara had spoken to a young male neighbour at the intersection of Linnhurst and Gratiot, four blocks from her school. She explained to him that she was waiting for a friend. Another neighbour claimed to have witnessed Barbara being dragged into a vehicle. Two further witnesses claimed to have seen a 1954 green Hudson at a gas station that morning near 10 Mile and Groesbeck.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.hourdetroit.com/community/who\\-killed\\-barbara\\-gaca/\\| title\\=Who Killed Barbara Gaca?\\| work\\=Hour Detroit\\| date\\=30 April 2009}}",
"The driver was described as a 40\\-to\\-45\\-year\\-old man who was 150 pounds, around 5\\-feet\\-6 inches tall. An attendant was pumping fuel while a girl that matched Barbara's description was inside the vehicle; the girl seemed terrified according to the gas station attendant. Other witnesses came forward saying that between 10:30 and 11:00 a.m. on the day of Gaca's kidnapping, they had seen a new [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\") with a cream\\-coloured top parked near her dump site. After thirteen pages of details regarding the murder were sent to the [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\")'s Violent Criminal Apprehension System ([VICAP](/wiki/VICAP \"VICAP\")) in 1996, Redmond came to light as a suspect. Redmond's whereabouts at the time of Barbara's murder are unknown although investigators determined that an individual with the name \"William Henry Redmond\" was working for a railroad in [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\") at the time of her murder.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://theindependent.com/news/dead\\-g\\-i\\-man\\-suspect\\-in\\-1955\\-murder/article\\_3d1fff7b\\-149e\\-5b4f\\-a086\\-efa34109ac29\\.html\\| title\\=Dead G.I. man suspect in 1955 murder\\| work\\=The Grand Island Independent\\| date\\=25 February 1999}} Her murder is still unsolved.",
"### Maria Elizabeth Ridulph",
"{{See also\\|Murder of Maria Ridulph}}\n7\\-year\\-old **[Maria Elizabeth Ridulph](/wiki/Maria_Elizabeth_Ridulph \"Maria Elizabeth Ridulph\")** (born March 12, 1950\\) disappeared from [Sycamore, Illinois](/wiki/Sycamore%2C_Illinois \"Sycamore, Illinois\"), on the evening of December 3, 1957\\. Her remains were found almost five months later in a wooded area near [Woodbine, Illinois](/wiki/Woodbine%2C_Illinois \"Woodbine, Illinois\"), approximately 90 miles from her home.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Cause of Death Uncertain: Find Maria's Body on Wooded Hill \\|url\\=http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi\\-bin/illinois?a\\=d\\&d\\=STR19580429\\.2\\.6\\# \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[True Republican]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Sycamore, Illinois]] \\|date\\=April 29, 1958 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections, \\[\\[University of Illinois]] Library \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2016 }} Maria was last seen by a friend on the corner of Center Cross Street and Archie Place in her neighbourhood with an unidentified male in his early twenties who went by the name \"Johnny.\" In September 2012, Jack McCullough, formerly known as John Tessier, was found guilty of killing Maria.{{cite AV media \\|people\\=Greg Fisher, Judy Rybak, and Peter Henderson (producers) \\|date\\=May 24, 2014 \\|title\\=48 Hours Presents: Cold as Ice \\|medium\\=documentary \\|language\\=en \\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/can\\-a\\-childhood\\-memory\\-help\\-solve\\-1957\\-murder\\-of\\-maria\\-ridulph/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBS News]] \\|quote\\=Oldest cold case to go to trial in U.S. tests memories, forces family to expose deep, dark secrets in search of justice for murdered girl }} The [DeKalb County](/wiki/DeKalb_County%2C_Illinois \"DeKalb County, Illinois\") State's Attorney stated in March 2016 that a post\\-conviction analysis of the available evidence revealed McCullough could not have been present at the scene and at the time Maria Ridulph was most likely abducted.{{cite news \\|last\\=O'Neill \\|first\\=Ann \\|date\\=April 22, 2016 \\|title\\=Charges Dropped in 1957 Cold Case Murder \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/22/us/jack\\-mccullough\\-maria\\-ridulph\\-1957\\-cold\\-case/ \\|work\\=CNN \\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2016 }}{{cite news\\| last\\=Hinkel\\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=March 25, 2016\\|title\\=Prosecutor Says Conviction in Cold Case Slaying of Girl, 7, Should Be Overturned\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct\\-mcculough\\-conviction\\-overturn\\-20160325\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2016}} On April 15, 2016, McCullough was freed from prison, and on April 22, 2016, the accusations against him were dropped.{{cite news \\|last\\=O'Neill \\|first\\=Ann \\|date\\=April 15, 2016 \\|title\\=Judge Overturns 1957 Cold Case Murder Conviction; Jack McCullough Goes Free \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/15/us/1957\\-cold\\-case\\-jack\\-mccullough\\-maria\\-ridulph/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2016}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Ward \\|first\\=Clifford \\|date\\=April 22, 2016 \\|title\\=Charges Dismissed Against Jack McCullough in '57 slaying of Sycamore Girl\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct\\-jack\\-mccullough\\-1957\\-sycamore\\-murder\\-hearing\\-20160422\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2016}} The DeKalb County Circuit Court found McCullough not guilty of the felony on April 12, 2017\\.[2017 Circuit Court ruling](http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2017/images/04/12/mccullough041217-signed.pdf){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/12/us/ridulph\\-mccullough\\-innocence\\-ruling/ \\|title\\=Man wrongfully convicted in 1957 cold case murder declared innocent \\|last\\=O'Neill \\|first\\=Ann \\|date\\=April 12, 2017 \\|website\\=CNN \\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2021}}",
"In 1997, Sycamore Police Lieutenant Patrick Solar closed the Ridulph case, naming Redmond as the man who had likely abducted and killed Ridulph.{{cite news \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Grant \\|date\\=November 19, 1997 \\|title\\=Case Closed, but Not Solved: Key Questions Remain About Man Accused in Ridulph Murder \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/128886225 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\\|Daily Chronicle]] \\|location\\=DeKalb County, Illinois \\|pages\\=1–2 \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2016 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}{{cite news \\|author\\=Editorial Board \\|date\\=November 21, 1997 \\|title\\=The Man Who Would Be Chief \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/128886585/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\\|Daily Chronicle]] \\|location\\=DeKalb County, Illinois \\|page\\=4 \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2016 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Florio \\|first\\=Gwen \\|date\\=January 9, 1992 \\|title\\=Suspect In 1951 Slaying Dies In Neb.: William Redmond Was Accused Of Killing An 8\\-year\\-old At A Carnival. The Case Languished For Decades Until A State Trooper Reopened It. \\|url\\=http://articles.philly.com/1992\\-01\\-09/news/26034362\\_1\\_carnival\\-worker\\-ferris\\-wheel\\-michael\\-malloy \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2016 \\|via\\=Philly.com }}Lachman, p. [PT70](https://books.google.com/books?id=wnSBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70).{{cite book \\|last\\=Badal \\|first\\=James Jessen \\|date\\=2005 \\|title\\=Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rbp\\-VMvTFBcC\\&pg\\=PA145 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Kent State University Press]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Kent, Ohio]] \\|pages\\=145–147 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0873388368}}{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Reopened Nebraska Murder Case Results in Charges 37 Years Later \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/154974768/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Akron Beacon Journal]] \\|date\\=February 9, 1988 \\|page\\=D7 \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2016 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }} Solar claimed that Redmond admitted to a fellow prisoner that he had committed a crime resembling the kidnapping and murder of Ridulph. Redmond's demeanour and actions, in Solar's opinion, were similar to \"Johnny.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Schott \\|first\\=Kate \\|date\\=December 6, 2007 \\|title\\=Innocence Lost: 'She Would Have Been Something' \\|url\\=http://www.daily\\-chronicle.com/2007/12/06/innocence\\-lost\\-she\\-would\\-have\\-been\\-something/aqriqsz/news02\\.txt \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\\|Daily Chronicle]] \\|location\\=DeKalb County, Illinois \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410003229/http://www.daily\\-chronicle.com/2007/12/06/innocence\\-lost\\-she\\-would\\-have\\-been\\-something/aqriqsz/news02\\.txt \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Redmond, according to Solar, frequently traveled close to the location where Ridulph was discovered when he was employed as a truck driver in the neighborhood at the time.",
"The research by Solar received criticism for its lack of supporting data and purported political undertones. Redmond would have been difficult to convict in the Ridulph case if he had survived, according to Solar himself, who conceded that the evidence against him was purely circumstantial. Because of this, Solar declared the Ridulph case to be \"closed, but not solved,\" leaving open the chance that a more suitable suspect could be identified in the future. The trial judge disallowed any testimony about Redmond because he was deemed to have not been a plausible suspect when Jack McCullough was later prosecuted in the Ridulph case. Ridulph's murder remains unsolved and her killer unidentified.",
"### Jillian Dee Cutshall",
"9\\-year\\-old **Jillian \"Jill\" Dee Cutshall** (born February 19, 1978\\) was last seen at approximately 6:30 a.m. on August 13, 1987, in [Norfolk, Nebraska](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Nebraska \"Norfolk, Nebraska\"). She resided in Grand Bend, [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\"), with her mother and brother after her parents got divorced. When she vanished, she was in Norfolk with her father and stepmother. They resided in McNeely Apartments. After they both departed for work early that morning, Cutshall started strolling to her babysitter's home four blocks away because she did not like to be in their apartment alone. Jillian failed to show up and has not been seen since.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://charleyproject.org/case/jillian\\-dee\\-cutshall\\| title\\=The Charley Project: Jillian Dee Cutshall\\| work\\=The Charley Project}}",
"When she did not arrive home after 3:00 p.m., her stepmother went to the babysitter's house to pick her up and discovered she was not there; her babysitter had assumed she had made the decision to stay home. Her belongings—clothes, shoes, and keys—were discovered in the Wood Duck Wildlife Refuge in [Stanton, Nebraska](/wiki/Stanton%2C_Nebraska \"Stanton, Nebraska\"), three months after she vanished. This location was ten miles from her father's house. Police in Nebraska looked into whether Redmond was connected to the disappearance of Cutshall because of his past, but they were unable to link him to it. Eventually, the state deemed Cutshall to be legally deceased. Since then, a man has been charged with kidnapping her and is suspected of killing her, but he has never been indicted.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://doenetwork.org/cases/126dfne.html\\| title\\=126DFNE \\| work\\=Doe Network}}",
""
] |
Great Stour
-----------
The [Great Stour](/wiki/River_Stour%2C_Kent "River Stour, Kent") powered sixteen watermills, with another on the [Kennington Stream](/wiki/Kennington_Stream "Kennington Stream").
### East Hill Mill, Ashford
TR 015 427 {{Coord\|51\.148\|0\.880\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=East Hill Mill, Ashford}}
This water and steam mill was a corn mill, one of those run by [H.S. Pledge \& Sons Ltd](/wiki/H.S._Pledge_%26_Sons_Ltd "H.S. Pledge & Sons Ltd"). The converted building survives, used as a nightclub until 2014, with a dummy waterwheel outside. It was the only watermill in [Ashford](/wiki/Ashford%2C_Kent "Ashford, Kent"), which was well supplied with [windmills](/wiki/Windmill "Windmill") and steam mills.
Image:East Hill Mill, Ashford.JPG\|East Hill Mill, 1982
Image:East Hill Mill, Ashford \- waterwheel.JPG\|Reproduction waterwheel.
Image:East Hill Flour Mills in Ashford.JPG\| East Hill Mill, 2015
### Wye Mill
TR 049 469 {{Coord\|51\|11\|04\|N\|0\|55\|49\|E\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Wye Mill}}
The [mill](/wiki/Wye%2C_Kent%23Wye_Mill "Wye, Kent#Wye Mill") at [Wye](/wiki/Wye%2C_Kent "Wye, Kent") was run for many years by the Denne family. The building survives today having been extensively restored around 2000\.
Image:Wye watermill.jpg\|Wye watermill c1910
Image:Wye watermill 1982\.JPG\|Wye mill in 1982
### Chilham Mill
TR 078 534 {{Coord\|51\.242\|0\.976\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Chilham Mill}}
The large corn mill at [Chilham](/wiki/Chilham "Chilham") is the best preserved on the River Stour. The waterwheel is {{convert\|14\|ft\|6\|in\|m\|2}} diameter and {{convert\|7\|ft\|10\|in\|m\|2}} wide, carried on a \+ section cast\-iron axle of a nominal {{convert\|20\|in\|mm}} diameter. This also carried a cast\-iron Pit Wheel {{convert\|10\|ft\|8\|in\|m\|2}} diameter with 96 cogs driving a Wallower with 34 teeth on a cast\-iron Upright Shaft carrying a cast\-iron Great Spur Wheel with 114 cogs. This drove six pairs of millstones, originally all underdrift, but one of the Stone Nuts has been adapted to drive a vertical shaft which powered auxiliary machinery and drove the sixth pair of stones overdrift by belt and pulley.Spain (1986\), p44\-52
Image:Chilham French's 1906\.jpg\|The mill c1906
Image:Chilham mill.jpg\|Chilham mill today
### Chartham Corn Mill
TR 097 554 {{Coord\|51\.259\|1\.004\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Chartham Corn Mill}}
The building of this corn mill at [Chartham](/wiki/Chartham "Chartham") survives converted to residential useFrancis Frith's Windmills and Watermills, p69 and devoid of machinery. It was powered by a low breast shot waterwheel some {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|2}} wide. There was also a turbine some {{convert\|4\|ft\|m\|2}} in diameter which drove a pump.Spain (1986\), p35\-37
### Chartham Paper Mill
TR 108 549 {{Coord\|51\.254\|1\.020\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Chartham Paper Mill}}
This mill is a Domesday mill. There was a [fulling mill](/wiki/Fulling_mill "Fulling mill") in 1438 and paper production started circa 1730\. Tracing paper was discovered here after a worker accidentally added too much starch to the mixture. The paper mill is still working commercially, producing tracing paper to this day. It is owned by [Arjo Wiggins](/wiki/Arjo_Wiggins "Arjo Wiggins").{{cite web \| url \= https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/535144\| publisher \= Geograph\| title \= Chartham Paper Mills\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
Image:Chartham Paper 1908\.jpg\|c1908
Image:Chartham Paper mill.jpg\|The mill today
### Cock Mill, Canterbury
TR 145 580 {{Coord\|51\.281\|1\.074\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Cock Mill, Canterbury}}
The River Stour bifurcates through [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury "Canterbury"), the western stream powered two watermills and the eastern stream powered eight.
Cock Mill was a small mill with a single waterwheel. It was demolished in the 19th century.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=10854\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, Cock Mill\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
### Dean's (Westgate, Shafford's, Hooker's) Mill, Canterbury
TR 148 583 {{Coord\|51\.283\|1\.079\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Dean's (Westgate, Shafford's, Hooker's) Mill, Canterbury}}
This was a corn mill. The mill was rebuilt circa 1790 and had two internal waterwheels driving eight pairs of stones. The mill was bought by William Hooker in the 1890s and was renamed Westgate mill. The mill burnt down in June 1954\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=10855\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, Dean's Mill, Cereal Milling\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
### Barton Mill, Canterbury
TR 156 588 {{Coord\|51\.288\|1\.091\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Barton Mill, Canterbury}}
The following mills are those on the eastern stream of the River Stour in Canterbury.
This was the last watermill in Canterbury that was working for trade. For many years it was a paper mill, and then a corn mill. There were two waterwheels driving the millstones, and probably another waterwheel which drove other machinery. The millstones were latterly replaced by roller mills. There was a fire in 1951, after which the mill was modernised, and another fire in July 2004 meant the end of milling at Barton mill. Some of the buildings survive, converted to residential use.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=8650\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, Barton Mill, Cereal Milling\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
### St. Mildred's Mill, Canterbury
This corn mill stood within the city walls, and disappeared in mediaeval times.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=10858\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, St. Mildred's Mill, Cereal Milling\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
### St. Mildred's Tannery, Canterbury
The [tannery](/wiki/Tanning_%28leather%29 "Tanning (leather)") in Canterbury occupies a very old site, even older than the [cathedral](/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral "Canterbury Cathedral"). The current firm was established in 1878 by Joseph and Samuel Conolly. [Leather](/wiki/Leather "Leather") from the tannery was of the highest quality, and has been used in the coronation coach of [King Edward VII](/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom "Edward VII of the United Kingdom"), [Rolls\-Royces](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_%28car%29 "Rolls-Royce (car)"), [Concorde](/wiki/Concorde "Concorde"), the [QE2](/wiki/QE2 "QE2"), [Ferraris](/wiki/Ferrari "Ferrari"), and the [Houses of Parliament](/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament "Houses of Parliament").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/08/19/tan.t.php \|publisher\=International Herald Tribune \|title\=Leather Makers to the Queen (and Ferrari and Jaguar Too) \|access\-date\=2008\-04\-02 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019112204/http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/08/19/tan.t.php \|archive\-date\=October 19, 2008 }} The tannery buildings are now converted to residential use.
### Mead Mill, Canterbury
Little is known of this mill, which disappeared centuries ago.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=10857\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, Mead Mill\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
### King's Mill, Canterbury
TR 148 580 {{Coord\|51\.281\|1\.079\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=King's Mill, Canterbury}}
This corn mill stood on an ancient mill site. The mill was granted to [St Augustine's Abbey](/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey "St Augustine's Abbey") by [King Stephen](/wiki/Stephen_of_England "Stephen of England") in 1144\. In 1174 it was repossessed by the Crown, and granted to Rohesia, the sister of [Thomas Becket](/wiki/Thomas_Becket "Thomas Becket"). The mill stood opposite The Weavers House, and marks in the brickwork show where the waterwheel was.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=10856\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, King's Mill, Cereal Milling\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}}
### Queen's Mill, Canterbury
### Abbott's (City, Denne's) Mill, Canterbury
[thumb\|right\|The remains of the mill](/wiki/File:Abbott%27s_Mill%2C_Canterbury.JPG "Abbott's Mill, Canterbury.JPG")
TR 148 582 {{Coord\|51\.282\|1\.079\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Abbott's (City, Denne's) Mill, Canterbury}}
This corn mill stood on the site of a medieval mill owned by the Abbot. The building dated from 1792 and was originally designed as a granary by [John Smeaton](/wiki/John_Smeaton "John Smeaton"). In 1794 it was converted into a watermill by Joseph Royle and [James Simmons](/wiki/James_Simmons_%281741%E2%80%931807%29 "James Simmons (1741–1807)").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/aspx/secured/item.aspx?intItemID\=22218\&strTitle\=Souvenir%20leaflet%20of%2050th%20anniversary\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Souvenir leaflet of 50th anniversary\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}} The building was {{convert\|60\|ft\|m\|2}} square in plan, and six storeys tall. The base was brick and the upper five storeys were wood, clad in white painted weatherboarding. At the time it was built, it was the second tallest building in Canterbury, after the Cathedral. There were two waterwheels each {{convert\|12\|ft\|m\|2}} diameter and {{convert\|6\|ft\|m\|2}} diameter driving a total of eight pairs of stones.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/canterburytale/canterburytale.aspx\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= The Canterbury Miller's Tale \| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}} In 1896 it was bought by Denne's. The mill was destroyed by fire on 17 October 1933\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\=8649\| publisher \= The Mills Archive\| title \= Canterbury, Abbot's Mill, Cereal Milling\| access\-date \= 2008\-04\-02}} The cast\-iron axle survives on site.Water and Wind Power p72
### Black Mill, Sturry
[thumb\|The Black Mill, c1920](/wiki/File:Sturry_Black_1920.jpg "Sturry Black 1920.jpg")
[Sturry](/wiki/Sturry "Sturry") had two watermills, neither of which survive today.
### White Mill, Sturry
TR 175 600 {{Coord\|51\.298\|1\.118\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=White Mill, Sturry}}
This corn mill has been demolished, with only scant remains of the machinery remaining. There is a turbine of some {{convert\|4\|ft\|m\|2}} diameter, and a low breast shot waterwheel {{convert\|14\|ft\|10\|in\|m\|2}} diameter and {{convert\|7\|ft\|2\|in\|m\|2}} wide.Spain (1986\), p134\-38
### Tributaries of Great Stour
#### Kennington Mills
TR 032 454 {{Coord\|51\.172\|0\.905\|display\=inline\|format\=dms\|type:landmark\_region:GB\|name\=Kennington Mills}}
The mills at [Kennington](/wiki/Kennington%2C_Kent "Kennington, Kent") were powered by wind, steam and water. The windmill was built in 1813 by Messrs. Hill, the Ashford [millwrights](/wiki/Millwright "Millwright"). The millers in 1886 were [Messrs. Pledge](/wiki/H.S._Pledge_%26_Sons_Ltd "H.S. Pledge & Sons Ltd"), who had several mills in the Ashford area. In 1892 Charles Stanley took the mills. The sails from the windmill were taken to Pluckley windmill when Kennington mills closed. The windmill was an empty shell by the 1930sWatermills and Windmills, p228\-29 and was demolished in 1952\.The Windmills of Kent, p99 The windmill was connected by a footbridge to the watermill building and the steam mill building was attached to the windmill base, which survives today. The watermill was powered by the [Kennington Stream](/wiki/Kennington_Stream "Kennington Stream").
|
[
"Great Stour\n-----------",
"The [Great Stour](/wiki/River_Stour%2C_Kent \"River Stour, Kent\") powered sixteen watermills, with another on the [Kennington Stream](/wiki/Kennington_Stream \"Kennington Stream\").",
"### East Hill Mill, Ashford",
"TR 015 427 {{Coord\\|51\\.148\\|0\\.880\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=East Hill Mill, Ashford}}",
"This water and steam mill was a corn mill, one of those run by [H.S. Pledge \\& Sons Ltd](/wiki/H.S._Pledge_%26_Sons_Ltd \"H.S. Pledge & Sons Ltd\"). The converted building survives, used as a nightclub until 2014, with a dummy waterwheel outside. It was the only watermill in [Ashford](/wiki/Ashford%2C_Kent \"Ashford, Kent\"), which was well supplied with [windmills](/wiki/Windmill \"Windmill\") and steam mills.",
"",
"Image:East Hill Mill, Ashford.JPG\\|East Hill Mill, 1982\nImage:East Hill Mill, Ashford \\- waterwheel.JPG\\|Reproduction waterwheel.\nImage:East Hill Flour Mills in Ashford.JPG\\| East Hill Mill, 2015",
"",
"### Wye Mill",
"TR 049 469 {{Coord\\|51\\|11\\|04\\|N\\|0\\|55\\|49\\|E\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Wye Mill}}",
"The [mill](/wiki/Wye%2C_Kent%23Wye_Mill \"Wye, Kent#Wye Mill\") at [Wye](/wiki/Wye%2C_Kent \"Wye, Kent\") was run for many years by the Denne family. The building survives today having been extensively restored around 2000\\.",
"",
"Image:Wye watermill.jpg\\|Wye watermill c1910\nImage:Wye watermill 1982\\.JPG\\|Wye mill in 1982",
"",
"### Chilham Mill",
"TR 078 534 {{Coord\\|51\\.242\\|0\\.976\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Chilham Mill}}",
"The large corn mill at [Chilham](/wiki/Chilham \"Chilham\") is the best preserved on the River Stour. The waterwheel is {{convert\\|14\\|ft\\|6\\|in\\|m\\|2}} diameter and {{convert\\|7\\|ft\\|10\\|in\\|m\\|2}} wide, carried on a \\+ section cast\\-iron axle of a nominal {{convert\\|20\\|in\\|mm}} diameter. This also carried a cast\\-iron Pit Wheel {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|8\\|in\\|m\\|2}} diameter with 96 cogs driving a Wallower with 34 teeth on a cast\\-iron Upright Shaft carrying a cast\\-iron Great Spur Wheel with 114 cogs. This drove six pairs of millstones, originally all underdrift, but one of the Stone Nuts has been adapted to drive a vertical shaft which powered auxiliary machinery and drove the sixth pair of stones overdrift by belt and pulley.Spain (1986\\), p44\\-52",
"",
"Image:Chilham French's 1906\\.jpg\\|The mill c1906\nImage:Chilham mill.jpg\\|Chilham mill today",
"",
"### Chartham Corn Mill",
"TR 097 554 {{Coord\\|51\\.259\\|1\\.004\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Chartham Corn Mill}}",
"The building of this corn mill at [Chartham](/wiki/Chartham \"Chartham\") survives converted to residential useFrancis Frith's Windmills and Watermills, p69 and devoid of machinery. It was powered by a low breast shot waterwheel some {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} wide. There was also a turbine some {{convert\\|4\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} in diameter which drove a pump.Spain (1986\\), p35\\-37",
"### Chartham Paper Mill",
"TR 108 549 {{Coord\\|51\\.254\\|1\\.020\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Chartham Paper Mill}}",
"This mill is a Domesday mill. There was a [fulling mill](/wiki/Fulling_mill \"Fulling mill\") in 1438 and paper production started circa 1730\\. Tracing paper was discovered here after a worker accidentally added too much starch to the mixture. The paper mill is still working commercially, producing tracing paper to this day. It is owned by [Arjo Wiggins](/wiki/Arjo_Wiggins \"Arjo Wiggins\").{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/535144\\| publisher \\= Geograph\\| title \\= Chartham Paper Mills\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"",
"Image:Chartham Paper 1908\\.jpg\\|c1908\nImage:Chartham Paper mill.jpg\\|The mill today",
"",
"### Cock Mill, Canterbury",
"TR 145 580 {{Coord\\|51\\.281\\|1\\.074\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Cock Mill, Canterbury}}",
"The River Stour bifurcates through [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury \"Canterbury\"), the western stream powered two watermills and the eastern stream powered eight.",
"Cock Mill was a small mill with a single waterwheel. It was demolished in the 19th century.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=10854\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, Cock Mill\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"### Dean's (Westgate, Shafford's, Hooker's) Mill, Canterbury",
"TR 148 583 {{Coord\\|51\\.283\\|1\\.079\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Dean's (Westgate, Shafford's, Hooker's) Mill, Canterbury}}",
"This was a corn mill. The mill was rebuilt circa 1790 and had two internal waterwheels driving eight pairs of stones. The mill was bought by William Hooker in the 1890s and was renamed Westgate mill. The mill burnt down in June 1954\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=10855\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, Dean's Mill, Cereal Milling\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"### Barton Mill, Canterbury",
"TR 156 588 {{Coord\\|51\\.288\\|1\\.091\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Barton Mill, Canterbury}}",
"The following mills are those on the eastern stream of the River Stour in Canterbury.",
"This was the last watermill in Canterbury that was working for trade. For many years it was a paper mill, and then a corn mill. There were two waterwheels driving the millstones, and probably another waterwheel which drove other machinery. The millstones were latterly replaced by roller mills. There was a fire in 1951, after which the mill was modernised, and another fire in July 2004 meant the end of milling at Barton mill. Some of the buildings survive, converted to residential use.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=8650\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, Barton Mill, Cereal Milling\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"### St. Mildred's Mill, Canterbury",
"This corn mill stood within the city walls, and disappeared in mediaeval times.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=10858\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, St. Mildred's Mill, Cereal Milling\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"### St. Mildred's Tannery, Canterbury",
"The [tannery](/wiki/Tanning_%28leather%29 \"Tanning (leather)\") in Canterbury occupies a very old site, even older than the [cathedral](/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral \"Canterbury Cathedral\"). The current firm was established in 1878 by Joseph and Samuel Conolly. [Leather](/wiki/Leather \"Leather\") from the tannery was of the highest quality, and has been used in the coronation coach of [King Edward VII](/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Edward VII of the United Kingdom\"), [Rolls\\-Royces](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_%28car%29 \"Rolls-Royce (car)\"), [Concorde](/wiki/Concorde \"Concorde\"), the [QE2](/wiki/QE2 \"QE2\"), [Ferraris](/wiki/Ferrari \"Ferrari\"), and the [Houses of Parliament](/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament \"Houses of Parliament\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/08/19/tan.t.php \\|publisher\\=International Herald Tribune \\|title\\=Leather Makers to the Queen (and Ferrari and Jaguar Too) \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019112204/http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/08/19/tan.t.php \\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2008 }} The tannery buildings are now converted to residential use.",
"### Mead Mill, Canterbury",
"Little is known of this mill, which disappeared centuries ago.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=10857\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, Mead Mill\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"### King's Mill, Canterbury",
"TR 148 580 {{Coord\\|51\\.281\\|1\\.079\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=King's Mill, Canterbury}}",
"This corn mill stood on an ancient mill site. The mill was granted to [St Augustine's Abbey](/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey \"St Augustine's Abbey\") by [King Stephen](/wiki/Stephen_of_England \"Stephen of England\") in 1144\\. In 1174 it was repossessed by the Crown, and granted to Rohesia, the sister of [Thomas Becket](/wiki/Thomas_Becket \"Thomas Becket\"). The mill stood opposite The Weavers House, and marks in the brickwork show where the waterwheel was.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=10856\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, King's Mill, Cereal Milling\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}}",
"### Queen's Mill, Canterbury",
"### Abbott's (City, Denne's) Mill, Canterbury",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The remains of the mill](/wiki/File:Abbott%27s_Mill%2C_Canterbury.JPG \"Abbott's Mill, Canterbury.JPG\")\nTR 148 582 {{Coord\\|51\\.282\\|1\\.079\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Abbott's (City, Denne's) Mill, Canterbury}}",
"This corn mill stood on the site of a medieval mill owned by the Abbot. The building dated from 1792 and was originally designed as a granary by [John Smeaton](/wiki/John_Smeaton \"John Smeaton\"). In 1794 it was converted into a watermill by Joseph Royle and [James Simmons](/wiki/James_Simmons_%281741%E2%80%931807%29 \"James Simmons (1741–1807)\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/aspx/secured/item.aspx?intItemID\\=22218\\&strTitle\\=Souvenir%20leaflet%20of%2050th%20anniversary\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Souvenir leaflet of 50th anniversary\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}} The building was {{convert\\|60\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} square in plan, and six storeys tall. The base was brick and the upper five storeys were wood, clad in white painted weatherboarding. At the time it was built, it was the second tallest building in Canterbury, after the Cathedral. There were two waterwheels each {{convert\\|12\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} diameter and {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} diameter driving a total of eight pairs of stones.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/canterburytale/canterburytale.aspx\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= The Canterbury Miller's Tale \\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}} In 1896 it was bought by Denne's. The mill was destroyed by fire on 17 October 1933\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.millarchive.com/kent/millpageData/MillContainer.aspx?millID\\=8649\\| publisher \\= The Mills Archive\\| title \\= Canterbury, Abbot's Mill, Cereal Milling\\| access\\-date \\= 2008\\-04\\-02}} The cast\\-iron axle survives on site.Water and Wind Power p72",
"### Black Mill, Sturry",
"[thumb\\|The Black Mill, c1920](/wiki/File:Sturry_Black_1920.jpg \"Sturry Black 1920.jpg\")\n[Sturry](/wiki/Sturry \"Sturry\") had two watermills, neither of which survive today.",
"### White Mill, Sturry",
"TR 175 600 {{Coord\\|51\\.298\\|1\\.118\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=White Mill, Sturry}}",
"This corn mill has been demolished, with only scant remains of the machinery remaining. There is a turbine of some {{convert\\|4\\|ft\\|m\\|2}} diameter, and a low breast shot waterwheel {{convert\\|14\\|ft\\|10\\|in\\|m\\|2}} diameter and {{convert\\|7\\|ft\\|2\\|in\\|m\\|2}} wide.Spain (1986\\), p134\\-38",
"### Tributaries of Great Stour",
"#### Kennington Mills",
"TR 032 454 {{Coord\\|51\\.172\\|0\\.905\\|display\\=inline\\|format\\=dms\\|type:landmark\\_region:GB\\|name\\=Kennington Mills}}",
"The mills at [Kennington](/wiki/Kennington%2C_Kent \"Kennington, Kent\") were powered by wind, steam and water. The windmill was built in 1813 by Messrs. Hill, the Ashford [millwrights](/wiki/Millwright \"Millwright\"). The millers in 1886 were [Messrs. Pledge](/wiki/H.S._Pledge_%26_Sons_Ltd \"H.S. Pledge & Sons Ltd\"), who had several mills in the Ashford area. In 1892 Charles Stanley took the mills. The sails from the windmill were taken to Pluckley windmill when Kennington mills closed. The windmill was an empty shell by the 1930sWatermills and Windmills, p228\\-29 and was demolished in 1952\\.The Windmills of Kent, p99 The windmill was connected by a footbridge to the watermill building and the steam mill building was attached to the windmill base, which survives today. The watermill was powered by the [Kennington Stream](/wiki/Kennington_Stream \"Kennington Stream\").",
""
] |
Storylines
----------
Dodger tracks Patrick down and decides to visit him. Dodger and friend [Darren Osborne](/wiki/Darren_Osborne "Darren Osborne") ([Ashley Taylor Dawson](/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson "Ashley Taylor Dawson")) visit under the pretence of carrying out a census. When Patrick questions if they are official, he discovers they are not and assumes that Dodger and Darren are trying to con him. Dodger reveals he is Patrick's son, although Patrick initially believes Dodger is lying due to him being told that his son had died a long time ago, but he eventually accepts the truth.
Patrick starts dating [Maxine Minniver](/wiki/Maxine_Minniver "Maxine Minniver") ([Nikki Sanderson](/wiki/Nikki_Sanderson "Nikki Sanderson")) and it later becomes clear that he is abusing her, physically and mentally. When Maxine goes up in court for perverting the course of justice and is given community service, she tells Patrick that she was let off in order to stay on the right side of him, but when Patrick sees Maxine doing community service, he later physically abuses her at home. He continues to do this every time that Maxine does something that he does not approve of. In 2013, Patrick, Maxine, [Sienna](/wiki/Sienna_Blake "Sienna Blake") ([Anna Passey](/wiki/Anna_Passey "Anna Passey")), Dodger, [Dirk Savage](/wiki/Dirk_Savage "Dirk Savage") ([David Kennedy](/wiki/David_Kennedy_%28actor%29 "David Kennedy (actor)")), [Dennis Savage](/wiki/Dennis_Savage "Dennis Savage") ([Joe Tracini](/wiki/Joe_Tracini "Joe Tracini")) and [Martha Kane](/wiki/Martha_Kane "Martha Kane") ([Carli Norris](/wiki/Carli_Norris "Carli Norris")) were held hostage by his stepson [Will Savage](/wiki/Will_Savage "Will Savage") (James Atherton), as part of his revenge plot against Dodger, but he survives the ordeal. Patrick discovers that Anna had truly loved him, despite his abuse, and after Will's arrest, Patrick takes ownership of Anna's belongings since he and Anna were still legally married at the time of her death, making her marriage to Dirk invalid.
Patrick later shocked when he discovers that Sienna had faked her pregnancy and discovers that she attempted to ruin Nancy and her relationship with Darren. He calls the police and brings her to a mental illness clinic, but later released, as she was in a hate campaign for what she has done, but, many people then begun to blame him, including Nancy after discovering her past was. It was revealed that he is the one who was responsible for giving her daughter to someone else, that leads him to tell her that she was dead. Patrick later hits Maxine after he believes that she has been cheating on him, due to her becoming pregnant, which unbeknownst to him, is heard by Dennis. Patrick continues to abuse Maxine and becomes unaware that she is being helped by Dennis, who urges her to leave. Patrick later proposes to Maxine and she accepts. Dennis tells [Blessing Chambers](/wiki/Blessing_Chambers "Blessing Chambers") ([Modupe Adeyeye](/wiki/Modupe_Adeyeye "Modupe Adeyeye")) and she vows not to tell anybody, but tells Maxine that she knows. As plans for the wedding go ahead, Maxine is helped by Blessing and Dennis to plan to fly to America the day before the wedding to live with her sister [Mitzeee](/wiki/Mitzeee "Mitzeee") ([Rachel Shenton](/wiki/Rachel_Shenton "Rachel Shenton")), but Patrick discovers this and brings her back. The pair get married, with Patrick vowing never to hurt Maxine again. After the wedding, Maxine tells Patrick she cannot continue with him and he grabs her by the wrist, claiming to the guests that she is ill and he wants to take her home. She exclaims that she wants to go alone and Patrick grabs her, pulling off her dress at the shoulder to reveal bruises caused by his beatings. She then finally tells everybody that it was Patrick; however, he is able to convince several residents that Maxine is lying. During a night out with her friends at The Loft, Maxine is dragged away by Patrick, and after arguing on the balcony, he grabs her, causing Maxine to fall down the fire escape stairs.
Patrick tries to dissuade his daughter, Sienna, from finding her own daughter, [Nico Blake](/wiki/Nico_Blake "Nico Blake") (Persephone Swales\-Dawson), after Sienna finds out that he had been lying about her being dead. Patrick speaks to Nico's adoptive mother, Denise, and convinces Sienna that another girl is her daughter and is happy where she is. However, when Nico runs away from Denise and finds Sienna, but Patrick threatens her into leaving. Sienna and Dodger then disown Patrick and later manage to find Nico. Patrick still threatens her so she retaliates by poisoning him which he believes Maxine to be doing. Patrick later begrudgingly accepts Nico.
When Sienna runs Patrick over, Patrick lies to the police and reports Maxine for it, eventually leading to her arrest and prosecution. When Maxine is allowed out of prison, she tries escaping with Sienna, but Patrick follows them and forces them off the road and onto some train tracks, which leads to the McQueen's wedding reception train derailing. Maxine gives birth to [Minnie](/wiki/Minnie_Minniver "Minnie Minniver"), with the help of Patrick, but when Minnie is born, Patrick leaves Maxine for dead. Maxine, however, survives so Patrick sends her back to prison by having her drive by pretending that Minnie is sick. On the court day Dodger tricks Patrick into hitting him, showing Patrick's true colors which he records and shows in court. Patrick then lies about what he did to Maxine trying to make her guilty but Maxine walks free. Patrick is furious when Maxine takes Minnie to America for Christmas and upon Maxine's return holds her hostage and tries to take her and Minnie to France but he is stopped by police.
Patrick is later diagnosed with [motor neurone disease](/wiki/Motor_neurone_disease "Motor neurone disease"), which he hides from Maxine as he believes it means that she will gain full custody of Minnie, he also hides it from Sienna and Nico as he does not want them to see him lose control. Patrick later tells [Theresa McQueen](/wiki/Theresa_McQueen "Theresa McQueen") ([Jorgie Porter](/wiki/Jorgie_Porter "Jorgie Porter")) and she agrees to become his carer. They later embark on a relationship with each other. Sienna discovers that Patrick has motor neurone disease after stealing his medical record but Patrick convinces her to say nothing. Patrick then witnesses [Darren Osborne](/wiki/Darren_Osborne "Darren Osborne") ([Ashley Taylor Dawson](/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson "Ashley Taylor Dawson")) dispose of the gun that shot [Phoebe McQueen](/wiki/Phoebe_McQueen "Phoebe McQueen") (Mandip Gill) and forces him to lie in court saying Maxine is an alcoholic and he puts a bottle of alcohol in a water bottle in Maxine's handbag and he wins full custody of Minnie. When [Zack Loveday](/wiki/Zack_Loveday "Zack Loveday") (Duayne Boachie) steals his car where he had hidden the gun Patrick panics and takes Theresa and Minnie aboard for a few weeks. When they return Patrick is less than impressed with Sienna's new love interest [Ben Bradley](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282015%29%23Ben_Bradley "List of Hollyoaks characters (2015)#Ben Bradley") ([Ben Richards](/wiki/Ben_Richards_%28actor%29 "Ben Richards (actor)")) and tricks Sienna into breaking up with him. Sienna once she realises she was tricked cancelled his life assurance as revenge for what he did and for planning to leave Theresa everything and her and Nico nothing. Patrick becomes jealous when Maxine starts her new business Minnie cabs as he now has nothing to leave Minnie for her future, but Theresa suggest conning the school, which he agrees to.
Patrick later reveals to Maxine that he is suffering from the disease when she threatens to call social services on him, she also agrees to help care for him but in return she wants joint custody of Minnie and to sign her over to him on his death. Patrick then tries to destroy Maxine's and Darren's relationship and admits to Theresa he still loves Maxine, so she breaks up with him and tells him she wants half the scam money when it is over. Patrick later learns that Nico has murdered [Carly Bradley](/wiki/Carly_Bradley "Carly Bradley") (Sophie Wise) and decides to lie to the police that he did it, but Maxine later talks him out of it saying it would draw attention to Sienna and Nico as nobody would believe he did it. Patrick then tells Theresa he is giving the money he conned back to the school after hearing Maxine praise him for building a special needs unit. He then gets back together with Maxine.
Patrick struggles with accepting his illness and refuses to use a wheelchair although he is losing the ability to walk. While attempting to walk in his office unaided he falls and [Peri Lomax](/wiki/Peri_Lomax "Peri Lomax") (Ruby O'Donnell) comes to his aid. The two then have a heart to heart about Patrick struggles with his illness and Peri's inability to cope with being a young mother. Patrick encourages Peri to be open about how she feels and Peri encourage Patrick to take control. Patrick then gets into the wheelchair. Later when he is alone with Maxine, he asks her to help him die. At first she refuses, but later agrees. When Patrick believes that Maxine is cheating on him with Darren and planning to reconcile with him, Patrick then changes his will to leave everything to Maxine and records a message saying he thinks she is trying to kill him, planning to frame Maxine for his murder.
In January 2016, Patrick and Maxine renew their wedding vows and later, Patrick prepares to die with Maxine and Sienna by his side. However, Maxine breaks down and says that she loves Patrick and cannot watch him die. Patrick then realises that Maxine does love him and decides not to frame her. Nico discovers that Patrick sent Ben a DVD telling him that Nico killed Carly. She confronts him and realising that all the evidence will point towards Maxine, she picks up a pillow and smothers Patrick. Maxine arrives home and is horrified to find him dead. She screams for help which is heard by Darren. Darren finds the camera that Patrick used to make one final message to frame Maxine. Maxine sends the paramedics away after watching the video and she and Darren hide Patrick's body in the broken village wall. Maxine later hears Patrick's voice, warning her that she will eventually get found out. Patrick's body is found in September 2016\. Over the years, the trauma of Patrick's abuse continues to affect Maxine.
|
[
"Storylines\n----------",
"Dodger tracks Patrick down and decides to visit him. Dodger and friend [Darren Osborne](/wiki/Darren_Osborne \"Darren Osborne\") ([Ashley Taylor Dawson](/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson \"Ashley Taylor Dawson\")) visit under the pretence of carrying out a census. When Patrick questions if they are official, he discovers they are not and assumes that Dodger and Darren are trying to con him. Dodger reveals he is Patrick's son, although Patrick initially believes Dodger is lying due to him being told that his son had died a long time ago, but he eventually accepts the truth.",
"Patrick starts dating [Maxine Minniver](/wiki/Maxine_Minniver \"Maxine Minniver\") ([Nikki Sanderson](/wiki/Nikki_Sanderson \"Nikki Sanderson\")) and it later becomes clear that he is abusing her, physically and mentally. When Maxine goes up in court for perverting the course of justice and is given community service, she tells Patrick that she was let off in order to stay on the right side of him, but when Patrick sees Maxine doing community service, he later physically abuses her at home. He continues to do this every time that Maxine does something that he does not approve of. In 2013, Patrick, Maxine, [Sienna](/wiki/Sienna_Blake \"Sienna Blake\") ([Anna Passey](/wiki/Anna_Passey \"Anna Passey\")), Dodger, [Dirk Savage](/wiki/Dirk_Savage \"Dirk Savage\") ([David Kennedy](/wiki/David_Kennedy_%28actor%29 \"David Kennedy (actor)\")), [Dennis Savage](/wiki/Dennis_Savage \"Dennis Savage\") ([Joe Tracini](/wiki/Joe_Tracini \"Joe Tracini\")) and [Martha Kane](/wiki/Martha_Kane \"Martha Kane\") ([Carli Norris](/wiki/Carli_Norris \"Carli Norris\")) were held hostage by his stepson [Will Savage](/wiki/Will_Savage \"Will Savage\") (James Atherton), as part of his revenge plot against Dodger, but he survives the ordeal. Patrick discovers that Anna had truly loved him, despite his abuse, and after Will's arrest, Patrick takes ownership of Anna's belongings since he and Anna were still legally married at the time of her death, making her marriage to Dirk invalid.",
"Patrick later shocked when he discovers that Sienna had faked her pregnancy and discovers that she attempted to ruin Nancy and her relationship with Darren. He calls the police and brings her to a mental illness clinic, but later released, as she was in a hate campaign for what she has done, but, many people then begun to blame him, including Nancy after discovering her past was. It was revealed that he is the one who was responsible for giving her daughter to someone else, that leads him to tell her that she was dead. Patrick later hits Maxine after he believes that she has been cheating on him, due to her becoming pregnant, which unbeknownst to him, is heard by Dennis. Patrick continues to abuse Maxine and becomes unaware that she is being helped by Dennis, who urges her to leave. Patrick later proposes to Maxine and she accepts. Dennis tells [Blessing Chambers](/wiki/Blessing_Chambers \"Blessing Chambers\") ([Modupe Adeyeye](/wiki/Modupe_Adeyeye \"Modupe Adeyeye\")) and she vows not to tell anybody, but tells Maxine that she knows. As plans for the wedding go ahead, Maxine is helped by Blessing and Dennis to plan to fly to America the day before the wedding to live with her sister [Mitzeee](/wiki/Mitzeee \"Mitzeee\") ([Rachel Shenton](/wiki/Rachel_Shenton \"Rachel Shenton\")), but Patrick discovers this and brings her back. The pair get married, with Patrick vowing never to hurt Maxine again. After the wedding, Maxine tells Patrick she cannot continue with him and he grabs her by the wrist, claiming to the guests that she is ill and he wants to take her home. She exclaims that she wants to go alone and Patrick grabs her, pulling off her dress at the shoulder to reveal bruises caused by his beatings. She then finally tells everybody that it was Patrick; however, he is able to convince several residents that Maxine is lying. During a night out with her friends at The Loft, Maxine is dragged away by Patrick, and after arguing on the balcony, he grabs her, causing Maxine to fall down the fire escape stairs.",
"Patrick tries to dissuade his daughter, Sienna, from finding her own daughter, [Nico Blake](/wiki/Nico_Blake \"Nico Blake\") (Persephone Swales\\-Dawson), after Sienna finds out that he had been lying about her being dead. Patrick speaks to Nico's adoptive mother, Denise, and convinces Sienna that another girl is her daughter and is happy where she is. However, when Nico runs away from Denise and finds Sienna, but Patrick threatens her into leaving. Sienna and Dodger then disown Patrick and later manage to find Nico. Patrick still threatens her so she retaliates by poisoning him which he believes Maxine to be doing. Patrick later begrudgingly accepts Nico.",
"When Sienna runs Patrick over, Patrick lies to the police and reports Maxine for it, eventually leading to her arrest and prosecution. When Maxine is allowed out of prison, she tries escaping with Sienna, but Patrick follows them and forces them off the road and onto some train tracks, which leads to the McQueen's wedding reception train derailing. Maxine gives birth to [Minnie](/wiki/Minnie_Minniver \"Minnie Minniver\"), with the help of Patrick, but when Minnie is born, Patrick leaves Maxine for dead. Maxine, however, survives so Patrick sends her back to prison by having her drive by pretending that Minnie is sick. On the court day Dodger tricks Patrick into hitting him, showing Patrick's true colors which he records and shows in court. Patrick then lies about what he did to Maxine trying to make her guilty but Maxine walks free. Patrick is furious when Maxine takes Minnie to America for Christmas and upon Maxine's return holds her hostage and tries to take her and Minnie to France but he is stopped by police.",
"Patrick is later diagnosed with [motor neurone disease](/wiki/Motor_neurone_disease \"Motor neurone disease\"), which he hides from Maxine as he believes it means that she will gain full custody of Minnie, he also hides it from Sienna and Nico as he does not want them to see him lose control. Patrick later tells [Theresa McQueen](/wiki/Theresa_McQueen \"Theresa McQueen\") ([Jorgie Porter](/wiki/Jorgie_Porter \"Jorgie Porter\")) and she agrees to become his carer. They later embark on a relationship with each other. Sienna discovers that Patrick has motor neurone disease after stealing his medical record but Patrick convinces her to say nothing. Patrick then witnesses [Darren Osborne](/wiki/Darren_Osborne \"Darren Osborne\") ([Ashley Taylor Dawson](/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson \"Ashley Taylor Dawson\")) dispose of the gun that shot [Phoebe McQueen](/wiki/Phoebe_McQueen \"Phoebe McQueen\") (Mandip Gill) and forces him to lie in court saying Maxine is an alcoholic and he puts a bottle of alcohol in a water bottle in Maxine's handbag and he wins full custody of Minnie. When [Zack Loveday](/wiki/Zack_Loveday \"Zack Loveday\") (Duayne Boachie) steals his car where he had hidden the gun Patrick panics and takes Theresa and Minnie aboard for a few weeks. When they return Patrick is less than impressed with Sienna's new love interest [Ben Bradley](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282015%29%23Ben_Bradley \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2015)#Ben Bradley\") ([Ben Richards](/wiki/Ben_Richards_%28actor%29 \"Ben Richards (actor)\")) and tricks Sienna into breaking up with him. Sienna once she realises she was tricked cancelled his life assurance as revenge for what he did and for planning to leave Theresa everything and her and Nico nothing. Patrick becomes jealous when Maxine starts her new business Minnie cabs as he now has nothing to leave Minnie for her future, but Theresa suggest conning the school, which he agrees to.",
"Patrick later reveals to Maxine that he is suffering from the disease when she threatens to call social services on him, she also agrees to help care for him but in return she wants joint custody of Minnie and to sign her over to him on his death. Patrick then tries to destroy Maxine's and Darren's relationship and admits to Theresa he still loves Maxine, so she breaks up with him and tells him she wants half the scam money when it is over. Patrick later learns that Nico has murdered [Carly Bradley](/wiki/Carly_Bradley \"Carly Bradley\") (Sophie Wise) and decides to lie to the police that he did it, but Maxine later talks him out of it saying it would draw attention to Sienna and Nico as nobody would believe he did it. Patrick then tells Theresa he is giving the money he conned back to the school after hearing Maxine praise him for building a special needs unit. He then gets back together with Maxine.",
"Patrick struggles with accepting his illness and refuses to use a wheelchair although he is losing the ability to walk. While attempting to walk in his office unaided he falls and [Peri Lomax](/wiki/Peri_Lomax \"Peri Lomax\") (Ruby O'Donnell) comes to his aid. The two then have a heart to heart about Patrick struggles with his illness and Peri's inability to cope with being a young mother. Patrick encourages Peri to be open about how she feels and Peri encourage Patrick to take control. Patrick then gets into the wheelchair. Later when he is alone with Maxine, he asks her to help him die. At first she refuses, but later agrees. When Patrick believes that Maxine is cheating on him with Darren and planning to reconcile with him, Patrick then changes his will to leave everything to Maxine and records a message saying he thinks she is trying to kill him, planning to frame Maxine for his murder.",
"In January 2016, Patrick and Maxine renew their wedding vows and later, Patrick prepares to die with Maxine and Sienna by his side. However, Maxine breaks down and says that she loves Patrick and cannot watch him die. Patrick then realises that Maxine does love him and decides not to frame her. Nico discovers that Patrick sent Ben a DVD telling him that Nico killed Carly. She confronts him and realising that all the evidence will point towards Maxine, she picks up a pillow and smothers Patrick. Maxine arrives home and is horrified to find him dead. She screams for help which is heard by Darren. Darren finds the camera that Patrick used to make one final message to frame Maxine. Maxine sends the paramedics away after watching the video and she and Darren hide Patrick's body in the broken village wall. Maxine later hears Patrick's voice, warning her that she will eventually get found out. Patrick's body is found in September 2016\\. Over the years, the trauma of Patrick's abuse continues to affect Maxine.",
""
] |
Plot
----
As the story unfolds on the auspicious occasion of [Onam](/wiki/Onam "Onam"), the paths of Kanakadurga's daughters and the Moorthy brothers intersect. Nayana, with her artistic skills, ventures to decorate the walls of the Moorthy household, accompanied by her covetous mother, Kanakadurga, who harbors hopes of securing prosperous matches for her daughters.
In the opulent setting of the Moorthy residence, the dynamics of the family become apparent. The three brothers, each with their distinct personalities, form the nucleus of the family. Aniruddh, the youngest, captivates with his poetic prowess, while Abhinand exudes a carefree demeanor, often overshadowed by his envy towards Adarsh, the eldest brother and the family's pillar of responsibility.
Amidst the festivities and preparations for Onam, the paths of Nayana and Adarsh cross, igniting a spark that neither anticipated. Nayana's talent and charm draw Adarsh's attention, and a connection begins to bloom, much to the chagrin of Kanakadurga, who sees in Adarsh the embodiment of her desires for her daughters' matrimonial prospects.
Meanwhile, Abhinand, fueled by his envy and desire to outshine his brother, plots to thwart any potential alliance between Nayana and Adarsh, aiming to secure his own interests in the process.
As the festivities reach their zenith and the bonds between Nayana and Adarsh deepen, the intricate web of desires, envy, and familial expectations unravels, leaving both families at the crossroads of destiny, where the choices made will shape their futures irrevocably.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"As the story unfolds on the auspicious occasion of [Onam](/wiki/Onam \"Onam\"), the paths of Kanakadurga's daughters and the Moorthy brothers intersect. Nayana, with her artistic skills, ventures to decorate the walls of the Moorthy household, accompanied by her covetous mother, Kanakadurga, who harbors hopes of securing prosperous matches for her daughters.",
"In the opulent setting of the Moorthy residence, the dynamics of the family become apparent. The three brothers, each with their distinct personalities, form the nucleus of the family. Aniruddh, the youngest, captivates with his poetic prowess, while Abhinand exudes a carefree demeanor, often overshadowed by his envy towards Adarsh, the eldest brother and the family's pillar of responsibility.",
"Amidst the festivities and preparations for Onam, the paths of Nayana and Adarsh cross, igniting a spark that neither anticipated. Nayana's talent and charm draw Adarsh's attention, and a connection begins to bloom, much to the chagrin of Kanakadurga, who sees in Adarsh the embodiment of her desires for her daughters' matrimonial prospects.",
"Meanwhile, Abhinand, fueled by his envy and desire to outshine his brother, plots to thwart any potential alliance between Nayana and Adarsh, aiming to secure his own interests in the process.",
"As the festivities reach their zenith and the bonds between Nayana and Adarsh deepen, the intricate web of desires, envy, and familial expectations unravels, leaving both families at the crossroads of destiny, where the choices made will shape their futures irrevocably.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1976–1979
In 1976, [Maurizio Arcieri](/wiki/Maurizio_Arcieri "Maurizio Arcieri") and his wife Christina Moser formed the duo under the name "Chrisma" in Milan.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} The name was a combination of their initials. The very same year, the couple moved to London to record "U" and "Amore" with the producer Nico Papathanassiou and his brother [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis "Vangelis") under the management of [Anthony Fawcett](/wiki/Anthony_Fawcett "Anthony Fawcett").{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} Their collaboration with Papathanassiou and Vangelis continued through 1978 with the album *[Chinese Restaurant](/wiki/Chinese_Restaurant_%28Chrisma_album%29 "Chinese Restaurant (Chrisma album)")*{{cite book \|last\=Griffin \|first\=Mark J. T. \|title\=Vangelis: The Unknown Man \|year\=2013 \|publisher\=Lulu Press \|isbn\=9781447627289 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RipcCAAAQBAJ\&q\=%22chrisma%22\+%22chinese\+restaurant%22\&pg\=PT71 \|accessdate\=2 September 2016}} and the single "Lola".
In 1979 Arcieri and Moser released their second album, *[Hibernation](/wiki/Hibernation_%28album%29 "Hibernation (album)")*.
### 1980–1989
In 1980 the band officially changed its name from "Chrisma" to "Krisma".{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} Their third album, *Cathode Mamma*, featured [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer "Hans Zimmer") on synthesizer.
The single "Many Kisses" was met with great success in Europe.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} Around this time Krisma developed the first minisequencer, known as Krismino.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} Krisma left Polygram for CGD, then part of the CBS group, in 1981\.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}}
In 1982 Krisma released *Clandestine Anticipation*, an experimental album dealing with water in all of its forms (liquid, ice, vapor, fog, snow and rain) supported by a series of [videos](http://krisma.mayancaper.net/video/index.html) filmed in tropical locations. The clips were first shown on [Carlo Massarini](/wiki/Carlo_Massarini "Carlo Massarini")'s Mister Fantasy TV program on Rai 1\.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}}
Krisma moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") in 1986\.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} They directed three videos for [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV"), and soon after they began to work for France 2\.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} In Italy they often appeared on the program "Be Bop a Lula" hosted by Red Ronnie for Italia Uno.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} The single "Nothing To Do With the Dog" (retitled "Fido" in international markets) and "Iceberg" were released during this time.
In 1988 *Non ho denaro* was released. It was their last album to be released on vinyl, and today it is one of the hardest\-to\-find Krisma records.
### 1991–2015
During the 1990s Krisma's early records were remastered. They continued to do freelance work for the Italian state broadcasting company Rai 3, and they were credited with crafting the special effects on the [Marco Ferreri](/wiki/Marco_Ferreri "Marco Ferreri") film *Nitrato d'Argento* (1996\). Krisma also designed several video\-art installations and worked as consultants for [Benetton](/wiki/Benetton_Group "Benetton Group")'s Centro Ricerca Comunicazione.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}} On 22 July 1998, the couple launched Krisma TV, which was broadcast through the Skyplex satellite service (and later Eutelstat) to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
In June 2000 the band opened their website, www.krismatv.net. Arcieri made a comeback attempt with Re\-Birth, a solo project, around the same time. The single ["Kara"](http://krisma.mayancaper.net/records/krisma-records-2k.html) was released in 2001 in both Italian and English versions. In 2002 Krisma collaborated with the [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin")\-based band [Subsonica](/wiki/Subsonica "Subsonica") on the track *Nuova Ossessione*.
Krisma singer Christina Moser died on 13 October 2022\.{{cite web \|last1\=Rumore \|first1\=Redazione \|title\=È morta Christina Moser dei Krisma \- RUMORE \|url\=https://rumoremag.com/2022/10/13/christina\-moser\-krisma\-rip\-morte\-chrisma/ \|website\=Rumoremag \|access\-date\=15 October 2022 \|language\=it\-IT \|date\=13 October 2022}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1976–1979",
"In 1976, [Maurizio Arcieri](/wiki/Maurizio_Arcieri \"Maurizio Arcieri\") and his wife Christina Moser formed the duo under the name \"Chrisma\" in Milan.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} The name was a combination of their initials. The very same year, the couple moved to London to record \"U\" and \"Amore\" with the producer Nico Papathanassiou and his brother [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis \"Vangelis\") under the management of [Anthony Fawcett](/wiki/Anthony_Fawcett \"Anthony Fawcett\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} Their collaboration with Papathanassiou and Vangelis continued through 1978 with the album *[Chinese Restaurant](/wiki/Chinese_Restaurant_%28Chrisma_album%29 \"Chinese Restaurant (Chrisma album)\")*{{cite book \\|last\\=Griffin \\|first\\=Mark J. T. \\|title\\=Vangelis: The Unknown Man \\|year\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Lulu Press \\|isbn\\=9781447627289 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RipcCAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%22chrisma%22\\+%22chinese\\+restaurant%22\\&pg\\=PT71 \\|accessdate\\=2 September 2016}} and the single \"Lola\".",
"In 1979 Arcieri and Moser released their second album, *[Hibernation](/wiki/Hibernation_%28album%29 \"Hibernation (album)\")*.",
"### 1980–1989",
"In 1980 the band officially changed its name from \"Chrisma\" to \"Krisma\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} Their third album, *Cathode Mamma*, featured [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer \"Hans Zimmer\") on synthesizer.\nThe single \"Many Kisses\" was met with great success in Europe.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} Around this time Krisma developed the first minisequencer, known as Krismino.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} Krisma left Polygram for CGD, then part of the CBS group, in 1981\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}}",
"In 1982 Krisma released *Clandestine Anticipation*, an experimental album dealing with water in all of its forms (liquid, ice, vapor, fog, snow and rain) supported by a series of [videos](http://krisma.mayancaper.net/video/index.html) filmed in tropical locations. The clips were first shown on [Carlo Massarini](/wiki/Carlo_Massarini \"Carlo Massarini\")'s Mister Fantasy TV program on Rai 1\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}}",
"Krisma moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") in 1986\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} They directed three videos for [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\"), and soon after they began to work for France 2\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} In Italy they often appeared on the program \"Be Bop a Lula\" hosted by Red Ronnie for Italia Uno.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} The single \"Nothing To Do With the Dog\" (retitled \"Fido\" in international markets) and \"Iceberg\" were released during this time.",
"In 1988 *Non ho denaro* was released. It was their last album to be released on vinyl, and today it is one of the hardest\\-to\\-find Krisma records.",
"### 1991–2015",
"During the 1990s Krisma's early records were remastered. They continued to do freelance work for the Italian state broadcasting company Rai 3, and they were credited with crafting the special effects on the [Marco Ferreri](/wiki/Marco_Ferreri \"Marco Ferreri\") film *Nitrato d'Argento* (1996\\). Krisma also designed several video\\-art installations and worked as consultants for [Benetton](/wiki/Benetton_Group \"Benetton Group\")'s Centro Ricerca Comunicazione.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} On 22 July 1998, the couple launched Krisma TV, which was broadcast through the Skyplex satellite service (and later Eutelstat) to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.",
"In June 2000 the band opened their website, www.krismatv.net. Arcieri made a comeback attempt with Re\\-Birth, a solo project, around the same time. The single [\"Kara\"](http://krisma.mayancaper.net/records/krisma-records-2k.html) was released in 2001 in both Italian and English versions. In 2002 Krisma collaborated with the [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\")\\-based band [Subsonica](/wiki/Subsonica \"Subsonica\") on the track *Nuova Ossessione*.",
"Krisma singer Christina Moser died on 13 October 2022\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Rumore \\|first1\\=Redazione \\|title\\=È morta Christina Moser dei Krisma \\- RUMORE \\|url\\=https://rumoremag.com/2022/10/13/christina\\-moser\\-krisma\\-rip\\-morte\\-chrisma/ \\|website\\=Rumoremag \\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2022 \\|language\\=it\\-IT \\|date\\=13 October 2022}}",
""
] |
Plot synopsis
-------------
The bookkeeper Johannes Pinneberg and his girlfriend, the sales girl Emma "Lämmchen" Mörschel, marry when they find out that she is two months pregnant. Hardly any time passes until Pinneberg is fired and must find a new job in the middle of the economic crisis.
Pinneberg's despicable mother Mia, a nightclub hostess from Berlin, comes to the rescue by finding her son a job as a salesman in the Berlin department store Mandels. However, Pinneberg is under heavy pressure because the boss, Spannfuss, introduces a monthly quota for all salesmen to achieve, otherwise they are made redundant. This leads to fierce competition between the colleagues. As their son Horst, whom they affectionately call “Shrimp,” is born, money again becomes scarce because their health insurance payouts are delayed.
After a year Pinneberg becomes less able to work at Mandels. After many warnings about lateness, he is very behind on his monthly quota. He begs the film actor Franz Schlüter, who wanders into the shop, to buy something from him. The actor refuses and complains to the manager about Pinneberg's behavior, and Pinneberg is promptly fired.
In November 1932, the small family illegally moves into Pinneberg's former colleague's summer house 40 km east of Berlin. Although Pinneberg has been unemployed for 14 months, his wife forbids him to steal coal. Instead, she darns socks and does dressmaking for local families to earn a bit. One of Pinneberg's journeys to Berlin ends in a fiasco, as Pinneberg, with his poor appearance, is chased away from Friedrichstrasse by the police. The couple realize that good old\-fashioned love is all that matters.
Fallada gives a detailed description of the living conditions of the white\-collar workers of the time. He also shows the roles of trade unions, governmental institutions, and sacking in the labor market, while also highlighting the benefits of Germany's social care system which pays unemployment benefits for a while, takes care of the medical bills when baby Horst is born, and pays Emma so that she doesn't have to work in the weeks before and after giving birth. Businesses are shown to exploit and pit people of the same class against each other, and reveal everyone's worst side.
|
[
"Plot synopsis\n-------------",
"The bookkeeper Johannes Pinneberg and his girlfriend, the sales girl Emma \"Lämmchen\" Mörschel, marry when they find out that she is two months pregnant. Hardly any time passes until Pinneberg is fired and must find a new job in the middle of the economic crisis.",
"Pinneberg's despicable mother Mia, a nightclub hostess from Berlin, comes to the rescue by finding her son a job as a salesman in the Berlin department store Mandels. However, Pinneberg is under heavy pressure because the boss, Spannfuss, introduces a monthly quota for all salesmen to achieve, otherwise they are made redundant. This leads to fierce competition between the colleagues. As their son Horst, whom they affectionately call “Shrimp,” is born, money again becomes scarce because their health insurance payouts are delayed.",
"After a year Pinneberg becomes less able to work at Mandels. After many warnings about lateness, he is very behind on his monthly quota. He begs the film actor Franz Schlüter, who wanders into the shop, to buy something from him. The actor refuses and complains to the manager about Pinneberg's behavior, and Pinneberg is promptly fired.",
"In November 1932, the small family illegally moves into Pinneberg's former colleague's summer house 40 km east of Berlin. Although Pinneberg has been unemployed for 14 months, his wife forbids him to steal coal. Instead, she darns socks and does dressmaking for local families to earn a bit. One of Pinneberg's journeys to Berlin ends in a fiasco, as Pinneberg, with his poor appearance, is chased away from Friedrichstrasse by the police. The couple realize that good old\\-fashioned love is all that matters.",
"Fallada gives a detailed description of the living conditions of the white\\-collar workers of the time. He also shows the roles of trade unions, governmental institutions, and sacking in the labor market, while also highlighting the benefits of Germany's social care system which pays unemployment benefits for a while, takes care of the medical bills when baby Horst is born, and pays Emma so that she doesn't have to work in the weeks before and after giving birth. Businesses are shown to exploit and pit people of the same class against each other, and reveal everyone's worst side.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Derec and Ariel are stranded on a mysterious planet in an experimental city entirely populated by [robots](/wiki/Robot "Robot"). Because Robot City has no spaceport, space ships or any way to radio for help, their only hope is to find the [Key of Perihelion](/wiki/Key_of_Perihelion "Key of Perihelion"), an advanced [transporting device](/wiki/Teleportation "Teleportation") that brought them to Robot City, and use it to transport elsewhere. While searching the city for clues, they learn that robots have taken the Key to a large building, but they cannot gain access to the building.
Ariel distracts the security robot while Derec sneaks in and learns the robots have dismantled the original Key in order to produce more. Derec is caught trying to steal one of the newly manufactured Keys and is taken to the supervisor robot. However, he was still able to hide one on his person. They learn a Key only works with the being (robot, human, or alien) who has initialized it and the robots are initializing all the Keys for robots.
In searching the Central Core for other options of self\-rescue, they discover there are now three other unknown beings on the planet. Through interviewing random robots near sightings, they determine two of the three are a robot and a child, who is most likely starving due to the absence of food in an all robot city. They begin using their food replicator to produce food smells in hopes to attract the hungry visitor. It also involves a [First Law](/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics "Three Laws of Robotics") priority to get the robots to help them search for the other inhabitants.
The third being is Jeff, a human who is the only survivor of a passenger ship that was attempting an emergency landing on the planet. Robot City's medical robots, who have advanced medical knowledge but erroneously lack basic human anatomy knowledge, weren't able to save Jeff's body. First Law dictated they save his brain by transplanting it into a robot body, thus creating a [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg"). They then froze his body to repair it when they get the human anatomy data they need.
When Jeff wakes up and is made aware of this fact, he panics and escapes without the medical team being able to finish their tests. Jeff quickly begins displaying [psychological](/wiki/Psychology "Psychology") problems such as [paranoia](/wiki/Paranoia "Paranoia") and anger impulses. He determines he is going to take over and rule Robot City with his superior strength, due to his robot body, yet no obligation to follow the [Three Laws of Robotics](/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics "Three Laws of Robotics"). The medical team organizes a citywide search for Jeff, but his outward appearance makes it easy for him to blend anonymously into the robot crowd.
While exploring the city, Jeff's robot nose smells Derec and Ariel's food and follows the smells to them. In a fit of paranoid rage, he strikes them. Other robots, unaware of the robot being a "human," see this attack as a malfunctioning robot breaking the First Law and attempt to seize him, but Jeff escapes. Derec and Ariel are then involved in the capture of Jeff for their safety. They fear Jeff is in danger due to a chemical imbalance his brains life support system which increases the city's robots priority in searching for Jeff.
Later, Jeff happens across the other pair of beings in the city \- Alpha and Wolruf. As Derec and Ariel surmised, Wolruf is starving. Jeff takes sympathy on the non\-human and orders a city robot to feed Wolruf, but to not to report it is doing so. Also, Jeff calls Derec and Ariel and attempts to convince Ariel that she and Derec should do the transplant as well. This strikes a chord with Ariel due to her fatal disease. Jeff escapes detection several other times, but the medical team's search net is closing in.
Jeff is finally caught and identified by his lack of a radio comlink and his failure to accurately reproduce the behavior of a robot following the Three Laws. It is confirmed a hormone imbalance due to the robot's naivety of human chemistry has caused his erratic behavior. By scanning Derec's body, the medical robots are able to repair Jeff's human body and re\-transplant his brain back into it.
Because of Alpha's lack of a radio comlink, he was also singled out during the search for Jeff. This brings Alpha back in contact with Derec and Ariel, who then learn of Wolruf's presence on the planet as well. Alpha also informs Derec that during Jeff's capture, he has been renamed to Mandelbrot when his special arm, which came from a robot similar to those in Robot City, became fully functional. Alpha, now Mandelbrot, informs them that the two arrived in a small ship taken from the Rockliffe Space Station and used it to follow the radio signal left by the Key. Thus, there is a working ship they can use to escape.
They are disappointed to find the ship is a one\-person escape pod. They decide Jeff is the one who should use it to leave once his body has recuperated, despite Ariel's impending mortality. By now Derec and Ariel infer they have feelings for each other, but do not discuss it. Jeff leaves Robot City promising to send a rescue team when he reaches civilization. Again, Derec and Ariel are stranded in Robot City.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Derec and Ariel are stranded on a mysterious planet in an experimental city entirely populated by [robots](/wiki/Robot \"Robot\"). Because Robot City has no spaceport, space ships or any way to radio for help, their only hope is to find the [Key of Perihelion](/wiki/Key_of_Perihelion \"Key of Perihelion\"), an advanced [transporting device](/wiki/Teleportation \"Teleportation\") that brought them to Robot City, and use it to transport elsewhere. While searching the city for clues, they learn that robots have taken the Key to a large building, but they cannot gain access to the building.\nAriel distracts the security robot while Derec sneaks in and learns the robots have dismantled the original Key in order to produce more. Derec is caught trying to steal one of the newly manufactured Keys and is taken to the supervisor robot. However, he was still able to hide one on his person. They learn a Key only works with the being (robot, human, or alien) who has initialized it and the robots are initializing all the Keys for robots.",
"In searching the Central Core for other options of self\\-rescue, they discover there are now three other unknown beings on the planet. Through interviewing random robots near sightings, they determine two of the three are a robot and a child, who is most likely starving due to the absence of food in an all robot city. They begin using their food replicator to produce food smells in hopes to attract the hungry visitor. It also involves a [First Law](/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics \"Three Laws of Robotics\") priority to get the robots to help them search for the other inhabitants.",
"The third being is Jeff, a human who is the only survivor of a passenger ship that was attempting an emergency landing on the planet. Robot City's medical robots, who have advanced medical knowledge but erroneously lack basic human anatomy knowledge, weren't able to save Jeff's body. First Law dictated they save his brain by transplanting it into a robot body, thus creating a [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\"). They then froze his body to repair it when they get the human anatomy data they need.",
"When Jeff wakes up and is made aware of this fact, he panics and escapes without the medical team being able to finish their tests. Jeff quickly begins displaying [psychological](/wiki/Psychology \"Psychology\") problems such as [paranoia](/wiki/Paranoia \"Paranoia\") and anger impulses. He determines he is going to take over and rule Robot City with his superior strength, due to his robot body, yet no obligation to follow the [Three Laws of Robotics](/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics \"Three Laws of Robotics\"). The medical team organizes a citywide search for Jeff, but his outward appearance makes it easy for him to blend anonymously into the robot crowd.",
"While exploring the city, Jeff's robot nose smells Derec and Ariel's food and follows the smells to them. In a fit of paranoid rage, he strikes them. Other robots, unaware of the robot being a \"human,\" see this attack as a malfunctioning robot breaking the First Law and attempt to seize him, but Jeff escapes. Derec and Ariel are then involved in the capture of Jeff for their safety. They fear Jeff is in danger due to a chemical imbalance his brains life support system which increases the city's robots priority in searching for Jeff.",
"Later, Jeff happens across the other pair of beings in the city \\- Alpha and Wolruf. As Derec and Ariel surmised, Wolruf is starving. Jeff takes sympathy on the non\\-human and orders a city robot to feed Wolruf, but to not to report it is doing so. Also, Jeff calls Derec and Ariel and attempts to convince Ariel that she and Derec should do the transplant as well. This strikes a chord with Ariel due to her fatal disease. Jeff escapes detection several other times, but the medical team's search net is closing in.",
"Jeff is finally caught and identified by his lack of a radio comlink and his failure to accurately reproduce the behavior of a robot following the Three Laws. It is confirmed a hormone imbalance due to the robot's naivety of human chemistry has caused his erratic behavior. By scanning Derec's body, the medical robots are able to repair Jeff's human body and re\\-transplant his brain back into it.",
"Because of Alpha's lack of a radio comlink, he was also singled out during the search for Jeff. This brings Alpha back in contact with Derec and Ariel, who then learn of Wolruf's presence on the planet as well. Alpha also informs Derec that during Jeff's capture, he has been renamed to Mandelbrot when his special arm, which came from a robot similar to those in Robot City, became fully functional. Alpha, now Mandelbrot, informs them that the two arrived in a small ship taken from the Rockliffe Space Station and used it to follow the radio signal left by the Key. Thus, there is a working ship they can use to escape.",
"They are disappointed to find the ship is a one\\-person escape pod. They decide Jeff is the one who should use it to leave once his body has recuperated, despite Ariel's impending mortality. By now Derec and Ariel infer they have feelings for each other, but do not discuss it. Jeff leaves Robot City promising to send a rescue team when he reaches civilization. Again, Derec and Ariel are stranded in Robot City.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The book opens with Crow Shade, the [protagonist](/wiki/Protagonist "Protagonist"), showering and getting dressed for the day. Crow is an [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") who lives in an under\-furnished room in a [boarding house](/wiki/Boarding_house "Boarding house") in the [Bedford\-Stuyvesant](/wiki/Bedford-Stuyvesant "Bedford-Stuyvesant") section of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"). He has an expensive [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") habit. [Withdrawing](/wiki/Drug_withdrawal "Drug withdrawal") from the cocaine and desperate for another high, Crow resolves to visit his friend Danny, an artist, and borrow one hundred dollars.
He arrives at Danny's apartment/studio only to find it empty. At that point, Crow impulsively decides to steal three of Danny's paintings and sell them for drug money. On his way out of the apartment, Crow also steals the [manuscript](/wiki/Manuscript "Manuscript") that Danny has been working on so that he will have something to read on the train to [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan").
Crow eventually ends up in [Astor Place](/wiki/Astor_Place "Astor Place") and heads for the [sculpture](/wiki/Sculpture "Sculpture") in the square. He makes an unsuccessful attempt to sell the paintings before a white man named Bones Young strikes up a conversation. Bones, the son of a wealthy [hippies](/wiki/Hippies "Hippies"), sells art. He offers to help Crow sell the paintings. After sharing a cigarette the two men head east to the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side "Lower East Side").
When the men arrive in the Lower East Side, they meet up with Candy, an old friend of Bones and a follower of the art scene. The two take him to the art gallery, which had been converted from a bodega. There they meet Geoff, a married straight man who adopts an exaggerated effeminate posture. Geoff racially insults Crow, who pulls his wig off in front of everyone. Crow then tries to leave but Candy stops him and convinces him to stay. Geoff eventually apologizes and offers to host a showing of Crow's work. He also suggests that Crow come up with more paintings as the three he previously showed Geoff aren't enough for a whole shoe.
The group eventually end up at Club Chaos and meet up with Melissa. Melissa is a beautiful fifty\-something mixed race woman. She gets Crow to recite [poetry](/wiki/Poetry "Poetry") with her. After Crow leaves she reads his [tarot cards](/wiki/Tarot_cards "Tarot cards"), immediately sensing that there is more to Crow's story than she was led to believe.
Later that night, Crow spends the night with Candy although they don't have sex. Early the next day, Melissa wakes the two by playing a [flute](/wiki/Flute "Flute") underneath Candy's window. The three head to yet another club from there. Bones and Geoff show up and Bones, who has become jealous of the attention that Candy is showing to Crow, elbows Crow in the back of the head. The two men argue for a bit before Candy and Melissa lead Crow out of the club. The trio catches a cab to Melissa's house, a five\-story [townhouse](/wiki/Townhouse "Townhouse"). The three sleep for a few hours before Melissa wakes Crow up and asks him to paint more paintings for the showing that Geoff arranged for him. Although Crow momentarily worries that he will be found out, he goes downstair in Melissa's studio and, drawing on the information that Danny has imparted to him previously, paints three pictures.
Melissa is impressed with them. She arranges to have a friend, Burt, drive her and the others to the gallery for the showing. When Burt shows up, he insults Crow, touching off another tense confrontation. Melissa defuses the situation by chanting an incantation that terrifies Burt. She demands that she turn over the keys to his car and she, Crow, Candy, and Bones, who had previously arrived, head to the gallery.
The show is a huge success. All of the paintings are sold and Crow makes six thousand dollars minus commission. He is elated but begins to feel guilty about stealing Danny's art work and resolves to give Danny a cut of the money.
Candy, Bones, and Crow then accompany Geoff back to his home in suburban [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") (using Burt's car) to help him placate his angry wife. The four then ride back into the city and go to Melissa's house. After getting high again, Crow begins to tire of the non\-stop party. Everyone except Bones agrees and they leave Melissa's house. Bones and Crow walk Candy part way home and Crow heads off to Brooklyn. Bones, who does not want to be alone, begs to go along with Crow. Crow reluctantly agrees and the two board the train. Bones falls asleep.
When the two men reach Brooklyn, Crow makes several unsuccessful attempts to wake Bones up. He then decides to leave without him, leaving a note under his arm. Deciding to put off going to Danny's house, Crow steps into the Palm Coast Bar, an after\-hours spot and notorious drug den. The police [raid](/wiki/Police_raid "Police raid") the bar. Crow is able to throw his drugs on the floor before the police see him snorting up. He is patted down by a police officer who doesn't find anything on him and leads him toward the door to release him. On the way out, he bumps into Sergeant Dobson, an old friend of Crow's late police officer father.
Sergeant Dobson expresses sorrow that Crow is using drugs and tells Crow that his mother, who hasn't seen him since Crow's father's funeral, is worried about him. He also shares that his own son died of a [heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") [overdose](/wiki/Overdose "Overdose"). He promises to let Crow go if he agrees to go to [rehab](/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation "Drug rehabilitation"). Crow, who had already considered getting clean, agrees and accepts Sergeant Dobson's card. Dobson cuffs him and puts Crow into the cruiser (so that the others don't think Crow informed on anyone) and drop him off in front of his house. Crow then makes his way to Danny's house. He decides to tell the complete truth (as well as turn over Danny's share of the money) and ask for Danny's help in getting clean.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The book opens with Crow Shade, the [protagonist](/wiki/Protagonist \"Protagonist\"), showering and getting dressed for the day. Crow is an [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") who lives in an under\\-furnished room in a [boarding house](/wiki/Boarding_house \"Boarding house\") in the [Bedford\\-Stuyvesant](/wiki/Bedford-Stuyvesant \"Bedford-Stuyvesant\") section of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"). He has an expensive [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") habit. [Withdrawing](/wiki/Drug_withdrawal \"Drug withdrawal\") from the cocaine and desperate for another high, Crow resolves to visit his friend Danny, an artist, and borrow one hundred dollars.",
"He arrives at Danny's apartment/studio only to find it empty. At that point, Crow impulsively decides to steal three of Danny's paintings and sell them for drug money. On his way out of the apartment, Crow also steals the [manuscript](/wiki/Manuscript \"Manuscript\") that Danny has been working on so that he will have something to read on the train to [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\").",
"Crow eventually ends up in [Astor Place](/wiki/Astor_Place \"Astor Place\") and heads for the [sculpture](/wiki/Sculpture \"Sculpture\") in the square. He makes an unsuccessful attempt to sell the paintings before a white man named Bones Young strikes up a conversation. Bones, the son of a wealthy [hippies](/wiki/Hippies \"Hippies\"), sells art. He offers to help Crow sell the paintings. After sharing a cigarette the two men head east to the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side \"Lower East Side\").",
"When the men arrive in the Lower East Side, they meet up with Candy, an old friend of Bones and a follower of the art scene. The two take him to the art gallery, which had been converted from a bodega. There they meet Geoff, a married straight man who adopts an exaggerated effeminate posture. Geoff racially insults Crow, who pulls his wig off in front of everyone. Crow then tries to leave but Candy stops him and convinces him to stay. Geoff eventually apologizes and offers to host a showing of Crow's work. He also suggests that Crow come up with more paintings as the three he previously showed Geoff aren't enough for a whole shoe.",
"The group eventually end up at Club Chaos and meet up with Melissa. Melissa is a beautiful fifty\\-something mixed race woman. She gets Crow to recite [poetry](/wiki/Poetry \"Poetry\") with her. After Crow leaves she reads his [tarot cards](/wiki/Tarot_cards \"Tarot cards\"), immediately sensing that there is more to Crow's story than she was led to believe.",
"Later that night, Crow spends the night with Candy although they don't have sex. Early the next day, Melissa wakes the two by playing a [flute](/wiki/Flute \"Flute\") underneath Candy's window. The three head to yet another club from there. Bones and Geoff show up and Bones, who has become jealous of the attention that Candy is showing to Crow, elbows Crow in the back of the head. The two men argue for a bit before Candy and Melissa lead Crow out of the club. The trio catches a cab to Melissa's house, a five\\-story [townhouse](/wiki/Townhouse \"Townhouse\"). The three sleep for a few hours before Melissa wakes Crow up and asks him to paint more paintings for the showing that Geoff arranged for him. Although Crow momentarily worries that he will be found out, he goes downstair in Melissa's studio and, drawing on the information that Danny has imparted to him previously, paints three pictures.",
"Melissa is impressed with them. She arranges to have a friend, Burt, drive her and the others to the gallery for the showing. When Burt shows up, he insults Crow, touching off another tense confrontation. Melissa defuses the situation by chanting an incantation that terrifies Burt. She demands that she turn over the keys to his car and she, Crow, Candy, and Bones, who had previously arrived, head to the gallery.",
"The show is a huge success. All of the paintings are sold and Crow makes six thousand dollars minus commission. He is elated but begins to feel guilty about stealing Danny's art work and resolves to give Danny a cut of the money.",
"Candy, Bones, and Crow then accompany Geoff back to his home in suburban [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") (using Burt's car) to help him placate his angry wife. The four then ride back into the city and go to Melissa's house. After getting high again, Crow begins to tire of the non\\-stop party. Everyone except Bones agrees and they leave Melissa's house. Bones and Crow walk Candy part way home and Crow heads off to Brooklyn. Bones, who does not want to be alone, begs to go along with Crow. Crow reluctantly agrees and the two board the train. Bones falls asleep.",
"When the two men reach Brooklyn, Crow makes several unsuccessful attempts to wake Bones up. He then decides to leave without him, leaving a note under his arm. Deciding to put off going to Danny's house, Crow steps into the Palm Coast Bar, an after\\-hours spot and notorious drug den. The police [raid](/wiki/Police_raid \"Police raid\") the bar. Crow is able to throw his drugs on the floor before the police see him snorting up. He is patted down by a police officer who doesn't find anything on him and leads him toward the door to release him. On the way out, he bumps into Sergeant Dobson, an old friend of Crow's late police officer father.",
"Sergeant Dobson expresses sorrow that Crow is using drugs and tells Crow that his mother, who hasn't seen him since Crow's father's funeral, is worried about him. He also shares that his own son died of a [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\") [overdose](/wiki/Overdose \"Overdose\"). He promises to let Crow go if he agrees to go to [rehab](/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation \"Drug rehabilitation\"). Crow, who had already considered getting clean, agrees and accepts Sergeant Dobson's card. Dobson cuffs him and puts Crow into the cruiser (so that the others don't think Crow informed on anyone) and drop him off in front of his house. Crow then makes his way to Danny's house. He decides to tell the complete truth (as well as turn over Danny's share of the money) and ask for Danny's help in getting clean.",
""
] |
Union work
----------
Antonio Orendain worked with several unions throughout his career in hopes of bringing more rights and recognition to the problems facing farm workers in California and especially Texas.
### Community Service Organization (CSO)
The Community Service Organization was started by [Edward Roybal](/wiki/Edward_R._Roybal "Edward R. Roybal") and Fred Ross in 1947 to fight against unequal housing and employment, as well as discrimination in education.{{Cite web\|title\=Hispanic Americans in Congress \-\- Roybal\|url\=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/roybal.html\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-04\|website\=www.loc.gov}} Antonio Orendain was a part of the Community Service Organization (CSO) from 1953 to 1962 where he met and worked with [Cesar Chavez](/wiki/Cesar_Chavez "Cesar Chavez"). Orendain joined the Community Service Organization (CSO) as a part of the anti\-bracero movement. The Bracero Program was implemented by the U.S. government after WWII in order to have cheap labor in southwestern agriculture. Orendain and Chavez argued that the agricultural businesses were hiring the cheap labor of Mexican [Braceros](/wiki/Bracero_program "Bracero program") which aggravated poverty among laborers and pressured growers to hire local workers. The Community Service Organization (CSO) shifted its main focus to helping California Farmers, but they were met with strong opposition.
### National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)
[thumb\|United Farm Workers with flags at a rally.](/wiki/File:United_Farm_Workers.jpg "United Farm Workers.jpg")
Antonio Orendain became the treasurer of the [National Farm Workers Association](/wiki/National_Farm_Workers_Association "National Farm Workers Association") which later became part of the [United Farm Workers](/wiki/United_Farm_Workers "United Farm Workers").{{Cite journal\|last\=Ganz\|first\=Marshall\|date\=2000\|title\=Resources and Resourcefulness: Strategic Capacity in the Unionization of California Agriculture, 1959\-1966\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003887\|journal\=American Journal of Sociology\|volume\=105\|issue\=4\|pages\=1003–1062\|doi\=10\.1086/210398 \|jstor\=3003887 \|issn\=0002\-9602}} After realizing that the Community Service Organization (CSO) could not help farm workers, Chavez and Orendain resigned in 1962, and Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association which was later known as the United Farm Workers. Orendain became a founding member of The National Farm Workers Association where he worked as secretary\-treasurer. With the work of the NFWA, they were able to put an end to the Bracero Program by 1964\.{{Cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Inga\|date\=2017\-04\-03\|title\=The Rise of the UFW\|url\=https://ufw.org/the\-rise\-of\-the\-ufw/\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-05\|website\=UFW\|language\=en\-US}} In 1965 the NFWA began striking. They helped organize and bring nonviolence tactics to the Delano grape strike along with the Agricultural Workers Organization Committee (AWOC). In 1966, Orendain was sent to [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") to help form a union there, During his time in Texas in 1966, Orendain organized protests on the bridge between the United States and Mexico against the $1\.25 minimum wage for farmers. Orendain and several others were arrested and released several hours later. Cesar Chavez called the strikes a success because they were able to organize workers, even if they were unable to put pressure on the growers economically. After several protests, Chavez requested he return to California in 1967\. He feared that spreading to places like Texas was too ambitious for their unions. The opposition in Texas was stronger than in California and Chavez had begun to lose hope in the Union's ability to make a real difference in Texas. Orendain worked in California for several more years before he returned to Texas in 1969 due to difficulties with his replacement; he moved his family to San Juan. He was able to form a union presence there and set up a union office in [McAllen](/wiki/McAllen%2C_Texas "McAllen, Texas").
### Texas Farm Workers Union (TFWU)
#### Creation of the Texas Farm Workers Union
[thumb\|Map of Texas with the Rio Grande Valley shown in Red](/wiki/File:Red_white_map1.jpg "Red white map1.jpg")
[thumb\|17 February 1979\. Members of the Texas Farm Worker's Union at a march.](/wiki/File:Libro_Rojo_TFWU.jpg "Libro Rojo TFWU.jpg")
In 1975, Orendain separated from the United Farm Workers Union and created the [Texas Farm Workers Union](/wiki/Texas_Farm_Workers_Union "Texas Farm Workers Union").{{Cite web\|title\=Antonio "Tony" Orendain \- Tuesday, April 12th, 2016\|url\=https://www.memorialfuneral.com/memorials/Orendain\-AntonioTony/2475133/obituary.php\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-19\|website\=www.memorialfuneral.com\|language\=en}} The major reason for Orendain to split from the National Farm Workers Association and devote his time fully to Texas agricultural workers was a confrontation between El Texan Ranch and union workers where the supervisor fired strikers as well as their supporters on May 26, 1975\.{{Cite web\|title\=TSHA {{!}} Texas Farm Workers Union\|url\=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/texas\-farm\-workers\-union\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-04\|website\=www.tshaonline.org}} The Texas Farm Workers Union was created to be more specifically located for the [Rio Grande Valley](/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley "Rio Grande Valley") instead of relying on help from the National Farm Workers Union which was based in California.
#### Works of the Texas Farm Workers Union
They lacked funds as they were no longer associated with National Farm Workers Association and could not keep their strikers from the fields for extended periods of time. To make up for this, they used the media to raise awareness for their cause. Their strikes were successful in Presidio in making melon growers raise their wages from 60 cents to $1\.25\. Orendain was able to organize strikes for the union through a Spanish\-Language newspaper called “El Cuhamil” and a radio show.
The Texas Farm Workers Union lobbied to pass an Agricultural Labor Relations Act to protect Texas agricultural workers by union just like industrial workers were protected by labor acts in the 1930s.{{Cite web\|title\=Onda Latina \~ The Mexican American Experience Program Collection of the KUT Longhorn Radio Network\|url\=http://laits.utexas.edu/onda\_latina/program?sernum\=000535509\&header\=Politics\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-04\|website\=laits.utexas.edu}}
In 1977, Orendain led the Union in the March for Human Rights which marched from [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas") to [Washington D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") where they formed picket lines to earn bargaining rights for Texas farm workers. Their numbers started at 40 and expanded to 10,000 by the time they reached the capital. The 1600 mile march to Washington D.C was supported by both religious and union members, but the current United States President, [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter"), refused to meet with the marchers.
#### The End of the Texas Farm Workers Union
The Union had a difficult time gaining support from its foundation. Union members faced severe opposition from growers and did not get financial support from the United Farm Workers Union or [AFL\-CIO](/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO "AFL–CIO").{{Cite web\|last\=Union\|first\=Texas Farm Workers\|title\=Texas Farm Workers Union Collection, 1977\-1980\|url\=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00122/lac\-00122\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-04\|website\=legacy.lib.utexas.edu\|language\=en}} The Texas Farm Workers Union struggled for years with inconsistent funding and by 1982, it collapsed due to a lack of funds. Some people, however, put the end year at 1986\. The legacy of the Texas Farm Workers Union was that it brought about better working conditions for Texas farmers.
|
[
"Union work\n----------",
"Antonio Orendain worked with several unions throughout his career in hopes of bringing more rights and recognition to the problems facing farm workers in California and especially Texas.",
"### Community Service Organization (CSO)",
"The Community Service Organization was started by [Edward Roybal](/wiki/Edward_R._Roybal \"Edward R. Roybal\") and Fred Ross in 1947 to fight against unequal housing and employment, as well as discrimination in education.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Hispanic Americans in Congress \\-\\- Roybal\\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/roybal.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-04\\|website\\=www.loc.gov}} Antonio Orendain was a part of the Community Service Organization (CSO) from 1953 to 1962 where he met and worked with [Cesar Chavez](/wiki/Cesar_Chavez \"Cesar Chavez\"). Orendain joined the Community Service Organization (CSO) as a part of the anti\\-bracero movement. The Bracero Program was implemented by the U.S. government after WWII in order to have cheap labor in southwestern agriculture. Orendain and Chavez argued that the agricultural businesses were hiring the cheap labor of Mexican [Braceros](/wiki/Bracero_program \"Bracero program\") which aggravated poverty among laborers and pressured growers to hire local workers. The Community Service Organization (CSO) shifted its main focus to helping California Farmers, but they were met with strong opposition.",
"### National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)",
"[thumb\\|United Farm Workers with flags at a rally.](/wiki/File:United_Farm_Workers.jpg \"United Farm Workers.jpg\")\nAntonio Orendain became the treasurer of the [National Farm Workers Association](/wiki/National_Farm_Workers_Association \"National Farm Workers Association\") which later became part of the [United Farm Workers](/wiki/United_Farm_Workers \"United Farm Workers\").{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Ganz\\|first\\=Marshall\\|date\\=2000\\|title\\=Resources and Resourcefulness: Strategic Capacity in the Unionization of California Agriculture, 1959\\-1966\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003887\\|journal\\=American Journal of Sociology\\|volume\\=105\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=1003–1062\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/210398 \\|jstor\\=3003887 \\|issn\\=0002\\-9602}} After realizing that the Community Service Organization (CSO) could not help farm workers, Chavez and Orendain resigned in 1962, and Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association which was later known as the United Farm Workers. Orendain became a founding member of The National Farm Workers Association where he worked as secretary\\-treasurer. With the work of the NFWA, they were able to put an end to the Bracero Program by 1964\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Inga\\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-03\\|title\\=The Rise of the UFW\\|url\\=https://ufw.org/the\\-rise\\-of\\-the\\-ufw/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-05\\|website\\=UFW\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 1965 the NFWA began striking. They helped organize and bring nonviolence tactics to the Delano grape strike along with the Agricultural Workers Organization Committee (AWOC). In 1966, Orendain was sent to [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") to help form a union there, During his time in Texas in 1966, Orendain organized protests on the bridge between the United States and Mexico against the $1\\.25 minimum wage for farmers. Orendain and several others were arrested and released several hours later. Cesar Chavez called the strikes a success because they were able to organize workers, even if they were unable to put pressure on the growers economically. After several protests, Chavez requested he return to California in 1967\\. He feared that spreading to places like Texas was too ambitious for their unions. The opposition in Texas was stronger than in California and Chavez had begun to lose hope in the Union's ability to make a real difference in Texas. Orendain worked in California for several more years before he returned to Texas in 1969 due to difficulties with his replacement; he moved his family to San Juan. He was able to form a union presence there and set up a union office in [McAllen](/wiki/McAllen%2C_Texas \"McAllen, Texas\").",
"### Texas Farm Workers Union (TFWU)",
"#### Creation of the Texas Farm Workers Union",
"[thumb\\|Map of Texas with the Rio Grande Valley shown in Red](/wiki/File:Red_white_map1.jpg \"Red white map1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|17 February 1979\\. Members of the Texas Farm Worker's Union at a march.](/wiki/File:Libro_Rojo_TFWU.jpg \"Libro Rojo TFWU.jpg\")\nIn 1975, Orendain separated from the United Farm Workers Union and created the [Texas Farm Workers Union](/wiki/Texas_Farm_Workers_Union \"Texas Farm Workers Union\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Antonio \"Tony\" Orendain \\- Tuesday, April 12th, 2016\\|url\\=https://www.memorialfuneral.com/memorials/Orendain\\-AntonioTony/2475133/obituary.php\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-19\\|website\\=www.memorialfuneral.com\\|language\\=en}} The major reason for Orendain to split from the National Farm Workers Association and devote his time fully to Texas agricultural workers was a confrontation between El Texan Ranch and union workers where the supervisor fired strikers as well as their supporters on May 26, 1975\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=TSHA {{!}} Texas Farm Workers Union\\|url\\=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/texas\\-farm\\-workers\\-union\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-04\\|website\\=www.tshaonline.org}} The Texas Farm Workers Union was created to be more specifically located for the [Rio Grande Valley](/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley \"Rio Grande Valley\") instead of relying on help from the National Farm Workers Union which was based in California.",
"#### Works of the Texas Farm Workers Union",
"They lacked funds as they were no longer associated with National Farm Workers Association and could not keep their strikers from the fields for extended periods of time. To make up for this, they used the media to raise awareness for their cause. Their strikes were successful in Presidio in making melon growers raise their wages from 60 cents to $1\\.25\\. Orendain was able to organize strikes for the union through a Spanish\\-Language newspaper called “El Cuhamil” and a radio show.",
"The Texas Farm Workers Union lobbied to pass an Agricultural Labor Relations Act to protect Texas agricultural workers by union just like industrial workers were protected by labor acts in the 1930s.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Onda Latina \\~ The Mexican American Experience Program Collection of the KUT Longhorn Radio Network\\|url\\=http://laits.utexas.edu/onda\\_latina/program?sernum\\=000535509\\&header\\=Politics\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-04\\|website\\=laits.utexas.edu}}",
"In 1977, Orendain led the Union in the March for Human Rights which marched from [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") to [Washington D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") where they formed picket lines to earn bargaining rights for Texas farm workers. Their numbers started at 40 and expanded to 10,000 by the time they reached the capital. The 1600 mile march to Washington D.C was supported by both religious and union members, but the current United States President, [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\"), refused to meet with the marchers.",
"#### The End of the Texas Farm Workers Union",
"The Union had a difficult time gaining support from its foundation. Union members faced severe opposition from growers and did not get financial support from the United Farm Workers Union or [AFL\\-CIO](/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO \"AFL–CIO\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Union\\|first\\=Texas Farm Workers\\|title\\=Texas Farm Workers Union Collection, 1977\\-1980\\|url\\=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00122/lac\\-00122\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-04\\|website\\=legacy.lib.utexas.edu\\|language\\=en}} The Texas Farm Workers Union struggled for years with inconsistent funding and by 1982, it collapsed due to a lack of funds. Some people, however, put the end year at 1986\\. The legacy of the Texas Farm Workers Union was that it brought about better working conditions for Texas farmers.",
""
] |
Life
----
Oscar Traynor was born on 21 March 1886 in 32 Upper Abbey Street, [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"), to Patrick Traynor, bookseller, and his wife Maria Traynor (née Clarke).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dib.ie/biography/traynor\-oscar\-a8626\|title\=Traynor, Oscar\|work\=\[\[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]\|last\=Coleman\|first\=Marie\|access\-date\=10 July 2022}} He was educated by at St Mary's Place, [Christian Brothers](/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers "Congregation of Christian Brothers") school. In 1899, he was apprenticed to John Long, a famous wood\-carver. Traynor later qualified as a [compositor](/wiki/Compositor_%28typesetting%29 "Compositor (typesetting)").
As a young man he was a noted footballer and toured [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") as a goalkeeper with [Belfast Celtic F.C.](/wiki/Belfast_Celtic_F.C. "Belfast Celtic F.C.") whom he played with from 1910 to 1912\. Traynor rejected claims soccer was a foreign sport calling it "a Celtic game, pure and simple, having its roots in the [Highlands of Scotland](/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland "Highlands of Scotland")."
Traynor joined the [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers "Irish Volunteers") and took part in the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising") in 1916, being the leader of the [Metropole Hotel](/wiki/Hotel_Metropole%2C_Dublin "Hotel Metropole, Dublin") garrison.{{Cite web\|url \= https://www.historyireland.com/20th\-century\-contemporary\-history/oscar\-traynor\-crime\-playing\-soccer/\|title \= Oscar Traynor and 'the crime of playing soccer'\|date \= 28 December 2015\|access\-date \= 3 April 2019\|archive\-date \= 3 April 2019\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190403134107/https://www.historyireland.com/20th\-century\-contemporary\-history/oscar\-traynor\-crime\-playing\-soccer/\|url\-status \= live}} Following this he was interned in [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"). During the [Irish War of Independence](/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence "Irish War of Independence"), he was brigadier of the Dublin Brigade of the [Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army "Irish Republican Army") and led the attack on [The Custom House](/wiki/Burning_of_the_Custom_House "Burning of the Custom House") in 1921 and led a 12 man squad in an ambush on the West Kent Regiment at Claude Road, Drumcondra on 16 June 1921 when the [Thompson submachine gun](/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun "Thompson submachine gun") was fired for the first time in action. Three British soldiers were injured in that attack, one seriously.{{cite book \|last\=Coogan \|first\=Tim \|date\=2002 \|title\=The IRA \|location\=New York \|publisher\=St. Martins Press \|page\=94 \|isbn\=0\-312\-29416\-6}} Later Traynor was promoted to command the IRA's 1st Eastern Division.['Oscar Traynor Military Pension Application (p. 7\)' and 'MSP34REF236 Oscar Traynor'](http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/R1/MSP34REF236OSCAR%20TRAYNOR/WMSP34REF236OSCARTRAYNOR.pdf). Military Archives, 30 November 1934\. Retrieved 4 June 2024
When the [Irish Civil War](/wiki/Irish_Civil_War "Irish Civil War") broke out in June 1922, Traynor took the [Anti\-Treaty IRA](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_%281922%E2%80%9369%29 "Irish Republican Army (1922–69)") side. The Dublin Brigade was split, however, with many of its members following [Michael Collins](/wiki/Michael_Collins_%28Irish_leader%29 "Michael Collins (Irish leader)") in taking the pro\-Treaty side. During the [Battle of Dublin](/wiki/Battle_of_Dublin "Battle of Dublin") he was in charge of the Barry's Hotel garrison, before making their escape. He organised guerrilla activity in south Dublin and [County Wicklow](/wiki/County_Wicklow "County Wicklow"), before being captured by Free State troops in September. He was then imprisoned for the remainder of the war.
On 11 March 1925, he was elected to [Dáil Éireann](/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann "Dáil Éireann") in a by\-election as a [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn Féin") [TD](/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la "Teachta Dála") for the [Dublin North](/wiki/Dublin_North_%28D%C3%A1il_constituency%29 "Dublin North (Dáil constituency)") constituency, though he did not take his seat due to the abstentionist policy of Sinn Féin.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?id\=1524\|title\=Oscar Traynor\|work\=ElectionsIreland.org\|access\-date\=20 May 2012\|archive\-date\=16 May 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516024534/http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID\=1524\|url\-status\=live}} He was re\-elected as [one of eight members](/wiki/Dublin_North_%28D%C3%A1il_constituency%29%23June_1927_general_election "Dublin North (Dáil constituency)#June 1927 general election") for Dublin North in the [June 1927 general election](/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election "June 1927 Irish general election") but just one of six Sinn Féin TDs.The Times, *Free State Election*, 13 June 1927 Once again, he did not take his seat. Traynor did not contest the second general election called that year but declared his support for [Fianna Fáil](/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il "Fianna Fáil").The Times, *Irish Election. A Heavy Poll* 16 September 1927 He stood again in the [1932 general election](/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election "1932 Irish general election") and was elected as a Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin North.
In 1936, he was first appointed to the Cabinet as [Minister for Posts and Telegraphs](/wiki/Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs "Minister for Posts and Telegraphs"). In September 1939, Traynor was appointed [Minister for Defence](/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_%28Ireland%29 "Minister for Defence (Ireland)") and held the portfolio to February 1948\. In 1948, he became president of the [Football Association of Ireland](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland "Football Association of Ireland"), a position he held until his death. He served as [Minister for Defence](/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_%28Ireland%29 "Minister for Defence (Ireland)") in several Fianna Fáil governments and as [Minister for Justice](/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_%28Ireland%29 "Minister for Justice (Ireland)"), where he was undermined by his junior minister, and later [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach"), [Charles Haughey](/wiki/Charles_Haughey "Charles Haughey"), before he retired in 1961\.
Traynor died on 15 December 1963 in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") at the age of 77\.{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1963/1216/Pg009\.html\#Ar00900:5543A25E33DF40E41A45143347A3D954D4173EFA5C42CA7146CABE4A7AD1 \|title\=Irish Times. 16 December 1963\. \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|access\-date\=30 December 2008 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007034024/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1963/1216/Pg009\.html\#Ar00900:5543A25E33DF40E41A45143347A3D954D4173EFA5C42CA7146CABE4A7AD1 \|url\-status\=live }}
He has a road named in his memory, running from the Malahide Road through [Coolock](/wiki/Coolock "Coolock") to [Santry](/wiki/Santry "Santry") in Dublin's northern suburbs.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Oscar Traynor was born on 21 March 1886 in 32 Upper Abbey Street, [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\"), to Patrick Traynor, bookseller, and his wife Maria Traynor (née Clarke).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dib.ie/biography/traynor\\-oscar\\-a8626\\|title\\=Traynor, Oscar\\|work\\=\\[\\[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]\\|last\\=Coleman\\|first\\=Marie\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2022}} He was educated by at St Mary's Place, [Christian Brothers](/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers \"Congregation of Christian Brothers\") school. In 1899, he was apprenticed to John Long, a famous wood\\-carver. Traynor later qualified as a [compositor](/wiki/Compositor_%28typesetting%29 \"Compositor (typesetting)\").",
"As a young man he was a noted footballer and toured [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") as a goalkeeper with [Belfast Celtic F.C.](/wiki/Belfast_Celtic_F.C. \"Belfast Celtic F.C.\") whom he played with from 1910 to 1912\\. Traynor rejected claims soccer was a foreign sport calling it \"a Celtic game, pure and simple, having its roots in the [Highlands of Scotland](/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland \"Highlands of Scotland\").\"",
"Traynor joined the [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers \"Irish Volunteers\") and took part in the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising \"Easter Rising\") in 1916, being the leader of the [Metropole Hotel](/wiki/Hotel_Metropole%2C_Dublin \"Hotel Metropole, Dublin\") garrison.{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://www.historyireland.com/20th\\-century\\-contemporary\\-history/oscar\\-traynor\\-crime\\-playing\\-soccer/\\|title \\= Oscar Traynor and 'the crime of playing soccer'\\|date \\= 28 December 2015\\|access\\-date \\= 3 April 2019\\|archive\\-date \\= 3 April 2019\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190403134107/https://www.historyireland.com/20th\\-century\\-contemporary\\-history/oscar\\-traynor\\-crime\\-playing\\-soccer/\\|url\\-status \\= live}} Following this he was interned in [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"). During the [Irish War of Independence](/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence \"Irish War of Independence\"), he was brigadier of the Dublin Brigade of the [Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army \"Irish Republican Army\") and led the attack on [The Custom House](/wiki/Burning_of_the_Custom_House \"Burning of the Custom House\") in 1921 and led a 12 man squad in an ambush on the West Kent Regiment at Claude Road, Drumcondra on 16 June 1921 when the [Thompson submachine gun](/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun \"Thompson submachine gun\") was fired for the first time in action. Three British soldiers were injured in that attack, one seriously.{{cite book \\|last\\=Coogan \\|first\\=Tim \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=The IRA \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=St. Martins Press \\|page\\=94 \\|isbn\\=0\\-312\\-29416\\-6}} Later Traynor was promoted to command the IRA's 1st Eastern Division.['Oscar Traynor Military Pension Application (p. 7\\)' and 'MSP34REF236 Oscar Traynor'](http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/R1/MSP34REF236OSCAR%20TRAYNOR/WMSP34REF236OSCARTRAYNOR.pdf). Military Archives, 30 November 1934\\. Retrieved 4 June 2024",
"When the [Irish Civil War](/wiki/Irish_Civil_War \"Irish Civil War\") broke out in June 1922, Traynor took the [Anti\\-Treaty IRA](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_%281922%E2%80%9369%29 \"Irish Republican Army (1922–69)\") side. The Dublin Brigade was split, however, with many of its members following [Michael Collins](/wiki/Michael_Collins_%28Irish_leader%29 \"Michael Collins (Irish leader)\") in taking the pro\\-Treaty side. During the [Battle of Dublin](/wiki/Battle_of_Dublin \"Battle of Dublin\") he was in charge of the Barry's Hotel garrison, before making their escape. He organised guerrilla activity in south Dublin and [County Wicklow](/wiki/County_Wicklow \"County Wicklow\"), before being captured by Free State troops in September. He was then imprisoned for the remainder of the war.",
"On 11 March 1925, he was elected to [Dáil Éireann](/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann \"Dáil Éireann\") in a by\\-election as a [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in \"Sinn Féin\") [TD](/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la \"Teachta Dála\") for the [Dublin North](/wiki/Dublin_North_%28D%C3%A1il_constituency%29 \"Dublin North (Dáil constituency)\") constituency, though he did not take his seat due to the abstentionist policy of Sinn Féin.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?id\\=1524\\|title\\=Oscar Traynor\\|work\\=ElectionsIreland.org\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516024534/http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID\\=1524\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He was re\\-elected as [one of eight members](/wiki/Dublin_North_%28D%C3%A1il_constituency%29%23June_1927_general_election \"Dublin North (Dáil constituency)#June 1927 general election\") for Dublin North in the [June 1927 general election](/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election \"June 1927 Irish general election\") but just one of six Sinn Féin TDs.The Times, *Free State Election*, 13 June 1927 Once again, he did not take his seat. Traynor did not contest the second general election called that year but declared his support for [Fianna Fáil](/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il \"Fianna Fáil\").The Times, *Irish Election. A Heavy Poll* 16 September 1927 He stood again in the [1932 general election](/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election \"1932 Irish general election\") and was elected as a Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin North.",
"In 1936, he was first appointed to the Cabinet as [Minister for Posts and Telegraphs](/wiki/Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs \"Minister for Posts and Telegraphs\"). In September 1939, Traynor was appointed [Minister for Defence](/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_%28Ireland%29 \"Minister for Defence (Ireland)\") and held the portfolio to February 1948\\. In 1948, he became president of the [Football Association of Ireland](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland \"Football Association of Ireland\"), a position he held until his death. He served as [Minister for Defence](/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_%28Ireland%29 \"Minister for Defence (Ireland)\") in several Fianna Fáil governments and as [Minister for Justice](/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_%28Ireland%29 \"Minister for Justice (Ireland)\"), where he was undermined by his junior minister, and later [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach \"Taoiseach\"), [Charles Haughey](/wiki/Charles_Haughey \"Charles Haughey\"), before he retired in 1961\\.",
"Traynor died on 15 December 1963 in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") at the age of 77\\.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1963/1216/Pg009\\.html\\#Ar00900:5543A25E33DF40E41A45143347A3D954D4173EFA5C42CA7146CABE4A7AD1 \\|title\\=Irish Times. 16 December 1963\\. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007034024/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1963/1216/Pg009\\.html\\#Ar00900:5543A25E33DF40E41A45143347A3D954D4173EFA5C42CA7146CABE4A7AD1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"He has a road named in his memory, running from the Malahide Road through [Coolock](/wiki/Coolock \"Coolock\") to [Santry](/wiki/Santry \"Santry\") in Dublin's northern suburbs.",
""
] |
Plot synopsis
-------------
The novel follows the stories of victims of a fictional school shooting in North Vancouver in 1988\. Coupland has expressed his concern that the killers of the [Columbine High School massacre](/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre "Columbine High School massacre") received more focus than the victims; this is his story about the victims of tragedy.Didcock, Barry. "Prophet \& Loss". "[The Sunday Herald](/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald "The Sunday Herald")", September 14, 2003\. The novel is told in four parts, each with a different narrator and focus.
### 1988: Cheryl
Cheryl Anway, the seventeen\-year\-old victim of a shooting massacre at her high school at [Delbrook Senior Secondary](/wiki/Delbrook_Senior_Secondary_School "Delbrook Senior Secondary School"), recounts her life from a liminal state where she is dead but can still hear the prayers and curses of those who are alive.
Cheryl was pregnant, having recently consummated her relationship with her long\-term boyfriend, Jason, after they married in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"). Cheryl and Jason are members of a group of young Christians.
During the shooting, Cheryl is trapped under a table in the cafeteria. While the killers make their way through the crowd, one of them decides that he has had enough of the killing and wants to stop. The other killers decide that he has become weak, and kill him. They then turn their attention to Cheryl and her friends, and Cheryl becomes the final casualty. Before Cheryl is murdered, she witnesses Jason killing one of the gunman with a rock, enabling the other students to subdue and kill the final gunman.
### 1999: Jason
Eleven years after the massacre, Jason struggles to cope with life. He writes a letter to his twin nephews, born after the death of his older brother, Kent.
Jason works as a carpenter with no true friends, frequently drinking and occasionally blacking out. He reveals that after he killed one of the school shooters, his father Reg was angry with him and his alcoholic mother left Reg. Jason was investigated by the police and was devastated when his Christian friends and Cheryl's family turn against him. He is eventually cleared and his mother takes him to [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick") to recuperate.
During one of his present\-day drinking binges, Jason blacks out and comes to in an isolated location aware that he is about to be murdered by Yorgos, a friend of his boss. Jason defends himself and is able to escape from Yorgos; rather than kill him, however, Jason leaves him injured and sends help to him.
At the end of his letter, Jason reveals to his nephews that after Kent died, his widow Barb asked Jason to impregnate her so that she could pass the child off as Kent's. Jason agreed under the condition that Barb marry him; they did so in Las Vegas, mimicking the conditions under which he married Cheryl. During their trip to Vegas, they are spotted by an acquaintance whom Barb later murders to protect her secret. Nine months later the twins are born.
### 2002: Heather
A court reporter, Heather is in distress after her boyfriend Jason goes missing.
She receives a call from a woman named Allison claiming to be a fake psychic who has had a real vision. Allison uses a secret language that is personal to Heather and Jason, making Heather believe that Jason is trying to contact her.
Despite claiming not to want money, Allison begins to extort money from Heather to pass on her messages. Heather decides to try to track down Allison and learns she is named Cecilia. She sees Cecilia with a young woman with whom she believes Jason had been having an affair. When Heather confronts the woman, she reveals she is Cecilia's daughter. Her mother came to know of the secret language because Jason came to her with detailed notes, wanting to pass along the information if he ever went missing.
Heather is left wondering about Jason's past, unaware that his decision was prompted by a chance meeting with Yorgos.
### 2003: Reg
Reg writes an open letter to his son, lamenting that he was a harsh and abusive father under the guise of being a Christian for most of Jason's childhood.
Reg repents of the way he treated both Jason and Kent, and regrets that he destroyed his relationship with a woman named Ruth because he would not divorce Jason's mother. He reveals that though Jason is still missing the RCMP located a shirt of his in the woods and Reg plans to post copies of his letter to trees hoping that somehow Jason will be able to read it.
|
[
"Plot synopsis\n-------------",
"The novel follows the stories of victims of a fictional school shooting in North Vancouver in 1988\\. Coupland has expressed his concern that the killers of the [Columbine High School massacre](/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre \"Columbine High School massacre\") received more focus than the victims; this is his story about the victims of tragedy.Didcock, Barry. \"Prophet \\& Loss\". \"[The Sunday Herald](/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald \"The Sunday Herald\")\", September 14, 2003\\. The novel is told in four parts, each with a different narrator and focus.",
"### 1988: Cheryl",
"Cheryl Anway, the seventeen\\-year\\-old victim of a shooting massacre at her high school at [Delbrook Senior Secondary](/wiki/Delbrook_Senior_Secondary_School \"Delbrook Senior Secondary School\"), recounts her life from a liminal state where she is dead but can still hear the prayers and curses of those who are alive.",
"Cheryl was pregnant, having recently consummated her relationship with her long\\-term boyfriend, Jason, after they married in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"). Cheryl and Jason are members of a group of young Christians.",
"During the shooting, Cheryl is trapped under a table in the cafeteria. While the killers make their way through the crowd, one of them decides that he has had enough of the killing and wants to stop. The other killers decide that he has become weak, and kill him. They then turn their attention to Cheryl and her friends, and Cheryl becomes the final casualty. Before Cheryl is murdered, she witnesses Jason killing one of the gunman with a rock, enabling the other students to subdue and kill the final gunman.",
"### 1999: Jason",
"Eleven years after the massacre, Jason struggles to cope with life. He writes a letter to his twin nephews, born after the death of his older brother, Kent.",
"Jason works as a carpenter with no true friends, frequently drinking and occasionally blacking out. He reveals that after he killed one of the school shooters, his father Reg was angry with him and his alcoholic mother left Reg. Jason was investigated by the police and was devastated when his Christian friends and Cheryl's family turn against him. He is eventually cleared and his mother takes him to [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\") to recuperate.",
"During one of his present\\-day drinking binges, Jason blacks out and comes to in an isolated location aware that he is about to be murdered by Yorgos, a friend of his boss. Jason defends himself and is able to escape from Yorgos; rather than kill him, however, Jason leaves him injured and sends help to him.",
"At the end of his letter, Jason reveals to his nephews that after Kent died, his widow Barb asked Jason to impregnate her so that she could pass the child off as Kent's. Jason agreed under the condition that Barb marry him; they did so in Las Vegas, mimicking the conditions under which he married Cheryl. During their trip to Vegas, they are spotted by an acquaintance whom Barb later murders to protect her secret. Nine months later the twins are born.",
"### 2002: Heather",
"A court reporter, Heather is in distress after her boyfriend Jason goes missing.",
"She receives a call from a woman named Allison claiming to be a fake psychic who has had a real vision. Allison uses a secret language that is personal to Heather and Jason, making Heather believe that Jason is trying to contact her.",
"Despite claiming not to want money, Allison begins to extort money from Heather to pass on her messages. Heather decides to try to track down Allison and learns she is named Cecilia. She sees Cecilia with a young woman with whom she believes Jason had been having an affair. When Heather confronts the woman, she reveals she is Cecilia's daughter. Her mother came to know of the secret language because Jason came to her with detailed notes, wanting to pass along the information if he ever went missing.",
"Heather is left wondering about Jason's past, unaware that his decision was prompted by a chance meeting with Yorgos.",
"### 2003: Reg",
"Reg writes an open letter to his son, lamenting that he was a harsh and abusive father under the guise of being a Christian for most of Jason's childhood.",
"Reg repents of the way he treated both Jason and Kent, and regrets that he destroyed his relationship with a woman named Ruth because he would not divorce Jason's mother. He reveals that though Jason is still missing the RCMP located a shirt of his in the woods and Reg plans to post copies of his letter to trees hoping that somehow Jason will be able to read it.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Washington Senators (1907–1927\)
Johnson was renowned as the premier [power pitcher](/wiki/Power_pitcher "Power pitcher") of his era. [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb "Ty Cobb") recalled his first encounter with the rookie fastballer:
{{blockquote\|On August 2, 1907, I encountered the most threatening sight I ever saw in the ball field. He was a rookie, and we licked our lips as we warmed up for the first game of a doubleheader in Washington. Evidently, manager Pongo \[\[Joe Cantillon]] of the \[\[History of the Washington Senators\|Nats]] had picked a rube out of the cornfields of the deepest bushes to pitch against us.... He was a tall, shambling galoot of about twenty, with arms so long they hung far out of his sleeves, and with a sidearm delivery that looked unimpressive at first glance.... One of the \[\[Detroit Tigers\|Tigers]] imitated a cow mooing, and we hollered at Cantillon: 'Get the pitchfork ready, Joe—your hayseed's on his way back to the barn.'
... The first time I faced him, I watched him take that easy windup. And then something went past me that made me flinch. The thing just hissed with danger. We couldn't touch him.... Every one of us knew we'd met the most powerful arm ever turned loose in a ball park.{{cite book\|first\=Al\|last\=Stump\|title\=Cobb: A Biography\|url\=https://archive.org/details/cobb00alst\|url\-access\=registration\|year\=1994}}}}
In 1917, a [Bridgeport](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut "Bridgeport, Connecticut"), Connecticut, munitions laboratory recorded Johnson's fastball at 134 feet per second, which is equal to {{convert\|91\|mph\|km/h\|0}}, a velocity that may have been unmatched in his day, with the possible exception of [Smoky Joe Wood](/wiki/Smoky_Joe_Wood "Smoky Joe Wood"). Johnson, moreover, pitched with a sidearm motion, whereas power pitchers are usually known for pitching with a straight\-overhand delivery. Johnson's motion was especially difficult for right\-handed batters to follow, as the ball seemed to be coming from third base. His [pitching mechanics](/wiki/Pitch_%28baseball%29 "Pitch (baseball)") were superb, generating powerful rotation of his shoulders with excellent balance.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid\=22656\|title\=Raising Aces: Classic Deliveries: Fade to Black and White\|last\=Doug Thorburn\|date\=January 24, 2014\|publisher\=Baseball Prospectus\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014}} In addition to his fastball, Johnson featured an occasional [curveball](/wiki/Curveball "Curveball") that he developed around 1913 or 1914\.{{cite book\|last1\=James\|first1\=Bill\|last2\=Neyer\|first2\=Rob\|title\=The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers: An Historical Compendium of Pitching, Pitchers, and Pitches\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7FfRLE6I5EEC\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014\|date\=June 16, 2008\|publisher\=Touchstone\|isbn\=9781439103777\|page\=270}} He batted and threw right\-handed.
The overpowering fastball was the primary reason for Johnson's exceptional statistics, especially his fabled strikeout totals. Johnson's record total of 3,508{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/historical/leaders.jsp?c\_id\=mlb\&baseballScope\=mlb\&statType\=2\&sortByStat\=SO\&timeFrame\=3\&timeSubFrame2\=0\|title\=Sortable Player Stats\|website\=Major League Baseball}} strikeouts stood for more than 55 years until [Nolan Ryan](/wiki/Nolan_Ryan "Nolan Ryan"), [Steve Carlton](/wiki/Steve_Carlton "Steve Carlton"), and [Gaylord Perry](/wiki/Gaylord_Perry "Gaylord Perry") all surpassed it in that order during the [1983 season](/wiki/1983_in_baseball "1983 in baseball"). Johnson, as of 2023, ranks ninth on the all\-time strikeout list,{{cite web\|title\=Career Leaders \& Records for Strikeouts\|publisher\=Baseball\-Reference\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/SO\_p\_career.shtml\|access\-date\=December 29, 2023}} but his total must be understood in its proper context of an era of much fewer strikeouts. Among his pre–World War II contemporaries, only two men finished within 1,000 strikeouts of Johnson: runner\-up [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young "Cy Young") with 2,803 (705 strikeouts behind) and [Tim Keefe](/wiki/Tim_Keefe "Tim Keefe") at 2,562 (946 behind). [Bob Feller](/wiki/Bob_Feller "Bob Feller"), whose [war](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")\-shortened career began in [1936](/wiki/1936_in_baseball "1936 in baseball"), later ended up with 2,581\.
[left\|thumb\|Walter Johnson in a 1909 portrait photograph](/wiki/File:1909_Walter_Johnson_by_Barr_Farnham.jpg "1909 Walter Johnson by Barr Farnham.jpg")
As a right\-handed pitcher for the [Washington Nationals/Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins"), Walter Johnson won 417 games, [the second most by any pitcher in history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_wins_leaders "List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders") (after [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young "Cy Young"), who won 511\). He and Young are the only pitchers to have won 400 games.{{cite web\|title\=Career Leaders \& Records for Wins\|publisher\=Baseball\-Reference\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/W\_career.shtml\|access\-date\=January 12, 2011}}
In a 21\-year career, Johnson had twelve 20\-win seasons, including ten in a row. Twice, he topped 30 wins (33 in [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball "1912 in baseball") and 36 in [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball "1913 in baseball")).{{cite web\|title\=Walter Johnson\|publisher\=Baseball\-Reference\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/j/johnswa01\.shtml\|access\-date\=January 12, 2011}} Johnson's record includes 110 shutouts, the most in baseball history. Johnson had a 38–26 record in games decided by a 1–0 score;*Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records*, p.34, Kerry Banks, 2010, Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-55365\-507\-7}} both his wins and losses in these games are major league records. Johnson also lost 65 games because his teams failed to score a run. On September 4, 5 and 7, [1908](/wiki/1908_in_baseball "1908 in baseball"), he shut out the [New York Highlanders](/wiki/New_York_Highlanders "New York Highlanders") in three consecutive games.
Three times, Johnson won the [triple crown](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Triple_Crown "Major League Baseball Triple Crown") for pitchers (1913, [1918](/wiki/1918_in_baseball "1918 in baseball") and [1924](/wiki/1924_in_baseball "1924 in baseball")). Johnson twice won the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player "Most Valuable Player") Award (1913, 1924\), a feat accomplished since by only two other pitchers, [Carl Hubbell](/wiki/Carl_Hubbell "Carl Hubbell") in [1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball "1933 in baseball") and 1936 and [Hal Newhouser](/wiki/Hal_Newhouser "Hal Newhouser") in [1944](/wiki/1944_in_baseball "1944 in baseball") and [1945](/wiki/1945_in_baseball "1945 in baseball").
His [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") of 1\.14 in 1913 was the fourth\-lowest ever at the time he recorded it; it remains the sixth\-lowest today, despite having been surpassed by [Bob Gibson](/wiki/Bob_Gibson "Bob Gibson") in 1968 (1\.12\) for lowest ERA ever by a 300\+ inning pitcher. It could have been lower if not for one of manager [Clark Griffith](/wiki/Clark_Griffith "Clark Griffith")'s traditions. For the last game of the season, Griffith often treated the fans to a farce game. Johnson actually played center field that game until he was brought in to pitch. He allowed two hits before he was taken out of the game. The next pitcher—who was actually a career catcher—allowed both runners to score. The official scorekeeper ignored the game, but later, Johnson was charged with those two runs, raising his ERA from 1\.09 to 1\.14\. For the decade from 1910 to 1919, Johnson averaged 26 wins per season and had an overall ERA of 1\.59\.
Johnson won 36 games in 1913, 40% of the team's total wins for the season. In April and May, he pitched 55\.2 consecutive scoreless innings, still the American League record and the third\-longest streak in history. He won 25 games and lost 20 games in 1916, the last pitcher to win and lose 20 in a season until [knuckleballer](/wiki/Knuckleball "Knuckleball") [Wilbur Wood](/wiki/Wilbur_Wood "Wilbur Wood") did so in 1973\.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1973/10/01/scorecard\|title\=Scorecard\|magazine\=Sports Illustrated\|date\=October 1, 1973\|access\-date\=November 24, 2020}} In May 1918, Johnson pitched 40 consecutive scoreless innings; he is the only pitcher with two such 40\+ inning streaks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.baseball\-almanac.com/recbooks/rb\_ip.shtml\|title\=Innings Pitched Records by Baseball Almanac\|website\=www.baseball\-almanac.com}}
Although he often pitched for losing teams during his career, Johnson finally led the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") to the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series") in 1924, his 18th year in the American League. Johnson lost the first and fifth games of the 1924 World Series, but became the hero by pitching four scoreless innings of relief in the seventh and deciding game, winning in the 12th inning. Washington returned to the World Series the following season, but Johnson's experience was close to the inverse: two early wins, followed by a game seven loss. On October 15, 1927, Johnson's request for an unconditional release from the club was granted.{{cite tweet\|user\=TNPMuseum\|author\=Nat'l Pastime Museum\|number\=787362908586053637\|date\=October 15, 2016\|title\=OTD 1927 \#DC Senators grant pitching great Walter Johnson his release. Reluctantly. \#MLB \#Goodbyes}}
[thumb\|right\|400px\|President [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge") (left) and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson (right) shake hands.](/wiki/File:Walter_Johnson_and_Calvin_Coolidge_shake_hands_FINAL.jpg "Walter Johnson and Calvin Coolidge shake hands FINAL.jpg")
Johnson's [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame "Baseball Hall of Fame") plaque reads that he pitched "for many years with a losing team." While the Senators had only nine winning seasons during his career, they finished in the first division (i. e., fourth place or higher) 11 times, and the second division 10 times. In Johnson's first five seasons, Washington finished last twice and next\-to\-last three times. But they finished second in the American League in both [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball "1912 in baseball") and [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball "1913 in baseball"), which were Johnson's two 30\-win seasons. Then, for the next decade, they typically finished in the middle of the pack before their back\-to\-back pennants.
Johnson was a good hitter for a pitcher, compiling a career [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") of .235, including a record .433 average in 1925\. His 547 career hits are the most by a full\-time pitcher. He also made 13 appearances in the [outfield](/wiki/Outfield "Outfield") during his career. He hit over .200 in 13 of his 21 seasons, hit three home runs in 1914, and hit 12 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") and a [triple](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)") in 130 at\-bats in 1917\. Johnson finished his career with 23 home runs as a pitcher (24 overall, including a [pinch\-hit](/wiki/Pinch_hitter "Pinch hitter") home run in 1925\), the [tenth\-highest total for a pitcher in Major League history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_all-time_leaders_in_home_runs_by_pitchers "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers").{{citation needed\|date\=July 2022}}
Johnson had a reputation as a kindly person, and made many friends in baseball. As reported in *The Glory of Their Times*, [Sam Crawford](/wiki/Sam_Crawford "Sam Crawford") was one of Johnson's good friends, and sometimes in non\-critical situations, Johnson would ease up so Crawford would hit well against him. This would vex Crawford's teammate [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb "Ty Cobb"), who could not understand how Crawford could hit the great Johnson so well. Johnson was also friendly with [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth "Babe Ruth"), despite Ruth's having hit some of his longest home runs off him at [Griffith Stadium](/wiki/Griffith_Stadium "Griffith Stadium").
In [1928](/wiki/1928_in_baseball "1928 in baseball"), he began his career as a [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") in the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball"), managing the [Newark Bears](/wiki/Newark_Bears_%28International_League%29 "Newark Bears (International League)") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"). He continued on to the major leagues, managing the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") ([1929](/wiki/1929_in_baseball "1929 in baseball")–[1932](/wiki/1932_in_baseball "1932 in baseball")), and finally the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians") ([1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball "1933 in baseball")–[1935](/wiki/1935_in_baseball "1935 in baseball")). His managing record was 529–432, with his best team managed being in [1930](/wiki/1930_Washington_Senators_season "1930 Washington Senators season"), when the team finished 94–60, 8 games out of first place. In seven seasons, he had five winning seasons, with the only two losing seasons being at the beginning of his tenure with Washington and Cleveland, though his teams did not come close to winning the pennant, finishing 12 games behind in his last season. Johnson also served as a radio announcer on station [WJSV](/wiki/WFED "WFED") for the Senators during the [1939 season](/wiki/1939_in_baseball "1939 in baseball").For an example of a major league game broadcast by Johnson, listen to [Complete Broadcast Day (September 21, 1939\)](https://archive.org/details/CompleteBroadcastDay), selecting numbers 11 and 12 on the list of one\-hour segments. Retrieved January 31, 2014\.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Washington Senators (1907–1927\\)",
"Johnson was renowned as the premier [power pitcher](/wiki/Power_pitcher \"Power pitcher\") of his era. [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb \"Ty Cobb\") recalled his first encounter with the rookie fastballer:",
"{{blockquote\\|On August 2, 1907, I encountered the most threatening sight I ever saw in the ball field. He was a rookie, and we licked our lips as we warmed up for the first game of a doubleheader in Washington. Evidently, manager Pongo \\[\\[Joe Cantillon]] of the \\[\\[History of the Washington Senators\\|Nats]] had picked a rube out of the cornfields of the deepest bushes to pitch against us.... He was a tall, shambling galoot of about twenty, with arms so long they hung far out of his sleeves, and with a sidearm delivery that looked unimpressive at first glance.... One of the \\[\\[Detroit Tigers\\|Tigers]] imitated a cow mooing, and we hollered at Cantillon: 'Get the pitchfork ready, Joe—your hayseed's on his way back to the barn.'",
"... The first time I faced him, I watched him take that easy windup. And then something went past me that made me flinch. The thing just hissed with danger. We couldn't touch him.... Every one of us knew we'd met the most powerful arm ever turned loose in a ball park.{{cite book\\|first\\=Al\\|last\\=Stump\\|title\\=Cobb: A Biography\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cobb00alst\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|year\\=1994}}}}",
"In 1917, a [Bridgeport](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut \"Bridgeport, Connecticut\"), Connecticut, munitions laboratory recorded Johnson's fastball at 134 feet per second, which is equal to {{convert\\|91\\|mph\\|km/h\\|0}}, a velocity that may have been unmatched in his day, with the possible exception of [Smoky Joe Wood](/wiki/Smoky_Joe_Wood \"Smoky Joe Wood\"). Johnson, moreover, pitched with a sidearm motion, whereas power pitchers are usually known for pitching with a straight\\-overhand delivery. Johnson's motion was especially difficult for right\\-handed batters to follow, as the ball seemed to be coming from third base. His [pitching mechanics](/wiki/Pitch_%28baseball%29 \"Pitch (baseball)\") were superb, generating powerful rotation of his shoulders with excellent balance.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid\\=22656\\|title\\=Raising Aces: Classic Deliveries: Fade to Black and White\\|last\\=Doug Thorburn\\|date\\=January 24, 2014\\|publisher\\=Baseball Prospectus\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014}} In addition to his fastball, Johnson featured an occasional [curveball](/wiki/Curveball \"Curveball\") that he developed around 1913 or 1914\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=James\\|first1\\=Bill\\|last2\\=Neyer\\|first2\\=Rob\\|title\\=The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers: An Historical Compendium of Pitching, Pitchers, and Pitches\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7FfRLE6I5EEC\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014\\|date\\=June 16, 2008\\|publisher\\=Touchstone\\|isbn\\=9781439103777\\|page\\=270}} He batted and threw right\\-handed.",
"The overpowering fastball was the primary reason for Johnson's exceptional statistics, especially his fabled strikeout totals. Johnson's record total of 3,508{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/historical/leaders.jsp?c\\_id\\=mlb\\&baseballScope\\=mlb\\&statType\\=2\\&sortByStat\\=SO\\&timeFrame\\=3\\&timeSubFrame2\\=0\\|title\\=Sortable Player Stats\\|website\\=Major League Baseball}} strikeouts stood for more than 55 years until [Nolan Ryan](/wiki/Nolan_Ryan \"Nolan Ryan\"), [Steve Carlton](/wiki/Steve_Carlton \"Steve Carlton\"), and [Gaylord Perry](/wiki/Gaylord_Perry \"Gaylord Perry\") all surpassed it in that order during the [1983 season](/wiki/1983_in_baseball \"1983 in baseball\"). Johnson, as of 2023, ranks ninth on the all\\-time strikeout list,{{cite web\\|title\\=Career Leaders \\& Records for Strikeouts\\|publisher\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/SO\\_p\\_career.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2023}} but his total must be understood in its proper context of an era of much fewer strikeouts. Among his pre–World War II contemporaries, only two men finished within 1,000 strikeouts of Johnson: runner\\-up [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\") with 2,803 (705 strikeouts behind) and [Tim Keefe](/wiki/Tim_Keefe \"Tim Keefe\") at 2,562 (946 behind). [Bob Feller](/wiki/Bob_Feller \"Bob Feller\"), whose [war](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")\\-shortened career began in [1936](/wiki/1936_in_baseball \"1936 in baseball\"), later ended up with 2,581\\.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Walter Johnson in a 1909 portrait photograph](/wiki/File:1909_Walter_Johnson_by_Barr_Farnham.jpg \"1909 Walter Johnson by Barr Farnham.jpg\")",
"As a right\\-handed pitcher for the [Washington Nationals/Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\"), Walter Johnson won 417 games, [the second most by any pitcher in history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_wins_leaders \"List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders\") (after [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\"), who won 511\\). He and Young are the only pitchers to have won 400 games.{{cite web\\|title\\=Career Leaders \\& Records for Wins\\|publisher\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/W\\_career.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2011}}",
"In a 21\\-year career, Johnson had twelve 20\\-win seasons, including ten in a row. Twice, he topped 30 wins (33 in [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball \"1912 in baseball\") and 36 in [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball \"1913 in baseball\")).{{cite web\\|title\\=Walter Johnson\\|publisher\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/j/johnswa01\\.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2011}} Johnson's record includes 110 shutouts, the most in baseball history. Johnson had a 38–26 record in games decided by a 1–0 score;*Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records*, p.34, Kerry Banks, 2010, Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-55365\\-507\\-7}} both his wins and losses in these games are major league records. Johnson also lost 65 games because his teams failed to score a run. On September 4, 5 and 7, [1908](/wiki/1908_in_baseball \"1908 in baseball\"), he shut out the [New York Highlanders](/wiki/New_York_Highlanders \"New York Highlanders\") in three consecutive games.",
"Three times, Johnson won the [triple crown](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Triple_Crown \"Major League Baseball Triple Crown\") for pitchers (1913, [1918](/wiki/1918_in_baseball \"1918 in baseball\") and [1924](/wiki/1924_in_baseball \"1924 in baseball\")). Johnson twice won the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player \"Most Valuable Player\") Award (1913, 1924\\), a feat accomplished since by only two other pitchers, [Carl Hubbell](/wiki/Carl_Hubbell \"Carl Hubbell\") in [1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball \"1933 in baseball\") and 1936 and [Hal Newhouser](/wiki/Hal_Newhouser \"Hal Newhouser\") in [1944](/wiki/1944_in_baseball \"1944 in baseball\") and [1945](/wiki/1945_in_baseball \"1945 in baseball\").",
"His [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") of 1\\.14 in 1913 was the fourth\\-lowest ever at the time he recorded it; it remains the sixth\\-lowest today, despite having been surpassed by [Bob Gibson](/wiki/Bob_Gibson \"Bob Gibson\") in 1968 (1\\.12\\) for lowest ERA ever by a 300\\+ inning pitcher. It could have been lower if not for one of manager [Clark Griffith](/wiki/Clark_Griffith \"Clark Griffith\")'s traditions. For the last game of the season, Griffith often treated the fans to a farce game. Johnson actually played center field that game until he was brought in to pitch. He allowed two hits before he was taken out of the game. The next pitcher—who was actually a career catcher—allowed both runners to score. The official scorekeeper ignored the game, but later, Johnson was charged with those two runs, raising his ERA from 1\\.09 to 1\\.14\\. For the decade from 1910 to 1919, Johnson averaged 26 wins per season and had an overall ERA of 1\\.59\\.",
"Johnson won 36 games in 1913, 40% of the team's total wins for the season. In April and May, he pitched 55\\.2 consecutive scoreless innings, still the American League record and the third\\-longest streak in history. He won 25 games and lost 20 games in 1916, the last pitcher to win and lose 20 in a season until [knuckleballer](/wiki/Knuckleball \"Knuckleball\") [Wilbur Wood](/wiki/Wilbur_Wood \"Wilbur Wood\") did so in 1973\\.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1973/10/01/scorecard\\|title\\=Scorecard\\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated\\|date\\=October 1, 1973\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2020}} In May 1918, Johnson pitched 40 consecutive scoreless innings; he is the only pitcher with two such 40\\+ inning streaks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.baseball\\-almanac.com/recbooks/rb\\_ip.shtml\\|title\\=Innings Pitched Records by Baseball Almanac\\|website\\=www.baseball\\-almanac.com}}",
"Although he often pitched for losing teams during his career, Johnson finally led the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") to the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\") in 1924, his 18th year in the American League. Johnson lost the first and fifth games of the 1924 World Series, but became the hero by pitching four scoreless innings of relief in the seventh and deciding game, winning in the 12th inning. Washington returned to the World Series the following season, but Johnson's experience was close to the inverse: two early wins, followed by a game seven loss. On October 15, 1927, Johnson's request for an unconditional release from the club was granted.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=TNPMuseum\\|author\\=Nat'l Pastime Museum\\|number\\=787362908586053637\\|date\\=October 15, 2016\\|title\\=OTD 1927 \\#DC Senators grant pitching great Walter Johnson his release. Reluctantly. \\#MLB \\#Goodbyes}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|400px\\|President [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge \"Calvin Coolidge\") (left) and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson (right) shake hands.](/wiki/File:Walter_Johnson_and_Calvin_Coolidge_shake_hands_FINAL.jpg \"Walter Johnson and Calvin Coolidge shake hands FINAL.jpg\")\nJohnson's [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame \"Baseball Hall of Fame\") plaque reads that he pitched \"for many years with a losing team.\" While the Senators had only nine winning seasons during his career, they finished in the first division (i. e., fourth place or higher) 11 times, and the second division 10 times. In Johnson's first five seasons, Washington finished last twice and next\\-to\\-last three times. But they finished second in the American League in both [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball \"1912 in baseball\") and [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball \"1913 in baseball\"), which were Johnson's two 30\\-win seasons. Then, for the next decade, they typically finished in the middle of the pack before their back\\-to\\-back pennants.",
"Johnson was a good hitter for a pitcher, compiling a career [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") of .235, including a record .433 average in 1925\\. His 547 career hits are the most by a full\\-time pitcher. He also made 13 appearances in the [outfield](/wiki/Outfield \"Outfield\") during his career. He hit over .200 in 13 of his 21 seasons, hit three home runs in 1914, and hit 12 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") and a [triple](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\") in 130 at\\-bats in 1917\\. Johnson finished his career with 23 home runs as a pitcher (24 overall, including a [pinch\\-hit](/wiki/Pinch_hitter \"Pinch hitter\") home run in 1925\\), the [tenth\\-highest total for a pitcher in Major League history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_all-time_leaders_in_home_runs_by_pitchers \"List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2022}}",
"Johnson had a reputation as a kindly person, and made many friends in baseball. As reported in *The Glory of Their Times*, [Sam Crawford](/wiki/Sam_Crawford \"Sam Crawford\") was one of Johnson's good friends, and sometimes in non\\-critical situations, Johnson would ease up so Crawford would hit well against him. This would vex Crawford's teammate [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb \"Ty Cobb\"), who could not understand how Crawford could hit the great Johnson so well. Johnson was also friendly with [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth \"Babe Ruth\"), despite Ruth's having hit some of his longest home runs off him at [Griffith Stadium](/wiki/Griffith_Stadium \"Griffith Stadium\").",
"In [1928](/wiki/1928_in_baseball \"1928 in baseball\"), he began his career as a [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") in the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball \"Minor League Baseball\"), managing the [Newark Bears](/wiki/Newark_Bears_%28International_League%29 \"Newark Bears (International League)\") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"). He continued on to the major leagues, managing the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") ([1929](/wiki/1929_in_baseball \"1929 in baseball\")–[1932](/wiki/1932_in_baseball \"1932 in baseball\")), and finally the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\") ([1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball \"1933 in baseball\")–[1935](/wiki/1935_in_baseball \"1935 in baseball\")). His managing record was 529–432, with his best team managed being in [1930](/wiki/1930_Washington_Senators_season \"1930 Washington Senators season\"), when the team finished 94–60, 8 games out of first place. In seven seasons, he had five winning seasons, with the only two losing seasons being at the beginning of his tenure with Washington and Cleveland, though his teams did not come close to winning the pennant, finishing 12 games behind in his last season. Johnson also served as a radio announcer on station [WJSV](/wiki/WFED \"WFED\") for the Senators during the [1939 season](/wiki/1939_in_baseball \"1939 in baseball\").For an example of a major league game broadcast by Johnson, listen to [Complete Broadcast Day (September 21, 1939\\)](https://archive.org/details/CompleteBroadcastDay), selecting numbers 11 and 12 on the list of one\\-hour segments. Retrieved January 31, 2014\\.",
""
] |
### Washington Senators (1907–1927\)
Johnson was renowned as the premier [power pitcher](/wiki/Power_pitcher "Power pitcher") of his era. [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb "Ty Cobb") recalled his first encounter with the rookie fastballer:
{{blockquote\|On August 2, 1907, I encountered the most threatening sight I ever saw in the ball field. He was a rookie, and we licked our lips as we warmed up for the first game of a doubleheader in Washington. Evidently, manager Pongo \[\[Joe Cantillon]] of the \[\[History of the Washington Senators\|Nats]] had picked a rube out of the cornfields of the deepest bushes to pitch against us.... He was a tall, shambling galoot of about twenty, with arms so long they hung far out of his sleeves, and with a sidearm delivery that looked unimpressive at first glance.... One of the \[\[Detroit Tigers\|Tigers]] imitated a cow mooing, and we hollered at Cantillon: 'Get the pitchfork ready, Joe—your hayseed's on his way back to the barn.'
... The first time I faced him, I watched him take that easy windup. And then something went past me that made me flinch. The thing just hissed with danger. We couldn't touch him.... Every one of us knew we'd met the most powerful arm ever turned loose in a ball park.{{cite book\|first\=Al\|last\=Stump\|title\=Cobb: A Biography\|url\=https://archive.org/details/cobb00alst\|url\-access\=registration\|year\=1994}}}}
In 1917, a [Bridgeport](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut "Bridgeport, Connecticut"), Connecticut, munitions laboratory recorded Johnson's fastball at 134 feet per second, which is equal to {{convert\|91\|mph\|km/h\|0}}, a velocity that may have been unmatched in his day, with the possible exception of [Smoky Joe Wood](/wiki/Smoky_Joe_Wood "Smoky Joe Wood"). Johnson, moreover, pitched with a sidearm motion, whereas power pitchers are usually known for pitching with a straight\-overhand delivery. Johnson's motion was especially difficult for right\-handed batters to follow, as the ball seemed to be coming from third base. His [pitching mechanics](/wiki/Pitch_%28baseball%29 "Pitch (baseball)") were superb, generating powerful rotation of his shoulders with excellent balance.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid\=22656\|title\=Raising Aces: Classic Deliveries: Fade to Black and White\|last\=Doug Thorburn\|date\=January 24, 2014\|publisher\=Baseball Prospectus\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014}} In addition to his fastball, Johnson featured an occasional [curveball](/wiki/Curveball "Curveball") that he developed around 1913 or 1914\.{{cite book\|last1\=James\|first1\=Bill\|last2\=Neyer\|first2\=Rob\|title\=The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers: An Historical Compendium of Pitching, Pitchers, and Pitches\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7FfRLE6I5EEC\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014\|date\=June 16, 2008\|publisher\=Touchstone\|isbn\=9781439103777\|page\=270}} He batted and threw right\-handed.
The overpowering fastball was the primary reason for Johnson's exceptional statistics, especially his fabled strikeout totals. Johnson's record total of 3,508{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/historical/leaders.jsp?c\_id\=mlb\&baseballScope\=mlb\&statType\=2\&sortByStat\=SO\&timeFrame\=3\&timeSubFrame2\=0\|title\=Sortable Player Stats\|website\=Major League Baseball}} strikeouts stood for more than 55 years until [Nolan Ryan](/wiki/Nolan_Ryan "Nolan Ryan"), [Steve Carlton](/wiki/Steve_Carlton "Steve Carlton"), and [Gaylord Perry](/wiki/Gaylord_Perry "Gaylord Perry") all surpassed it in that order during the [1983 season](/wiki/1983_in_baseball "1983 in baseball"). Johnson, as of 2023, ranks ninth on the all\-time strikeout list,{{cite web\|title\=Career Leaders \& Records for Strikeouts\|publisher\=Baseball\-Reference\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/SO\_p\_career.shtml\|access\-date\=December 29, 2023}} but his total must be understood in its proper context of an era of much fewer strikeouts. Among his pre–World War II contemporaries, only two men finished within 1,000 strikeouts of Johnson: runner\-up [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young "Cy Young") with 2,803 (705 strikeouts behind) and [Tim Keefe](/wiki/Tim_Keefe "Tim Keefe") at 2,562 (946 behind). [Bob Feller](/wiki/Bob_Feller "Bob Feller"), whose [war](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")\-shortened career began in [1936](/wiki/1936_in_baseball "1936 in baseball"), later ended up with 2,581\.
[left\|thumb\|Walter Johnson in a 1909 portrait photograph](/wiki/File:1909_Walter_Johnson_by_Barr_Farnham.jpg "1909 Walter Johnson by Barr Farnham.jpg")
As a right\-handed pitcher for the [Washington Nationals/Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins"), Walter Johnson won 417 games, [the second most by any pitcher in history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_wins_leaders "List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders") (after [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young "Cy Young"), who won 511\). He and Young are the only pitchers to have won 400 games.{{cite web\|title\=Career Leaders \& Records for Wins\|publisher\=Baseball\-Reference\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/W\_career.shtml\|access\-date\=January 12, 2011}}
In a 21\-year career, Johnson had twelve 20\-win seasons, including ten in a row. Twice, he topped 30 wins (33 in [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball "1912 in baseball") and 36 in [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball "1913 in baseball")).{{cite web\|title\=Walter Johnson\|publisher\=Baseball\-Reference\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/j/johnswa01\.shtml\|access\-date\=January 12, 2011}} Johnson's record includes 110 shutouts, the most in baseball history. Johnson had a 38–26 record in games decided by a 1–0 score;*Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records*, p.34, Kerry Banks, 2010, Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-55365\-507\-7}} both his wins and losses in these games are major league records. Johnson also lost 65 games because his teams failed to score a run. On September 4, 5 and 7, [1908](/wiki/1908_in_baseball "1908 in baseball"), he shut out the [New York Highlanders](/wiki/New_York_Highlanders "New York Highlanders") in three consecutive games.
Three times, Johnson won the [triple crown](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Triple_Crown "Major League Baseball Triple Crown") for pitchers (1913, [1918](/wiki/1918_in_baseball "1918 in baseball") and [1924](/wiki/1924_in_baseball "1924 in baseball")). Johnson twice won the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player "Most Valuable Player") Award (1913, 1924\), a feat accomplished since by only two other pitchers, [Carl Hubbell](/wiki/Carl_Hubbell "Carl Hubbell") in [1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball "1933 in baseball") and 1936 and [Hal Newhouser](/wiki/Hal_Newhouser "Hal Newhouser") in [1944](/wiki/1944_in_baseball "1944 in baseball") and [1945](/wiki/1945_in_baseball "1945 in baseball").
His [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") of 1\.14 in 1913 was the fourth\-lowest ever at the time he recorded it; it remains the sixth\-lowest today, despite having been surpassed by [Bob Gibson](/wiki/Bob_Gibson "Bob Gibson") in 1968 (1\.12\) for lowest ERA ever by a 300\+ inning pitcher. It could have been lower if not for one of manager [Clark Griffith](/wiki/Clark_Griffith "Clark Griffith")'s traditions. For the last game of the season, Griffith often treated the fans to a farce game. Johnson actually played center field that game until he was brought in to pitch. He allowed two hits before he was taken out of the game. The next pitcher—who was actually a career catcher—allowed both runners to score. The official scorekeeper ignored the game, but later, Johnson was charged with those two runs, raising his ERA from 1\.09 to 1\.14\. For the decade from 1910 to 1919, Johnson averaged 26 wins per season and had an overall ERA of 1\.59\.
Johnson won 36 games in 1913, 40% of the team's total wins for the season. In April and May, he pitched 55\.2 consecutive scoreless innings, still the American League record and the third\-longest streak in history. He won 25 games and lost 20 games in 1916, the last pitcher to win and lose 20 in a season until [knuckleballer](/wiki/Knuckleball "Knuckleball") [Wilbur Wood](/wiki/Wilbur_Wood "Wilbur Wood") did so in 1973\.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1973/10/01/scorecard\|title\=Scorecard\|magazine\=Sports Illustrated\|date\=October 1, 1973\|access\-date\=November 24, 2020}} In May 1918, Johnson pitched 40 consecutive scoreless innings; he is the only pitcher with two such 40\+ inning streaks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.baseball\-almanac.com/recbooks/rb\_ip.shtml\|title\=Innings Pitched Records by Baseball Almanac\|website\=www.baseball\-almanac.com}}
Although he often pitched for losing teams during his career, Johnson finally led the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") to the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series") in 1924, his 18th year in the American League. Johnson lost the first and fifth games of the 1924 World Series, but became the hero by pitching four scoreless innings of relief in the seventh and deciding game, winning in the 12th inning. Washington returned to the World Series the following season, but Johnson's experience was close to the inverse: two early wins, followed by a game seven loss. On October 15, 1927, Johnson's request for an unconditional release from the club was granted.{{cite tweet\|user\=TNPMuseum\|author\=Nat'l Pastime Museum\|number\=787362908586053637\|date\=October 15, 2016\|title\=OTD 1927 \#DC Senators grant pitching great Walter Johnson his release. Reluctantly. \#MLB \#Goodbyes}}
[thumb\|right\|400px\|President [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge") (left) and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson (right) shake hands.](/wiki/File:Walter_Johnson_and_Calvin_Coolidge_shake_hands_FINAL.jpg "Walter Johnson and Calvin Coolidge shake hands FINAL.jpg")
Johnson's [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame "Baseball Hall of Fame") plaque reads that he pitched "for many years with a losing team." While the Senators had only nine winning seasons during his career, they finished in the first division (i. e., fourth place or higher) 11 times, and the second division 10 times. In Johnson's first five seasons, Washington finished last twice and next\-to\-last three times. But they finished second in the American League in both [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball "1912 in baseball") and [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball "1913 in baseball"), which were Johnson's two 30\-win seasons. Then, for the next decade, they typically finished in the middle of the pack before their back\-to\-back pennants.
Johnson was a good hitter for a pitcher, compiling a career [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") of .235, including a record .433 average in 1925\. His 547 career hits are the most by a full\-time pitcher. He also made 13 appearances in the [outfield](/wiki/Outfield "Outfield") during his career. He hit over .200 in 13 of his 21 seasons, hit three home runs in 1914, and hit 12 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") and a [triple](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)") in 130 at\-bats in 1917\. Johnson finished his career with 23 home runs as a pitcher (24 overall, including a [pinch\-hit](/wiki/Pinch_hitter "Pinch hitter") home run in 1925\), the [tenth\-highest total for a pitcher in Major League history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_all-time_leaders_in_home_runs_by_pitchers "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers").{{citation needed\|date\=July 2022}}
Johnson had a reputation as a kindly person, and made many friends in baseball. As reported in *The Glory of Their Times*, [Sam Crawford](/wiki/Sam_Crawford "Sam Crawford") was one of Johnson's good friends, and sometimes in non\-critical situations, Johnson would ease up so Crawford would hit well against him. This would vex Crawford's teammate [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb "Ty Cobb"), who could not understand how Crawford could hit the great Johnson so well. Johnson was also friendly with [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth "Babe Ruth"), despite Ruth's having hit some of his longest home runs off him at [Griffith Stadium](/wiki/Griffith_Stadium "Griffith Stadium").
In [1928](/wiki/1928_in_baseball "1928 in baseball"), he began his career as a [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") in the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball"), managing the [Newark Bears](/wiki/Newark_Bears_%28International_League%29 "Newark Bears (International League)") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"). He continued on to the major leagues, managing the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") ([1929](/wiki/1929_in_baseball "1929 in baseball")–[1932](/wiki/1932_in_baseball "1932 in baseball")), and finally the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians") ([1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball "1933 in baseball")–[1935](/wiki/1935_in_baseball "1935 in baseball")). His managing record was 529–432, with his best team managed being in [1930](/wiki/1930_Washington_Senators_season "1930 Washington Senators season"), when the team finished 94–60, 8 games out of first place. In seven seasons, he had five winning seasons, with the only two losing seasons being at the beginning of his tenure with Washington and Cleveland, though his teams did not come close to winning the pennant, finishing 12 games behind in his last season. Johnson also served as a radio announcer on station [WJSV](/wiki/WFED "WFED") for the Senators during the [1939 season](/wiki/1939_in_baseball "1939 in baseball").For an example of a major league game broadcast by Johnson, listen to [Complete Broadcast Day (September 21, 1939\)](https://archive.org/details/CompleteBroadcastDay), selecting numbers 11 and 12 on the list of one\-hour segments. Retrieved January 31, 2014\.
|
[
"### Washington Senators (1907–1927\\)",
"Johnson was renowned as the premier [power pitcher](/wiki/Power_pitcher \"Power pitcher\") of his era. [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb \"Ty Cobb\") recalled his first encounter with the rookie fastballer:",
"{{blockquote\\|On August 2, 1907, I encountered the most threatening sight I ever saw in the ball field. He was a rookie, and we licked our lips as we warmed up for the first game of a doubleheader in Washington. Evidently, manager Pongo \\[\\[Joe Cantillon]] of the \\[\\[History of the Washington Senators\\|Nats]] had picked a rube out of the cornfields of the deepest bushes to pitch against us.... He was a tall, shambling galoot of about twenty, with arms so long they hung far out of his sleeves, and with a sidearm delivery that looked unimpressive at first glance.... One of the \\[\\[Detroit Tigers\\|Tigers]] imitated a cow mooing, and we hollered at Cantillon: 'Get the pitchfork ready, Joe—your hayseed's on his way back to the barn.'",
"... The first time I faced him, I watched him take that easy windup. And then something went past me that made me flinch. The thing just hissed with danger. We couldn't touch him.... Every one of us knew we'd met the most powerful arm ever turned loose in a ball park.{{cite book\\|first\\=Al\\|last\\=Stump\\|title\\=Cobb: A Biography\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cobb00alst\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|year\\=1994}}}}",
"In 1917, a [Bridgeport](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut \"Bridgeport, Connecticut\"), Connecticut, munitions laboratory recorded Johnson's fastball at 134 feet per second, which is equal to {{convert\\|91\\|mph\\|km/h\\|0}}, a velocity that may have been unmatched in his day, with the possible exception of [Smoky Joe Wood](/wiki/Smoky_Joe_Wood \"Smoky Joe Wood\"). Johnson, moreover, pitched with a sidearm motion, whereas power pitchers are usually known for pitching with a straight\\-overhand delivery. Johnson's motion was especially difficult for right\\-handed batters to follow, as the ball seemed to be coming from third base. His [pitching mechanics](/wiki/Pitch_%28baseball%29 \"Pitch (baseball)\") were superb, generating powerful rotation of his shoulders with excellent balance.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid\\=22656\\|title\\=Raising Aces: Classic Deliveries: Fade to Black and White\\|last\\=Doug Thorburn\\|date\\=January 24, 2014\\|publisher\\=Baseball Prospectus\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014}} In addition to his fastball, Johnson featured an occasional [curveball](/wiki/Curveball \"Curveball\") that he developed around 1913 or 1914\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=James\\|first1\\=Bill\\|last2\\=Neyer\\|first2\\=Rob\\|title\\=The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers: An Historical Compendium of Pitching, Pitchers, and Pitches\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7FfRLE6I5EEC\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014\\|date\\=June 16, 2008\\|publisher\\=Touchstone\\|isbn\\=9781439103777\\|page\\=270}} He batted and threw right\\-handed.",
"The overpowering fastball was the primary reason for Johnson's exceptional statistics, especially his fabled strikeout totals. Johnson's record total of 3,508{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/historical/leaders.jsp?c\\_id\\=mlb\\&baseballScope\\=mlb\\&statType\\=2\\&sortByStat\\=SO\\&timeFrame\\=3\\&timeSubFrame2\\=0\\|title\\=Sortable Player Stats\\|website\\=Major League Baseball}} strikeouts stood for more than 55 years until [Nolan Ryan](/wiki/Nolan_Ryan \"Nolan Ryan\"), [Steve Carlton](/wiki/Steve_Carlton \"Steve Carlton\"), and [Gaylord Perry](/wiki/Gaylord_Perry \"Gaylord Perry\") all surpassed it in that order during the [1983 season](/wiki/1983_in_baseball \"1983 in baseball\"). Johnson, as of 2023, ranks ninth on the all\\-time strikeout list,{{cite web\\|title\\=Career Leaders \\& Records for Strikeouts\\|publisher\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/SO\\_p\\_career.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2023}} but his total must be understood in its proper context of an era of much fewer strikeouts. Among his pre–World War II contemporaries, only two men finished within 1,000 strikeouts of Johnson: runner\\-up [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\") with 2,803 (705 strikeouts behind) and [Tim Keefe](/wiki/Tim_Keefe \"Tim Keefe\") at 2,562 (946 behind). [Bob Feller](/wiki/Bob_Feller \"Bob Feller\"), whose [war](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")\\-shortened career began in [1936](/wiki/1936_in_baseball \"1936 in baseball\"), later ended up with 2,581\\.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Walter Johnson in a 1909 portrait photograph](/wiki/File:1909_Walter_Johnson_by_Barr_Farnham.jpg \"1909 Walter Johnson by Barr Farnham.jpg\")",
"As a right\\-handed pitcher for the [Washington Nationals/Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\"), Walter Johnson won 417 games, [the second most by any pitcher in history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_wins_leaders \"List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders\") (after [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\"), who won 511\\). He and Young are the only pitchers to have won 400 games.{{cite web\\|title\\=Career Leaders \\& Records for Wins\\|publisher\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/W\\_career.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2011}}",
"In a 21\\-year career, Johnson had twelve 20\\-win seasons, including ten in a row. Twice, he topped 30 wins (33 in [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball \"1912 in baseball\") and 36 in [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball \"1913 in baseball\")).{{cite web\\|title\\=Walter Johnson\\|publisher\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/j/johnswa01\\.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2011}} Johnson's record includes 110 shutouts, the most in baseball history. Johnson had a 38–26 record in games decided by a 1–0 score;*Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records*, p.34, Kerry Banks, 2010, Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-55365\\-507\\-7}} both his wins and losses in these games are major league records. Johnson also lost 65 games because his teams failed to score a run. On September 4, 5 and 7, [1908](/wiki/1908_in_baseball \"1908 in baseball\"), he shut out the [New York Highlanders](/wiki/New_York_Highlanders \"New York Highlanders\") in three consecutive games.",
"Three times, Johnson won the [triple crown](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Triple_Crown \"Major League Baseball Triple Crown\") for pitchers (1913, [1918](/wiki/1918_in_baseball \"1918 in baseball\") and [1924](/wiki/1924_in_baseball \"1924 in baseball\")). Johnson twice won the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player \"Most Valuable Player\") Award (1913, 1924\\), a feat accomplished since by only two other pitchers, [Carl Hubbell](/wiki/Carl_Hubbell \"Carl Hubbell\") in [1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball \"1933 in baseball\") and 1936 and [Hal Newhouser](/wiki/Hal_Newhouser \"Hal Newhouser\") in [1944](/wiki/1944_in_baseball \"1944 in baseball\") and [1945](/wiki/1945_in_baseball \"1945 in baseball\").",
"His [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") of 1\\.14 in 1913 was the fourth\\-lowest ever at the time he recorded it; it remains the sixth\\-lowest today, despite having been surpassed by [Bob Gibson](/wiki/Bob_Gibson \"Bob Gibson\") in 1968 (1\\.12\\) for lowest ERA ever by a 300\\+ inning pitcher. It could have been lower if not for one of manager [Clark Griffith](/wiki/Clark_Griffith \"Clark Griffith\")'s traditions. For the last game of the season, Griffith often treated the fans to a farce game. Johnson actually played center field that game until he was brought in to pitch. He allowed two hits before he was taken out of the game. The next pitcher—who was actually a career catcher—allowed both runners to score. The official scorekeeper ignored the game, but later, Johnson was charged with those two runs, raising his ERA from 1\\.09 to 1\\.14\\. For the decade from 1910 to 1919, Johnson averaged 26 wins per season and had an overall ERA of 1\\.59\\.",
"Johnson won 36 games in 1913, 40% of the team's total wins for the season. In April and May, he pitched 55\\.2 consecutive scoreless innings, still the American League record and the third\\-longest streak in history. He won 25 games and lost 20 games in 1916, the last pitcher to win and lose 20 in a season until [knuckleballer](/wiki/Knuckleball \"Knuckleball\") [Wilbur Wood](/wiki/Wilbur_Wood \"Wilbur Wood\") did so in 1973\\.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1973/10/01/scorecard\\|title\\=Scorecard\\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated\\|date\\=October 1, 1973\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2020}} In May 1918, Johnson pitched 40 consecutive scoreless innings; he is the only pitcher with two such 40\\+ inning streaks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.baseball\\-almanac.com/recbooks/rb\\_ip.shtml\\|title\\=Innings Pitched Records by Baseball Almanac\\|website\\=www.baseball\\-almanac.com}}",
"Although he often pitched for losing teams during his career, Johnson finally led the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") to the [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\") in 1924, his 18th year in the American League. Johnson lost the first and fifth games of the 1924 World Series, but became the hero by pitching four scoreless innings of relief in the seventh and deciding game, winning in the 12th inning. Washington returned to the World Series the following season, but Johnson's experience was close to the inverse: two early wins, followed by a game seven loss. On October 15, 1927, Johnson's request for an unconditional release from the club was granted.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=TNPMuseum\\|author\\=Nat'l Pastime Museum\\|number\\=787362908586053637\\|date\\=October 15, 2016\\|title\\=OTD 1927 \\#DC Senators grant pitching great Walter Johnson his release. Reluctantly. \\#MLB \\#Goodbyes}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|400px\\|President [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge \"Calvin Coolidge\") (left) and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson (right) shake hands.](/wiki/File:Walter_Johnson_and_Calvin_Coolidge_shake_hands_FINAL.jpg \"Walter Johnson and Calvin Coolidge shake hands FINAL.jpg\")\nJohnson's [Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame \"Baseball Hall of Fame\") plaque reads that he pitched \"for many years with a losing team.\" While the Senators had only nine winning seasons during his career, they finished in the first division (i. e., fourth place or higher) 11 times, and the second division 10 times. In Johnson's first five seasons, Washington finished last twice and next\\-to\\-last three times. But they finished second in the American League in both [1912](/wiki/1912_in_baseball \"1912 in baseball\") and [1913](/wiki/1913_in_baseball \"1913 in baseball\"), which were Johnson's two 30\\-win seasons. Then, for the next decade, they typically finished in the middle of the pack before their back\\-to\\-back pennants.",
"Johnson was a good hitter for a pitcher, compiling a career [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") of .235, including a record .433 average in 1925\\. His 547 career hits are the most by a full\\-time pitcher. He also made 13 appearances in the [outfield](/wiki/Outfield \"Outfield\") during his career. He hit over .200 in 13 of his 21 seasons, hit three home runs in 1914, and hit 12 [doubles](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") and a [triple](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\") in 130 at\\-bats in 1917\\. Johnson finished his career with 23 home runs as a pitcher (24 overall, including a [pinch\\-hit](/wiki/Pinch_hitter \"Pinch hitter\") home run in 1925\\), the [tenth\\-highest total for a pitcher in Major League history](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_all-time_leaders_in_home_runs_by_pitchers \"List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2022}}",
"Johnson had a reputation as a kindly person, and made many friends in baseball. As reported in *The Glory of Their Times*, [Sam Crawford](/wiki/Sam_Crawford \"Sam Crawford\") was one of Johnson's good friends, and sometimes in non\\-critical situations, Johnson would ease up so Crawford would hit well against him. This would vex Crawford's teammate [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb \"Ty Cobb\"), who could not understand how Crawford could hit the great Johnson so well. Johnson was also friendly with [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth \"Babe Ruth\"), despite Ruth's having hit some of his longest home runs off him at [Griffith Stadium](/wiki/Griffith_Stadium \"Griffith Stadium\").",
"In [1928](/wiki/1928_in_baseball \"1928 in baseball\"), he began his career as a [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") in the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball \"Minor League Baseball\"), managing the [Newark Bears](/wiki/Newark_Bears_%28International_League%29 \"Newark Bears (International League)\") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"). He continued on to the major leagues, managing the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") ([1929](/wiki/1929_in_baseball \"1929 in baseball\")–[1932](/wiki/1932_in_baseball \"1932 in baseball\")), and finally the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\") ([1933](/wiki/1933_in_baseball \"1933 in baseball\")–[1935](/wiki/1935_in_baseball \"1935 in baseball\")). His managing record was 529–432, with his best team managed being in [1930](/wiki/1930_Washington_Senators_season \"1930 Washington Senators season\"), when the team finished 94–60, 8 games out of first place. In seven seasons, he had five winning seasons, with the only two losing seasons being at the beginning of his tenure with Washington and Cleveland, though his teams did not come close to winning the pennant, finishing 12 games behind in his last season. Johnson also served as a radio announcer on station [WJSV](/wiki/WFED \"WFED\") for the Senators during the [1939 season](/wiki/1939_in_baseball \"1939 in baseball\").For an example of a major league game broadcast by Johnson, listen to [Complete Broadcast Day (September 21, 1939\\)](https://archive.org/details/CompleteBroadcastDay), selecting numbers 11 and 12 on the list of one\\-hour segments. Retrieved January 31, 2014\\.",
""
] |
Buildings
---------
In 1786 the [Earl of Fingall](/wiki/Earl_of_Fingall "Earl of Fingall"), the squire of [Woolhampton](/wiki/Woolhampton "Woolhampton") sold his Woolhampton estate and moved to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"). His family had been [recusant](/wiki/Recusancy "Recusancy") Roman Catholics and had maintained a chapel and chaplain at Woolhampton House (now [Elstree School](/wiki/Elstree_School "Elstree School")). On leaving the neighbourhood he left his chaplain to minister to the local Roman Catholics and endowed him with some {{convert\|7\|acre\|m2}} of lands and some cottages. Three of these cottages stood on the site of the entrance tower, and in one of these, Woolhampton Lodge, the priest lived and had a chapel.
The oldest part of the current buildings date from around 1830\. The main entrance and tower were constructed in 1888 in the Tudor Gothic style; the architect was [Frederick Walters](/wiki/Frederick_Walters "Frederick Walters"). In 1829 Fr Stephen Dambrine was appointed to Woolhampton. He embarked on a building programme which included a chapel in the [Gothic style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture") opened in 1833 to replace the chapel in Woolhampton Lodge, and which itself was replaced by the present St Mary's in 1848\.
The cricket pavilion was built in 1922 to honour the 56 Old Boys of both Douai and St Mary's College who were killed in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War").
In the early years at Woolhampton, the school was seen as an appendage to the monastery and it was only with the foundation of a separate abbey church in the 1930s and the creation of distinct school and monastic refectories in 1944 that a degree of separation emerged. The Monastery was greatly expanded in the 1960s with the building of the new monastery designed by [Sir Frederick Gibberd](/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Gibberd "Sir Frederick Gibberd").
Haydock Hall, the study hall, was briefly converted into a film set for the shooting of the dormitory scenes in the 1990 film *[Three Men and a Little Lady](/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Little_Lady "Three Men and a Little Lady")*.*The English Benedictine Community of St Edmund King and Martyr*, edited by Geoffrey Scott, p. 149\.[Locations](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098966/locations) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195724/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098966/locations \|date\=22 February 2017 }} in *Three Men and a Little Lady* listed on IMDb.com. Accessed 5 March 2008\. The former school buildings were also used as a location for the 2002 television film of *[Goodbye, Mr. Chips](/wiki/Goodbye%2C_Mr._Chips%232002_TV_movie "Goodbye, Mr. Chips#2002 TV movie")*.[Goodbye, Mr. Chips on imdb.com](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0327804/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126215414/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0327804/ \|date\=26 January 2018 }}. Accessed 5 March 2008\.
After the closure of the School, the site was developed by Bewley Homes. The theatre block, swimming pool, science laboratories and Ditcham house were demolished, and were replaced by new housing. The main school buildings were redeveloped as private housing.
The gatehouse, hall and three blocks of buildings are grade II\* listed.{{cite web\|title\=Douai Abbey Church, Woolhampton\|url\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-39694\-douai\-abbey\-church\-woolhampton\|publisher\=British Listed Buildings\|access\-date\=17 June 2011}}{{cite web\|title\=Gatehouse and Flanking Blocks at Douai School, Woolhampton\|url\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-39689\-gatehouse\-and\-flanking\-blocks\-at\-douai\-sc\|publisher\=British Listed Buildings\|access\-date\=17 June 2011\|archive\-date\=29 September 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929183643/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-39689\-gatehouse\-and\-flanking\-blocks\-at\-douai\-sc\|url\-status\=live}}
In July 2017, a clubhouse for Old Boys and a museum was opened on the site of the former cricket pavilion.{{cite web\|title\=Douai Park Recreation Association\|url\=https://www.douaipark.org.uk\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|archive\-date\=10 February 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002241/https://www.douaipark.org.uk/\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Buildings\n---------",
"In 1786 the [Earl of Fingall](/wiki/Earl_of_Fingall \"Earl of Fingall\"), the squire of [Woolhampton](/wiki/Woolhampton \"Woolhampton\") sold his Woolhampton estate and moved to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"). His family had been [recusant](/wiki/Recusancy \"Recusancy\") Roman Catholics and had maintained a chapel and chaplain at Woolhampton House (now [Elstree School](/wiki/Elstree_School \"Elstree School\")). On leaving the neighbourhood he left his chaplain to minister to the local Roman Catholics and endowed him with some {{convert\\|7\\|acre\\|m2}} of lands and some cottages. Three of these cottages stood on the site of the entrance tower, and in one of these, Woolhampton Lodge, the priest lived and had a chapel.",
"The oldest part of the current buildings date from around 1830\\. The main entrance and tower were constructed in 1888 in the Tudor Gothic style; the architect was [Frederick Walters](/wiki/Frederick_Walters \"Frederick Walters\"). In 1829 Fr Stephen Dambrine was appointed to Woolhampton. He embarked on a building programme which included a chapel in the [Gothic style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") opened in 1833 to replace the chapel in Woolhampton Lodge, and which itself was replaced by the present St Mary's in 1848\\.",
"The cricket pavilion was built in 1922 to honour the 56 Old Boys of both Douai and St Mary's College who were killed in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\").",
"In the early years at Woolhampton, the school was seen as an appendage to the monastery and it was only with the foundation of a separate abbey church in the 1930s and the creation of distinct school and monastic refectories in 1944 that a degree of separation emerged. The Monastery was greatly expanded in the 1960s with the building of the new monastery designed by [Sir Frederick Gibberd](/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Gibberd \"Sir Frederick Gibberd\").",
"Haydock Hall, the study hall, was briefly converted into a film set for the shooting of the dormitory scenes in the 1990 film *[Three Men and a Little Lady](/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Little_Lady \"Three Men and a Little Lady\")*.*The English Benedictine Community of St Edmund King and Martyr*, edited by Geoffrey Scott, p. 149\\.[Locations](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098966/locations) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195724/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098966/locations \\|date\\=22 February 2017 }} in *Three Men and a Little Lady* listed on IMDb.com. Accessed 5 March 2008\\. The former school buildings were also used as a location for the 2002 television film of *[Goodbye, Mr. Chips](/wiki/Goodbye%2C_Mr._Chips%232002_TV_movie \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips#2002 TV movie\")*.[Goodbye, Mr. Chips on imdb.com](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0327804/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126215414/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0327804/ \\|date\\=26 January 2018 }}. Accessed 5 March 2008\\.",
"After the closure of the School, the site was developed by Bewley Homes. The theatre block, swimming pool, science laboratories and Ditcham house were demolished, and were replaced by new housing. The main school buildings were redeveloped as private housing.",
"The gatehouse, hall and three blocks of buildings are grade II\\* listed.{{cite web\\|title\\=Douai Abbey Church, Woolhampton\\|url\\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-39694\\-douai\\-abbey\\-church\\-woolhampton\\|publisher\\=British Listed Buildings\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2011}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Gatehouse and Flanking Blocks at Douai School, Woolhampton\\|url\\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-39689\\-gatehouse\\-and\\-flanking\\-blocks\\-at\\-douai\\-sc\\|publisher\\=British Listed Buildings\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929183643/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-39689\\-gatehouse\\-and\\-flanking\\-blocks\\-at\\-douai\\-sc\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In July 2017, a clubhouse for Old Boys and a museum was opened on the site of the former cricket pavilion.{{cite web\\|title\\=Douai Park Recreation Association\\|url\\=https://www.douaipark.org.uk\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002241/https://www.douaipark.org.uk/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Prathap is a police officer in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore") who lives with his sister Lakshmi and are raised by Pratap's superior Chowdhary as his own children. One day, Prathap and Chowdhary investigates the murder of a person named Dheerajlal where they find a diary. Prathap reads the diary which depicts that Dheerajlal's real name is Shankaralal and had associated with Rathanlal and his friend Peter, who run a [child trafficking](/wiki/Child_trafficking "Child trafficking") racket. Shankarlal felt guilty by witnessing the child trafficking activities, including a child, who became a victim of an [acid attack](/wiki/Acid_attack "Acid attack") by Rathanlal and Peter. Shankarlal realized his mistake and had left the gang to lead a peaceful life after witnessing the boy reunited with his father.
Learning this, Prathap seeks Chowdhary's approval to go [undercover](/wiki/Undercover_officer "Undercover officer") in catching the gangs involved in the racket. Though reluctant, Chowdhary accepts. Prathap leaves for [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") and meets Nandanlal from the [Mumbai Police](/wiki/Mumbai_Police "Mumbai Police") department, who reveals that Rathanlal and Peter died in an accident 25 years ago. At night, Prathap meets his new superior Chakravarthy where he learns that [Inspector](/wiki/Inspector "Inspector") Gopal Rao, Chakravarthy's close friend, was assigned to catch Rathanlal and Peter. Gopal Rao was also keen to catch Rathanlal and Peter as the boy, who was the victim of the acid attack by Rathanlal and Peter, was his son. Gopal Rao successfully catches them. While transporting them to prison, the trio died in an accident.
Prathap also reveals to Chakravarthy that Nandanlal is actually connected to Shankarlal as Nandanlal's house address matches Shankarlal's address. While leaving, Prathap is captured by crime bosses named Robert and Jeevanlal, who demands to know about the reason for asking about Rathanlal and Peter, but Prathap doesn't budge where he also finds that Nandanlal is in cahoots with Jeevanlal and Robert. Prathap creates a lie in order to escape from getting killed by them, where he joins the gang and meets his girlfriend Rekha and they renew their relationship. Prathap learns about modes and operations of the gang, but his lie gets exposed. Jeevanlal and Robert tries to kill Prathap, but Prathap reveals about Shankarlal's diary and manages to save himself.
Nandanlal meets Prathap where he reveals himself as Shankarlal's son and demands to know about his father. Prathap ask him about Rathanlal and Peter, where Nandanlal reveals that Jeevanlal and Robert are actually Rathanlal and Peter, who had faked their deaths after killing Gopal Rao in a car accident. Prathap reveals Shankarlal's death orchestrated by Ratanlal/Jeevanlal and Peter/Robert. Enraged, Nandanlal heads to kill them, but Prathap stops and tells him not to act hastingly, where he escapes with Nandanlal's help. Nandanlal couldn't control his anger and kills Peter/Robert for killing Shankarlal, but is later killed by Ratanlal/Jeevanlal. Prathap meets Chakravarthy where he reveals his report and decide to swarm their hideout, but learns that Lakshmi has arrived in Mumbai to meet him.
Lakshmi is confrontated by Ratanlal/Jeevanlal's son Vijay (who had previously confronted Lakshmi) and tries to molest her, but is killed by Lakshmi. Vijay's friends take her to Ratanlal/Jeevanlal. Prathap heads to meet Ratanlal/Jeevanlal where he finds Lakshmi killed. Enraged, Prathap attacks Ratanlal/Jeevanlal's associates and confronts Ratanlal/Jeevanlal, where he reveals about Gopal Rao's son, whose family suffered due to the acid attack. Prathap reveals that he is Gopal Rao's son by removing his [face mask](/wiki/Plastic_surgery "Plastic surgery"). Prathap thrashes a frightened Ratanlal/Jeevanlal, who soon dies. Chakravarthy, along with his team and Rekha are frightened to see Prathap, who leaves the hideout.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Prathap is a police officer in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\") who lives with his sister Lakshmi and are raised by Pratap's superior Chowdhary as his own children. One day, Prathap and Chowdhary investigates the murder of a person named Dheerajlal where they find a diary. Prathap reads the diary which depicts that Dheerajlal's real name is Shankaralal and had associated with Rathanlal and his friend Peter, who run a [child trafficking](/wiki/Child_trafficking \"Child trafficking\") racket. Shankarlal felt guilty by witnessing the child trafficking activities, including a child, who became a victim of an [acid attack](/wiki/Acid_attack \"Acid attack\") by Rathanlal and Peter. Shankarlal realized his mistake and had left the gang to lead a peaceful life after witnessing the boy reunited with his father.",
"Learning this, Prathap seeks Chowdhary's approval to go [undercover](/wiki/Undercover_officer \"Undercover officer\") in catching the gangs involved in the racket. Though reluctant, Chowdhary accepts. Prathap leaves for [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\") and meets Nandanlal from the [Mumbai Police](/wiki/Mumbai_Police \"Mumbai Police\") department, who reveals that Rathanlal and Peter died in an accident 25 years ago. At night, Prathap meets his new superior Chakravarthy where he learns that [Inspector](/wiki/Inspector \"Inspector\") Gopal Rao, Chakravarthy's close friend, was assigned to catch Rathanlal and Peter. Gopal Rao was also keen to catch Rathanlal and Peter as the boy, who was the victim of the acid attack by Rathanlal and Peter, was his son. Gopal Rao successfully catches them. While transporting them to prison, the trio died in an accident.",
"Prathap also reveals to Chakravarthy that Nandanlal is actually connected to Shankarlal as Nandanlal's house address matches Shankarlal's address. While leaving, Prathap is captured by crime bosses named Robert and Jeevanlal, who demands to know about the reason for asking about Rathanlal and Peter, but Prathap doesn't budge where he also finds that Nandanlal is in cahoots with Jeevanlal and Robert. Prathap creates a lie in order to escape from getting killed by them, where he joins the gang and meets his girlfriend Rekha and they renew their relationship. Prathap learns about modes and operations of the gang, but his lie gets exposed. Jeevanlal and Robert tries to kill Prathap, but Prathap reveals about Shankarlal's diary and manages to save himself.",
"Nandanlal meets Prathap where he reveals himself as Shankarlal's son and demands to know about his father. Prathap ask him about Rathanlal and Peter, where Nandanlal reveals that Jeevanlal and Robert are actually Rathanlal and Peter, who had faked their deaths after killing Gopal Rao in a car accident. Prathap reveals Shankarlal's death orchestrated by Ratanlal/Jeevanlal and Peter/Robert. Enraged, Nandanlal heads to kill them, but Prathap stops and tells him not to act hastingly, where he escapes with Nandanlal's help. Nandanlal couldn't control his anger and kills Peter/Robert for killing Shankarlal, but is later killed by Ratanlal/Jeevanlal. Prathap meets Chakravarthy where he reveals his report and decide to swarm their hideout, but learns that Lakshmi has arrived in Mumbai to meet him.",
"Lakshmi is confrontated by Ratanlal/Jeevanlal's son Vijay (who had previously confronted Lakshmi) and tries to molest her, but is killed by Lakshmi. Vijay's friends take her to Ratanlal/Jeevanlal. Prathap heads to meet Ratanlal/Jeevanlal where he finds Lakshmi killed. Enraged, Prathap attacks Ratanlal/Jeevanlal's associates and confronts Ratanlal/Jeevanlal, where he reveals about Gopal Rao's son, whose family suffered due to the acid attack. Prathap reveals that he is Gopal Rao's son by removing his [face mask](/wiki/Plastic_surgery \"Plastic surgery\"). Prathap thrashes a frightened Ratanlal/Jeevanlal, who soon dies. Chakravarthy, along with his team and Rekha are frightened to see Prathap, who leaves the hideout.",
""
] |
Geography
---------
The Chute\-Allard generating station is located less than five kilometres downstream from the territory of [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec "Wemotaci, Quebec") and 4\.5 km downstream from the Weymont railway station. The power plant was built at kilometre point 297\.6 on a large island forming two arms of the river. The plant has been built in the north arm of the rapids.
Permanent access to the site is possible from [La Tuque](/wiki/La_Tuque%2C_Quebec "La Tuque, Quebec"), by road 25 up to km 82; then a forest path leads on the right bank of the [Saint\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River "Saint-Maurice River") near the downstream part of the fall\-Allard.
In this sector, the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway"), linking [La Tuque](/wiki/La_Tuque "La Tuque") and [Senneterre](/wiki/Senneterre "Senneterre"), was built south of the [Saint\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River "Saint-Maurice River"), except for a segment approximately of 12\.5 kilometres built on the north shore. The railway crosses the [Saint\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River "Saint-Maurice River"), by the railway bridge built at km 302\.5 (at [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec "Wemotaci, Quebec")) and the one of 290 km, just upstream of the "Rapides de la Graisse (du Lièvre)". The [CN Railway](/wiki/CN_Railway "CN Railway") runs along the north shore of the water reservoir created by the hydroelectric dam at Chute\-Allard. Small railway stations in the sector are: Ferguson (at km 267\.5 km, 3\.5 km upstream of [Rapides\-des\-Coeurs](/wiki/Rapides-des-Coeurs_Generating_Station "Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station")), Vandry (at km 284\), Dessane (at km 291\) and Weymont (at km 301\.5, near [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec "Wemotaci, Quebec")).
Between Chute\-Allard and [Rapides\-des\-Coeurs](/wiki/Rapides-des-Coeurs_Generating_Station "Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station"), small tributaries flowing into the [Saint\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River "Saint-Maurice River") are:
* North Shore \- the Rheaume Creek (located at 273\.5 km on railway), which has its source in Lake Rheaume, at the west of [Windigo River](/wiki/Windigo_River "Windigo River") watershed;
* South Shore :
\- Petite rivière Flamand (Small Flemish River) (its mouth is located just upstream of Rapides\-des\-Coeurs) which supplies water including lakes Mons, Lavoie, Liege, Brussels, Aro, Bob\-Grant, Dinant, Simard, and several other lakes in the area of forest Road 25;
\- Ruisseau Démon (Creek demon).Geographic searches performed by historian Gaétan Veillette (Saint\-Hubert, QC), using Google Map, accessed via the Internet, on April 20, 2014
Between these two hydroelectric stations, the main rapids are :
* "Rapides des Iroquois" (Iroquois Rapids), located between km 291\.5 and km 292\.5 (measured on railway);
* "Rapides de la Graisse (Le Lièvre)" (Rapids of the Fat) (Hare), located between km 287 to 290 (measured on railway).
Furthermore, "Rapides Weymont" (Rapids Weymont) (with an approximate length of 0\.5 km) are located one kilometre south of the railway bridge in [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec "Wemotaci, Quebec"), or 4 km upstream from the plant Allard Falls.
The feed water upstream of Chute\-Allard Generating Station and the tailrace downstream channel have been built along the north shore of [Saint\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River "Saint-Maurice River").Hydro\-Québec, the document "Hydroelectric Development Chute\-Allard and Rapides\-des\-Coeurs" \- Review of environmental activities in 2009 \- Released in June 2010
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"The Chute\\-Allard generating station is located less than five kilometres downstream from the territory of [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec \"Wemotaci, Quebec\") and 4\\.5 km downstream from the Weymont railway station. The power plant was built at kilometre point 297\\.6 on a large island forming two arms of the river. The plant has been built in the north arm of the rapids.",
"Permanent access to the site is possible from [La Tuque](/wiki/La_Tuque%2C_Quebec \"La Tuque, Quebec\"), by road 25 up to km 82; then a forest path leads on the right bank of the [Saint\\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River \"Saint-Maurice River\") near the downstream part of the fall\\-Allard.",
"In this sector, the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"), linking [La Tuque](/wiki/La_Tuque \"La Tuque\") and [Senneterre](/wiki/Senneterre \"Senneterre\"), was built south of the [Saint\\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River \"Saint-Maurice River\"), except for a segment approximately of 12\\.5 kilometres built on the north shore. The railway crosses the [Saint\\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River \"Saint-Maurice River\"), by the railway bridge built at km 302\\.5 (at [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec \"Wemotaci, Quebec\")) and the one of 290 km, just upstream of the \"Rapides de la Graisse (du Lièvre)\". The [CN Railway](/wiki/CN_Railway \"CN Railway\") runs along the north shore of the water reservoir created by the hydroelectric dam at Chute\\-Allard. Small railway stations in the sector are: Ferguson (at km 267\\.5 km, 3\\.5 km upstream of [Rapides\\-des\\-Coeurs](/wiki/Rapides-des-Coeurs_Generating_Station \"Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station\")), Vandry (at km 284\\), Dessane (at km 291\\) and Weymont (at km 301\\.5, near [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec \"Wemotaci, Quebec\")).",
"Between Chute\\-Allard and [Rapides\\-des\\-Coeurs](/wiki/Rapides-des-Coeurs_Generating_Station \"Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station\"), small tributaries flowing into the [Saint\\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River \"Saint-Maurice River\") are:\n* North Shore \\- the Rheaume Creek (located at 273\\.5 km on railway), which has its source in Lake Rheaume, at the west of [Windigo River](/wiki/Windigo_River \"Windigo River\") watershed;\n* South Shore :\n\\- Petite rivière Flamand (Small Flemish River) (its mouth is located just upstream of Rapides\\-des\\-Coeurs) which supplies water including lakes Mons, Lavoie, Liege, Brussels, Aro, Bob\\-Grant, Dinant, Simard, and several other lakes in the area of forest Road 25;\n\\- Ruisseau Démon (Creek demon).Geographic searches performed by historian Gaétan Veillette (Saint\\-Hubert, QC), using Google Map, accessed via the Internet, on April 20, 2014",
"Between these two hydroelectric stations, the main rapids are :\n* \"Rapides des Iroquois\" (Iroquois Rapids), located between km 291\\.5 and km 292\\.5 (measured on railway);\n* \"Rapides de la Graisse (Le Lièvre)\" (Rapids of the Fat) (Hare), located between km 287 to 290 (measured on railway).",
"Furthermore, \"Rapides Weymont\" (Rapids Weymont) (with an approximate length of 0\\.5 km) are located one kilometre south of the railway bridge in [Wemotaci](/wiki/Wemotaci%2C_Quebec \"Wemotaci, Quebec\"), or 4 km upstream from the plant Allard Falls.",
"The feed water upstream of Chute\\-Allard Generating Station and the tailrace downstream channel have been built along the north shore of [Saint\\-Maurice River](/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River \"Saint-Maurice River\").Hydro\\-Québec, the document \"Hydroelectric Development Chute\\-Allard and Rapides\\-des\\-Coeurs\" \\- Review of environmental activities in 2009 \\- Released in June 2010",
""
] |
History of the site
-------------------
{{Multiple image
\|align\=center
\|direction\=horizontal
\|total\_width\=1000
\|image1\=1639ManatusLoCdetail02\.png
\|caption1\=(1\) Detail showing lower Manhattan in 1639 taken from a map by Joan Vinckeboons called "Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier" (18 x 26\.5 inches, pen and watercolor, held by the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress)
\|image2\=1773BanckerMapDetail.jpg
\|caption2\=(2\) Detail showing the Mandeville Farm in 1773 taken from a map by Gerard Bancker called "A map of the lands belonging to the estate of the late Sir Peter Warren lying at Greenwich in the outward of the city of New York" (26 x 10 inches, pen and ink, held by the New York Public Library)
\|image3\=1928MacarthyStokesMapOfDutchFarmsNYPLDetail.jpg
\|caption3\=(3\) Detail showing the Mandeville Farm in Blocks 713–717 overlaid on the modern grid of city streets, taken from a map by Jennie Macarthy called "Map of the Dutch Grants" found in ''The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909'' by Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes (vol. 6, following p. 64i, plates 84B\-a\-g, Robert H. Dodd, publisher, 1928\)
\|footer\= }}
{{Multiple image
\|align\=center
\|direction\=horizontal
\|total\_width\=1000
\|image4\=1776RatzerPlanNYPLDetail.jpg
\|caption4\=(4\) Detail showing the Clarke estate and adjacent land taken from a map by Bernard Ratzer called "Plan of the city of New York in North America" (1776, Jefferys \& Faden, London)
\|image5\=1891MapShowingMooreBoundariesNYPL.jpg
\|caption5\=(5\) Detail showing the property inherited by C.C. Moore (upper right (northwest) taken from a map by Edwin Smith called "Map of New York City from Battery to 29th Street, Showing Farm Lines \& Boundaries as Originally Granted" (28 x 45\.5 inches, 1891, J. McIntyre Smith, publisher, New York)
\|image6\=1835MoorePropertyMapMCNY.jpg
\|caption6\=(6\) Map called "Sale of Valuable Lots" (1835, P.A. Mesier's, Lithographers, New York)
\|footer\= }}
Before European settlers arrived in the seventeenth century, the spot where the Walker House would be built lay on the northern edge of a Native American settlement called Sapokanikan. Lacking archaeological evidence and any Native American writings on the subject, current knowledge of the village comes exclusively from non\-native sources. They say the settlement was peopled by craftworkers, traders, and fishers belonging to a clan of the [Lenape](/wiki/Lenape "Lenape") indigenous people who occupied the place during the months when their beans, tobacco, and other crops needed tending. In the 1630s, as they expanded their holdings north from lower Manhattan, Dutch farmers mingled with the Sapokanikan villagers without serious conflict. However, in the early 1640s, New Amsterdam's director general, [Willem Kieft](/wiki/Willem_Kieft "Willem Kieft"), made an unprovoked armed attack on the Lenape and other tribes in New Amsterdam. The Indians' counter attacks forced the Dutch to negotiate a truce by treaty in 1645\. The treaty established a legal process for resolving conflicts but resulted in the Lenape abandoning Sapokanikan.{{rp\|655}}
A few years before the start of the war, Kieft issued a grant for farm land located where the Walker House would later be built. The land holder was a man named Jan Cornelissen of Rotterdam, also called Jan Van Rotterdam.{{rp\|149}} A map made in 1639 by Dutch cartographer Joan Vinckeboons shows the property and its farmhouse. A detail from this map, shown here as Image No. 1, designates the property by the number 14 at center (the other number 14, to the right, indicates a second property granted to the same man). The map is oriented with north to the right so that the town of New Amsterdam, within its walls, is at far left. After Van Rotterdam's death in 1643, the property passed to his widow, who died in 1645\.{{rp\|192}} In 1652, the [Dutch West India Company](/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company "Dutch West India Company") seized the property for non\-payment of a debt and then leased it to Jan Jansen Langendye for ten years on his promise to pay the debt. In 1662, the New Netherland council granted the land jointly to [Allard Anthony](/wiki/Allard_Anthony "Allard Anthony") and Paulus Leenderts van der Grift. Since both men had held the position of burgomaster, an elected position analogous to mayor, the property, which had been known simply as land formerly occupied by Jan Van Rotterdam, became known as Burgomasters' Bouwerie (burgomasters' farm). After the British took over the colony in 1664, the governor of New York confirmed the two men as joint owners.{{rp\|118}} In 1679, Van de Grift having previously acquired Anthony's interest in the property, he sold it to Jellis Jansen Mandeville. In 1701, Mandeville sold it to his son David. From this time forward, the property was called The Mandeville Farm.{{rp\|118}} The document recording the sale, called an indenture, says it covered an area of fifty\-three morgen, which at about one\-half acre per morgen is equivalent to about twenty\-six and one\-half acres. It also says the property included at least one house, stable, orchard, garden, and meadow ground. It is named "Jellis Mandivill's Land" in a map made in 1773\. A detail from a digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 2\. The Mandeville farm appears on the top left (northwest) corner of this map.
It is also shown on a map of original grants and farms made by Jennie F. Macarthy and published in 1928\. A detail from a digital image of this map is shown here as Image No. 3\. The map shows the boundaries of farms on the modern grid of streets and each block has been given a sequential number. The Mandeville Farm covers some or all of blocks 713–717 on the west, followed by blocks 739–744, and parts of blocks 765–770\. It is labeled "Burgomasters Bouwery" and "David Mandeville Farm" and it notes the grant from Governor Stuyvesant to Paulus Leenderts van de Grift and Allard Anthony dated March 14, 1662\. In 1829, the Walker House was built in the northwest corner of block 744\. From David Mandeville, the property passed to David Campbell and thence to James Rivington. [Benjamin Moore](/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_%28bishop%29 "Benjamin Moore (bishop)") obtained it from Rivington and in 1813 conveyed it to his son [Clement Clarke Moore](/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore "Clement Clarke Moore").
A record of New York residents in 1789 suggests that David Campbell might have been a lawyer.{{rp\|26}} Rivington was well\-known publisher and bookseller. During his life, [Patriots](/wiki/Patriot_%28American_Revolution%29 "Patriot (American Revolution)") denounced him as an outspoken [Loyalist](/wiki/Loyalist_%28American_Revolution%29 "Loyalist (American Revolution)"); historians have since found that he was a useful informant in the intelligence service run by [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington").{{rp\|204}} Benjamin Moore was an [Episcopal bishop](/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_York%23Bishops_of_New_York "Episcopal Diocese of New York#Bishops of New York") and [president of Columbia University](/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University%23List_of_presidents "President of Columbia University#List of presidents"). He was also the reluctant priest who gave [last rites](/wiki/Last_rites "Last rites") to Alexander Hamilton. He bought the parcel of land that had been the Mandeville Farm in 1789\. The previous year, he had married Charity Clarke the daughter of a retired British Army officer, Captain Thomas Clarke, who owned a large property on the north side of the parcel. On her death in 1802, Clarke's widow deeded the property to Charity and her husband and, in 1813, they in turn deeded it to their son [Clement Clarke Moore](/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore "Clement Clarke Moore"). Thomas Clarke had given his property the ironic title, Chelsea, after the [old soldiers' home](/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea "Royal Hospital Chelsea") in London and the name came to be applied to the [Manhattan neighborhood](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_Manhattan "Chelsea, Manhattan") and historic district of that name.{{rp\|621}}
A map published in 1776 shows the general location of the Clarke estate. A detail from a digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 4\. The parcel owned by Benjamin Moore was located directly to the north of the property marked "Oliver Delaney Esq.". The Clarke estate contained orchards, copses, and open fields, while the Moore strip of land contained arable land and fields. The road that led to the southeast corner of the Clarke estate and that gave access to Clarke property and the Moore strip was called Abingdon Road or Love Lane. Expressed in modern context, the estate, with the addition of Benjamin Moore's property, extended from Eighth Avenue on the east to river's edge at about Tenth Avenue on the west and from the north side of Nineteenth Street on the south to the south side of Twenty\-fourth Street on the north. Shown against the modern grid of streets, Clement Clarke Moore's complete inheritance of is shown on a map made in 1891\. A detail from a digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 5\.
Celebrated as the author of [A Visit from St. Nicholas](/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas "A Visit from St. Nicholas"), Clement Clarke Moore was a wealthy landowner, scholar, and benefactor of the Episcopal church in New York. At the time he received it from his parents, the estate that Captain Thomas Clarke had assembled was, as one writer said in 1892, "a quiet rural retreat on the banks of the river, far removed from the noise and bustle of the now crowded city". In 1811, Moore joined other landowners in opposing the city's plan to impose a grid of east\-west streets and north\-south avenues on Manhattan north of Houston Street. Soon after they lost that battle, the city constructed one of the new avenues, Ninth, through the eastern part of his holdings and soon after that Moore decided to donate a whole city block between two projected new streets, 20th and 21st, and between Ninth and projected Tenth Avenue. The recipient was the Episcopalian church's [General Theological Seminary](/wiki/General_Theological_Seminary "General Theological Seminary") where Moore taught Asian and Greek languages and literature. Construction of the seminary's buildings began in 1819 and was completed in 1827\. Two years later, Moore leased a plot for construction of the first private residence to be built on his land. The plot lay across 20th Street near the corner of Ninth Avenue. The lessee was a man named Hugh Walker.
In 1833, Moore partnered with a builder named James N. Wells to offer leases for the construction of other buildings within the bounds of his holdings. Aiming to develop the property as a relatively low density residential neighborhood, the two men made a plan to prepare side streets and lay out a grid of lots, each 25 feet wide and 100 feet deep, for which they would offer long\-term leases. The two men consulted with the leaseholders who came after Walker signed his lease and they mutually agreed to require themselves and subsequent leaseholders to build mostly single\-family structures having ten\-foot [setbacks](/wiki/Setback_%28land_use%29 "Setback (land use)") from the street. The houses were to be no more than two stories and to have back yards accessible only from the houses themselves, not via a side alleyway. The group prohibited stables and commercial buildings from side streets and required tree planting.
In 1835, a real estate firm employed by Moore and Wells published an advertising map showing the lots that were available for lease, indicating which had been committed to lessees, and stating some of the restrictions placed on the leaseholds. A digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 6\. The map shows the lot occupied by the Walker House without any label save its number, 339, and a notation of its twenty\-five\-foot width.
Wells died in 1860 and Moore in 1863\. The heirs of both men continued to lease or sell empty lots and expired leaseholds into the twentieth century. Asked the value of the Moore property in 1931, the head of the Wells realty firm gave an estimate of $40,000,000\.
|
[
"History of the site\n-------------------",
"{{Multiple image\n\\|align\\=center\n\\|direction\\=horizontal\n\\|total\\_width\\=1000\n\\|image1\\=1639ManatusLoCdetail02\\.png\n\\|caption1\\=(1\\) Detail showing lower Manhattan in 1639 taken from a map by Joan Vinckeboons called \"Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier\" (18 x 26\\.5 inches, pen and watercolor, held by the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress)\n\\|image2\\=1773BanckerMapDetail.jpg\n\\|caption2\\=(2\\) Detail showing the Mandeville Farm in 1773 taken from a map by Gerard Bancker called \"A map of the lands belonging to the estate of the late Sir Peter Warren lying at Greenwich in the outward of the city of New York\" (26 x 10 inches, pen and ink, held by the New York Public Library)\n\\|image3\\=1928MacarthyStokesMapOfDutchFarmsNYPLDetail.jpg\n\\|caption3\\=(3\\) Detail showing the Mandeville Farm in Blocks 713–717 overlaid on the modern grid of city streets, taken from a map by Jennie Macarthy called \"Map of the Dutch Grants\" found in ''The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909'' by Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes (vol. 6, following p. 64i, plates 84B\\-a\\-g, Robert H. Dodd, publisher, 1928\\)\n\\|footer\\= }}\n{{Multiple image\n\\|align\\=center\n\\|direction\\=horizontal\n\\|total\\_width\\=1000\n\\|image4\\=1776RatzerPlanNYPLDetail.jpg\n\\|caption4\\=(4\\) Detail showing the Clarke estate and adjacent land taken from a map by Bernard Ratzer called \"Plan of the city of New York in North America\" (1776, Jefferys \\& Faden, London)\n\\|image5\\=1891MapShowingMooreBoundariesNYPL.jpg\n\\|caption5\\=(5\\) Detail showing the property inherited by C.C. Moore (upper right (northwest) taken from a map by Edwin Smith called \"Map of New York City from Battery to 29th Street, Showing Farm Lines \\& Boundaries as Originally Granted\" (28 x 45\\.5 inches, 1891, J. McIntyre Smith, publisher, New York)\n\\|image6\\=1835MoorePropertyMapMCNY.jpg\n\\|caption6\\=(6\\) Map called \"Sale of Valuable Lots\" (1835, P.A. Mesier's, Lithographers, New York)\n\\|footer\\= }}",
"Before European settlers arrived in the seventeenth century, the spot where the Walker House would be built lay on the northern edge of a Native American settlement called Sapokanikan. Lacking archaeological evidence and any Native American writings on the subject, current knowledge of the village comes exclusively from non\\-native sources. They say the settlement was peopled by craftworkers, traders, and fishers belonging to a clan of the [Lenape](/wiki/Lenape \"Lenape\") indigenous people who occupied the place during the months when their beans, tobacco, and other crops needed tending. In the 1630s, as they expanded their holdings north from lower Manhattan, Dutch farmers mingled with the Sapokanikan villagers without serious conflict. However, in the early 1640s, New Amsterdam's director general, [Willem Kieft](/wiki/Willem_Kieft \"Willem Kieft\"), made an unprovoked armed attack on the Lenape and other tribes in New Amsterdam. The Indians' counter attacks forced the Dutch to negotiate a truce by treaty in 1645\\. The treaty established a legal process for resolving conflicts but resulted in the Lenape abandoning Sapokanikan.{{rp\\|655}}",
"A few years before the start of the war, Kieft issued a grant for farm land located where the Walker House would later be built. The land holder was a man named Jan Cornelissen of Rotterdam, also called Jan Van Rotterdam.{{rp\\|149}} A map made in 1639 by Dutch cartographer Joan Vinckeboons shows the property and its farmhouse. A detail from this map, shown here as Image No. 1, designates the property by the number 14 at center (the other number 14, to the right, indicates a second property granted to the same man). The map is oriented with north to the right so that the town of New Amsterdam, within its walls, is at far left. After Van Rotterdam's death in 1643, the property passed to his widow, who died in 1645\\.{{rp\\|192}} In 1652, the [Dutch West India Company](/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company \"Dutch West India Company\") seized the property for non\\-payment of a debt and then leased it to Jan Jansen Langendye for ten years on his promise to pay the debt. In 1662, the New Netherland council granted the land jointly to [Allard Anthony](/wiki/Allard_Anthony \"Allard Anthony\") and Paulus Leenderts van der Grift. Since both men had held the position of burgomaster, an elected position analogous to mayor, the property, which had been known simply as land formerly occupied by Jan Van Rotterdam, became known as Burgomasters' Bouwerie (burgomasters' farm). After the British took over the colony in 1664, the governor of New York confirmed the two men as joint owners.{{rp\\|118}} In 1679, Van de Grift having previously acquired Anthony's interest in the property, he sold it to Jellis Jansen Mandeville. In 1701, Mandeville sold it to his son David. From this time forward, the property was called The Mandeville Farm.{{rp\\|118}} The document recording the sale, called an indenture, says it covered an area of fifty\\-three morgen, which at about one\\-half acre per morgen is equivalent to about twenty\\-six and one\\-half acres. It also says the property included at least one house, stable, orchard, garden, and meadow ground. It is named \"Jellis Mandivill's Land\" in a map made in 1773\\. A detail from a digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 2\\. The Mandeville farm appears on the top left (northwest) corner of this map.",
"It is also shown on a map of original grants and farms made by Jennie F. Macarthy and published in 1928\\. A detail from a digital image of this map is shown here as Image No. 3\\. The map shows the boundaries of farms on the modern grid of streets and each block has been given a sequential number. The Mandeville Farm covers some or all of blocks 713–717 on the west, followed by blocks 739–744, and parts of blocks 765–770\\. It is labeled \"Burgomasters Bouwery\" and \"David Mandeville Farm\" and it notes the grant from Governor Stuyvesant to Paulus Leenderts van de Grift and Allard Anthony dated March 14, 1662\\. In 1829, the Walker House was built in the northwest corner of block 744\\. From David Mandeville, the property passed to David Campbell and thence to James Rivington. [Benjamin Moore](/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_%28bishop%29 \"Benjamin Moore (bishop)\") obtained it from Rivington and in 1813 conveyed it to his son [Clement Clarke Moore](/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore \"Clement Clarke Moore\").",
"A record of New York residents in 1789 suggests that David Campbell might have been a lawyer.{{rp\\|26}} Rivington was well\\-known publisher and bookseller. During his life, [Patriots](/wiki/Patriot_%28American_Revolution%29 \"Patriot (American Revolution)\") denounced him as an outspoken [Loyalist](/wiki/Loyalist_%28American_Revolution%29 \"Loyalist (American Revolution)\"); historians have since found that he was a useful informant in the intelligence service run by [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\").{{rp\\|204}} Benjamin Moore was an [Episcopal bishop](/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_York%23Bishops_of_New_York \"Episcopal Diocese of New York#Bishops of New York\") and [president of Columbia University](/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University%23List_of_presidents \"President of Columbia University#List of presidents\"). He was also the reluctant priest who gave [last rites](/wiki/Last_rites \"Last rites\") to Alexander Hamilton. He bought the parcel of land that had been the Mandeville Farm in 1789\\. The previous year, he had married Charity Clarke the daughter of a retired British Army officer, Captain Thomas Clarke, who owned a large property on the north side of the parcel. On her death in 1802, Clarke's widow deeded the property to Charity and her husband and, in 1813, they in turn deeded it to their son [Clement Clarke Moore](/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore \"Clement Clarke Moore\"). Thomas Clarke had given his property the ironic title, Chelsea, after the [old soldiers' home](/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea \"Royal Hospital Chelsea\") in London and the name came to be applied to the [Manhattan neighborhood](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_Manhattan \"Chelsea, Manhattan\") and historic district of that name.{{rp\\|621}}",
"A map published in 1776 shows the general location of the Clarke estate. A detail from a digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 4\\. The parcel owned by Benjamin Moore was located directly to the north of the property marked \"Oliver Delaney Esq.\". The Clarke estate contained orchards, copses, and open fields, while the Moore strip of land contained arable land and fields. The road that led to the southeast corner of the Clarke estate and that gave access to Clarke property and the Moore strip was called Abingdon Road or Love Lane. Expressed in modern context, the estate, with the addition of Benjamin Moore's property, extended from Eighth Avenue on the east to river's edge at about Tenth Avenue on the west and from the north side of Nineteenth Street on the south to the south side of Twenty\\-fourth Street on the north. Shown against the modern grid of streets, Clement Clarke Moore's complete inheritance of is shown on a map made in 1891\\. A detail from a digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 5\\.",
"Celebrated as the author of [A Visit from St. Nicholas](/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\"), Clement Clarke Moore was a wealthy landowner, scholar, and benefactor of the Episcopal church in New York. At the time he received it from his parents, the estate that Captain Thomas Clarke had assembled was, as one writer said in 1892, \"a quiet rural retreat on the banks of the river, far removed from the noise and bustle of the now crowded city\". In 1811, Moore joined other landowners in opposing the city's plan to impose a grid of east\\-west streets and north\\-south avenues on Manhattan north of Houston Street. Soon after they lost that battle, the city constructed one of the new avenues, Ninth, through the eastern part of his holdings and soon after that Moore decided to donate a whole city block between two projected new streets, 20th and 21st, and between Ninth and projected Tenth Avenue. The recipient was the Episcopalian church's [General Theological Seminary](/wiki/General_Theological_Seminary \"General Theological Seminary\") where Moore taught Asian and Greek languages and literature. Construction of the seminary's buildings began in 1819 and was completed in 1827\\. Two years later, Moore leased a plot for construction of the first private residence to be built on his land. The plot lay across 20th Street near the corner of Ninth Avenue. The lessee was a man named Hugh Walker.",
"In 1833, Moore partnered with a builder named James N. Wells to offer leases for the construction of other buildings within the bounds of his holdings. Aiming to develop the property as a relatively low density residential neighborhood, the two men made a plan to prepare side streets and lay out a grid of lots, each 25 feet wide and 100 feet deep, for which they would offer long\\-term leases. The two men consulted with the leaseholders who came after Walker signed his lease and they mutually agreed to require themselves and subsequent leaseholders to build mostly single\\-family structures having ten\\-foot [setbacks](/wiki/Setback_%28land_use%29 \"Setback (land use)\") from the street. The houses were to be no more than two stories and to have back yards accessible only from the houses themselves, not via a side alleyway. The group prohibited stables and commercial buildings from side streets and required tree planting.",
"In 1835, a real estate firm employed by Moore and Wells published an advertising map showing the lots that were available for lease, indicating which had been committed to lessees, and stating some of the restrictions placed on the leaseholds. A digital reproduction of this map is shown here as Image No. 6\\. The map shows the lot occupied by the Walker House without any label save its number, 339, and a notation of its twenty\\-five\\-foot width.",
"Wells died in 1860 and Moore in 1863\\. The heirs of both men continued to lease or sell empty lots and expired leaseholds into the twentieth century. Asked the value of the Moore property in 1931, the head of the Wells realty firm gave an estimate of $40,000,000\\.",
""
] |
Controversy over proposed conversion to condominiums
----------------------------------------------------
The Walker House is located within the Chelsea Historic District but is not listed in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"). Historic District rules cover the "exterior elements" of buildings within their boundaries. The emphasis is on preserving their appearance as viewed from "any public thoroughfare". In addition to exterior restoration and repair, they allow, with some restrictions, rooftop, rear, and side yard additions. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is charged with administering the rules.
In 2016, the new owner of the Walker House applied to the commission for permission to make extensive changes to the building. Immediately thereafter, Local groups and individuals began a campaign to prevent the owner from making the proposed changes. They did so in testimony at a public hearing held by the commission and in subsequent publications and interviews with reporters. The opponents included the city's local advisory committee, a representative body called [Manhattan Community Board 4](/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_4 "Manhattan Community Board 4"). A letter from the chair of Community Board 4 said that the proposed changes would, in effect, "demolish the entire house except for its brick street facade." Supporters of the proposed alterations said the proposed work was necessary because the structure was in serious disrepair and might be structurally unsound. A letter to the commission from the executive director of the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation said the disrepair issue was "bogus or self\-created, or both" and that some of the problems cited were caused by the owner's failure to keep the unoccupied house heated through the winter months. The Doyels, who sold the house to Kapoor in 2015, produced a letter to them from the commission's deputy counsel saying "I was in your home after its sale to the current owner when it was being inspected by an engineer from the Department of Buildings. I can attest that the house was not, at the time, in a neglected state as has been alleged." Supporters and critics agreed that the house was definitely the oldest surviving one in the Chelsea neighborhood.
After reviewing the critics' testimony and submissions, the commission granted permits to the owner to proceed with the proposed alterations. The permits were set to expire in 2022 but were extended to 2027\.
When it extended the permits, the commission issued a document that summarized the proposed changes, as approved. The three above\-ground stories would be expanded into the backyard. The basement would be expanded under the front setback and also into the backyard. The alley separating the house from its neighbor to the east would be filled in. The roof would be modified and raised. The facade would be restored without substantially altering its appearance.
H5 Properties is a real estate marketing firm that specializes in producing [virtual stagings](/wiki/Virtual_home_staging "Virtual home staging") and other [renderings](/wiki/Computer_graphics%23Rendering "Computer graphics#Rendering") via a combination of photography and [computer graphics](/wiki/Computer_graphics "Computer graphics"). The company prepares digital images of properties to show them as they might appear after they have been altered or renovated. In 2018, they made a set of images that show the Walker House alterations, including both the changes approved by the commission and interior changes that are outside the scope of the commission's jurisdiction. They show a two\-unit condominium having six bedrooms and five baths and elevator access to five of its six and one\-half floors. The set contains five photo\-like images, or "renderings", indicating what the Walker House would look like after its conversion to a condominium. The rendering of the facade showed the closing\-in of the small alley between the house and the building on its east side and otherwise differ little from the pre\-renovation appearance of the facade. Accounts giving the amount of living space in the house prior to and following renovation show that the area would about increase by nearly 200% from 4,562 square feet to 8,882 square feet, In 2018, the Trulia real estate company reproduced the H5 renderings and listed the property as off the market. It also gave four instances between 2018 and 2022 when the property was put on the market for sale, with prices ranging from $7,100,00 to $10,950,000\. From 2016 to time of writing (February 2024\), the Walker House has remained vacant and no construction has been reported at the location.
|
[
"Controversy over proposed conversion to condominiums\n----------------------------------------------------",
"The Walker House is located within the Chelsea Historic District but is not listed in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\"). Historic District rules cover the \"exterior elements\" of buildings within their boundaries. The emphasis is on preserving their appearance as viewed from \"any public thoroughfare\". In addition to exterior restoration and repair, they allow, with some restrictions, rooftop, rear, and side yard additions. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is charged with administering the rules.",
"In 2016, the new owner of the Walker House applied to the commission for permission to make extensive changes to the building. Immediately thereafter, Local groups and individuals began a campaign to prevent the owner from making the proposed changes. They did so in testimony at a public hearing held by the commission and in subsequent publications and interviews with reporters. The opponents included the city's local advisory committee, a representative body called [Manhattan Community Board 4](/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_4 \"Manhattan Community Board 4\"). A letter from the chair of Community Board 4 said that the proposed changes would, in effect, \"demolish the entire house except for its brick street facade.\" Supporters of the proposed alterations said the proposed work was necessary because the structure was in serious disrepair and might be structurally unsound. A letter to the commission from the executive director of the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation said the disrepair issue was \"bogus or self\\-created, or both\" and that some of the problems cited were caused by the owner's failure to keep the unoccupied house heated through the winter months. The Doyels, who sold the house to Kapoor in 2015, produced a letter to them from the commission's deputy counsel saying \"I was in your home after its sale to the current owner when it was being inspected by an engineer from the Department of Buildings. I can attest that the house was not, at the time, in a neglected state as has been alleged.\" Supporters and critics agreed that the house was definitely the oldest surviving one in the Chelsea neighborhood.",
"After reviewing the critics' testimony and submissions, the commission granted permits to the owner to proceed with the proposed alterations. The permits were set to expire in 2022 but were extended to 2027\\.",
"When it extended the permits, the commission issued a document that summarized the proposed changes, as approved. The three above\\-ground stories would be expanded into the backyard. The basement would be expanded under the front setback and also into the backyard. The alley separating the house from its neighbor to the east would be filled in. The roof would be modified and raised. The facade would be restored without substantially altering its appearance.",
"H5 Properties is a real estate marketing firm that specializes in producing [virtual stagings](/wiki/Virtual_home_staging \"Virtual home staging\") and other [renderings](/wiki/Computer_graphics%23Rendering \"Computer graphics#Rendering\") via a combination of photography and [computer graphics](/wiki/Computer_graphics \"Computer graphics\"). The company prepares digital images of properties to show them as they might appear after they have been altered or renovated. In 2018, they made a set of images that show the Walker House alterations, including both the changes approved by the commission and interior changes that are outside the scope of the commission's jurisdiction. They show a two\\-unit condominium having six bedrooms and five baths and elevator access to five of its six and one\\-half floors. The set contains five photo\\-like images, or \"renderings\", indicating what the Walker House would look like after its conversion to a condominium. The rendering of the facade showed the closing\\-in of the small alley between the house and the building on its east side and otherwise differ little from the pre\\-renovation appearance of the facade. Accounts giving the amount of living space in the house prior to and following renovation show that the area would about increase by nearly 200% from 4,562 square feet to 8,882 square feet, In 2018, the Trulia real estate company reproduced the H5 renderings and listed the property as off the market. It also gave four instances between 2018 and 2022 when the property was put on the market for sale, with prices ranging from $7,100,00 to $10,950,000\\. From 2016 to time of writing (February 2024\\), the Walker House has remained vacant and no construction has been reported at the location.",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Early career
Fabiański was born in [Kostrzyn nad Odrą](/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85 "Kostrzyn nad Odrą"), Lubusz Voivodeship.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.11v11\.com/players/%c5%82ukasz\-fabia%c5%84ski\-76743/ \|title\=Łukasz Fabiański \|website\=11v11\.com \|publisher\=AFS Enterprises \|accessdate\=26 March 2020}} After starting his career with [Polonia Słubice](/wiki/Polonia_S%C5%82ubice "Polonia Słubice"), Fabiański joined the noted independent football academy MSP Szamotuły at age 14, where he honed his footballing skills.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier\_league/arsenal/article1774760\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233818/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier\_league/arsenal/article1774760\.ece \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 June 2011 \|title\=Poland's new goalkeeping union not keen to send in the clowns \|newspaper\=The Times \|date\=11 May 2007 \|accessdate\=13 May 2007 \|location\=London \|first\=Nick \|last\=Szczepanik}} Fabiański then was signed in the 2004–05 season by [Lech Poznań](/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84 "Lech Poznań").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}}
### Legia Warsaw
In the winter of 2005, Fabiański was signed by [Legia Warsaw](/wiki/Legia_Warsaw "Legia Warsaw"), where he competed with [Artur Boruc](/wiki/Artur_Boruc "Artur Boruc") for a place in the team. After Boruc was sold to [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C."), Fabiański took over as starting goalkeeper on 24 July 2005 in a match against [Arka Gdynia](/wiki/Arka_Gdynia "Arka Gdynia"), which ended 0–0\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}} The following season, he helped Legia win the [2005–06 Ekstraklasa](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Ekstraklasa "2005–06 Ekstraklasa").{{cite web \|title\=Football: Player profiles of Arsenal's impressive Carling Cup youngsters \|first\=Harry \|last\=Leech \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=13 November 2008 \|accessdate\=15 December 2018 \|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/nov/13/arsenal\-player\-profiles\-football\-carling\-cup}} He started all 30 matches of the campaign, in which he conceded 17 goals.{{cite web \|title\=Eight things you probably didn't know about Lukasz Fabianski \|publisher\=West Ham United F.C. \|date\=20 June 2018 \|accessdate\=15 December 2018 \|url\= https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2018/june/20\-june/eight\-things\-you\-probably\-didnt\-know\-about\-lukasz\-fabianski}}
In the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, his performances led to him being awarded the "Football Oscar" for the best goalkeeper in the [Ekstraklasa](/wiki/Ekstraklasa "Ekstraklasa").
### Arsenal
On 8 May 2007, Fabiański underwent medical tests in London after [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") agreed a transfer fee with Legia Warsaw worth approximately £2\.1 million.{{cite news \|url\=http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid\=465703\&CPID\=8\&clid\=3\&lid\=\&title\=Gunners\+to\+pick\+up\+Pole \|title\=Gunners to pick up Pole \|first\=Peter \|last\=O'Rourke \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|date\=9 May 2007 \|accessdate\=10 May 2007}}{{dead link\|date\=December 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The move was confirmed on 11 May 2007 by Arsenal manager [Arsène Wenger](/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger "Arsène Wenger").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav\=News\&article\=466047\&lid\=NewsHeadline\&Title\=TV\+Online\+exclusive:\+Wenger\+\-\+Fabianski\+is\+set\+to\+sign \|title\=Wenger: Fabianski is set to sign \|author\=Richard Clarke \|publisher\=Arsenal F.C. \|date\=11 May 2007 \|accessdate\=11 May 2007 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023735/https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav\=News\&article\=466047\&lid\=NewsHeadline\&Title\=TV\+Online\+exclusive:\+Wenger\+\-\+Fabianski\+is\+set\+to\+sign \|archivedate\=13 May 2007}} Fabiański formally signed for Arsenal on 26 May with a long\-term contract.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article\=468626\&lid\=NewsHeadline⊂\=Polish\+goalkeeper\+Lukasz\+Fabianski\+joins\+Arsenal\&sublid\=NewsHeadline\&Title\=Polish\+goalkeeper\+Lukasz\+Fabianski\+joins\+Arsenal\&f\=rss \|title\=Polish goalkeeper Lukasz Fabianski joins Arsenal \|publisher\=Arsenal F.C. \|date\=26 May 2007 \|accessdate\=26 May 2007 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205406/https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article\=468626\&lid\=NewsHeadline⊂\=Polish\+goalkeeper\+Lukasz\+Fabianski\+joins\+Arsenal\&sublid\=NewsHeadline\&Title\=Polish\+goalkeeper\+Lukasz\+Fabianski\+joins\+Arsenal\&f\=rss \|archivedate\=30 September 2007}} He made his debut for the club in a 2–0 [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup "Football League Cup") win over [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") on 25 September 2007\.{{Cite web \|title\=Fabiański's fond farewell to Arsenal \|first\=Piotr \|last\=Kozmiński \|publisher\=UEFA \|date\=3 June 2014 \|accessdate\=15 December 2018 \|url\= https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association\=eng/news/newsid\=2113026\.html}}{{Cite web \|title\=Arsenal 2\-0 Newcastle \|first\=Saj \|last\=Chowdhury \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=25 September 2007 \|accessdate\=15 December 2018 \|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/7008002\.stm}} His league debut followed later that season against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County "Derby County").{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/7356031\.stm \|title\=Derby 2\-6 Arsenal \|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=28 April 2008 \|accessdate\=29 March 2020}}
In Fabiański's early Arsenal career, two of his most notable appearances came in the 5–1 defeat to rivals [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") in the [2007–08 League Cup](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_League_Cup "2007–08 Football League Cup") semi\-final and the first leg of the [2009–10 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League "2009–10 UEFA Champions League") second round match with [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto "FC Porto"). Fabiański received criticism for conceding soft goals in the Porto match as he scored an own goal and was blamed for the second goal after picking up a backpass from [Sol Campbell](/wiki/Sol_Campbell "Sol Campbell"), with Porto scoring from the resulting free\-kick.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/7197913\.stm \|title\=Tottenham 5\-1 Arsenal \|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=22 January 2008 \|accessdate\=29 March 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8516193\.stm \|title\=FC Porto 2 \- 1 Arsenal \|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=17 February 2010 \|accessdate\=29 March 2020}} In January 2010, Arsène Wenger stated that Łukasz Fabiański could become one of the best goalkeepers in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League").[Arsenal boss Wenger: Fabianski can be among the best \| Premiership News](http://www.tribalfootball.com/arsenal-boss-wenger-fabianski-can-be-among-best-594841) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406230204/http://www.tribalfootball.com/arsenal\-boss\-wenger\-fabianski\-can\-be\-among\-best\-594841 \|date\=6 April 2012 }}. tribalfootball.com (24 January 2010\).
Fabiański played the last four matches for Arsenal in the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Arsenal_F.C._season "2009–10 Arsenal F.C. season") after top\-choice goalkeeper [Manuel Almunia](/wiki/Manuel_Almunia "Manuel Almunia") suffered a wrist injury. He was criticised for conceding soft goals in the defeats to [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. "Wigan Athletic F.C.") and [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C."), but kept clean sheets in the matches at home to [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C.") and [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.goal.com/en\-gb/news/2914/champions\-league/2010/02/17/1795174/porto\-2\-1\-arsenal\-lukasz\-fabianski\-errors\-hand\-portuguese \|title\=Porto 2–1 Arsenal: Lukasz Fabiański errors hand Portuguese side the edge \|author\=Niall McGlone \|publisher\=Goal.com \|date\=17 February 2010 \|accessdate\=5 March 2010}}
#### 2010–11 season
[185px\|right\|thumb\|Fabiański playing for [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") in 2010](/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Fabia%C5%84ski_Arsenal_vs_Birmingham_2010-11.jpg "Łukasz Fabiański Arsenal vs Birmingham 2010-11.jpg")
Fabiański started the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Arsenal_F.C._season "2010–11 Arsenal F.C. season") as Arsenal's second\-choice goalkeeper. On 21 September 2010, he made his first start of the season in a [League Cup](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_League_Cup "2010–11 Football League Cup") match against [neighbours](/wiki/North_London_Derby "North London Derby") Tottenham Hotspur at [White Hart Lane](/wiki/White_Hart_Lane "White Hart Lane"), which Arsenal won 4–1 after extra time. Fabiański almost cost the match for Arsenal as he failed to stop [Robbie Keane](/wiki/Robbie_Keane "Robbie Keane")'s long\-range effort, despite getting a hand to the shot. After the match, he revealed he was disappointed. He had a solid match in his second match of the season replacing the injured Manuel Almunia one week later in a [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UEFA_Champions_League "2010–11 UEFA Champions League") 3–1 away win against [Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan "FK Partizan"). He saved [Cléo](/wiki/Cl%C3%A9o "Cléo")'s second penalty of the match in the second half to deny Partizan a lifeline. He later turned [Ivica Iliev](/wiki/Ivica_Iliev "Ivica Iliev")'s effort around the post from point\-blank range just before the final whistle. Arsène Wenger later commented that Fabiański had a "faultless" match and they finally saw the player who they usually see in training. He kept his first clean sheet in a win over Manchester City, where he made many saves in a match that ended 3–0\. He was later named man of the match on an Arsenal.com poll after a brilliant display to keep Arsenal in the match.['We saw the Fabianski we see in training' \| News](https://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/-we-saw-the-fabianski-we-see-in-training-) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001095644/https://www.arsenal.com/news/news\-archive/\-we\-saw\-the\-fabianski\-we\-see\-in\-training\- \|date\=1 October 2010 }}. Arsenal F.C..com (28 September 2010\). After the City match, Wenger admitted he could well become the club's number one goalkeeper after impressive displays in the matches since the Partizan match.[Arsene Wenger admits Lukasz Fabianski could displace Manuel Almunia as Arsenal’s first\-choice goalkeeper](http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2010/10/24/2181614/arsene-wenger-admits-lukasz-fabianski-could-displace-manuel). Goal.com.
On 7 November 2010, Fabiański was widely criticised for an error that lead to the only goal as Arsenal lost at home to Newcastle United.{{cite web \|url\=http://ministryofglove.wordpress.com/2010/11/08/lukasz\-fabianski\-mistake\-v\-newcastle/ \|title\=Fabianski Mistake Hands Newcastle Surprise Win \|publisher\=MinistryOf Glove.com \|date\=8 November 2010 \|accessdate\=9 November 2010}}{{cite web \|url\=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/08112010/58/premier\-league\-toon\-shock\-arsenal.html \|title\=Toon Shock Arsenal \|website\=Eurosport \|date\=7 November 2010 \|accessdate\=23 October 2010 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814172159/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/08112010/58/premier\-league\-toon\-shock\-arsenal.html \|archivedate\=14 August 2011}}(archived) However, he produced a strong display to keep a clean sheet in the next Premier League match, against [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C."), in which he managed to prevent a draw with a last\-minute save, and then initiating a counter\-attack with a long throw of the ball that led to another Arsenal goal.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.skysports.com/football/match\_report/0,19764,11065\_3293518,00\.html \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|title\=Chamakh brace sinks Wolves \|date\=10 November 2010}} After the Wolves match, Arsenal played [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C."), where Fabiański received the man of the match award from [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports "Sky Sports").{{cite news \|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/live/match/221169/report \|title\=Everton v Arsenal match report \|publisher\=Sky Sports}}
Fabiański was injured for Arsenal's crucial match with [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") but returned for the equally important match with London rivals [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."), making many crucial saves in helping Arsenal to win 3–1\.{{Cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\_prem/9309539\.stm \|title\=Arsenal 3–1 Chelsea \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=27 December 2010 \|accessdate\=27 December 2010 \|first\=Phil \|last\=McNulty}} On 5 January 2011, he suffered a season\-ending shoulder injury as he was warming up with the help of [Wojciech Szczęsny](/wiki/Wojciech_Szcz%C4%99sny "Wojciech Szczęsny"), which ruled him out for the remainder of the 2010–11 season.{{Cite news \|url\=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/\_/id/874906/op\-to\-sideline\-lukas\-fabianski\-for\-season?cc\=5901 \|title\=Op to sideline Fabianski for season \|website\=ESPN Soccernet \|date\=3 January 2011 \|accessdate\=4 January 2011 \|archive\-date\=6 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206141127/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/\_/id/874906/op\-to\-sideline\-lukas\-fabianski\-for\-season?cc\=5901 \|url\-status\=dead }} During this period, Szczęsny established himself as Arsenal's first choice goalkeeper ahead of his Polish compatriot.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}}
#### 2011–12 season
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Fabiański warming up before a match against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C "Chelsea F.C") on 21 April 2012](/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Fabia%C5%84ski_3.jpg "Łukasz Fabiański 3.jpg")
Fabiański spent the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Arsenal_F.C._season "2011–12 Arsenal F.C. season") as backup to Wojciech Szczęsny, making his first appearance against [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. "Shrewsbury Town F.C.") in the [League Cup](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_Cup "2011–12 Football League Cup").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}}
On 6 December 2011, Fabiański was selected to start in Arsenal's [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League "2011–12 UEFA Champions League") [group stage](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage "2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage") match against [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C."), but was substituted out after 25 minutes following a knee injury.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/15933230 \|title\=Olympiakos 3 – 1 Arsenal \|date\=6 December 2011 \|accessdate\=13 April 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Sport}}
#### 2012–13 season
Injuries limited Fabiański's appearances during the [2012–13 season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Arsenal_F.C._season "2012–13 Arsenal F.C. season"), where he made only four [Premier League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Premier_League "2012–13 Premier League") appearances as back\-up to Wojciech Szczęsny. In March 2013, after Szczęsny was dropped, Fabiański started in goal in the second\-leg of Arsenal's [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Champions_League "2012–13 UEFA Champions League") tie against [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich "FC Bayern Munich"). He kept a clean sheet as Arsenal won 2–0 and retained his place in the team to make his first Premier League start of the season away against [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. "Swansea City A.F.C.") on 16 March 2013, again keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win. Fabiański started in Arsenal's next three league matches against [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C."), [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") and [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C."). However, an injury sustained in the match against Norwich by Fabiański allowed Szczęsny to return to the starting line\-up and reclaim his position as first\-choice goalkeeper.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}}
#### 2013–14 season
During the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Arsenal_F.C._season "2013–14 Arsenal F.C. season"), Fabiański was used as Arsenal's starting goalkeeper in [FA Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Cup "2013–14 FA Cup") and [League Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup "2013–14 Football League Cup") matches, with Szczęsny remaining first\-choice in [Premier League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_League "2013–14 Premier League") and [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League "2013–14 UEFA Champions League") matches.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}}
On 19 February 2014, Fabiański came on as a substitute in the 37th minute of a 2–0 Champions League home defeat against Bayern Munich, after Szczęsny was [sent off](/wiki/Ejection_%28sports%29 "Ejection (sports)") for a foul on [Arjen Robben](/wiki/Arjen_Robben "Arjen Robben"). With Szczęsny suspended, Fabiański was in the starting line\-up for the second leg and saved a late penalty from Bayern's [Thomas Müller](/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller "Thomas Müller").{{Citation \|title\=Muller penalty Fabianski Great Save Bayern Munich vs Arsenal 11 3 2014 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=12bkw00EY5c \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-07 \|language\=en}}
On 12 April, Fabiański saved penalties from [Gary Caldwell](/wiki/Gary_Caldwell "Gary Caldwell") and [Jack Collison](/wiki/Jack_Collison "Jack Collison") in an [FA Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Cup "2013–14 FA Cup") semi\-final [shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shootout "Penalty shootout") victory over Wigan Athletic.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/26897266 \|title\=Wigan 1–1 Arsenal \|date\=12 April 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Sport}} He made his only Premier League appearance of the season in the last match on 11 May, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 away win that caused his opponents Norwich City to be relegated.{{cite news \|last\=Osborne \|first\=Chris \|title\=Norwich 0–2 Arsenal \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27273461 \|accessdate\=29 May 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 May 2014}} Six days later, Fabiański started for Arsenal in the [2014 FA Cup Final](/wiki/2014_FA_Cup_Final "2014 FA Cup Final") as they defeated [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.") 3–2 after extra time at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium "Wembley Stadium").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27354148 \|title\=Arsenal 3–2 Hull City \|first\=Phil \|last\=McNulty \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 May 2014 \|access\-date\=4 April 2021}}
### Swansea City
On 29 May 2014, it was announced that Fabiański would join fellow Premier League side Swansea City on a free transfer when his Arsenal contract expired on 1 July. He said of the transfer, "The main reason I came to Swansea was because I want to be the number one goalkeeper."{{cite news \|title\=Lukasz Fabianski leaves Arsenal to join Swansea City on free transfer \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27616469 \|accessdate\=29 May 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=29 May 2014}} He made his competitive debut for the club on 16 August, a 2–1 win against Manchester United at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford") in the first match of the [Premier League season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Premier_League "2014–15 Premier League").{{cite news \|last1\=Bevan \|first1\=Chris \|title\=Man Utd 1–2 Swansea \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28718345 \|accessdate\=16 August 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=16 August 2014}} On 7 December 2014, Fabiański was sent off in Swansea's 1–3 loss at [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") for a foul on [Diafra Sakho](/wiki/Diafra_Sakho "Diafra Sakho").{{cite news \|last1\=Rose \|first1\=Gary \|title\=West Ham 3–1 Swansea \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30266472 \|accessdate\=7 December 2014 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=7 December 2014}}
On 11 May 2015, Fabiański kept a clean sheet and was named [man of the match](/wiki/Man_of_the_match "Man of the match") in a 1–0 win against Arsenal on his return to the [Emirates Stadium](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium "Emirates Stadium").{{cite news \|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/11670/9847357/lukasz\-fabianski\-says\-swanseas\-win\-over\-arsenal\-was\-not\-personal \|title\=Lukasz Fabianski says Swansea's win over Arsenal was not personal \|date\=11 May 2015 \|publisher\=Sky Sports}} On 6 July, Fabiański signed a new four\-year contract with Swansea, which would keep him at the club until June 2019\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33807475 \|title\=Fabianski signs 4\-year deal \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|accessdate\=6 July 2015}}
[thumb\|150px\|Fabiański with West Ham in 2021](/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Fabia%C5%84ski2021.jpeg "Łukasz Fabiański2021.jpeg")
Fabiański played all 38 of Swansea's Premier League games of [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Swansea_City_A.F.C._season "2017–18 Swansea City A.F.C. season") and was voted Player of the Season by the club's supporters. His performances did not prevent the club from ending the season 18th and they were relegated to the [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship").{{Cite web \|title\=Swansea City's Player of the Season Awards 2018 \|last\=Gwilym \|first\=Andrew \|website\=WalesOnline \|date\=19 April 2018 \|accessdate\=20 June 2018 \|url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/swansea\-citys\-player\-season\-awards\-14607269}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44020155 \|title\=Swansea 1–2 Stoke \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|first\=Dafydd \|last\=Pritchard \|date\=14 May 2018 \|accessdate\=4 July 2018}}
### West Ham United
On 20 June 2018, Premier League club [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") announced the transfer of Fabiański for £7 million. He signed a three\-year contract with the club.{{cite news \|title\=Lukasz Fabianski: West Ham sign Swansea City's Polish goalkeeper \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=20 June 2018 \|accessdate\=20 June 2018 \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44546138}} Fabiański, the first Pole to play first\-team football for West Ham, was installed as first\-choice 'keeper at the start of the [2018–19 season](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_West_Ham_United_F.C._season "2018–19 West Ham United F.C. season").{{cite web \|title\=Standout players of 2018/19: Lukasz Fabianski \|first\=Adrian \|last\=Clarke \|publisher\=Premier League \|date\=13 October 2018 \|accessdate\=15 December 2018 \|url\= https://www.premierleague.com/news/878144}} On 4 December 2018, Fabiański saved his first penalty as a West Ham goalkeeper, saving [Joe Ralls](/wiki/Joe_Ralls "Joe Ralls")' effort in a 3–1 win against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C.").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46353458\|title\=West Ham United 3–1 Cardiff City\|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=4 December 2018}} For his performances throughout the season, during which he was ever\-present, he was named [Hammer of the Year](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C.%23Hammer_of_the_Year "West Ham United F.C.#Hammer of the Year").
In September 2019, he suffered a hip injury.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49875670\|title\=Lukasz Fabianski: West Ham goalkeeper out for two months with hip injury\|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=30 September 2019}} During his absence, [Roberto](/wiki/Roberto_Jim%C3%A9nez_%28footballer%2C_born_1986%29 "Roberto Jiménez (footballer, born 1986)") and [David Martin](/wiki/David_Martin_%28footballer%2C_born_1986%29 "David Martin (footballer, born 1986)") deputised for Fabiański.
In March 2021, Fabiański extended his contract with West Ham until June 2022\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56349516\|title\=Fabianski to stay with West Ham until 2022\|work\=BBC Sport }}
On 12 January 2022, Fabianski made his 300th Premier League appearance in a 2–0 victory over [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C."), {{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59618481\|title\=West Ham United 2–0 Norwich City: Jarrod Bowen scores twice as hosts claim comfortable win\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=12 January 2022\|accessdate\=13 January 2022}} the first player from Poland to reach this landmark.
After having started all 24 of West Ham's Premier League games in the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_West_Ham_United_F.C._season "2022–23 West Ham United F.C. season"), on 25 February 2023 he fractured his cheekbone and eye socket in a home game against [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. "Nottingham Forest F.C."). He had to come off in the 69th minute and was replaced by [Alphonse Areola](/wiki/Alphonse_Areola "Alphonse Areola").{{Cite news \|title\=West Ham's Fabianski has fractured cheekbone \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC Sport \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/64797445 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-28}}
In July 2022, he signed a further contract extension, until the summer of 2023\.{{cite web \| title\=Łukasz Fabiański signs contract extension with West Ham United \| website\=West Ham United F.C. \| url\=http://www.whufc.com/news/lukasz\-fabianski\-signs\-contract\-extension\-west\-ham\-united \| access\-date\=25 May 2023\|date\=6 July 2022}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Early career",
"Fabiański was born in [Kostrzyn nad Odrą](/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85 \"Kostrzyn nad Odrą\"), Lubusz Voivodeship.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.11v11\\.com/players/%c5%82ukasz\\-fabia%c5%84ski\\-76743/ \\|title\\=Łukasz Fabiański \\|website\\=11v11\\.com \\|publisher\\=AFS Enterprises \\|accessdate\\=26 March 2020}} After starting his career with [Polonia Słubice](/wiki/Polonia_S%C5%82ubice \"Polonia Słubice\"), Fabiański joined the noted independent football academy MSP Szamotuły at age 14, where he honed his footballing skills.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier\\_league/arsenal/article1774760\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233818/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier\\_league/arsenal/article1774760\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2011 \\|title\\=Poland's new goalkeeping union not keen to send in the clowns \\|newspaper\\=The Times \\|date\\=11 May 2007 \\|accessdate\\=13 May 2007 \\|location\\=London \\|first\\=Nick \\|last\\=Szczepanik}} Fabiański then was signed in the 2004–05 season by [Lech Poznań](/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84 \"Lech Poznań\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}}",
"### Legia Warsaw",
"In the winter of 2005, Fabiański was signed by [Legia Warsaw](/wiki/Legia_Warsaw \"Legia Warsaw\"), where he competed with [Artur Boruc](/wiki/Artur_Boruc \"Artur Boruc\") for a place in the team. After Boruc was sold to [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\"), Fabiański took over as starting goalkeeper on 24 July 2005 in a match against [Arka Gdynia](/wiki/Arka_Gdynia \"Arka Gdynia\"), which ended 0–0\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}} The following season, he helped Legia win the [2005–06 Ekstraklasa](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Ekstraklasa \"2005–06 Ekstraklasa\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Football: Player profiles of Arsenal's impressive Carling Cup youngsters \\|first\\=Harry \\|last\\=Leech \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=13 November 2008 \\|accessdate\\=15 December 2018 \\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/nov/13/arsenal\\-player\\-profiles\\-football\\-carling\\-cup}} He started all 30 matches of the campaign, in which he conceded 17 goals.{{cite web \\|title\\=Eight things you probably didn't know about Lukasz Fabianski \\|publisher\\=West Ham United F.C. \\|date\\=20 June 2018 \\|accessdate\\=15 December 2018 \\|url\\= https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2018/june/20\\-june/eight\\-things\\-you\\-probably\\-didnt\\-know\\-about\\-lukasz\\-fabianski}}",
"In the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, his performances led to him being awarded the \"Football Oscar\" for the best goalkeeper in the [Ekstraklasa](/wiki/Ekstraklasa \"Ekstraklasa\").",
"### Arsenal",
"On 8 May 2007, Fabiański underwent medical tests in London after [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") agreed a transfer fee with Legia Warsaw worth approximately £2\\.1 million.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid\\=465703\\&CPID\\=8\\&clid\\=3\\&lid\\=\\&title\\=Gunners\\+to\\+pick\\+up\\+Pole \\|title\\=Gunners to pick up Pole \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=O'Rourke \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|date\\=9 May 2007 \\|accessdate\\=10 May 2007}}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The move was confirmed on 11 May 2007 by Arsenal manager [Arsène Wenger](/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger \"Arsène Wenger\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav\\=News\\&article\\=466047\\&lid\\=NewsHeadline\\&Title\\=TV\\+Online\\+exclusive:\\+Wenger\\+\\-\\+Fabianski\\+is\\+set\\+to\\+sign \\|title\\=Wenger: Fabianski is set to sign \\|author\\=Richard Clarke \\|publisher\\=Arsenal F.C. \\|date\\=11 May 2007 \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2007 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023735/https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav\\=News\\&article\\=466047\\&lid\\=NewsHeadline\\&Title\\=TV\\+Online\\+exclusive:\\+Wenger\\+\\-\\+Fabianski\\+is\\+set\\+to\\+sign \\|archivedate\\=13 May 2007}} Fabiański formally signed for Arsenal on 26 May with a long\\-term contract.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article\\=468626\\&lid\\=NewsHeadline⊂\\=Polish\\+goalkeeper\\+Lukasz\\+Fabianski\\+joins\\+Arsenal\\&sublid\\=NewsHeadline\\&Title\\=Polish\\+goalkeeper\\+Lukasz\\+Fabianski\\+joins\\+Arsenal\\&f\\=rss \\|title\\=Polish goalkeeper Lukasz Fabianski joins Arsenal \\|publisher\\=Arsenal F.C. \\|date\\=26 May 2007 \\|accessdate\\=26 May 2007 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205406/https://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article\\=468626\\&lid\\=NewsHeadline⊂\\=Polish\\+goalkeeper\\+Lukasz\\+Fabianski\\+joins\\+Arsenal\\&sublid\\=NewsHeadline\\&Title\\=Polish\\+goalkeeper\\+Lukasz\\+Fabianski\\+joins\\+Arsenal\\&f\\=rss \\|archivedate\\=30 September 2007}} He made his debut for the club in a 2–0 [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup \"Football League Cup\") win over [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") on 25 September 2007\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Fabiański's fond farewell to Arsenal \\|first\\=Piotr \\|last\\=Kozmiński \\|publisher\\=UEFA \\|date\\=3 June 2014 \\|accessdate\\=15 December 2018 \\|url\\= https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association\\=eng/news/newsid\\=2113026\\.html}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Arsenal 2\\-0 Newcastle \\|first\\=Saj \\|last\\=Chowdhury \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=25 September 2007 \\|accessdate\\=15 December 2018 \\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/7008002\\.stm}} His league debut followed later that season against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County \"Derby County\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/7356031\\.stm \\|title\\=Derby 2\\-6 Arsenal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=28 April 2008 \\|accessdate\\=29 March 2020}}",
"In Fabiański's early Arsenal career, two of his most notable appearances came in the 5–1 defeat to rivals [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") in the [2007–08 League Cup](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_League_Cup \"2007–08 Football League Cup\") semi\\-final and the first leg of the [2009–10 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League \"2009–10 UEFA Champions League\") second round match with [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto \"FC Porto\"). Fabiański received criticism for conceding soft goals in the Porto match as he scored an own goal and was blamed for the second goal after picking up a backpass from [Sol Campbell](/wiki/Sol_Campbell \"Sol Campbell\"), with Porto scoring from the resulting free\\-kick.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/7197913\\.stm \\|title\\=Tottenham 5\\-1 Arsenal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=22 January 2008 \\|accessdate\\=29 March 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8516193\\.stm \\|title\\=FC Porto 2 \\- 1 Arsenal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=17 February 2010 \\|accessdate\\=29 March 2020}} In January 2010, Arsène Wenger stated that Łukasz Fabiański could become one of the best goalkeepers in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\").[Arsenal boss Wenger: Fabianski can be among the best \\| Premiership News](http://www.tribalfootball.com/arsenal-boss-wenger-fabianski-can-be-among-best-594841) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406230204/http://www.tribalfootball.com/arsenal\\-boss\\-wenger\\-fabianski\\-can\\-be\\-among\\-best\\-594841 \\|date\\=6 April 2012 }}. tribalfootball.com (24 January 2010\\).",
"Fabiański played the last four matches for Arsenal in the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Arsenal_F.C._season \"2009–10 Arsenal F.C. season\") after top\\-choice goalkeeper [Manuel Almunia](/wiki/Manuel_Almunia \"Manuel Almunia\") suffered a wrist injury. He was criticised for conceding soft goals in the defeats to [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. \"Wigan Athletic F.C.\") and [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\"), but kept clean sheets in the matches at home to [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\") and [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-gb/news/2914/champions\\-league/2010/02/17/1795174/porto\\-2\\-1\\-arsenal\\-lukasz\\-fabianski\\-errors\\-hand\\-portuguese \\|title\\=Porto 2–1 Arsenal: Lukasz Fabiański errors hand Portuguese side the edge \\|author\\=Niall McGlone \\|publisher\\=Goal.com \\|date\\=17 February 2010 \\|accessdate\\=5 March 2010}}",
"#### 2010–11 season",
"[185px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Fabiański playing for [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") in 2010](/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Fabia%C5%84ski_Arsenal_vs_Birmingham_2010-11.jpg \"Łukasz Fabiański Arsenal vs Birmingham 2010-11.jpg\")\nFabiański started the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Arsenal_F.C._season \"2010–11 Arsenal F.C. season\") as Arsenal's second\\-choice goalkeeper. On 21 September 2010, he made his first start of the season in a [League Cup](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_League_Cup \"2010–11 Football League Cup\") match against [neighbours](/wiki/North_London_Derby \"North London Derby\") Tottenham Hotspur at [White Hart Lane](/wiki/White_Hart_Lane \"White Hart Lane\"), which Arsenal won 4–1 after extra time. Fabiański almost cost the match for Arsenal as he failed to stop [Robbie Keane](/wiki/Robbie_Keane \"Robbie Keane\")'s long\\-range effort, despite getting a hand to the shot. After the match, he revealed he was disappointed. He had a solid match in his second match of the season replacing the injured Manuel Almunia one week later in a [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UEFA_Champions_League \"2010–11 UEFA Champions League\") 3–1 away win against [Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan \"FK Partizan\"). He saved [Cléo](/wiki/Cl%C3%A9o \"Cléo\")'s second penalty of the match in the second half to deny Partizan a lifeline. He later turned [Ivica Iliev](/wiki/Ivica_Iliev \"Ivica Iliev\")'s effort around the post from point\\-blank range just before the final whistle. Arsène Wenger later commented that Fabiański had a \"faultless\" match and they finally saw the player who they usually see in training. He kept his first clean sheet in a win over Manchester City, where he made many saves in a match that ended 3–0\\. He was later named man of the match on an Arsenal.com poll after a brilliant display to keep Arsenal in the match.['We saw the Fabianski we see in training' \\| News](https://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/-we-saw-the-fabianski-we-see-in-training-) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001095644/https://www.arsenal.com/news/news\\-archive/\\-we\\-saw\\-the\\-fabianski\\-we\\-see\\-in\\-training\\- \\|date\\=1 October 2010 }}. Arsenal F.C..com (28 September 2010\\). After the City match, Wenger admitted he could well become the club's number one goalkeeper after impressive displays in the matches since the Partizan match.[Arsene Wenger admits Lukasz Fabianski could displace Manuel Almunia as Arsenal’s first\\-choice goalkeeper](http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2010/10/24/2181614/arsene-wenger-admits-lukasz-fabianski-could-displace-manuel). Goal.com.",
"On 7 November 2010, Fabiański was widely criticised for an error that lead to the only goal as Arsenal lost at home to Newcastle United.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ministryofglove.wordpress.com/2010/11/08/lukasz\\-fabianski\\-mistake\\-v\\-newcastle/ \\|title\\=Fabianski Mistake Hands Newcastle Surprise Win \\|publisher\\=MinistryOf Glove.com \\|date\\=8 November 2010 \\|accessdate\\=9 November 2010}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/08112010/58/premier\\-league\\-toon\\-shock\\-arsenal.html \\|title\\=Toon Shock Arsenal \\|website\\=Eurosport \\|date\\=7 November 2010 \\|accessdate\\=23 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814172159/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/08112010/58/premier\\-league\\-toon\\-shock\\-arsenal.html \\|archivedate\\=14 August 2011}}(archived) However, he produced a strong display to keep a clean sheet in the next Premier League match, against [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\"), in which he managed to prevent a draw with a last\\-minute save, and then initiating a counter\\-attack with a long throw of the ball that led to another Arsenal goal.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.skysports.com/football/match\\_report/0,19764,11065\\_3293518,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|title\\=Chamakh brace sinks Wolves \\|date\\=10 November 2010}} After the Wolves match, Arsenal played [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\"), where Fabiański received the man of the match award from [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports \"Sky Sports\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/live/match/221169/report \\|title\\=Everton v Arsenal match report \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports}}",
"Fabiański was injured for Arsenal's crucial match with [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") but returned for the equally important match with London rivals [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"), making many crucial saves in helping Arsenal to win 3–1\\.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\\_prem/9309539\\.stm \\|title\\=Arsenal 3–1 Chelsea \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=27 December 2010 \\|accessdate\\=27 December 2010 \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=McNulty}} On 5 January 2011, he suffered a season\\-ending shoulder injury as he was warming up with the help of [Wojciech Szczęsny](/wiki/Wojciech_Szcz%C4%99sny \"Wojciech Szczęsny\"), which ruled him out for the remainder of the 2010–11 season.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/\\_/id/874906/op\\-to\\-sideline\\-lukas\\-fabianski\\-for\\-season?cc\\=5901 \\|title\\=Op to sideline Fabianski for season \\|website\\=ESPN Soccernet \\|date\\=3 January 2011 \\|accessdate\\=4 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206141127/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/\\_/id/874906/op\\-to\\-sideline\\-lukas\\-fabianski\\-for\\-season?cc\\=5901 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} During this period, Szczęsny established himself as Arsenal's first choice goalkeeper ahead of his Polish compatriot.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}}",
"#### 2011–12 season",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Fabiański warming up before a match against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C \"Chelsea F.C\") on 21 April 2012](/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Fabia%C5%84ski_3.jpg \"Łukasz Fabiański 3.jpg\")",
"Fabiański spent the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Arsenal_F.C._season \"2011–12 Arsenal F.C. season\") as backup to Wojciech Szczęsny, making his first appearance against [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. \"Shrewsbury Town F.C.\") in the [League Cup](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_Cup \"2011–12 Football League Cup\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}}",
"On 6 December 2011, Fabiański was selected to start in Arsenal's [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League \"2011–12 UEFA Champions League\") [group stage](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage \"2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage\") match against [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\"), but was substituted out after 25 minutes following a knee injury.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/15933230 \\|title\\=Olympiakos 3 – 1 Arsenal \\|date\\=6 December 2011 \\|accessdate\\=13 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}",
"#### 2012–13 season",
"Injuries limited Fabiański's appearances during the [2012–13 season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Arsenal_F.C._season \"2012–13 Arsenal F.C. season\"), where he made only four [Premier League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Premier_League \"2012–13 Premier League\") appearances as back\\-up to Wojciech Szczęsny. In March 2013, after Szczęsny was dropped, Fabiański started in goal in the second\\-leg of Arsenal's [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Champions_League \"2012–13 UEFA Champions League\") tie against [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich \"FC Bayern Munich\"). He kept a clean sheet as Arsenal won 2–0 and retained his place in the team to make his first Premier League start of the season away against [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. \"Swansea City A.F.C.\") on 16 March 2013, again keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win. Fabiański started in Arsenal's next three league matches against [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\"), [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") and [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\"). However, an injury sustained in the match against Norwich by Fabiański allowed Szczęsny to return to the starting line\\-up and reclaim his position as first\\-choice goalkeeper.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}}",
"#### 2013–14 season",
"During the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Arsenal_F.C._season \"2013–14 Arsenal F.C. season\"), Fabiański was used as Arsenal's starting goalkeeper in [FA Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Cup \"2013–14 FA Cup\") and [League Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup \"2013–14 Football League Cup\") matches, with Szczęsny remaining first\\-choice in [Premier League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_League \"2013–14 Premier League\") and [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League\") matches.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}}",
"On 19 February 2014, Fabiański came on as a substitute in the 37th minute of a 2–0 Champions League home defeat against Bayern Munich, after Szczęsny was [sent off](/wiki/Ejection_%28sports%29 \"Ejection (sports)\") for a foul on [Arjen Robben](/wiki/Arjen_Robben \"Arjen Robben\"). With Szczęsny suspended, Fabiański was in the starting line\\-up for the second leg and saved a late penalty from Bayern's [Thomas Müller](/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller \"Thomas Müller\").{{Citation \\|title\\=Muller penalty Fabianski Great Save Bayern Munich vs Arsenal 11 3 2014 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=12bkw00EY5c \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-07 \\|language\\=en}}",
"On 12 April, Fabiański saved penalties from [Gary Caldwell](/wiki/Gary_Caldwell \"Gary Caldwell\") and [Jack Collison](/wiki/Jack_Collison \"Jack Collison\") in an [FA Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Cup \"2013–14 FA Cup\") semi\\-final [shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shootout \"Penalty shootout\") victory over Wigan Athletic.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/26897266 \\|title\\=Wigan 1–1 Arsenal \\|date\\=12 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}} He made his only Premier League appearance of the season in the last match on 11 May, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 away win that caused his opponents Norwich City to be relegated.{{cite news \\|last\\=Osborne \\|first\\=Chris \\|title\\=Norwich 0–2 Arsenal \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27273461 \\|accessdate\\=29 May 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 May 2014}} Six days later, Fabiański started for Arsenal in the [2014 FA Cup Final](/wiki/2014_FA_Cup_Final \"2014 FA Cup Final\") as they defeated [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\") 3–2 after extra time at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium \"Wembley Stadium\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27354148 \\|title\\=Arsenal 3–2 Hull City \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=McNulty \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2021}}",
"### Swansea City",
"On 29 May 2014, it was announced that Fabiański would join fellow Premier League side Swansea City on a free transfer when his Arsenal contract expired on 1 July. He said of the transfer, \"The main reason I came to Swansea was because I want to be the number one goalkeeper.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Lukasz Fabianski leaves Arsenal to join Swansea City on free transfer \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27616469 \\|accessdate\\=29 May 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=29 May 2014}} He made his competitive debut for the club on 16 August, a 2–1 win against Manchester United at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") in the first match of the [Premier League season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Premier_League \"2014–15 Premier League\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bevan \\|first1\\=Chris \\|title\\=Man Utd 1–2 Swansea \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28718345 \\|accessdate\\=16 August 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=16 August 2014}} On 7 December 2014, Fabiański was sent off in Swansea's 1–3 loss at [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") for a foul on [Diafra Sakho](/wiki/Diafra_Sakho \"Diafra Sakho\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rose \\|first1\\=Gary \\|title\\=West Ham 3–1 Swansea \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30266472 \\|accessdate\\=7 December 2014 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=7 December 2014}}",
"On 11 May 2015, Fabiański kept a clean sheet and was named [man of the match](/wiki/Man_of_the_match \"Man of the match\") in a 1–0 win against Arsenal on his return to the [Emirates Stadium](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium \"Emirates Stadium\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/11670/9847357/lukasz\\-fabianski\\-says\\-swanseas\\-win\\-over\\-arsenal\\-was\\-not\\-personal \\|title\\=Lukasz Fabianski says Swansea's win over Arsenal was not personal \\|date\\=11 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports}} On 6 July, Fabiański signed a new four\\-year contract with Swansea, which would keep him at the club until June 2019\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33807475 \\|title\\=Fabianski signs 4\\-year deal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|accessdate\\=6 July 2015}}\n[thumb\\|150px\\|Fabiański with West Ham in 2021](/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Fabia%C5%84ski2021.jpeg \"Łukasz Fabiański2021.jpeg\")\nFabiański played all 38 of Swansea's Premier League games of [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Swansea_City_A.F.C._season \"2017–18 Swansea City A.F.C. season\") and was voted Player of the Season by the club's supporters. His performances did not prevent the club from ending the season 18th and they were relegated to the [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Swansea City's Player of the Season Awards 2018 \\|last\\=Gwilym \\|first\\=Andrew \\|website\\=WalesOnline \\|date\\=19 April 2018 \\|accessdate\\=20 June 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/swansea\\-citys\\-player\\-season\\-awards\\-14607269}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44020155 \\|title\\=Swansea 1–2 Stoke \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|first\\=Dafydd \\|last\\=Pritchard \\|date\\=14 May 2018 \\|accessdate\\=4 July 2018}}",
"### West Ham United",
"On 20 June 2018, Premier League club [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") announced the transfer of Fabiański for £7 million. He signed a three\\-year contract with the club.{{cite news \\|title\\=Lukasz Fabianski: West Ham sign Swansea City's Polish goalkeeper \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=20 June 2018 \\|accessdate\\=20 June 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44546138}} Fabiański, the first Pole to play first\\-team football for West Ham, was installed as first\\-choice 'keeper at the start of the [2018–19 season](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_West_Ham_United_F.C._season \"2018–19 West Ham United F.C. season\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Standout players of 2018/19: Lukasz Fabianski \\|first\\=Adrian \\|last\\=Clarke \\|publisher\\=Premier League \\|date\\=13 October 2018 \\|accessdate\\=15 December 2018 \\|url\\= https://www.premierleague.com/news/878144}} On 4 December 2018, Fabiański saved his first penalty as a West Ham goalkeeper, saving [Joe Ralls](/wiki/Joe_Ralls \"Joe Ralls\")' effort in a 3–1 win against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46353458\\|title\\=West Ham United 3–1 Cardiff City\\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=4 December 2018}} For his performances throughout the season, during which he was ever\\-present, he was named [Hammer of the Year](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C.%23Hammer_of_the_Year \"West Ham United F.C.#Hammer of the Year\").",
"In September 2019, he suffered a hip injury.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49875670\\|title\\=Lukasz Fabianski: West Ham goalkeeper out for two months with hip injury\\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=30 September 2019}} During his absence, [Roberto](/wiki/Roberto_Jim%C3%A9nez_%28footballer%2C_born_1986%29 \"Roberto Jiménez (footballer, born 1986)\") and [David Martin](/wiki/David_Martin_%28footballer%2C_born_1986%29 \"David Martin (footballer, born 1986)\") deputised for Fabiański.",
"In March 2021, Fabiański extended his contract with West Ham until June 2022\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56349516\\|title\\=Fabianski to stay with West Ham until 2022\\|work\\=BBC Sport }}",
"On 12 January 2022, Fabianski made his 300th Premier League appearance in a 2–0 victory over [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\"), {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59618481\\|title\\=West Ham United 2–0 Norwich City: Jarrod Bowen scores twice as hosts claim comfortable win\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=12 January 2022\\|accessdate\\=13 January 2022}} the first player from Poland to reach this landmark.",
"After having started all 24 of West Ham's Premier League games in the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_West_Ham_United_F.C._season \"2022–23 West Ham United F.C. season\"), on 25 February 2023 he fractured his cheekbone and eye socket in a home game against [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\"). He had to come off in the 69th minute and was replaced by [Alphonse Areola](/wiki/Alphonse_Areola \"Alphonse Areola\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=West Ham's Fabianski has fractured cheekbone \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/64797445 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-28}}",
"In July 2022, he signed a further contract extension, until the summer of 2023\\.{{cite web \\| title\\=Łukasz Fabiański signs contract extension with West Ham United \\| website\\=West Ham United F.C. \\| url\\=http://www.whufc.com/news/lukasz\\-fabianski\\-signs\\-contract\\-extension\\-west\\-ham\\-united \\| access\\-date\\=25 May 2023\\|date\\=6 July 2022}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early life
The son of Argyris Arvanitidis and Morfoula,{{Cite web \|title\=Δείτε τον αδερφό του Νίκου Βέρτη! \|url\=http://www.entertv.gr/lifestyle/news/301355\_deite\-ton\-aderfo\-toy\-nikoy\-verti \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517192304/http://www.entertv.gr/lifestyle/news/301355\_deite\-ton\-aderfo\-toy\-nikoy\-verti \|archive\-date\=17 May 2019 \|access\-date\=2019\-02\-24 \|website\=www.entertv.gr \|language\=el}} at the age of six, Vertis and his family moved to [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), and at seven, he started playing the [bouzouki](/wiki/Bouzouki "Bouzouki"). By the age of 15, he was involved with singing. At age 16, he moved back to the Netherlands for two years, where he attended a technical high school. He returned to Greece for his military duties and, once completed, started being involved with his love of singing. He started singing in small clubs in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") and other locations around the region of [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29 "Macedonia (Greece)"). In summer 2002, he started singing at the popular club "Rodon" where he made a big impact, and continued singing there until summer 2003\.
### 2003\-2004: *Poli Apotoma Vradiazei* and *Pame Psihi Mou*
In 2003, Vertis signed with [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music "Universal Music") Greece and released his first album, titled *Poli Apotoma Vradiazei* (Night comes too fast). The songs "Asteri Mou", "An Feigeis", "San Trelos Se Agapao" and the title track "Poli Apotoma Vradiazei" became radio hits in a short time, while [Peggy Zina](/wiki/Peggy_Zina "Peggy Zina") sang two duets on the album called "Eimaste Horia" and "Hanomaste" which were also radio hits. For the winter season of 2003\-2004, Vertis moved to [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") where he collaborated with Zina at club Apollon. At the third annual "Arion Awards" in 2003, Vertis won the award for "Best New Artist".
In May 2004, Vertis started singing at club "Rodon" in Thessaloniki again, in successful shows until August. In September 2004, he released his second album, *Pame Psihi Mou* (Lets go my soul), with songs by Giorgos Theofanos. The songs "Pos Tolmas", "Thimamai" and "Se Mena" become radio hits. At the same time, he started performing at club "Posidonio" for the winter season of 2004\-2005\. His performances there were highly successfully, with some{{who\|date\=May 2023}} calling him "The next big laiko singer". At the fourth annual Arion Music Awards in 2004, he was nominated in the category "Best Male Laiko Singer".
### 2005\-2006: *Pes To Mou Ksana* and *Pos Pernao Ta Vradia Monos*
In spring 2005, he started his second round of performances at club "Posidonio" where he remained for the whole summer. In summer 2005, he released his first CD single titled "Pes To Mou Ksana" (Tell it to me again), which was certified Platinum and awarded the "Best\-selling Greek Single of the Year" at the fifth Arion Awards.
For the winter season 2005\-2006, he continued singing at club Posidonio. In December 2005, he released his third album, *Pos Perno Ta Vradia Monos* (How I pass the evenings alone). The CD had music by Kiriakos Papadopoulos with lyrics by Ilias Filippou. The album was quickly certified Platinum, while the songs "Pes To Mou Ksana", "Poia Esu", "Pos Na To Exigiso", "Den Se Niazei" and "Kapote Tha Deis" become radio hits. In the beginning of 2006, Vertis re\-released the album as a special edition with a bonus DVD with seven music videos.
### 2007–present: *Mono Gia Sena* and *Ola Einai Edo*
[thumb\|right\|Nikos Vertis performing at [HMV Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/HMV_Hammersmith_Apollo "HMV Hammersmith Apollo") in London on 17 February 2009](/wiki/File:Vertis_Hammersmith_concert.JPG "Vertis Hammersmith concert.JPG")
For the winter season of 2006\-2007, Vertis sang again at club "Posidonion". In March, he started recording his fourth studio album, titled *Mono Gia Sena* (Only for you), which was released in April 2007 and included a bonus DVD. From the album, the songs "Mono Gia Sena", "Matia Mou Glyka", "Parapono Mou", "Svista Ola" and "De M'Agapas" became instant radio hits and charted throughout the summer. In July 2007, the album was certified platinum, and became double platinum by February 2008\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mad.tv/section/news/35266/news/%CE%A4%CE%B1%20%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%20%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%20%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%20%CF%84%CE%BF%202009\|script\-title\=el:Τα σχέδια του Νίκου Βέρτη για το 2009 \|date\=2008\-01\-13\|website\=\[\[MAD TV (Greece)\|MAD TV]]\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-09\|language\=el \|trans\-title\=Nikos Vertis' plans for 2009}}{{dead link\|date\=May 2023}} For the winter season of 2007\-2008,he sang for the fourth year in a row at club "Posidonion", ending on 14 January 2008\. The final night was filled with guest appearances by fellow singers and friends such as [Antonis Remos](/wiki/Antonis_Remos "Antonis Remos"), [George Dalaras](/wiki/George_Dalaras "George Dalaras"), Antonis Vardis and other celebrities. In October 2008, Vertis began a world tour of 20 concerts in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"), ending on 17 January 2009 at the [HMV Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/HMV_Hammersmith_Apollo "HMV Hammersmith Apollo") in [London](/wiki/London "London").
Vertis' fifth studio album, *Ola Einai Edo* (Everything is here), was originally announced to be a February 2009 release, but was finally released in early April.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mad.tv/section/news/37416/news/%CE%9F%20%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82%20%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%8E%20%CE%BC%CE%B5%20%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%20album\|title\=Ο Νίκος Βέρτης είναι εδώ με νέο album \|date\=2009\-04\-05\|website\=\[\[MAD TV (Greece)\|MAD TV]]\|language\=el \|trans\-title\=Nikos Vertis is here with a new album\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-09}}{{dead link\|date\=May 2023}} The 12\-track album was written by Christos Nikolopoulos, Antonis Vardis and Dimitris Dekos. It was released in three versions: a standard 12\-track album in a [jewel case](/wiki/Jewel_case "Jewel case"), an edition in a rectangular box with a bonus "Mega\-Mix" CD of 13 of Vertis' greatest hits, and a version that includes a magazine.{{cite web\|url\=http://mad.tv/section/news/37542/news/IN\+PHOTOS%3A\+%CE%A4%CE%BF\+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF\+videoclip\+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85\+%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85\+%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7\|title\=Το νέο videoclip του Νίκου Βέρτη \|date\=2009\-04\-09\|website\=\[\[MAD TV (Greece)\|MAD TV]]\|language\=el \|trans\-title\=The new videoclip of Nikos Vertis\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411203801/http://www.mad.tv/section/news/37542/news/IN\+PHOTOS%3A\+%CE%A4%CE%BF\+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF\+videoclip\+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85\+%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85\+%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7\|archive\-date\=2009\-04\-11\|url\-status\=dead}} As part of Universal Music's promotional campaign, a [digipak](/wiki/Digipak "Digipak") edition with a [fixed price](/wiki/Resale_price_maintenance "Resale price maintenance") of [€](/wiki/Euro "Euro")9\.90 was also released, at about half of the average new album price in the Greek market then. The first single, "Den Teliosame", was released to radios in early April and is an erotic ballad; a music video was created and was directed by Giorgos Gabalos. The album was certified Platinum quickly, and later certified 4× Platinum.[http://troktiko.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog\-post\_6988\.html](http://troktiko.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post_6988.html) {{User\-generated source\|date\=August 2022}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early life",
"The son of Argyris Arvanitidis and Morfoula,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Δείτε τον αδερφό του Νίκου Βέρτη! \\|url\\=http://www.entertv.gr/lifestyle/news/301355\\_deite\\-ton\\-aderfo\\-toy\\-nikoy\\-verti \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517192304/http://www.entertv.gr/lifestyle/news/301355\\_deite\\-ton\\-aderfo\\-toy\\-nikoy\\-verti \\|archive\\-date\\=17 May 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-24 \\|website\\=www.entertv.gr \\|language\\=el}} at the age of six, Vertis and his family moved to [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), and at seven, he started playing the [bouzouki](/wiki/Bouzouki \"Bouzouki\"). By the age of 15, he was involved with singing. At age 16, he moved back to the Netherlands for two years, where he attended a technical high school. He returned to Greece for his military duties and, once completed, started being involved with his love of singing. He started singing in small clubs in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\") and other locations around the region of [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29 \"Macedonia (Greece)\"). In summer 2002, he started singing at the popular club \"Rodon\" where he made a big impact, and continued singing there until summer 2003\\.",
"### 2003\\-2004: *Poli Apotoma Vradiazei* and *Pame Psihi Mou*",
"In 2003, Vertis signed with [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music \"Universal Music\") Greece and released his first album, titled *Poli Apotoma Vradiazei* (Night comes too fast). The songs \"Asteri Mou\", \"An Feigeis\", \"San Trelos Se Agapao\" and the title track \"Poli Apotoma Vradiazei\" became radio hits in a short time, while [Peggy Zina](/wiki/Peggy_Zina \"Peggy Zina\") sang two duets on the album called \"Eimaste Horia\" and \"Hanomaste\" which were also radio hits. For the winter season of 2003\\-2004, Vertis moved to [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") where he collaborated with Zina at club Apollon. At the third annual \"Arion Awards\" in 2003, Vertis won the award for \"Best New Artist\".",
"In May 2004, Vertis started singing at club \"Rodon\" in Thessaloniki again, in successful shows until August. In September 2004, he released his second album, *Pame Psihi Mou* (Lets go my soul), with songs by Giorgos Theofanos. The songs \"Pos Tolmas\", \"Thimamai\" and \"Se Mena\" become radio hits. At the same time, he started performing at club \"Posidonio\" for the winter season of 2004\\-2005\\. His performances there were highly successfully, with some{{who\\|date\\=May 2023}} calling him \"The next big laiko singer\". At the fourth annual Arion Music Awards in 2004, he was nominated in the category \"Best Male Laiko Singer\".",
"### 2005\\-2006: *Pes To Mou Ksana* and *Pos Pernao Ta Vradia Monos*",
"In spring 2005, he started his second round of performances at club \"Posidonio\" where he remained for the whole summer. In summer 2005, he released his first CD single titled \"Pes To Mou Ksana\" (Tell it to me again), which was certified Platinum and awarded the \"Best\\-selling Greek Single of the Year\" at the fifth Arion Awards.",
"For the winter season 2005\\-2006, he continued singing at club Posidonio. In December 2005, he released his third album, *Pos Perno Ta Vradia Monos* (How I pass the evenings alone). The CD had music by Kiriakos Papadopoulos with lyrics by Ilias Filippou. The album was quickly certified Platinum, while the songs \"Pes To Mou Ksana\", \"Poia Esu\", \"Pos Na To Exigiso\", \"Den Se Niazei\" and \"Kapote Tha Deis\" become radio hits. In the beginning of 2006, Vertis re\\-released the album as a special edition with a bonus DVD with seven music videos.",
"### 2007–present: *Mono Gia Sena* and *Ola Einai Edo*",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Nikos Vertis performing at [HMV Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/HMV_Hammersmith_Apollo \"HMV Hammersmith Apollo\") in London on 17 February 2009](/wiki/File:Vertis_Hammersmith_concert.JPG \"Vertis Hammersmith concert.JPG\")\nFor the winter season of 2006\\-2007, Vertis sang again at club \"Posidonion\". In March, he started recording his fourth studio album, titled *Mono Gia Sena* (Only for you), which was released in April 2007 and included a bonus DVD. From the album, the songs \"Mono Gia Sena\", \"Matia Mou Glyka\", \"Parapono Mou\", \"Svista Ola\" and \"De M'Agapas\" became instant radio hits and charted throughout the summer. In July 2007, the album was certified platinum, and became double platinum by February 2008\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mad.tv/section/news/35266/news/%CE%A4%CE%B1%20%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%20%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%20%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%20%CF%84%CE%BF%202009\\|script\\-title\\=el:Τα σχέδια του Νίκου Βέρτη για το 2009 \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-13\\|website\\=\\[\\[MAD TV (Greece)\\|MAD TV]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-09\\|language\\=el \\|trans\\-title\\=Nikos Vertis' plans for 2009}}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2023}} For the winter season of 2007\\-2008,he sang for the fourth year in a row at club \"Posidonion\", ending on 14 January 2008\\. The final night was filled with guest appearances by fellow singers and friends such as [Antonis Remos](/wiki/Antonis_Remos \"Antonis Remos\"), [George Dalaras](/wiki/George_Dalaras \"George Dalaras\"), Antonis Vardis and other celebrities. In October 2008, Vertis began a world tour of 20 concerts in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), ending on 17 January 2009 at the [HMV Hammersmith Apollo](/wiki/HMV_Hammersmith_Apollo \"HMV Hammersmith Apollo\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\").",
"Vertis' fifth studio album, *Ola Einai Edo* (Everything is here), was originally announced to be a February 2009 release, but was finally released in early April.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mad.tv/section/news/37416/news/%CE%9F%20%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82%20%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82%20%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%8E%20%CE%BC%CE%B5%20%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%20album\\|title\\=Ο Νίκος Βέρτης είναι εδώ με νέο album \\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-05\\|website\\=\\[\\[MAD TV (Greece)\\|MAD TV]]\\|language\\=el \\|trans\\-title\\=Nikos Vertis is here with a new album\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-09}}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2023}} The 12\\-track album was written by Christos Nikolopoulos, Antonis Vardis and Dimitris Dekos. It was released in three versions: a standard 12\\-track album in a [jewel case](/wiki/Jewel_case \"Jewel case\"), an edition in a rectangular box with a bonus \"Mega\\-Mix\" CD of 13 of Vertis' greatest hits, and a version that includes a magazine.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mad.tv/section/news/37542/news/IN\\+PHOTOS%3A\\+%CE%A4%CE%BF\\+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF\\+videoclip\\+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85\\+%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85\\+%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7\\|title\\=Το νέο videoclip του Νίκου Βέρτη \\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-09\\|website\\=\\[\\[MAD TV (Greece)\\|MAD TV]]\\|language\\=el \\|trans\\-title\\=The new videoclip of Nikos Vertis\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411203801/http://www.mad.tv/section/news/37542/news/IN\\+PHOTOS%3A\\+%CE%A4%CE%BF\\+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF\\+videoclip\\+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85\\+%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85\\+%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-11\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} As part of Universal Music's promotional campaign, a [digipak](/wiki/Digipak \"Digipak\") edition with a [fixed price](/wiki/Resale_price_maintenance \"Resale price maintenance\") of [€](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\")9\\.90 was also released, at about half of the average new album price in the Greek market then. The first single, \"Den Teliosame\", was released to radios in early April and is an erotic ballad; a music video was created and was directed by Giorgos Gabalos. The album was certified Platinum quickly, and later certified 4× Platinum.[http://troktiko.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog\\-post\\_6988\\.html](http://troktiko.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post_6988.html) {{User\\-generated source\\|date\\=August 2022}}",
""
] |
Characterisation
----------------
### As a manservant
Bunter occupies a high social position among domestic staff, due to his role as a valet.Sayers, D.L.: "Clouds of Witness" Coronet Press, 1926{{Cite book \|last\=Sayers \|first\=Dorothy L. \|title\=Thrones, dominations \|last2\=Walsh \|first2\=Jill Paton \|last3\=Paton Walsh \|first3\=Jill \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=Hodder \& Stoughton \|isbn\=978\-0\-340\-68455\-9 \|edition\=1\. publ \|location\=London}} He is referred to as "Mr Bunter" by all other servants and tradesmen. His dress sense and manners command respect from his colleagues and impress cooks and maids.{{Cite book \|last\=Sayers \|first\=Dorothy L. \|title\=Whose body ? a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery \|date\=1995 \|publisher\=HarperPaperbacks \|isbn\=978\-0\-06\-104357\-4 \|edition\=1\. HarperPaperbacks print \|series\=Harper Mystery \|location\=New York}}
He possesses a calmness which is only broken on two occasions. In *[The Nine Tailors](/wiki/The_Nine_Tailors "The Nine Tailors")*, Bunter becomes upset after a maid is caught polishing a beer bottle taken as evidence. In *[Busman's Honeymoon](/wiki/Busman%27s_Honeymoon "Busman's Honeymoon")*, he becomes furious when Mrs. Ruddle stands all the bottles upright and washes them.Sayers, D. L.:"Busman's Honeymoon" New English Library 1937\.
### As assistant detective
Bunter regularly assists in deduction, undertaking tasks not suitable for a lord. He possesses a wide\-angled lens and a spy camera in his pocket,Sayers, D.L.:"The Entertaining Episode of the Article in Question" in "[Lord Peter Views the Body](/wiki/Lord_Peter_Views_the_Body "Lord Peter Views the Body")" Coronet, 1928\. and photographs crime scenes and fingerprints. He also follows suspects and checks alibis.
### With Lord Peter Wimsey and Harriet Vane
Sergeant Bunter was Major Wimsey's batman during the Great War. They served in the [Rifle Brigade](/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_%28The_Prince_Consort%27s_Own%29 "Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)"). In autumn 1918, Wimsey was buried in a [dugout](/wiki/Dugout_%28shelter%29 "Dugout (shelter)") by a shell, and was rescued by Bunter, among others. Bunter has saved Wimsey's life several times, notably from a [bog](/wiki/Bog "Bog") in Yorkshire.
Immediately after the war, Bunter took up service with Wimsey. Wimsey was afflicted with [shell shock](/wiki/Shell_shock "Shell shock"), and Bunter devoted himself to his recovery. Bunter seems to have no other interests than serving Wimsey; he is even ready to give up marriage rather than leave.
In *Strong Poison*,Sayers, D.L.:"Strong Poison." Coronet, 1930\. Wimsey begins a courtship with Harriet Vane, which eclipses Bunter's role in the story. Wimsey is relieved when Bunter accepts Vane. Bunter is consoled when Wimsey turns to him instead of to Vane for assistance in a case. At the end of the case, Bunter and Vane join forces to save Wimsey.
|
[
"Characterisation\n----------------",
"### As a manservant",
"Bunter occupies a high social position among domestic staff, due to his role as a valet.Sayers, D.L.: \"Clouds of Witness\" Coronet Press, 1926{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sayers \\|first\\=Dorothy L. \\|title\\=Thrones, dominations \\|last2\\=Walsh \\|first2\\=Jill Paton \\|last3\\=Paton Walsh \\|first3\\=Jill \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Hodder \\& Stoughton \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-340\\-68455\\-9 \\|edition\\=1\\. publ \\|location\\=London}} He is referred to as \"Mr Bunter\" by all other servants and tradesmen. His dress sense and manners command respect from his colleagues and impress cooks and maids.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sayers \\|first\\=Dorothy L. \\|title\\=Whose body ? a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery \\|date\\=1995 \\|publisher\\=HarperPaperbacks \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-06\\-104357\\-4 \\|edition\\=1\\. HarperPaperbacks print \\|series\\=Harper Mystery \\|location\\=New York}}",
"He possesses a calmness which is only broken on two occasions. In *[The Nine Tailors](/wiki/The_Nine_Tailors \"The Nine Tailors\")*, Bunter becomes upset after a maid is caught polishing a beer bottle taken as evidence. In *[Busman's Honeymoon](/wiki/Busman%27s_Honeymoon \"Busman's Honeymoon\")*, he becomes furious when Mrs. Ruddle stands all the bottles upright and washes them.Sayers, D. L.:\"Busman's Honeymoon\" New English Library 1937\\.",
"### As assistant detective",
"Bunter regularly assists in deduction, undertaking tasks not suitable for a lord. He possesses a wide\\-angled lens and a spy camera in his pocket,Sayers, D.L.:\"The Entertaining Episode of the Article in Question\" in \"[Lord Peter Views the Body](/wiki/Lord_Peter_Views_the_Body \"Lord Peter Views the Body\")\" Coronet, 1928\\. and photographs crime scenes and fingerprints. He also follows suspects and checks alibis.",
"### With Lord Peter Wimsey and Harriet Vane",
"Sergeant Bunter was Major Wimsey's batman during the Great War. They served in the [Rifle Brigade](/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_%28The_Prince_Consort%27s_Own%29 \"Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)\"). In autumn 1918, Wimsey was buried in a [dugout](/wiki/Dugout_%28shelter%29 \"Dugout (shelter)\") by a shell, and was rescued by Bunter, among others. Bunter has saved Wimsey's life several times, notably from a [bog](/wiki/Bog \"Bog\") in Yorkshire.",
"Immediately after the war, Bunter took up service with Wimsey. Wimsey was afflicted with [shell shock](/wiki/Shell_shock \"Shell shock\"), and Bunter devoted himself to his recovery. Bunter seems to have no other interests than serving Wimsey; he is even ready to give up marriage rather than leave.",
"In *Strong Poison*,Sayers, D.L.:\"Strong Poison.\" Coronet, 1930\\. Wimsey begins a courtship with Harriet Vane, which eclipses Bunter's role in the story. Wimsey is relieved when Bunter accepts Vane. Bunter is consoled when Wimsey turns to him instead of to Vane for assistance in a case. At the end of the case, Bunter and Vane join forces to save Wimsey.",
""
] |
Analysis
--------
{{see also\|Analysis of Boolean functions}}
### Properties
A Boolean function can have a variety of properties:{{Cite web\|title\=Boolean functions — Sage 9\.2 Reference Manual: Cryptography\|url\=https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/cryptography/sage/crypto/boolean\_function.html\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-01\|website\=doc.sagemath.org}}
* [Constant](/wiki/Constant_function "Constant function"): Is always true or always false regardless of its arguments.
* [Monotone](/wiki/Monotonic_function%23In_Boolean_functions "Monotonic function#In Boolean functions"): for every combination of argument values, changing an argument from false to true can only cause the output to switch from false to true and not from true to false. A function is said to be [unate](/wiki/Unate_function "Unate function") in a certain variable if it is monotone with respect to changes in that variable.
* [Linear](/wiki/Linearity%23Boolean_functions "Linearity#Boolean functions"): for each variable, flipping the value of the variable either always makes a difference in the truth value or never makes a difference (a [parity function](/wiki/Parity_function "Parity function")).
* [Symmetric](/wiki/Symmetric_Boolean_function "Symmetric Boolean function"): the value does not depend on the order of its arguments.
* [Read\-once](/wiki/Read-once_function "Read-once function"): Can be expressed with [conjunction](/wiki/Logical_conjunction "Logical conjunction"), [disjunction](/wiki/Logical_disjunction "Logical disjunction"), and [negation](/wiki/Negation "Negation") with a single instance of each variable.
* [Balanced](/wiki/Balanced_boolean_function "Balanced boolean function"): if its [truth table](/wiki/Truth_table "Truth table") contains an equal number of zeros and ones. The [Hamming weight](/wiki/Hamming_weight "Hamming weight") of the function is the number of ones in the truth table.
* [Bent](/wiki/Bent_function "Bent function"): its derivatives are all balanced (the autocorrelation spectrum is zero)
* [Correlation immune](/wiki/Correlation_immunity "Correlation immunity") to *m*th order: if the output is uncorrelated with all (linear) combinations of at most *m* arguments
* [Evasive](/wiki/Evasive_Boolean_function "Evasive Boolean function"): if evaluation of the function always requires the value of all arguments
* A Boolean function is a *Sheffer function* if it can be used to create (by composition) any arbitrary Boolean function (see [functional completeness](/wiki/Functional_completeness "Functional completeness"))
* The *algebraic degree* of a function is the order of the highest order monomial in its [algebraic normal form](/wiki/Algebraic_normal_form "Algebraic normal form")
[Circuit complexity](/wiki/Circuit_complexity "Circuit complexity") attempts to classify Boolean functions with respect to the size or depth of circuits that can compute them.
### Derived functions
A Boolean function may be decomposed using [Boole's expansion theorem](/wiki/Boole%27s_expansion_theorem "Boole's expansion theorem") in positive and negative *Shannon* *cofactors* ([Shannon expansion](/wiki/Shannon_expansion "Shannon expansion")), which are the (k\-1\)\-ary functions resulting from fixing one of the arguments (to zero or one). The general (k\-ary) functions obtained by imposing a linear constraint on a set of inputs (a linear subspace) are known as *subfunctions*.{{Cite book\|last1\=Tarannikov\|first1\=Yuriy\|last2\=Korolev\|first2\=Peter\|last3\=Botev\|first3\=Anton\|title\=Advances in Cryptology — ASIACRYPT 2001 \|chapter\=Autocorrelation Coefficients and Correlation Immunity of Boolean Functions \|date\=2001\|editor\-last\=Boyd\|editor\-first\=Colin\|series\=Lecture Notes in Computer Science\|volume\=2248\|language\=en\|location\=Berlin, Heidelberg\|publisher\=Springer\|pages\=460–479\|doi\=10\.1007/3\-540\-45682\-1\_27\|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-45682\-7\|doi\-access\=free}}
The *[Boolean derivative](/wiki/Boolean_derivative "Boolean derivative")* of the function to one of the arguments is a (k\-1\)\-ary function that is true when the output of the function is sensitive to the chosen input variable; it is the XOR of the two corresponding cofactors. A derivative and a cofactor are used in a [Reed–Muller expansion](/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Muller_expansion "Reed–Muller expansion"). The concept can be generalized as a k\-ary derivative in the direction dx, obtained as the difference (XOR) of the function at x and x \+ dx.
The *[Möbius transform](/wiki/Zhegalkin_polynomial%23M%C3%B6bius_transformation "Zhegalkin polynomial#Möbius transformation")* (or *Boole\-Möbius transform*) of a Boolean function is the set of coefficients of its [polynomial](/wiki/Zhegalkin_polynomial "Zhegalkin polynomial") ([algebraic normal form](/wiki/Algebraic_normal_form "Algebraic normal form")), as a function of the monomial exponent vectors. It is a [self\-inverse](/wiki/Involution_%28mathematics%29 "Involution (mathematics)") transform. It can be calculated efficiently using a [butterfly algorithm](/wiki/Butterfly_diagram "Butterfly diagram") ("*Fast Möbius Transform*"), analogous to the [Fast Fourier Transform](/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform "Fast Fourier transform").{{Citation\|last\=Carlet\|first\=Claude\|title\=Boolean Functions for Cryptography and Error\-Correcting Codes\|date\=2010\|url\=https://www.math.univ\-paris13\.fr/\~carlet/chap\-fcts\-Bool\-corr.pdf\|work\=Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Engineering\|pages\=257–397\|editor\-last\=\|editor\-first\=\|series\=Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications\|place\=Cambridge\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-84752\-0\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-17\|editor2\-last\=\|editor2\-first\=}} *Coincident* Boolean functions are equal to their Möbius transform, i.e. their truth table (minterm) values equal their algebraic (monomial) coefficients.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Pieprzyk\|first1\=Josef\|last2\=Wang\|first2\=Huaxiong\|last3\=Zhang\|first3\=Xian\-Mo\|date\=2011\-05\-01\|title\=Mobius transforms, coincident Boolean functions and non\-coincidence property of Boolean functions\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1080/00207160\.2010\.509428\|journal\=International Journal of Computer Mathematics\|volume\=88\|issue\=7\|pages\=1398–1416\|doi\=10\.1080/00207160\.2010\.509428\|s2cid\=9580510 \|issn\=0020\-7160}} There are 2^2^(*k*−1\) coincident functions of *k* arguments.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Nitaj\|first1\=Abderrahmane\|last2\=Susilo\|first2\=Willy\|last3\=Tonien\|first3\=Joseph\|date\=2017\-10\-01\|title\=Dirichlet product for boolean functions\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/s12190\-016\-1037\-4\|journal\=Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing\|language\=en\|volume\=55\|issue\=1\|pages\=293–312\|doi\=10\.1007/s12190\-016\-1037\-4\|s2cid\=16760125 \|issn\=1865\-2085}}
### Cryptographic analysis
The *[Walsh transform](/wiki/Walsh_transform "Walsh transform")* of a Boolean function is a k\-ary integer\-valued function giving the coefficients of a decomposition into [linear functions](/wiki/Parity_function "Parity function") ([Walsh functions](/wiki/Walsh_function "Walsh function")), analogous to the decomposition of real\-valued functions into [harmonics](/wiki/Harmonic "Harmonic") by the [Fourier transform](/wiki/Fourier_transform "Fourier transform"). Its square is the *power spectrum* or *Walsh spectrum*. The Walsh coefficient of a single bit vector is a measure for the correlation of that bit with the output of the Boolean function. The maximum (in absolute value) Walsh coefficient is known as the *linearity* of the function. The highest number of bits (order) for which all Walsh coefficients are 0 (i.e. the subfunctions are balanced) is known as *resiliency*, and the function is said to be [correlation immune](/wiki/Correlation_immunity "Correlation immunity") to that order. The Walsh coefficients play a key role in [linear cryptanalysis](/wiki/Linear_cryptanalysis "Linear cryptanalysis").
The *[autocorrelation](/wiki/Autocorrelation "Autocorrelation")* of a Boolean function is a k\-ary integer\-valued function giving the correlation between a certain set of changes in the inputs and the function output. For a given bit vector it is related to the Hamming weight of the derivative in that direction. The maximal autocorrelation coefficient (in absolute value) is known as the *absolute indicator*. If all autocorrelation coefficients are 0 (i.e. the derivatives are balanced) for a certain number of bits then the function is said to satisfy the *propagation criterion* to that order; if they are all zero then the function is a [bent function](/wiki/Bent_function "Bent function").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Canteaut\|first1\=Anne\|last2\=Carlet\|first2\=Claude\|last3\=Charpin\|first3\=Pascale\|last4\=Fontaine\|first4\=Caroline\|date\=2000\-05\-14\|title\=Propagation characteristics and correlation\-immunity of highly nonlinear boolean functions\|url\=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10\.5555/1756169\.1756219\|journal\=Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques\|series\=EUROCRYPT'00\|location\=Bruges, Belgium\|publisher\=Springer\-Verlag\|pages\=507–522\|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-67517\-4}} The autocorrelation coefficients play a key role in [differential cryptanalysis](/wiki/Differential_cryptanalysis "Differential cryptanalysis").
The Walsh coefficients of a Boolean function and its autocorrelation coefficients are related by the equivalent of the [Wiener–Khinchin theorem](/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Khinchin_theorem "Wiener–Khinchin theorem"), which states that the autocorrelation and the power spectrum are a Walsh transform pair.
#### Linear approximation table
These concepts can be extended naturally to *vectorial* Boolean functions by considering their output bits (*coordinates*) individually, or more thoroughly, by looking at the set of all linear functions of output bits, known as its *components*.{{Cite web\|last\=Carlet\|first\=Claude\|title\=Vectorial Boolean Functions for Cryptography\|url\=https://www.math.univ\-paris13\.fr/\~carlet/chap\-vectorial\-fcts\-corr.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|website\=University of Paris\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117102533/http://www.math.univ\-paris13\.fr:80/\~carlet/chap\-vectorial\-fcts\-corr.pdf \|archive\-date\=2016\-01\-17 }} The set of Walsh transforms of the components is known as a **Linear Approximation Table** (LAT){{Cite web\|last\=Heys\|first\=Howard M.\|title\=A Tutorial on Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis\|url\=http://www.cs.bc.edu/\~straubin/crypto2017/heys.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517014157/http://www.cs.bc.edu:80/\~straubin/crypto2017/heys.pdf \|archive\-date\=2017\-05\-17 }}{{Cite web\|title\=S\-Boxes and Their Algebraic Representations — Sage 9\.2 Reference Manual: Cryptography\|url\=https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/cryptography/sage/crypto/sbox.html\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-04\|website\=doc.sagemath.org}} or *correlation matrix*;{{cite conference \| last1 \= Daemen \| first1 \= Joan \| last2 \= Govaerts \| first2 \= René \| last3 \= Vandewalle \| first3 \= Joos \| editor\-last \= Preneel \| editor\-first \= Bart \| title \= Correlation matrices \| doi \= 10\.1007/3\-540\-60590\-8\_21 \| pages \= 275–285 \| publisher \= Springer \| series \= Lecture Notes in Computer Science \| book\-title \= Fast Software Encryption: Second International Workshop. Leuven, Belgium, 14\-16 December 1994, Proceedings \| volume \= 1008 \| year \= 1994\| doi\-access \= free }}{{Cite web\|last\=Daemen\|first\=Joan\|date\=10 June 1998\|title\=Chapter 5: Propagation and Correlation \- Annex to AES Proposal Rijndael\|url\=https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/Cryptographic\-Standards\-and\-Guidelines/documents/aes\-development/PropCorr.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|website\=NIST\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723015757/https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/Cryptographic\-Standards\-and\-Guidelines/documents/aes\-development/PropCorr.pdf \|archive\-date\=2018\-07\-23 }} it describes the correlation between different linear combinations of input and output bits. The set of autocorrelation coefficients of the components is the *autocorrelation table*, related by a Walsh transform of the components{{Cite web\|last\=Nyberg\|first\=Kaisa\|date\=December 1, 2019\|title\=The Extended Autocorrelation and Boomerang Tables and Links Between Nonlinearity Properties of Vectorial Boolean Functions\|url\=https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1381\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102023321/https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1381\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-02 }} to the more widely used *Difference Distribution Table* (DDT) which lists the correlations between differences in input and output bits (see also: [S\-box](/wiki/S-box "S-box")).
|
[
"Analysis\n--------",
"{{see also\\|Analysis of Boolean functions}}",
"### Properties",
"A Boolean function can have a variety of properties:{{Cite web\\|title\\=Boolean functions — Sage 9\\.2 Reference Manual: Cryptography\\|url\\=https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/cryptography/sage/crypto/boolean\\_function.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-01\\|website\\=doc.sagemath.org}}",
"* [Constant](/wiki/Constant_function \"Constant function\"): Is always true or always false regardless of its arguments.\n* [Monotone](/wiki/Monotonic_function%23In_Boolean_functions \"Monotonic function#In Boolean functions\"): for every combination of argument values, changing an argument from false to true can only cause the output to switch from false to true and not from true to false. A function is said to be [unate](/wiki/Unate_function \"Unate function\") in a certain variable if it is monotone with respect to changes in that variable.\n* [Linear](/wiki/Linearity%23Boolean_functions \"Linearity#Boolean functions\"): for each variable, flipping the value of the variable either always makes a difference in the truth value or never makes a difference (a [parity function](/wiki/Parity_function \"Parity function\")).\n* [Symmetric](/wiki/Symmetric_Boolean_function \"Symmetric Boolean function\"): the value does not depend on the order of its arguments.\n* [Read\\-once](/wiki/Read-once_function \"Read-once function\"): Can be expressed with [conjunction](/wiki/Logical_conjunction \"Logical conjunction\"), [disjunction](/wiki/Logical_disjunction \"Logical disjunction\"), and [negation](/wiki/Negation \"Negation\") with a single instance of each variable.\n* [Balanced](/wiki/Balanced_boolean_function \"Balanced boolean function\"): if its [truth table](/wiki/Truth_table \"Truth table\") contains an equal number of zeros and ones. The [Hamming weight](/wiki/Hamming_weight \"Hamming weight\") of the function is the number of ones in the truth table.\n* [Bent](/wiki/Bent_function \"Bent function\"): its derivatives are all balanced (the autocorrelation spectrum is zero)\n* [Correlation immune](/wiki/Correlation_immunity \"Correlation immunity\") to *m*th order: if the output is uncorrelated with all (linear) combinations of at most *m* arguments\n* [Evasive](/wiki/Evasive_Boolean_function \"Evasive Boolean function\"): if evaluation of the function always requires the value of all arguments\n* A Boolean function is a *Sheffer function* if it can be used to create (by composition) any arbitrary Boolean function (see [functional completeness](/wiki/Functional_completeness \"Functional completeness\"))\n* The *algebraic degree* of a function is the order of the highest order monomial in its [algebraic normal form](/wiki/Algebraic_normal_form \"Algebraic normal form\")\n[Circuit complexity](/wiki/Circuit_complexity \"Circuit complexity\") attempts to classify Boolean functions with respect to the size or depth of circuits that can compute them.",
"### Derived functions",
"A Boolean function may be decomposed using [Boole's expansion theorem](/wiki/Boole%27s_expansion_theorem \"Boole's expansion theorem\") in positive and negative *Shannon* *cofactors* ([Shannon expansion](/wiki/Shannon_expansion \"Shannon expansion\")), which are the (k\\-1\\)\\-ary functions resulting from fixing one of the arguments (to zero or one). The general (k\\-ary) functions obtained by imposing a linear constraint on a set of inputs (a linear subspace) are known as *subfunctions*.{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Tarannikov\\|first1\\=Yuriy\\|last2\\=Korolev\\|first2\\=Peter\\|last3\\=Botev\\|first3\\=Anton\\|title\\=Advances in Cryptology — ASIACRYPT 2001 \\|chapter\\=Autocorrelation Coefficients and Correlation Immunity of Boolean Functions \\|date\\=2001\\|editor\\-last\\=Boyd\\|editor\\-first\\=Colin\\|series\\=Lecture Notes in Computer Science\\|volume\\=2248\\|language\\=en\\|location\\=Berlin, Heidelberg\\|publisher\\=Springer\\|pages\\=460–479\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/3\\-540\\-45682\\-1\\_27\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-45682\\-7\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"The *[Boolean derivative](/wiki/Boolean_derivative \"Boolean derivative\")* of the function to one of the arguments is a (k\\-1\\)\\-ary function that is true when the output of the function is sensitive to the chosen input variable; it is the XOR of the two corresponding cofactors. A derivative and a cofactor are used in a [Reed–Muller expansion](/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Muller_expansion \"Reed–Muller expansion\"). The concept can be generalized as a k\\-ary derivative in the direction dx, obtained as the difference (XOR) of the function at x and x \\+ dx.",
"The *[Möbius transform](/wiki/Zhegalkin_polynomial%23M%C3%B6bius_transformation \"Zhegalkin polynomial#Möbius transformation\")* (or *Boole\\-Möbius transform*) of a Boolean function is the set of coefficients of its [polynomial](/wiki/Zhegalkin_polynomial \"Zhegalkin polynomial\") ([algebraic normal form](/wiki/Algebraic_normal_form \"Algebraic normal form\")), as a function of the monomial exponent vectors. It is a [self\\-inverse](/wiki/Involution_%28mathematics%29 \"Involution (mathematics)\") transform. It can be calculated efficiently using a [butterfly algorithm](/wiki/Butterfly_diagram \"Butterfly diagram\") (\"*Fast Möbius Transform*\"), analogous to the [Fast Fourier Transform](/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform \"Fast Fourier transform\").{{Citation\\|last\\=Carlet\\|first\\=Claude\\|title\\=Boolean Functions for Cryptography and Error\\-Correcting Codes\\|date\\=2010\\|url\\=https://www.math.univ\\-paris13\\.fr/\\~carlet/chap\\-fcts\\-Bool\\-corr.pdf\\|work\\=Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Engineering\\|pages\\=257–397\\|editor\\-last\\=\\|editor\\-first\\=\\|series\\=Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications\\|place\\=Cambridge\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-84752\\-0\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-17\\|editor2\\-last\\=\\|editor2\\-first\\=}} *Coincident* Boolean functions are equal to their Möbius transform, i.e. their truth table (minterm) values equal their algebraic (monomial) coefficients.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Pieprzyk\\|first1\\=Josef\\|last2\\=Wang\\|first2\\=Huaxiong\\|last3\\=Zhang\\|first3\\=Xian\\-Mo\\|date\\=2011\\-05\\-01\\|title\\=Mobius transforms, coincident Boolean functions and non\\-coincidence property of Boolean functions\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1080/00207160\\.2010\\.509428\\|journal\\=International Journal of Computer Mathematics\\|volume\\=88\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=1398–1416\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00207160\\.2010\\.509428\\|s2cid\\=9580510 \\|issn\\=0020\\-7160}} There are 2^2^(*k*−1\\) coincident functions of *k* arguments.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Nitaj\\|first1\\=Abderrahmane\\|last2\\=Susilo\\|first2\\=Willy\\|last3\\=Tonien\\|first3\\=Joseph\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-01\\|title\\=Dirichlet product for boolean functions\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/s12190\\-016\\-1037\\-4\\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=55\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=293–312\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s12190\\-016\\-1037\\-4\\|s2cid\\=16760125 \\|issn\\=1865\\-2085}}",
"### Cryptographic analysis",
"The *[Walsh transform](/wiki/Walsh_transform \"Walsh transform\")* of a Boolean function is a k\\-ary integer\\-valued function giving the coefficients of a decomposition into [linear functions](/wiki/Parity_function \"Parity function\") ([Walsh functions](/wiki/Walsh_function \"Walsh function\")), analogous to the decomposition of real\\-valued functions into [harmonics](/wiki/Harmonic \"Harmonic\") by the [Fourier transform](/wiki/Fourier_transform \"Fourier transform\"). Its square is the *power spectrum* or *Walsh spectrum*. The Walsh coefficient of a single bit vector is a measure for the correlation of that bit with the output of the Boolean function. The maximum (in absolute value) Walsh coefficient is known as the *linearity* of the function. The highest number of bits (order) for which all Walsh coefficients are 0 (i.e. the subfunctions are balanced) is known as *resiliency*, and the function is said to be [correlation immune](/wiki/Correlation_immunity \"Correlation immunity\") to that order. The Walsh coefficients play a key role in [linear cryptanalysis](/wiki/Linear_cryptanalysis \"Linear cryptanalysis\").",
"The *[autocorrelation](/wiki/Autocorrelation \"Autocorrelation\")* of a Boolean function is a k\\-ary integer\\-valued function giving the correlation between a certain set of changes in the inputs and the function output. For a given bit vector it is related to the Hamming weight of the derivative in that direction. The maximal autocorrelation coefficient (in absolute value) is known as the *absolute indicator*. If all autocorrelation coefficients are 0 (i.e. the derivatives are balanced) for a certain number of bits then the function is said to satisfy the *propagation criterion* to that order; if they are all zero then the function is a [bent function](/wiki/Bent_function \"Bent function\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Canteaut\\|first1\\=Anne\\|last2\\=Carlet\\|first2\\=Claude\\|last3\\=Charpin\\|first3\\=Pascale\\|last4\\=Fontaine\\|first4\\=Caroline\\|date\\=2000\\-05\\-14\\|title\\=Propagation characteristics and correlation\\-immunity of highly nonlinear boolean functions\\|url\\=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10\\.5555/1756169\\.1756219\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques\\|series\\=EUROCRYPT'00\\|location\\=Bruges, Belgium\\|publisher\\=Springer\\-Verlag\\|pages\\=507–522\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-67517\\-4}} The autocorrelation coefficients play a key role in [differential cryptanalysis](/wiki/Differential_cryptanalysis \"Differential cryptanalysis\").",
"The Walsh coefficients of a Boolean function and its autocorrelation coefficients are related by the equivalent of the [Wiener–Khinchin theorem](/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Khinchin_theorem \"Wiener–Khinchin theorem\"), which states that the autocorrelation and the power spectrum are a Walsh transform pair.",
"#### Linear approximation table",
"These concepts can be extended naturally to *vectorial* Boolean functions by considering their output bits (*coordinates*) individually, or more thoroughly, by looking at the set of all linear functions of output bits, known as its *components*.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Carlet\\|first\\=Claude\\|title\\=Vectorial Boolean Functions for Cryptography\\|url\\=https://www.math.univ\\-paris13\\.fr/\\~carlet/chap\\-vectorial\\-fcts\\-corr.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=University of Paris\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117102533/http://www.math.univ\\-paris13\\.fr:80/\\~carlet/chap\\-vectorial\\-fcts\\-corr.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-17 }} The set of Walsh transforms of the components is known as a **Linear Approximation Table** (LAT){{Cite web\\|last\\=Heys\\|first\\=Howard M.\\|title\\=A Tutorial on Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis\\|url\\=http://www.cs.bc.edu/\\~straubin/crypto2017/heys.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517014157/http://www.cs.bc.edu:80/\\~straubin/crypto2017/heys.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-17 }}{{Cite web\\|title\\=S\\-Boxes and Their Algebraic Representations — Sage 9\\.2 Reference Manual: Cryptography\\|url\\=https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/cryptography/sage/crypto/sbox.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-04\\|website\\=doc.sagemath.org}} or *correlation matrix*;{{cite conference \\| last1 \\= Daemen \\| first1 \\= Joan \\| last2 \\= Govaerts \\| first2 \\= René \\| last3 \\= Vandewalle \\| first3 \\= Joos \\| editor\\-last \\= Preneel \\| editor\\-first \\= Bart \\| title \\= Correlation matrices \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/3\\-540\\-60590\\-8\\_21 \\| pages \\= 275–285 \\| publisher \\= Springer \\| series \\= Lecture Notes in Computer Science \\| book\\-title \\= Fast Software Encryption: Second International Workshop. Leuven, Belgium, 14\\-16 December 1994, Proceedings \\| volume \\= 1008 \\| year \\= 1994\\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Daemen\\|first\\=Joan\\|date\\=10 June 1998\\|title\\=Chapter 5: Propagation and Correlation \\- Annex to AES Proposal Rijndael\\|url\\=https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/Cryptographic\\-Standards\\-and\\-Guidelines/documents/aes\\-development/PropCorr.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=NIST\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723015757/https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/Cryptographic\\-Standards\\-and\\-Guidelines/documents/aes\\-development/PropCorr.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-23 }} it describes the correlation between different linear combinations of input and output bits. The set of autocorrelation coefficients of the components is the *autocorrelation table*, related by a Walsh transform of the components{{Cite web\\|last\\=Nyberg\\|first\\=Kaisa\\|date\\=December 1, 2019\\|title\\=The Extended Autocorrelation and Boomerang Tables and Links Between Nonlinearity Properties of Vectorial Boolean Functions\\|url\\=https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1381\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102023321/https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1381\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-02 }} to the more widely used *Difference Distribution Table* (DDT) which lists the correlations between differences in input and output bits (see also: [S\\-box](/wiki/S-box \"S-box\")).",
""
] |
History
-------
### First run (1993–1994\)
The two first got together in mid\-1993, when Nash (then known by Diesel) became a bodyguard for Shawn Michaels, who had won the [Intercontinental Championship](/wiki/Intercontinental_Championship_%28WWE%29 "Intercontinental Championship (WWE)"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/322460\|title\=Intercontinental Championship \- Shawn Michaels \|work\=\[\[WWE]].com\|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/322468\|title\=Intercontinental Championship \- Shawn Michaels \|work\=\[\[WWE]]\|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/322476 \|title\=Intercontinental Championship \- Shawn Michaels\|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}} Nash helped Michaels win the Intercontinental Championship from [Marty Jannetty](/wiki/Marty_Jannetty "Marty Jannetty") on June 6, 1993\. In mid\-1994, Michaels acted as Nash's manager, leading him to win the Intercontinental Championship from [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall "Scott Hall").
The two would become a tag team when Michaels and Nash defeated [The Headshrinkers](/wiki/The_Headshrinkers "The Headshrinkers") at a [house show](/wiki/House_show "House show"), winning the [WWF Tag Team Championship](/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_%28WWE%2C_1971%E2%80%932010%29 "World Tag Team Championship (WWE, 1971–2010)") on August 28, 1994 in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana "Indianapolis, Indiana").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132125 \|title\=World Tag Team Championship \- Diesel \& Shawn Michaels \|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}
At [Survivor Series](/wiki/Survivor_Series_%281994%29 "Survivor Series (1994)") on November 23, 1994, Michaels accidentally hit Nash with a [superkick](/wiki/Superkick "Superkick"), which lead to the team splitting, vacating the WWF Tag Team Championship title.
### Second run (1995\-1996\)
In early 1995, Michaels and Nash [feuded](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Feud "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Feud") over the WWF Championship. Michaels won the [Royal Rumble](/wiki/Royal_Rumble_%281995%29 "Royal Rumble (1995)") and unsuccessfully challenged Nash in a title match at [WrestleMania XI](/wiki/WrestleMania_XI "WrestleMania XI") on April 2, 1995\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/11/results\|title\=Full WrestleMania XI Results \|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|date\=November 17, 2011\|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}
On the April 3, 1995 episode of [Monday Night Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw "WWE Raw"), Nash assisted Michaels from an attack from his [kayfabe](/wiki/Kayfabe "Kayfabe") bodyguard, [Sid Eudy](/wiki/Sid_Eudy "Sid Eudy").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/videos/list\-this\-hardest\-hitting\-betrayals\-7\-sycho\-sid\-turns\-on\-shawn\-michaels\-raw\-4395\-8186174\|title\=List This! Hardest Hitting Betrayals \#7: Sycho Sid turns on Shawn Michaels \- Raw 4/3/95\|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|date\=November 17, 2011\|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}
Later that same year, Nash and Michaels would dub themselves "Two Dudes with Attitudes." At [In Your House 3](/wiki/In_Your_House_3 "In Your House 3") on September 24, 1995, where they challenged WWF Tag Team Champions [Owen Hart and Yokozuna](/wiki/Owen_Hart_and_Yokozuna "Owen Hart and Yokozuna"). Nash and Michaels won the match and the WWF Tag Team Championship, but had to return it to Hart and Yokozuna the next day on a [technicality](/wiki/Legal_technicality "Legal technicality") following [lobbying](/wiki/Lobbying "Lobbying") from Hart's and Yokozuna's lawyer, [Clarence Mason](/wiki/Clarence_Mason "Clarence Mason").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321224\|title\=World Tag Team Championship \- Diesel \& Shawn Michaels \|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413212123\|title\=World Tag Team Championship \- Owen Hart \& Yokozuna \|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|access\-date\=January 19, 2014}}
"Two Dudes with Attitudes" disbanded for a second time after Nash lost the [WWF Championship](/wiki/WWF_Championship "WWF Championship") to [Bret Hart](/wiki/Bret_Hart "Bret Hart") at [Survivor Series](/wiki/Survivor_Series_%281995%29 "Survivor Series (1995)") on November 19, 1995\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwe\-world\-heavyweight\-championship/304454121\|title\=WWE World Heavyweight Championship \- Bret Hart \|work\=\[\[WWE]] \|access\-date\=January 18, 2014}}
After Michaels won the WWF Championship from Hart at [WrestleMania XII](/wiki/WrestleMania_XII "WrestleMania XII"), Nash unsuccessfully challenged him at [In Your House 7: Good Friends, Better Enemies](/wiki/In_Your_House_7:Good_Friends%2C_Better_Enemies "Good Friends, Better Enemies") on April 28, 1996\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm12/mainevent/ \|title\=Shawn Michaels vs. Bret "Hit Man" Hart in a WWE Iron Man Match for the WWE Championship \|access\-date\=January 22, 2008\|work\=WWE}} Nash and Michaels would continue to feud until Nash's departure from the WWF for the [WCW](/wiki/WCW "WCW") in May 1996\.
### Reunions (2002, 2003\)
Nash and Michaels would not reunite until June 3, 2002 on an episode of [Monday Night RAW](/wiki/Monday_Night_RAW "Monday Night RAW"), where Nash would name Michaels as the newest member of the [New World Order](/wiki/New_World_Order_%28professional_wrestling%29 "New World Order (professional wrestling)") (nWo). On the June 10 episode of *Raw*, Michaels explained that his best friend Nash was always there for him, which was why he returned to WWE to become a member of the nWo. Michaels then shocked the audience by hitting [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T_%28wrestler%29 "Booker T (wrestler)") with [Sweet Chin Music](/wiki/Sweet_Chin_Music "Sweet Chin Music") to remove him from the nWo.
A month later, Nash tore his quadriceps, which broke up the nWo. When Nash returned from his injury in 2003, the duo teamed with Booker T to face [Evolution](/wiki/Evolution_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Evolution (professional wrestling)") ([Triple H](/wiki/Triple_H "Triple H"), [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair"), and [Randy Orton](/wiki/Randy_Orton "Randy Orton")) in an effort to have Nash win the [World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 "World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)") from Triple H. At [Judgment Day](/wiki/Judgment_Day_%282003%29 "Judgment Day (2003)"), Nash came close to winning the title until Triple H got himself disqualified when he hit referee [Earl Hebner](/wiki/Earl_Hebner "Earl Hebner") with a sledgehammer in the chest.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First run (1993–1994\\)",
"The two first got together in mid\\-1993, when Nash (then known by Diesel) became a bodyguard for Shawn Michaels, who had won the [Intercontinental Championship](/wiki/Intercontinental_Championship_%28WWE%29 \"Intercontinental Championship (WWE)\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/322460\\|title\\=Intercontinental Championship \\- Shawn Michaels \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]].com\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/322468\\|title\\=Intercontinental Championship \\- Shawn Michaels \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/322476 \\|title\\=Intercontinental Championship \\- Shawn Michaels\\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}} Nash helped Michaels win the Intercontinental Championship from [Marty Jannetty](/wiki/Marty_Jannetty \"Marty Jannetty\") on June 6, 1993\\. In mid\\-1994, Michaels acted as Nash's manager, leading him to win the Intercontinental Championship from [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall \"Scott Hall\").",
"The two would become a tag team when Michaels and Nash defeated [The Headshrinkers](/wiki/The_Headshrinkers \"The Headshrinkers\") at a [house show](/wiki/House_show \"House show\"), winning the [WWF Tag Team Championship](/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_%28WWE%2C_1971%E2%80%932010%29 \"World Tag Team Championship (WWE, 1971–2010)\") on August 28, 1994 in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana \"Indianapolis, Indiana\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132125 \\|title\\=World Tag Team Championship \\- Diesel \\& Shawn Michaels \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}",
"At [Survivor Series](/wiki/Survivor_Series_%281994%29 \"Survivor Series (1994)\") on November 23, 1994, Michaels accidentally hit Nash with a [superkick](/wiki/Superkick \"Superkick\"), which lead to the team splitting, vacating the WWF Tag Team Championship title.",
"### Second run (1995\\-1996\\)",
"In early 1995, Michaels and Nash [feuded](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Feud \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Feud\") over the WWF Championship. Michaels won the [Royal Rumble](/wiki/Royal_Rumble_%281995%29 \"Royal Rumble (1995)\") and unsuccessfully challenged Nash in a title match at [WrestleMania XI](/wiki/WrestleMania_XI \"WrestleMania XI\") on April 2, 1995\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/11/results\\|title\\=Full WrestleMania XI Results \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|date\\=November 17, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}",
"On the April 3, 1995 episode of [Monday Night Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw \"WWE Raw\"), Nash assisted Michaels from an attack from his [kayfabe](/wiki/Kayfabe \"Kayfabe\") bodyguard, [Sid Eudy](/wiki/Sid_Eudy \"Sid Eudy\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/videos/list\\-this\\-hardest\\-hitting\\-betrayals\\-7\\-sycho\\-sid\\-turns\\-on\\-shawn\\-michaels\\-raw\\-4395\\-8186174\\|title\\=List This! Hardest Hitting Betrayals \\#7: Sycho Sid turns on Shawn Michaels \\- Raw 4/3/95\\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|date\\=November 17, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}",
"Later that same year, Nash and Michaels would dub themselves \"Two Dudes with Attitudes.\" At [In Your House 3](/wiki/In_Your_House_3 \"In Your House 3\") on September 24, 1995, where they challenged WWF Tag Team Champions [Owen Hart and Yokozuna](/wiki/Owen_Hart_and_Yokozuna \"Owen Hart and Yokozuna\"). Nash and Michaels won the match and the WWF Tag Team Championship, but had to return it to Hart and Yokozuna the next day on a [technicality](/wiki/Legal_technicality \"Legal technicality\") following [lobbying](/wiki/Lobbying \"Lobbying\") from Hart's and Yokozuna's lawyer, [Clarence Mason](/wiki/Clarence_Mason \"Clarence Mason\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321224\\|title\\=World Tag Team Championship \\- Diesel \\& Shawn Michaels \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413212123\\|title\\=World Tag Team Championship \\- Owen Hart \\& Yokozuna \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2014}}",
"\"Two Dudes with Attitudes\" disbanded for a second time after Nash lost the [WWF Championship](/wiki/WWF_Championship \"WWF Championship\") to [Bret Hart](/wiki/Bret_Hart \"Bret Hart\") at [Survivor Series](/wiki/Survivor_Series_%281995%29 \"Survivor Series (1995)\") on November 19, 1995\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwe\\-world\\-heavyweight\\-championship/304454121\\|title\\=WWE World Heavyweight Championship \\- Bret Hart \\|work\\=\\[\\[WWE]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2014}}",
"After Michaels won the WWF Championship from Hart at [WrestleMania XII](/wiki/WrestleMania_XII \"WrestleMania XII\"), Nash unsuccessfully challenged him at [In Your House 7: Good Friends, Better Enemies](/wiki/In_Your_House_7:Good_Friends%2C_Better_Enemies \"Good Friends, Better Enemies\") on April 28, 1996\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm12/mainevent/ \\|title\\=Shawn Michaels vs. Bret \"Hit Man\" Hart in a WWE Iron Man Match for the WWE Championship \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2008\\|work\\=WWE}} Nash and Michaels would continue to feud until Nash's departure from the WWF for the [WCW](/wiki/WCW \"WCW\") in May 1996\\.",
"### Reunions (2002, 2003\\)",
"Nash and Michaels would not reunite until June 3, 2002 on an episode of [Monday Night RAW](/wiki/Monday_Night_RAW \"Monday Night RAW\"), where Nash would name Michaels as the newest member of the [New World Order](/wiki/New_World_Order_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"New World Order (professional wrestling)\") (nWo). On the June 10 episode of *Raw*, Michaels explained that his best friend Nash was always there for him, which was why he returned to WWE to become a member of the nWo. Michaels then shocked the audience by hitting [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T_%28wrestler%29 \"Booker T (wrestler)\") with [Sweet Chin Music](/wiki/Sweet_Chin_Music \"Sweet Chin Music\") to remove him from the nWo.",
"A month later, Nash tore his quadriceps, which broke up the nWo. When Nash returned from his injury in 2003, the duo teamed with Booker T to face [Evolution](/wiki/Evolution_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Evolution (professional wrestling)\") ([Triple H](/wiki/Triple_H \"Triple H\"), [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\"), and [Randy Orton](/wiki/Randy_Orton \"Randy Orton\")) in an effort to have Nash win the [World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 \"World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)\") from Triple H. At [Judgment Day](/wiki/Judgment_Day_%282003%29 \"Judgment Day (2003)\"), Nash came close to winning the title until Triple H got himself disqualified when he hit referee [Earl Hebner](/wiki/Earl_Hebner \"Earl Hebner\") with a sledgehammer in the chest.",
""
] |
Career
------
In June 1996, Moorer took part in a tribute to her songwriter friend, the late [Walter Hyatt](/wiki/Walter_Hyatt "Walter Hyatt"), singing his "Tell Me Baby" at Nashville's [Ryman Auditorium](/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium "Ryman Auditorium"). Nashville agent Bobby Cudd was in attendance and subsequently introduced her to renowned producer and MCA Nashville president [Tony Brown](/wiki/Tony_Brown_%28record_producer%29 "Tony Brown (record producer)"). After a few meetings, Brown asked her to cut some demos for the label. Two tracks—"Pardon Me" and "Call My Name"— from that session were included on her first MCA album, *[Alabama Song](/wiki/Alabama_Song_%28album%29 "Alabama Song (album)")*.
When Brown moved from [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records") to sister label [Universal South](/wiki/Universal_South "Universal South"), Moorer followed. Her 2002 album, *[Miss Fortune](/wiki/Miss_Fortune_%28album%29 "Miss Fortune (album)")*, earned more raves, but didn't meet sales expectations. It contained the ballad "Tumbling Down," which was featured on the soundtrack of the popular 2002 film *[The Rookie](/wiki/The_Rookie_%282002_film%29 "The Rookie (2002 film)")*.
Her live album [*Show*](/wiki/Show_%28Allison_Moorer_album%29 "Show (Allison Moorer album)") was recorded in one night at 12th and Porter in Nashville.{{Cite web \|title\=Allison Moorer – Show \|url\=https://www.nodepression.com/album\-reviews/allison\-moorer\-show/ \|access\-date\=February 19, 2023 \|website\=No Depression \|language\=en\-US}} It features the first recorded collaboration between Moorer and Lynne. After releasing *Show* and a DVD on Universal South, Moorer moved to independent label [Sugar Hill Records](/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_%28bluegrass_label%29 "Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass label)"). With a slightly rougher edge than past efforts, *[The Duel](/wiki/The_Duel_%28Allison_Moorer_album%29 "The Duel (Allison Moorer album)")* was released in April 2004\. Moorer's first husband, Doyle Lee Primm, was featured as a songwriter on her first four albums. They divorced in 2005\. After serving as his opening act on a European tour, Moorer married fellow singer/songwriter [Steve Earle](/wiki/Steve_Earle "Steve Earle"). Earle produced her 2006 album, *[Getting Somewhere](/wiki/Getting_Somewhere "Getting Somewhere")*. Moorer wrote all the songs, with the exception of one co\-written with Earle. They were both nominated for the Best Country Collaboration with Vocals Grammy, for the song "Days Aren't Long Enough" from Earle's *Washington Square Serenade* in 2008\. The song was also nominated for an [Americana Music Association](/wiki/Americana_Music_Association "Americana Music Association") award. Moorer gave birth to the couple's first child, John Henry Earle, on April 5, 2010,{{Cite web \|date\=June 6, 2011 \|title\=Steve Earle: Hardcore Troubador Page 3 \|url\=https://www.stereophile.com/content/steve\-earle\-hardcore\-troubador\-page\-3 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2023 \|website\=Stereophile.com \|language\=en}} but they separated in 2012 and divorced in 2015\.{{Cite news \|last\=Hattenstone \|first\=Simon \|date\=June 14, 2017 \|title\=Steve Earle: 'My wife left me for a younger, skinnier, less talented singer' \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/14/steve\-earle\-so\-you\-wanna\-be\-an\-outlaw\-interview \|access\-date\=February 19, 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
Moorer released the [Buddy Miller](/wiki/Buddy_Miller "Buddy Miller")\-produced *Mockingbird* in February 2008;\[4] an album mainly of covers of songs by female singer/songwriters including her sister, Shelby Lynne.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Moorer performing in 2009](/wiki/File:Allison_Moorer.jpg "Allison Moorer.jpg")
In 2009, Moorer performed in *[The People Speak](/wiki/The_People_Speak "The People Speak")*, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian [Howard Zinn](/wiki/Howard_Zinn "Howard Zinn")'s *A People's History of the United States*.\[5] She appeared in the off\-Broadway *Rebel Voices*, a dramatization of Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove's *Voices of a People's History of the United States* in late 2007\. Also, in 2009, she appeared on the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") series *[Transatlantic Sessions](/wiki/Transatlantic_Sessions "Transatlantic Sessions")*, Series 4, Episodes 4 and 5, performing a version of the Irish folk song, "Carrickfergus". She toured with the [Jerry Douglas](/wiki/Jerry_Douglas "Jerry Douglas") and Ally Bain led Transatlantic Sessions band in early 2011\.
In 2015, Moorer released her ninth album, *Down to Believing*, which marked a return to collaborating with [Kenny Greenberg](/wiki/Kenny_Greenberg "Kenny Greenberg").
In August 2017, Moorer released her tenth album, *Not Dark Yet*, in collaboration with her sister. Produced by British folk singer [Teddy Thompson](/wiki/Teddy_Thompson "Teddy Thompson"), it featured covers of songs by [Merle Haggard](/wiki/Merle_Haggard "Merle Haggard"), [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 "Nirvana (band)") and [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers "The Killers") as well as one original song written by Moorer and Lynne, "Is It Too Much." During an extended interview at the [Country Music Hall of Fame](/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame "Country Music Hall of Fame"), the duo revealed that they were planning a second collaborative album which would instead feature all original material and that they were to begin writing together for the new project in 2018\.
Moorer co\-produced the 2019 [Hayes Carll](/wiki/Hayes_Carll "Hayes Carll") record *[What It Is](/wiki/What_It_Is_%28Hayes_Carll_album%29 "What It Is (Hayes Carll album)")*.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Gage \|first\=Jeff \|date\=February 26, 2019 \|title\=Hayes Carll on Harnessing Humor, Dance\-Hall Vibe of New Album 'What It Is' \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-country/hayes\-carll\-times\-like\-these\-video\-800244/ \|access\-date\=February 19, 2023 \|magazine\=Rolling Stone}} She and Carll were married on May 12, 2019\.{{Cite web \|date\=May 14, 2019 \|title\=Hayes Carll and Allison Moorer Get Married \|url\=https://www.thecountrydaily.com/2019/05/14/hayes\-carll\-and\-allison\-moorer\-get\-married/ \|access\-date\=February 19, 2023 \|website\=The Country Daily}} Moorer's album *Blood* was to be released October 25, 2019; her book, *Blood: A Memoir*, was scheduled for publication on October 29, 2019, on [Da Capo Press](/wiki/Da_Capo_Press "Da Capo Press").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-country/allison\-moorer\-new\-album\-memoir\-blood\-the\-rock\-and\-the\-hill\-873608/\|title\=Allison Moorer Previews New Album and Memoir With Visceral Song 'The Rock and the Hill'\|first1\=Stephen L.\|last1\=Betts\|publisher\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|date\=August 19, 2019}}
In May 2024, Moorer announced that she had taken a job as a writer\-editor at the [Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum "Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum").{{cite magazine \|last1\=Willman \|first1\=Chris\|title\=Allison Moorer on Setting Performing Aside to Take a Job With the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum: 'It's a Way to Give Back to What Saved Me'\|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=May 10, 2024 \|url\=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/allison\-moorer\-country\-music\-hall\-fame\-museum\-1235998654/\|access\-date\=11 May 2024}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In June 1996, Moorer took part in a tribute to her songwriter friend, the late [Walter Hyatt](/wiki/Walter_Hyatt \"Walter Hyatt\"), singing his \"Tell Me Baby\" at Nashville's [Ryman Auditorium](/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium \"Ryman Auditorium\"). Nashville agent Bobby Cudd was in attendance and subsequently introduced her to renowned producer and MCA Nashville president [Tony Brown](/wiki/Tony_Brown_%28record_producer%29 \"Tony Brown (record producer)\"). After a few meetings, Brown asked her to cut some demos for the label. Two tracks—\"Pardon Me\" and \"Call My Name\"— from that session were included on her first MCA album, *[Alabama Song](/wiki/Alabama_Song_%28album%29 \"Alabama Song (album)\")*.",
"When Brown moved from [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\") to sister label [Universal South](/wiki/Universal_South \"Universal South\"), Moorer followed. Her 2002 album, *[Miss Fortune](/wiki/Miss_Fortune_%28album%29 \"Miss Fortune (album)\")*, earned more raves, but didn't meet sales expectations. It contained the ballad \"Tumbling Down,\" which was featured on the soundtrack of the popular 2002 film *[The Rookie](/wiki/The_Rookie_%282002_film%29 \"The Rookie (2002 film)\")*.",
"Her live album [*Show*](/wiki/Show_%28Allison_Moorer_album%29 \"Show (Allison Moorer album)\") was recorded in one night at 12th and Porter in Nashville.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Allison Moorer – Show \\|url\\=https://www.nodepression.com/album\\-reviews/allison\\-moorer\\-show/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2023 \\|website\\=No Depression \\|language\\=en\\-US}} It features the first recorded collaboration between Moorer and Lynne. After releasing *Show* and a DVD on Universal South, Moorer moved to independent label [Sugar Hill Records](/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_%28bluegrass_label%29 \"Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass label)\"). With a slightly rougher edge than past efforts, *[The Duel](/wiki/The_Duel_%28Allison_Moorer_album%29 \"The Duel (Allison Moorer album)\")* was released in April 2004\\. Moorer's first husband, Doyle Lee Primm, was featured as a songwriter on her first four albums. They divorced in 2005\\. After serving as his opening act on a European tour, Moorer married fellow singer/songwriter [Steve Earle](/wiki/Steve_Earle \"Steve Earle\"). Earle produced her 2006 album, *[Getting Somewhere](/wiki/Getting_Somewhere \"Getting Somewhere\")*. Moorer wrote all the songs, with the exception of one co\\-written with Earle. They were both nominated for the Best Country Collaboration with Vocals Grammy, for the song \"Days Aren't Long Enough\" from Earle's *Washington Square Serenade* in 2008\\. The song was also nominated for an [Americana Music Association](/wiki/Americana_Music_Association \"Americana Music Association\") award. Moorer gave birth to the couple's first child, John Henry Earle, on April 5, 2010,{{Cite web \\|date\\=June 6, 2011 \\|title\\=Steve Earle: Hardcore Troubador Page 3 \\|url\\=https://www.stereophile.com/content/steve\\-earle\\-hardcore\\-troubador\\-page\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2023 \\|website\\=Stereophile.com \\|language\\=en}} but they separated in 2012 and divorced in 2015\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hattenstone \\|first\\=Simon \\|date\\=June 14, 2017 \\|title\\=Steve Earle: 'My wife left me for a younger, skinnier, less talented singer' \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/14/steve\\-earle\\-so\\-you\\-wanna\\-be\\-an\\-outlaw\\-interview \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"Moorer released the [Buddy Miller](/wiki/Buddy_Miller \"Buddy Miller\")\\-produced *Mockingbird* in February 2008;\\[4] an album mainly of covers of songs by female singer/songwriters including her sister, Shelby Lynne.\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|Moorer performing in 2009](/wiki/File:Allison_Moorer.jpg \"Allison Moorer.jpg\")\nIn 2009, Moorer performed in *[The People Speak](/wiki/The_People_Speak \"The People Speak\")*, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian [Howard Zinn](/wiki/Howard_Zinn \"Howard Zinn\")'s *A People's History of the United States*.\\[5] She appeared in the off\\-Broadway *Rebel Voices*, a dramatization of Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove's *Voices of a People's History of the United States* in late 2007\\. Also, in 2009, she appeared on the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") series *[Transatlantic Sessions](/wiki/Transatlantic_Sessions \"Transatlantic Sessions\")*, Series 4, Episodes 4 and 5, performing a version of the Irish folk song, \"Carrickfergus\". She toured with the [Jerry Douglas](/wiki/Jerry_Douglas \"Jerry Douglas\") and Ally Bain led Transatlantic Sessions band in early 2011\\.",
"In 2015, Moorer released her ninth album, *Down to Believing*, which marked a return to collaborating with [Kenny Greenberg](/wiki/Kenny_Greenberg \"Kenny Greenberg\").",
"In August 2017, Moorer released her tenth album, *Not Dark Yet*, in collaboration with her sister. Produced by British folk singer [Teddy Thompson](/wiki/Teddy_Thompson \"Teddy Thompson\"), it featured covers of songs by [Merle Haggard](/wiki/Merle_Haggard \"Merle Haggard\"), [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 \"Nirvana (band)\") and [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\") as well as one original song written by Moorer and Lynne, \"Is It Too Much.\" During an extended interview at the [Country Music Hall of Fame](/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame \"Country Music Hall of Fame\"), the duo revealed that they were planning a second collaborative album which would instead feature all original material and that they were to begin writing together for the new project in 2018\\.",
"Moorer co\\-produced the 2019 [Hayes Carll](/wiki/Hayes_Carll \"Hayes Carll\") record *[What It Is](/wiki/What_It_Is_%28Hayes_Carll_album%29 \"What It Is (Hayes Carll album)\")*.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Gage \\|first\\=Jeff \\|date\\=February 26, 2019 \\|title\\=Hayes Carll on Harnessing Humor, Dance\\-Hall Vibe of New Album 'What It Is' \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-country/hayes\\-carll\\-times\\-like\\-these\\-video\\-800244/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2023 \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone}} She and Carll were married on May 12, 2019\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|title\\=Hayes Carll and Allison Moorer Get Married \\|url\\=https://www.thecountrydaily.com/2019/05/14/hayes\\-carll\\-and\\-allison\\-moorer\\-get\\-married/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2023 \\|website\\=The Country Daily}} Moorer's album *Blood* was to be released October 25, 2019; her book, *Blood: A Memoir*, was scheduled for publication on October 29, 2019, on [Da Capo Press](/wiki/Da_Capo_Press \"Da Capo Press\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-country/allison\\-moorer\\-new\\-album\\-memoir\\-blood\\-the\\-rock\\-and\\-the\\-hill\\-873608/\\|title\\=Allison Moorer Previews New Album and Memoir With Visceral Song 'The Rock and the Hill'\\|first1\\=Stephen L.\\|last1\\=Betts\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|date\\=August 19, 2019}}",
"In May 2024, Moorer announced that she had taken a job as a writer\\-editor at the [Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum \"Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum\").{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Willman \\|first1\\=Chris\\|title\\=Allison Moorer on Setting Performing Aside to Take a Job With the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum: 'It's a Way to Give Back to What Saved Me'\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=May 10, 2024 \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/allison\\-moorer\\-country\\-music\\-hall\\-fame\\-museum\\-1235998654/\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2024}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The increasing popularity of [rock music](/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music") through the late '50s and '60s led to a reduction in the amount of [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") played on the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission "Australian Broadcasting Commission") and commercial radio stations in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). Up until the early 1950s most radio stations employed [orchestras](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra") to play music which included classical music. By the 1960s, only the ABC supported its own orchestra. But even the ABC had dramatically reduced the amount of classical music on air.
A music fan and [radio engineer](/wiki/Radio_engineer "Radio engineer"), [Brian Cabena](/wiki/Brian_Cabena "Brian Cabena"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cbonline.org.au/index.cfm?pageId\=14,72,3,539 \|title\=CBOnline \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107110153/http://www.cbonline.org.au/index.cfm?pageId\=14%2C72%2C3%2C539 \|archive\-date\=7 November 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} was unhappy about being unable to listen to the music he liked on the radio \- and he did something about it. After much unsuccessful lobbying of radio stations, he turned his attention to the [government](/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government"). He argued that if the existing stations were not willing to program for classical music fans, the government should license new stations that would.
In 1968, Cabena wrote a letter to *[The Age](/wiki/The_Age "The Age")* calling a meeting of anyone interested in pursuing the idea of a listener\-run classical music radio station.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.3mbs.org.au/The%20Age%20article.jpg \|title\=A third program of Serious music \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-09 \|format\=jpg \|work\=3MBS website \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828221508/http://3mbs.org.au/The%20Age%20article.jpg \|archive\-date\=28 August 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} 200 people turned up and the Music Broadcasting Society (MBS) of Victoria was born. The group spent years lobbying the government for what they called "listener controlled" radio.
The government rejected their approaches. The initial response from the government was that the [AM](/wiki/AM_Broadcasting "AM Broadcasting") band was full and the existing stations catered for the majority of listener needs. But [Brian Cabena](/wiki/Brian_Cabena "Brian Cabena") was persistent and eventually convinced the government that the [FM](/wiki/FM_Broadcasting "FM Broadcasting") band would work for metropolitan\-wide broadcasting.
After a change of government in 1972, public, or what is now termed community broadcasting got off the ground. People from the Melbourne MBS station travelled to Sydney and started up a Sydney MBS, **2MBS**, which had the same aims: for people who liked classical music to volunteer to operate a radio station that would principally broadcast classical music.
[2MBS](/wiki/2MBS "2MBS") went to air in late 1974 and Brian Cabena got 3MBS to air in July 1975\. This led to the development of a range of community radio stations catering for diverse interests across the country.
At 6\.30pm in July 1975, 3MBS played [Carl Orff](/wiki/Carl_Orff "Carl Orff")'s *[Carmina Burana](/wiki/Carmina_Burana_%28Orff%29 "Carmina Burana (Orff)")* as its first licensed [broadcast](/wiki/Broadcast "Broadcast"). It was not only the first community broadcaster to be heard in Victoria, but also the first radio station in the State to transmit on the newly established FM band.
3MBS originally broadcast on 93\.7 [MHz](/wiki/MHz "MHz") on the FM band before moving to its current position of 103\.5 MHz in 1988 when a number of Melbourne FM radio stations were assigned new frequencies.
The station was able to operate through subscription (initially set at $10 per annum) contributed by all those who shared the need to have a station in Melbourne broadcasting classical music.
The advent of ABC\-FM in 1976 caused a drop in the number of subscribers to 3MBS. However, as people realised that they could have the best of both worlds, by switching from one station to the other in order to hear music to which they wished to listen, the subscriber base moved upwards again, so that by the 1980s 3MBS was financially secure.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.3mbs.org.au/aboutus.html\#history \|title\= About Us \|access\-date\=2007\-12\-09 \|work\=3MBS website\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080103162027/http://www.3mbs.org.au/aboutus.html\| archive\-date\= 3 January 2008 \| url\-status\= live}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The increasing popularity of [rock music](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\") through the late '50s and '60s led to a reduction in the amount of [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") played on the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission \"Australian Broadcasting Commission\") and commercial radio stations in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). Up until the early 1950s most radio stations employed [orchestras](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\") to play music which included classical music. By the 1960s, only the ABC supported its own orchestra. But even the ABC had dramatically reduced the amount of classical music on air.",
"A music fan and [radio engineer](/wiki/Radio_engineer \"Radio engineer\"), [Brian Cabena](/wiki/Brian_Cabena \"Brian Cabena\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cbonline.org.au/index.cfm?pageId\\=14,72,3,539 \\|title\\=CBOnline \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107110153/http://www.cbonline.org.au/index.cfm?pageId\\=14%2C72%2C3%2C539 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} was unhappy about being unable to listen to the music he liked on the radio \\- and he did something about it. After much unsuccessful lobbying of radio stations, he turned his attention to the [government](/wiki/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\"). He argued that if the existing stations were not willing to program for classical music fans, the government should license new stations that would.",
"In 1968, Cabena wrote a letter to *[The Age](/wiki/The_Age \"The Age\")* calling a meeting of anyone interested in pursuing the idea of a listener\\-run classical music radio station.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.3mbs.org.au/The%20Age%20article.jpg \\|title\\=A third program of Serious music \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-09 \\|format\\=jpg \\|work\\=3MBS website \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828221508/http://3mbs.org.au/The%20Age%20article.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} 200 people turned up and the Music Broadcasting Society (MBS) of Victoria was born. The group spent years lobbying the government for what they called \"listener controlled\" radio.",
"The government rejected their approaches. The initial response from the government was that the [AM](/wiki/AM_Broadcasting \"AM Broadcasting\") band was full and the existing stations catered for the majority of listener needs. But [Brian Cabena](/wiki/Brian_Cabena \"Brian Cabena\") was persistent and eventually convinced the government that the [FM](/wiki/FM_Broadcasting \"FM Broadcasting\") band would work for metropolitan\\-wide broadcasting.",
"After a change of government in 1972, public, or what is now termed community broadcasting got off the ground. People from the Melbourne MBS station travelled to Sydney and started up a Sydney MBS, **2MBS**, which had the same aims: for people who liked classical music to volunteer to operate a radio station that would principally broadcast classical music.",
"[2MBS](/wiki/2MBS \"2MBS\") went to air in late 1974 and Brian Cabena got 3MBS to air in July 1975\\. This led to the development of a range of community radio stations catering for diverse interests across the country.",
"At 6\\.30pm in July 1975, 3MBS played [Carl Orff](/wiki/Carl_Orff \"Carl Orff\")'s *[Carmina Burana](/wiki/Carmina_Burana_%28Orff%29 \"Carmina Burana (Orff)\")* as its first licensed [broadcast](/wiki/Broadcast \"Broadcast\"). It was not only the first community broadcaster to be heard in Victoria, but also the first radio station in the State to transmit on the newly established FM band.",
"3MBS originally broadcast on 93\\.7 [MHz](/wiki/MHz \"MHz\") on the FM band before moving to its current position of 103\\.5 MHz in 1988 when a number of Melbourne FM radio stations were assigned new frequencies.",
"The station was able to operate through subscription (initially set at $10 per annum) contributed by all those who shared the need to have a station in Melbourne broadcasting classical music.",
"The advent of ABC\\-FM in 1976 caused a drop in the number of subscribers to 3MBS. However, as people realised that they could have the best of both worlds, by switching from one station to the other in order to hear music to which they wished to listen, the subscriber base moved upwards again, so that by the 1980s 3MBS was financially secure.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.3mbs.org.au/aboutus.html\\#history \\|title\\= About Us \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-12\\-09 \\|work\\=3MBS website\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080103162027/http://www.3mbs.org.au/aboutus.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 January 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Musicals
After graduating from [Adelphi University](/wiki/Adelphi_University "Adelphi University"), Debin began his own career as an Equity Stage Manager for touring musical comedies such as *Camelot,* with [Howard Keel](/wiki/Howard_Keel "Howard Keel") and [Jon Voight](/wiki/Jon_Voight "Jon Voight"); *Top Banana,* with [Milton Berle](/wiki/Milton_Berle "Milton Berle"); *Guys and Dolls,* with [Dan Dailey](/wiki/Dan_Dailey "Dan Dailey"); *Tovarich,* with [Eva Gabor](/wiki/Eva_Gabor "Eva Gabor") and [Jean Pierre Aumont](/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Aumont "Jean Pierre Aumont"); *Kiss Me Kate,* with [Patrice Munsell](/wiki/Patrice_Munsell "Patrice Munsell"); and *How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying*, with [Rudy Vallee](/wiki/Rudy_Vallee "Rudy Vallee"). Later, he teamed with [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") and [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy "Grammy")\-winning composer, [Paul Jabara](/wiki/Paul_Jabara "Paul Jabara") and *Dreamgirls* lyricist [Tom Eyen](/wiki/Tom_Eyen "Tom Eyen"), to write lyrics for the musical *Rachel Lilly Rosenblum and Don't You Forget It,* produced on Broadway by [Ahmet Ertegun](/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun "Ahmet Ertegun") and [Robert Stigwood](/wiki/Robert_Stigwood "Robert Stigwood").
### Hollywood
His career in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States") began as a writer/producer for *The Dating Game* and *The Newlywed Game*. He sold his first screenplay, *Dick Tracy*, to Universal, and his second, *[Goldie and the Boxer](/wiki/Goldie_and_the_Boxer "Goldie and the Boxer")*, to [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"). Under the banner of the company he formed with wife [Stockard Channing](/wiki/Stockard_Channing "Stockard Channing"), he went on to produce *The Stockard Channing Show* for [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"); *Starmaker*, a miniseries starring [Rock Hudson](/wiki/Rock_Hudson "Rock Hudson") and [Melanie Griffith](/wiki/Melanie_Griffith "Melanie Griffith") for NBC; *A Gun in the House* with [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers "Sally Struthers") and *Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story* with Channing, both movies for CBS. Later, he served as writer\-producer of the sitcom *Everything's Relative*, starring [Jason Alexander](/wiki/Jason_Alexander "Jason Alexander"), for Columbia and CBS; and writer/producer of *The Heat*, starring [Billy Campbell](/wiki/Billy_Campbell "Billy Campbell"), for [MGM](/wiki/MGM "MGM") and CBS. He also wrote episodes for TV shows such as *Hearts of the West*, and *Sweating Bullets*. At various times, he was a feature screenwriter under contract to [Disney](/wiki/Disney "Disney"), [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers "Warner Brothers"), [MGM](/wiki/MGM "MGM") and [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox "20th Century Fox").
In 2012, he co\-wrote and co\-produced a comedy pilot for [Mexican](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") TV, *The Mexico City Angels*, about a Mexican professional soccer team.
### Writing
In 1992, [Random House](/wiki/Random_House "Random House") published his first novel, the [Albie Marx](/wiki/Albie_Marx "Albie Marx") mystery, *Nice Guys Finish Dead*. Two subsequent Albie Marx novels, *The Big O* and *Murder Live At Five*, were published by Carroll \& Graf. Writing under the pseudonym "Smith and Doe" with co\-author Philip Mittleman, he published three books of nonfiction with [St. Martin's Press](/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press "St. Martin's Press"), among them the bestseller *What Men Don't Want Women To Know*. He is a member of the [Writers Guild of America](/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America "Writers Guild of America"), the [Mystery Writers of America](/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America "Mystery Writers of America") and the Author's Guild.
### Third Age foundation
With his associate, Peter Brill, M.D., he co\-founded the [Third Age Foundation](/wiki/Third_Age_Foundation "Third Age Foundation"). The Third Age is defined as that period of life, which begins anywhere from ages 50 to 65, where people typically search for deeper meaning and fulfillment. The foundation has conducted seminars along with workshops and support groups teaching the principles of living creatively in the Third Age. The program is called "Unfinished Business", and highlights seven steps that lead to passion, purpose and joy. A book entitled *Finding Your J Spot: JOY in Midlife and Beyond* was published by Third Age Books in 2005\.
He taught [creative writing](/wiki/Creative_writing "Creative writing") courses at [Antioch University](/wiki/Antioch_University "Antioch University") Santa Barbara and [Santa Barbara City College](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_City_College "Santa Barbara City College").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Musicals",
"After graduating from [Adelphi University](/wiki/Adelphi_University \"Adelphi University\"), Debin began his own career as an Equity Stage Manager for touring musical comedies such as *Camelot,* with [Howard Keel](/wiki/Howard_Keel \"Howard Keel\") and [Jon Voight](/wiki/Jon_Voight \"Jon Voight\"); *Top Banana,* with [Milton Berle](/wiki/Milton_Berle \"Milton Berle\"); *Guys and Dolls,* with [Dan Dailey](/wiki/Dan_Dailey \"Dan Dailey\"); *Tovarich,* with [Eva Gabor](/wiki/Eva_Gabor \"Eva Gabor\") and [Jean Pierre Aumont](/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Aumont \"Jean Pierre Aumont\"); *Kiss Me Kate,* with [Patrice Munsell](/wiki/Patrice_Munsell \"Patrice Munsell\"); and *How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying*, with [Rudy Vallee](/wiki/Rudy_Vallee \"Rudy Vallee\"). Later, he teamed with [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") and [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy \"Grammy\")\\-winning composer, [Paul Jabara](/wiki/Paul_Jabara \"Paul Jabara\") and *Dreamgirls* lyricist [Tom Eyen](/wiki/Tom_Eyen \"Tom Eyen\"), to write lyrics for the musical *Rachel Lilly Rosenblum and Don't You Forget It,* produced on Broadway by [Ahmet Ertegun](/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun \"Ahmet Ertegun\") and [Robert Stigwood](/wiki/Robert_Stigwood \"Robert Stigwood\").",
"### Hollywood",
"His career in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") began as a writer/producer for *The Dating Game* and *The Newlywed Game*. He sold his first screenplay, *Dick Tracy*, to Universal, and his second, *[Goldie and the Boxer](/wiki/Goldie_and_the_Boxer \"Goldie and the Boxer\")*, to [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"). Under the banner of the company he formed with wife [Stockard Channing](/wiki/Stockard_Channing \"Stockard Channing\"), he went on to produce *The Stockard Channing Show* for [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"); *Starmaker*, a miniseries starring [Rock Hudson](/wiki/Rock_Hudson \"Rock Hudson\") and [Melanie Griffith](/wiki/Melanie_Griffith \"Melanie Griffith\") for NBC; *A Gun in the House* with [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers \"Sally Struthers\") and *Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story* with Channing, both movies for CBS. Later, he served as writer\\-producer of the sitcom *Everything's Relative*, starring [Jason Alexander](/wiki/Jason_Alexander \"Jason Alexander\"), for Columbia and CBS; and writer/producer of *The Heat*, starring [Billy Campbell](/wiki/Billy_Campbell \"Billy Campbell\"), for [MGM](/wiki/MGM \"MGM\") and CBS. He also wrote episodes for TV shows such as *Hearts of the West*, and *Sweating Bullets*. At various times, he was a feature screenwriter under contract to [Disney](/wiki/Disney \"Disney\"), [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers \"Warner Brothers\"), [MGM](/wiki/MGM \"MGM\") and [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox \"20th Century Fox\").",
"In 2012, he co\\-wrote and co\\-produced a comedy pilot for [Mexican](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") TV, *The Mexico City Angels*, about a Mexican professional soccer team.",
"### Writing",
"In 1992, [Random House](/wiki/Random_House \"Random House\") published his first novel, the [Albie Marx](/wiki/Albie_Marx \"Albie Marx\") mystery, *Nice Guys Finish Dead*. Two subsequent Albie Marx novels, *The Big O* and *Murder Live At Five*, were published by Carroll \\& Graf. Writing under the pseudonym \"Smith and Doe\" with co\\-author Philip Mittleman, he published three books of nonfiction with [St. Martin's Press](/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press \"St. Martin's Press\"), among them the bestseller *What Men Don't Want Women To Know*. He is a member of the [Writers Guild of America](/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America \"Writers Guild of America\"), the [Mystery Writers of America](/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America \"Mystery Writers of America\") and the Author's Guild.",
"### Third Age foundation",
"With his associate, Peter Brill, M.D., he co\\-founded the [Third Age Foundation](/wiki/Third_Age_Foundation \"Third Age Foundation\"). The Third Age is defined as that period of life, which begins anywhere from ages 50 to 65, where people typically search for deeper meaning and fulfillment. The foundation has conducted seminars along with workshops and support groups teaching the principles of living creatively in the Third Age. The program is called \"Unfinished Business\", and highlights seven steps that lead to passion, purpose and joy. A book entitled *Finding Your J Spot: JOY in Midlife and Beyond* was published by Third Age Books in 2005\\.",
"He taught [creative writing](/wiki/Creative_writing \"Creative writing\") courses at [Antioch University](/wiki/Antioch_University \"Antioch University\") Santa Barbara and [Santa Barbara City College](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_City_College \"Santa Barbara City College\").",
""
] |
Heap operations
---------------
Both the insert and remove operations modify the heap to preserve the shape property first, by adding or removing from the end of the heap. Then the heap property is restored by traversing up or down the heap. Both operations take {{nowrap\|O(log ''n'')}} time.
### Insert
To insert an element to a heap, we perform the following steps:
1. Add the element to the bottom level of the heap at the leftmost open space.
2. Compare the added element with its parent; if they are in the correct order, stop.
3. If not, swap the element with its parent and return to the previous step.
Steps 2 and 3, which restore the heap property by comparing and possibly swapping a node with its parent, are called *the up\-heap* operation (also known as *bubble\-up*, *percolate\-up*, *sift\-up*, *trickle\-up*, *swim\-up*, *heapify\-up*, *cascade\-up*, or *fix\-up*).
The number of operations required depends only on the number of levels the new element must rise to satisfy the heap property. Thus, the insertion operation has a worst\-case time complexity of {{nowrap\|O(log ''n'')}}. For a random heap, and for repeated insertions, the insertion operation has an average\-case complexity of O(1\).{{Cite journal\|last1\=Porter\|first1\=Thomas\|last2\=Simon\|first2\=Istvan\|date\=Sep 1975\|title\=Random insertion into a priority queue structure\|journal\=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering\|volume\=SE\-1\|issue\=3\|pages\=292–298\|doi\=10\.1109/TSE.1975\.6312854\|s2cid\=18907513\|issn\=1939\-3520}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Mehlhorn\|first1\=Kurt\|last2\=Tsakalidis\|first2\=A.\|date\=Feb 1989\| title\=Data structures \|website\=Universität des Saarlandes \|url\=https://publikationen.sulb.uni\-saarland.de/handle/20\.500\.11880/26179 \|language\=en\|page\=27\|doi\=10\.22028/D291\-26123 \|quote\=Porter and Simon \[171] analyzed the average cost of inserting a random element into a random heap in terms of exchanges. They proved that this average is bounded by the constant 1\.61\. Their proof docs not generalize to sequences of insertions since random insertions into random heaps do not create random heaps. The repeated insertion problem was solved by Bollobas and Simon \[27]; they show that the expected number of exchanges is bounded by 1\.7645\. The worst\-case cost of inserts and deletemins was studied by Gonnet and Munro \[84]; they give log log n \+ O(1\) and log n \+ log n\* \+ O(1\) bounds for the number of comparisons respectively.}}
As an example of binary heap insertion, say we have a max\-heap
[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_add_step1.svg "Heap add step1.svg")
and we want to add the number 15 to the heap. We first place the 15 in the position marked by the X. However, the heap property is violated since {{nowrap\|15 \> 8}}, so we need to swap the 15 and the 8\. So, we have the heap looking as follows after the first swap:
[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_add_step2.svg "Heap add step2.svg")
However the heap property is still violated since {{nowrap\|15 \> 11}}, so we need to swap again:
[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_add_step3.svg "Heap add step3.svg")
which is a valid max\-heap. There is no need to check the left child after this final step: at the start, the max\-heap was valid, meaning the root was already greater than its left child, so replacing the root with an even greater value will maintain the property that each node is greater than its children ({{nowrap\|11 \> 5}}; if {{nowrap\|15 \> 11}}, and {{nowrap\|11 \> 5}}, then {{nowrap\|15 \> 5}}, because of the [transitive relation](/wiki/Transitive_relation "Transitive relation")).
### Extract
The procedure for deleting the root from the heap (effectively extracting the maximum element in a max\-heap or the minimum element in a min\-heap) while retaining the heap property is as follows:
1. Replace the root of the heap with the last element on the last level.
2. Compare the new root with its children; if they are in the correct order, stop.
3. If not, swap the element with one of its children and return to the previous step. (Swap with its smaller child in a min\-heap and its larger child in a max\-heap.)
Steps 2 and 3, which restore the heap property by comparing and possibly swapping a node with one of its children, are called the *down\-heap* (also known as *bubble\-down*, *percolate\-down*, *sift\-down*, *sink\-down*, *trickle down*, *heapify\-down*, *cascade\-down*, *fix\-down*, *extract\-min* or *extract\-max*, or simply *heapify*) operation.
So, if we have the same max\-heap as before
[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_delete_step0.svg "Heap delete step0.svg")
We remove the 11 and replace it with the 4\.
[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_remove_step1.svg "Heap remove step1.svg")
Now the heap property is violated since 8 is greater than 4\. In this case, swapping the two elements, 4 and 8, is enough to restore the heap property and we need not swap elements further:
[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_remove_step2.svg "Heap remove step2.svg")
The downward\-moving node is swapped with the *larger* of its children in a max\-heap (in a min\-heap it would be swapped with its smaller child), until it satisfies the heap property in its new position. This functionality is achieved by the **Max\-Heapify** function as defined below in [pseudocode](/wiki/Pseudocode "Pseudocode") for an [array](/wiki/Array_data_structure "Array data structure")\-backed heap *A* of length *length*(*A*). *A* is indexed starting at 1\.
```
// Perform a down-heap or heapify-down operation for a max-heap
//
```
*A*: an array representing the heap, indexed starting at 1
```
//
```
*i*: the index to start at when heapifying down
**Max\-Heapify**(*A*, *i*):
*left* ← 2×*i*
*right* ← 2×*i* \+ 1
*largest* ← *i*
**if** *left* ≤ *length*(*A*) **and** *A*\[*left*] \> A\[*largest*] **then**:
*largest* ← *left*
**if** *right* ≤ *length*(*A*) **and** *A*\[*right*] \> *A*\[*largest*] **then**:
*largest* ← *right*
**if** *largest* ≠ *i* **then**:
**swap** *A*\[*i*] and *A*\[*largest*]
**Max\-Heapify**(*A*, *largest*)
For the above algorithm to correctly re\-heapify the array, no nodes besides the node at index *i* and its two direct children can violate the heap property. The down\-heap operation (without the preceding swap) can also be used to modify the value of the root, even when an element is not being deleted.
In the worst case, the new root has to be swapped with its child on each level until it reaches the bottom level of the heap, meaning that the delete operation has a time complexity relative to the height of the tree, or O(log *n*).
### Insert then extract
Inserting an element then extracting from the heap can be done more efficiently than simply calling the insert and extract functions defined above, which would involve both an `upheap` and `downheap` operation. Instead, we can do just a `downheap` operation, as follows:
1. Compare whether the item we're pushing or the peeked top of the heap is greater (assuming a max heap)
2. If the root of the heap is greater:
1. Replace the root with the new item
2. Down\-heapify starting from the root
3. Else, return the item we're pushing
[Python](/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 "Python (programming language)") provides such a function for insertion then extraction called "heappushpop", which is paraphrased below.{{Cite web\| title\=python/cpython/heapq.py\| url\=https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/heapq.py\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07\| website\=GitHub\| language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=heapq — Heap queue algorithm — Python 3\.8\.5 documentation\| url\=https://docs.python.org/3/library/heapq.html\#heapq.heappushpop\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07\| website\=docs.python.org\|quote\=heapq.heappushpop(heap, item): Push item on the heap, then pop and return the smallest item from the heap. The combined action runs more efficiently than heappush() followed by a separate call to heappop().}} The heap array is assumed to have its first element at index 1\.
```
// Push a new item to a (max) heap and then extract the root of the resulting heap.
//
```
*heap*: an array representing the heap, indexed at 1
```
//
```
*item*: an element to insert
```
// Returns the greater of the two between
```
*item* and the root of *heap*.
**Push\-Pop**(*heap*: List\<T\>, *item*: T) \-\> T:
**if** *heap* is not empty **and** heap\[1] \> *item* **then**: // \< if min heap
**swap** *heap*\[1] and *item*
```
_downheap(
```
*heap* starting from index 1\)
**return** *item*
A similar function can be defined for popping and then inserting, which in Python is called "heapreplace":
```
// Extract the root of the heap, and push a new item
//
```
*heap*: an array representing the heap, indexed at 1
```
//
```
*item*: an element to insert
```
// Returns the current root of
```
*heap*
**Replace**(*heap*: List\<T\>, *item*: T) \-\> T:
**swap** *heap*\[1] and *item*
```
_downheap(
```
*heap* starting from index 1\)
**return** *item*
### Search
Finding an arbitrary element takes O(n) time.
### Delete
Deleting an arbitrary element can be done as follows:
1. Find the index i of the element we want to delete
2. Swap this element with the last element
3. Down\-heapify or up\-heapify to restore the heap property. In a max\-heap (min\-heap), up\-heapify is only required when the new key of element i is greater (smaller) than the previous one because only the heap\-property of the parent element might be violated. Assuming that the heap\-property was valid between element i and its children before the element swap, it can't be violated by a now larger (smaller) key value. When the new key is less (greater) than the previous one then only a down\-heapify is required because the heap\-property might only be violated in the child elements.
### Decrease or increase key
The decrease key operation replaces the value of a node with a given value with a lower value, and the increase key operation does the same but with a higher value. This involves finding the node with the given value, changing the value, and then down\-heapifying or up\-heapifying to restore the heap property.
Decrease key can be done as follows:
1. Find the index of the element we want to modify
2. Decrease the value of the node
3. Down\-heapify (assuming a max heap) to restore the heap property
Increase key can be done as follows:
1. Find the index of the element we want to modify
2. Increase the value of the node
3. Up\-heapify (assuming a max heap) to restore the heap property
|
[
"Heap operations\n---------------",
"Both the insert and remove operations modify the heap to preserve the shape property first, by adding or removing from the end of the heap. Then the heap property is restored by traversing up or down the heap. Both operations take {{nowrap\\|O(log ''n'')}} time.",
"### Insert",
"To insert an element to a heap, we perform the following steps:",
"1. Add the element to the bottom level of the heap at the leftmost open space.\n2. Compare the added element with its parent; if they are in the correct order, stop.\n3. If not, swap the element with its parent and return to the previous step.",
"Steps 2 and 3, which restore the heap property by comparing and possibly swapping a node with its parent, are called *the up\\-heap* operation (also known as *bubble\\-up*, *percolate\\-up*, *sift\\-up*, *trickle\\-up*, *swim\\-up*, *heapify\\-up*, *cascade\\-up*, or *fix\\-up*).",
"The number of operations required depends only on the number of levels the new element must rise to satisfy the heap property. Thus, the insertion operation has a worst\\-case time complexity of {{nowrap\\|O(log ''n'')}}. For a random heap, and for repeated insertions, the insertion operation has an average\\-case complexity of O(1\\).{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Porter\\|first1\\=Thomas\\|last2\\=Simon\\|first2\\=Istvan\\|date\\=Sep 1975\\|title\\=Random insertion into a priority queue structure\\|journal\\=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering\\|volume\\=SE\\-1\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=292–298\\|doi\\=10\\.1109/TSE.1975\\.6312854\\|s2cid\\=18907513\\|issn\\=1939\\-3520}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Mehlhorn\\|first1\\=Kurt\\|last2\\=Tsakalidis\\|first2\\=A.\\|date\\=Feb 1989\\| title\\=Data structures \\|website\\=Universität des Saarlandes \\|url\\=https://publikationen.sulb.uni\\-saarland.de/handle/20\\.500\\.11880/26179 \\|language\\=en\\|page\\=27\\|doi\\=10\\.22028/D291\\-26123 \\|quote\\=Porter and Simon \\[171] analyzed the average cost of inserting a random element into a random heap in terms of exchanges. They proved that this average is bounded by the constant 1\\.61\\. Their proof docs not generalize to sequences of insertions since random insertions into random heaps do not create random heaps. The repeated insertion problem was solved by Bollobas and Simon \\[27]; they show that the expected number of exchanges is bounded by 1\\.7645\\. The worst\\-case cost of inserts and deletemins was studied by Gonnet and Munro \\[84]; they give log log n \\+ O(1\\) and log n \\+ log n\\* \\+ O(1\\) bounds for the number of comparisons respectively.}}",
"As an example of binary heap insertion, say we have a max\\-heap",
"[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_add_step1.svg \"Heap add step1.svg\")\nand we want to add the number 15 to the heap. We first place the 15 in the position marked by the X. However, the heap property is violated since {{nowrap\\|15 \\> 8}}, so we need to swap the 15 and the 8\\. So, we have the heap looking as follows after the first swap:",
"[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_add_step2.svg \"Heap add step2.svg\")\nHowever the heap property is still violated since {{nowrap\\|15 \\> 11}}, so we need to swap again:",
"[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_add_step3.svg \"Heap add step3.svg\")\nwhich is a valid max\\-heap. There is no need to check the left child after this final step: at the start, the max\\-heap was valid, meaning the root was already greater than its left child, so replacing the root with an even greater value will maintain the property that each node is greater than its children ({{nowrap\\|11 \\> 5}}; if {{nowrap\\|15 \\> 11}}, and {{nowrap\\|11 \\> 5}}, then {{nowrap\\|15 \\> 5}}, because of the [transitive relation](/wiki/Transitive_relation \"Transitive relation\")).",
"### Extract",
"The procedure for deleting the root from the heap (effectively extracting the maximum element in a max\\-heap or the minimum element in a min\\-heap) while retaining the heap property is as follows:",
"1. Replace the root of the heap with the last element on the last level.\n2. Compare the new root with its children; if they are in the correct order, stop.\n3. If not, swap the element with one of its children and return to the previous step. (Swap with its smaller child in a min\\-heap and its larger child in a max\\-heap.)\nSteps 2 and 3, which restore the heap property by comparing and possibly swapping a node with one of its children, are called the *down\\-heap* (also known as *bubble\\-down*, *percolate\\-down*, *sift\\-down*, *sink\\-down*, *trickle down*, *heapify\\-down*, *cascade\\-down*, *fix\\-down*, *extract\\-min* or *extract\\-max*, or simply *heapify*) operation.",
"So, if we have the same max\\-heap as before",
"[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_delete_step0.svg \"Heap delete step0.svg\")\nWe remove the 11 and replace it with the 4\\.",
"[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_remove_step1.svg \"Heap remove step1.svg\")\nNow the heap property is violated since 8 is greater than 4\\. In this case, swapping the two elements, 4 and 8, is enough to restore the heap property and we need not swap elements further:",
"[150px](/wiki/File:Heap_remove_step2.svg \"Heap remove step2.svg\")\nThe downward\\-moving node is swapped with the *larger* of its children in a max\\-heap (in a min\\-heap it would be swapped with its smaller child), until it satisfies the heap property in its new position. This functionality is achieved by the **Max\\-Heapify** function as defined below in [pseudocode](/wiki/Pseudocode \"Pseudocode\") for an [array](/wiki/Array_data_structure \"Array data structure\")\\-backed heap *A* of length *length*(*A*). *A* is indexed starting at 1\\.",
"",
"```\n// Perform a down-heap or heapify-down operation for a max-heap\n// \n```",
"*A*: an array representing the heap, indexed starting at 1",
"```\n// \n```",
"*i*: the index to start at when heapifying down\n **Max\\-Heapify**(*A*, *i*):\n *left* ← 2×*i*\n*right* ← 2×*i* \\+ 1\n *largest* ← *i*",
"**if** *left* ≤ *length*(*A*) **and** *A*\\[*left*] \\> A\\[*largest*] **then**:\n *largest* ← *left*",
"**if** *right* ≤ *length*(*A*) **and** *A*\\[*right*] \\> *A*\\[*largest*] **then**:\n *largest* ← *right*",
"**if** *largest* ≠ *i* **then**:\n **swap** *A*\\[*i*] and *A*\\[*largest*]\n **Max\\-Heapify**(*A*, *largest*)",
"For the above algorithm to correctly re\\-heapify the array, no nodes besides the node at index *i* and its two direct children can violate the heap property. The down\\-heap operation (without the preceding swap) can also be used to modify the value of the root, even when an element is not being deleted.",
"In the worst case, the new root has to be swapped with its child on each level until it reaches the bottom level of the heap, meaning that the delete operation has a time complexity relative to the height of the tree, or O(log *n*).",
"### Insert then extract",
"Inserting an element then extracting from the heap can be done more efficiently than simply calling the insert and extract functions defined above, which would involve both an `upheap` and `downheap` operation. Instead, we can do just a `downheap` operation, as follows:",
"1. Compare whether the item we're pushing or the peeked top of the heap is greater (assuming a max heap)\n2. If the root of the heap is greater:\n\t1. Replace the root with the new item\n\t2. Down\\-heapify starting from the root\n3. Else, return the item we're pushing",
"[Python](/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 \"Python (programming language)\") provides such a function for insertion then extraction called \"heappushpop\", which is paraphrased below.{{Cite web\\| title\\=python/cpython/heapq.py\\| url\\=https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/heapq.py\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07\\| website\\=GitHub\\| language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=heapq — Heap queue algorithm — Python 3\\.8\\.5 documentation\\| url\\=https://docs.python.org/3/library/heapq.html\\#heapq.heappushpop\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07\\| website\\=docs.python.org\\|quote\\=heapq.heappushpop(heap, item): Push item on the heap, then pop and return the smallest item from the heap. The combined action runs more efficiently than heappush() followed by a separate call to heappop().}} The heap array is assumed to have its first element at index 1\\.",
"```\n// Push a new item to a (max) heap and then extract the root of the resulting heap. \n// \n```",
"*heap*: an array representing the heap, indexed at 1",
"```\n// \n```",
"*item*: an element to insert",
"```\n// Returns the greater of the two between \n```",
"*item* and the root of *heap*.\n **Push\\-Pop**(*heap*: List\\<T\\>, *item*: T) \\-\\> T:\n **if** *heap* is not empty **and** heap\\[1] \\> *item* **then**: // \\< if min heap\n **swap** *heap*\\[1] and *item*",
"```\n _downheap(\n```",
"*heap* starting from index 1\\)\n **return** *item*\nA similar function can be defined for popping and then inserting, which in Python is called \"heapreplace\":",
"```\n// Extract the root of the heap, and push a new item \n// \n```",
"*heap*: an array representing the heap, indexed at 1",
"```\n// \n```",
"*item*: an element to insert",
"```\n// Returns the current root of \n```",
"*heap*\n**Replace**(*heap*: List\\<T\\>, *item*: T) \\-\\> T:\n **swap** *heap*\\[1] and *item*",
"```\n _downheap(\n```",
"*heap* starting from index 1\\)\n **return** *item*",
"### Search",
"Finding an arbitrary element takes O(n) time.",
"### Delete",
"Deleting an arbitrary element can be done as follows:",
"1. Find the index i of the element we want to delete\n2. Swap this element with the last element\n3. Down\\-heapify or up\\-heapify to restore the heap property. In a max\\-heap (min\\-heap), up\\-heapify is only required when the new key of element i is greater (smaller) than the previous one because only the heap\\-property of the parent element might be violated. Assuming that the heap\\-property was valid between element i and its children before the element swap, it can't be violated by a now larger (smaller) key value. When the new key is less (greater) than the previous one then only a down\\-heapify is required because the heap\\-property might only be violated in the child elements.",
"### Decrease or increase key",
"The decrease key operation replaces the value of a node with a given value with a lower value, and the increase key operation does the same but with a higher value. This involves finding the node with the given value, changing the value, and then down\\-heapifying or up\\-heapifying to restore the heap property.",
"Decrease key can be done as follows:",
"1. Find the index of the element we want to modify\n2. Decrease the value of the node\n3. Down\\-heapify (assuming a max heap) to restore the heap property",
"Increase key can be done as follows:",
"1. Find the index of the element we want to modify\n2. Increase the value of the node\n3. Up\\-heapify (assuming a max heap) to restore the heap property"
] |
Heap implementation
-------------------
[right\|frame\|A small complete binary tree stored in an array](/wiki/File:Binary_tree_in_array.svg "Binary tree in array.svg")
[400px\|thumb\|right\|Comparison between a binary heap and an array implementation.](/wiki/File:Binary_Heap_with_Array_Implementation.JPG "Binary Heap with Array Implementation.JPG")
Heaps are commonly implemented with an [array](/wiki/Array_data_structure "Array data structure"). Any binary tree can be stored in an array, but because a binary heap is always a complete binary tree, it can be stored compactly. No space is required for [pointers](/wiki/Pointer_%28computer_programming%29 "Pointer (computer programming)"); instead, the parent and children of each node can be found by arithmetic on array indices. These properties make this heap implementation a simple example of an [implicit data structure](/wiki/Implicit_data_structure "Implicit data structure") or [Ahnentafel](/wiki/Ahnentafel "Ahnentafel") list. Details depend on the root position, which in turn may depend on constraints of a [programming language](/wiki/Programming_language "Programming language") used for implementation, or programmer preference. Specifically, sometimes the root is placed at index 1, in order to simplify arithmetic.
Let *n* be the number of elements in the heap and *i* be an arbitrary valid index of the array storing the heap. If the tree root is at index 0, with valid indices 0 through *n −* 1, then each element *a* at index *i* has
* children at indices 2*i* \+ 1 and 2*i* \+ 2
* its parent at index *[floor](/wiki/Floor_function "Floor function")*((*i* − 1\) / 2\).
Alternatively, if the tree root is at index 1, with valid indices 1 through *n*, then each element *a* at index *i* has
* children at indices 2*i* and 2*i* \+1
* its parent at index *[floor](/wiki/Floor_function "Floor function")*(*i* / 2\).
This implementation is used in the [heapsort](/wiki/Heapsort "Heapsort") algorithm which reuses the space allocated to the input array to store the heap (i.e. the algorithm is done [in\-place](/wiki/In-place_algorithm "In-place algorithm")). This implementation is also useful as a [Priority queue](/wiki/Priority_queue "Priority queue"). When a [dynamic array](/wiki/Dynamic_array "Dynamic array") is used, insertion of an unbounded number of items is possible.
The `upheap` or `downheap` operations can then be stated in terms of an array as follows: suppose that the heap property holds for the indices *b*, *b*\+1, ..., *e*. The sift\-down function extends the heap property to *b*−1, *b*, *b*\+1, ..., *e*.
Only index *i* \= *b*−1 can violate the heap property.
Let *j* be the index of the largest child of *a*\[*i*] (for a max\-heap, or the smallest child for a min\-heap) within the range *b*, ..., *e*.
(If no such index exists because {{nowrap\|2''i'' \> ''e''}} then the heap property holds for the newly extended range and nothing needs to be done.)
By swapping the values *a*\[*i*] and *a*\[*j*] the heap property for position *i* is established.
At this point, the only problem is that the heap property might not hold for index *j*.
The sift\-down function is applied [tail\-recursively](/wiki/Tail_recursion "Tail recursion") to index *j* until the heap property is established for all elements.
The sift\-down function is fast. In each step it only needs two comparisons and one swap. The index value where it is working doubles in each iteration, so that at most log2 *e* steps are required.
For big heaps and using [virtual memory](/wiki/Virtual_memory "Virtual memory"), storing elements in an array according to the above scheme is inefficient: (almost) every level is in a different [page](/wiki/Page_%28computer_memory%29 "Page (computer memory)"). [B\-heaps](/wiki/B-heap "B-heap") are binary heaps that keep subtrees in a single page, reducing the number of pages accessed by up to a factor of ten.{{cite magazine\|first \= Poul\-Henning\|last\= Kamp\|url \= http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id\=1814327 \|title \= You're Doing It Wrong\|magazine\= ACM Queue\|date \= June 11, 2010\|volume \= 8\|issue \= 6}}
The operation of merging two binary heaps takes Θ(*n*) for equal\-sized heaps. The best you can do is (in case of array implementation) simply concatenating the two heap arrays and build a heap of the result.Chris L. Kuszmaul.
["binary heap"](http://nist.gov/dads/HTML/binaryheap.html) {{Webarchive\| url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808141408/http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/binaryheap.html \|date\=2008\-08\-08 }}.
Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures, Paul E. Black, ed., U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 16 November 2009\. A heap on *n* elements can be merged with a heap on *k* elements using O(log *n* log *k*) key comparisons, or, in case of a pointer\-based implementation, in O(log *n* log *k*) time.J.\-R. Sack and T. Strothotte
["An Algorithm for Merging Heaps"](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00264229),
Acta Informatica 22, 171\-186 (1985\). An algorithm for splitting a heap on *n* elements into two heaps on *k* and *n\-k* elements, respectively, based on a new view
of heaps as an ordered collections of subheaps was presented in.{{Cite journal \|doi \= 10\.1016/0890\-5401(90\)90026\-E\|title \= A characterization of heaps and its applications\|journal \= Information and Computation\|volume \= 86\|pages \= 69–86\|year \= 1990\|last1 \= Sack\|first1 \= Jörg\-Rüdiger\| last2 \= Strothotte\|first2 \= Thomas\|doi\-access \= free}} The algorithm requires O(log *n* \* log *n*) comparisons. The view also presents a new and conceptually simple algorithm for merging heaps. When merging is a common task, a different heap implementation is recommended, such as [binomial heaps](/wiki/Binomial_heap "Binomial heap"), which can be merged in O(log *n*).
Additionally, a binary heap can be implemented with a traditional binary tree data structure, but there is an issue with finding the adjacent element on the last level on the binary heap when adding an element. This element can be determined algorithmically or by adding extra data to the nodes, called "threading" the tree—instead of merely storing references to the children, we store the [inorder](/wiki/Inorder "Inorder") successor of the node as well.
It is possible to modify the heap structure to make the extraction of both the smallest and largest element possible in [O](/wiki/Big_O_notation "Big O notation")(\\log n) time.{{cite web
\| url \= http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/\~morin/teaching/5408/refs/minmax.pdf
\| author \= Atkinson, M.D.
\| author2 \= J.\-R. Sack
\| author2\-link \= Jörg\-Rüdiger Sack
\| author3 \= N. Santoro
\| author4 \= T. Strothotte
\| name\-list\-style \= amp
\| title \= Min\-max heaps and generalized priority queues.
\| publisher \= Programming techniques and Data structures. Comm. ACM, 29(10\): 996–1000
\| date \= 1 October 1986
\| access\-date \= 29 April 2008
\| archive\-date \= 27 January 2007
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070127093845/http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/%7Emorin/teaching/5408/refs/minmax.pdf
\| url\-status \= dead
}} To do this, the rows alternate between min heap and max\-heap. The algorithms are roughly the same, but, in each step, one must consider the alternating rows with alternating comparisons. The performance is roughly the same as a normal single direction heap. This idea can be generalized to a min\-max\-median heap.
|
[
"Heap implementation\n-------------------",
"[right\\|frame\\|A small complete binary tree stored in an array](/wiki/File:Binary_tree_in_array.svg \"Binary tree in array.svg\")\n[400px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Comparison between a binary heap and an array implementation.](/wiki/File:Binary_Heap_with_Array_Implementation.JPG \"Binary Heap with Array Implementation.JPG\")",
"Heaps are commonly implemented with an [array](/wiki/Array_data_structure \"Array data structure\"). Any binary tree can be stored in an array, but because a binary heap is always a complete binary tree, it can be stored compactly. No space is required for [pointers](/wiki/Pointer_%28computer_programming%29 \"Pointer (computer programming)\"); instead, the parent and children of each node can be found by arithmetic on array indices. These properties make this heap implementation a simple example of an [implicit data structure](/wiki/Implicit_data_structure \"Implicit data structure\") or [Ahnentafel](/wiki/Ahnentafel \"Ahnentafel\") list. Details depend on the root position, which in turn may depend on constraints of a [programming language](/wiki/Programming_language \"Programming language\") used for implementation, or programmer preference. Specifically, sometimes the root is placed at index 1, in order to simplify arithmetic.",
"Let *n* be the number of elements in the heap and *i* be an arbitrary valid index of the array storing the heap. If the tree root is at index 0, with valid indices 0 through *n −* 1, then each element *a* at index *i* has\n* children at indices 2*i* \\+ 1 and 2*i* \\+ 2\n* its parent at index *[floor](/wiki/Floor_function \"Floor function\")*((*i* − 1\\) / 2\\).\nAlternatively, if the tree root is at index 1, with valid indices 1 through *n*, then each element *a* at index *i* has\n* children at indices 2*i* and 2*i* \\+1\n* its parent at index *[floor](/wiki/Floor_function \"Floor function\")*(*i* / 2\\).",
"This implementation is used in the [heapsort](/wiki/Heapsort \"Heapsort\") algorithm which reuses the space allocated to the input array to store the heap (i.e. the algorithm is done [in\\-place](/wiki/In-place_algorithm \"In-place algorithm\")). This implementation is also useful as a [Priority queue](/wiki/Priority_queue \"Priority queue\"). When a [dynamic array](/wiki/Dynamic_array \"Dynamic array\") is used, insertion of an unbounded number of items is possible.",
"The `upheap` or `downheap` operations can then be stated in terms of an array as follows: suppose that the heap property holds for the indices *b*, *b*\\+1, ..., *e*. The sift\\-down function extends the heap property to *b*−1, *b*, *b*\\+1, ..., *e*.\nOnly index *i* \\= *b*−1 can violate the heap property.\nLet *j* be the index of the largest child of *a*\\[*i*] (for a max\\-heap, or the smallest child for a min\\-heap) within the range *b*, ..., *e*.\n(If no such index exists because {{nowrap\\|2''i'' \\> ''e''}} then the heap property holds for the newly extended range and nothing needs to be done.)\nBy swapping the values *a*\\[*i*] and *a*\\[*j*] the heap property for position *i* is established.\nAt this point, the only problem is that the heap property might not hold for index *j*.\nThe sift\\-down function is applied [tail\\-recursively](/wiki/Tail_recursion \"Tail recursion\") to index *j* until the heap property is established for all elements.",
"The sift\\-down function is fast. In each step it only needs two comparisons and one swap. The index value where it is working doubles in each iteration, so that at most log2 *e* steps are required.",
"For big heaps and using [virtual memory](/wiki/Virtual_memory \"Virtual memory\"), storing elements in an array according to the above scheme is inefficient: (almost) every level is in a different [page](/wiki/Page_%28computer_memory%29 \"Page (computer memory)\"). [B\\-heaps](/wiki/B-heap \"B-heap\") are binary heaps that keep subtrees in a single page, reducing the number of pages accessed by up to a factor of ten.{{cite magazine\\|first \\= Poul\\-Henning\\|last\\= Kamp\\|url \\= http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id\\=1814327 \\|title \\= You're Doing It Wrong\\|magazine\\= ACM Queue\\|date \\= June 11, 2010\\|volume \\= 8\\|issue \\= 6}}",
"",
"The operation of merging two binary heaps takes Θ(*n*) for equal\\-sized heaps. The best you can do is (in case of array implementation) simply concatenating the two heap arrays and build a heap of the result.Chris L. Kuszmaul.\n[\"binary heap\"](http://nist.gov/dads/HTML/binaryheap.html) {{Webarchive\\| url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808141408/http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/binaryheap.html \\|date\\=2008\\-08\\-08 }}.\nDictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures, Paul E. Black, ed., U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 16 November 2009\\. A heap on *n* elements can be merged with a heap on *k* elements using O(log *n* log *k*) key comparisons, or, in case of a pointer\\-based implementation, in O(log *n* log *k*) time.J.\\-R. Sack and T. Strothotte\n[\"An Algorithm for Merging Heaps\"](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00264229),\nActa Informatica 22, 171\\-186 (1985\\). An algorithm for splitting a heap on *n* elements into two heaps on *k* and *n\\-k* elements, respectively, based on a new view\nof heaps as an ordered collections of subheaps was presented in.{{Cite journal \\|doi \\= 10\\.1016/0890\\-5401(90\\)90026\\-E\\|title \\= A characterization of heaps and its applications\\|journal \\= Information and Computation\\|volume \\= 86\\|pages \\= 69–86\\|year \\= 1990\\|last1 \\= Sack\\|first1 \\= Jörg\\-Rüdiger\\| last2 \\= Strothotte\\|first2 \\= Thomas\\|doi\\-access \\= free}} The algorithm requires O(log *n* \\* log *n*) comparisons. The view also presents a new and conceptually simple algorithm for merging heaps. When merging is a common task, a different heap implementation is recommended, such as [binomial heaps](/wiki/Binomial_heap \"Binomial heap\"), which can be merged in O(log *n*).",
"Additionally, a binary heap can be implemented with a traditional binary tree data structure, but there is an issue with finding the adjacent element on the last level on the binary heap when adding an element. This element can be determined algorithmically or by adding extra data to the nodes, called \"threading\" the tree—instead of merely storing references to the children, we store the [inorder](/wiki/Inorder \"Inorder\") successor of the node as well.",
"It is possible to modify the heap structure to make the extraction of both the smallest and largest element possible in [O](/wiki/Big_O_notation \"Big O notation\")(\\\\log n) time.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/\\~morin/teaching/5408/refs/minmax.pdf\n\\| author \\= Atkinson, M.D.\n\\| author2 \\= J.\\-R. Sack\n\\| author2\\-link \\= Jörg\\-Rüdiger Sack\n\\| author3 \\= N. Santoro\n\\| author4 \\= T. Strothotte\n\\| name\\-list\\-style \\= amp\n\\| title \\= Min\\-max heaps and generalized priority queues.\n\\| publisher \\= Programming techniques and Data structures. Comm. ACM, 29(10\\): 996–1000\n\\| date \\= 1 October 1986\n\\| access\\-date \\= 29 April 2008\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 27 January 2007\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070127093845/http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/%7Emorin/teaching/5408/refs/minmax.pdf\n\\| url\\-status \\= dead\n}} To do this, the rows alternate between min heap and max\\-heap. The algorithms are roughly the same, but, in each step, one must consider the alternating rows with alternating comparisons. The performance is roughly the same as a normal single direction heap. This idea can be generalized to a min\\-max\\-median heap.",
""
] |
Derivation of index equations
-----------------------------
In an array\-based heap, the children and parent of a node can be located via simple arithmetic on the node's index. This section derives the relevant equations for heaps with their root at index 0, with additional notes on heaps with their root at index 1\.
To avoid confusion, we define the **level** of a node as its distance from the root, such that the root itself occupies level 0\.
### Child nodes
For a general node located at index {{mvar\|i}} (beginning from 0\), we will first derive the index of its right child, \\text{right} \= 2i \+ 2.
Let node {{mvar\|i}} be located in level {{mvar\|L}}, and note that any level {{mvar\|l}} contains exactly 2^l nodes. Furthermore, there are exactly 2^{l \+ 1} \- 1 nodes contained in the layers up to and including layer {{mvar\|l}} (think of binary arithmetic; 0111\...111 \= 1000\...000 \- 1\). Because the root is stored at 0, the {{mvar\|k}}th node will be stored at index (k \- 1\). Putting these observations together yields the following expression for the **index of the last node in layer {{mvar\|l}}**.
\\text{last}(l) \= (2^{l \+ 1} \- 1\) \- 1 \= 2^{l \+ 1} \- 2
Let there be {{mvar\|j}} nodes after node {{mvar\|i}} in layer L, such that
\\begin{alignat}{2}
i \= \& \\quad \\text{last}(L) \- j\\\\
```
= & \quad (2^{L + 1} -2) - j\\
```
\\end{alignat}
Each of these {{mvar\|j}} nodes must have exactly 2 children, so there must be 2j nodes separating {{mvar\|i}}'s right child from the end of its layer (L \+ 1).
\\begin{alignat}{2}
\\text{right} \= \& \\quad \\text{last(L \+ 1\)} \-2j\\\\
```
= & \quad (2^{L + 2} -2) -2j\\
= & \quad 2(2^{L + 1} -2 -j) + 2\\
= & \quad 2i + 2
```
\\end{alignat}
Noting that the left child of any node is always 1 place before its right child, we get \\text{left} \= 2i \+ 1.
If the root is located at index 1 instead of 0, the last node in each level is instead at index 2^{l \+ 1} \- 1. Using this throughout yields \\text{left} \= 2i and \\text{right} \= 2i \+ 1 for heaps with their root at 1\.
### Parent node
Every non\-root node is either the left or right child of its parent, so one of the following must hold:
* i \= 2 \\times (\\text{parent}) \+ 1
* i \= 2 \\times (\\text{parent}) \+ 2
Hence,
\\text{parent} \= \\frac{i \- 1}{2} \\;\\textrm{ or }\\; \\frac{i \- 2}{2}
Now consider the expression \\left\\lfloor \\dfrac{i \- 1}{2} \\right\\rfloor.
If node i is a left child, this gives the result immediately, however, it also gives the correct result if node i is a right child. In this case, (i \- 2\) must be even, and hence (i \- 1\) must be odd.
\\begin{alignat}{2}
\\left\\lfloor \\dfrac{i \- 1}{2} \\right\\rfloor \= \& \\quad \\left\\lfloor \\dfrac{i \- 2}{2} \+ \\dfrac{1}{2} \\right\\rfloor\\\\
\= \& \\quad \\frac{i \- 2}{2}\\\\
\= \& \\quad \\text{parent}
\\end{alignat}
Therefore, irrespective of whether a node is a left or right child, its parent can be found by the expression:
\\text{parent} \= \\left\\lfloor \\dfrac{i \- 1}{2} \\right\\rfloor
|
[
"Derivation of index equations\n-----------------------------",
"In an array\\-based heap, the children and parent of a node can be located via simple arithmetic on the node's index. This section derives the relevant equations for heaps with their root at index 0, with additional notes on heaps with their root at index 1\\.",
"To avoid confusion, we define the **level** of a node as its distance from the root, such that the root itself occupies level 0\\.",
"### Child nodes",
"For a general node located at index {{mvar\\|i}} (beginning from 0\\), we will first derive the index of its right child, \\\\text{right} \\= 2i \\+ 2.",
"Let node {{mvar\\|i}} be located in level {{mvar\\|L}}, and note that any level {{mvar\\|l}} contains exactly 2^l nodes. Furthermore, there are exactly 2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 1 nodes contained in the layers up to and including layer {{mvar\\|l}} (think of binary arithmetic; 0111\\...111 \\= 1000\\...000 \\- 1\\). Because the root is stored at 0, the {{mvar\\|k}}th node will be stored at index (k \\- 1\\). Putting these observations together yields the following expression for the **index of the last node in layer {{mvar\\|l}}**.",
"\\\\text{last}(l) \\= (2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 1\\) \\- 1 \\= 2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 2\nLet there be {{mvar\\|j}} nodes after node {{mvar\\|i}} in layer L, such that",
"\\\\begin{alignat}{2}\ni \\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\text{last}(L) \\- j\\\\\\\\",
"```\n = & \\quad (2^{L + 1} -2) - j\\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{alignat}",
"Each of these {{mvar\\|j}} nodes must have exactly 2 children, so there must be 2j nodes separating {{mvar\\|i}}'s right child from the end of its layer (L \\+ 1).",
"\\\\begin{alignat}{2}\n\\\\text{right} \\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\text{last(L \\+ 1\\)} \\-2j\\\\\\\\",
"```\n = & \\quad (2^{L + 2} -2) -2j\\\\\n = & \\quad 2(2^{L + 1} -2 -j) + 2\\\\\n = & \\quad 2i + 2",
"```\n\\\\end{alignat}",
"Noting that the left child of any node is always 1 place before its right child, we get \\\\text{left} \\= 2i \\+ 1.",
"If the root is located at index 1 instead of 0, the last node in each level is instead at index 2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 1. Using this throughout yields \\\\text{left} \\= 2i and \\\\text{right} \\= 2i \\+ 1 for heaps with their root at 1\\.",
"### Parent node",
"Every non\\-root node is either the left or right child of its parent, so one of the following must hold:",
"* i \\= 2 \\\\times (\\\\text{parent}) \\+ 1\n* i \\= 2 \\\\times (\\\\text{parent}) \\+ 2",
"Hence,\n\\\\text{parent} \\= \\\\frac{i \\- 1}{2} \\\\;\\\\textrm{ or }\\\\; \\\\frac{i \\- 2}{2}",
"Now consider the expression \\\\left\\\\lfloor \\\\dfrac{i \\- 1}{2} \\\\right\\\\rfloor.",
"If node i is a left child, this gives the result immediately, however, it also gives the correct result if node i is a right child. In this case, (i \\- 2\\) must be even, and hence (i \\- 1\\) must be odd.",
"\\\\begin{alignat}{2}\n\\\\left\\\\lfloor \\\\dfrac{i \\- 1}{2} \\\\right\\\\rfloor \\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\left\\\\lfloor \\\\dfrac{i \\- 2}{2} \\+ \\\\dfrac{1}{2} \\\\right\\\\rfloor\\\\\\\\\n\\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\frac{i \\- 2}{2}\\\\\\\\\n\\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\text{parent}\n\\\\end{alignat}",
"Therefore, irrespective of whether a node is a left or right child, its parent can be found by the expression:",
"\\\\text{parent} \\= \\\\left\\\\lfloor \\\\dfrac{i \\- 1}{2} \\\\right\\\\rfloor"
] |
### Child nodes
For a general node located at index {{mvar\|i}} (beginning from 0\), we will first derive the index of its right child, \\text{right} \= 2i \+ 2.
Let node {{mvar\|i}} be located in level {{mvar\|L}}, and note that any level {{mvar\|l}} contains exactly 2^l nodes. Furthermore, there are exactly 2^{l \+ 1} \- 1 nodes contained in the layers up to and including layer {{mvar\|l}} (think of binary arithmetic; 0111\...111 \= 1000\...000 \- 1\). Because the root is stored at 0, the {{mvar\|k}}th node will be stored at index (k \- 1\). Putting these observations together yields the following expression for the **index of the last node in layer {{mvar\|l}}**.
\\text{last}(l) \= (2^{l \+ 1} \- 1\) \- 1 \= 2^{l \+ 1} \- 2
Let there be {{mvar\|j}} nodes after node {{mvar\|i}} in layer L, such that
\\begin{alignat}{2}
i \= \& \\quad \\text{last}(L) \- j\\\\
```
= & \quad (2^{L + 1} -2) - j\\
```
\\end{alignat}
Each of these {{mvar\|j}} nodes must have exactly 2 children, so there must be 2j nodes separating {{mvar\|i}}'s right child from the end of its layer (L \+ 1).
\\begin{alignat}{2}
\\text{right} \= \& \\quad \\text{last(L \+ 1\)} \-2j\\\\
```
= & \quad (2^{L + 2} -2) -2j\\
= & \quad 2(2^{L + 1} -2 -j) + 2\\
= & \quad 2i + 2
```
\\end{alignat}
Noting that the left child of any node is always 1 place before its right child, we get \\text{left} \= 2i \+ 1.
If the root is located at index 1 instead of 0, the last node in each level is instead at index 2^{l \+ 1} \- 1. Using this throughout yields \\text{left} \= 2i and \\text{right} \= 2i \+ 1 for heaps with their root at 1\.
|
[
"### Child nodes",
"For a general node located at index {{mvar\\|i}} (beginning from 0\\), we will first derive the index of its right child, \\\\text{right} \\= 2i \\+ 2.",
"Let node {{mvar\\|i}} be located in level {{mvar\\|L}}, and note that any level {{mvar\\|l}} contains exactly 2^l nodes. Furthermore, there are exactly 2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 1 nodes contained in the layers up to and including layer {{mvar\\|l}} (think of binary arithmetic; 0111\\...111 \\= 1000\\...000 \\- 1\\). Because the root is stored at 0, the {{mvar\\|k}}th node will be stored at index (k \\- 1\\). Putting these observations together yields the following expression for the **index of the last node in layer {{mvar\\|l}}**.",
"\\\\text{last}(l) \\= (2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 1\\) \\- 1 \\= 2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 2\nLet there be {{mvar\\|j}} nodes after node {{mvar\\|i}} in layer L, such that",
"\\\\begin{alignat}{2}\ni \\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\text{last}(L) \\- j\\\\\\\\",
"```\n = & \\quad (2^{L + 1} -2) - j\\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{alignat}",
"Each of these {{mvar\\|j}} nodes must have exactly 2 children, so there must be 2j nodes separating {{mvar\\|i}}'s right child from the end of its layer (L \\+ 1).",
"\\\\begin{alignat}{2}\n\\\\text{right} \\= \\& \\\\quad \\\\text{last(L \\+ 1\\)} \\-2j\\\\\\\\",
"```\n = & \\quad (2^{L + 2} -2) -2j\\\\\n = & \\quad 2(2^{L + 1} -2 -j) + 2\\\\\n = & \\quad 2i + 2",
"```\n\\\\end{alignat}",
"Noting that the left child of any node is always 1 place before its right child, we get \\\\text{left} \\= 2i \\+ 1.",
"If the root is located at index 1 instead of 0, the last node in each level is instead at index 2^{l \\+ 1} \\- 1. Using this throughout yields \\\\text{left} \\= 2i and \\\\text{right} \\= 2i \\+ 1 for heaps with their root at 1\\.",
""
] |
Scottish, English and British usage
-----------------------------------
### History
[thumb\|Medal of Queen Mary I with the legend "Maria I Reg. Angl. Franc. et Hib. Fidei Defensatrix"](/wiki/File:1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg "1555 gold medal Queen Mary I of England.jpg")
The earliest use of the term appears in 1507, when King [James IV of Scotland](/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland "James IV of Scotland") was granted the title of "Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith" by [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II"). The title was conferred on James IV by the papal legate Robert Bellenden in a lavish ceremony in [Holyrood Abbey](/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey "Holyrood Abbey").Grant's "Old and New Edinburgh"Macdougall, Norman, *James IV*, Tuckwell (1997\); pp. 22\.
"Defender of the Faith" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British monarchs since it was granted on 11 October 1521 by [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X "Pope Leo X") to King [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155661/defender\-of\-the\-faith\|title\=defender of the faith – English royal title}}{{cite web\|url\=https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2020/07/defender\-of\-the\-faith.html\|title\=Defender of the Faith\|website\=Medieval Manuscripts Blog\|date\=21 July 2020\|access\-date\=10 May 2022}} His wife [Catherine of Aragon](/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon "Catherine of Aragon") also used the title.Antonia Fraser, *The Wives of Henry VIII*, page 95 The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book *[Assertio Septem Sacramentorum](/wiki/Defence_of_the_Seven_Sacraments "Defence of the Seven Sacraments")* (*Defence of the Seven Sacraments*), which defended the sacramental nature of [marriage](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") and the supremacy of the [pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope"). This was also known as the "Henrician Affirmation" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"), especially the ideas of [Martin Luther](/wiki/Martin_Luther "Martin Luther").{{Cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hDq\-DwAAQBAJ \|title \= The Defence of the Seven Sacraments\|isbn \= 9781538092026\|last1 \= O'Donovan\|first1 \= Louis\|date \= 5 November 2019\| publisher\=Dalcassian Publishing Company }}{{cite EB9 \|wstitle\= Defender of the Faith \|volume\= VII \|page\=25 \|short\=1}}
Following Henry's decision to break with [Rome](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church "Roman Catholic Church") in 1530 and establish himself as head of the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England"), the title was revoked by [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III "Pope Paul III") and he was [excommunicated](/wiki/Excommunicated "Excommunicated"). However in 1543[35 Hen. 8](/wiki/35_Hen._8 "35 Hen. 8"). c. 3, {{cite book\|url\=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id\=pst.000017915533\&view\=1up\&seq\=1022\|title\=The Bill for the Kinges Stile \|year\=1963 \|publisher\=Dawsons of Pall Mall }} establishing the English title "Henry the Eight by the grace of God Kyng of Englonde Fraunce and Irelande Defendor of the faithe, and of the Churche of Englonde, and also of Irelande in earthe the supreme Hedde" the [Parliament of England](/wiki/Parliament_of_England "Parliament of England") conferred (by a bill entitled "The Bill for the Kinges Stile") on King Henry VIII and his successors, now the defenders of the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") faith, the style "Henry the Eighth by the Grace of God King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth the Supreme Head". All subsequent monarchs (except the Catholic Queen [Mary I](/wiki/Mary_I "Mary I")) became [supreme governors](/wiki/Supreme_governor "Supreme governor").
King [James V of Scotland](/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland "James V of Scotland") was granted the title of "Defender of the Faith" by [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III "Pope Paul III") on 19 January 1537, symbolizing the hopes of the papacy that the King of Scots would resist the path that his uncle Henry VIII had followed.Cameron, Jamie, *James V*, Tuckwell (1998\), 288\.Hay, Denys, ed., *Letters of James V*, HMSO (1954\), 328\. Neither this title nor James IV's title of "Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith" became part of the full style of the [monarch of Scotland](/wiki/Monarch_of_Scotland "Monarch of Scotland").
During [The Protectorate](/wiki/The_Protectorate "The Protectorate") (1653–59\), the [republican](/wiki/Republicanism "Republicanism") heads of state [Oliver Cromwell](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell "Oliver Cromwell") and [Richard Cromwell](/wiki/Richard_Cromwell "Richard Cromwell"), more clearly profiled as Protestant than the monarchy, although claiming [divine sanction](/wiki/Divine_sanction "Divine sanction"), did not adopt the [style](/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles "Royal and noble styles") "Defender of the Faith". The style was reintroduced after the [restoration](/wiki/English_Restoration "English Restoration") of the monarchy and remains in use to this day.
### Modern usage
[thumb\|left\|Church decorations in Vulture Street, South Brisbane for the royal visit, 1954](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_205460_Church_decorations_in_Vulture_Street%2C_South_Brisbane_for_the_royal_visit_in_1954.jpg "StateLibQld 1 205460 Church decorations in Vulture Street, South Brisbane for the royal visit in 1954.jpg")
In his capacity as [King of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Monarchy of the United Kingdom"), [Charles III](/wiki/Charles_III "Charles III") is [styled](/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles "Royal and noble styles") "Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations"), Defender of the Faith". The title "Defender of the Faith" reflects the Sovereign's position as the [supreme governor of the Church of England](/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England "Supreme governor of the Church of England"). The original Latin phrase {{Lang\|la\|Fidei Defensor}} is represented on all current [British coins](/wiki/British_coinage "British coinage") by the abbreviations **F D** or **FID DEF**. This notation was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of King [George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain "George I of Great Britain"). The decision of the [Royal Mint](/wiki/Royal_Mint "Royal Mint") to omit this and certain other parts of the monarch's style from the "[Godless Florin](/wiki/Florin_%28British_coin%29 "Florin (British coin)")" in 1849 caused such a scandal that the coin was replaced.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.qns.org.au/Articles/SWA\_Agnostic/SWA\_Agnostic.htm \|title\=Agnostic Coinage \|author\=Stephen Appleton \|publisher\=Queensland Numismatic Society \|date\=September 2001 \|access\-date\=2007\-08\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829052932/http://qns.org.au/Articles/SWA\_Agnostic/SWA\_Agnostic.htm \|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-29 }}
In most [Commonwealth realms](/wiki/Commonwealth_realm "Commonwealth realm"), the phrase does not appear in the Monarch's full style, though the initial "[By the Grace of God](/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God "By the Grace of God")" is maintained. For example, in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), King Charles is currently styled "by the Grace of God, King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth". He is additionally styled "Defender of the Faith" only in [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") and the UK. [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") had initially chosen to include the phrase, not because the sovereign is regarded as the protector of the state religion (Canada has none), but as a defender of faith in general. In a speech to the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada "House of Commons of Canada") in [1953](/wiki/1953_in_Canada "1953 in Canada"), [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada "Prime Minister of Canada") [Louis St. Laurent](/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent "Louis St. Laurent") stated:
{{quote \|text\=The rather more delicate question arose about the retention of the words, "Defender of the Faith". In England there is an established church. In our countries \[the other monarchies of the Commonwealth] there are no established churches, but in our countries there are people who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all\-wise providence, and we felt that it was a good thing that the civil authorities would proclaim that their organisation is such that it is a defence of the continued beliefs in a supreme power that orders the affairs of mere men, and that there could be no reasonable objection from anyone who believed in the Supreme Being in having the sovereign, the head of the civil authority, described as a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler. \|author\=Louis St. Laurent}}{{citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}
However, the style used on Canadian coinage is simply D.G. Rex ({{Lang\|la\|Dei Gratia Rex}}, "By the Grace of God, King").
In Australia, the monarch held the title "Defender of the Faith" until 1973, when it was formally removed. (The words "by the Grace of God" were retained, however.)Williams, Roy (2013\). *In God They Trust?*. p. 168\. Canberra: Bible Society Australia.
At various times, some countries of the Commonwealth retained the title until they formally became republics, e.g. [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") from 29 May 1953\. Others dropped it while still a dominion of the Commonwealth: e.g. [Pakistan](/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan "Dominion of Pakistan") dropped the title in 1953 in recognition of the contradiction between its population being overwhelmingly [Muslim](/wiki/Islam "Islam") and having a monarch who was a defender of the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") faith.
King Charles III, when still [heir apparent](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales "Prince of Wales"), expressed a preference to change the spirit of this role should he succeed to the throne as expected. He commented in 1994: "I personally would rather see \[my future role] as Defender of Faith, not *the* Faith"; however, he clarified in 2015 that "while at the same time being Defender of the Faith you can also be protector of faiths".{{cite web
\| url\=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the\-prince\-of\-wales/promoting\-and\-protecting/faith
\| title\=Faith
\| website\=The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall
\| publisher\=princeofwales.gov.uk
\| access\-date\=1 November 2016
}}
In the spring of 2023, the Canadian government introduced a bill to change the title of the [Canadian sovereign](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada "Monarchy of Canada") by dropping the reference to the United Kingdom and the phrase "Defender of the Faith".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\-kings\-canadian\-title\-dropping\-defender\-of\-the\-faith\-is\-break\-with/\|title\=King's Canadian title – dropping defender of the faith – is break with tradition: Church figures, constitutional experts
\|work\=The Globe and Mail\|first\=Marie\|last\=Woolf\|date\=19 April 2023\|access\-date\=19 April 2023}} The bill was approved by parliament and given [royal assent](/wiki/Royal_assent "Royal assent") on 22 June 2023;{{cite web\|url\=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/44\-1/C\-47\|title\=Royal Style and Titles Act, 2023 (Budget Implementation Act, 2023, No. 1, Part 4, Division 31{{mdash}}section 510\)\|website\=LEGISinfo\|date\=22 June 2023\|access\-date\=8 February 2024}} however, the new style and title did not become operative until the King issued a proclamation on 8 January 2024\.{{cite web \|title\=Proclamation Establishing for Canada the Royal Style and Titles: SI/2024\-4, dated January 8, 2024 \|url\=https://gazette.gc.ca/rp\-pr/p2/2024/2024\-01\-31/html/si\-tr4\-eng.html}} The Canadian title is now:
Charles the Third, by the Grace of God King of Canada and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonnweath./Charles Trois, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth.Royal Style and Titles Act, 2023, section 2\.
|
[
"Scottish, English and British usage\n-----------------------------------",
"### History",
"[thumb\\|Medal of Queen Mary I with the legend \"Maria I Reg. Angl. Franc. et Hib. Fidei Defensatrix\"](/wiki/File:1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg \"1555 gold medal Queen Mary I of England.jpg\")",
"The earliest use of the term appears in 1507, when King [James IV of Scotland](/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland \"James IV of Scotland\") was granted the title of \"Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith\" by [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\"). The title was conferred on James IV by the papal legate Robert Bellenden in a lavish ceremony in [Holyrood Abbey](/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey \"Holyrood Abbey\").Grant's \"Old and New Edinburgh\"Macdougall, Norman, *James IV*, Tuckwell (1997\\); pp. 22\\.",
"\"Defender of the Faith\" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British monarchs since it was granted on 11 October 1521 by [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X \"Pope Leo X\") to King [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155661/defender\\-of\\-the\\-faith\\|title\\=defender of the faith – English royal title}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2020/07/defender\\-of\\-the\\-faith.html\\|title\\=Defender of the Faith\\|website\\=Medieval Manuscripts Blog\\|date\\=21 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2022}} His wife [Catherine of Aragon](/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon \"Catherine of Aragon\") also used the title.Antonia Fraser, *The Wives of Henry VIII*, page 95 The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book *[Assertio Septem Sacramentorum](/wiki/Defence_of_the_Seven_Sacraments \"Defence of the Seven Sacraments\")* (*Defence of the Seven Sacraments*), which defended the sacramental nature of [marriage](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") and the supremacy of the [pope](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\"). This was also known as the \"Henrician Affirmation\" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"), especially the ideas of [Martin Luther](/wiki/Martin_Luther \"Martin Luther\").{{Cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hDq\\-DwAAQBAJ \\|title \\= The Defence of the Seven Sacraments\\|isbn \\= 9781538092026\\|last1 \\= O'Donovan\\|first1 \\= Louis\\|date \\= 5 November 2019\\| publisher\\=Dalcassian Publishing Company }}{{cite EB9 \\|wstitle\\= Defender of the Faith \\|volume\\= VII \\|page\\=25 \\|short\\=1}}",
"Following Henry's decision to break with [Rome](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\") in 1530 and establish himself as head of the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\"), the title was revoked by [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III \"Pope Paul III\") and he was [excommunicated](/wiki/Excommunicated \"Excommunicated\"). However in 1543[35 Hen. 8](/wiki/35_Hen._8 \"35 Hen. 8\"). c. 3, {{cite book\\|url\\=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id\\=pst.000017915533\\&view\\=1up\\&seq\\=1022\\|title\\=The Bill for the Kinges Stile \\|year\\=1963 \\|publisher\\=Dawsons of Pall Mall }} establishing the English title \"Henry the Eight by the grace of God Kyng of Englonde Fraunce and Irelande Defendor of the faithe, and of the Churche of Englonde, and also of Irelande in earthe the supreme Hedde\" the [Parliament of England](/wiki/Parliament_of_England \"Parliament of England\") conferred (by a bill entitled \"The Bill for the Kinges Stile\") on King Henry VIII and his successors, now the defenders of the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") faith, the style \"Henry the Eighth by the Grace of God King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth the Supreme Head\". All subsequent monarchs (except the Catholic Queen [Mary I](/wiki/Mary_I \"Mary I\")) became [supreme governors](/wiki/Supreme_governor \"Supreme governor\").",
"King [James V of Scotland](/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland \"James V of Scotland\") was granted the title of \"Defender of the Faith\" by [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III \"Pope Paul III\") on 19 January 1537, symbolizing the hopes of the papacy that the King of Scots would resist the path that his uncle Henry VIII had followed.Cameron, Jamie, *James V*, Tuckwell (1998\\), 288\\.Hay, Denys, ed., *Letters of James V*, HMSO (1954\\), 328\\. Neither this title nor James IV's title of \"Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith\" became part of the full style of the [monarch of Scotland](/wiki/Monarch_of_Scotland \"Monarch of Scotland\").",
"During [The Protectorate](/wiki/The_Protectorate \"The Protectorate\") (1653–59\\), the [republican](/wiki/Republicanism \"Republicanism\") heads of state [Oliver Cromwell](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell \"Oliver Cromwell\") and [Richard Cromwell](/wiki/Richard_Cromwell \"Richard Cromwell\"), more clearly profiled as Protestant than the monarchy, although claiming [divine sanction](/wiki/Divine_sanction \"Divine sanction\"), did not adopt the [style](/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles \"Royal and noble styles\") \"Defender of the Faith\". The style was reintroduced after the [restoration](/wiki/English_Restoration \"English Restoration\") of the monarchy and remains in use to this day.",
"### Modern usage",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Church decorations in Vulture Street, South Brisbane for the royal visit, 1954](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_205460_Church_decorations_in_Vulture_Street%2C_South_Brisbane_for_the_royal_visit_in_1954.jpg \"StateLibQld 1 205460 Church decorations in Vulture Street, South Brisbane for the royal visit in 1954.jpg\")",
"In his capacity as [King of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\"), [Charles III](/wiki/Charles_III \"Charles III\") is [styled](/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles \"Royal and noble styles\") \"Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\"), Defender of the Faith\". The title \"Defender of the Faith\" reflects the Sovereign's position as the [supreme governor of the Church of England](/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England \"Supreme governor of the Church of England\"). The original Latin phrase {{Lang\\|la\\|Fidei Defensor}} is represented on all current [British coins](/wiki/British_coinage \"British coinage\") by the abbreviations **F D** or **FID DEF**. This notation was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of King [George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain \"George I of Great Britain\"). The decision of the [Royal Mint](/wiki/Royal_Mint \"Royal Mint\") to omit this and certain other parts of the monarch's style from the \"[Godless Florin](/wiki/Florin_%28British_coin%29 \"Florin (British coin)\")\" in 1849 caused such a scandal that the coin was replaced.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.qns.org.au/Articles/SWA\\_Agnostic/SWA\\_Agnostic.htm \\|title\\=Agnostic Coinage \\|author\\=Stephen Appleton \\|publisher\\=Queensland Numismatic Society \\|date\\=September 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829052932/http://qns.org.au/Articles/SWA\\_Agnostic/SWA\\_Agnostic.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-29 }}",
"In most [Commonwealth realms](/wiki/Commonwealth_realm \"Commonwealth realm\"), the phrase does not appear in the Monarch's full style, though the initial \"[By the Grace of God](/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God \"By the Grace of God\")\" is maintained. For example, in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), King Charles is currently styled \"by the Grace of God, King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth\". He is additionally styled \"Defender of the Faith\" only in [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") and the UK. [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") had initially chosen to include the phrase, not because the sovereign is regarded as the protector of the state religion (Canada has none), but as a defender of faith in general. In a speech to the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada \"House of Commons of Canada\") in [1953](/wiki/1953_in_Canada \"1953 in Canada\"), [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada \"Prime Minister of Canada\") [Louis St. Laurent](/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent \"Louis St. Laurent\") stated:",
"{{quote \\|text\\=The rather more delicate question arose about the retention of the words, \"Defender of the Faith\". In England there is an established church. In our countries \\[the other monarchies of the Commonwealth] there are no established churches, but in our countries there are people who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all\\-wise providence, and we felt that it was a good thing that the civil authorities would proclaim that their organisation is such that it is a defence of the continued beliefs in a supreme power that orders the affairs of mere men, and that there could be no reasonable objection from anyone who believed in the Supreme Being in having the sovereign, the head of the civil authority, described as a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler. \\|author\\=Louis St. Laurent}}{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}",
"However, the style used on Canadian coinage is simply D.G. Rex ({{Lang\\|la\\|Dei Gratia Rex}}, \"By the Grace of God, King\").",
"In Australia, the monarch held the title \"Defender of the Faith\" until 1973, when it was formally removed. (The words \"by the Grace of God\" were retained, however.)Williams, Roy (2013\\). *In God They Trust?*. p. 168\\. Canberra: Bible Society Australia.",
"At various times, some countries of the Commonwealth retained the title until they formally became republics, e.g. [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") from 29 May 1953\\. Others dropped it while still a dominion of the Commonwealth: e.g. [Pakistan](/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan \"Dominion of Pakistan\") dropped the title in 1953 in recognition of the contradiction between its population being overwhelmingly [Muslim](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") and having a monarch who was a defender of the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") faith.",
"King Charles III, when still [heir apparent](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales \"Prince of Wales\"), expressed a preference to change the spirit of this role should he succeed to the throne as expected. He commented in 1994: \"I personally would rather see \\[my future role] as Defender of Faith, not *the* Faith\"; however, he clarified in 2015 that \"while at the same time being Defender of the Faith you can also be protector of faiths\".{{cite web\n\\| url\\=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the\\-prince\\-of\\-wales/promoting\\-and\\-protecting/faith\n\\| title\\=Faith\n\\| website\\=The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall\n\\| publisher\\=princeofwales.gov.uk\n\\| access\\-date\\=1 November 2016\n}}",
"",
"In the spring of 2023, the Canadian government introduced a bill to change the title of the [Canadian sovereign](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada \"Monarchy of Canada\") by dropping the reference to the United Kingdom and the phrase \"Defender of the Faith\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article\\-kings\\-canadian\\-title\\-dropping\\-defender\\-of\\-the\\-faith\\-is\\-break\\-with/\\|title\\=King's Canadian title – dropping defender of the faith – is break with tradition: Church figures, constitutional experts\n\\|work\\=The Globe and Mail\\|first\\=Marie\\|last\\=Woolf\\|date\\=19 April 2023\\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2023}} The bill was approved by parliament and given [royal assent](/wiki/Royal_assent \"Royal assent\") on 22 June 2023;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/44\\-1/C\\-47\\|title\\=Royal Style and Titles Act, 2023 (Budget Implementation Act, 2023, No. 1, Part 4, Division 31{{mdash}}section 510\\)\\|website\\=LEGISinfo\\|date\\=22 June 2023\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2024}} however, the new style and title did not become operative until the King issued a proclamation on 8 January 2024\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Proclamation Establishing for Canada the Royal Style and Titles: SI/2024\\-4, dated January 8, 2024 \\|url\\=https://gazette.gc.ca/rp\\-pr/p2/2024/2024\\-01\\-31/html/si\\-tr4\\-eng.html}} The Canadian title is now:\nCharles the Third, by the Grace of God King of Canada and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonnweath./Charles Trois, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth.Royal Style and Titles Act, 2023, section 2\\.",
""
] |
Revolt and warfare
------------------
In 115, Emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") was in command of the eastern campaign against the [Parthian Empire](/wiki/Parthian_Empire "Parthian Empire"). The Roman invasion had been prompted by the imposition of a pro\-Parthian king in the [Kingdom of Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 "Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)") after the Parthians invaded it. That encroachment on the traditional sphere of influence of the Roman Empire (both empires had shared [hegemony](/wiki/Hegemony "Hegemony") over Armenia since the time of Nero some 50 years earlier) necessarily led to war.
As Trajan's army advanced victoriously through Mesopotamia, Jewish rebels in its rear began attacking the small garrisons left behind. A revolt in far\-off [Cyrenaica](/wiki/Cyrenaica "Cyrenaica") soon spread to Egypt and then Cyprus and incited revolt in [Judea](/wiki/Judea_%28Roman_province%29 "Judea (Roman province)"). A widespread uprising, centred on [Lydda](/wiki/Lod "Lod"), threatened grain supplies from Egypt to the front. The Jewish insurrection swiftly spread to the recently conquered provinces. Cities with substantial Jewish populations, [Nisibis](/wiki/Nisibis "Nisibis"), [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia "Edessa, Mesopotamia"), [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia "Seleucia") and Arbela (now [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil "Erbil"), Iraq) joined the rebellion and slaughtered their small Roman garrisons.
### Cyrenaica
In Cyrenaica, the rebels were led by [Lukuas](/wiki/Lukuas "Lukuas") or Andreas, who called himself "king", according to [Eusebius of Caesarea](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea "Eusebius of Caesarea"). His group destroyed many temples, including those to [Hecate](/wiki/Hecate "Hecate"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 "Jupiter (mythology)"), [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo"), [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis "Artemis") and [Isis](/wiki/Isis "Isis"), as well as the civil structures that were symbols of Rome, including the [Caesareum](/wiki/Caesareum "Caesareum"), the [basilica](/wiki/Basilica "Basilica") and the [public baths](/wiki/Thermae "Thermae").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2022}}
The 4th\-century Christian historian [Orosius](/wiki/Orosius "Orosius") records that the violence so depopulated the province of Cyrenaica that new colonies had to be established by Hadrian:
> The Jews... waged war on the inhabitants throughout Libya in the most savage fashion, and to such an extent was the country wasted that, its cultivators having been slain, its land would have remained utterly depopulated, had not Emperor Hadrian gathered settlers from other places and sent them thither, for the inhabitants had been wiped out.Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, 7\.12\.6\.
[Dio Cassius](/wiki/Dio_Cassius "Dio Cassius") states of Jewish insurrectionaries:
> Meanwhile the Jews in the region of Cyrene had put one Andreas at their head and were destroying both the Romans and the Greeks. They would cook their flesh, make belts for themselves of their entrails, anoint themselves with their blood, and wear their skins for clothing. Others they would give to wild beasts and force still others to fight as gladiators. In all, consequently, two hundred and twenty thousand perished. In Egypt, they also performed many similar deeds, and in Cyprus under the leadership of Artemio. There, likewise, two hundred and forty thousand perished. For this reason, no Jew may set foot in that land, but even if one of them is driven upon the island by the force of the wind, he is put to death. Various persons took part in subduing these Jews, one being Lusius, who was sent by Trajan.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10890/10890\-h/10890\-h.htm\|title\=Roman History, Vol. V\|website\=www.gutenberg.org}}
The original 1906 *[Jewish Encyclopedia](/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia "Jewish Encyclopedia")* stated on the Cyrene massacres:
> By this outbreak [Libya](/wiki/Libya "Libya") was depopulated to such an extent that a few years later new colonies had to be established there (Eusebius, "Chronicle" from the Armenian, fourteenth year of Hadrian). Bishop [Synesius](/wiki/Synesius "Synesius"), a native of Cyrene in the early 5th century, said of the devastations wrought by the Jews ("Do Regno," p. 2\).{{cite encyclopedia \|url\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4826\-cyrene \|title\=Cyrene \|encyclopedia\=Jewish Encyclopedia}}
The *Jewish Encyclopedia* acknowledged Dio Cassius's importance as a source but believed that his accounts of the actions at Cyrene and on Cyprus may have been embellished:
> For an account of the Jewish war under Trajan and Hadrian Dion is the most important source (lxviii. 32, lxix. 12–14\), though his descriptions of the cruelties perpetrated by the Jews at Cyrene and on the island of Cyprus are probably exaggerated.{{cite encyclopedia \|url\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5212\-dion\-cassius \|title\=Dion Cassius \|encyclopedia\=Jewish Encyclopedia}}
The physical destruction of Cyrene, however, was significant enough that Hadrian had to completely rebuild the city at the beginning of his reign according to archaeological findings.{{cite journal \|last1\=Walker \|first1\=S. \|date\=2002 \|title\=Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/libyan\-studies/article/abs/hadrian\-and\-the\-renewal\-of\-cyrene/79FD713919C7F0CAA562DB2C4DC00F12 \|journal\=Libyan Studies \|volume\=33 \|pages\=45–56 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0263718900005112\|s2cid\=164983849 }}
After the war ended, laws were placed ordering the exile of Jews from Cyrene, which [Renzo De Felice](/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice "Renzo De Felice") said "reduced the \[Jewish] community of Cyrene to insignificance and set it on the road to an inevitable decline." According to De Felice many of the Jews expelled joined [Berber](/wiki/Berbers "Berbers") tribes, particularly those around modern\-day [Sirte](/wiki/Sirte "Sirte").{{Cite book \|last\=Felice \|first\=Renzo De \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=84d5CwAAQBAJ\&pg\=1 \|title\=Jews in an Arab Land: Libya, 1835–1970 \|date\=2014\-11\-26 \|publisher\=University of Texas Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-4773\-0408\-2 \|pages\=1–2 \|language\=en}}
### Egypt
[Lukuas](/wiki/Lukuas "Lukuas") led the rebels toward [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria "Alexandria"). He entered the city, which had been abandoned by Roman Governor [Marcus Rutilius Lupus](/wiki/Marcus_Rutilius_Lupus "Marcus Rutilius Lupus"), and set fire to it. The Egyptian temples and the tomb of [Pompey](/wiki/Pompey "Pompey") were destroyed. Jewish rebels reportedly also prevailed in a battle at [Hermopolis](/wiki/Hermopolis "Hermopolis") in 116, as indicated in a papyrus.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.seder\-olam.info/seder\-olam\-g33\-bar\-kochba.html\|title \= SEDER OLAM REVISITED \- Chronology of the Bible and beyond}}
Trajan sent new troops under the *praefectus praetorio* [Marcius Turbo](/wiki/Marcius_Turbo "Marcius Turbo"), but Egypt and Cyrenaica were pacified only in the autumn of 117\.
### Cyprus
In [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") a Jewish band, led by Artemion, took control of the island and killed tens of thousands of Cypriot Greek civilians. The Cypriot Jews participated in the great uprising against the Romans under [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") in 117 and massacred, according to Dio, 240,000 Greeks.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4825\-cyprus \|title\=Cyprus \|publisher\=JewishEncyclopedia.com}} A Roman army was dispatched to the island and soon reconquered the capital. After the revolt had been fully defeated, laws were created that forbade any Jews from living on the island.{{Cite journal \|last\=Burkiewicz \|first\=Lukasz \|title\=The Cypriot Jews under the Venetian Rule (1489\-1571\), "Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia" 2008, vol. 6, s. 49\-61\. \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/17481940 \|journal\=Academia.edu \|page\=50 \|quote\=When in 70 the Romans bloodily suppressed the uprising in Palestine, a large group of Jews moved to nearby Cyprus. In 115 they rose against the Roman power, which ended with an edict banishing all Jews from the island.}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Papakyriacou \|first\=Marios \|date\=2015 \|title\=Formulation and definitions of the Greek national ideology in colonial Egypt (1856\-1919\) \|website\=semanticscholar.org \|language\=en \|s2cid\=140194910 \|quote\=The author of this text referred to a revolt of Jews in Cyprus, which took place in the years 116\-117 against the Romans and ended up with the expulsion of Jews from Cyprus.}} This law extended to the point where Jewish [shipwreck](/wiki/Shipwreck "Shipwreck") survivors would be punished for trying to seek safety on Cypriot shores.{{Cite journal \|last\=Derkan \|first\=Izzet \|date\=2015\-12\-30 \|title\="Jews in Cyprus and Their Aims" \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/19912458 \|journal\=Jews in Cyprus and Their Aims \|quote\=At the end of rebellion, according to several laws were enacted which did not allow any Jew to land on Cypriot soil, even in case of shipwreck. After a few years, the Jewish communities began to grow and thrive once again in Cyprus.}}
### Mesopotamia
A new revolt sprang up in [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") while [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") was in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"). Trajan reconquered [Nisibis](/wiki/Nisibis "Nisibis") (Nusaybin in Turkey), [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia "Edessa, Mesopotamia"), the capital of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene "Osroene"), and [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia "Seleucia") (Iraq), each of which housed large Jewish communities.
A pro\-Roman son of the Parthian king [Osroes I](/wiki/Osroes_I_of_Parthia "Osroes I of Parthia"), [Parthamaspatas](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia "Parthamaspates of Parthia"), had been brought on the expedition as part of the emperor's entourage. Trajan had him crowned in Ctesiphon as king of the Parthians. Cassius Dio described the event: "Trajan, fearing that the Parthians, too, might begin a revolt, desired to give them a king of their own. Accordingly, when he came to Ctesiphon, he called together in a great plain all the Romans and likewise all the Parthians that were there at the time; then he mounted a lofty platform, and after describing in grandiloquent language what he had accomplished, he appointed Parthamaspates king over the Parthians and set the diadem upon his head". Then, Trajan moved north to take personal command of the ongoing siege of [Hatra](/wiki/Hatra "Hatra").
The siege continued throughout the summer of 117, but the years of constant campaigning in the baking eastern heat had taken their toll on Trajan, who suffered a heatstroke. He decided to begin the long journey back to Rome in order to recover. Sailing from Seleucia, the emperor's health deteriorated rapidly. He was taken ashore at Selinus in Cilicia, where he died, and his successor, [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian"), assumed the reins of government shortly thereafter.
### Judea
{{See also\|Judea (Roman province)}}
The Jewish leader, [Lukuas](/wiki/Lukuas "Lukuas"), fled to Judea. [Marcius Turbo](/wiki/Marcius_Turbo "Marcius Turbo") pursued him and sentenced to death the brothers Julian and Pappus, who had been key leaders in the rebellion. Lusius Quietus, the conqueror of the Jews of Mesopotamia, was now in command of the Roman army in Judea and laid siege to [Lydda](/wiki/Lod "Lod"), where the rebel Jews had gathered under the leadership of Julian and Pappus. The distress became so great that the patriarch Rabban [Gamaliel II](/wiki/Gamaliel_II "Gamaliel II"), who was shut up there and died soon afterwards, permitted fasting even on Ḥanukkah. Other rabbis condemned that measure.Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b
Lydda was then taken, and many of the rebellious Jews were executed; the "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud "Talmud"). The rebel leaders [Pappus and Julian](/wiki/Pappos_and_Lulianos "Pappos and Lulianos") were among those executed by the Romans that year, and became martyrs among the Jews.
Lusius Quietus, whom Trajan had held in high regard and who had served Rome so well, was quietly stripped of his command once Hadrian had secured the imperial title. He was murdered in unknown circumstances in the summer of 118, possibly by the orders of Hadrian.
Hadrian took the unpopular decision to end the war, abandon many of Trajan's eastern conquests and stabilise the eastern borders. Although he abandoned the province of Mesopotamia, he installed Parthamaspates, who had been ejected from Ctesiphon by the returning Osroes, as king of a restored [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene "Osroene"). For a century, Osroene would retain a precarious independence as a [buffer state](/wiki/Buffer_state "Buffer state") between both empires.
The situation in Judea remained tense for the Romans, who were obliged under Hadrian to move the [Legio VI *Ferrata*](/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata "Legio VI Ferrata") permanently into [Caesarea Maritima](/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima "Caesarea Maritima"), in Judea.
|
[
"Revolt and warfare\n------------------",
"In 115, Emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") was in command of the eastern campaign against the [Parthian Empire](/wiki/Parthian_Empire \"Parthian Empire\"). The Roman invasion had been prompted by the imposition of a pro\\-Parthian king in the [Kingdom of Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 \"Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)\") after the Parthians invaded it. That encroachment on the traditional sphere of influence of the Roman Empire (both empires had shared [hegemony](/wiki/Hegemony \"Hegemony\") over Armenia since the time of Nero some 50 years earlier) necessarily led to war.",
"As Trajan's army advanced victoriously through Mesopotamia, Jewish rebels in its rear began attacking the small garrisons left behind. A revolt in far\\-off [Cyrenaica](/wiki/Cyrenaica \"Cyrenaica\") soon spread to Egypt and then Cyprus and incited revolt in [Judea](/wiki/Judea_%28Roman_province%29 \"Judea (Roman province)\"). A widespread uprising, centred on [Lydda](/wiki/Lod \"Lod\"), threatened grain supplies from Egypt to the front. The Jewish insurrection swiftly spread to the recently conquered provinces. Cities with substantial Jewish populations, [Nisibis](/wiki/Nisibis \"Nisibis\"), [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia \"Edessa, Mesopotamia\"), [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia \"Seleucia\") and Arbela (now [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil \"Erbil\"), Iraq) joined the rebellion and slaughtered their small Roman garrisons.",
"### Cyrenaica",
"In Cyrenaica, the rebels were led by [Lukuas](/wiki/Lukuas \"Lukuas\") or Andreas, who called himself \"king\", according to [Eusebius of Caesarea](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea \"Eusebius of Caesarea\"). His group destroyed many temples, including those to [Hecate](/wiki/Hecate \"Hecate\"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 \"Jupiter (mythology)\"), [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\"), [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis \"Artemis\") and [Isis](/wiki/Isis \"Isis\"), as well as the civil structures that were symbols of Rome, including the [Caesareum](/wiki/Caesareum \"Caesareum\"), the [basilica](/wiki/Basilica \"Basilica\") and the [public baths](/wiki/Thermae \"Thermae\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"The 4th\\-century Christian historian [Orosius](/wiki/Orosius \"Orosius\") records that the violence so depopulated the province of Cyrenaica that new colonies had to be established by Hadrian:",
"> The Jews... waged war on the inhabitants throughout Libya in the most savage fashion, and to such an extent was the country wasted that, its cultivators having been slain, its land would have remained utterly depopulated, had not Emperor Hadrian gathered settlers from other places and sent them thither, for the inhabitants had been wiped out.Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, 7\\.12\\.6\\.",
"",
"[Dio Cassius](/wiki/Dio_Cassius \"Dio Cassius\") states of Jewish insurrectionaries: \n> Meanwhile the Jews in the region of Cyrene had put one Andreas at their head and were destroying both the Romans and the Greeks. They would cook their flesh, make belts for themselves of their entrails, anoint themselves with their blood, and wear their skins for clothing. Others they would give to wild beasts and force still others to fight as gladiators. In all, consequently, two hundred and twenty thousand perished. In Egypt, they also performed many similar deeds, and in Cyprus under the leadership of Artemio. There, likewise, two hundred and forty thousand perished. For this reason, no Jew may set foot in that land, but even if one of them is driven upon the island by the force of the wind, he is put to death. Various persons took part in subduing these Jews, one being Lusius, who was sent by Trajan.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10890/10890\\-h/10890\\-h.htm\\|title\\=Roman History, Vol. V\\|website\\=www.gutenberg.org}}",
"",
"The original 1906 *[Jewish Encyclopedia](/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia \"Jewish Encyclopedia\")* stated on the Cyrene massacres: \n> By this outbreak [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\") was depopulated to such an extent that a few years later new colonies had to be established there (Eusebius, \"Chronicle\" from the Armenian, fourteenth year of Hadrian). Bishop [Synesius](/wiki/Synesius \"Synesius\"), a native of Cyrene in the early 5th century, said of the devastations wrought by the Jews (\"Do Regno,\" p. 2\\).{{cite encyclopedia \\|url\\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4826\\-cyrene \\|title\\=Cyrene \\|encyclopedia\\=Jewish Encyclopedia}}",
"",
"The *Jewish Encyclopedia* acknowledged Dio Cassius's importance as a source but believed that his accounts of the actions at Cyrene and on Cyprus may have been embellished: \n> For an account of the Jewish war under Trajan and Hadrian Dion is the most important source (lxviii. 32, lxix. 12–14\\), though his descriptions of the cruelties perpetrated by the Jews at Cyrene and on the island of Cyprus are probably exaggerated.{{cite encyclopedia \\|url\\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5212\\-dion\\-cassius \\|title\\=Dion Cassius \\|encyclopedia\\=Jewish Encyclopedia}}",
"",
"The physical destruction of Cyrene, however, was significant enough that Hadrian had to completely rebuild the city at the beginning of his reign according to archaeological findings.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Walker \\|first1\\=S. \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/libyan\\-studies/article/abs/hadrian\\-and\\-the\\-renewal\\-of\\-cyrene/79FD713919C7F0CAA562DB2C4DC00F12 \\|journal\\=Libyan Studies \\|volume\\=33 \\|pages\\=45–56 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0263718900005112\\|s2cid\\=164983849 }}",
"After the war ended, laws were placed ordering the exile of Jews from Cyrene, which [Renzo De Felice](/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice \"Renzo De Felice\") said \"reduced the \\[Jewish] community of Cyrene to insignificance and set it on the road to an inevitable decline.\" According to De Felice many of the Jews expelled joined [Berber](/wiki/Berbers \"Berbers\") tribes, particularly those around modern\\-day [Sirte](/wiki/Sirte \"Sirte\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Felice \\|first\\=Renzo De \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=84d5CwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=1 \\|title\\=Jews in an Arab Land: Libya, 1835–1970 \\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-26 \\|publisher\\=University of Texas Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4773\\-0408\\-2 \\|pages\\=1–2 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Egypt",
"[Lukuas](/wiki/Lukuas \"Lukuas\") led the rebels toward [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria \"Alexandria\"). He entered the city, which had been abandoned by Roman Governor [Marcus Rutilius Lupus](/wiki/Marcus_Rutilius_Lupus \"Marcus Rutilius Lupus\"), and set fire to it. The Egyptian temples and the tomb of [Pompey](/wiki/Pompey \"Pompey\") were destroyed. Jewish rebels reportedly also prevailed in a battle at [Hermopolis](/wiki/Hermopolis \"Hermopolis\") in 116, as indicated in a papyrus.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.seder\\-olam.info/seder\\-olam\\-g33\\-bar\\-kochba.html\\|title \\= SEDER OLAM REVISITED \\- Chronology of the Bible and beyond}}",
"Trajan sent new troops under the *praefectus praetorio* [Marcius Turbo](/wiki/Marcius_Turbo \"Marcius Turbo\"), but Egypt and Cyrenaica were pacified only in the autumn of 117\\.",
"### Cyprus",
"In [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\") a Jewish band, led by Artemion, took control of the island and killed tens of thousands of Cypriot Greek civilians. The Cypriot Jews participated in the great uprising against the Romans under [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") in 117 and massacred, according to Dio, 240,000 Greeks.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4825\\-cyprus \\|title\\=Cyprus \\|publisher\\=JewishEncyclopedia.com}} A Roman army was dispatched to the island and soon reconquered the capital. After the revolt had been fully defeated, laws were created that forbade any Jews from living on the island.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Burkiewicz \\|first\\=Lukasz \\|title\\=The Cypriot Jews under the Venetian Rule (1489\\-1571\\), \"Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia\" 2008, vol. 6, s. 49\\-61\\. \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/17481940 \\|journal\\=Academia.edu \\|page\\=50 \\|quote\\=When in 70 the Romans bloodily suppressed the uprising in Palestine, a large group of Jews moved to nearby Cyprus. In 115 they rose against the Roman power, which ended with an edict banishing all Jews from the island.}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Papakyriacou \\|first\\=Marios \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Formulation and definitions of the Greek national ideology in colonial Egypt (1856\\-1919\\) \\|website\\=semanticscholar.org \\|language\\=en \\|s2cid\\=140194910 \\|quote\\=The author of this text referred to a revolt of Jews in Cyprus, which took place in the years 116\\-117 against the Romans and ended up with the expulsion of Jews from Cyprus.}} This law extended to the point where Jewish [shipwreck](/wiki/Shipwreck \"Shipwreck\") survivors would be punished for trying to seek safety on Cypriot shores.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Derkan \\|first\\=Izzet \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-30 \\|title\\=\"Jews in Cyprus and Their Aims\" \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/19912458 \\|journal\\=Jews in Cyprus and Their Aims \\|quote\\=At the end of rebellion, according to several laws were enacted which did not allow any Jew to land on Cypriot soil, even in case of shipwreck. After a few years, the Jewish communities began to grow and thrive once again in Cyprus.}}",
"### Mesopotamia",
"A new revolt sprang up in [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") while [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") was in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"). Trajan reconquered [Nisibis](/wiki/Nisibis \"Nisibis\") (Nusaybin in Turkey), [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia \"Edessa, Mesopotamia\"), the capital of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\"), and [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia \"Seleucia\") (Iraq), each of which housed large Jewish communities.",
"A pro\\-Roman son of the Parthian king [Osroes I](/wiki/Osroes_I_of_Parthia \"Osroes I of Parthia\"), [Parthamaspatas](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia \"Parthamaspates of Parthia\"), had been brought on the expedition as part of the emperor's entourage. Trajan had him crowned in Ctesiphon as king of the Parthians. Cassius Dio described the event: \"Trajan, fearing that the Parthians, too, might begin a revolt, desired to give them a king of their own. Accordingly, when he came to Ctesiphon, he called together in a great plain all the Romans and likewise all the Parthians that were there at the time; then he mounted a lofty platform, and after describing in grandiloquent language what he had accomplished, he appointed Parthamaspates king over the Parthians and set the diadem upon his head\". Then, Trajan moved north to take personal command of the ongoing siege of [Hatra](/wiki/Hatra \"Hatra\").",
"The siege continued throughout the summer of 117, but the years of constant campaigning in the baking eastern heat had taken their toll on Trajan, who suffered a heatstroke. He decided to begin the long journey back to Rome in order to recover. Sailing from Seleucia, the emperor's health deteriorated rapidly. He was taken ashore at Selinus in Cilicia, where he died, and his successor, [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\"), assumed the reins of government shortly thereafter.",
"### Judea",
"{{See also\\|Judea (Roman province)}}\nThe Jewish leader, [Lukuas](/wiki/Lukuas \"Lukuas\"), fled to Judea. [Marcius Turbo](/wiki/Marcius_Turbo \"Marcius Turbo\") pursued him and sentenced to death the brothers Julian and Pappus, who had been key leaders in the rebellion. Lusius Quietus, the conqueror of the Jews of Mesopotamia, was now in command of the Roman army in Judea and laid siege to [Lydda](/wiki/Lod \"Lod\"), where the rebel Jews had gathered under the leadership of Julian and Pappus. The distress became so great that the patriarch Rabban [Gamaliel II](/wiki/Gamaliel_II \"Gamaliel II\"), who was shut up there and died soon afterwards, permitted fasting even on Ḥanukkah. Other rabbis condemned that measure.Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b",
"Lydda was then taken, and many of the rebellious Jews were executed; the \"slain of Lydda\" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud \"Talmud\"). The rebel leaders [Pappus and Julian](/wiki/Pappos_and_Lulianos \"Pappos and Lulianos\") were among those executed by the Romans that year, and became martyrs among the Jews.",
"Lusius Quietus, whom Trajan had held in high regard and who had served Rome so well, was quietly stripped of his command once Hadrian had secured the imperial title. He was murdered in unknown circumstances in the summer of 118, possibly by the orders of Hadrian.",
"Hadrian took the unpopular decision to end the war, abandon many of Trajan's eastern conquests and stabilise the eastern borders. Although he abandoned the province of Mesopotamia, he installed Parthamaspates, who had been ejected from Ctesiphon by the returning Osroes, as king of a restored [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\"). For a century, Osroene would retain a precarious independence as a [buffer state](/wiki/Buffer_state \"Buffer state\") between both empires.",
"The situation in Judea remained tense for the Romans, who were obliged under Hadrian to move the [Legio VI *Ferrata*](/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata \"Legio VI Ferrata\") permanently into [Caesarea Maritima](/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima \"Caesarea Maritima\"), in Judea.",
""
] |
History
-------
In the beginning of the State of [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), volleyball was one of the sports with regular contests, including women's championships. But because of the [1947–1949 Palestine war](/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war "1947–1949 Palestine war"), like most of the Israeli sports, volleyball was suspended, in order to help the army in the battlefield.[Israeli Volleyball Association](http://www.honest.co.il/volleyball/data.asp?id=34){{dead link\|date\=November 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} History. Accessed on 09/14/2010\. (Hebrew)
The first time Israel women's national team participated in a prestigious competition, was the [1956 World Championship](/wiki/1956_FIVB_Women%27s_World_Championship "1956 FIVB Women's World Championship"), in France. The squad was seeded in a group along with the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Soviet Union women's national volleyball team"), [United States](/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "United States women's national volleyball team") and [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Luxembourg women's national volleyball team"). Israel finished third in the group, and then went on to dispute from 11th to 17th places, where it got a final 14th, whereas [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Brazil women's national volleyball team") finished 11th and the Soviet Union claimed the world championship. [Israeli Volleyball Association](http://www.honest.co.il/volleyball/data.asp?id=28) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907081523/http://www.honest.co.il/volleyball/data.asp?id\=28 \|date\=September 7, 2010 }} Israel Team – Women. Accessed on 09/14/2010\. (Hebrew)
In 1967, the Israeli national team celebrated her first [European Championship](/wiki/Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "Women's European Volleyball Championship"). The tournament was held in Istanbul, Turkey, and the team played in the group stages, finishing second, after [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Turkey women's national volleyball team") and before [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Sweden women's national volleyball team") and [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Bulgaria women's national volleyball team"). The next stage, the final round, had the top eight teams in the tournament. There, Israel has achieved two wins and seven losses and finished eighth in the final rankings.
Four years later, in 1971, the Israeli national team again reached the European Championship finals tournament. The tournament was held in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), where the team played the preliminary round, reaching the second place in its group, after [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Hungary women's national volleyball team") and before [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "England women's national volleyball team"). This second place led to the 7th–12th spots placement games. Israel has achieved one win and suffered four losses in its last appearance on the European championship tournament, finishing 11th.
### Project Selinger
Israeli women's national team in recent years has become a success model for imitation in other Israeli sports. Since the return of Dr. [Arie Selinger](/wiki/Arie_Selinger "Arie Selinger") to the Israeli coach's position, the Israeli team was dubbed "*Project Selinger*." The project was launched in the summer of 2007 with the goal of qualifying for the [London 2012 Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympic_Games "2012 Summer Olympic Games"). Special daily trainings were made for the evolution of the team.
In the spring of 2010, the Israeli team played in [2011 European Championship](/wiki/2011_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship "2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship") qualifier in Group C along with the sides of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Ukraine women's national volleyball team"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Great Britain women's national volleyball team") and [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Slovakia women's national volleyball team"). The first two stages, when Israel played Ukraine and Great Britain, finished in second place, with four wins and two losses. Not qualifying directly, the Israelis had to dispute playoff games to define the last spots. On the playoffs, Israel had to face [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Belarus women's national volleyball team") in two matches. After losing in [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk "Minsk") on September 4, by 3:2 (19–25, 18–25, 25–18, 27–25, 15–13\), a week later, in [Ra'anana](/wiki/Ra%27anana "Ra'anana"), Israel came back for a 3:1 win (25–22, 16–25, 25–20, 26–24\) in front of 1,500 spectators, giving them the spot for the final round of the 2011 competition, after thirty nine years since they last took part on the finals.[CEV](http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1712/18224_EN.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123014631/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news\_online/755/1712/18224\_EN.html \|date\=November 23, 2010 }} Israel back to EC finals after 39 years! Accessed on 09/14/2010\.
In June 2010 women's team began the campaign debut in the [European League](/wiki/Women%27s_European_Volleyball_League "Women's European Volleyball League"). Israel has been inserted to Group B together with Turkey, [Spain](/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Spain women's national volleyball team") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Greece women's national volleyball team") at the end the group stage, qualified for four major teams tournament held in late July 2010 in [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara"), the capital of Turkey. Losing by 3:0 to [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team "Serbia women's national volleyball team") and 3:0 to Turkey, Israel got the fourth place of the league, its best result so far in any tournament.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In the beginning of the State of [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), volleyball was one of the sports with regular contests, including women's championships. But because of the [1947–1949 Palestine war](/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war \"1947–1949 Palestine war\"), like most of the Israeli sports, volleyball was suspended, in order to help the army in the battlefield.[Israeli Volleyball Association](http://www.honest.co.il/volleyball/data.asp?id=34){{dead link\\|date\\=November 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} History. Accessed on 09/14/2010\\. (Hebrew)",
"The first time Israel women's national team participated in a prestigious competition, was the [1956 World Championship](/wiki/1956_FIVB_Women%27s_World_Championship \"1956 FIVB Women's World Championship\"), in France. The squad was seeded in a group along with the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Soviet Union women's national volleyball team\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"United States women's national volleyball team\") and [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Luxembourg women's national volleyball team\"). Israel finished third in the group, and then went on to dispute from 11th to 17th places, where it got a final 14th, whereas [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Brazil women's national volleyball team\") finished 11th and the Soviet Union claimed the world championship. [Israeli Volleyball Association](http://www.honest.co.il/volleyball/data.asp?id=28) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907081523/http://www.honest.co.il/volleyball/data.asp?id\\=28 \\|date\\=September 7, 2010 }} Israel Team – Women. Accessed on 09/14/2010\\. (Hebrew)",
"In 1967, the Israeli national team celebrated her first [European Championship](/wiki/Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"Women's European Volleyball Championship\"). The tournament was held in Istanbul, Turkey, and the team played in the group stages, finishing second, after [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Turkey women's national volleyball team\") and before [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Sweden women's national volleyball team\") and [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Bulgaria women's national volleyball team\"). The next stage, the final round, had the top eight teams in the tournament. There, Israel has achieved two wins and seven losses and finished eighth in the final rankings.",
"Four years later, in 1971, the Israeli national team again reached the European Championship finals tournament. The tournament was held in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), where the team played the preliminary round, reaching the second place in its group, after [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Hungary women's national volleyball team\") and before [England](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"England women's national volleyball team\"). This second place led to the 7th–12th spots placement games. Israel has achieved one win and suffered four losses in its last appearance on the European championship tournament, finishing 11th.",
"### Project Selinger",
"Israeli women's national team in recent years has become a success model for imitation in other Israeli sports. Since the return of Dr. [Arie Selinger](/wiki/Arie_Selinger \"Arie Selinger\") to the Israeli coach's position, the Israeli team was dubbed \"*Project Selinger*.\" The project was launched in the summer of 2007 with the goal of qualifying for the [London 2012 Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympic_Games \"2012 Summer Olympic Games\"). Special daily trainings were made for the evolution of the team.",
"In the spring of 2010, the Israeli team played in [2011 European Championship](/wiki/2011_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship \"2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship\") qualifier in Group C along with the sides of [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Ukraine women's national volleyball team\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Great Britain women's national volleyball team\") and [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Slovakia women's national volleyball team\"). The first two stages, when Israel played Ukraine and Great Britain, finished in second place, with four wins and two losses. Not qualifying directly, the Israelis had to dispute playoff games to define the last spots. On the playoffs, Israel had to face [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Belarus women's national volleyball team\") in two matches. After losing in [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk \"Minsk\") on September 4, by 3:2 (19–25, 18–25, 25–18, 27–25, 15–13\\), a week later, in [Ra'anana](/wiki/Ra%27anana \"Ra'anana\"), Israel came back for a 3:1 win (25–22, 16–25, 25–20, 26–24\\) in front of 1,500 spectators, giving them the spot for the final round of the 2011 competition, after thirty nine years since they last took part on the finals.[CEV](http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1712/18224_EN.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123014631/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news\\_online/755/1712/18224\\_EN.html \\|date\\=November 23, 2010 }} Israel back to EC finals after 39 years! Accessed on 09/14/2010\\.",
"In June 2010 women's team began the campaign debut in the [European League](/wiki/Women%27s_European_Volleyball_League \"Women's European Volleyball League\"). Israel has been inserted to Group B together with Turkey, [Spain](/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Spain women's national volleyball team\") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Greece women's national volleyball team\") at the end the group stage, qualified for four major teams tournament held in late July 2010 in [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\"), the capital of Turkey. Losing by 3:0 to [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team \"Serbia women's national volleyball team\") and 3:0 to Turkey, Israel got the fourth place of the league, its best result so far in any tournament.",
""
] |
Construction and career
-----------------------
*Malachite* was built by [OTO](/wiki/Oto_Melara "Oto Melara") at their shipyard in [Muggiano](/wiki/Muggiano "Muggiano"), laid on 31 August 1935, [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching "Ship naming and launching") on 15 July 1936 and completed on 6 November 1936\.
After delivery, *Malachite* was assigned to the 13th Squadron based at [La Spezia](/wiki/La_Spezia "La Spezia"). In 1937 she undertook a training campaign near the Greek coast, in the [Dodecanese](/wiki/Dodecanese "Dodecanese") and around [Tobruk](/wiki/Tobruk "Tobruk"). During the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"), the submarine conducted a special mission between 24 August and 4 September 1937, and on August 29 she was subject to an anti\-submarine search and attack.
Between 1938 and 1940 *Malachite* was training and exercising for long periods around [Tobruk](/wiki/Tobruk "Tobruk"). Upon her return to Italy, she was assigned to 47th Squadron (IV Submarine Group) based at [Taranto](/wiki/Taranto "Taranto"). At the time of [Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy")'s entrance into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), *Malachite* was reassigned to the X Submarine Group based at [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Sicily "Augusta, Sicily"). Her commander at the time was captain Renato d'Elia.
From 20 to 27 June 1940 she was deployed to patrol an area north of [Mallorca](/wiki/Mallorca "Mallorca"). On June 24, she detected a convoy at long distance, but could not attack. Upon arrival from this mission, she underwent several months of upgrades and repairs. During this time commander D'Elia was replaced by captain Enzo Zanni.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.abyssi.it/la\_storia\_del\_malachite.htm\|title\=La storia del Malachite\|website\=www.abyssi.it}}
In the night between 12 and 13 November 1940 she patrolled in the [Gulf of Taranto](/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto "Gulf of Taranto").
From 18 to 21 December 1940 *Malachite* patrolled northeast of [Derna](/wiki/Derna%2C_Libya "Derna, Libya"). On December 15, while en route to the area of operations, she was attacked by an aircraft but the attack was beaten back with her anti\-aircraft weapons.
During the night January 27, 1941 she patrolled in the [Strait of Messina](/wiki/Strait_of_Messina "Strait of Messina").
From 9 to 18 February 1941 *Malachite* patrolled off [Bardia](/wiki/Bardia "Bardia"). On February 14 she attempted an attack on an unidentified warship, but fails to launch torpedoes due to the high speed of the target.Bertke, p.294
From 15 to 22 March 1941 she was deployed in the [Kythira Strait](/wiki/Kythira_Strait "Kythira Strait"). On the night of March 19, *Malachite* sighted a cruiser escorted by several destroyers. At 01:19 she launched two torpedoes but they both miss. *Malachite* was forced to dive and undergo lengthy depth charge attack.
From 10 to 18 April 1941 she was posted northeast of the Gulf of Sollum. At 23:37 on April 14 *Malachite* sighted a large convoy but was prevented from attacking it due to preemptive action by the escorts.Bertke, p.420
On May 20, 1941 *Malachite* together with numerous other submarines was deployed to an area between [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"), [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria "Alexandria") and [Sollum](/wiki/Sollum "Sollum"), to support the German invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur). *Malachite*{{'}}s area operation was south of the island of [Gaidaro](/wiki/Chrysi_%28island%29 "Chrysi (island)").Bertke, p.505
On the night of June 19, 1941 while patrolling off [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"), *Malachite* sighted a British cruiser escorted by a destroyer. She launched two torpedoes at the target, but they both missed her by the stern.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.xmasgrupsom.com/Sommergibili/malachite.html\|title\=''Malachite'' at XMasGrupSom\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-04\|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923065209/http://www.xmasgrupsom.com/Sommergibili/malachite.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
From 3 to 14 July 1941 she patrolled north of Ras Azzaz. At 20:00 on July 3 *Malachite* sighted a large cruiser (possibly {{HMS\|Phoebe\|43\|6}}) escorted by two destroyers, and immediately launched a torpedo. There was an explosion heard, but there is no reports of this attack in British post\-war documents, although some believe an escort was hit.Giorgerini, p. 292
From September 25 to October 5, 1941 she patrolled off Ras Aamer.
From January 20 to 27, 1942 she again patrolled of Ras Aamer.
From 11 to 23 February 1942 she was deployed to an area off the coast of [Cyrenaica](/wiki/Cyrenaica "Cyrenaica").
From 8 to 21 April 1942 again she was again deployed off the coast of [Cyrenaica](/wiki/Cyrenaica "Cyrenaica").
From 1 June to 9 June 1942 and then again from June 15 to 18, 1942 *Malachite* was posted northwest of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers"). She was then relocated to patrol off [Cape Blanc](/wiki/Ras_ben_Sakka "Ras ben Sakka") from 22 to 24 June.
On July 16, 1942 *Malachite* was sent to patrol along the Tunisian coast, however had to return to the base the next day due to engine failure. During the period of repairs and maintenance a new commander was appointed, as captain Alpinolo Cinti took over the command.
From 20 to 26 November 1942 *Malachite* was deployed along the Algerian coast. At 4:11 on November 24 during a raid on [Philippeville](/wiki/Skikda "Skikda")'s harbor she launched two torpedoes at three merchants. An explosion was heard, and at 04:15 she launched a two more torpedoes at a big tanker. Again, explosions were heard, but British post\-war documents are silent on the sustained damage. The submarine returned to [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari "Cagliari") where it would be temporarily assigned to.
From 16 to 24 December 1942 she patrolled an area between the island of [La Galite](/wiki/Galite_Islands "Galite Islands") and Cape de Fer. She patrolled off the island of [La Galite](/wiki/Galite_Islands "Galite Islands") on January 4 and 5 1943 again.
On January 21 *Malachite* was deployed to an area between Cape Carbon and Cape Bougaroun. At 4:55 on January 22 she sighted an incoming convoy heading to [Bona, Algeria](/wiki/Bona%2C_Algeria "Bona, Algeria"). At 05:18 she fired four torpedoes, and dove to avoid an attack by the escorts. Two explosions were heard, but again British post\-war documents contain no mention of this attack.
On February 2, 1943 *Malachite* left [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari "Cagliari") with a group of 11 commandos from the battalion "San Marco" whose goal was to blow up a railway bridge in El Kejur, Algeria.Giorgerini (2007\), pp. 279\-280 In the evening of February 6, the commandos landed by Cape Matifu, while the submarine remained on station waiting for their return. An explosion was heard some time later, and a signal rocket was launched indicating success of the operation. There was gunfire heard on the beach shortly thereafter, and none of the commandos returned. The submarine waited until 6:30 on February 7 and then left to avoid being discovered by the enemy escorts.
*Malachite* was heading to her base in [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari "Cagliari"), when already in view of the Sardinian coast she was spotted by the Dutch submarine [HNLMS *Dolfijn*](/wiki/HMS_P47 "HMS P47") in the morning of February 9, 1943\. At approximately 11:00, *Dolfijn* launched a salvo of 4 torpedoes at *Malachite*.Giorgerini, p. 359 The Italian submarine managed to avoid three of them by deftly maneuvering, but the fourth one hit her on the stern, and she sank within a minute, taking down 35 crew with her. Commander Cinti, three other officers, and nine NCOs and sailors managed to escape.
The wreck of *Malachite* was located in September 1999 at a depth of 117 to 124 meters.
|
[
"Construction and career\n-----------------------",
"*Malachite* was built by [OTO](/wiki/Oto_Melara \"Oto Melara\") at their shipyard in [Muggiano](/wiki/Muggiano \"Muggiano\"), laid on 31 August 1935, [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching \"Ship naming and launching\") on 15 July 1936 and completed on 6 November 1936\\.",
"After delivery, *Malachite* was assigned to the 13th Squadron based at [La Spezia](/wiki/La_Spezia \"La Spezia\"). In 1937 she undertook a training campaign near the Greek coast, in the [Dodecanese](/wiki/Dodecanese \"Dodecanese\") and around [Tobruk](/wiki/Tobruk \"Tobruk\"). During the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"), the submarine conducted a special mission between 24 August and 4 September 1937, and on August 29 she was subject to an anti\\-submarine search and attack.",
"Between 1938 and 1940 *Malachite* was training and exercising for long periods around [Tobruk](/wiki/Tobruk \"Tobruk\"). Upon her return to Italy, she was assigned to 47th Squadron (IV Submarine Group) based at [Taranto](/wiki/Taranto \"Taranto\"). At the time of [Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\")'s entrance into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), *Malachite* was reassigned to the X Submarine Group based at [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Sicily \"Augusta, Sicily\"). Her commander at the time was captain Renato d'Elia.",
"From 20 to 27 June 1940 she was deployed to patrol an area north of [Mallorca](/wiki/Mallorca \"Mallorca\"). On June 24, she detected a convoy at long distance, but could not attack. Upon arrival from this mission, she underwent several months of upgrades and repairs. During this time commander D'Elia was replaced by captain Enzo Zanni.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abyssi.it/la\\_storia\\_del\\_malachite.htm\\|title\\=La storia del Malachite\\|website\\=www.abyssi.it}}",
"In the night between 12 and 13 November 1940 she patrolled in the [Gulf of Taranto](/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto \"Gulf of Taranto\").",
"From 18 to 21 December 1940 *Malachite* patrolled northeast of [Derna](/wiki/Derna%2C_Libya \"Derna, Libya\"). On December 15, while en route to the area of operations, she was attacked by an aircraft but the attack was beaten back with her anti\\-aircraft weapons.",
"During the night January 27, 1941 she patrolled in the [Strait of Messina](/wiki/Strait_of_Messina \"Strait of Messina\").",
"From 9 to 18 February 1941 *Malachite* patrolled off [Bardia](/wiki/Bardia \"Bardia\"). On February 14 she attempted an attack on an unidentified warship, but fails to launch torpedoes due to the high speed of the target.Bertke, p.294",
"From 15 to 22 March 1941 she was deployed in the [Kythira Strait](/wiki/Kythira_Strait \"Kythira Strait\"). On the night of March 19, *Malachite* sighted a cruiser escorted by several destroyers. At 01:19 she launched two torpedoes but they both miss. *Malachite* was forced to dive and undergo lengthy depth charge attack.",
"From 10 to 18 April 1941 she was posted northeast of the Gulf of Sollum. At 23:37 on April 14 *Malachite* sighted a large convoy but was prevented from attacking it due to preemptive action by the escorts.Bertke, p.420",
"On May 20, 1941 *Malachite* together with numerous other submarines was deployed to an area between [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"), [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria \"Alexandria\") and [Sollum](/wiki/Sollum \"Sollum\"), to support the German invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur). *Malachite*{{'}}s area operation was south of the island of [Gaidaro](/wiki/Chrysi_%28island%29 \"Chrysi (island)\").Bertke, p.505",
"On the night of June 19, 1941 while patrolling off [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"), *Malachite* sighted a British cruiser escorted by a destroyer. She launched two torpedoes at the target, but they both missed her by the stern.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.xmasgrupsom.com/Sommergibili/malachite.html\\|title\\=''Malachite'' at XMasGrupSom\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923065209/http://www.xmasgrupsom.com/Sommergibili/malachite.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"From 3 to 14 July 1941 she patrolled north of Ras Azzaz. At 20:00 on July 3 *Malachite* sighted a large cruiser (possibly {{HMS\\|Phoebe\\|43\\|6}}) escorted by two destroyers, and immediately launched a torpedo. There was an explosion heard, but there is no reports of this attack in British post\\-war documents, although some believe an escort was hit.Giorgerini, p. 292",
"From September 25 to October 5, 1941 she patrolled off Ras Aamer.",
"From January 20 to 27, 1942 she again patrolled of Ras Aamer.",
"From 11 to 23 February 1942 she was deployed to an area off the coast of [Cyrenaica](/wiki/Cyrenaica \"Cyrenaica\").",
"From 8 to 21 April 1942 again she was again deployed off the coast of [Cyrenaica](/wiki/Cyrenaica \"Cyrenaica\").",
"From 1 June to 9 June 1942 and then again from June 15 to 18, 1942 *Malachite* was posted northwest of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\"). She was then relocated to patrol off [Cape Blanc](/wiki/Ras_ben_Sakka \"Ras ben Sakka\") from 22 to 24 June.",
"On July 16, 1942 *Malachite* was sent to patrol along the Tunisian coast, however had to return to the base the next day due to engine failure. During the period of repairs and maintenance a new commander was appointed, as captain Alpinolo Cinti took over the command.",
"From 20 to 26 November 1942 *Malachite* was deployed along the Algerian coast. At 4:11 on November 24 during a raid on [Philippeville](/wiki/Skikda \"Skikda\")'s harbor she launched two torpedoes at three merchants. An explosion was heard, and at 04:15 she launched a two more torpedoes at a big tanker. Again, explosions were heard, but British post\\-war documents are silent on the sustained damage. The submarine returned to [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari \"Cagliari\") where it would be temporarily assigned to.",
"From 16 to 24 December 1942 she patrolled an area between the island of [La Galite](/wiki/Galite_Islands \"Galite Islands\") and Cape de Fer. She patrolled off the island of [La Galite](/wiki/Galite_Islands \"Galite Islands\") on January 4 and 5 1943 again.",
"On January 21 *Malachite* was deployed to an area between Cape Carbon and Cape Bougaroun. At 4:55 on January 22 she sighted an incoming convoy heading to [Bona, Algeria](/wiki/Bona%2C_Algeria \"Bona, Algeria\"). At 05:18 she fired four torpedoes, and dove to avoid an attack by the escorts. Two explosions were heard, but again British post\\-war documents contain no mention of this attack.",
"On February 2, 1943 *Malachite* left [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari \"Cagliari\") with a group of 11 commandos from the battalion \"San Marco\" whose goal was to blow up a railway bridge in El Kejur, Algeria.Giorgerini (2007\\), pp. 279\\-280 In the evening of February 6, the commandos landed by Cape Matifu, while the submarine remained on station waiting for their return. An explosion was heard some time later, and a signal rocket was launched indicating success of the operation. There was gunfire heard on the beach shortly thereafter, and none of the commandos returned. The submarine waited until 6:30 on February 7 and then left to avoid being discovered by the enemy escorts.",
"*Malachite* was heading to her base in [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari \"Cagliari\"), when already in view of the Sardinian coast she was spotted by the Dutch submarine [HNLMS *Dolfijn*](/wiki/HMS_P47 \"HMS P47\") in the morning of February 9, 1943\\. At approximately 11:00, *Dolfijn* launched a salvo of 4 torpedoes at *Malachite*.Giorgerini, p. 359 The Italian submarine managed to avoid three of them by deftly maneuvering, but the fourth one hit her on the stern, and she sank within a minute, taking down 35 crew with her. Commander Cinti, three other officers, and nine NCOs and sailors managed to escape.",
"The wreck of *Malachite* was located in September 1999 at a depth of 117 to 124 meters.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{see also\|Portable audio player\#History}}
Today, every smartphone also serves as a portable media player; however, prior to the rise of smartphones in the 2007{{En dash}}2012 time frame, a variety of handheld players were available to store and play music. The immediate predecessor to the portable media player was the [portable CD player](/wiki/Portable_CD_player "Portable CD player") and prior to that, the [personal stereo](/wiki/Personal_stereo "Personal stereo"). In particular, [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony")'s [Walkman](/wiki/Walkman "Walkman") and [Discman](/wiki/Discman "Discman") are the ancestors of digital audio players such as [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")'s [iPod](/wiki/IPod "IPod").{{cite book \|last1\=Southerton \|first1\=Dale \|title\=Encyclopedia of Consumer Culture \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=\[\[SAGE Publishing]] \|isbn\=9780872896017 \|page\=515 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=l5sv5aqVN3MC\&pg\=PA1515}}
There are several types of MP3 players:
* Devices that play [CDs](/wiki/CD "CD"). Often, they can be used to play both audio CDs and homemade data CDs containing MP3 or other digital audio files.
* Pocket devices. These are solid\-state devices that hold digital audio files on internal or external media, such as [memory cards](/wiki/Memory_card "Memory card"). These are generally low\-storage devices, typically ranging from 128MB to 1GB, which can often be extended with additional memory. As they are solid state and do not have moving parts, they can be very resilient. Such players may be integrated into USB flash drives.
* Devices that read digital audio files from a hard drive. These players have higher capacities, ranging from 1\.5 to 100 GB, depending on the hard drive technology. At typical encoding rates, this means that thousands of songs—perhaps an entire music collection—can be stored in one MP3 player. Apple's popular [iPod](/wiki/IPod "IPod") player is the best\-known example.
### Early digital audio players
British scientist [Kane Kramer](/wiki/Kane_Kramer "Kane Kramer") invented the first digital audio player,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kanekramer.com/\#!About\|title\=Kane Kramer \- The Inventor of the Digital Audio Player\|website\=www.kanekramer.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527132741/http://www.kanekramer.com/\#!About\|archive\-date\=27 May 2017\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{sps\|date\=May 2023}} which he called the [IXI](/wiki/IXI_%28digital_audio_player%29 "IXI (digital audio player)").{{cite web \|url\=http://kanekramer.com/downloads/IXI\-Report.pdf \|title\=IXI Systems \|access\-date\=2016\-12\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101656/http://www.kanekramer.com/downloads/IXI\-Report.pdf \|archive\-date\=29 December 2016 \|df\=dmy\-all}} His 1979 prototypes were capable of up to one hour of audio playback but did not enter commercial production. His UK patent application was not filed until 1981 and was issued in 1985 in the UK and 1987 in the US.{{cite patent \|invent1\=Kramer, Kane N. \|invent2\=Campbell, James S. \|country\=US \|number\=4667088 \|issue\-date\=1987 \|title\=Portable data processing and storage system}} However, in 1988 Kramer's failure to raise the £60,000 required to renew the patent meant it entered the public domain.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.wired.com/2008/09/briton\-invented/\|title\=Briton Invented iPod, DRM and On\-Line Music in 1979\|magazine\=Wired\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327175756/https://www.wired.com/2008/09/briton\-invented/\|archive\-date\=27 March 2017\|df\=dmy\-all\|last1\=Sorrel\|first1\=Charlie}} [Apple Inc.](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") hired Kramer as a consultant and presented his work as an example of [prior art](/wiki/Prior_art "Prior art") in the field of digital audio players during their litigation with [Burst.com](/wiki/Burst.com "Burst.com") almost two decades later.[British Man Says He Invented iPod in 1979](https://www.foxnews.com/story/british-man-says-he-invented-ipod-in-1979) , Fox News Channel, 9 September 2008 In 2008, Apple acknowledged Kramer as the inventor of the digital audio player{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple\-admits\-it\-didnt\-invent\-the\-ipod/\|title\=Apple admits it didn't invent the iPod\|date\=7 September 2008\|website\=cnet.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101323/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple\-admits\-it\-didnt\-invent\-the\-ipod/\|archive\-date\=29 December 2016\|df\=dmy\-all}}
{{multiple image
\| width \= 150
\| image1 \= FlashPAC.jpg
\| image2 \= ListenUp player.jpg
\| footer \= Two early DAPs from 1996: FlashPAC and Listen Up
}}
The Listen Up Player was released in 1996 by Audio Highway, an American company led by [Nathan Schulhof](/wiki/Nathan_Schulhof "Nathan Schulhof"). It could store up to an hour of music, but despite getting an award at CES 1997 only 25 of the devices were made.{{cite web\|title\=Teknik vi minns – 14 prylar som var före sin tid\|url\=https://m3\.idg.se/2\.1022/1\.506083/tekniker\-prylar\-som\-var\-fore\-sin\-tid/sida/2/prylar\-vi\-minns\-8\-14\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185756/https://m3\.idg.se/2\.1022/1\.506083/tekniker\-prylar\-som\-var\-fore\-sin\-tid/sida/2/prylar\-vi\-minns\-8\-14\|archive\-date\=13 April 2018\|access\-date\=8 May 2018\|website\=idg.se\|language\=sv}}{{cite magazine\|last\=Ha\|first\=Peter\|date\=25 October 2010\|title\=All\-TIME 100 Gadgets \- TIME\|url\=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689\_2023681\_2023609,00\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020164221/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689\_2023681\_2023609,00\.html\|archive\-date\=20 October 2017\|access\-date\=8 May 2018\|magazine\=TIME\|via\=content.time.com}} That same year [AT\&T](/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") developed the FlashPAC digital audio player which initially used AT\&T's [Perceptual Audio Coder](/wiki/Perceptual_Audio_Coder "Perceptual Audio Coder") (PAC)J.D.Johnston, D. Sinha, S. Dorward, and S. R. Quackenbush, AT\&T Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC), pp. 73–82, in Collected Papers on Digital Audio Bit\-Rate Reduction, N. Gilchrist and C. Grewin, eds, Audio Engineering Society Publications, 1996 for music compression, but in 1997 switched to [AAC](/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding "Advanced Audio Coding").J.D.Johnston, J. Herre, M. Davis, and U.Gbur, MPEG\-2 NBC Audio – Stereo and Multichannel Coding Methods, Proceedings of the 101st Convention, 1996 November, Los Angeles At about the same time AT\&T also developed an internal Web\-based music streaming service that had the ability to download music to FlashPAC.{{cite conference\|url\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6N5T1Dw\_gTQcGt3VWh3SXF2Yjg/view?pli\=1 \|title\=Consumer Devices for Networked Audio\|last1 \= Onufryk\| first1 \= Peter\|last2 \= Snyder\| first2\=Jim\| conference\=Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics\|year\=1997\|volume\=1\|pages\=SS27–SS32}} AAC and such music downloading services later formed the foundation for the Apple iPod and iTunes.{{cite AV media\|title\=Early Digital Music Player – AT\&T FashPAC\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dXRZX6vOctM\|publisher\=CNN Business Week 7 March 1997\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510220055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dXRZX6vOctM\|archive\-date\=10 May 2018\|df\=dmy\-all}}
The first production\-volume portable digital audio player was **{{vanchor\|The Audible Player}}** (also known as MobilePlayer, or Digital Words To Go) from [Audible.com](/wiki/Audible.com "Audible.com") available for sale in January 1998, for $200\. It only supported playback of digital audio in Audible's proprietary, low\-bitrate format which was developed for spoken word recordings. Capacity was limited to 4 MB of internal flash memory, or about 2 hours of play, using a custom rechargeable battery pack. The unit had no display and rudimentary controls.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.audible.com/audible/9\_15\_97\.html \|title\=Audible Player Will Mark the First Time Consumers Can Access RealAudio Programming Away from the PC \|access\-date\=20 February 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118092012/http://www.audible.com/audible/9\_15\_97\.html \|archive\-date\=18 January 1998 }}, Press Release from Audible Inc., archived by archive.org 18 January 1998{{cite web\|url\=http://www.audible.com/audible/the\_player.html \|title\=The Audible Player for sale \|access\-date\=20 February 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118091417/http://www.audible.com/audible/the\_player.html \|archive\-date\=18 January 1998 }}
### The MP3 standard
[MP3](/wiki/MP3 "MP3") was introduced as an [audio coding standard](/wiki/Audio_coding_standard "Audio coding standard") in 1992\.{{ cite web \| url \= http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/london/london\_press.htm \| title \= MPEG Press Release, London, 6 November 1992 \| author \= ISO \| date \= 6 November 1992 \| publisher \= Chiariglione \| access\-date \= 17 July 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100812034709/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/london/london\_press.htm \| archive\-date \= 12 August 2010 }} It was based on several [audio data compression](/wiki/Audio_data_compression "Audio data compression") techniques, including the [modified discrete cosine transform](/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform "Modified discrete cosine transform") (MDCT), [FFT](/wiki/FFT "FFT") and [psychoacoustic](/wiki/Psychoacoustic "Psychoacoustic") methods.{{cite web \|last1\=Guckert \|first1\=John \|title\=The Use of FFT and MDCT in MP3 Audio Compression \|url\=http://www.math.utah.edu/\~gustafso/s2012/2270/web\-projects/Guckert\-audio\-compression\-svd\-mdct\-MP3\.pdf \|website\=\[\[University of Utah]] \|date\=Spring 2012 \|access\-date\=14 July 2019}} MP3 became a popular standard format and as a result most digital audio players after this supported it and hence were often called **MP3 players**.
While popularly being called MP3 players at the time, most players could play more than just the MP3 file format. Players also sometimes supported [Windows Media Audio](/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio "Windows Media Audio") (WMA), [Advanced Audio Coding](/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding "Advanced Audio Coding") (AAC), [Vorbis](/wiki/Vorbis "Vorbis"), [FLAC](/wiki/FLAC "FLAC"), [Speex](/wiki/Speex "Speex") and [Ogg](/wiki/Ogg "Ogg").
### First portable MP3 player
The first portable MP3 player was launched in 1997 by [SaeHan Information Systems](/wiki/SaeHan_Information_Systems "SaeHan Information Systems"),{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=x30ovxn2eCcC\&pg\=PA75\|title\=Roberto Verganti, Design\-Driven Innovation: Changing the Rules of Competition by Radically Innovating What Thing Mean. Harvard Business Press, 2009\|isbn\=9781422136577\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013152/https://books.google.de/books?id\=x30ovxn2eCcC\&pg\=PA75\|archive\-date\=18 October 2017\|df\=dmy\-all\|last1\=Verganti\|first1\=Roberto\|date\=12 August 2009\|publisher\=Harvard Business Press }} which sold its [MPMan F10](/wiki/MPMan_F10 "MPMan F10") player in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") in spring 1998\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cnet.com/news/bragging\-rights\-to\-the\-worlds\-first\-mp3\-player/\|title\=Bragging rights to the world's first MP3 player\|date\=25 January 2005\|website\=cnet.com\|access\-date\=8 May 2018\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231010900/https://www.cnet.com/news/bragging\-rights\-to\-the\-worlds\-first\-mp3\-player/\|archive\-date\=31 December 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://reviews.cnet.com/4520\-6450\_7\-5622055\-1\.html\|title\=Introducing the world's first MP3 player\|last\=Van Buskirk\|first\=Eliot\|publisher\=\[\[CNET]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121150259/http://reviews.cnet.com/4520\-6450\_7\-5622055\-1\.html\|archive\-date\=21 January 2009\|df\=dmy\-all}} In mid\-1998, the South Korean company licensed the players for North American distribution to Eiger Labs, which rebranded them as the EigerMan F10 and F20\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/10/ft\_first\_mp3\_player/\|title\=Ten years old: the world's first MP3 player\|work\=The Register\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808220936/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/10/ft\_first\_mp3\_player\|archive\-date\=8 August 2016\|df\=dmy\-all}} The flash\-based players were available in 32 MB or 64 MB (6 or 12 songs) storage capacity and had a LCD screen to tell the user the song currently playing.
The first car audio hard drive\-based MP3 player was also released in 1997 by MP32Go and was called the MP32Go Player. It consisted of a 3 GB IBM 2\.5" hard drive that was housed in a trunk\-mounted enclosure connected to the car's radio system. It retailed for $599 and was a commercial failure.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/10/ft\_first\_mp3\_player/\|title\=Ten years old: the world's first MP3 player\|date\=10 March 2008\|website\=theregister.com\|access\-date\=15 May 2018}}
[thumb\|left\|[Rio PMP300](/wiki/Rio_PMP300 "Rio PMP300"), one of the earliest marketed DAPs, plays music in the MP3 format.](/wiki/File:Diamond_Rio_PMP300.jpg "Diamond Rio PMP300.jpg")
The [Rio PMP300](/wiki/Rio_PMP300 "Rio PMP300") from [Diamond Multimedia](/wiki/Diamond_Multimedia "Diamond Multimedia") was introduced in September 1998, a few months after the MPMan, and also featured a 32 MB storage capacity. It was a success during the holiday season, with sales exceeding expectations.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antiqueradio.com/Dec04\_Menta\_mp3pt1\.html\|title\=Collecting MP3 Portables – Part 1\|last\=Menta\|first\=Richard\|publisher\=Antique Radio Classified\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207005424/http://www.antiqueradio.com/Dec04\_Menta\_mp3pt1\.html\|archive\-date\=7 December 2004\|df\=dmy\-all}} Interest and investment in digital music were subsequently spurred from it.{{cite press release\|url\=http://news.harmony\-central.com/Newp/1998/Rio\-PMP300\.html\|date\=14 September 1998\|title\=Diamond Multimedia Announces Rio PMP300 Portable MP3 Music Player\|access\-date\=5 December 2007\|publisher\=Harmony Central\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206091013/http://news.harmony\-central.com/Newp/1998/Rio\-PMP300\.html\|archive\-date\=6 December 2007\|df\=dmy\-all}} The [RIAA](/wiki/RIAA "RIAA") soon filed a lawsuit alleging that the device abetted illegal copying of music, but Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of *[Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.](/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios%2C_Inc. "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.")* and MP3 players were ruled legal devices. Because of the player's notoriety as the target of a major lawsuit,{{cite book\|last\=Hart\-Davis\| first\=Guy\|author2\=Rhonda Holmes\|title\=MP3 Complete\|publisher\=Sybex\|location\=San Francisco\|year\=2001\|isbn\=0\-7821\-2899\-8\|page\=613}} the Rio is erroneously assumed to be the first digital audio player.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.news.com/Bragging\+rights\+to\+the\+worlds\+first\+MP3\+player/2010\-1041\_3\-5548180\.html\|title\=Bragging rights to the world's first MP3 player}} [CNET](/wiki/CNET "CNET") article on the first manufactured digital audio players.
Eiger Labs and Diamond went on to establish a new segment in the portable audio player market and the following year saw several new manufacturers enter this market. The PMP300 would be the start of the [Rio](/wiki/Rio_%28digital_audio_players%29 "Rio (digital audio players)") line of players. Noticeably, major technology companies did not catch on with the new technology, and instead young startups would come to dominate the early era of MP3 players.
### Other early MP3 portables
Other early MP3 portables included the [Creative Labs Nomad](/wiki/Creative_Nomad "Creative Nomad") and the [RCA Lyra](/wiki/RCA_Lyra "RCA Lyra"). These portables were small and light, but had only enough memory to hold around 7 to 20 songs at normal 128 kbit/s compression rates. They also used slower parallel port connections to transfer files from PC to player, necessary as most PCs then used the [Windows 95](/wiki/Windows_95 "Windows 95") and [NT](/wiki/Windows_NT "Windows NT") operating systems, which did not have native support for [USB](/wiki/USB "USB") connections.
### Emergence of hard\-drive\-based players
In 1999 the first hard drive based DAP using a 2\.5" laptop drive, the [Personal Jukebox](/wiki/Personal_Jukebox "Personal Jukebox") (PJB\-100\) designed by [Compaq](/wiki/Compaq "Compaq") and released by [Hango Electronics Co](/wiki/Remote_Solution "Remote Solution") with 4\.8 GB storage, which held about 1,200 songs, and pioneered what would be called the jukebox segment of digital music portables.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20000818S0035\|last\=Yoshida\|first\=Junko\|author2\=Margaret Quan\|title\=OEMs ready to roll on jukeboxes for Net audio\|page\=1\|publisher\=\[\[EE Times]]\|date\=18 August 2000\|access\-date\=5 December 2007\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906131627/http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20000818S0035\|archive\-date\=6 September 2008\|df\=dmy\-all}} This segment eventually became the dominant type of digital music player.
Also at the end of 1999 the first in\-dash MP3 player appeared. The [Empeg Car](/wiki/Empeg_Car "Empeg Car"){{efn\|Empeg Car was renamed Rio Car after it was acquired by \[\[SONICblue]] and added to its Rio line of MP3 products}} offered players in several capacities ranging from 5 to 28 GB. The unit did not catch on and was discontinued in the fall of 2001\.
[thumb\|upright\|The third generation [iPod](/wiki/IPod_Classic "IPod Classic") stores audio files on a miniature [hard disk drive](/wiki/Hard_disk_drive "Hard disk drive").](/wiki/File:Ipod_backlight_transparent.png "Ipod backlight transparent.png")
### Rise of South Korean companies
For the next couple of years, there were offerings from [South Korean](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") companies, namely the startups [iRiver](/wiki/IRiver "IRiver") (brand of Reigncom), [Mpio](/wiki/Mpio "Mpio") (brand of DigitalWay) and [Cowon](/wiki/Cowon "Cowon"). At its peak, these Korean makers held as much as 40% world market share in MP3 players.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobile\-review.com/mp3/articles/mpio\-history.shtml\|title\=Mobile\-review.com История компании Mpio\|website\=mobile\-review.com}} These manufacturers however lost their way after 2004 as they failed to compete with new [iPods](/wiki/IPod "IPod"). By 2006 they were also overtaken by the South Korean giant [Samsung Electronics](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics").{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobile\-review.com/mp3/articles/vr\-mp3\-3\.shtml\|title\=Mobile\-review.com Диктофон в MP3\-плеере. Обзор рынка\|website\=mobile\-review.com}}
### Sony's entry in the market
[Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony") entered the digital audio player market in 1999 with the [Vaio](/wiki/Vaio "Vaio") Music Clip and [Memory Stick](/wiki/Memory_Stick "Memory Stick") [Walkman](/wiki/Walkman "Walkman"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/30/technology/news\-watch\-new\-player\-from\-sony\-will\-give\-a\-nod\-to\-mp3\.html\|title\=NEWS WATCH; New Player from Sony Will Give a Nod to MP3\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=30 September 1999\|last1\=Marriott\|first1\=Michel}} however they were technically not MP3 players as it did not support the MP3 format but instead Sony's own [ATRAC](/wiki/ATRAC "ATRAC") format and [WMA](/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio "Windows Media Audio"). The company's first MP3\-supporting Walkman player did not come until 2004\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://reactionwheel.net/2018/11/itunes\-and\-the\-basis\-of\-competition\-in\-the\-mp3\-player\-market.html\|title \= ITunes and the Basis of Competition in the MP3 Player Market\|date \= 16 November 2018}} Over the years, various hard\-drive\-based and flash\-based DAPs and PMPs have been released under the Walkman range.
### Samsung's YEPP line and Creative's NOMAD Jukebox
The [Samsung YEPP](/wiki/Samsung_YEPP "Samsung YEPP") line was first released in 1999 with the aim of making the smallest music players on the market.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2014\-07\-20\-gadget\-rewind\-2005\-samsung\-yepp\-yp\-w3\-limited\-edition.html\|title \= Gadget Rewind 2005: Samsung YEPP YP\-W3 (Limited edition)\| date\=20 July 2014 }} In 2000, [Creative](/wiki/Creative_Technology "Creative Technology") released the 6 GB hard\-drive\-based [Creative NOMAD](/wiki/Creative_NOMAD "Creative NOMAD") Jukebox. The name borrowed the [jukebox](/wiki/Jukebox "Jukebox") metaphor popularised by *Remote Solution*, also used by *Archos*. Later players in the Creative NOMAD range used [microdrives](/wiki/Microdrive "Microdrive") rather than laptop drives. In October 2000, South Korean software company [Cowon Systems](/wiki/Cowon_Systems "Cowon Systems") released their first MP3 player, the CW100, under the brand name [iAUDIO](/wiki/IAUDIO "IAUDIO"). In December 2000, some months after the Creative's *NOMAD Jukebox*, [Archos](/wiki/Archos "Archos") released its [*Jukebox 6000*](/wiki/Archos_Jukebox_series%23Jukebox_5000_and_6000 "Archos Jukebox series#Jukebox 5000 and 6000") with a 6 GB hard drive. [Philips](/wiki/Philips "Philips") also released a player called the Rush.{{cite magazine \|title\= \|magazine\=Billboard \|page\=24 \|date\=January 22, 2000}}
### Growth of market
On 23 October 2001, [Apple Computer](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") unveiled the [first generation iPod](/wiki/First_generation_iPod "First generation iPod"), a 5 GB hard drive based DAP with a 1\.8" hard drive and a 2" monochrome display. With the development of a spartan [user interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface") and a smaller form factor, the iPod was initially popular within the [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh") community. In July 2002, Apple introduced the second generation update to the iPod, which was compatible with [Windows](/wiki/Windows "Windows") computers through [Musicmatch Jukebox](/wiki/Musicmatch_Jukebox "Musicmatch Jukebox"). iPods quickly became the most popular DAP product and led the fast growth of this market during the early and mid 2000s.
[thumb\|left\|The [Archos Jukebox 6000](/wiki/Archos_Jukebox_6000 "Archos Jukebox 6000") released late 2001 was a DAP with a hard disk, one of the earliest of its kind.](/wiki/File:B%C3%A4rbar_mp3-spelare_Archos_typ_Jukebox_6000.jpg "Bärbar mp3-spelare Archos typ Jukebox 6000.jpg")
In 2002, [Archos](/wiki/Archos "Archos") released the first PMP, the [Archos Jukebox Multimedia](/wiki/Archos_Jukebox_Multimedia "Archos Jukebox Multimedia"){{cite press release\|url\=http://www.archos.com/corporate/press/press\_releases/PR\_ARCHOS\_Gen\_5\_Availability.pdf\|title\=ARCHOS Generation 5 Available Worldwide\|publisher\=Archos\|date\=12 September 2007\|access\-date\=5 December 2007\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028004929/http://www.archos.com/corporate/press/press\_releases/PR\_ARCHOS\_Gen\_5\_Availability.pdf\|archive\-date\=28 October 2007\|df\=dmy\-all}} with a little 1\.5" colour screen. The next year, Archos released another multimedia *jukebox*, the [AV300](/wiki/AV300 "AV300"), with a 3\.8" screen and a 20 GB hard drive. In the same year, [Toshiba](/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") released the first [Gigabeat](/wiki/Gigabeat "Gigabeat"). In 2003, [Dell](/wiki/Dell "Dell") launched a line of portable digital music players called [Dell DJ](/wiki/Dell_DJ "Dell DJ"). They were discontinued by 2006\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/feb/09/guardianweeklytechnologysection.dell\|title\=Why did Dell discontinue its hard drive MP3 player?\|website\=\[\[TheGuardian.com]]\|date\=9 February 2006}}
The name *MP4 player* was a marketing term for inexpensive portable media players, usually from little\-known or generic device manufacturers.{{cite web\|url\=http://bj.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200510/26/20051026011\.htm\|title\=MP3≠MP4！区别和认识MP3与MP4的不同！\|publisher\=Beareyes\|access\-date\=11 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011113630/http://bj.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200510/26/20051026011\.htm\|archive\-date\=11 October 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} The name itself is a [misnomer](/wiki/Misnomer "Misnomer"), since most MP4 players through 2007 were incompatible with the [MPEG\-4 Part 14](/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14 "MPEG-4 Part 14") or the *.mp4* container format. Instead, the term refers to their ability to play more file types than just MP3\. In this sense, in some markets like Brazil, any new function added to a given media player is followed by an increase in the number, for example an MP5 or MP12 Player,{{Cite web\|url\=https://lista.mercadolivre.com.br/mp12\|title\=Mp12 \| MercadoLivre 📦\|website\=lista.mercadolivre.com.br}} despite there being no such corresponding MPEG standards.
[iriver](/wiki/Iriver "Iriver") of South Korea originally made portable CD players and then started making digital audio players and portable media players in 2002\. Creative also introduced the [ZEN](/wiki/Creative_Zen "Creative Zen") line. Both of these attained high popularity in some regions.
In 2004, [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") attempted to take advantage of the growing PMP market by launching the [Portable Media Center](/wiki/Portable_Media_Center "Portable Media Center") (PMC) platform. It was introduced at the 2004 [Consumer Electronics Show](/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show "Consumer Electronics Show") with the announcement of the [Zen Portable Media Center](/wiki/Zen_Portable_Media_Center "Zen Portable Media Center"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cnet.com/4520\-7912\_1\-5116568\-1\.html\|title\=Microsoft visualizes portable video\|date\=9 January 2004\|access\-date\=30 December 2007\|last\=Van Buskirk\|first\=Eliot\|publisher\=\[\[CNET]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225050459/http://www.cnet.com/4520\-7912\_1\-5116568\-1\.html\|archive\-date\=25 February 2008\|df\=dmy\-all}} which was co\-developed by [Creative](/wiki/Creative_Technology "Creative Technology"). The Microsoft [Zune](/wiki/Zune "Zune") series would later be based on the [Gigabeat S](/wiki/Gigabeat%23Gigabeat_S "Gigabeat#Gigabeat S"), one of the PMC\-implemented players.
In May 2005, flash memory maker SanDisk entered the PMP market with the [Sansa](/wiki/SanDisk_Sansa "SanDisk Sansa") line of players, starting with the e100 series, and then following up with the m200 series, and c100 series.
In 2007, Apple introduced the [iPod Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch"), the first iPod with a multi\-touch screen. Some similar products existed before such as the [iriver clix](/wiki/Iriver_clix "Iriver clix") in 2006\. In South Korea, sales of MP3 players peaked in 2006, but started declining afterwards. This was driven partly by the launch of mobile television services (DMB), which along with increased demand of movies on the go led to a transition away from music\-only players to PMPs.{{cite web \| url\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx\=31245 \| title\=Korea Times }}{{dead link\|date\=April 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} By 2008, more video\-enabled PMPs were sold than audio\-only players.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/video\-to\-overtake\-audio\-in\-mobile\-media\-players\-by\-the\-end\-of\-2008 \| title\=Video to overtake audio in mobile media players by the end of 2008 \| date\=31 August 2007 }}
### Brands and popularity throughout the world
By the mid\-2000s and the years after, [Apple](/wiki/Apple%2C_Inc. "Apple, Inc.") with its iPod was the best\-selling DAP/PMP by a significant margin, with one of out four sold worldwide being an iPod. It was especially dominant in the United States where it had over 70% of sales at different points in time, is nearest competitor in 2006 being [SanDisk](/wiki/SanDisk "SanDisk"). Apple also led in Japan over its homegrown makers [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony") and [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") during this time,{{cite web\|title\=Mobile\-review.com MP3\-players – Global markets\|url\=https://mobile\-review.com/print.php?filename\=%2Fmp3%2Farticles%2Fmp3\-global\-en.shtml\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-26\|website\=mobile\-review.com\|archive\-date\=25 November 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125191014/https://mobile\-review.com/print.php?filename\=%2Fmp3%2Farticles%2Fmp3\-global\-en.shtml\|url\-status\=dead}} although the gap between Apple and Sony had closed by about 2010\.{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.wired.com/2009/09/walkman\-outsells\-ipod\-in\-japan/\|title \= Walkman Outsells iPod in Japan\|magazine \= Wired\|last1 \= Sorrel\|first1 \= Charlie}} In South Korea, the market was led by local brands [iriver](/wiki/Iriver "Iriver"), [Samsung](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics") and [Cowon](/wiki/Cowon "Cowon") as of 2005\.{{cite web \|last\=Smith \|first\=Tony \|title\=iPod fails to impress South Koreans\|url\=https://www.theregister.com/2005/08/11/apple\_ipod\_sk/\|access\-date\=March 26, 2021\|website\=www.theregister.com}}
European buying patterns differed; while Apple was in a particularly strong position in the United Kingdom, continental Western Europe generally preferred cheaper, often Chinese rebranded players under local brands such as [Grundig](/wiki/Grundig "Grundig"). Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe including Russia, higher priced players with improved design or functionality were preferred instead, and here Korean makers like iriver and Samsung were particularly popular, as well as such OEM models under local brands.
[Creative](/wiki/Creative_Labs "Creative Labs") was the top\-selling maker in its home country of Singapore. In China, local brands Newman, DEC and Aigo were noted as the top vendors as of 2006\.
### PMPs in other categories
[thumb\|[PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable "PlayStation Portable")](/wiki/File:Draagbare_spelcomputer_PSP_%28Playstation_Portable%29%2C_merk_Sony%2C_zwart%2C_objectnr_86498.JPG "Draagbare spelcomputer PSP (Playstation Portable), merk Sony, zwart, objectnr 86498.JPG")
*Samsung SPH\-M2100*, the first mobile phone with built\-in MP3 player was produced in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") in August 1999\.{{cite web\|publisher\=Telecompaper BV \|title\=SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS UNVEILS SPH\-M2100 PHONE \|date\=August 1999 \|url\=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/samsung\-electronics\-unveils\-sphm2100\-phone\-\-182214 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728080403/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/samsung\-electronics\-unveils\-sphm2100\-phone\-\-182214 \|archive\-date\=28 July 2013 }} (){{cite web\|publisher\=I4U NEWS \|title\=First MP3 Mobile Phone already in 1999 on the market \|author\=Luigi Lugmayr \|date\=December 2004 \|url\=http://www.i4u.com/7064/first\-mp3\-mobile\-phone\-already\-1999\-market \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507055125/http://www.i4u.com/7064/first\-mp3\-mobile\-phone\-already\-1999\-market \|archive\-date\=7 May 2013 }} () *Samsung SPH\-M100 (UpRoar)* launched in 2000 was the first mobile phone to have MP3 music capabilities{{cite web\|url\=http://www.imobile.com.au/whatsnew/default.asp?ID\=whatsep0001 \|title\=Samsung launched the World's first MP3 mobile phone – iMobile \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502123021/http://www.imobile.com.au/WhatsNew/default.asp?ID\=whatsep0001 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2013 }} in the US market. The innovation spread rapidly across the globe and by 2005, more than half of all music sold in South Korea was sold directly to mobile phones and all major handset makers in the world had released MP3 playing phones. By 2006, more MP3 playing mobile phones were sold than all stand\-alone MP3 players put together. The rapid rise of the media player in phones was quoted by Apple as a primary reason for developing the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"). In 2007, the number of phones that could play media was over 1 billion.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2011}} Some companies have created music\-centric sub\-brands for mobile phones, for example the former [Sony Ericsson](/wiki/Sony_Ericsson "Sony Ericsson")'s [Walkman](/wiki/Walkman "Walkman") range or [Nokia](/wiki/Nokia "Nokia")'s [XpressMusic](/wiki/XpressMusic "XpressMusic") range, which have extra emphasis on music playback and typically have features such as dedicated music buttons.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/music\-to\-the\-ear/329579/\|title \= Music to the ear\|date \= 2 July 2008}}
Mobile phones with PMP functionalities such as video playback also started appearing in the 2000s. Other non\-phone products such as the [PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable "PlayStation Portable") and [PlayStation Vita](/wiki/PlayStation_Vita "PlayStation Vita") have also been considered to be PMPs.
### Decline and contemporary
[thumb\|A recent player, Sony [Walkman NW\-A35](/wiki/Walkman_A_Series "Walkman A Series"), focusing on audiophilic capabilities such as the ability to play [Direct Stream Digital](/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital "Direct Stream Digital") (DSD)](/wiki/File:NW-A35.png "NW-A35.png")
DAPs and PMPs have declined in popularity after the late 2000s due to increasing worldwide adoption of [smartphones](/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone") that already come with PMP functionalities. Sales peaked in 2007 and market revenue (worth $21\.6 billion) peaked in 2008, albeit notably mobile phones that could play music outsold DAPs by almost three to one as of 2007\.
In the [EU](/wiki/EU "EU"), demand for MP3 players peaked in 2007 with 43\.5 million devices sold totalling 3\.8 billion euros. Both sales and revenue experienced a double\-digit shrinkage for the first time in 2010\.{{Cite web \| url\=https://businesscomputingworld.co.uk/mp3\-players\-have\-played\-their\-last\-tune\-market\-in\-decline/ \| title\=MP3 Players Have Played Their Last Tune, Market in Decline \| date\=8 April 2018 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164240/https://businesscomputingworld.co.uk/mp3\-players\-have\-played\-their\-last\-tune\-market\-in\-decline/ \| archive\-date\=8 March 2022 }} In India, sales of PMPs decreased for the first time in 2012, a few years after developed economies. The market was led by Apple with a share of about 50%, while Sony and Philips were the other major brands.{{Cite news \| url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/portable\-music\-players\-sales\-plunge\-for\-the\-first\-time\-in\-2012/articleshow/18265297\.cms?from\=mdr \| title\=Portable music players' sales plunge for the first time in 2012 \| newspaper\=The Economic Times \| last1\=Mukherjee \| first1\=Writankar }}
Meanwhile, sales of Apple's best selling product, the iPod, were eclipsed by the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone") in 2011\.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/rise\-and\-fall\-apple\-ipod\-2020\-1?r\=US\&IR\=T \| title\=The rise and fall of the iPod \| website\=\[\[Business Insider]] }}
DAPs continue to be made in lower volumes by manufacturers such as SanDisk, Sony, IRIVER, Philips, Apple, Cowon, and a range of Chinese manufacturers namely Aigo, Newsmy, PYLE and ONDA.{{Cite web\|url\=https://apnews.com/press\-release/wired\-release/technology\-business\-corporate\-news\-products\-and\-services\-portable\-audio\-players\-019d9e891095c8b41eb7cdb8dd634e91\|title\=MP3 Player Market Trends Evaluation and Revenue Assumption to 2031 \|\| Apple, Sony, Philips\|website\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=29 January 2021}} They often have specific selling points in the smartphone era, such as portability (for small sized players) or for high quality sound suited for [audiophiles](/wiki/Audiophile "Audiophile").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{see also\\|Portable audio player\\#History}}",
"Today, every smartphone also serves as a portable media player; however, prior to the rise of smartphones in the 2007{{En dash}}2012 time frame, a variety of handheld players were available to store and play music. The immediate predecessor to the portable media player was the [portable CD player](/wiki/Portable_CD_player \"Portable CD player\") and prior to that, the [personal stereo](/wiki/Personal_stereo \"Personal stereo\"). In particular, [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\")'s [Walkman](/wiki/Walkman \"Walkman\") and [Discman](/wiki/Discman \"Discman\") are the ancestors of digital audio players such as [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\")'s [iPod](/wiki/IPod \"IPod\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Southerton \\|first1\\=Dale \\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Consumer Culture \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SAGE Publishing]] \\|isbn\\=9780872896017 \\|page\\=515 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=l5sv5aqVN3MC\\&pg\\=PA1515}}",
"There are several types of MP3 players:\n* Devices that play [CDs](/wiki/CD \"CD\"). Often, they can be used to play both audio CDs and homemade data CDs containing MP3 or other digital audio files.\n* Pocket devices. These are solid\\-state devices that hold digital audio files on internal or external media, such as [memory cards](/wiki/Memory_card \"Memory card\"). These are generally low\\-storage devices, typically ranging from 128MB to 1GB, which can often be extended with additional memory. As they are solid state and do not have moving parts, they can be very resilient. Such players may be integrated into USB flash drives.\n* Devices that read digital audio files from a hard drive. These players have higher capacities, ranging from 1\\.5 to 100 GB, depending on the hard drive technology. At typical encoding rates, this means that thousands of songs—perhaps an entire music collection—can be stored in one MP3 player. Apple's popular [iPod](/wiki/IPod \"IPod\") player is the best\\-known example.",
"### Early digital audio players",
"British scientist [Kane Kramer](/wiki/Kane_Kramer \"Kane Kramer\") invented the first digital audio player,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kanekramer.com/\\#!About\\|title\\=Kane Kramer \\- The Inventor of the Digital Audio Player\\|website\\=www.kanekramer.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527132741/http://www.kanekramer.com/\\#!About\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{sps\\|date\\=May 2023}} which he called the [IXI](/wiki/IXI_%28digital_audio_player%29 \"IXI (digital audio player)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://kanekramer.com/downloads/IXI\\-Report.pdf \\|title\\=IXI Systems \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101656/http://www.kanekramer.com/downloads/IXI\\-Report.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2016 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} His 1979 prototypes were capable of up to one hour of audio playback but did not enter commercial production. His UK patent application was not filed until 1981 and was issued in 1985 in the UK and 1987 in the US.{{cite patent \\|invent1\\=Kramer, Kane N. \\|invent2\\=Campbell, James S. \\|country\\=US \\|number\\=4667088 \\|issue\\-date\\=1987 \\|title\\=Portable data processing and storage system}} However, in 1988 Kramer's failure to raise the £60,000 required to renew the patent meant it entered the public domain.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/2008/09/briton\\-invented/\\|title\\=Briton Invented iPod, DRM and On\\-Line Music in 1979\\|magazine\\=Wired\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327175756/https://www.wired.com/2008/09/briton\\-invented/\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all\\|last1\\=Sorrel\\|first1\\=Charlie}} [Apple Inc.](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") hired Kramer as a consultant and presented his work as an example of [prior art](/wiki/Prior_art \"Prior art\") in the field of digital audio players during their litigation with [Burst.com](/wiki/Burst.com \"Burst.com\") almost two decades later.[British Man Says He Invented iPod in 1979](https://www.foxnews.com/story/british-man-says-he-invented-ipod-in-1979) , Fox News Channel, 9 September 2008 In 2008, Apple acknowledged Kramer as the inventor of the digital audio player{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple\\-admits\\-it\\-didnt\\-invent\\-the\\-ipod/\\|title\\=Apple admits it didn't invent the iPod\\|date\\=7 September 2008\\|website\\=cnet.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101323/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple\\-admits\\-it\\-didnt\\-invent\\-the\\-ipod/\\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"{{multiple image\n \\| width \\= 150\n \\| image1 \\= FlashPAC.jpg\n \\| image2 \\= ListenUp player.jpg\n \\| footer \\= Two early DAPs from 1996: FlashPAC and Listen Up\n}}\nThe Listen Up Player was released in 1996 by Audio Highway, an American company led by [Nathan Schulhof](/wiki/Nathan_Schulhof \"Nathan Schulhof\"). It could store up to an hour of music, but despite getting an award at CES 1997 only 25 of the devices were made.{{cite web\\|title\\=Teknik vi minns – 14 prylar som var före sin tid\\|url\\=https://m3\\.idg.se/2\\.1022/1\\.506083/tekniker\\-prylar\\-som\\-var\\-fore\\-sin\\-tid/sida/2/prylar\\-vi\\-minns\\-8\\-14\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185756/https://m3\\.idg.se/2\\.1022/1\\.506083/tekniker\\-prylar\\-som\\-var\\-fore\\-sin\\-tid/sida/2/prylar\\-vi\\-minns\\-8\\-14\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2018\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2018\\|website\\=idg.se\\|language\\=sv}}{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Ha\\|first\\=Peter\\|date\\=25 October 2010\\|title\\=All\\-TIME 100 Gadgets \\- TIME\\|url\\=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689\\_2023681\\_2023609,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020164221/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689\\_2023681\\_2023609,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2018\\|magazine\\=TIME\\|via\\=content.time.com}} That same year [AT\\&T](/wiki/AT%26T \"AT&T\") developed the FlashPAC digital audio player which initially used AT\\&T's [Perceptual Audio Coder](/wiki/Perceptual_Audio_Coder \"Perceptual Audio Coder\") (PAC)J.D.Johnston, D. Sinha, S. Dorward, and S. R. Quackenbush, AT\\&T Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC), pp. 73–82, in Collected Papers on Digital Audio Bit\\-Rate Reduction, N. Gilchrist and C. Grewin, eds, Audio Engineering Society Publications, 1996 for music compression, but in 1997 switched to [AAC](/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding \"Advanced Audio Coding\").J.D.Johnston, J. Herre, M. Davis, and U.Gbur, MPEG\\-2 NBC Audio – Stereo and Multichannel Coding Methods, Proceedings of the 101st Convention, 1996 November, Los Angeles At about the same time AT\\&T also developed an internal Web\\-based music streaming service that had the ability to download music to FlashPAC.{{cite conference\\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6N5T1Dw\\_gTQcGt3VWh3SXF2Yjg/view?pli\\=1 \\|title\\=Consumer Devices for Networked Audio\\|last1 \\= Onufryk\\| first1 \\= Peter\\|last2 \\= Snyder\\| first2\\=Jim\\| conference\\=Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics\\|year\\=1997\\|volume\\=1\\|pages\\=SS27–SS32}} AAC and such music downloading services later formed the foundation for the Apple iPod and iTunes.{{cite AV media\\|title\\=Early Digital Music Player – AT\\&T FashPAC\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dXRZX6vOctM\\|publisher\\=CNN Business Week 7 March 1997\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510220055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dXRZX6vOctM\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2018\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"The first production\\-volume portable digital audio player was **{{vanchor\\|The Audible Player}}** (also known as MobilePlayer, or Digital Words To Go) from [Audible.com](/wiki/Audible.com \"Audible.com\") available for sale in January 1998, for $200\\. It only supported playback of digital audio in Audible's proprietary, low\\-bitrate format which was developed for spoken word recordings. Capacity was limited to 4 MB of internal flash memory, or about 2 hours of play, using a custom rechargeable battery pack. The unit had no display and rudimentary controls.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.audible.com/audible/9\\_15\\_97\\.html \\|title\\=Audible Player Will Mark the First Time Consumers Can Access RealAudio Programming Away from the PC \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118092012/http://www.audible.com/audible/9\\_15\\_97\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 1998 }}, Press Release from Audible Inc., archived by archive.org 18 January 1998{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.audible.com/audible/the\\_player.html \\|title\\=The Audible Player for sale \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118091417/http://www.audible.com/audible/the\\_player.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 1998 }}",
"### The MP3 standard",
"[MP3](/wiki/MP3 \"MP3\") was introduced as an [audio coding standard](/wiki/Audio_coding_standard \"Audio coding standard\") in 1992\\.{{ cite web \\| url \\= http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/london/london\\_press.htm \\| title \\= MPEG Press Release, London, 6 November 1992 \\| author \\= ISO \\| date \\= 6 November 1992 \\| publisher \\= Chiariglione \\| access\\-date \\= 17 July 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100812034709/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/london/london\\_press.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 12 August 2010 }} It was based on several [audio data compression](/wiki/Audio_data_compression \"Audio data compression\") techniques, including the [modified discrete cosine transform](/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform \"Modified discrete cosine transform\") (MDCT), [FFT](/wiki/FFT \"FFT\") and [psychoacoustic](/wiki/Psychoacoustic \"Psychoacoustic\") methods.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Guckert \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=The Use of FFT and MDCT in MP3 Audio Compression \\|url\\=http://www.math.utah.edu/\\~gustafso/s2012/2270/web\\-projects/Guckert\\-audio\\-compression\\-svd\\-mdct\\-MP3\\.pdf \\|website\\=\\[\\[University of Utah]] \\|date\\=Spring 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019}} MP3 became a popular standard format and as a result most digital audio players after this supported it and hence were often called **MP3 players**.",
"While popularly being called MP3 players at the time, most players could play more than just the MP3 file format. Players also sometimes supported [Windows Media Audio](/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio \"Windows Media Audio\") (WMA), [Advanced Audio Coding](/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding \"Advanced Audio Coding\") (AAC), [Vorbis](/wiki/Vorbis \"Vorbis\"), [FLAC](/wiki/FLAC \"FLAC\"), [Speex](/wiki/Speex \"Speex\") and [Ogg](/wiki/Ogg \"Ogg\").",
"### First portable MP3 player",
"The first portable MP3 player was launched in 1997 by [SaeHan Information Systems](/wiki/SaeHan_Information_Systems \"SaeHan Information Systems\"),{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=x30ovxn2eCcC\\&pg\\=PA75\\|title\\=Roberto Verganti, Design\\-Driven Innovation: Changing the Rules of Competition by Radically Innovating What Thing Mean. Harvard Business Press, 2009\\|isbn\\=9781422136577\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013152/https://books.google.de/books?id\\=x30ovxn2eCcC\\&pg\\=PA75\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all\\|last1\\=Verganti\\|first1\\=Roberto\\|date\\=12 August 2009\\|publisher\\=Harvard Business Press }} which sold its [MPMan F10](/wiki/MPMan_F10 \"MPMan F10\") player in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") in spring 1998\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnet.com/news/bragging\\-rights\\-to\\-the\\-worlds\\-first\\-mp3\\-player/\\|title\\=Bragging rights to the world's first MP3 player\\|date\\=25 January 2005\\|website\\=cnet.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231010900/https://www.cnet.com/news/bragging\\-rights\\-to\\-the\\-worlds\\-first\\-mp3\\-player/\\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://reviews.cnet.com/4520\\-6450\\_7\\-5622055\\-1\\.html\\|title\\=Introducing the world's first MP3 player\\|last\\=Van Buskirk\\|first\\=Eliot\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNET]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121150259/http://reviews.cnet.com/4520\\-6450\\_7\\-5622055\\-1\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2009\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} In mid\\-1998, the South Korean company licensed the players for North American distribution to Eiger Labs, which rebranded them as the EigerMan F10 and F20\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/10/ft\\_first\\_mp3\\_player/\\|title\\=Ten years old: the world's first MP3 player\\|work\\=The Register\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808220936/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/10/ft\\_first\\_mp3\\_player\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The flash\\-based players were available in 32 MB or 64 MB (6 or 12 songs) storage capacity and had a LCD screen to tell the user the song currently playing.",
"The first car audio hard drive\\-based MP3 player was also released in 1997 by MP32Go and was called the MP32Go Player. It consisted of a 3 GB IBM 2\\.5\" hard drive that was housed in a trunk\\-mounted enclosure connected to the car's radio system. It retailed for $599 and was a commercial failure.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/10/ft\\_first\\_mp3\\_player/\\|title\\=Ten years old: the world's first MP3 player\\|date\\=10 March 2008\\|website\\=theregister.com\\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2018}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Rio PMP300](/wiki/Rio_PMP300 \"Rio PMP300\"), one of the earliest marketed DAPs, plays music in the MP3 format.](/wiki/File:Diamond_Rio_PMP300.jpg \"Diamond Rio PMP300.jpg\")\nThe [Rio PMP300](/wiki/Rio_PMP300 \"Rio PMP300\") from [Diamond Multimedia](/wiki/Diamond_Multimedia \"Diamond Multimedia\") was introduced in September 1998, a few months after the MPMan, and also featured a 32 MB storage capacity. It was a success during the holiday season, with sales exceeding expectations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antiqueradio.com/Dec04\\_Menta\\_mp3pt1\\.html\\|title\\=Collecting MP3 Portables – Part 1\\|last\\=Menta\\|first\\=Richard\\|publisher\\=Antique Radio Classified\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207005424/http://www.antiqueradio.com/Dec04\\_Menta\\_mp3pt1\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2004\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Interest and investment in digital music were subsequently spurred from it.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://news.harmony\\-central.com/Newp/1998/Rio\\-PMP300\\.html\\|date\\=14 September 1998\\|title\\=Diamond Multimedia Announces Rio PMP300 Portable MP3 Music Player\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2007\\|publisher\\=Harmony Central\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206091013/http://news.harmony\\-central.com/Newp/1998/Rio\\-PMP300\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2007\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The [RIAA](/wiki/RIAA \"RIAA\") soon filed a lawsuit alleging that the device abetted illegal copying of music, but Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of *[Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.](/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios%2C_Inc. \"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.\")* and MP3 players were ruled legal devices. Because of the player's notoriety as the target of a major lawsuit,{{cite book\\|last\\=Hart\\-Davis\\| first\\=Guy\\|author2\\=Rhonda Holmes\\|title\\=MP3 Complete\\|publisher\\=Sybex\\|location\\=San Francisco\\|year\\=2001\\|isbn\\=0\\-7821\\-2899\\-8\\|page\\=613}} the Rio is erroneously assumed to be the first digital audio player.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.news.com/Bragging\\+rights\\+to\\+the\\+worlds\\+first\\+MP3\\+player/2010\\-1041\\_3\\-5548180\\.html\\|title\\=Bragging rights to the world's first MP3 player}} [CNET](/wiki/CNET \"CNET\") article on the first manufactured digital audio players.",
"Eiger Labs and Diamond went on to establish a new segment in the portable audio player market and the following year saw several new manufacturers enter this market. The PMP300 would be the start of the [Rio](/wiki/Rio_%28digital_audio_players%29 \"Rio (digital audio players)\") line of players. Noticeably, major technology companies did not catch on with the new technology, and instead young startups would come to dominate the early era of MP3 players.",
"### Other early MP3 portables",
"Other early MP3 portables included the [Creative Labs Nomad](/wiki/Creative_Nomad \"Creative Nomad\") and the [RCA Lyra](/wiki/RCA_Lyra \"RCA Lyra\"). These portables were small and light, but had only enough memory to hold around 7 to 20 songs at normal 128 kbit/s compression rates. They also used slower parallel port connections to transfer files from PC to player, necessary as most PCs then used the [Windows 95](/wiki/Windows_95 \"Windows 95\") and [NT](/wiki/Windows_NT \"Windows NT\") operating systems, which did not have native support for [USB](/wiki/USB \"USB\") connections.",
"### Emergence of hard\\-drive\\-based players",
"In 1999 the first hard drive based DAP using a 2\\.5\" laptop drive, the [Personal Jukebox](/wiki/Personal_Jukebox \"Personal Jukebox\") (PJB\\-100\\) designed by [Compaq](/wiki/Compaq \"Compaq\") and released by [Hango Electronics Co](/wiki/Remote_Solution \"Remote Solution\") with 4\\.8 GB storage, which held about 1,200 songs, and pioneered what would be called the jukebox segment of digital music portables.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20000818S0035\\|last\\=Yoshida\\|first\\=Junko\\|author2\\=Margaret Quan\\|title\\=OEMs ready to roll on jukeboxes for Net audio\\|page\\=1\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[EE Times]]\\|date\\=18 August 2000\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906131627/http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20000818S0035\\|archive\\-date\\=6 September 2008\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} This segment eventually became the dominant type of digital music player.",
"Also at the end of 1999 the first in\\-dash MP3 player appeared. The [Empeg Car](/wiki/Empeg_Car \"Empeg Car\"){{efn\\|Empeg Car was renamed Rio Car after it was acquired by \\[\\[SONICblue]] and added to its Rio line of MP3 products}} offered players in several capacities ranging from 5 to 28 GB. The unit did not catch on and was discontinued in the fall of 2001\\.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|The third generation [iPod](/wiki/IPod_Classic \"IPod Classic\") stores audio files on a miniature [hard disk drive](/wiki/Hard_disk_drive \"Hard disk drive\").](/wiki/File:Ipod_backlight_transparent.png \"Ipod backlight transparent.png\")\n### Rise of South Korean companies",
"For the next couple of years, there were offerings from [South Korean](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") companies, namely the startups [iRiver](/wiki/IRiver \"IRiver\") (brand of Reigncom), [Mpio](/wiki/Mpio \"Mpio\") (brand of DigitalWay) and [Cowon](/wiki/Cowon \"Cowon\"). At its peak, these Korean makers held as much as 40% world market share in MP3 players.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobile\\-review.com/mp3/articles/mpio\\-history.shtml\\|title\\=Mobile\\-review.com История компании Mpio\\|website\\=mobile\\-review.com}} These manufacturers however lost their way after 2004 as they failed to compete with new [iPods](/wiki/IPod \"IPod\"). By 2006 they were also overtaken by the South Korean giant [Samsung Electronics](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics \"Samsung Electronics\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobile\\-review.com/mp3/articles/vr\\-mp3\\-3\\.shtml\\|title\\=Mobile\\-review.com Диктофон в MP3\\-плеере. Обзор рынка\\|website\\=mobile\\-review.com}}",
"### Sony's entry in the market",
"[Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\") entered the digital audio player market in 1999 with the [Vaio](/wiki/Vaio \"Vaio\") Music Clip and [Memory Stick](/wiki/Memory_Stick \"Memory Stick\") [Walkman](/wiki/Walkman \"Walkman\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/30/technology/news\\-watch\\-new\\-player\\-from\\-sony\\-will\\-give\\-a\\-nod\\-to\\-mp3\\.html\\|title\\=NEWS WATCH; New Player from Sony Will Give a Nod to MP3\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=30 September 1999\\|last1\\=Marriott\\|first1\\=Michel}} however they were technically not MP3 players as it did not support the MP3 format but instead Sony's own [ATRAC](/wiki/ATRAC \"ATRAC\") format and [WMA](/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio \"Windows Media Audio\"). The company's first MP3\\-supporting Walkman player did not come until 2004\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://reactionwheel.net/2018/11/itunes\\-and\\-the\\-basis\\-of\\-competition\\-in\\-the\\-mp3\\-player\\-market.html\\|title \\= ITunes and the Basis of Competition in the MP3 Player Market\\|date \\= 16 November 2018}} Over the years, various hard\\-drive\\-based and flash\\-based DAPs and PMPs have been released under the Walkman range.",
"### Samsung's YEPP line and Creative's NOMAD Jukebox",
"The [Samsung YEPP](/wiki/Samsung_YEPP \"Samsung YEPP\") line was first released in 1999 with the aim of making the smallest music players on the market.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2014\\-07\\-20\\-gadget\\-rewind\\-2005\\-samsung\\-yepp\\-yp\\-w3\\-limited\\-edition.html\\|title \\= Gadget Rewind 2005: Samsung YEPP YP\\-W3 (Limited edition)\\| date\\=20 July 2014 }} In 2000, [Creative](/wiki/Creative_Technology \"Creative Technology\") released the 6 GB hard\\-drive\\-based [Creative NOMAD](/wiki/Creative_NOMAD \"Creative NOMAD\") Jukebox. The name borrowed the [jukebox](/wiki/Jukebox \"Jukebox\") metaphor popularised by *Remote Solution*, also used by *Archos*. Later players in the Creative NOMAD range used [microdrives](/wiki/Microdrive \"Microdrive\") rather than laptop drives. In October 2000, South Korean software company [Cowon Systems](/wiki/Cowon_Systems \"Cowon Systems\") released their first MP3 player, the CW100, under the brand name [iAUDIO](/wiki/IAUDIO \"IAUDIO\"). In December 2000, some months after the Creative's *NOMAD Jukebox*, [Archos](/wiki/Archos \"Archos\") released its [*Jukebox 6000*](/wiki/Archos_Jukebox_series%23Jukebox_5000_and_6000 \"Archos Jukebox series#Jukebox 5000 and 6000\") with a 6 GB hard drive. [Philips](/wiki/Philips \"Philips\") also released a player called the Rush.{{cite magazine \\|title\\= \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|page\\=24 \\|date\\=January 22, 2000}}",
"### Growth of market",
"On 23 October 2001, [Apple Computer](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") unveiled the [first generation iPod](/wiki/First_generation_iPod \"First generation iPod\"), a 5 GB hard drive based DAP with a 1\\.8\" hard drive and a 2\" monochrome display. With the development of a spartan [user interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\") and a smaller form factor, the iPod was initially popular within the [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh \"Macintosh\") community. In July 2002, Apple introduced the second generation update to the iPod, which was compatible with [Windows](/wiki/Windows \"Windows\") computers through [Musicmatch Jukebox](/wiki/Musicmatch_Jukebox \"Musicmatch Jukebox\"). iPods quickly became the most popular DAP product and led the fast growth of this market during the early and mid 2000s.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The [Archos Jukebox 6000](/wiki/Archos_Jukebox_6000 \"Archos Jukebox 6000\") released late 2001 was a DAP with a hard disk, one of the earliest of its kind.](/wiki/File:B%C3%A4rbar_mp3-spelare_Archos_typ_Jukebox_6000.jpg \"Bärbar mp3-spelare Archos typ Jukebox 6000.jpg\")\nIn 2002, [Archos](/wiki/Archos \"Archos\") released the first PMP, the [Archos Jukebox Multimedia](/wiki/Archos_Jukebox_Multimedia \"Archos Jukebox Multimedia\"){{cite press release\\|url\\=http://www.archos.com/corporate/press/press\\_releases/PR\\_ARCHOS\\_Gen\\_5\\_Availability.pdf\\|title\\=ARCHOS Generation 5 Available Worldwide\\|publisher\\=Archos\\|date\\=12 September 2007\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028004929/http://www.archos.com/corporate/press/press\\_releases/PR\\_ARCHOS\\_Gen\\_5\\_Availability.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2007\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} with a little 1\\.5\" colour screen. The next year, Archos released another multimedia *jukebox*, the [AV300](/wiki/AV300 \"AV300\"), with a 3\\.8\" screen and a 20 GB hard drive. In the same year, [Toshiba](/wiki/Toshiba \"Toshiba\") released the first [Gigabeat](/wiki/Gigabeat \"Gigabeat\"). In 2003, [Dell](/wiki/Dell \"Dell\") launched a line of portable digital music players called [Dell DJ](/wiki/Dell_DJ \"Dell DJ\"). They were discontinued by 2006\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/feb/09/guardianweeklytechnologysection.dell\\|title\\=Why did Dell discontinue its hard drive MP3 player?\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheGuardian.com]]\\|date\\=9 February 2006}}",
"The name *MP4 player* was a marketing term for inexpensive portable media players, usually from little\\-known or generic device manufacturers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bj.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200510/26/20051026011\\.htm\\|title\\=MP3≠MP4！区别和认识MP3与MP4的不同！\\|publisher\\=Beareyes\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011113630/http://bj.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200510/26/20051026011\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The name itself is a [misnomer](/wiki/Misnomer \"Misnomer\"), since most MP4 players through 2007 were incompatible with the [MPEG\\-4 Part 14](/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14 \"MPEG-4 Part 14\") or the *.mp4* container format. Instead, the term refers to their ability to play more file types than just MP3\\. In this sense, in some markets like Brazil, any new function added to a given media player is followed by an increase in the number, for example an MP5 or MP12 Player,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://lista.mercadolivre.com.br/mp12\\|title\\=Mp12 \\| MercadoLivre 📦\\|website\\=lista.mercadolivre.com.br}} despite there being no such corresponding MPEG standards.",
"[iriver](/wiki/Iriver \"Iriver\") of South Korea originally made portable CD players and then started making digital audio players and portable media players in 2002\\. Creative also introduced the [ZEN](/wiki/Creative_Zen \"Creative Zen\") line. Both of these attained high popularity in some regions.",
"In 2004, [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") attempted to take advantage of the growing PMP market by launching the [Portable Media Center](/wiki/Portable_Media_Center \"Portable Media Center\") (PMC) platform. It was introduced at the 2004 [Consumer Electronics Show](/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show \"Consumer Electronics Show\") with the announcement of the [Zen Portable Media Center](/wiki/Zen_Portable_Media_Center \"Zen Portable Media Center\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cnet.com/4520\\-7912\\_1\\-5116568\\-1\\.html\\|title\\=Microsoft visualizes portable video\\|date\\=9 January 2004\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2007\\|last\\=Van Buskirk\\|first\\=Eliot\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNET]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225050459/http://www.cnet.com/4520\\-7912\\_1\\-5116568\\-1\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2008\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} which was co\\-developed by [Creative](/wiki/Creative_Technology \"Creative Technology\"). The Microsoft [Zune](/wiki/Zune \"Zune\") series would later be based on the [Gigabeat S](/wiki/Gigabeat%23Gigabeat_S \"Gigabeat#Gigabeat S\"), one of the PMC\\-implemented players.",
"In May 2005, flash memory maker SanDisk entered the PMP market with the [Sansa](/wiki/SanDisk_Sansa \"SanDisk Sansa\") line of players, starting with the e100 series, and then following up with the m200 series, and c100 series.",
"In 2007, Apple introduced the [iPod Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch \"IPod Touch\"), the first iPod with a multi\\-touch screen. Some similar products existed before such as the [iriver clix](/wiki/Iriver_clix \"Iriver clix\") in 2006\\. In South Korea, sales of MP3 players peaked in 2006, but started declining afterwards. This was driven partly by the launch of mobile television services (DMB), which along with increased demand of movies on the go led to a transition away from music\\-only players to PMPs.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx\\=31245 \\| title\\=Korea Times }}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} By 2008, more video\\-enabled PMPs were sold than audio\\-only players.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/video\\-to\\-overtake\\-audio\\-in\\-mobile\\-media\\-players\\-by\\-the\\-end\\-of\\-2008 \\| title\\=Video to overtake audio in mobile media players by the end of 2008 \\| date\\=31 August 2007 }}",
"### Brands and popularity throughout the world",
"By the mid\\-2000s and the years after, [Apple](/wiki/Apple%2C_Inc. \"Apple, Inc.\") with its iPod was the best\\-selling DAP/PMP by a significant margin, with one of out four sold worldwide being an iPod. It was especially dominant in the United States where it had over 70% of sales at different points in time, is nearest competitor in 2006 being [SanDisk](/wiki/SanDisk \"SanDisk\"). Apple also led in Japan over its homegrown makers [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\") and [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic \"Panasonic\") during this time,{{cite web\\|title\\=Mobile\\-review.com MP3\\-players – Global markets\\|url\\=https://mobile\\-review.com/print.php?filename\\=%2Fmp3%2Farticles%2Fmp3\\-global\\-en.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-26\\|website\\=mobile\\-review.com\\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125191014/https://mobile\\-review.com/print.php?filename\\=%2Fmp3%2Farticles%2Fmp3\\-global\\-en.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} although the gap between Apple and Sony had closed by about 2010\\.{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/2009/09/walkman\\-outsells\\-ipod\\-in\\-japan/\\|title \\= Walkman Outsells iPod in Japan\\|magazine \\= Wired\\|last1 \\= Sorrel\\|first1 \\= Charlie}} In South Korea, the market was led by local brands [iriver](/wiki/Iriver \"Iriver\"), [Samsung](/wiki/Samsung_Electronics \"Samsung Electronics\") and [Cowon](/wiki/Cowon \"Cowon\") as of 2005\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Tony \\|title\\=iPod fails to impress South Koreans\\|url\\=https://www.theregister.com/2005/08/11/apple\\_ipod\\_sk/\\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2021\\|website\\=www.theregister.com}}",
"European buying patterns differed; while Apple was in a particularly strong position in the United Kingdom, continental Western Europe generally preferred cheaper, often Chinese rebranded players under local brands such as [Grundig](/wiki/Grundig \"Grundig\"). Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe including Russia, higher priced players with improved design or functionality were preferred instead, and here Korean makers like iriver and Samsung were particularly popular, as well as such OEM models under local brands.",
"[Creative](/wiki/Creative_Labs \"Creative Labs\") was the top\\-selling maker in its home country of Singapore. In China, local brands Newman, DEC and Aigo were noted as the top vendors as of 2006\\.",
"### PMPs in other categories",
"[thumb\\|[PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable \"PlayStation Portable\")](/wiki/File:Draagbare_spelcomputer_PSP_%28Playstation_Portable%29%2C_merk_Sony%2C_zwart%2C_objectnr_86498.JPG \"Draagbare spelcomputer PSP (Playstation Portable), merk Sony, zwart, objectnr 86498.JPG\")\n*Samsung SPH\\-M2100*, the first mobile phone with built\\-in MP3 player was produced in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") in August 1999\\.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Telecompaper BV \\|title\\=SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS UNVEILS SPH\\-M2100 PHONE \\|date\\=August 1999 \\|url\\=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/samsung\\-electronics\\-unveils\\-sphm2100\\-phone\\-\\-182214 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728080403/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/samsung\\-electronics\\-unveils\\-sphm2100\\-phone\\-\\-182214 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013 }} (){{cite web\\|publisher\\=I4U NEWS \\|title\\=First MP3 Mobile Phone already in 1999 on the market \\|author\\=Luigi Lugmayr \\|date\\=December 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.i4u.com/7064/first\\-mp3\\-mobile\\-phone\\-already\\-1999\\-market \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507055125/http://www.i4u.com/7064/first\\-mp3\\-mobile\\-phone\\-already\\-1999\\-market \\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2013 }} () *Samsung SPH\\-M100 (UpRoar)* launched in 2000 was the first mobile phone to have MP3 music capabilities{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.imobile.com.au/whatsnew/default.asp?ID\\=whatsep0001 \\|title\\=Samsung launched the World's first MP3 mobile phone – iMobile \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502123021/http://www.imobile.com.au/WhatsNew/default.asp?ID\\=whatsep0001 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2013 }} in the US market. The innovation spread rapidly across the globe and by 2005, more than half of all music sold in South Korea was sold directly to mobile phones and all major handset makers in the world had released MP3 playing phones. By 2006, more MP3 playing mobile phones were sold than all stand\\-alone MP3 players put together. The rapid rise of the media player in phones was quoted by Apple as a primary reason for developing the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"). In 2007, the number of phones that could play media was over 1 billion.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}} Some companies have created music\\-centric sub\\-brands for mobile phones, for example the former [Sony Ericsson](/wiki/Sony_Ericsson \"Sony Ericsson\")'s [Walkman](/wiki/Walkman \"Walkman\") range or [Nokia](/wiki/Nokia \"Nokia\")'s [XpressMusic](/wiki/XpressMusic \"XpressMusic\") range, which have extra emphasis on music playback and typically have features such as dedicated music buttons.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/music\\-to\\-the\\-ear/329579/\\|title \\= Music to the ear\\|date \\= 2 July 2008}}",
"Mobile phones with PMP functionalities such as video playback also started appearing in the 2000s. Other non\\-phone products such as the [PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable \"PlayStation Portable\") and [PlayStation Vita](/wiki/PlayStation_Vita \"PlayStation Vita\") have also been considered to be PMPs.",
"### Decline and contemporary",
"[thumb\\|A recent player, Sony [Walkman NW\\-A35](/wiki/Walkman_A_Series \"Walkman A Series\"), focusing on audiophilic capabilities such as the ability to play [Direct Stream Digital](/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital \"Direct Stream Digital\") (DSD)](/wiki/File:NW-A35.png \"NW-A35.png\")\nDAPs and PMPs have declined in popularity after the late 2000s due to increasing worldwide adoption of [smartphones](/wiki/Smartphone \"Smartphone\") that already come with PMP functionalities. Sales peaked in 2007 and market revenue (worth $21\\.6 billion) peaked in 2008, albeit notably mobile phones that could play music outsold DAPs by almost three to one as of 2007\\.",
"In the [EU](/wiki/EU \"EU\"), demand for MP3 players peaked in 2007 with 43\\.5 million devices sold totalling 3\\.8 billion euros. Both sales and revenue experienced a double\\-digit shrinkage for the first time in 2010\\.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://businesscomputingworld.co.uk/mp3\\-players\\-have\\-played\\-their\\-last\\-tune\\-market\\-in\\-decline/ \\| title\\=MP3 Players Have Played Their Last Tune, Market in Decline \\| date\\=8 April 2018 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164240/https://businesscomputingworld.co.uk/mp3\\-players\\-have\\-played\\-their\\-last\\-tune\\-market\\-in\\-decline/ \\| archive\\-date\\=8 March 2022 }} In India, sales of PMPs decreased for the first time in 2012, a few years after developed economies. The market was led by Apple with a share of about 50%, while Sony and Philips were the other major brands.{{Cite news \\| url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/portable\\-music\\-players\\-sales\\-plunge\\-for\\-the\\-first\\-time\\-in\\-2012/articleshow/18265297\\.cms?from\\=mdr \\| title\\=Portable music players' sales plunge for the first time in 2012 \\| newspaper\\=The Economic Times \\| last1\\=Mukherjee \\| first1\\=Writankar }}",
"Meanwhile, sales of Apple's best selling product, the iPod, were eclipsed by the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\") in 2011\\.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/rise\\-and\\-fall\\-apple\\-ipod\\-2020\\-1?r\\=US\\&IR\\=T \\| title\\=The rise and fall of the iPod \\| website\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]] }}",
"DAPs continue to be made in lower volumes by manufacturers such as SanDisk, Sony, IRIVER, Philips, Apple, Cowon, and a range of Chinese manufacturers namely Aigo, Newsmy, PYLE and ONDA.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/press\\-release/wired\\-release/technology\\-business\\-corporate\\-news\\-products\\-and\\-services\\-portable\\-audio\\-players\\-019d9e891095c8b41eb7cdb8dd634e91\\|title\\=MP3 Player Market Trends Evaluation and Revenue Assumption to 2031 \\|\\| Apple, Sony, Philips\\|website\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=29 January 2021}} They often have specific selling points in the smartphone era, such as portability (for small sized players) or for high quality sound suited for [audiophiles](/wiki/Audiophile \"Audiophile\").",
""
] |
Music
-----
Even among other festive music written by Bach, this work's scoring for four trumpets is unusual. It is characterised by a very solemn character and the attributes of courtly [homage](/wiki/Homage_%28feudal%29 "Homage (feudal)") music, such as the opening chorus in the form of a [French overture](/wiki/French_overture "French overture") or fanfare\-like trumpet interjections in the bass [recitative](/wiki/Recitative "Recitative").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bach\-cantatas.com/Pic\-Rec\-BIG/Leusink\-C10c%5BBrilliant\-Classics\-5CD%5D.pdf\|access\-date\=1 June 2013\|title\=Liner notes for ''Bach Cantatas, Vol. 10''\|author\=von Wijnen, Dingeman\|publisher\=Bach Cantatas}} Bach created a work that in musical terms corresponds less to sacred music and more to the type of secular music for a princely court, as had been required of him during his time in office in [Köthen](/wiki/K%C3%B6then "Köthen"). Only in its final two movements does Bach again use simple forms to emphasize the work's character of a church cantata, implying that earthly powers do not last, but God – the supreme ruler – is entitled to have the last word.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bach\-cantatas.com/Pic\-Rec\-BIG/HL\-L29\-5c%5BTeldec\-2CD%5D.pdf\|access\-date\=1 June 2013\|author\=Wolff, Christoph\|title\=Liner notes to ''Bach Cantatas, Vol. 29''\|publisher\=Bach Cantatas}}
### 1
The cantata opens with a French overture, unusual in featuring the chorus in the faster middle section. At the time of [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France "Louis XIV of France") an overture in this style was played when the king and his entourage entered a performance. Bach's music expresses a similar respect for the authority of the town councils. The mostly [homophonic](/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") slow opening is in the typical [dotted](/wiki/Dotted_note "Dotted note") rhythms, and shows a remarkable concerto of the trumpets versus the rest of the orchestra. The chorus appears only in the middle section, proclaiming verses from Psalm 147, "**{{lang\|de\|Preise, Jerusalem, den Herrn\|italic\=no}}**" (Praise the Lord, Jerusalem). It uses both [fugal](/wiki/Fugue "Fugue") techniques and paired entries. The [coda](/wiki/Coda_%28music%29 "Coda (music)") is a recapitulation of the first section.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter\-83\-bwv\-119\|access\-date\=29 August 2022\|title\=Chapter 83 BWV 119\|author\=Mincham, Julian\|publisher\=jsbachcantatas}} Analysis of corrections show that Bach probably used an instrumental piece composed earlier, and that the characteristic upward run on the first word "Preise" was added later. The text from psalm 147,12–14a addresses Jerusalem, but the Leipzig congregation understood it as their city.
### 2
A [secco](/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology%23secco "Glossary of musical terminology#secco") recitative introduces the topic, "**{{Lang\|de\|Gesegnet Land, glückselge Stadt\|italic\=no}}**" (Blessed land, fortunate city): a town is blessed if God reigns in it.
### 3
The oboes da caccia present a dotted\-rhythm [ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello "Ritornello") to introduce the tenor aria. The vocal entry is before the ritornello cadence, "**{{lang\|de\|Wohl dir, du Volk der Linden\|italic\=no}}**" (Good fortune, you people of the lindens), a reference to Leipzig sometimes being called *{{lang\|de\|Lindenstadt\|italic\=no}}*.
### 4
The bass recitative, "**{{lang\|de\|So herrlich stehst du, liebe Stadt!\|italic\=no}}**" (So gloriously you stand, dear city!), is introduced and concluded with a [fanfare](/wiki/Fanfare "Fanfare")\-like trumpet and timpani line, further wind instruments, recorders and oboes da caccia add colour to the middle section, in an unusual movement for the Leipzig congregation.
### 5
The alto aria, "**{{lang\|de\|Die Obrigkeit ist Gottes Gabe\|italic\=no}}**" (Authority is God's gift), is accompanied by two [obbligato](/wiki/Obbligato "Obbligato") recorders in [unison](/wiki/Unison "Unison"). It is the only [minor\-mode](/wiki/Minor_scale "Minor scale") movement of the cantata. The obbligato presents high repeated notes beginning midway through the ritornello theme, which recurs as episodes and at the conclusion of the movement. The movement is, in effect, a [trio sonata](/wiki/Trio_sonata "Trio sonata").{{cite web \|last \= Leonhard \| first \= James \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/composition/cantata\-no\-119\-preise\-jerusalem\-den\-herrn\-bwv\-119\-bc\-b3\-mc0002405095 \|access\-date\=1 June 2013 \|title\=Johann Sebastian Bach / Cantata No. 119, "Preise, Jerusalem, den Herrn," BWV 119 (BC B3\) \|publisher\=Allmusic}}
### 6
A soprano recitative, "**{{lang\|de\|Nun! Wir ekennen es und bringen dir\|italic\=no}}**" (Now! we acknowledge it and bring to You), expresses thanks for God's gift and acknowledgement of the burden on the people serving as town council, those who did it the last year and those who succeed.
### 7
A choral movement confirms "**{{lang\|de\|Der Herr hat Guts an uns getan\|italic\=no}}**" (The Lord has done good things for us). The movement is structured like a da capo aria, with a fugue in the opening and repeat, while the contrasting middle section is mostly homophonic. A long ritornello theme features an "imperious" trumpet melody, which is played four times during the movement. The voices then enter from the lowest to the highest, with the fugal section based on the first phrase of {{lang\|de\|\[\[Nun danket alle Gott]]}}. Additional instruments then lead to a climax. In the middle section [motifs](/wiki/Motif_%28music%29 "Motif (music)") from the ritornello are played "above and between" the voices. One fanfare motif appears also in Bach's first [Brandenburg Concerto](/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos "Brandenburg Concertos") and would later be used in the bass aria *{{lang\|de\|Großer Herr und starker König\|italic\=no}}* in the *[Christmas Oratorio](/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio "Christmas Oratorio")*. The Bach scholar [Klaus Hofmann](/wiki/Klaus_Hofmann "Klaus Hofmann") assumes, reflecting its secular character as a hunting signal and fanfare, that the movement is derived from an earlier homage cantata.
### 8
A very short alto recitative, "**{{lang\|de\|Zuletzt! Da du uns, Herr, zu deinem Volk gesetzt\|italic\=no}}**" (Finally! Since You have established us as Your people), is harmonically "adventurous".
### 9
The cantata ends with the ninth stanza from Luther's German Te Deum, "**{{lang\|de\|Hilf deinem Volk, Herr Jesu Christ\|italic\=no}}**" (Help Your people, Lord Jesus Christ), a prayer for further help and preservation. It is a four\-part setting "with the subtlest touches of flamboyance" in a chorale. No individual parts for the cantata have survived; and the score provides only the four\-part setting without mentioning which instruments would play with which voice. Hofmann imagines that there might have been additional parts for trumpets and timpani for an ending to match the opening of the cantata.
|
[
"Music\n-----",
"Even among other festive music written by Bach, this work's scoring for four trumpets is unusual. It is characterised by a very solemn character and the attributes of courtly [homage](/wiki/Homage_%28feudal%29 \"Homage (feudal)\") music, such as the opening chorus in the form of a [French overture](/wiki/French_overture \"French overture\") or fanfare\\-like trumpet interjections in the bass [recitative](/wiki/Recitative \"Recitative\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bach\\-cantatas.com/Pic\\-Rec\\-BIG/Leusink\\-C10c%5BBrilliant\\-Classics\\-5CD%5D.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2013\\|title\\=Liner notes for ''Bach Cantatas, Vol. 10''\\|author\\=von Wijnen, Dingeman\\|publisher\\=Bach Cantatas}} Bach created a work that in musical terms corresponds less to sacred music and more to the type of secular music for a princely court, as had been required of him during his time in office in [Köthen](/wiki/K%C3%B6then \"Köthen\"). Only in its final two movements does Bach again use simple forms to emphasize the work's character of a church cantata, implying that earthly powers do not last, but God – the supreme ruler – is entitled to have the last word.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bach\\-cantatas.com/Pic\\-Rec\\-BIG/HL\\-L29\\-5c%5BTeldec\\-2CD%5D.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2013\\|author\\=Wolff, Christoph\\|title\\=Liner notes to ''Bach Cantatas, Vol. 29''\\|publisher\\=Bach Cantatas}}",
"### 1",
"The cantata opens with a French overture, unusual in featuring the chorus in the faster middle section. At the time of [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France \"Louis XIV of France\") an overture in this style was played when the king and his entourage entered a performance. Bach's music expresses a similar respect for the authority of the town councils. The mostly [homophonic](/wiki/Homophony \"Homophony\") slow opening is in the typical [dotted](/wiki/Dotted_note \"Dotted note\") rhythms, and shows a remarkable concerto of the trumpets versus the rest of the orchestra. The chorus appears only in the middle section, proclaiming verses from Psalm 147, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Preise, Jerusalem, den Herrn\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Praise the Lord, Jerusalem). It uses both [fugal](/wiki/Fugue \"Fugue\") techniques and paired entries. The [coda](/wiki/Coda_%28music%29 \"Coda (music)\") is a recapitulation of the first section.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter\\-83\\-bwv\\-119\\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2022\\|title\\=Chapter 83 BWV 119\\|author\\=Mincham, Julian\\|publisher\\=jsbachcantatas}} Analysis of corrections show that Bach probably used an instrumental piece composed earlier, and that the characteristic upward run on the first word \"Preise\" was added later. The text from psalm 147,12–14a addresses Jerusalem, but the Leipzig congregation understood it as their city.",
"### 2",
"A [secco](/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology%23secco \"Glossary of musical terminology#secco\") recitative introduces the topic, \"**{{Lang\\|de\\|Gesegnet Land, glückselge Stadt\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Blessed land, fortunate city): a town is blessed if God reigns in it.",
"### 3",
"The oboes da caccia present a dotted\\-rhythm [ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello \"Ritornello\") to introduce the tenor aria. The vocal entry is before the ritornello cadence, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Wohl dir, du Volk der Linden\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Good fortune, you people of the lindens), a reference to Leipzig sometimes being called *{{lang\\|de\\|Lindenstadt\\|italic\\=no}}*.",
"### 4",
"The bass recitative, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|So herrlich stehst du, liebe Stadt!\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (So gloriously you stand, dear city!), is introduced and concluded with a [fanfare](/wiki/Fanfare \"Fanfare\")\\-like trumpet and timpani line, further wind instruments, recorders and oboes da caccia add colour to the middle section, in an unusual movement for the Leipzig congregation.",
"### 5",
"The alto aria, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Die Obrigkeit ist Gottes Gabe\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Authority is God's gift), is accompanied by two [obbligato](/wiki/Obbligato \"Obbligato\") recorders in [unison](/wiki/Unison \"Unison\"). It is the only [minor\\-mode](/wiki/Minor_scale \"Minor scale\") movement of the cantata. The obbligato presents high repeated notes beginning midway through the ritornello theme, which recurs as episodes and at the conclusion of the movement. The movement is, in effect, a [trio sonata](/wiki/Trio_sonata \"Trio sonata\").{{cite web \\|last \\= Leonhard \\| first \\= James \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/composition/cantata\\-no\\-119\\-preise\\-jerusalem\\-den\\-herrn\\-bwv\\-119\\-bc\\-b3\\-mc0002405095 \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2013 \\|title\\=Johann Sebastian Bach / Cantata No. 119, \"Preise, Jerusalem, den Herrn,\" BWV 119 (BC B3\\) \\|publisher\\=Allmusic}}",
"### 6",
"A soprano recitative, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Nun! Wir ekennen es und bringen dir\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Now! we acknowledge it and bring to You), expresses thanks for God's gift and acknowledgement of the burden on the people serving as town council, those who did it the last year and those who succeed.",
"### 7",
"A choral movement confirms \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Der Herr hat Guts an uns getan\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (The Lord has done good things for us). The movement is structured like a da capo aria, with a fugue in the opening and repeat, while the contrasting middle section is mostly homophonic. A long ritornello theme features an \"imperious\" trumpet melody, which is played four times during the movement. The voices then enter from the lowest to the highest, with the fugal section based on the first phrase of {{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Nun danket alle Gott]]}}. Additional instruments then lead to a climax. In the middle section [motifs](/wiki/Motif_%28music%29 \"Motif (music)\") from the ritornello are played \"above and between\" the voices. One fanfare motif appears also in Bach's first [Brandenburg Concerto](/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos \"Brandenburg Concertos\") and would later be used in the bass aria *{{lang\\|de\\|Großer Herr und starker König\\|italic\\=no}}* in the *[Christmas Oratorio](/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio \"Christmas Oratorio\")*. The Bach scholar [Klaus Hofmann](/wiki/Klaus_Hofmann \"Klaus Hofmann\") assumes, reflecting its secular character as a hunting signal and fanfare, that the movement is derived from an earlier homage cantata.",
"### 8",
"A very short alto recitative, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Zuletzt! Da du uns, Herr, zu deinem Volk gesetzt\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Finally! Since You have established us as Your people), is harmonically \"adventurous\".",
"### 9",
"The cantata ends with the ninth stanza from Luther's German Te Deum, \"**{{lang\\|de\\|Hilf deinem Volk, Herr Jesu Christ\\|italic\\=no}}**\" (Help Your people, Lord Jesus Christ), a prayer for further help and preservation. It is a four\\-part setting \"with the subtlest touches of flamboyance\" in a chorale. No individual parts for the cantata have survived; and the score provides only the four\\-part setting without mentioning which instruments would play with which voice. Hofmann imagines that there might have been additional parts for trumpets and timpani for an ending to match the opening of the cantata.",
""
] |
Career
------
Mottau was part of the folk duo Two Guys from Boston, with Joe Hutchinson and recorded "Come on Betty Home" and "Shimmy Like My Sister Kate" for [Scepter Records](/wiki/Scepter_Records "Scepter Records") released in 1964\. The duo moved to [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village "Greenwich Village") shortly after the release of the single and were regular performers at [The Gaslight Cafe](/wiki/The_Gaslight_Cafe "The Gaslight Cafe"), [The Bitter End](/wiki/The_Bitter_End "The Bitter End"), Gertie's Folk City, and the Cafe Wha. The Duo then formed a band called [Bo Grumpus](/wiki/Bo_Grumpus "Bo Grumpus") which included drummer Norman Smart and Jim Colgrove on Bass Guitar. Bo Grumpus recorded an album titled *Before the War*, which was produced by [Felix Pappalardi](/wiki/Felix_Pappalardi "Felix Pappalardi") for [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records"). The band then became Joliver Arkansaw and released an album titled *Home* in 1969 for [Bell Records](/wiki/Bell_Records "Bell Records") that was also produced by Pappalardi.
In 1971, Mottau was invited to join bassist/producer Jim Mason to play guitar and co\-produce the first solo album of [Paul Stookey](/wiki/Paul_Stookey "Paul Stookey"), best known as a member of [Peter, Paul and Mary](/wiki/Peter%2C_Paul_and_Mary "Peter, Paul and Mary").
Mottau's first solo album, *No Turning Around*, was released in 1973 on [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records"). The album was produced by Stookey, and featured jazz great [Jerry Mulligan](/wiki/Jerry_Mulligan "Jerry Mulligan"). {{citation needed\|date\=September 2022}} *No Turning Around* was re \-released by MCA Records in Japan in 2001\.
Mottau also played guitar on [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon")'s albums *[Walls and Bridges](/wiki/Walls_and_Bridges "Walls and Bridges")*, *[Some Time in New York City](/wiki/Some_Time_in_New_York_City "Some Time in New York City")*, and *[Rock 'n' Roll](/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_%28John_Lennon_album%29 "Rock 'n' Roll (John Lennon album)")*. Mottau went on tour with Lennon and [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono "Yoko Ono") appearing at the [Attica State](/wiki/Attica_State "Attica State") concert at the [Apollo Theater](/wiki/Apollo_Theater "Apollo Theater") in New York City and the [John Sinclair Freedom Rally](/wiki/John_Sinclair_Freedom_Rally "John Sinclair Freedom Rally") in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan"), in 1971\.
Mottau's next solo album, *No Moulding*, was released in 1977 by Neworld.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.neworldmultimedia.com/store/em\-01\-tracks.htm \|title\=NO MOULDING \|website\=neworldmultimedia.com}} *No Moulding* was re\-released in digitized format in the fall of 2020\.
In 2004, he recorded a record as a member of the trio Mottau, Drew \& Clark, with bass player, singer\-songwriter Jimmy Clark, and drummer and percussionist Bob Drew, producing the album *Dance for Love*.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.neworldmultimedia.com/store/em\-02\-tracks.htm\|title\=Dance for Love\- tracks\|website\=neworldmultimedia.com}} On October 1, 2020, Mottau, Drew \& Clark released a new album titled *Revelation/Revolution*.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.neworldmultimedia.com/store/em\-03\-tracks.htm\|title\=Revelation/Revolution\- tracks\|website\=neworldmultimedia.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ledgertranscript.com/Lyndeborough\-musician\-friends\-put\-out\-new\-album\-36769465\|title\=Monadnock Ledger\-Transcript \- Big sound for new Mottau, Drew \& Clark album}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Mottau was part of the folk duo Two Guys from Boston, with Joe Hutchinson and recorded \"Come on Betty Home\" and \"Shimmy Like My Sister Kate\" for [Scepter Records](/wiki/Scepter_Records \"Scepter Records\") released in 1964\\. The duo moved to [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\") shortly after the release of the single and were regular performers at [The Gaslight Cafe](/wiki/The_Gaslight_Cafe \"The Gaslight Cafe\"), [The Bitter End](/wiki/The_Bitter_End \"The Bitter End\"), Gertie's Folk City, and the Cafe Wha. The Duo then formed a band called [Bo Grumpus](/wiki/Bo_Grumpus \"Bo Grumpus\") which included drummer Norman Smart and Jim Colgrove on Bass Guitar. Bo Grumpus recorded an album titled *Before the War*, which was produced by [Felix Pappalardi](/wiki/Felix_Pappalardi \"Felix Pappalardi\") for [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\"). The band then became Joliver Arkansaw and released an album titled *Home* in 1969 for [Bell Records](/wiki/Bell_Records \"Bell Records\") that was also produced by Pappalardi.",
"In 1971, Mottau was invited to join bassist/producer Jim Mason to play guitar and co\\-produce the first solo album of [Paul Stookey](/wiki/Paul_Stookey \"Paul Stookey\"), best known as a member of [Peter, Paul and Mary](/wiki/Peter%2C_Paul_and_Mary \"Peter, Paul and Mary\").",
"Mottau's first solo album, *No Turning Around*, was released in 1973 on [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\"). The album was produced by Stookey, and featured jazz great [Jerry Mulligan](/wiki/Jerry_Mulligan \"Jerry Mulligan\"). {{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2022}} *No Turning Around* was re \\-released by MCA Records in Japan in 2001\\.",
"Mottau also played guitar on [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\")'s albums *[Walls and Bridges](/wiki/Walls_and_Bridges \"Walls and Bridges\")*, *[Some Time in New York City](/wiki/Some_Time_in_New_York_City \"Some Time in New York City\")*, and *[Rock 'n' Roll](/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_%28John_Lennon_album%29 \"Rock 'n' Roll (John Lennon album)\")*. Mottau went on tour with Lennon and [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono \"Yoko Ono\") appearing at the [Attica State](/wiki/Attica_State \"Attica State\") concert at the [Apollo Theater](/wiki/Apollo_Theater \"Apollo Theater\") in New York City and the [John Sinclair Freedom Rally](/wiki/John_Sinclair_Freedom_Rally \"John Sinclair Freedom Rally\") in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\"), in 1971\\.",
"Mottau's next solo album, *No Moulding*, was released in 1977 by Neworld.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.neworldmultimedia.com/store/em\\-01\\-tracks.htm \\|title\\=NO MOULDING \\|website\\=neworldmultimedia.com}} *No Moulding* was re\\-released in digitized format in the fall of 2020\\.",
"In 2004, he recorded a record as a member of the trio Mottau, Drew \\& Clark, with bass player, singer\\-songwriter Jimmy Clark, and drummer and percussionist Bob Drew, producing the album *Dance for Love*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.neworldmultimedia.com/store/em\\-02\\-tracks.htm\\|title\\=Dance for Love\\- tracks\\|website\\=neworldmultimedia.com}} On October 1, 2020, Mottau, Drew \\& Clark released a new album titled *Revelation/Revolution*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.neworldmultimedia.com/store/em\\-03\\-tracks.htm\\|title\\=Revelation/Revolution\\- tracks\\|website\\=neworldmultimedia.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ledgertranscript.com/Lyndeborough\\-musician\\-friends\\-put\\-out\\-new\\-album\\-36769465\\|title\\=Monadnock Ledger\\-Transcript \\- Big sound for new Mottau, Drew \\& Clark album}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
### 2020 census
| \+**Buffalo Gap racial composition**{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4811128\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2 \|access\-date\=May 20, 2022 \|website\=data.census.gov}} (NH \= Non\-Hispanic){{efn\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \|title\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \|url\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\-origin/about.html \|website\=www.census.gov \|access\-date\=May 18, 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") (NH) | 463 | 85\.27% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") (NH) | 8 | 1\.47% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") (NH) | 1 | 0\.18% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") (NH) | 2 | 0\.37% |
| Some Other Race (NH) | 2 | 0\.37% |
| [Mixed/Multi\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 21 | 3\.87% |
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 46 | 8\.47% |
| **Total** | **543** | |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 543 people, 222 households, and 158 families residing in the town.
### 2000 census
{{US Census population\|align\=left
\|1960\= 316
\|1970\= 320
\|1980\= 387
\|1990\= 499
\|2000\= 463
\|2010\= 464
\|2020\= 543
\|estyear\=
\|estimate\=
\|estref\=
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 463 people, 194 households, and 140 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\|201\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 235 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|102\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") of the town was 96\.76% White, 0\.22% African American, 0\.22% Native American, 0\.22% Asian, 0\.65% from other races, and 1\.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\.24% of the population.
There were 194 households, out of which 29\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27\.8% were non\-families. 26\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.31 and the average family size was 2\.77\.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23\.8% under the age of 18, 6\.3% from 18 to 24, 23\.1% from 25 to 44, 30\.5% from 45 to 64, and 16\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 80\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76\.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $34,886\. Males had a median income of $26,875 versus $20,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $14,680\. About 6\.6% of families and 12\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_threshold "Poverty threshold"), including 16\.5% of those under age 18 and 12\.3% of those age 65 or above.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+**Buffalo Gap racial composition**{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4811128\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2 \\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2022 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} (NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic){{efn\\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \\|title\\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\\-origin/about.html \\|website\\=www.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=May 18, 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") (NH) | 463 | 85\\.27% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") (NH) | 8 | 1\\.47% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") (NH) | 1 | 0\\.18% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") (NH) | 2 | 0\\.37% |\n| Some Other Race (NH) | 2 | 0\\.37% |\n| [Mixed/Multi\\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 21 | 3\\.87% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 46 | 8\\.47% |\n| **Total** | **543** | |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 543 people, 222 households, and 158 families residing in the town.",
"### 2000 census",
"{{US Census population\\|align\\=left\n\\|1960\\= 316\n\\|1970\\= 320\n\\|1980\\= 387\n\\|1990\\= 499\n\\|2000\\= 463\n\\|2010\\= 464\n\\|2020\\= 543\n\\|estyear\\= \n\\|estimate\\= \n\\|estref\\= \n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 463 people, 194 households, and 140 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|201\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 235 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|102\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") of the town was 96\\.76% White, 0\\.22% African American, 0\\.22% Native American, 0\\.22% Asian, 0\\.65% from other races, and 1\\.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\\.24% of the population.",
"There were 194 households, out of which 29\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27\\.8% were non\\-families. 26\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.31 and the average family size was 2\\.77\\.",
"In the town, the population was spread out, with 23\\.8% under the age of 18, 6\\.3% from 18 to 24, 23\\.1% from 25 to 44, 30\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 80\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76\\.5 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $34,886\\. Males had a median income of $26,875 versus $20,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $14,680\\. About 6\\.6% of families and 12\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_threshold \"Poverty threshold\"), including 16\\.5% of those under age 18 and 12\\.3% of those age 65 or above.",
""
] |
A winning condition for Breaker
-------------------------------
[Paul Erdős](/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s "Paul Erdős") and [John Selfridge](/wiki/John_Selfridge "John Selfridge") presented a general condition that guarantees Breaker a winning strategy.{{cite journal\|last1\=Erdős\|first1\=P.\|last2\=Selfridge\|first2\=J. L.\|author2\-link\=John Selfridge\|year\=1973\|title\=On a combinatorial game\|url\=https://www.renyi.hu/\~p\_erdos/1973\-10\.pdf\|journal\=\[\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]]\|series\=Series A\|volume\=14\|issue\=3\|pages\=298–301\|doi\=10\.1016/0097\-3165(73\)90005\-8\|doi\-access\=free\|mr\=0327313\|author1\-link\=Paul Erdős}} They used a potential\-based strategy. They defined the potential of any (non\-broken) winning\-set E with \|E\| unoccupied vertices as 2^{\-\|E\|}. So the potential of a set occupied by Maker is indeed 2^{\-0}\=1. Whenever Maker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it increases to 2^{\-(\|E\|\-1\)}, i.e., increases by 2^{\-\|E\|}; whenever Breaker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it drops to 0, i.e., decreases by 2^{\-\|E\|}. To every element, we assign a *value* which equals the total potential\-increase in case Maker takes it, i.e., w(v) :\= \\sum\_{v\\in E} 2^{\-\|E\|}. The winning strategy of Breaker is *pick an element with a highest value*. This guarantees that, from the first turn of Breaker onwards, the potential always weakly decreases. Hence, if the potential at the first Breaker turn is less than 1, Breaker wins. In Maker's first turn, he can, at most, double the potential (by taking an element contained in all winning\-sets). Therefore, it is sufficient that, at the game start, the potential is less than 1/2\. To summarize, the Erdős\-Selfridge theorem says that:
*If \\sum\_{E\\in \\mathcal{F}} 2^{\-\|E\|} \< 1/2, then \\mathcal{F} is Breaker's win*.
The theorem gives a very easy\-to\-check condition, and when this condition is satisfied, it also gives an efficient algorithm for computing Breaker's optimal strategy.
The potential function has a probabilistic interpretation. The potential of a winning\-set is the probability that, if the game is played randomly from now on, Maker will own that set. The potential\-sum is thus the expected number of winning\-sets owned by Maker if the game is played randomly. Whenever the potential\-sum is less than 1, there must be a way to play the game such that the number of sets owned by Maker is 0\. By ensuring that the potential\-sum remains below 1, Breaker essentially de\-randomizes this probabilistic claim until at the end of the game, it becomes a certainty.
Note that if Breaker plays first, the condition changes to *\\sum\_{E\\in \\mathcal{F}} 2^{\-\|E\|} \< 1*.
In particular, if the winning\-sets are all of size *k* (i.e., the game\-hypergraph is *k*\-uniform), then the Erdős\-Selfridge theorem implies that Breaker wins whenever \|\\mathcal{F}\| \< 2^{k\-1}, i.e., the number of winning\-sets is less than 2^{k\-1}.
The number 2^{k\-1} is tight: there are k\-uniform hypergraphs where the number of winning sets is exactly 2^{k\-1}, and where Maker has a winning strategy. For example, consider a [perfect binary tree](/wiki/Perfect_binary_tree "Perfect binary tree") of height k\-1. It has 2^{k\-1} leaves. Define V as the set of tree nodes, and H as the family of all 2^{k\-1} paths from the root to a leaf. Maker starts by picking the root. Then, if Breaker picks an element in the left subtree, Maker picks the root of the right subtree, and vice versa. By continuing this way, Maker can always pick a full path, i.e., a winning\-set.
### Disjoint and almost\-disjoint hypergraphs
If all winning\-sets are pairwise\-disjoint and their size is at least 2, then Breaker can win using a pairing strategy.
Suppose now that the winning\-sets are *almost* disjoint, i.e., any two winning\-sets have at most one element in common. If all winning\-sets are of size k, and the number of winning sets is less than 4^{k \- c\\sqrt{k}}(for some fixed constant c), then Breaker has a winning strategy.{{Cite journal\|last\=Beck\|first\=József\|author\-link\=József Beck\|date\=1981\|title\=On positional games\|journal\=\[\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]] \| series\=Series A\|volume\=30\|issue\=2\|pages\=117–133\|doi\=10\.1016/0097\-3165(81\)90001\-7\|doi\-access\=free\|issn\=0097\-3165}} So this situation is easier for Breaker than the general case, but harder than the case of disjoint winning\-sets.
|
[
"A winning condition for Breaker\n-------------------------------",
"[Paul Erdős](/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s \"Paul Erdős\") and [John Selfridge](/wiki/John_Selfridge \"John Selfridge\") presented a general condition that guarantees Breaker a winning strategy.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Erdős\\|first1\\=P.\\|last2\\=Selfridge\\|first2\\=J. L.\\|author2\\-link\\=John Selfridge\\|year\\=1973\\|title\\=On a combinatorial game\\|url\\=https://www.renyi.hu/\\~p\\_erdos/1973\\-10\\.pdf\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]]\\|series\\=Series A\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=298–301\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0097\\-3165(73\\)90005\\-8\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|mr\\=0327313\\|author1\\-link\\=Paul Erdős}} They used a potential\\-based strategy. They defined the potential of any (non\\-broken) winning\\-set E with \\|E\\| unoccupied vertices as 2^{\\-\\|E\\|}. So the potential of a set occupied by Maker is indeed 2^{\\-0}\\=1. Whenever Maker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it increases to 2^{\\-(\\|E\\|\\-1\\)}, i.e., increases by 2^{\\-\\|E\\|}; whenever Breaker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it drops to 0, i.e., decreases by 2^{\\-\\|E\\|}. To every element, we assign a *value* which equals the total potential\\-increase in case Maker takes it, i.e., w(v) :\\= \\\\sum\\_{v\\\\in E} 2^{\\-\\|E\\|}. The winning strategy of Breaker is *pick an element with a highest value*. This guarantees that, from the first turn of Breaker onwards, the potential always weakly decreases. Hence, if the potential at the first Breaker turn is less than 1, Breaker wins. In Maker's first turn, he can, at most, double the potential (by taking an element contained in all winning\\-sets). Therefore, it is sufficient that, at the game start, the potential is less than 1/2\\. To summarize, the Erdős\\-Selfridge theorem says that:",
"*If \\\\sum\\_{E\\\\in \\\\mathcal{F}} 2^{\\-\\|E\\|} \\< 1/2, then \\\\mathcal{F} is Breaker's win*.",
"The theorem gives a very easy\\-to\\-check condition, and when this condition is satisfied, it also gives an efficient algorithm for computing Breaker's optimal strategy.",
"The potential function has a probabilistic interpretation. The potential of a winning\\-set is the probability that, if the game is played randomly from now on, Maker will own that set. The potential\\-sum is thus the expected number of winning\\-sets owned by Maker if the game is played randomly. Whenever the potential\\-sum is less than 1, there must be a way to play the game such that the number of sets owned by Maker is 0\\. By ensuring that the potential\\-sum remains below 1, Breaker essentially de\\-randomizes this probabilistic claim until at the end of the game, it becomes a certainty.",
"Note that if Breaker plays first, the condition changes to *\\\\sum\\_{E\\\\in \\\\mathcal{F}} 2^{\\-\\|E\\|} \\< 1*.",
"In particular, if the winning\\-sets are all of size *k* (i.e., the game\\-hypergraph is *k*\\-uniform), then the Erdős\\-Selfridge theorem implies that Breaker wins whenever \\|\\\\mathcal{F}\\| \\< 2^{k\\-1}, i.e., the number of winning\\-sets is less than 2^{k\\-1}.",
"The number 2^{k\\-1} is tight: there are k\\-uniform hypergraphs where the number of winning sets is exactly 2^{k\\-1}, and where Maker has a winning strategy. For example, consider a [perfect binary tree](/wiki/Perfect_binary_tree \"Perfect binary tree\") of height k\\-1. It has 2^{k\\-1} leaves. Define V as the set of tree nodes, and H as the family of all 2^{k\\-1} paths from the root to a leaf. Maker starts by picking the root. Then, if Breaker picks an element in the left subtree, Maker picks the root of the right subtree, and vice versa. By continuing this way, Maker can always pick a full path, i.e., a winning\\-set.",
"### Disjoint and almost\\-disjoint hypergraphs",
"If all winning\\-sets are pairwise\\-disjoint and their size is at least 2, then Breaker can win using a pairing strategy.",
"Suppose now that the winning\\-sets are *almost* disjoint, i.e., any two winning\\-sets have at most one element in common. If all winning\\-sets are of size k, and the number of winning sets is less than 4^{k \\- c\\\\sqrt{k}}(for some fixed constant c), then Breaker has a winning strategy.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Beck\\|first\\=József\\|author\\-link\\=József Beck\\|date\\=1981\\|title\\=On positional games\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Combinatorial Theory]] \\| series\\=Series A\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=117–133\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0097\\-3165(81\\)90001\\-7\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|issn\\=0097\\-3165}} So this situation is easier for Breaker than the general case, but harder than the case of disjoint winning\\-sets.",
""
] |
Partial making
--------------
Suppose that, in order to win, Maker does not need to occupy an entire winning\-set \- he only needs to own a part of such a set. When can Breaker win in this case?
### Constant partial making
*m* elements in one set (where Breaker does not own any element). If the size of each winning\-set is at least *m,* and the number of sets is less than 2^{m\-1}, then Breaker still has a winning strategy. The strategy uses a potential function: the potential of a "broken" set is 0, and the potential of a non\-broken set E is 2^{\-r(E)}, where r(E) is the number of elements Maker has to take in order to win it. So the initial potential of every winning\-set is 2^{\-m}, and the potential of a set occupied by Maker is 1\. From here the proof is the same as the Erdos\-Selfridge theorem.{{Rp\|Lemma 1}}
### Fractional making
Suppose that, in order to win, Maker needs to own only a fraction *t* of the elements in one winning\-set, where 1/2 \< t \\leq 1. So Breaker needs to own a fraction larger than (1\-*t*) of the points in every set. Define the constant: c\_t :\= (2t)^t \\cdot (2\-2t)^{1\-t} \= 2 \\cdot t^t \\cdot (1\-t)^{1\-t}(in the standard variant, t\=1, c\_t\\to 2).
* *If \\sum\_{E\\in \\mathcal{F}} {c\_t}^{\-\|E\|} \< 1, then Breaker has a winning strategy* *when* *playing first*.{{Rp\|Lemma 3}}
* *If \\sum\_{E\\in \\mathcal{F}} {c\_t}^{\-\|E\|} \< {1\\over 2\-2t}, then Breaker has a winning strategy* when *playing second*.{{Cite journal\|last\=Xiaoyun\|first\=Lu\|date\=1991\-11\-29\|title\=A matching game\|journal\=\[\[Discrete Mathematics (journal)\|Discrete Mathematics]]\|language\=en\|volume\=94\|issue\=3\|pages\=199–207\|doi\=10\.1016/0012\-365X(91\)90025\-W\|issn\=0012\-365X\|doi\-access\=free}}
In particular, if all sets are of size *k* and their number is less than *{c\_t}^{k}*, then Breaker (playing first) has a winning strategy.
The strategy uses a potential function. The potential of a winning\-set is defined as (2 t)^{\-r} (2\-2t)^{\-s}, where *r* is the number of elements Maker needs to take in order to occupy the set, and *s* is the number of elements Breaker needs to take in order to break it. If Maker occupies a set, then its potential will at some point be at least 1\. Therefore, Breaker wins if he manages to keep the potential\-sum below 1\. Breaker's strategy is to take the element with the highest value, defined as the sum of potentials of winning\-sets containing that element.
Whenever Maker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it is multiplied by 2*t*, so it increases by (2*t*\-1\) times the current potential. Whenever Breaker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it is multiplied by (2\-2*t*), so it increases by (1\-2*t*) times the current potential. Whenever Breaker and Maker both touch the same set, its potential is multiplied by 2*t*(2\-2*t*), so it increases by \-(2*t*\-1\)2 times the current potential. Since Breaker's element has a highest value, the potential\-sum always decreases. Therefore, if the initial potential\-sum is less than 1, Breaker wins.
|
[
"Partial making\n--------------",
"Suppose that, in order to win, Maker does not need to occupy an entire winning\\-set \\- he only needs to own a part of such a set. When can Breaker win in this case?",
"### Constant partial making",
"*m* elements in one set (where Breaker does not own any element). If the size of each winning\\-set is at least *m,* and the number of sets is less than 2^{m\\-1}, then Breaker still has a winning strategy. The strategy uses a potential function: the potential of a \"broken\" set is 0, and the potential of a non\\-broken set E is 2^{\\-r(E)}, where r(E) is the number of elements Maker has to take in order to win it. So the initial potential of every winning\\-set is 2^{\\-m}, and the potential of a set occupied by Maker is 1\\. From here the proof is the same as the Erdos\\-Selfridge theorem.{{Rp\\|Lemma 1}}",
"### Fractional making",
"Suppose that, in order to win, Maker needs to own only a fraction *t* of the elements in one winning\\-set, where 1/2 \\< t \\\\leq 1. So Breaker needs to own a fraction larger than (1\\-*t*) of the points in every set. Define the constant: c\\_t :\\= (2t)^t \\\\cdot (2\\-2t)^{1\\-t} \\= 2 \\\\cdot t^t \\\\cdot (1\\-t)^{1\\-t}(in the standard variant, t\\=1, c\\_t\\\\to 2).",
"* *If \\\\sum\\_{E\\\\in \\\\mathcal{F}} {c\\_t}^{\\-\\|E\\|} \\< 1, then Breaker has a winning strategy* *when* *playing first*.{{Rp\\|Lemma 3}}\n* *If \\\\sum\\_{E\\\\in \\\\mathcal{F}} {c\\_t}^{\\-\\|E\\|} \\< {1\\\\over 2\\-2t}, then Breaker has a winning strategy* when *playing second*.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Xiaoyun\\|first\\=Lu\\|date\\=1991\\-11\\-29\\|title\\=A matching game\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Discrete Mathematics (journal)\\|Discrete Mathematics]]\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=94\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=199–207\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0012\\-365X(91\\)90025\\-W\\|issn\\=0012\\-365X\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"In particular, if all sets are of size *k* and their number is less than *{c\\_t}^{k}*, then Breaker (playing first) has a winning strategy.",
"The strategy uses a potential function. The potential of a winning\\-set is defined as (2 t)^{\\-r} (2\\-2t)^{\\-s}, where *r* is the number of elements Maker needs to take in order to occupy the set, and *s* is the number of elements Breaker needs to take in order to break it. If Maker occupies a set, then its potential will at some point be at least 1\\. Therefore, Breaker wins if he manages to keep the potential\\-sum below 1\\. Breaker's strategy is to take the element with the highest value, defined as the sum of potentials of winning\\-sets containing that element.",
"Whenever Maker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it is multiplied by 2*t*, so it increases by (2*t*\\-1\\) times the current potential. Whenever Breaker takes an element, the potential of every set containing it is multiplied by (2\\-2*t*), so it increases by (1\\-2*t*) times the current potential. Whenever Breaker and Maker both touch the same set, its potential is multiplied by 2*t*(2\\-2*t*), so it increases by \\-(2*t*\\-1\\)2 times the current potential. Since Breaker's element has a highest value, the potential\\-sum always decreases. Therefore, if the initial potential\\-sum is less than 1, Breaker wins.",
""
] |
DNA analysis
------------
The DNA sample obtained from van den Hurk's remains was the prosecution's main piece of evidence in the 2015 trial. However, it was also used by the defence as evidence against the [manslaughter](/wiki/Manslaughter "Manslaughter") charges due to uncertainty surrounding the number of DNA profiles present in the samples.
### Collection of DNA samples
In 1995, van den Hurk's body was outside for nearly 7 weeks before being found. Three DNA samples were collected from her remains; two on the genital area and one on her underwear. These DNA samples were considered to be at high risk of contamination due to decomposition caused by exposure to bacteria and natural elements, and primitive DNA collection techniques of the time.
### Analysis by experts
Several DNA analysis experts from different forensic institutes were asked to research the complex mixed DNA samples for the 2014 trial, namely:
* R. Eikelenboom (Independent Forensic Services),
* J. Klaver\-Koopman and T.J.P. de Blaeij ([Netherlands Forensic Institute](/wiki/Netherlands_Forensic_Institute "Netherlands Forensic Institute")),
* J.S. Buckleton ([Institute of Environmental Science and Research](/wiki/Institute_of_Environmental_Science_and_Research "Institute of Environmental Science and Research") in New Zealand), and
* M.W. Perlin (chief scientific officer of U.S. company Cybergenetics)
These experts presented their conclusions during the trial and were examined about their findings.
The experts utilised various computer programs which analyse DNA profiles using statistical methods in a process called [probabilistic genotyping](/wiki/Probabilistic_genotyping "Probabilistic genotyping"). These programs included:
* [TrueAllele](/wiki/TrueAllele "TrueAllele"), developed by Cybergenetics,
* LRmix Studio and MixCal, developed by the Netherlands Forensic Institute, and
* STRmix, developed by J.S. Buckleton and colleagues at the Institute of Environmental Science and Research.
### Test results
The three DNA samples were analysed by the experts, but the results were inconclusive as the samples contained a complex mix of DNA profiles. The samples contained two clear distinctive DNA profiles from two males—believed by experts to be matches to de G. and van den Hurk's then\-boyfriend— and some peaks that did not conclusively match either.
The [issues with the DNA analysis](/wiki/DNA_profiling%23Issues_with_forensic_DNA_samples "DNA profiling#Issues with forensic DNA samples") led to speculation about another suspect that could exonerate de G. The DNA experts deliberated for years before coming to a conclusion, during which time wild speculations were made by the media, the defence team and the prosecution. The explanation from the experts about the inconclusive test results was misinterpreted by many as evidence for a "third DNA profile"; Nicole's stepfather and stepbrother were accused of being involved.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2024}}
### Trial conclusion and appeal
The DNA analysis concluded that the DNA samples contained two distinct DNA profiles and a set of peaks which were inconclusive. The court came to the conclusion that, beyond a reasonable doubt, the two distinctive profiles were from Jos de G. and van den Hurk's then\-boyfriend. Two possible explanations for the presence of the peaks were presented:
1. Contamination and DNA degradation, or
2. One or more contributors to the samples other than de G., van den Hurk, or her boyfriend.
The uncertainty about the peaks would take years to be resolved, and would eventually be the basis for the prosecution's appeal.
During the appeal, the [Dutch Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands "Supreme Court of the Netherlands") concluded that the second explanation was highly unlikely based on the evidence from the tactical investigations and forensic research of the case. Therefore, the possibility of other contributors to the DNA samples was eventually rejected by the Supreme Court on 21 April 2020\.
|
[
"DNA analysis\n------------",
"The DNA sample obtained from van den Hurk's remains was the prosecution's main piece of evidence in the 2015 trial. However, it was also used by the defence as evidence against the [manslaughter](/wiki/Manslaughter \"Manslaughter\") charges due to uncertainty surrounding the number of DNA profiles present in the samples.",
"### Collection of DNA samples",
"In 1995, van den Hurk's body was outside for nearly 7 weeks before being found. Three DNA samples were collected from her remains; two on the genital area and one on her underwear. These DNA samples were considered to be at high risk of contamination due to decomposition caused by exposure to bacteria and natural elements, and primitive DNA collection techniques of the time.",
"### Analysis by experts",
"Several DNA analysis experts from different forensic institutes were asked to research the complex mixed DNA samples for the 2014 trial, namely:",
"* R. Eikelenboom (Independent Forensic Services),\n* J. Klaver\\-Koopman and T.J.P. de Blaeij ([Netherlands Forensic Institute](/wiki/Netherlands_Forensic_Institute \"Netherlands Forensic Institute\")),\n* J.S. Buckleton ([Institute of Environmental Science and Research](/wiki/Institute_of_Environmental_Science_and_Research \"Institute of Environmental Science and Research\") in New Zealand), and\n* M.W. Perlin (chief scientific officer of U.S. company Cybergenetics)",
"These experts presented their conclusions during the trial and were examined about their findings.",
"The experts utilised various computer programs which analyse DNA profiles using statistical methods in a process called [probabilistic genotyping](/wiki/Probabilistic_genotyping \"Probabilistic genotyping\"). These programs included:",
"* [TrueAllele](/wiki/TrueAllele \"TrueAllele\"), developed by Cybergenetics,\n* LRmix Studio and MixCal, developed by the Netherlands Forensic Institute, and\n* STRmix, developed by J.S. Buckleton and colleagues at the Institute of Environmental Science and Research.",
"### Test results",
"The three DNA samples were analysed by the experts, but the results were inconclusive as the samples contained a complex mix of DNA profiles. The samples contained two clear distinctive DNA profiles from two males—believed by experts to be matches to de G. and van den Hurk's then\\-boyfriend— and some peaks that did not conclusively match either.",
"The [issues with the DNA analysis](/wiki/DNA_profiling%23Issues_with_forensic_DNA_samples \"DNA profiling#Issues with forensic DNA samples\") led to speculation about another suspect that could exonerate de G. The DNA experts deliberated for years before coming to a conclusion, during which time wild speculations were made by the media, the defence team and the prosecution. The explanation from the experts about the inconclusive test results was misinterpreted by many as evidence for a \"third DNA profile\"; Nicole's stepfather and stepbrother were accused of being involved.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2024}}",
"### Trial conclusion and appeal",
"The DNA analysis concluded that the DNA samples contained two distinct DNA profiles and a set of peaks which were inconclusive. The court came to the conclusion that, beyond a reasonable doubt, the two distinctive profiles were from Jos de G. and van den Hurk's then\\-boyfriend. Two possible explanations for the presence of the peaks were presented:",
"1. Contamination and DNA degradation, or\n2. One or more contributors to the samples other than de G., van den Hurk, or her boyfriend.",
"The uncertainty about the peaks would take years to be resolved, and would eventually be the basis for the prosecution's appeal.",
"During the appeal, the [Dutch Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands \"Supreme Court of the Netherlands\") concluded that the second explanation was highly unlikely based on the evidence from the tactical investigations and forensic research of the case. Therefore, the possibility of other contributors to the DNA samples was eventually rejected by the Supreme Court on 21 April 2020\\.",
""
] |
Government and the Indian tea industry
--------------------------------------
The Indian tea industry as a mass employer has enjoyed the attention of the Indian government. When export sales went down, the government was sympathetic to the demand of the industry and its cultivators. It has passed resolutions supporting the industry domestically and has also lobbied extensively with organizations like the [WTO](/wiki/WTO "WTO") internationally.
The Indian administration along with the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") and six other countries ([Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico")) filed a complaint with the WTO against the [Byrd Amendment](/wiki/Byrd_Amendment "Byrd Amendment"), which was formally known as the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 legislated by the US. The essence of this act was that non\-US firms that sell below cost price in the US could be fined and the money is given to the US companies who made the complaint in the first place. The act adversely affected the commodities business of the complainant states and has since been repealed after WTO ruled the act to be illegal.
Furthermore, the Indian government took cognizance of the changed tea and coffee market and set up an Inter\-Ministerial Committee (IMC) to look into their problems in late 2003\. The IMC has recommended that the government share the financial burden of the plantation industry on account of welfare measures envisaged for plantation workers mandated under the Plantation Labor Act 1951\. Moreover, IMC has recommended to introducing means so that the agricultural [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax "Income tax") levied by the state governments can be slashed and the tea industry be made competitive. It has recommended that sick or bankrupt plantation estates should be provided with an analogous level of relaxation for similarly placed enterprises/estates as are available to industries referred to [BIFR](/wiki/BIFR "BIFR").
A Special Tea Term Loan (STTL) for the tea sector was announced by the Indian government in 2004\. It envisaged restructuring of irregular portions of the outstanding term/[working capital](/wiki/Working_capital "Working capital") loans in the tea sector with repayment over five to seven years and a moratorium of one year, which was to be on a case to case basis for large growers. The STTL also provides for working capital up to Rs. 2 lakhs at a rate not exceeding 9% to small growers.
In addition to these measures, the Tea Board plans to launch a new marketing initiative, which will include a foray into new markets such as [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"). It also plans to renew its efforts in traditional markets like Russia, the UK, [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") and [UAE](/wiki/UAE "UAE"). Noteworthy is its intent to double tea exports to Pakistan within a year.
[Assam](/wiki/Assam "Assam") Orthodox Tea is set to receive the [Geographical Indications](/wiki/Geographical_Indications "Geographical Indications") (GI) exclusivity. A GI stamp identifies a certain product as emanating from the territory of a WTO member or region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin.
[Darjeeling Tea](/wiki/Darjeeling_Tea "Darjeeling Tea") also has its [Geographical Indication](/wiki/Geographical_Indication "Geographical Indication") (GI) registered in India in 2004 in India, in the European Union in 2007, and in other countries as well. The Darjeeling logo was registered in 1999 by the Tea Board of India in India.{{cite news \| title \= Protection of Darjeeling Tea as a Geographical Indication \| url \= http://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/policy/geographical\_indication\_for\_darjeeling\_tea.doc \| access\-date \= 9 February 2021 }}
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs set up the Special Purpose Tea Fund (SPTF) under the Tea Board on December 29, 2006\. The aim is to fund the replantation and rejuvenation (R\&R) programm. In the same year, [Tata Tea](/wiki/Tata_Tea "Tata Tea") agreed to take over Jemca, which controls a 26 percent market share in the Czech Republic.
The CCEA gave its approval for pegging the [subsidy](/wiki/Subsidy "Subsidy") at 25 percent and adopting a funding pattern of 25 percent promoter's contribution, 25 percent subsidy from the government and 50 percent loan from the SPTF. Banks have also been instructed to increase the lending period to over 13 years.
Beginning in 2013, the [Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_%28India%29 "Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)") has been actively promoting the sale of tea in the country's top five export markets for that product: Egypt, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the United States.{{cite news \| title \= India to promote tea aggressively \| newspaper \= The Hindu \| date \= August 5, 2013 \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/india\-to\-promote\-tea\-aggressively/article4992418\.ece \| access\-date \= 5 August 2013 }}
|
[
"Government and the Indian tea industry\n--------------------------------------",
"The Indian tea industry as a mass employer has enjoyed the attention of the Indian government. When export sales went down, the government was sympathetic to the demand of the industry and its cultivators. It has passed resolutions supporting the industry domestically and has also lobbied extensively with organizations like the [WTO](/wiki/WTO \"WTO\") internationally.",
"The Indian administration along with the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") and six other countries ([Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\")) filed a complaint with the WTO against the [Byrd Amendment](/wiki/Byrd_Amendment \"Byrd Amendment\"), which was formally known as the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 legislated by the US. The essence of this act was that non\\-US firms that sell below cost price in the US could be fined and the money is given to the US companies who made the complaint in the first place. The act adversely affected the commodities business of the complainant states and has since been repealed after WTO ruled the act to be illegal.",
"Furthermore, the Indian government took cognizance of the changed tea and coffee market and set up an Inter\\-Ministerial Committee (IMC) to look into their problems in late 2003\\. The IMC has recommended that the government share the financial burden of the plantation industry on account of welfare measures envisaged for plantation workers mandated under the Plantation Labor Act 1951\\. Moreover, IMC has recommended to introducing means so that the agricultural [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax \"Income tax\") levied by the state governments can be slashed and the tea industry be made competitive. It has recommended that sick or bankrupt plantation estates should be provided with an analogous level of relaxation for similarly placed enterprises/estates as are available to industries referred to [BIFR](/wiki/BIFR \"BIFR\").",
"A Special Tea Term Loan (STTL) for the tea sector was announced by the Indian government in 2004\\. It envisaged restructuring of irregular portions of the outstanding term/[working capital](/wiki/Working_capital \"Working capital\") loans in the tea sector with repayment over five to seven years and a moratorium of one year, which was to be on a case to case basis for large growers. The STTL also provides for working capital up to Rs. 2 lakhs at a rate not exceeding 9% to small growers.",
"In addition to these measures, the Tea Board plans to launch a new marketing initiative, which will include a foray into new markets such as [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\"). It also plans to renew its efforts in traditional markets like Russia, the UK, [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") and [UAE](/wiki/UAE \"UAE\"). Noteworthy is its intent to double tea exports to Pakistan within a year.",
"[Assam](/wiki/Assam \"Assam\") Orthodox Tea is set to receive the [Geographical Indications](/wiki/Geographical_Indications \"Geographical Indications\") (GI) exclusivity. A GI stamp identifies a certain product as emanating from the territory of a WTO member or region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin.",
"[Darjeeling Tea](/wiki/Darjeeling_Tea \"Darjeeling Tea\") also has its [Geographical Indication](/wiki/Geographical_Indication \"Geographical Indication\") (GI) registered in India in 2004 in India, in the European Union in 2007, and in other countries as well. The Darjeeling logo was registered in 1999 by the Tea Board of India in India.{{cite news \\| title \\= Protection of Darjeeling Tea as a Geographical Indication \\| url \\= http://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/policy/geographical\\_indication\\_for\\_darjeeling\\_tea.doc \\| access\\-date \\= 9 February 2021 }}",
"The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs set up the Special Purpose Tea Fund (SPTF) under the Tea Board on December 29, 2006\\. The aim is to fund the replantation and rejuvenation (R\\&R) programm. In the same year, [Tata Tea](/wiki/Tata_Tea \"Tata Tea\") agreed to take over Jemca, which controls a 26 percent market share in the Czech Republic.",
"The CCEA gave its approval for pegging the [subsidy](/wiki/Subsidy \"Subsidy\") at 25 percent and adopting a funding pattern of 25 percent promoter's contribution, 25 percent subsidy from the government and 50 percent loan from the SPTF. Banks have also been instructed to increase the lending period to over 13 years.",
"Beginning in 2013, the [Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_%28India%29 \"Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\") has been actively promoting the sale of tea in the country's top five export markets for that product: Egypt, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the United States.{{cite news \\| title \\= India to promote tea aggressively \\| newspaper \\= The Hindu \\| date \\= August 5, 2013 \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/india\\-to\\-promote\\-tea\\-aggressively/article4992418\\.ece \\| access\\-date \\= 5 August 2013 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
Andrew Himmler and Chris Moinichen formed The Delta Bombers in 2008 after meeting on Myspace following Andrew's post about starting a rockabilly band in Las Vegas. They filled in the original line\-up with Nicholas Lopez on drums and Oscar Chong on stand up bass.
The Delta Bombers recorded their first album "Howlin’" at [Wild Records](/wiki/Wild_Records "Wild Records") USA in Nov 2008, and it was released March 2009\.
They started playing shows in Los Angeles and Las Vegas and were noticed by European promoters who began booking them European shows. Their first European show was Rockin’ At The Drive\-In Barn No. 6 in Oosteeklo, Belgium on August 20, 2011\.
Their follow\-up album "Wolf" was recorded in 2011 at Wild Records USA and released in 2012\. Wolf gained attention from the global rockabilly community as the group embarked on their first extended headlining tour in Europe, which included the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.
Further lineup changes occurred in 2012 when Gregorio Garcia joined on upright bass and Jesse Alonzo joined on drums.
The Delta Bombers’ third album, the self\-titled release *The Delta Bombers*, was recorded in 2014 and received accolades including a 5 star review from Germany's Dynamite Magazine.
In 2015, having previously had little traction in the US aside from southern California and their home base of Las Vegas, The Delta Bombers were invited to open for former The [Descendents](/wiki/Descendents "Descendents") member [Doug Carrion](/wiki/Doug_Carrion "Doug Carrion")’s band The Black Listed on a nationwide tour. A line\-up change found drummer Kirk Highberger replacing Jesse Alonzo.
Their fourth studio album *Pressure and Time* was released in Jan 2018 on Wild Records, and crossed over into the roots music/ Americana scenes.{{cite web\|url\=https://lasvegasweekly.com/ae/music/2018/jan/11/local\-music\-notes\-the\-delta\-bombers\-the\-dirty\-hook/\|title\=Local music notes: The Delta Bombers, The Dirty Hooks and We Gave It Hell – Las Vegas Weekly\|website\=lasvegasweekly.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bluesmagazine.nl/recensie\-the\-delta\-bombers\-pressure\-and\-time/\|title\=Recensie: The Delta Bombers – Pressure And Time\|date\=April 5, 2018}}
Drummer Micah Malcolm joined in 2018, and was replaced in Jan 2020 with drummer PJ Franco.{{cn\|date\=October 2020}}
Frontman Chris Moinichen departed in March 2024, and was replaced on vocals by Pip Hancox of the [Guana Batz](/wiki/Guana_Batz "Guana Batz").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Andrew Himmler and Chris Moinichen formed The Delta Bombers in 2008 after meeting on Myspace following Andrew's post about starting a rockabilly band in Las Vegas. They filled in the original line\\-up with Nicholas Lopez on drums and Oscar Chong on stand up bass.",
"The Delta Bombers recorded their first album \"Howlin’\" at [Wild Records](/wiki/Wild_Records \"Wild Records\") USA in Nov 2008, and it was released March 2009\\.",
"They started playing shows in Los Angeles and Las Vegas and were noticed by European promoters who began booking them European shows. Their first European show was Rockin’ At The Drive\\-In Barn No. 6 in Oosteeklo, Belgium on August 20, 2011\\.",
"Their follow\\-up album \"Wolf\" was recorded in 2011 at Wild Records USA and released in 2012\\. Wolf gained attention from the global rockabilly community as the group embarked on their first extended headlining tour in Europe, which included the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.",
"Further lineup changes occurred in 2012 when Gregorio Garcia joined on upright bass and Jesse Alonzo joined on drums.",
"The Delta Bombers’ third album, the self\\-titled release *The Delta Bombers*, was recorded in 2014 and received accolades including a 5 star review from Germany's Dynamite Magazine.",
"In 2015, having previously had little traction in the US aside from southern California and their home base of Las Vegas, The Delta Bombers were invited to open for former The [Descendents](/wiki/Descendents \"Descendents\") member [Doug Carrion](/wiki/Doug_Carrion \"Doug Carrion\")’s band The Black Listed on a nationwide tour. A line\\-up change found drummer Kirk Highberger replacing Jesse Alonzo.",
"Their fourth studio album *Pressure and Time* was released in Jan 2018 on Wild Records, and crossed over into the roots music/ Americana scenes.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://lasvegasweekly.com/ae/music/2018/jan/11/local\\-music\\-notes\\-the\\-delta\\-bombers\\-the\\-dirty\\-hook/\\|title\\=Local music notes: The Delta Bombers, The Dirty Hooks and We Gave It Hell – Las Vegas Weekly\\|website\\=lasvegasweekly.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bluesmagazine.nl/recensie\\-the\\-delta\\-bombers\\-pressure\\-and\\-time/\\|title\\=Recensie: The Delta Bombers – Pressure And Time\\|date\\=April 5, 2018}}",
"Drummer Micah Malcolm joined in 2018, and was replaced in Jan 2020 with drummer PJ Franco.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2020}}",
"Frontman Chris Moinichen departed in March 2024, and was replaced on vocals by Pip Hancox of the [Guana Batz](/wiki/Guana_Batz \"Guana Batz\").",
"",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The party had its roots in the **Democratic Union of Cape Verde** (*União Democrática de Cabo Verde*, UDCV), a group that emerged from the Juridicial Congress of Cape Verde on 23 February 1975\.Richard A Lobban Jr \& Paul Khalil Saucier (2007\) *Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cape Verde*, Scarecrow Press, p228 However, the UDCV was excluded from negotiations on independence with the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") government.
The Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union was formally established in [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon"), Portugal in 1981 by a group of centre\-right Cape Verdean exiles.Lobban \& Saucier, p229 When multi\-party politics was introduced at the start of the 1990s, the party did not contest the [1991 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_1991 "Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 1991") after failing to file its application papers in time.Lobban \& Saucier, p230 In internal elections in 1993, [Celso Celestino](/wiki/Celso_Celestino "Celso Celestino") was elected as the party's new leader.
In the [1995 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_1995 "Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 1995"), the party received just 2,369 votes (1\.5%), failing to win a seat. It supported incumbent President [António Mascarenhas Monteiro](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mascarenhas_Monteiro "António Mascarenhas Monteiro") of the [Movement for Democracy](/wiki/Movement_for_Democracy_%28Cape_Verde%29 "Movement for Democracy (Cape Verde)") in the [1996 presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_1996 "Cape Verdean presidential election, 1996"), with Monteiro winning unopposed.
In the buildup to the [January 2001 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2001 "Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2001"), the party joined the [Democratic Alliance for Change](/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_Change "Democratic Alliance for Change") (ADM), a coalition including the [Democratic Convergence Party](/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_Party_%28Cape_Verde%29 "Democratic Convergence Party (Cape Verde)") and the [Labour and Solidarity Party](/wiki/Labour_and_Solidarity_Party "Labour and Solidarity Party"). The alliance received 6% of the vote, winning two seats in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Cape_Verde%29 "National Assembly (Cape Verde)"). In the [presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_2001 "Cape Verdean presidential election, 2001") a month later, ADM candidate [Jorge Carlos Fonseca](/wiki/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca "Jorge Carlos Fonseca") finished third of the four candidates with 3% of the vote.
The UCID contested the [2006 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2006 "Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2006") alone, winning two seats with 2\.6% of the vote. It did not nominate a candidate for the [presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_2006 "Cape Verdean presidential election, 2006") later in the year. It retained both seats in the [2011 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2011 "Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2011"), increasing its vote share to 4\.4%. It did not nominate a candidate for the [2011 presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_2011 "Cape Verdean presidential election, 2011"). After the [2016 parliamentary election](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2016 "Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2016"), UCID has three seats, one additional.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The party had its roots in the **Democratic Union of Cape Verde** (*União Democrática de Cabo Verde*, UDCV), a group that emerged from the Juridicial Congress of Cape Verde on 23 February 1975\\.Richard A Lobban Jr \\& Paul Khalil Saucier (2007\\) *Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cape Verde*, Scarecrow Press, p228 However, the UDCV was excluded from negotiations on independence with the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\") government.",
"The Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union was formally established in [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\"), Portugal in 1981 by a group of centre\\-right Cape Verdean exiles.Lobban \\& Saucier, p229 When multi\\-party politics was introduced at the start of the 1990s, the party did not contest the [1991 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_1991 \"Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 1991\") after failing to file its application papers in time.Lobban \\& Saucier, p230 In internal elections in 1993, [Celso Celestino](/wiki/Celso_Celestino \"Celso Celestino\") was elected as the party's new leader.",
"In the [1995 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_1995 \"Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 1995\"), the party received just 2,369 votes (1\\.5%), failing to win a seat. It supported incumbent President [António Mascarenhas Monteiro](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mascarenhas_Monteiro \"António Mascarenhas Monteiro\") of the [Movement for Democracy](/wiki/Movement_for_Democracy_%28Cape_Verde%29 \"Movement for Democracy (Cape Verde)\") in the [1996 presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_1996 \"Cape Verdean presidential election, 1996\"), with Monteiro winning unopposed.",
"In the buildup to the [January 2001 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2001 \"Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2001\"), the party joined the [Democratic Alliance for Change](/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_Change \"Democratic Alliance for Change\") (ADM), a coalition including the [Democratic Convergence Party](/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_Party_%28Cape_Verde%29 \"Democratic Convergence Party (Cape Verde)\") and the [Labour and Solidarity Party](/wiki/Labour_and_Solidarity_Party \"Labour and Solidarity Party\"). The alliance received 6% of the vote, winning two seats in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Cape_Verde%29 \"National Assembly (Cape Verde)\"). In the [presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_2001 \"Cape Verdean presidential election, 2001\") a month later, ADM candidate [Jorge Carlos Fonseca](/wiki/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca \"Jorge Carlos Fonseca\") finished third of the four candidates with 3% of the vote.",
"The UCID contested the [2006 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2006 \"Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2006\") alone, winning two seats with 2\\.6% of the vote. It did not nominate a candidate for the [presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_2006 \"Cape Verdean presidential election, 2006\") later in the year. It retained both seats in the [2011 parliamentary elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2011 \"Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2011\"), increasing its vote share to 4\\.4%. It did not nominate a candidate for the [2011 presidential elections](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_presidential_election%2C_2011 \"Cape Verdean presidential election, 2011\"). After the [2016 parliamentary election](/wiki/Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election%2C_2016 \"Cape Verdean parliamentary election, 2016\"), UCID has three seats, one additional.",
""
] |
History
-------
### History as WFMX
105\.7 FM, originally **WFMX**, was a well known and popular [country](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") station licensed to [Statesville, North Carolina](/wiki/Statesville%2C_North_Carolina "Statesville, North Carolina"). WFMX was popular for its coverage of [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR"), dubbing itself as *"The Racin' Station"*. The station started service on May 3, 1947 as **WSIC\-FM**. It, along with its sister station **WSIC**, was the first AM and FM radio station simulcast combo to sign on simultaneously in the nation.
The station is also credited as the first FM radio station in the United States to program the country music format.
While the call letters have no specific meaning, they were purchased by then owner **Statesville Broadcasting Company** from the [American Broadcasting Company](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") in New York in 1958\.
Starting in the late 1980s, WFMX broadcast from a tower in [Rowan County](/wiki/Rowan_County%2C_North_Carolina "Rowan County, North Carolina") and its 100,000\-watt signal covered the Charlotte, Greensboro\-High Point\-Winston\-Salem, and Raleigh\-Durham markets. As a result, the station would see their ratings show up in the Arbitrons in each of the three markets, yet they remained true to the roots of serving the Piedmont of North Carolina. The station's signal could, also, be heard in portions of South Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2008}}
After [Hurricane Hugo](/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo "Hurricane Hugo"), WFMX broadcast from its transmitter site, since the studios had no power, using a [panel truck](/wiki/Panel_truck "Panel truck"). Information about affected areas was relayed to WFMX through [ham radio](/wiki/Amateur_radio "Amateur radio").{{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20001110090900/http://www.theproductionroom.net/radiodaze.htm \|title\=Radio Daze \|archive\-date\=Nov 10, 2000 \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-07 }}
WFMX was owned by Texas\-based Mercury Broadcasting Inc. and operated in a J.S.A. (Joint Sales Agreement) with [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications"). With the move to Greensboro/Winston\-Salem, Clear Channel purchased the facility.
On July 19, 2006, WFMX signed off from its Statesville location after nearly 50 years, and prepared for a move to a community of license of [Clemmons, North Carolina](/wiki/Clemmons%2C_North_Carolina "Clemmons, North Carolina"). This move was extremely controversial for several reasons. WFMX was a staple of the Statesville community and was considered to be one of the most popular radio stations in the Charlotte market. The town switch would move the station from the Charlotte market to the Greensboro\-High Point\-Winston\-Salem market. Many listeners were also under the impression that after the station moved to Clemmons that it would remain a country station and keep many of the same programs and DJs.
### History as WMKS
**105\.7 KISS\-FM**
When the station returned to the air on July 24, 2006 to the Greensboro\-Winston\-Salem\-High Point market, after several days of [stunting](/wiki/Stunting_%28broadcasting%29 "Stunting (broadcasting)") with a loop of song clips and sound blurbs centered around the word "Kiss", WFMX flipped to an [Adult R\&B](/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary "Urban adult contemporary") format, taking on the **WMKS** calls and using the "105\.7 [KISS\-FM](/wiki/KISS-FM_%28brand%29 "KISS-FM (brand)")" moniker/slogan. It became the Piedmont Triad region's second Adult R\&B outlet as they took on the more\-established [WQMG](/wiki/WQMG "WQMG"), which is owned by [Entercom](/wiki/Entercom "Entercom"). They also were the second station in the Clear Channel family to adopt the "KISS\-FM" brand as an Adult R\&B, the other being [WKUS](/wiki/WMOV-FM "WMOV-FM") out of [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia").{{citation needed\|date\=August 2015}} Kiss FM aired [Steve Harvey](/wiki/Steve_Harvey "Steve Harvey") and [Michael Baisden](/wiki/Michael_Baisden "Michael Baisden"). The same "Kiss" stunt loop used for the format flip would later be incorporated into a longer stunt loop in December 2006 in Raleigh, when soft\-AC WRSN "Sunny 93\.9" (now country\-flavored WNCB "B93\.9") flipped to rhythmic AC as WKSL "93\.9 KISS\-FM." In February 2007, the WFMX calls would go to an AC station in Skowhegan, Maine, dubbed "Mix 107\.9\."{{cite news\|title\=Urban Move: Harvey in Mix at New Radio Station\|last\=Clodfelter\|first\=Tim\|work\=\[\[Winston\-Salem Journal]]\|date\=August 27, 2006\|page\=E1}}
**105\.7 Hit Music NOW**
On May 22, 2009, WMKS changed their format to a rhythmic\-leaning Top 40, branded as "105\.7 Hit Music Now". For the first few months of the station's launch, WMKS played more than 20,000 songs in a row, before taking a commercial break, which occurred in the following August. It became the second Top 40 station in the Triad, competing with Dick Broadcasting's longtime (and more mainstream focused) Top 40 station, [WKZL](/wiki/WKZL "WKZL"). On August 17, 2009, they became the first station outside the Triangle area to broadcast [Bob and the Showgram](/wiki/Bob_and_the_Showgram "Bob and the Showgram") during morning drive. However, in June 2010, due to poor ratings, WMKS ceased airing the Showgram and switched to "Brotha' Fred" in the mornings, which originates from [WKSC\-FM](/wiki/WKSC-FM "WKSC-FM"). It also had competition with Urban rival [WJMH](/wiki/WJMH "WJMH"), another factor in their reason to play rhythmic hits, but stay within the Top 40/CHR realm.
### History as WVBZ
**105\.7 the Buzz**
105\.7 Now moved to [100\.3](/wiki/WMKS "WMKS") FM on January 1, 2014 at 5 p.m., taking the spot of sister station WVBZ and rebranded as "100\.3 KISS FM." WMKS then became "The Buzz" and shifted its format to [Alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock "Alternative rock").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allaccess.com/net\-news/archive/story/125341/what\-s\-up\-at\-clear\-channel\-greensboro\|title\=What's Up At Clear Channel/Greensboro?\|publisher\=allaccess.com\|date\=2013\-12\-20\|access\-date\=2014\-01\-07}}{{cite web\|url\=http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/87052/greensboros\-buzz\-now\-trading\-places/\|title\=Greensboro's Buzz \& Now Trade Places And More\|last\=Venta\|first\=Lance\|publisher\=radioinsight.com\|date\=2014\-01\-01\|access\-date\=2014\-01\-07}} On January 3, 2014 the call letters switched to **WVBZ**. On February 24, 2014, WVBZ added *Woody \& Wilcox* from [WEND](/wiki/WEND "WEND") in the morning.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allaccess.com/net\-news/archive/story/126975/wvbz\-announces\-the\-woody\-wilcox\-show\-for\-mornings\|title\=WVBZ Announces The Woody \& Wilcox Show For Mornings\|publisher\=allaccess.com\|date\=2014\-02\-19\|access\-date\=2014\-02\-21}}
**The Triad's 105\.7/Man Up!**
On May 22, 2015, at 6 a.m., WVBZ changed to [mainstream rock](/wiki/Mainstream_rock "Mainstream rock"), branded as "The Triad's 105\.7", though most verbal references identify the station as "105\.7 Man Up!". The previous format caused the station to fall to 1\.6 in the [Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings"). WVBZ had the same playlist as WROO in Greenville and shared some of the same talents{{cite news\|url\=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/radio\-station\-changes\-it\-format/article\_0c8f5d14\-002f\-11e5\-9ac5\-abdc35656ef7\.html\|title\=Radio station changes it format\|last\=Howse\|first\=Jordan\|work\=\[\[Winston\-Salem Journal]]\|date\=2015\-05\-21\|access\-date\=2015\-05\-22}}{{cite web\|url\=http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/93017/iheart\-mans\-up\-in\-greensboro/\|title\=iHeart Man's Up In Greensboro\|last\=Venta\|first\=Lance\|publisher\=radioninsight.com\|date\=2015\-05\-22\|access\-date\=2015\-05\-25}} This move marks the fourth different format on the 105\.7 frequency since the move from Statesville.
**Real Rock 105\.7**
On March 1, 2021, WVBZ rebranded as "Real Rock 105\.7". The station added current rock product to its mix of rock hits from the past forty years moving to a straight up mainstream rock.[There’s A Man Down! A Real Rock Rebranding In Greensboro](https://radioinsight.com/headlines/205680/theres-a-man-down-a-real-rock-rebranding-in-greensboro/) Radioinsight \- March 2, 2021
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### History as WFMX",
"105\\.7 FM, originally **WFMX**, was a well known and popular [country](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") station licensed to [Statesville, North Carolina](/wiki/Statesville%2C_North_Carolina \"Statesville, North Carolina\"). WFMX was popular for its coverage of [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\"), dubbing itself as *\"The Racin' Station\"*. The station started service on May 3, 1947 as **WSIC\\-FM**. It, along with its sister station **WSIC**, was the first AM and FM radio station simulcast combo to sign on simultaneously in the nation.",
"The station is also credited as the first FM radio station in the United States to program the country music format.",
"While the call letters have no specific meaning, they were purchased by then owner **Statesville Broadcasting Company** from the [American Broadcasting Company](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") in New York in 1958\\.",
"Starting in the late 1980s, WFMX broadcast from a tower in [Rowan County](/wiki/Rowan_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Rowan County, North Carolina\") and its 100,000\\-watt signal covered the Charlotte, Greensboro\\-High Point\\-Winston\\-Salem, and Raleigh\\-Durham markets. As a result, the station would see their ratings show up in the Arbitrons in each of the three markets, yet they remained true to the roots of serving the Piedmont of North Carolina. The station's signal could, also, be heard in portions of South Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2008}}",
"After [Hurricane Hugo](/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo \"Hurricane Hugo\"), WFMX broadcast from its transmitter site, since the studios had no power, using a [panel truck](/wiki/Panel_truck \"Panel truck\"). Information about affected areas was relayed to WFMX through [ham radio](/wiki/Amateur_radio \"Amateur radio\").{{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20001110090900/http://www.theproductionroom.net/radiodaze.htm \\|title\\=Radio Daze \\|archive\\-date\\=Nov 10, 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-07 }}",
"WFMX was owned by Texas\\-based Mercury Broadcasting Inc. and operated in a J.S.A. (Joint Sales Agreement) with [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\"). With the move to Greensboro/Winston\\-Salem, Clear Channel purchased the facility.",
"On July 19, 2006, WFMX signed off from its Statesville location after nearly 50 years, and prepared for a move to a community of license of [Clemmons, North Carolina](/wiki/Clemmons%2C_North_Carolina \"Clemmons, North Carolina\"). This move was extremely controversial for several reasons. WFMX was a staple of the Statesville community and was considered to be one of the most popular radio stations in the Charlotte market. The town switch would move the station from the Charlotte market to the Greensboro\\-High Point\\-Winston\\-Salem market. Many listeners were also under the impression that after the station moved to Clemmons that it would remain a country station and keep many of the same programs and DJs.",
"### History as WMKS",
"**105\\.7 KISS\\-FM**",
"When the station returned to the air on July 24, 2006 to the Greensboro\\-Winston\\-Salem\\-High Point market, after several days of [stunting](/wiki/Stunting_%28broadcasting%29 \"Stunting (broadcasting)\") with a loop of song clips and sound blurbs centered around the word \"Kiss\", WFMX flipped to an [Adult R\\&B](/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary \"Urban adult contemporary\") format, taking on the **WMKS** calls and using the \"105\\.7 [KISS\\-FM](/wiki/KISS-FM_%28brand%29 \"KISS-FM (brand)\")\" moniker/slogan. It became the Piedmont Triad region's second Adult R\\&B outlet as they took on the more\\-established [WQMG](/wiki/WQMG \"WQMG\"), which is owned by [Entercom](/wiki/Entercom \"Entercom\"). They also were the second station in the Clear Channel family to adopt the \"KISS\\-FM\" brand as an Adult R\\&B, the other being [WKUS](/wiki/WMOV-FM \"WMOV-FM\") out of [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2015}} Kiss FM aired [Steve Harvey](/wiki/Steve_Harvey \"Steve Harvey\") and [Michael Baisden](/wiki/Michael_Baisden \"Michael Baisden\"). The same \"Kiss\" stunt loop used for the format flip would later be incorporated into a longer stunt loop in December 2006 in Raleigh, when soft\\-AC WRSN \"Sunny 93\\.9\" (now country\\-flavored WNCB \"B93\\.9\") flipped to rhythmic AC as WKSL \"93\\.9 KISS\\-FM.\" In February 2007, the WFMX calls would go to an AC station in Skowhegan, Maine, dubbed \"Mix 107\\.9\\.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Urban Move: Harvey in Mix at New Radio Station\\|last\\=Clodfelter\\|first\\=Tim\\|work\\=\\[\\[Winston\\-Salem Journal]]\\|date\\=August 27, 2006\\|page\\=E1}}",
"**105\\.7 Hit Music NOW**",
"On May 22, 2009, WMKS changed their format to a rhythmic\\-leaning Top 40, branded as \"105\\.7 Hit Music Now\". For the first few months of the station's launch, WMKS played more than 20,000 songs in a row, before taking a commercial break, which occurred in the following August. It became the second Top 40 station in the Triad, competing with Dick Broadcasting's longtime (and more mainstream focused) Top 40 station, [WKZL](/wiki/WKZL \"WKZL\"). On August 17, 2009, they became the first station outside the Triangle area to broadcast [Bob and the Showgram](/wiki/Bob_and_the_Showgram \"Bob and the Showgram\") during morning drive. However, in June 2010, due to poor ratings, WMKS ceased airing the Showgram and switched to \"Brotha' Fred\" in the mornings, which originates from [WKSC\\-FM](/wiki/WKSC-FM \"WKSC-FM\"). It also had competition with Urban rival [WJMH](/wiki/WJMH \"WJMH\"), another factor in their reason to play rhythmic hits, but stay within the Top 40/CHR realm.",
"### History as WVBZ",
"**105\\.7 the Buzz**",
"105\\.7 Now moved to [100\\.3](/wiki/WMKS \"WMKS\") FM on January 1, 2014 at 5 p.m., taking the spot of sister station WVBZ and rebranded as \"100\\.3 KISS FM.\" WMKS then became \"The Buzz\" and shifted its format to [Alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allaccess.com/net\\-news/archive/story/125341/what\\-s\\-up\\-at\\-clear\\-channel\\-greensboro\\|title\\=What's Up At Clear Channel/Greensboro?\\|publisher\\=allaccess.com\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-20\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-07}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/87052/greensboros\\-buzz\\-now\\-trading\\-places/\\|title\\=Greensboro's Buzz \\& Now Trade Places And More\\|last\\=Venta\\|first\\=Lance\\|publisher\\=radioinsight.com\\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-01\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-07}} On January 3, 2014 the call letters switched to **WVBZ**. On February 24, 2014, WVBZ added *Woody \\& Wilcox* from [WEND](/wiki/WEND \"WEND\") in the morning.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allaccess.com/net\\-news/archive/story/126975/wvbz\\-announces\\-the\\-woody\\-wilcox\\-show\\-for\\-mornings\\|title\\=WVBZ Announces The Woody \\& Wilcox Show For Mornings\\|publisher\\=allaccess.com\\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-02\\-21}}",
"**The Triad's 105\\.7/Man Up!**",
"On May 22, 2015, at 6 a.m., WVBZ changed to [mainstream rock](/wiki/Mainstream_rock \"Mainstream rock\"), branded as \"The Triad's 105\\.7\", though most verbal references identify the station as \"105\\.7 Man Up!\". The previous format caused the station to fall to 1\\.6 in the [Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\"). WVBZ had the same playlist as WROO in Greenville and shared some of the same talents{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/radio\\-station\\-changes\\-it\\-format/article\\_0c8f5d14\\-002f\\-11e5\\-9ac5\\-abdc35656ef7\\.html\\|title\\=Radio station changes it format\\|last\\=Howse\\|first\\=Jordan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Winston\\-Salem Journal]]\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-22}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/93017/iheart\\-mans\\-up\\-in\\-greensboro/\\|title\\=iHeart Man's Up In Greensboro\\|last\\=Venta\\|first\\=Lance\\|publisher\\=radioninsight.com\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-25}} This move marks the fourth different format on the 105\\.7 frequency since the move from Statesville.",
"**Real Rock 105\\.7**",
"On March 1, 2021, WVBZ rebranded as \"Real Rock 105\\.7\". The station added current rock product to its mix of rock hits from the past forty years moving to a straight up mainstream rock.[There’s A Man Down! A Real Rock Rebranding In Greensboro](https://radioinsight.com/headlines/205680/theres-a-man-down-a-real-rock-rebranding-in-greensboro/) Radioinsight \\- March 2, 2021",
""
] |
Variants
--------
### RBDe 561
In 2003 six RBDe 560 (105, 127\-128, 133\-135\) were converted to RBDe 561 (000\-005\) so that they could operate on the Wiesental section of the Basel S\-Bahn (Basel \- [Zell im Wiesental](/wiki/Zell_im_Wiesental "Zell im Wiesental"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany")). With the subsequent delivery of 10 RABe 521 (Stadler FLIRT) specifically for this network, these six RBDe 561 were returned in May 2006 to the Swiss side of the Basel S\-Bahn and now operate again as RBDe 560\. However, these trainsets remain recognizable because they still have certain German radio equipment installed.
### RBDe 562
At the beginning of 1997, only one year after delivery, six more RBDe 560 (136\-141\) were converted to operate on the French section of the Basel S\-Bahn (between Basel and [Mulhouse](/wiki/Mulhouse "Mulhouse")). These [bi\-current](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system%23Multisystem_locomotives "Railway electrification system#Multisystem locomotives") trainsets received the designation RBDe 562 (000\-005\), and are capable of operating on the 15 [kV](/wiki/Volt "Volt")/16\.7 [Hz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz") SBB standard as well as the 25 kV/50 Hz SNCF standard.
### SOB RBDe 566
[thumb\|left\|SOB variant in new livery](/wiki/Image:SOB_RBDe566_Arth.jpg "SOB RBDe566 Arth.jpg")
The [Südostbahn](/wiki/Schweizerische_S%C3%BCdostbahn_AG "Schweizerische Südostbahn AG") (SOB) also ordered four two car NPZ sets *(RBDe 566 \+ ABt)*, which were delivered out of the first production run in 1995 receiving fleet numbers RBDe 566 400\-403\. The SOB opted not to convert any intermediate cars for use with these trainsets. To provide first class accommodation the SOB control trailers have a first class compartment, thus the designation ABt, as opposed to SBB's second class only Bt. The motor cars are, except for the livery, identical to those of the SBB. The SOB has since converted several intermediate cars and operates the trainsets with them.
After the merger of the original SOB with the [Bodensee\-Toggenburg\-Bahn](/wiki/Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn "Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn") (BT) to the new SOB, these four trainsets were repainted in the new livery of the SOB in 2003\. They now operate throughout the SOB network as RBDe 566 077\-080\.
### MThB RBDe 566
For services on the [Seehas](/wiki/Seehas "Seehas") line (the area near [Konstanz](/wiki/Konstanz "Konstanz"), Germany), the [Mittelthurgaubahn](/wiki/Mittelthurgaubahn "Mittelthurgaubahn") (MThB) in 1993 took four NPZ trainsets off the SBB's production line. These 4 trainsets came from the first production series, and were delivered to the MThB in 1994 numbered as RBDe 566 631\-634\. These 4 trainsets would have been the ninth to twelfth for the SBB, which subsequently increased its total order by four.
These four MThB trainsets were also delivered with one new intermediate car each. Two additional driving trailers were used with older ABDe 536\. Because they operate into Germany as well as within Switzerland, the vehicles were equipped with the Indusi train safety system and a wider [pantograph](/wiki/Pantograph_%28rail%29 "Pantograph (rail)") shoe.
Upon the dissolution of the MThB, the trainsets went to the successor company [Thurbo](/wiki/Thurbo "Thurbo") and were operated on the Seehas German section by Thurbo's German subsidiary {{ill\|EuroTHURBO\|de}} and later [SBB GmbH](/wiki/SBB_GmbH "SBB GmbH"). In 2006, nine Stadler FLIRT (RABe 526 651\-659\) took over the Seehas service. Thurbo subsequently sold the four trainsets plus the two extra driving trailers to SBB. They worked as RBDe 561 171\-174/AB 30\-35 671–674/Bt 29\-35 971–976 in the S\-Bahn Luzern system, partly over BLS tracks, for some time and have now been withdrawn. One motor car and two driving trailers were sold, the rest was scrapped.
### Montafonerbahn
[thumb\|left\|NPZ of the Montafonerbahn in [Schruns](/wiki/Schruns "Schruns")](/wiki/Image:Montafonerbahn1.jpg "Montafonerbahn1.jpg")
The [Montafonerbahn](/wiki/Montafonerbahn "Montafonerbahn"), which is headquartered in [Schruns](/wiki/Schruns "Schruns"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), operates two two\-piece NPZ sets. The first was built in 1990, following the SBB series 2100\-2183, and the second in 1993, before the SBB second series.
### PBr RBDe 568
The [Chemin de fer Pont Brassus](/wiki/Chemin_de_fer_Pont_Brassus "Chemin de fer Pont Brassus") (PBr) has never possessed its own locomotives, but has always subcontracted operation to the SBB, which guarantees through service between [Vallorbe](/wiki/Vallorbe "Vallorbe")–[Le Pont](/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e_%28district%29 "La Vallée (district)") (SBB) and the PBr route Le Pont\-[Le Brassus](/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e_%28district%29 "La Vallée (district)") in the [Vallée de Joux](/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_Joux "Vallée de Joux").
The "\+2" in the first series production count are the two trainsets which were sourced in 1989 the line and went to the PBr. The locomotives originally received the designation RBDe 4/4 2184\-2185\. Only small labels referring to the PBr as the owner of these vehicles distinguished them, while the SBB remains responsible for their maintenance and operation. After the January 2001 merger of the PBr with the Chemin de fer Yverdon \- Ste Croix (YSteC), which formed [TRAVYS](/wiki/TRAVYS "TRAVYS"), the trainsets were repainted into that company's new livery and the motor coaches renumbered RBDe 568 384\-385\.
|
[
"Variants\n--------",
"### RBDe 561",
"In 2003 six RBDe 560 (105, 127\\-128, 133\\-135\\) were converted to RBDe 561 (000\\-005\\) so that they could operate on the Wiesental section of the Basel S\\-Bahn (Basel \\- [Zell im Wiesental](/wiki/Zell_im_Wiesental \"Zell im Wiesental\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\")). With the subsequent delivery of 10 RABe 521 (Stadler FLIRT) specifically for this network, these six RBDe 561 were returned in May 2006 to the Swiss side of the Basel S\\-Bahn and now operate again as RBDe 560\\. However, these trainsets remain recognizable because they still have certain German radio equipment installed.",
"### RBDe 562",
"At the beginning of 1997, only one year after delivery, six more RBDe 560 (136\\-141\\) were converted to operate on the French section of the Basel S\\-Bahn (between Basel and [Mulhouse](/wiki/Mulhouse \"Mulhouse\")). These [bi\\-current](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system%23Multisystem_locomotives \"Railway electrification system#Multisystem locomotives\") trainsets received the designation RBDe 562 (000\\-005\\), and are capable of operating on the 15 [kV](/wiki/Volt \"Volt\")/16\\.7 [Hz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\") SBB standard as well as the 25 kV/50 Hz SNCF standard.",
"### SOB RBDe 566",
"[thumb\\|left\\|SOB variant in new livery](/wiki/Image:SOB_RBDe566_Arth.jpg \"SOB RBDe566 Arth.jpg\")\nThe [Südostbahn](/wiki/Schweizerische_S%C3%BCdostbahn_AG \"Schweizerische Südostbahn AG\") (SOB) also ordered four two car NPZ sets *(RBDe 566 \\+ ABt)*, which were delivered out of the first production run in 1995 receiving fleet numbers RBDe 566 400\\-403\\. The SOB opted not to convert any intermediate cars for use with these trainsets. To provide first class accommodation the SOB control trailers have a first class compartment, thus the designation ABt, as opposed to SBB's second class only Bt. The motor cars are, except for the livery, identical to those of the SBB. The SOB has since converted several intermediate cars and operates the trainsets with them.",
"After the merger of the original SOB with the [Bodensee\\-Toggenburg\\-Bahn](/wiki/Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn \"Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn\") (BT) to the new SOB, these four trainsets were repainted in the new livery of the SOB in 2003\\. They now operate throughout the SOB network as RBDe 566 077\\-080\\.",
"### MThB RBDe 566",
"For services on the [Seehas](/wiki/Seehas \"Seehas\") line (the area near [Konstanz](/wiki/Konstanz \"Konstanz\"), Germany), the [Mittelthurgaubahn](/wiki/Mittelthurgaubahn \"Mittelthurgaubahn\") (MThB) in 1993 took four NPZ trainsets off the SBB's production line. These 4 trainsets came from the first production series, and were delivered to the MThB in 1994 numbered as RBDe 566 631\\-634\\. These 4 trainsets would have been the ninth to twelfth for the SBB, which subsequently increased its total order by four.",
"These four MThB trainsets were also delivered with one new intermediate car each. Two additional driving trailers were used with older ABDe 536\\. Because they operate into Germany as well as within Switzerland, the vehicles were equipped with the Indusi train safety system and a wider [pantograph](/wiki/Pantograph_%28rail%29 \"Pantograph (rail)\") shoe.",
"Upon the dissolution of the MThB, the trainsets went to the successor company [Thurbo](/wiki/Thurbo \"Thurbo\") and were operated on the Seehas German section by Thurbo's German subsidiary {{ill\\|EuroTHURBO\\|de}} and later [SBB GmbH](/wiki/SBB_GmbH \"SBB GmbH\"). In 2006, nine Stadler FLIRT (RABe 526 651\\-659\\) took over the Seehas service. Thurbo subsequently sold the four trainsets plus the two extra driving trailers to SBB. They worked as RBDe 561 171\\-174/AB 30\\-35 671–674/Bt 29\\-35 971–976 in the S\\-Bahn Luzern system, partly over BLS tracks, for some time and have now been withdrawn. One motor car and two driving trailers were sold, the rest was scrapped.",
"### Montafonerbahn",
"[thumb\\|left\\|NPZ of the Montafonerbahn in [Schruns](/wiki/Schruns \"Schruns\")](/wiki/Image:Montafonerbahn1.jpg \"Montafonerbahn1.jpg\")\nThe [Montafonerbahn](/wiki/Montafonerbahn \"Montafonerbahn\"), which is headquartered in [Schruns](/wiki/Schruns \"Schruns\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), operates two two\\-piece NPZ sets. The first was built in 1990, following the SBB series 2100\\-2183, and the second in 1993, before the SBB second series.",
"### PBr RBDe 568",
"The [Chemin de fer Pont Brassus](/wiki/Chemin_de_fer_Pont_Brassus \"Chemin de fer Pont Brassus\") (PBr) has never possessed its own locomotives, but has always subcontracted operation to the SBB, which guarantees through service between [Vallorbe](/wiki/Vallorbe \"Vallorbe\")–[Le Pont](/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e_%28district%29 \"La Vallée (district)\") (SBB) and the PBr route Le Pont\\-[Le Brassus](/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e_%28district%29 \"La Vallée (district)\") in the [Vallée de Joux](/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_Joux \"Vallée de Joux\").",
"The \"\\+2\" in the first series production count are the two trainsets which were sourced in 1989 the line and went to the PBr. The locomotives originally received the designation RBDe 4/4 2184\\-2185\\. Only small labels referring to the PBr as the owner of these vehicles distinguished them, while the SBB remains responsible for their maintenance and operation. After the January 2001 merger of the PBr with the Chemin de fer Yverdon \\- Ste Croix (YSteC), which formed [TRAVYS](/wiki/TRAVYS \"TRAVYS\"), the trainsets were repainted into that company's new livery and the motor coaches renumbered RBDe 568 384\\-385\\.",
""
] |
Member of Parliament
--------------------
{{NZ parlbox header\|align\=left}}
{{NZ parlbox\|start\={{NZ election link year\|1996}}\|end\=1999\|term\=45th\|party\=ACT New Zealand\|electorate\=List\|list\=7}}
{{NZ parlbox\|start\={{NZ election link year\|1999}}\|end\=2002\|term\=46th\|party\=ACT New Zealand\|electorate\=List\|list\=5}}
{{NZ parlbox\|start\={{NZ election link year\|2002}}\|end\=2005\|term\=47th\|party\=ACT New Zealand\|electorate\=List\|list\=2}}
{{NZ parlbox\|start\={{NZ election link year\|2005}}\|end\=2008\|term\=48th\|party\=ACT New Zealand\|electorate\=\[\[Epsom (New Zealand electorate)\|Epsom]]\|list\=1}}
{{NZ parlbox\|start\={{NZ election link year\|2008}}\|end\=2011\|term\=49th\|party\=ACT New Zealand\|electorate\=Epsom\|list\=1}}
{{NZ parlbox footer}}
Hide first entered [Parliament](/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament "New Zealand Parliament") in 1996 as a [list MP](/wiki/Party_list_proportional_representation "Party list proportional representation"). He won the party parliamentary leadership role in a closely contested [primary](/wiki/Partisan_primary "Partisan primary") after the retirement of [Richard Prebble](/wiki/Richard_Prebble "Richard Prebble") in 2004\. He then went on to win the Epsom electorate from sitting [National Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party "New Zealand National Party") MP [Richard Worth](/wiki/Richard_Worth "Richard Worth") in 2005 with the campaign message "ACT is back". He retained this seat in the {{NZ election link\|2008}}.
Hide had a reputation for strong views, for his media profile, and for his confrontational style. In 2002, when Hide still sat on the [back benches](/wiki/Back_bench "Back bench"), one commentator{{who\|date\=April 2012}} described him the "leader of the opposition".{{cite web \|url\=http://liberation.typepad.com/liberation/2011/04/don\-brashs\-move\-from\-national\-to\-act.html \|title\=Don Brash's move from National to Act \|last\=Miller \|first\=Geoffrey \|date\=27 April 2011 \|website\=Liberation \|access\-date\=22 September 2014}} Hide's supporters often described him as one of the most effective opposition MPs, and praised him for his motivation and commitment.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2012}}
### Entry into Parliament
Hide held the seventh place on the ACT [party list](/wiki/Party_list "Party list") for the [1996 election](/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election "1996 New Zealand general election"). ACT received enough votes for Hide to enter Parliament, making him one of the party's "founding" MPs. He gradually rose through the party's ranks, reaching second place in the ACT list for the [2002 election](/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election "2002 New Zealand general election").
In his [maiden speech](/wiki/Maiden_speech "Maiden speech"), Hide made a specific attack on "[perks](/wiki/wikt:Perquisite "Perquisite")" enjoyed by MPs, and this "perk\-busting" became a characteristic of his political career until he was himself exposed for taking advantage of such perks, in taking his girlfriend on a tax payer funded trip to London and Hawaii.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.newshub.co.nz/general/hides\-hypocrisy\-cost\-him\-his\-job\-2011042818\#axzz49NYiVQ5m\|date\=28 April 2011\|title\=Hide's hypocrisy cost him his job\|work\=\[\[News Hub (Auckland)\|News Hub]]\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Gower}} Hide still however claims to have developed a substantial reputation for finding and exposing "scandals", whether they relate to MPs' perks or to other governmental matters. Hide's critics often claim that his "scandals" rely on [sensationalism](/wiki/Sensationalism "Sensationalism") and exaggeration, and have as their only purpose the gaining of media attention; but his supporters believe that Hide's constant scrutiny "keeps the government honest" and ensures that the administration does not waste taxpayers' money.
[Roger Douglas](/wiki/Roger_Douglas "Roger Douglas") himself has emerged as one of Hide's more prominent critics, referring to Hide's "stunts" as detracting from ACT's core economic message, shifting focus to populist issues of law and order and to provocative race relations policies. At a party conference, Douglas condemned [MPs](/wiki/Member_of_parliament "Member of parliament") "who run any fickle line capable of grabbing short\-term votes and attention", a comment allegedly directed at Hide or at his supporters. Hide acknowledges the criticism, but defends himself on the grounds that a focus on pure economic theory will not attract interest: "the problem is that the so\-called stunts are particularly well\-reported and my work explaining free market ideas disappears without trace." The tension between [Douglas](/wiki/Roger_Douglas "Roger Douglas") and Hide increased when Hide made a bid for the vice\-presidency of ACT in 2000: supporters of Douglas interpreted this action as a challenge to Douglas' organisational authority within the party. Both Douglas and Hide stood down from their roles as president and vice\-president, suggesting an uneasy truce between these two factions. In 2008 the two men worked closely together with Douglas holding third place on the party list following Hide and Heather Roy.
### ACT Party leadership
Many people had known for some time that Hide saw himself as a potential parliamentary leader of the [ACT](/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand "ACT New Zealand") party, and he himself showed no reluctance in saying so. At several points, rumours circulated that Hide planned to challenge party leader [Richard Prebble](/wiki/Richard_Prebble "Richard Prebble") for his position, although such a challenge never emerged. When Prebble eventually announced his retirement, his critics{{who\|date\=April 2012}} claimed that this had been brought about by secret campaigning by Hide. However, Prebble himself has denied this claim and it appears more likely that he stood down for personal reasons, as he publicly claimed.
When Prebble announced his retirement, Hide quickly indicated that he would seek the caucus leadership. Prebble, however, appeared unenthusiastic about the prospect of Hide succeeding him, and in a speech praising each of the new leadership contenders, pointedly dwelled on the others. The succession method chosen by Prebble also appeared to disfavour Hide: rather than a simple [caucus](/wiki/Caucus "Caucus") vote, which a conventional leadership challenge would have called, a four\-way election involved all ACT party members (although the election remained only "indicative"). Many people consider{{who\|date\=April 2012}} that the party organisation, in which Douglas has considerable influence, dislikes Hide.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2012}}
Hide campaigned against [Stephen Franks](/wiki/Stephen_Franks "Stephen Franks"), [Ken Shirley](/wiki/Ken_Shirley "Ken Shirley"), and [Muriel Newman](/wiki/Muriel_Newman "Muriel Newman") for the ACT party parliamentary leadership. In the race he claimed that his high public profile and his image of strength would prove crucial to ACT's political survival. Stephen Franks, seen as the primary "anti\-Hide" candidate and a social conservative, had the backing of [Roger Douglas](/wiki/Roger_Douglas "Roger Douglas"). In the end, however, Hide prevailed, and the party introduced Hide as its new leader on 13 June 2004\.
Under Hide's leadership, the vote in the September 2005 election severely reduced ACT's party parliamentary representation. ACT's share of the party vote dropped from over 7% of the total in {{NZ election link year\|2002}} to around 1\.5%; its representation in Parliament fell from nine MPs to two. Despite this reduction, the party remained in parliament due to Hide winning the [Epsom seat](/wiki/Epsom_%28New_Zealand_electorate%29 "Epsom (New Zealand electorate)"). As a consequence of its reduced share of the vote, ACT received a significant cut in taxpayer\-funded Parliamentary resourcing and Hide shifted his electorate office in [Remuera](/wiki/Remuera "Remuera") to [Newmarket](/wiki/Newmarket%2C_New_Zealand "Newmarket, New Zealand"), the same location as that of ACT's head office.
As a post\-election strategy, Rodney Hide focused on his high\-profile attacks on prominent [Labour Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party "New Zealand Labour Party") MPs. His campaign against alleged abuse of schoolchildren by Labour Party minister [David Benson\-Pope](/wiki/David_Benson-Pope "David Benson-Pope"), which was verified by the now grown children involved, continued to make headlines in late 2005\.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}} In 2006, Hide voiced speculation on the leadership cadre of the [National Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party "New Zealand National Party") (then led by [Don Brash](/wiki/Don_Brash "Don Brash")), a strategy which gained him headlines but complicated the once co\-operative relationship between ACT and National.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
### *Dancing with the Stars*
In 2006, Hide appeared as a contestant in the [celebrity](/wiki/Celebrity "Celebrity")\-based *[Dancing with the Stars](/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_%28New_Zealand_TV_series%29 "Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)")* [television](/wiki/Television "Television") series, in which he, paired with a professional dancer, competing against other celebrities. Funds raised through his performance went to [St John Ambulance](/wiki/St._John_Ambulance "St. John Ambulance"). Hide stated that he appeared on the show as a personal challenge, having never danced before, and despite harsh criticism from the show's judges placed fourth.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=6\&objectid\=10386144\|title\=Hide out after he drops his partner\|last\=McNaughton\|first\=Maggie\|date\=11 June 2006\|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \|access\-date\=8 December 2017\|issn\=1170\-0777}}
### ACT in Government
At the {{NZ election link\|2008}}, Hide retained his Epsom seat;"[2008 General Election Results of the Official Count](http://www.dia.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/67778912aca129b7cc25750f0047aeb5!OpenDocument)" (22 November 2008\) 180 *[The New Zealand Gazette](/wiki/The_New%C2%A0Zealand_Gazette "The New Zealand Gazette")* 4649\.[Epsom results 2008\.](http://2008.electionresults.govt.nz/electorate-12.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211164738/http://2008\.electionresults.govt.nz/electorate\-12\.html \|date\=11 December 2008 }} with a subsequent rise in party popularity, ACT increased its representation in parliament from two seats to five.[Election results 2008\.](http://2008.electionresults.govt.nz/partystatus.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209051141/http://2008\.electionresults.govt.nz/partystatus.html \|date\=9 February 2009 }} The [National Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party "New Zealand National Party") won the most seats and formed a [minority government](/wiki/Minority_government "Minority government") with the support of ACT, the [Māori Party](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party "Māori Party") and [United Future](/wiki/United_Future "United Future"). Hide was appointed as a Minister outside [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28politics%29 "Cabinet (politics)")"[Members of Executive Council Appointed](http://www.dia.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/f0b26c54c2b6dd0ecc25750f00477759!OpenDocument)" (19 November 2008\) 179 [The New Zealand Gazette](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Gazette "The New Zealand Gazette") 4634 and was appointed to the office of the [Minister of Local Government](/wiki/Minister_of_Local_Government_%28New_Zealand%29 "Minister of Local Government (New Zealand)"), Minister for Regulatory Reform and Associate Minister of Commerce."[Appointment of Ministers](http://www.dia.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/8155efb9e8df9c7ecc25750f0047784d!OpenDocument)" (19 November 2008\) 179 [The New Zealand Gazette](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Gazette "The New Zealand Gazette") 4635\.
One of the main focuses of Hide's work in cabinet was the [Auckland 'Super City'](/wiki/Auckland_Council "Auckland Council") proposal for unification of the various local authorities of [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"). This initiative was started by the [then\-Labour government](/wiki/Fifth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand "Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand") in 2007, which set up a [Royal Commission](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Auckland_Governance "Royal Commission on Auckland Governance") to investigate the local government arrangements in the Auckland region.*[Auckland governance inquiry welcomed](http://www.stuff.co.nz/0a11.html4147429a11.html)* – [NZPA](/wiki/NZPA "NZPA"), via 'stuff.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007\. Retrieved 29 October 2007\. The Commission reported back in 2009, but Hide and Prime Minister [John Key](/wiki/John_Key "John Key") announced that several of the commission's recommendations would not be accepted. In particular, the proposed six district sub\-councils would be replaced by a local structure of 20–30 community boards. The recommendation to have separate concept Maori representation was also not accepted.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10565730\|title\=Super City: More regional representation, but less power\|work\=The New Zealand Herald\|date\=8 April 2009\|first\=Bernard\|last\=Orsman}}
Hide faced criticism from various parties over the local authority amalgamation. Issues of satellite city boundaries, assets, financing \& political consolidation were raised by [North Shore City](/wiki/North_Shore_City "North Shore City") mayor [Andrew Williams](/wiki/Andrew_Williams_%28New_Zealand_politician%29 "Andrew Williams (New Zealand politician)") in 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10571023\|title\=''Andrew Williams:'' Downsize this Super City madness\|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]]\|date\=8 May 2009}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10566362\|title\=Banks calls Williams a lunatic as Super City debate gets ugly\|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]]\|date\=13 April 2009\|first\=Bernard\|last\=Orsman}} That same year, the Labour Party accused Hide of mismanaging the Auckland reform process and criticised Hide's advocacy of privatising council assets and services. Labour also alleged that a bad process had led to the centralisation of power in the hands of a privileged few.{{cite press release\|url\=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0909/S00062\.htm\|title\=Super city Bill flawed and undemocratic\|date\=4 September 2009\|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Labour Party]]}} In 2010, a *New Zealand Herald* editorial made five further criticisms of Hide's implementation of the 'super city' amalgamation:
1. Hide had a bad track record of consultation in the design of the single city,
2. He was plainly driven by his ideological agenda,
3. He had threatened to resign if the Prime Minister acceded to a strong call for Maori seats,
4. He had ignored concerns about the lack of power of local boards, and,
5. as much as 90 per cent of services were to be run by seven Government\-appointed boards.{{cite web
\|url\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/opinion/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=466\&objectid\=10631829
\|title\=Editorial: CCO plan mocks democracy
\|work\=New Zealand Herald
\|date\= 14 March 2010
\|access\-date\=21 August 2012}}
Despite these criticisms, the amalgamation went ahead and the first [Auckland Council elections](/wiki/2010_Auckland_local_elections "2010 Auckland local elections") were held in 2010\.
### Leadership questioned
In November 2009, a special ACT\-party caucus meeting was held to discuss the Hide's position as party leader, where he was chosen to be retained.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=280\&objectid\=10616488\|title\=Key steps in to save Hide's Act job\|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]]\|first\=Audrey\|last\=Young\|date\=19 December 2009\|access\-date\=30 December 2009}}
On 28 April 2011, he resigned as leader of ACT after a successful challenge from former National leader Don Brash. Hide indicated to Brash he would not be standing in the [2011 general election](/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election "2011 New Zealand general election").{{cite web\|url\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10723116\|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]]\|title\=Hide won't contest general election\|date\=3 May 2011}} When he left parliament he chose not to give a valedictory speech.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/5753063/Parliaments\-heavy\-hitter\-bids\-adieu/ \|title\=Parliament's heavy hitter bids adieu\|date\=8 October 2011 \|access\-date\=8 October 2011}}
|
[
"Member of Parliament\n--------------------",
"{{NZ parlbox header\\|align\\=left}}\n{{NZ parlbox\\|start\\={{NZ election link year\\|1996}}\\|end\\=1999\\|term\\=45th\\|party\\=ACT New Zealand\\|electorate\\=List\\|list\\=7}}\n{{NZ parlbox\\|start\\={{NZ election link year\\|1999}}\\|end\\=2002\\|term\\=46th\\|party\\=ACT New Zealand\\|electorate\\=List\\|list\\=5}}\n{{NZ parlbox\\|start\\={{NZ election link year\\|2002}}\\|end\\=2005\\|term\\=47th\\|party\\=ACT New Zealand\\|electorate\\=List\\|list\\=2}}\n{{NZ parlbox\\|start\\={{NZ election link year\\|2005}}\\|end\\=2008\\|term\\=48th\\|party\\=ACT New Zealand\\|electorate\\=\\[\\[Epsom (New Zealand electorate)\\|Epsom]]\\|list\\=1}}\n{{NZ parlbox\\|start\\={{NZ election link year\\|2008}}\\|end\\=2011\\|term\\=49th\\|party\\=ACT New Zealand\\|electorate\\=Epsom\\|list\\=1}}\n{{NZ parlbox footer}}\nHide first entered [Parliament](/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament \"New Zealand Parliament\") in 1996 as a [list MP](/wiki/Party_list_proportional_representation \"Party list proportional representation\"). He won the party parliamentary leadership role in a closely contested [primary](/wiki/Partisan_primary \"Partisan primary\") after the retirement of [Richard Prebble](/wiki/Richard_Prebble \"Richard Prebble\") in 2004\\. He then went on to win the Epsom electorate from sitting [National Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party \"New Zealand National Party\") MP [Richard Worth](/wiki/Richard_Worth \"Richard Worth\") in 2005 with the campaign message \"ACT is back\". He retained this seat in the {{NZ election link\\|2008}}.",
"Hide had a reputation for strong views, for his media profile, and for his confrontational style. In 2002, when Hide still sat on the [back benches](/wiki/Back_bench \"Back bench\"), one commentator{{who\\|date\\=April 2012}} described him the \"leader of the opposition\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://liberation.typepad.com/liberation/2011/04/don\\-brashs\\-move\\-from\\-national\\-to\\-act.html \\|title\\=Don Brash's move from National to Act \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Geoffrey \\|date\\=27 April 2011 \\|website\\=Liberation \\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2014}} Hide's supporters often described him as one of the most effective opposition MPs, and praised him for his motivation and commitment.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2012}}",
"### Entry into Parliament",
"Hide held the seventh place on the ACT [party list](/wiki/Party_list \"Party list\") for the [1996 election](/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election \"1996 New Zealand general election\"). ACT received enough votes for Hide to enter Parliament, making him one of the party's \"founding\" MPs. He gradually rose through the party's ranks, reaching second place in the ACT list for the [2002 election](/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election \"2002 New Zealand general election\").",
"In his [maiden speech](/wiki/Maiden_speech \"Maiden speech\"), Hide made a specific attack on \"[perks](/wiki/wikt:Perquisite \"Perquisite\")\" enjoyed by MPs, and this \"perk\\-busting\" became a characteristic of his political career until he was himself exposed for taking advantage of such perks, in taking his girlfriend on a tax payer funded trip to London and Hawaii.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.newshub.co.nz/general/hides\\-hypocrisy\\-cost\\-him\\-his\\-job\\-2011042818\\#axzz49NYiVQ5m\\|date\\=28 April 2011\\|title\\=Hide's hypocrisy cost him his job\\|work\\=\\[\\[News Hub (Auckland)\\|News Hub]]\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Gower}} Hide still however claims to have developed a substantial reputation for finding and exposing \"scandals\", whether they relate to MPs' perks or to other governmental matters. Hide's critics often claim that his \"scandals\" rely on [sensationalism](/wiki/Sensationalism \"Sensationalism\") and exaggeration, and have as their only purpose the gaining of media attention; but his supporters believe that Hide's constant scrutiny \"keeps the government honest\" and ensures that the administration does not waste taxpayers' money.",
"[Roger Douglas](/wiki/Roger_Douglas \"Roger Douglas\") himself has emerged as one of Hide's more prominent critics, referring to Hide's \"stunts\" as detracting from ACT's core economic message, shifting focus to populist issues of law and order and to provocative race relations policies. At a party conference, Douglas condemned [MPs](/wiki/Member_of_parliament \"Member of parliament\") \"who run any fickle line capable of grabbing short\\-term votes and attention\", a comment allegedly directed at Hide or at his supporters. Hide acknowledges the criticism, but defends himself on the grounds that a focus on pure economic theory will not attract interest: \"the problem is that the so\\-called stunts are particularly well\\-reported and my work explaining free market ideas disappears without trace.\" The tension between [Douglas](/wiki/Roger_Douglas \"Roger Douglas\") and Hide increased when Hide made a bid for the vice\\-presidency of ACT in 2000: supporters of Douglas interpreted this action as a challenge to Douglas' organisational authority within the party. Both Douglas and Hide stood down from their roles as president and vice\\-president, suggesting an uneasy truce between these two factions. In 2008 the two men worked closely together with Douglas holding third place on the party list following Hide and Heather Roy.",
"### ACT Party leadership",
"Many people had known for some time that Hide saw himself as a potential parliamentary leader of the [ACT](/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand \"ACT New Zealand\") party, and he himself showed no reluctance in saying so. At several points, rumours circulated that Hide planned to challenge party leader [Richard Prebble](/wiki/Richard_Prebble \"Richard Prebble\") for his position, although such a challenge never emerged. When Prebble eventually announced his retirement, his critics{{who\\|date\\=April 2012}} claimed that this had been brought about by secret campaigning by Hide. However, Prebble himself has denied this claim and it appears more likely that he stood down for personal reasons, as he publicly claimed.",
"When Prebble announced his retirement, Hide quickly indicated that he would seek the caucus leadership. Prebble, however, appeared unenthusiastic about the prospect of Hide succeeding him, and in a speech praising each of the new leadership contenders, pointedly dwelled on the others. The succession method chosen by Prebble also appeared to disfavour Hide: rather than a simple [caucus](/wiki/Caucus \"Caucus\") vote, which a conventional leadership challenge would have called, a four\\-way election involved all ACT party members (although the election remained only \"indicative\"). Many people consider{{who\\|date\\=April 2012}} that the party organisation, in which Douglas has considerable influence, dislikes Hide.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2012}}",
"Hide campaigned against [Stephen Franks](/wiki/Stephen_Franks \"Stephen Franks\"), [Ken Shirley](/wiki/Ken_Shirley \"Ken Shirley\"), and [Muriel Newman](/wiki/Muriel_Newman \"Muriel Newman\") for the ACT party parliamentary leadership. In the race he claimed that his high public profile and his image of strength would prove crucial to ACT's political survival. Stephen Franks, seen as the primary \"anti\\-Hide\" candidate and a social conservative, had the backing of [Roger Douglas](/wiki/Roger_Douglas \"Roger Douglas\"). In the end, however, Hide prevailed, and the party introduced Hide as its new leader on 13 June 2004\\.",
"Under Hide's leadership, the vote in the September 2005 election severely reduced ACT's party parliamentary representation. ACT's share of the party vote dropped from over 7% of the total in {{NZ election link year\\|2002}} to around 1\\.5%; its representation in Parliament fell from nine MPs to two. Despite this reduction, the party remained in parliament due to Hide winning the [Epsom seat](/wiki/Epsom_%28New_Zealand_electorate%29 \"Epsom (New Zealand electorate)\"). As a consequence of its reduced share of the vote, ACT received a significant cut in taxpayer\\-funded Parliamentary resourcing and Hide shifted his electorate office in [Remuera](/wiki/Remuera \"Remuera\") to [Newmarket](/wiki/Newmarket%2C_New_Zealand \"Newmarket, New Zealand\"), the same location as that of ACT's head office.",
"As a post\\-election strategy, Rodney Hide focused on his high\\-profile attacks on prominent [Labour Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party \"New Zealand Labour Party\") MPs. His campaign against alleged abuse of schoolchildren by Labour Party minister [David Benson\\-Pope](/wiki/David_Benson-Pope \"David Benson-Pope\"), which was verified by the now grown children involved, continued to make headlines in late 2005\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}} In 2006, Hide voiced speculation on the leadership cadre of the [National Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party \"New Zealand National Party\") (then led by [Don Brash](/wiki/Don_Brash \"Don Brash\")), a strategy which gained him headlines but complicated the once co\\-operative relationship between ACT and National.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"### *Dancing with the Stars*",
"In 2006, Hide appeared as a contestant in the [celebrity](/wiki/Celebrity \"Celebrity\")\\-based *[Dancing with the Stars](/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_%28New_Zealand_TV_series%29 \"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series)\")* [television](/wiki/Television \"Television\") series, in which he, paired with a professional dancer, competing against other celebrities. Funds raised through his performance went to [St John Ambulance](/wiki/St._John_Ambulance \"St. John Ambulance\"). Hide stated that he appeared on the show as a personal challenge, having never danced before, and despite harsh criticism from the show's judges placed fourth.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=6\\&objectid\\=10386144\\|title\\=Hide out after he drops his partner\\|last\\=McNaughton\\|first\\=Maggie\\|date\\=11 June 2006\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017\\|issn\\=1170\\-0777}}",
"### ACT in Government",
"At the {{NZ election link\\|2008}}, Hide retained his Epsom seat;\"[2008 General Election Results of the Official Count](http://www.dia.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/67778912aca129b7cc25750f0047aeb5!OpenDocument)\" (22 November 2008\\) 180 *[The New Zealand Gazette](/wiki/The_New%C2%A0Zealand_Gazette \"The New Zealand Gazette\")* 4649\\.[Epsom results 2008\\.](http://2008.electionresults.govt.nz/electorate-12.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211164738/http://2008\\.electionresults.govt.nz/electorate\\-12\\.html \\|date\\=11 December 2008 }} with a subsequent rise in party popularity, ACT increased its representation in parliament from two seats to five.[Election results 2008\\.](http://2008.electionresults.govt.nz/partystatus.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209051141/http://2008\\.electionresults.govt.nz/partystatus.html \\|date\\=9 February 2009 }} The [National Party](/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party \"New Zealand National Party\") won the most seats and formed a [minority government](/wiki/Minority_government \"Minority government\") with the support of ACT, the [Māori Party](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party \"Māori Party\") and [United Future](/wiki/United_Future \"United Future\"). Hide was appointed as a Minister outside [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28politics%29 \"Cabinet (politics)\")\"[Members of Executive Council Appointed](http://www.dia.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/f0b26c54c2b6dd0ecc25750f00477759!OpenDocument)\" (19 November 2008\\) 179 [The New Zealand Gazette](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Gazette \"The New Zealand Gazette\") 4634 and was appointed to the office of the [Minister of Local Government](/wiki/Minister_of_Local_Government_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Minister of Local Government (New Zealand)\"), Minister for Regulatory Reform and Associate Minister of Commerce.\"[Appointment of Ministers](http://www.dia.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/8155efb9e8df9c7ecc25750f0047784d!OpenDocument)\" (19 November 2008\\) 179 [The New Zealand Gazette](/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Gazette \"The New Zealand Gazette\") 4635\\.",
"One of the main focuses of Hide's work in cabinet was the [Auckland 'Super City'](/wiki/Auckland_Council \"Auckland Council\") proposal for unification of the various local authorities of [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\"). This initiative was started by the [then\\-Labour government](/wiki/Fifth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand \"Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand\") in 2007, which set up a [Royal Commission](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Auckland_Governance \"Royal Commission on Auckland Governance\") to investigate the local government arrangements in the Auckland region.*[Auckland governance inquiry welcomed](http://www.stuff.co.nz/0a11.html4147429a11.html)* – [NZPA](/wiki/NZPA \"NZPA\"), via 'stuff.co.nz', Tuesday 31 July 2007\\. Retrieved 29 October 2007\\. The Commission reported back in 2009, but Hide and Prime Minister [John Key](/wiki/John_Key \"John Key\") announced that several of the commission's recommendations would not be accepted. In particular, the proposed six district sub\\-councils would be replaced by a local structure of 20–30 community boards. The recommendation to have separate concept Maori representation was also not accepted.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10565730\\|title\\=Super City: More regional representation, but less power\\|work\\=The New Zealand Herald\\|date\\=8 April 2009\\|first\\=Bernard\\|last\\=Orsman}}",
"Hide faced criticism from various parties over the local authority amalgamation. Issues of satellite city boundaries, assets, financing \\& political consolidation were raised by [North Shore City](/wiki/North_Shore_City \"North Shore City\") mayor [Andrew Williams](/wiki/Andrew_Williams_%28New_Zealand_politician%29 \"Andrew Williams (New Zealand politician)\") in 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10571023\\|title\\=''Andrew Williams:'' Downsize this Super City madness\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]]\\|date\\=8 May 2009}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10566362\\|title\\=Banks calls Williams a lunatic as Super City debate gets ugly\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]]\\|date\\=13 April 2009\\|first\\=Bernard\\|last\\=Orsman}} That same year, the Labour Party accused Hide of mismanaging the Auckland reform process and criticised Hide's advocacy of privatising council assets and services. Labour also alleged that a bad process had led to the centralisation of power in the hands of a privileged few.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0909/S00062\\.htm\\|title\\=Super city Bill flawed and undemocratic\\|date\\=4 September 2009\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Labour Party]]}} In 2010, a *New Zealand Herald* editorial made five further criticisms of Hide's implementation of the 'super city' amalgamation:\n1. Hide had a bad track record of consultation in the design of the single city,\n2. He was plainly driven by his ideological agenda,\n3. He had threatened to resign if the Prime Minister acceded to a strong call for Maori seats,\n4. He had ignored concerns about the lack of power of local boards, and,\n5. as much as 90 per cent of services were to be run by seven Government\\-appointed boards.{{cite web\n\\|url\\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/opinion/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=466\\&objectid\\=10631829\n\\|title\\=Editorial: CCO plan mocks democracy\n\\|work\\=New Zealand Herald\n\\|date\\= 14 March 2010\n\\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2012}}\nDespite these criticisms, the amalgamation went ahead and the first [Auckland Council elections](/wiki/2010_Auckland_local_elections \"2010 Auckland local elections\") were held in 2010\\.",
"### Leadership questioned",
"In November 2009, a special ACT\\-party caucus meeting was held to discuss the Hide's position as party leader, where he was chosen to be retained.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=280\\&objectid\\=10616488\\|title\\=Key steps in to save Hide's Act job\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]]\\|first\\=Audrey\\|last\\=Young\\|date\\=19 December 2009\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2009}}",
"On 28 April 2011, he resigned as leader of ACT after a successful challenge from former National leader Don Brash. Hide indicated to Brash he would not be standing in the [2011 general election](/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election \"2011 New Zealand general election\").{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10723116\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]]\\|title\\=Hide won't contest general election\\|date\\=3 May 2011}} When he left parliament he chose not to give a valedictory speech.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/5753063/Parliaments\\-heavy\\-hitter\\-bids\\-adieu/ \\|title\\=Parliament's heavy hitter bids adieu\\|date\\=8 October 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2011}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In the late 1930s and early 1940, she made numerous connections in the New York publishing world and worked as a regular book reviewer for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), [The New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/The_New_York_Herald_Tribune "The New York Herald Tribune"), [The Saturday Review of Literature](/wiki/The_Saturday_Review_of_Literature "The Saturday Review of Literature") and [The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic "The New Republic"), and wrote feature articles for Travel Magazine and Arts and Decoration. She also lectured about the threat of Nazism.
Encouraged by her friend and Travel editor Coby Gilman Hauser began work on her first English\-language novel, *Dark Dominion* (1947\) based on her romantic relationship with a psychiatrist. It is narrated by the brother of a woman married to a New York psychiatrist who cannot dream. It was published by [Random House](/wiki/Random_House "Random House") and was reviewed by major newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker"), [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine "Harper's Magazine"), [The Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune"), and [The Partisan Review](/wiki/Partisan_Review "Partisan Review"). In a review article for [Vogue Magazine](/wiki/Vogue_Magazine "Vogue Magazine"), [Marguerite Young](/wiki/Marguerite_Young "Marguerite Young") wrote, “Marianne Hauser’s imagination is cosmopolitan, civilized, critical. Her tale is told with figures of speech like formal designs on old tapestries, deranged but formal images.”{{cite journal \|last1\=Young \|first1\=Marguerite \|title\=Illusion Is the Key \|journal\=Vogue \|date\=15 January 1947 \|volume\=109 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=84, 85, 134 \|id\={{ProQuest\|879252580}} \|url\=https://archive.vogue.com/article/1947/01/15/illusion\-is\-the\-key }}Morris, Alice S. “Marianne Hauser.” *Dictionary of Literary Biography 1983*, 238\-42\. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1984\.
In 1944, she married Fred Kirchberger, a German Jewish émigré who trained as a concert pianist in Berlin and then the [Juilliard School of Music](/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music "Juilliard School of Music") in New York. Their son, Michael Kirchberger, was born in Harlem in 1945\. Fred Kirchberger joined the United States Army as soon as war broke out and during World War II Hauser traveled through the American south as Kirchberger was stationed at different military bases. In 1948 they moved to North Carolina, where Kirchberger taught at [Bennett College](/wiki/Bennett_College "Bennett College"), an historically black women's college.{{cite book\|last1\=Hauser\|first1\=Marianne\|title\=Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series\|date\=1990\|publisher\=Gale Research Co.\|location\=Detroit, MI}} Fred Kirchberger earned his PhD at the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee%2C_Florida "Tallahassee, Florida") and they moved again, this time to [Kirksville, Missouri](/wiki/Kirksville%2C_Missouri "Kirksville, Missouri"), where Fred was a professor of music at the Northeast Missouri State College.
Throughout these travels Hauser wrote. She published short stories in *[Mademoiselle](/wiki/Mademoiselle_%28magazine%29 "Mademoiselle (magazine)")*, *[Harper's Bazaar](/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar "Harper's Bazaar")*, where Alice S. Morris, her lifelong friend, champion and frequent editor, was fiction editor, *[Botteghe Oscure](/wiki/Botteghe_Oscure "Botteghe Oscure")* and *The Tiger's Eye*, a literary and arts journal published by another lifelong friend, Ruth Stephan,{{cite journal \|last1\=Stephan \|first1\=John J. \|title\=Ruth Stephan (1910–74\) A Tribute \|journal\=The Yale University Library Gazette \|date\=1976 \|volume\=50 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=225–233 \|jstor\=40858601 }} where Marguerite Young was the fiction editor.Franks, P. (2002\). *The Tiger's eye: the art of a magazine.* New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. *The Mouse* (The Tiger's Eye, 1949\) was selected for [Best American Short Stories](/wiki/Best_American_Short_Stories "Best American Short Stories"), 1950\.Martha Foley (Ed.). (1950\). *The Best American Short Stories* (Vol. 1950\). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. While in Kirksville she completed two novels, *The Choir Invisible* (1957\), published first in England as the *Living Shall Praise Thee*, and *Prince Ishmael* (1963\). In a review, [Guy Davenport](/wiki/Guy_Davenport "Guy Davenport") wrote, "With a richness and color wholly alien to the novel in America, Marianne Hauser constructs a myth close to music in its power to move the reader from one dazzling passage to the next…"“The Multiple Man”, by Guy Davenport, The National Review, October 8, 1963, pp. 310\-313\. (n.d.)
In the late fifties through the early sixties Hauser divided her time between New York and Kirksville, and was friends with a group of women authors living in the West Village, Marguerite Young, Ruth Stephan, [Anais Nin](/wiki/Ana%C3%AFs_Nin "Anaïs Nin") and [Mari Sandoz](/wiki/Mari_Sandoz "Mari Sandoz").
In 1964, the [University of Texas Press](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press "University of Texas Press") published her short story collection, *A Lesson in Music*. It would be her last book with a mainstream publisher.
In 1966, Hauser divorced Fred Kirchberger and moved to New York City permanently. The two remained close friends for the rest of their lives, traveling frequently together. Her first apartment was on Christopher Street, and that experience served as the basis for her next and most important novel, *The Talking Room,* published in 1976 by the [Fiction Collective](/wiki/Fiction_Collective "Fiction Collective"). In a review, [Larry McCaffery](/wiki/Larry_McCaffery "Larry McCaffery") wrote, "The beauty and magic….would seem to be in the book’s extraordinary prose patterns, which create in their complex, interrelated images a sustained vision of loneliness, the desire for love and the necessity for escape, and, always, a dreamlike lyricism."{{cite journal \|last1\=McCaffery \|first1\=Larry \|last2\=Baumbach \|first2\=Jonathan \|last3\=Friedman \|first3\=B. H. \|last4\=Spielberg \|first4\=Peter \|title\=The Fiction Collective \|journal\=Contemporary Literature \|date\=Winter 1978 \|volume\=19 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=99 \|doi\=10\.2307/1207893 \|jstor\=1207893 }}
Hauser became an instructor in the [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College "Queens College") English Department. Between 1966 and 1976, she underwent a noticeable change in style. Her writing from here forward is broadly satirical and absurd. Always attracted to radical politics, she was energized by the anti\-war movement and credits her involvement with 1960s radical politics, as well as an increasing mastery of English, with that change in style.McCaffery, Larry. Some Other Frequency: Interviews with Innovative American Authors. Penn Studies in Contemporary American Fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996\.
Her next three books were published by [Douglas Messerli's](/wiki/Douglas_Messerli "Douglas Messerli") Sun and Moon Press: The *Memoirs of the Late Mr. Ashley* (1986\), narrated by a bisexual dead man; *Me and My Mom* (1993\), a short work dedicated to her old mentor Coby Gilman, about a daughter's difficult relationship with her mother, whom she forces into a nursing home; and a reprint of *Prince Ishmael* (1991\). During this time she returned to publishing short stories, and was interviewed by [Larry McCaffery](/wiki/Larry_McCaffery "Larry McCaffery").
In 2002, Hauser returned to the Fiction Collective, reconstituted as [FC2](/wiki/Fiction_Collective_Two "Fiction Collective Two"), which published her last novel, *Shootout With Father*, again narrated by a gay man, an artist with a wealthy, overbearing and narcissistic father who collects armor. In 2004 she published her final work, *The Collected Short Fiction of Marianne Hauser* (2004\) with an introduction in which she discusses, among other things, masturbation in old age.*The Collected Short Fiction of Marianne Hauser*. Normal \[Ill.]: FC2, 2004\. She died in 2006, at the age of 95\. Her old friend, avant\-garde author [Raymond Federman](/wiki/Raymond_Federman "Raymond Federman"), wrote a tribute to her on his blog,Federman. Raymond: "Marianne Hauser has Changed Tense." at: Jdeshell. “Now What: Marianne Hauser Changed Tense.” Now What, June 23, 2006\. [http://nowwhatblog.blogspot.com/2006/06/marianne\-hauser\-changed\-tense.html](http://nowwhatblog.blogspot.com/2006/06/marianne-hauser-changed-tense.html). as did her former publisher Douglas Messerli.Messerli, Douglas Greenintegerblog. “American Cultural Treasures \- ACT: A WAR AGAINST DEATH.” American Cultural Treasures \- ACT, February 4, 2010\. [http://americanculturaltreasures.blogspot.com/2010/02/war\-against\-death.html](http://americanculturaltreasures.blogspot.com/2010/02/war-against-death.html). Hauser's papers are housed at the University of Florida, Gainesville.Marianne Hauser Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
```
Her friends called her Bear.
```
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In the late 1930s and early 1940, she made numerous connections in the New York publishing world and worked as a regular book reviewer for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), [The New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/The_New_York_Herald_Tribune \"The New York Herald Tribune\"), [The Saturday Review of Literature](/wiki/The_Saturday_Review_of_Literature \"The Saturday Review of Literature\") and [The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic \"The New Republic\"), and wrote feature articles for Travel Magazine and Arts and Decoration. She also lectured about the threat of Nazism.",
"Encouraged by her friend and Travel editor Coby Gilman Hauser began work on her first English\\-language novel, *Dark Dominion* (1947\\) based on her romantic relationship with a psychiatrist. It is narrated by the brother of a woman married to a New York psychiatrist who cannot dream. It was published by [Random House](/wiki/Random_House \"Random House\") and was reviewed by major newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\"), [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine \"Harper's Magazine\"), [The Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\"), and [The Partisan Review](/wiki/Partisan_Review \"Partisan Review\"). In a review article for [Vogue Magazine](/wiki/Vogue_Magazine \"Vogue Magazine\"), [Marguerite Young](/wiki/Marguerite_Young \"Marguerite Young\") wrote, “Marianne Hauser’s imagination is cosmopolitan, civilized, critical. Her tale is told with figures of speech like formal designs on old tapestries, deranged but formal images.”{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Young \\|first1\\=Marguerite \\|title\\=Illusion Is the Key \\|journal\\=Vogue \\|date\\=15 January 1947 \\|volume\\=109 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=84, 85, 134 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|879252580}} \\|url\\=https://archive.vogue.com/article/1947/01/15/illusion\\-is\\-the\\-key }}Morris, Alice S. “Marianne Hauser.” *Dictionary of Literary Biography 1983*, 238\\-42\\. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1984\\.",
"In 1944, she married Fred Kirchberger, a German Jewish émigré who trained as a concert pianist in Berlin and then the [Juilliard School of Music](/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music \"Juilliard School of Music\") in New York. Their son, Michael Kirchberger, was born in Harlem in 1945\\. Fred Kirchberger joined the United States Army as soon as war broke out and during World War II Hauser traveled through the American south as Kirchberger was stationed at different military bases. In 1948 they moved to North Carolina, where Kirchberger taught at [Bennett College](/wiki/Bennett_College \"Bennett College\"), an historically black women's college.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Hauser\\|first1\\=Marianne\\|title\\=Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series\\|date\\=1990\\|publisher\\=Gale Research Co.\\|location\\=Detroit, MI}} Fred Kirchberger earned his PhD at the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida \"University of Florida\") in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee%2C_Florida \"Tallahassee, Florida\") and they moved again, this time to [Kirksville, Missouri](/wiki/Kirksville%2C_Missouri \"Kirksville, Missouri\"), where Fred was a professor of music at the Northeast Missouri State College.",
"Throughout these travels Hauser wrote. She published short stories in *[Mademoiselle](/wiki/Mademoiselle_%28magazine%29 \"Mademoiselle (magazine)\")*, *[Harper's Bazaar](/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar \"Harper's Bazaar\")*, where Alice S. Morris, her lifelong friend, champion and frequent editor, was fiction editor, *[Botteghe Oscure](/wiki/Botteghe_Oscure \"Botteghe Oscure\")* and *The Tiger's Eye*, a literary and arts journal published by another lifelong friend, Ruth Stephan,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Stephan \\|first1\\=John J. \\|title\\=Ruth Stephan (1910–74\\) A Tribute \\|journal\\=The Yale University Library Gazette \\|date\\=1976 \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=225–233 \\|jstor\\=40858601 }} where Marguerite Young was the fiction editor.Franks, P. (2002\\). *The Tiger's eye: the art of a magazine.* New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. *The Mouse* (The Tiger's Eye, 1949\\) was selected for [Best American Short Stories](/wiki/Best_American_Short_Stories \"Best American Short Stories\"), 1950\\.Martha Foley (Ed.). (1950\\). *The Best American Short Stories* (Vol. 1950\\). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. While in Kirksville she completed two novels, *The Choir Invisible* (1957\\), published first in England as the *Living Shall Praise Thee*, and *Prince Ishmael* (1963\\). In a review, [Guy Davenport](/wiki/Guy_Davenport \"Guy Davenport\") wrote, \"With a richness and color wholly alien to the novel in America, Marianne Hauser constructs a myth close to music in its power to move the reader from one dazzling passage to the next…\"“The Multiple Man”, by Guy Davenport, The National Review, October 8, 1963, pp. 310\\-313\\. (n.d.)",
"In the late fifties through the early sixties Hauser divided her time between New York and Kirksville, and was friends with a group of women authors living in the West Village, Marguerite Young, Ruth Stephan, [Anais Nin](/wiki/Ana%C3%AFs_Nin \"Anaïs Nin\") and [Mari Sandoz](/wiki/Mari_Sandoz \"Mari Sandoz\").",
"In 1964, the [University of Texas Press](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press \"University of Texas Press\") published her short story collection, *A Lesson in Music*. It would be her last book with a mainstream publisher.",
"In 1966, Hauser divorced Fred Kirchberger and moved to New York City permanently. The two remained close friends for the rest of their lives, traveling frequently together. Her first apartment was on Christopher Street, and that experience served as the basis for her next and most important novel, *The Talking Room,* published in 1976 by the [Fiction Collective](/wiki/Fiction_Collective \"Fiction Collective\"). In a review, [Larry McCaffery](/wiki/Larry_McCaffery \"Larry McCaffery\") wrote, \"The beauty and magic….would seem to be in the book’s extraordinary prose patterns, which create in their complex, interrelated images a sustained vision of loneliness, the desire for love and the necessity for escape, and, always, a dreamlike lyricism.\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=McCaffery \\|first1\\=Larry \\|last2\\=Baumbach \\|first2\\=Jonathan \\|last3\\=Friedman \\|first3\\=B. H. \\|last4\\=Spielberg \\|first4\\=Peter \\|title\\=The Fiction Collective \\|journal\\=Contemporary Literature \\|date\\=Winter 1978 \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=99 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1207893 \\|jstor\\=1207893 }}",
"Hauser became an instructor in the [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College \"Queens College\") English Department. Between 1966 and 1976, she underwent a noticeable change in style. Her writing from here forward is broadly satirical and absurd. Always attracted to radical politics, she was energized by the anti\\-war movement and credits her involvement with 1960s radical politics, as well as an increasing mastery of English, with that change in style.McCaffery, Larry. Some Other Frequency: Interviews with Innovative American Authors. Penn Studies in Contemporary American Fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996\\.",
"Her next three books were published by [Douglas Messerli's](/wiki/Douglas_Messerli \"Douglas Messerli\") Sun and Moon Press: The *Memoirs of the Late Mr. Ashley* (1986\\), narrated by a bisexual dead man; *Me and My Mom* (1993\\), a short work dedicated to her old mentor Coby Gilman, about a daughter's difficult relationship with her mother, whom she forces into a nursing home; and a reprint of *Prince Ishmael* (1991\\). During this time she returned to publishing short stories, and was interviewed by [Larry McCaffery](/wiki/Larry_McCaffery \"Larry McCaffery\").",
"In 2002, Hauser returned to the Fiction Collective, reconstituted as [FC2](/wiki/Fiction_Collective_Two \"Fiction Collective Two\"), which published her last novel, *Shootout With Father*, again narrated by a gay man, an artist with a wealthy, overbearing and narcissistic father who collects armor. In 2004 she published her final work, *The Collected Short Fiction of Marianne Hauser* (2004\\) with an introduction in which she discusses, among other things, masturbation in old age.*The Collected Short Fiction of Marianne Hauser*. Normal \\[Ill.]: FC2, 2004\\. She died in 2006, at the age of 95\\. Her old friend, avant\\-garde author [Raymond Federman](/wiki/Raymond_Federman \"Raymond Federman\"), wrote a tribute to her on his blog,Federman. Raymond: \"Marianne Hauser has Changed Tense.\" at: Jdeshell. “Now What: Marianne Hauser Changed Tense.” Now What, June 23, 2006\\. [http://nowwhatblog.blogspot.com/2006/06/marianne\\-hauser\\-changed\\-tense.html](http://nowwhatblog.blogspot.com/2006/06/marianne-hauser-changed-tense.html). as did her former publisher Douglas Messerli.Messerli, Douglas Greenintegerblog. “American Cultural Treasures \\- ACT: A WAR AGAINST DEATH.” American Cultural Treasures \\- ACT, February 4, 2010\\. [http://americanculturaltreasures.blogspot.com/2010/02/war\\-against\\-death.html](http://americanculturaltreasures.blogspot.com/2010/02/war-against-death.html). Hauser's papers are housed at the University of Florida, Gainesville.Marianne Hauser Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.",
"",
"```\nHer friends called her Bear.\n```",
"",
""
] |
Design
------
[thumb\|Textile design circa 1888](/wiki/File:Bed_cover_LACMA_AC1995.250.46.jpg "Bed cover LACMA AC1995.250.46.jpg")
Voysey's designs in the field of applied art included furniture, wallpapers, fabrics, carpets, tiles, metalwork, ceramics and graphic design. Sometimes he designed artefacts specially for his own buildings, and sometimes he sold designs to manufacturers for wider use.
Voysey's development as a furniture designer corresponded to his development as an architect, and by c.1895 he had evolved a definitive personal style. His furniture conformed, with a few exceptions, to this style until 1910, when he began to introduce greater elaboration, including Gothic motifs, into his designs. The simple elegance of Voysey's furniture from the period 1895–1910 was achieved by relying on the innate beauty of high quality materials, especially unpolished oak, and by eschewing complicated decoration in favour of a careful balance of the vertical and horizontal elements in a design.
The vertical elements were often emphasised by tapering the vertical supports from a square to an octagonal section and by carrying corner supports up above the functionally necessary height; the horizontal elements were often emphasised by simply moulded cornices, by circular caps on the tops of corner supports (a motif borrowed from [Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo](/wiki/Arthur_Heygate_Mackmurdo "Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo")) and by long strap\-hinges made of unpolished bronze.
Voysey was a distinguished designer of flat patterns for wallpapers, fabrics, carpets and tiles. It was Mackmurdo who first introduced him to the techniques of wallpaper design, and some of Voysey's early pattern designs incorporated more restrained versions of the swirling motifs beloved by Mackmurdo and the Century guild of artists. Voysey sold his first wallpaper design in 1883; by the late 1880s his reputation as a wallpaper designer was established at home and abroad, and he was still selling pattern designs in 1930\. His career as a pattern designer was thus longer and more prolific than his career as an architect. But it was also complementary to his architectural career, because selling patterns supplemented his income in the lean years of his architectural practice, before c. 1895 and after c. 1910\.
[thumb\|right\|A sideboard by Voysey, Nielsen, Elsley and Company, Ltd](/wiki/File:Sideboard_from_Hurtmore%2C_Surrey_LACMA_AC1993.1.14.jpg "Sideboard from Hurtmore, Surrey LACMA AC1993.1.14.jpg")
Many of Voysey's pattern designs rely for their effect on rhythmically contrasted shapes consisting of areas of flat, clear colour, usually bounded by dark or pale outlines. This is in the tradition of oriental design praised by Victorian reformers of design, such as [Owen Jones](/wiki/Owen_Jones_%28architect%29 "Owen Jones (architect)") and [Matthew Digby Wyatt](/wiki/Matthew_Digby_Wyatt "Matthew Digby Wyatt"). In Voysey's work stylised natural forms, especially plants and birds, often represent the positive shapes, and areas of background form the contrasting negative shapes. This skilful juxtaposition can also be seen in his handling of the solids and voids in his designs for two\-dimensional metalwork, such as ventilator grilles and hinges. Some of Voysey's pattern designs after c. 1900 consist of motifs placed in comparative isolation against a light ground. The use of scale is arbitrary, giving an effect of naive charm reminiscent of medieval illuminations and tapestries. The later designs are generally smaller and more delicately coloured than the designs of the 1880s and 1890s.
At the suggestion of his friend A. H. Mackmurdo, Voysey began designing wallpapers in 1883 under contract for Jeffrey \& CoJackson 2007, p. 13 while waiting for architectural commissions to come in.Parry 2005, pp. 150–151\. He joined the [Art\-Workers' Guild](/wiki/Art-Workers%27_Guild "Art-Workers' Guild") in 1884, and displayed both printed textiles and wallpapers at the inaugural [Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Exhibition_Society "Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society") show at the [New Gallery](/wiki/New_Gallery_%28London%29 "New Gallery (London)") in 1888\.V\&A website In 1893 he began designing wallpapers for Essex \& Co., for whom he executed several hundred patterns.
Distinct stages can be identified in Voysey's wallpaper and textile designs. His earliest works, through the late 1880s, have historically influenced traditional repeats. By the mid\-1890s, he was creating his most characteristic and original designs, flowing patterns in pastel colourways with flattened silhouettes of birds, florals, and hearts. Designs were used for both wallpaper and textiles, which were often executed as wool [double cloths](/wiki/Double_cloth "Double cloth") for furnishing.
Typical patterns of this period include [*The Saladin*](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O73429/wallpaper-print-the-saladin/) wallpaper, 1897 and [*The Owl*](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O85089/furnishing-fabric-the-owl/) [jacquard\-woven](/wiki/Jacquard_loom "Jacquard loom") woollen textile, 1898\. From 1910 onwards, his patterns became more narrative, with isolated motifs, and were often meant for the nursery. The [*Alice in Wonderland*](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O69054/furnishing-fabric-alice-in-wonderland/) furnishing fabric, c.1920, is typical of this phase. His last recorded wallpaper commission was dated 1930\.
In 1896, *[The Studio](/wiki/Studio_Magazine "Studio Magazine")* confirmed Voysey's place in the decorative arts, writing "Now a 'Voysey wall\-paper' sounds almost as familiar as a '[Morris](/wiki/William_Morris "William Morris") chintz' or a '[Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_%26_Co. "Liberty & Co.") silk'." Voysey also designed for [Donegal Carpets](/wiki/Donegal_Carpets "Donegal Carpets") and many other firms over a fifty\-year career in design.
|
[
"Design\n------",
"[thumb\\|Textile design circa 1888](/wiki/File:Bed_cover_LACMA_AC1995.250.46.jpg \"Bed cover LACMA AC1995.250.46.jpg\")\nVoysey's designs in the field of applied art included furniture, wallpapers, fabrics, carpets, tiles, metalwork, ceramics and graphic design. Sometimes he designed artefacts specially for his own buildings, and sometimes he sold designs to manufacturers for wider use.",
"Voysey's development as a furniture designer corresponded to his development as an architect, and by c.1895 he had evolved a definitive personal style. His furniture conformed, with a few exceptions, to this style until 1910, when he began to introduce greater elaboration, including Gothic motifs, into his designs. The simple elegance of Voysey's furniture from the period 1895–1910 was achieved by relying on the innate beauty of high quality materials, especially unpolished oak, and by eschewing complicated decoration in favour of a careful balance of the vertical and horizontal elements in a design.",
"The vertical elements were often emphasised by tapering the vertical supports from a square to an octagonal section and by carrying corner supports up above the functionally necessary height; the horizontal elements were often emphasised by simply moulded cornices, by circular caps on the tops of corner supports (a motif borrowed from [Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo](/wiki/Arthur_Heygate_Mackmurdo \"Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo\")) and by long strap\\-hinges made of unpolished bronze.",
"Voysey was a distinguished designer of flat patterns for wallpapers, fabrics, carpets and tiles. It was Mackmurdo who first introduced him to the techniques of wallpaper design, and some of Voysey's early pattern designs incorporated more restrained versions of the swirling motifs beloved by Mackmurdo and the Century guild of artists. Voysey sold his first wallpaper design in 1883; by the late 1880s his reputation as a wallpaper designer was established at home and abroad, and he was still selling pattern designs in 1930\\. His career as a pattern designer was thus longer and more prolific than his career as an architect. But it was also complementary to his architectural career, because selling patterns supplemented his income in the lean years of his architectural practice, before c. 1895 and after c. 1910\\.\n[thumb\\|right\\|A sideboard by Voysey, Nielsen, Elsley and Company, Ltd](/wiki/File:Sideboard_from_Hurtmore%2C_Surrey_LACMA_AC1993.1.14.jpg \"Sideboard from Hurtmore, Surrey LACMA AC1993.1.14.jpg\")",
"Many of Voysey's pattern designs rely for their effect on rhythmically contrasted shapes consisting of areas of flat, clear colour, usually bounded by dark or pale outlines. This is in the tradition of oriental design praised by Victorian reformers of design, such as [Owen Jones](/wiki/Owen_Jones_%28architect%29 \"Owen Jones (architect)\") and [Matthew Digby Wyatt](/wiki/Matthew_Digby_Wyatt \"Matthew Digby Wyatt\"). In Voysey's work stylised natural forms, especially plants and birds, often represent the positive shapes, and areas of background form the contrasting negative shapes. This skilful juxtaposition can also be seen in his handling of the solids and voids in his designs for two\\-dimensional metalwork, such as ventilator grilles and hinges. Some of Voysey's pattern designs after c. 1900 consist of motifs placed in comparative isolation against a light ground. The use of scale is arbitrary, giving an effect of naive charm reminiscent of medieval illuminations and tapestries. The later designs are generally smaller and more delicately coloured than the designs of the 1880s and 1890s.",
"At the suggestion of his friend A. H. Mackmurdo, Voysey began designing wallpapers in 1883 under contract for Jeffrey \\& CoJackson 2007, p. 13 while waiting for architectural commissions to come in.Parry 2005, pp. 150–151\\. He joined the [Art\\-Workers' Guild](/wiki/Art-Workers%27_Guild \"Art-Workers' Guild\") in 1884, and displayed both printed textiles and wallpapers at the inaugural [Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Exhibition_Society \"Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society\") show at the [New Gallery](/wiki/New_Gallery_%28London%29 \"New Gallery (London)\") in 1888\\.V\\&A website In 1893 he began designing wallpapers for Essex \\& Co., for whom he executed several hundred patterns.",
"Distinct stages can be identified in Voysey's wallpaper and textile designs. His earliest works, through the late 1880s, have historically influenced traditional repeats. By the mid\\-1890s, he was creating his most characteristic and original designs, flowing patterns in pastel colourways with flattened silhouettes of birds, florals, and hearts. Designs were used for both wallpaper and textiles, which were often executed as wool [double cloths](/wiki/Double_cloth \"Double cloth\") for furnishing.",
"Typical patterns of this period include [*The Saladin*](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O73429/wallpaper-print-the-saladin/) wallpaper, 1897 and [*The Owl*](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O85089/furnishing-fabric-the-owl/) [jacquard\\-woven](/wiki/Jacquard_loom \"Jacquard loom\") woollen textile, 1898\\. From 1910 onwards, his patterns became more narrative, with isolated motifs, and were often meant for the nursery. The [*Alice in Wonderland*](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O69054/furnishing-fabric-alice-in-wonderland/) furnishing fabric, c.1920, is typical of this phase. His last recorded wallpaper commission was dated 1930\\.",
"In 1896, *[The Studio](/wiki/Studio_Magazine \"Studio Magazine\")* confirmed Voysey's place in the decorative arts, writing \"Now a 'Voysey wall\\-paper' sounds almost as familiar as a '[Morris](/wiki/William_Morris \"William Morris\") chintz' or a '[Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_%26_Co. \"Liberty & Co.\") silk'.\" Voysey also designed for [Donegal Carpets](/wiki/Donegal_Carpets \"Donegal Carpets\") and many other firms over a fifty\\-year career in design.",
""
] |
Architectural work
------------------
[thumb\|[Broad Leys](/wiki/Broad_Leys "Broad Leys"), Windermere](/wiki/File:Broadleys%2C_architect_C_F_A_Voysey.JPG "Broadleys, architect C F A Voysey.JPG")
Voysey's first design was for a house at [Loughton](/wiki/Loughton "Loughton") for Octavius Dixie Deacon. A house was erected on the site, but whether it bore any relation to Voysey's design is not known. By 1894, Voysey had moved his practice to Melina Place, [St John's Wood](/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood "St John's Wood"), London, next door to the influential Arts and Crafts architect [Edward Schroeder Prior](/wiki/Edward_Schroeder_Prior "Edward Schroeder Prior"), resulting in the development of a long term friendship and exchange of ideas between the two men.
Voysey's architectural practice began slowly, with small alterations and surveys; a number of unexecuted designs from these early years were published and reveal the influence of both Seddon and Devey. In 1888, he obtained his first architectural commission, for The Cottage (addition by Voysey, 1900\) at [Bishop's Itchington](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Itchington "Bishop's Itchington"), Warwicks. The Cottage was built of thin, buttressed brickwork, roughcast and painted cream.
That form of construction was chosen by Voysey because it was cheap, but in his hands it became an aesthetic end in itself, as he skilfully juxtaposed the solid and void, light and shadow, of the clean\-cut forms. Other 19th century architects, including Devey, had built country cottages in a simple vernacular style with whitened roughcast for estate workers, parsons and schoolmasters. For 1888, The Cottage was unusual not only for being entirely roughcast, but also for its simplicity and informality, which were revolutionary in a gentleman's house.
[thumb\|The garden front of Walnut Tree Farm](/wiki/File:The_garden_front%2C_Walnut_Tree_Farm%2C_Castlemorton.jpg "The garden front, Walnut Tree Farm, Castlemorton.jpg")
Walnut Tree Farm (1890\) at Castlemorton, near [Malvern](/wiki/Malvern%2C_Worcestershire "Malvern, Worcestershire"), Worcestershire, and a house at [Bedford Park](/wiki/Bedford_Park%2C_London "Bedford Park, London") (1891\), [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick "Chiswick"), west London, have certain novel features that became characteristic of Voysey's designs. Walnut Tree Farm shows for the first time the lively colouring that was to become typical of his houses: whitened roughcast, bright green exterior woodwork, oversize, bright green water\-butts, bright green tubs of bay trees and bright red curtains at the windows. At Bedford Park the innovation consisted of very simplified classical or Queen Anne details, a slate roof, and practical metal frames and stone surrounds of the windows.
[thumb\|upright\|Voysey's [Malvern Wells War Memorial](/wiki/Malvern_Wells_War_Memorial "Malvern Wells War Memorial") was unveiled in 1920\.](/wiki/File:Malvern_Wells_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3946.jpg "Malvern Wells War Memorial - geograph.org.uk - 3946.jpg")
In 1893, Voysey obtained his first commission for a relatively expensive house, [Perrycroft](/wiki/Perrycroft "Perrycroft"), at [Colwall](/wiki/Colwall "Colwall"), near Malvern. From then until 1910, Voysey received a steady stream of architectural commissions; most were simple, white country or suburban houses with low, spreading lines, for which he became famous. He introduced some mannered, even eccentric, classical detailing into two fairly expensive houses in Surrey, designed in 1897: New Place, near [Haslemere](/wiki/Haslemere "Haslemere"), and Norney Grange, near [Shackleford](/wiki/Shackleford "Shackleford"). But there was a return to simplicity at Broad Leys and Moorcrag, the lakeside houses near [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere "Windermere") that he designed in 1898\.
Between 1900 and 1910, Voysey obtained a series of commissions that gave him the opportunity to design complete houses, including every detail of the interiors, not only fixtures, but also movable furniture, carpets, curtains and wall coverings. The Orchard, [Chorleywood](/wiki/Chorleywood "Chorleywood"), Hertfordshire, designed for himself and his wife in 1899, was the first such house. In 1901 came The Pastures at [North Luffenham](/wiki/North_Luffenham "North Luffenham"), Rutland; in 1905 [Holly Mount](/wiki/Holly_Mount%2C_Knotty_Green "Holly Mount, Knotty Green"), near [Beaconsfield](/wiki/Beaconsfield "Beaconsfield"), Bucks, and The Homestead at [Frinton\-on\-Sea](/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea "Frinton-on-Sea"), Essex.
An interior design carried out in London was [Garden Corner](/wiki/Garden_Corner "Garden Corner") (1906\) on the [Chelsea Embankment](/wiki/Chelsea_Embankment "Chelsea Embankment"). In the typical Voysey interior, the low ceilings and deep friezes were white, and the woodwork was unpolished oak, if possible, or cheaper [deal](/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris "Pinus sylvestris"), painted white. Colours in furnishings, tiled fireplaces and wall and floor coverings were soft and light, for example delicate greens and heathery purples, with a few bright accents of red and turquoise. There was no clutter in a Voysey interior: furniture was sparse and the use of pattern in wallpapers, carpets and metalwork was sparing.
From c. 1910, Voysey's architectural practice declined, largely because he was out of sympathy with the new fashion for classical forms. He reacted against that by introducing details of Gothic origin into his work. In 1909, he used a pointed arch in the porch of Brooke End at [Henley\-in\-Arden](/wiki/Henley-in-Arden "Henley-in-Arden"), Warwickshire, and in the same year he built a miniature courtyard house in Tudor Gothic style at Combe Down, near Bath. Unexecuted designs of 1914 for larger houses have eccentric courtyard plans, pointed arches, crenellations and towers.
[thumb\|Sanderson wallpaper factory design, [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick "Chiswick"), 1902; the building is now known as Voysey House.](/wiki/File:Voysey_House_Sandersons_Building_design_by_CFA_Voysey_1902.jpg "Voysey House Sandersons Building design by CFA Voysey 1902.jpg")
Voysey only occasionally obtained commissions for buildings other than country or suburban houses, but when he did he displayed considerable versatility. On the restricted site of his Bedford Park house, he abandoned his usual horizontal planning and built a "tower house". The two brick\-faced terrace houses (1891\) that he built in Hans Road, [Knightsbridge](/wiki/Knightsbridge "Knightsbridge"), London, display great ingenuity in the arrangement of plan and section. The Sanderson wallpaper factory (1902\) in [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick "Chiswick") is severely functional in form and faced with white\-glazed bricks. However, for the fitting out of the offices of the Essex and Suffolk Equitable Insurance Company (designed 1906–9\), Capel House, New Broad Street, London, he considered a degree of expensive decoration to be appropriate.
Voysey designed every detail of his houses, including the furniture. His houses were inspired by English vernacular sources of the 16th and early 17th centuries, featuring white roughcast walls with horizontal ribbon windows and huge pitched roofs, and used rough [plaster](/wiki/Plaster "Plaster"), [slate](/wiki/Slate "Slate") and other materials typical of English farmhouses.Chambers 1985, pp. 255, 270Curl 2000\.
[thumb\|upright\|Houses in Hans Road, Chelsea](/wiki/File:Houses_in_Hans_Road%2C_Chelsea.jpg "Houses in Hans Road, Chelsea.jpg")
Examples of his completed architectural works are:
[Perrycroft](/wiki/Perrycroft "Perrycroft"), [Colwall](/wiki/Colwall "Colwall"), Herefordshire 1893;
Annesley Lodge, [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead "Hampstead"), London, 1896;
An artist's cottage (14 South Parade), [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick "Chiswick"), London C.1890;
[Merlshanger (later Greyfriars)](/wiki/Greyfriars%2C_Puttenham "Greyfriars, Puttenham"), [Hog's Back](/wiki/Hog%27s_Back "Hog's Back"), [Puttenham](/wiki/Puttenham%2C_Surrey "Puttenham, Surrey") near Guildford, 1896; Norney Grange, [Shackleford](/wiki/Shackleford "Shackleford"), 1897;
[Spade House](/wiki/Spade_House "Spade House"), [Sandgate, Kent](/wiki/Sandgate%2C_Kent "Sandgate, Kent") (the home of the writer [H. G. Wells](/wiki/H._G._Wells "H. G. Wells"));
Voysey House (a [Sanderson](/wiki/Arthur_Sanderson_%26_Sons "Arthur Sanderson & Sons") wallpaper factory, now offices),{{NHLE\|num\=1294655\|desc\=Voysey House\|access\-date\=14 October 2017\|mode\=cs2}} [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick "Chiswick") 1902;
The Pastures, [North Luffenham](/wiki/North_Luffenham "North Luffenham"), Rutland 1903;
The Orchard, [Chorleywood](/wiki/Chorleywood "Chorleywood"), 1900, which he designed for himself;
Voysey Garden, [Emslie Horniman's Pleasance](/wiki/Emslie_Horniman%27s_Pleasance "Emslie Horniman's Pleasance"), [North Kensington](/wiki/North_Kensington "North Kensington"), 1914 is a public garden designed by Voysey.{{cite web\|last1\=Taylor\|first1\=Jemima\|title\=The Voysey Garden\|url\=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/voysey2006\.htm\|website\=London Parks and Gardens Trust\|publisher\=The London Parks \& Gardens Trust\|accessdate\=2 December 2014}}
Voysey designed the [Malvern Wells War Memorial](/wiki/Malvern_Wells_War_Memorial "Malvern Wells War Memorial") in [Malvern Wells](/wiki/Malvern_Wells "Malvern Wells"), Worcestershire. It was unveiled in 1920 and is topped by a sculpture of a pelican.War Memorial: Malvern Wells (WMR\-32991\): [War Memorial: Malvern Wells (WMR\-8111\)](http://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/32991), accessdate: 2 January 2018
There are several examples of Voysey's design near [Bowness\-on\-Windermere](/wiki/Bowness-on-Windermere "Bowness-on-Windermere"), Cumbria, with roughcast walls and massive rendered stacks on sweeping slate roofs. Architectural historian [Nikolaus Pevsner](/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner "Nikolaus Pevsner") greatly admired the Orchard, and identified Broad Leys as Voysey's masterpiece, seeing in them seeds of the modernist movement.
{{blockquote\|Although theoretically quite different, the simplicity and horizontal emphasis of Voysey's houses were incorrectly distinguished as physical precursors of the \[\[International Style (architecture)\|International Style]]. Based on this tenuous connection, Voysey received the \[\[RIBA]] \[\[Royal Gold Medal\|Gold Medal]] in 1940\.C.F.A. Voysey biography at \[http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Charles\_F.\_A.\_Voysey.html GreatBuildings.com]}}
In fact, Voysey himself, who was Master of the Art\-Workers Guild in 1924, had a strong dislike of modern architecture, and was irritated by Pevsner's identification of his work with the movement.
[Broad Leys](/wiki/Broad_Leys "Broad Leys") (1898–1900\) is now the headquarters of the Windermere Motor Boat Racing Club,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wmbrc.co.uk/house\_and\_history\|title\=House \& History : Broad Leys : CFA Voysey Country House\|website\=wmbrc.co.uk}} and featured in the film *[The French Lieutenant's Woman](/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman_%28film%29 "The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)")*. It is the only Voysey house in which the public are allowed to stay.
Voysey died in [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester "Winchester") in 1941\.
|
[
"Architectural work\n------------------",
"[thumb\\|[Broad Leys](/wiki/Broad_Leys \"Broad Leys\"), Windermere](/wiki/File:Broadleys%2C_architect_C_F_A_Voysey.JPG \"Broadleys, architect C F A Voysey.JPG\")",
"Voysey's first design was for a house at [Loughton](/wiki/Loughton \"Loughton\") for Octavius Dixie Deacon. A house was erected on the site, but whether it bore any relation to Voysey's design is not known. By 1894, Voysey had moved his practice to Melina Place, [St John's Wood](/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood \"St John's Wood\"), London, next door to the influential Arts and Crafts architect [Edward Schroeder Prior](/wiki/Edward_Schroeder_Prior \"Edward Schroeder Prior\"), resulting in the development of a long term friendship and exchange of ideas between the two men.",
"Voysey's architectural practice began slowly, with small alterations and surveys; a number of unexecuted designs from these early years were published and reveal the influence of both Seddon and Devey. In 1888, he obtained his first architectural commission, for The Cottage (addition by Voysey, 1900\\) at [Bishop's Itchington](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Itchington \"Bishop's Itchington\"), Warwicks. The Cottage was built of thin, buttressed brickwork, roughcast and painted cream.",
"That form of construction was chosen by Voysey because it was cheap, but in his hands it became an aesthetic end in itself, as he skilfully juxtaposed the solid and void, light and shadow, of the clean\\-cut forms. Other 19th century architects, including Devey, had built country cottages in a simple vernacular style with whitened roughcast for estate workers, parsons and schoolmasters. For 1888, The Cottage was unusual not only for being entirely roughcast, but also for its simplicity and informality, which were revolutionary in a gentleman's house.",
"[thumb\\|The garden front of Walnut Tree Farm](/wiki/File:The_garden_front%2C_Walnut_Tree_Farm%2C_Castlemorton.jpg \"The garden front, Walnut Tree Farm, Castlemorton.jpg\")",
"Walnut Tree Farm (1890\\) at Castlemorton, near [Malvern](/wiki/Malvern%2C_Worcestershire \"Malvern, Worcestershire\"), Worcestershire, and a house at [Bedford Park](/wiki/Bedford_Park%2C_London \"Bedford Park, London\") (1891\\), [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick \"Chiswick\"), west London, have certain novel features that became characteristic of Voysey's designs. Walnut Tree Farm shows for the first time the lively colouring that was to become typical of his houses: whitened roughcast, bright green exterior woodwork, oversize, bright green water\\-butts, bright green tubs of bay trees and bright red curtains at the windows. At Bedford Park the innovation consisted of very simplified classical or Queen Anne details, a slate roof, and practical metal frames and stone surrounds of the windows.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Voysey's [Malvern Wells War Memorial](/wiki/Malvern_Wells_War_Memorial \"Malvern Wells War Memorial\") was unveiled in 1920\\.](/wiki/File:Malvern_Wells_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3946.jpg \"Malvern Wells War Memorial - geograph.org.uk - 3946.jpg\")",
"In 1893, Voysey obtained his first commission for a relatively expensive house, [Perrycroft](/wiki/Perrycroft \"Perrycroft\"), at [Colwall](/wiki/Colwall \"Colwall\"), near Malvern. From then until 1910, Voysey received a steady stream of architectural commissions; most were simple, white country or suburban houses with low, spreading lines, for which he became famous. He introduced some mannered, even eccentric, classical detailing into two fairly expensive houses in Surrey, designed in 1897: New Place, near [Haslemere](/wiki/Haslemere \"Haslemere\"), and Norney Grange, near [Shackleford](/wiki/Shackleford \"Shackleford\"). But there was a return to simplicity at Broad Leys and Moorcrag, the lakeside houses near [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere \"Windermere\") that he designed in 1898\\.",
"Between 1900 and 1910, Voysey obtained a series of commissions that gave him the opportunity to design complete houses, including every detail of the interiors, not only fixtures, but also movable furniture, carpets, curtains and wall coverings. The Orchard, [Chorleywood](/wiki/Chorleywood \"Chorleywood\"), Hertfordshire, designed for himself and his wife in 1899, was the first such house. In 1901 came The Pastures at [North Luffenham](/wiki/North_Luffenham \"North Luffenham\"), Rutland; in 1905 [Holly Mount](/wiki/Holly_Mount%2C_Knotty_Green \"Holly Mount, Knotty Green\"), near [Beaconsfield](/wiki/Beaconsfield \"Beaconsfield\"), Bucks, and The Homestead at [Frinton\\-on\\-Sea](/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea \"Frinton-on-Sea\"), Essex.",
"An interior design carried out in London was [Garden Corner](/wiki/Garden_Corner \"Garden Corner\") (1906\\) on the [Chelsea Embankment](/wiki/Chelsea_Embankment \"Chelsea Embankment\"). In the typical Voysey interior, the low ceilings and deep friezes were white, and the woodwork was unpolished oak, if possible, or cheaper [deal](/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris \"Pinus sylvestris\"), painted white. Colours in furnishings, tiled fireplaces and wall and floor coverings were soft and light, for example delicate greens and heathery purples, with a few bright accents of red and turquoise. There was no clutter in a Voysey interior: furniture was sparse and the use of pattern in wallpapers, carpets and metalwork was sparing.",
"From c. 1910, Voysey's architectural practice declined, largely because he was out of sympathy with the new fashion for classical forms. He reacted against that by introducing details of Gothic origin into his work. In 1909, he used a pointed arch in the porch of Brooke End at [Henley\\-in\\-Arden](/wiki/Henley-in-Arden \"Henley-in-Arden\"), Warwickshire, and in the same year he built a miniature courtyard house in Tudor Gothic style at Combe Down, near Bath. Unexecuted designs of 1914 for larger houses have eccentric courtyard plans, pointed arches, crenellations and towers.",
"[thumb\\|Sanderson wallpaper factory design, [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick \"Chiswick\"), 1902; the building is now known as Voysey House.](/wiki/File:Voysey_House_Sandersons_Building_design_by_CFA_Voysey_1902.jpg \"Voysey House Sandersons Building design by CFA Voysey 1902.jpg\")",
"Voysey only occasionally obtained commissions for buildings other than country or suburban houses, but when he did he displayed considerable versatility. On the restricted site of his Bedford Park house, he abandoned his usual horizontal planning and built a \"tower house\". The two brick\\-faced terrace houses (1891\\) that he built in Hans Road, [Knightsbridge](/wiki/Knightsbridge \"Knightsbridge\"), London, display great ingenuity in the arrangement of plan and section. The Sanderson wallpaper factory (1902\\) in [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick \"Chiswick\") is severely functional in form and faced with white\\-glazed bricks. However, for the fitting out of the offices of the Essex and Suffolk Equitable Insurance Company (designed 1906–9\\), Capel House, New Broad Street, London, he considered a degree of expensive decoration to be appropriate.",
"Voysey designed every detail of his houses, including the furniture. His houses were inspired by English vernacular sources of the 16th and early 17th centuries, featuring white roughcast walls with horizontal ribbon windows and huge pitched roofs, and used rough [plaster](/wiki/Plaster \"Plaster\"), [slate](/wiki/Slate \"Slate\") and other materials typical of English farmhouses.Chambers 1985, pp. 255, 270Curl 2000\\.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Houses in Hans Road, Chelsea](/wiki/File:Houses_in_Hans_Road%2C_Chelsea.jpg \"Houses in Hans Road, Chelsea.jpg\")",
"Examples of his completed architectural works are: \n[Perrycroft](/wiki/Perrycroft \"Perrycroft\"), [Colwall](/wiki/Colwall \"Colwall\"), Herefordshire 1893;\nAnnesley Lodge, [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead \"Hampstead\"), London, 1896;\nAn artist's cottage (14 South Parade), [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick \"Chiswick\"), London C.1890;\n[Merlshanger (later Greyfriars)](/wiki/Greyfriars%2C_Puttenham \"Greyfriars, Puttenham\"), [Hog's Back](/wiki/Hog%27s_Back \"Hog's Back\"), [Puttenham](/wiki/Puttenham%2C_Surrey \"Puttenham, Surrey\") near Guildford, 1896; Norney Grange, [Shackleford](/wiki/Shackleford \"Shackleford\"), 1897;\n[Spade House](/wiki/Spade_House \"Spade House\"), [Sandgate, Kent](/wiki/Sandgate%2C_Kent \"Sandgate, Kent\") (the home of the writer [H. G. Wells](/wiki/H._G._Wells \"H. G. Wells\"));\nVoysey House (a [Sanderson](/wiki/Arthur_Sanderson_%26_Sons \"Arthur Sanderson & Sons\") wallpaper factory, now offices),{{NHLE\\|num\\=1294655\\|desc\\=Voysey House\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2017\\|mode\\=cs2}} [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick \"Chiswick\") 1902;\nThe Pastures, [North Luffenham](/wiki/North_Luffenham \"North Luffenham\"), Rutland 1903;\nThe Orchard, [Chorleywood](/wiki/Chorleywood \"Chorleywood\"), 1900, which he designed for himself;\nVoysey Garden, [Emslie Horniman's Pleasance](/wiki/Emslie_Horniman%27s_Pleasance \"Emslie Horniman's Pleasance\"), [North Kensington](/wiki/North_Kensington \"North Kensington\"), 1914 is a public garden designed by Voysey.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Taylor\\|first1\\=Jemima\\|title\\=The Voysey Garden\\|url\\=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/voysey2006\\.htm\\|website\\=London Parks and Gardens Trust\\|publisher\\=The London Parks \\& Gardens Trust\\|accessdate\\=2 December 2014}}\nVoysey designed the [Malvern Wells War Memorial](/wiki/Malvern_Wells_War_Memorial \"Malvern Wells War Memorial\") in [Malvern Wells](/wiki/Malvern_Wells \"Malvern Wells\"), Worcestershire. It was unveiled in 1920 and is topped by a sculpture of a pelican.War Memorial: Malvern Wells (WMR\\-32991\\): [War Memorial: Malvern Wells (WMR\\-8111\\)](http://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/32991), accessdate: 2 January 2018",
"There are several examples of Voysey's design near [Bowness\\-on\\-Windermere](/wiki/Bowness-on-Windermere \"Bowness-on-Windermere\"), Cumbria, with roughcast walls and massive rendered stacks on sweeping slate roofs. Architectural historian [Nikolaus Pevsner](/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner \"Nikolaus Pevsner\") greatly admired the Orchard, and identified Broad Leys as Voysey's masterpiece, seeing in them seeds of the modernist movement.",
"{{blockquote\\|Although theoretically quite different, the simplicity and horizontal emphasis of Voysey's houses were incorrectly distinguished as physical precursors of the \\[\\[International Style (architecture)\\|International Style]]. Based on this tenuous connection, Voysey received the \\[\\[RIBA]] \\[\\[Royal Gold Medal\\|Gold Medal]] in 1940\\.C.F.A. Voysey biography at \\[http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Charles\\_F.\\_A.\\_Voysey.html GreatBuildings.com]}}",
"In fact, Voysey himself, who was Master of the Art\\-Workers Guild in 1924, had a strong dislike of modern architecture, and was irritated by Pevsner's identification of his work with the movement.",
"[Broad Leys](/wiki/Broad_Leys \"Broad Leys\") (1898–1900\\) is now the headquarters of the Windermere Motor Boat Racing Club,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wmbrc.co.uk/house\\_and\\_history\\|title\\=House \\& History : Broad Leys : CFA Voysey Country House\\|website\\=wmbrc.co.uk}} and featured in the film *[The French Lieutenant's Woman](/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman_%28film%29 \"The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)\")*. It is the only Voysey house in which the public are allowed to stay.",
"Voysey died in [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester \"Winchester\") in 1941\\.",
""
] |
Senior years
------------
Upon graduating high school, Zahir attended the Institute of Theatre and Arts of Kabul and joined the Kabul Armature Orchestra led by Fazel Ahmad Zekria Naynawaz along with his brother Kabir Howaida, Rahim Mehryar, Rahim Jahani and more. At this orchestra Zahir showed immense talent as a vocalist and earned a scholarship to learn operatic and eastern classical music at [Tchaikovsky Institute](/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory "Moscow Conservatory") in Moscow in 1966\. After Moscow he spend time in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") in 1972\. There, he performed the song "Kamar Bareek\-e\-Man" which became an instant hit in Iran, where for years many Iranian singers covered the song in concerts and on Iranian national television.
Upon his return to Kabul, Zahir began his musical career which brought him an overnight success. He composed all his songs except 4 songs which he often credited to their original composers [Ahmad Zahir](/wiki/Ahmad_Zahir "Ahmad Zahir") and Mashoor Jamal. The songs "Rasha dar dast baghban" and "Gar zolf preishanat" are of Ahmad Zahir and "Laila mah man shoda shaida" and "Ay mo telaie" are compositions of Jamal.
Howaida was fond of tea and cigarettes. He also read many books about social and political issues. His favorite author was [Maxim Gorky](/wiki/Maxim_Gorky "Maxim Gorky") and his favorite subject was [socialist](/wiki/Socialist "Socialist") and [social democratic](/wiki/Social_democratic "Social democratic") ideas.
Many of Howaida's songs are politically anti\-establishment in nature. He often spoke out against the monarchy and the first president of the Afghan republic, [Mohammad Daoud Khan](/wiki/Mohammad_Daoud_Khan "Mohammad Daoud Khan"). While all artists who wished to appear on [National TV](/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Television "Afghanistan National Television") were authorized to sing in [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language").
Howaida after the fall of the republic of Afghanistan into the hands of the Marxist [communist regime](/wiki/Khalq "Khalq") found many opportunities on National Television and [Radio Kabul](/wiki/Radio_Kabul "Radio Kabul"). He recorded most of his songs during this tenure, hosting a variety of shows on both mediums.
After the fall of the communist government, Zahir and his family fled to [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). He toured the world with stops in North America, Europe and Australia for his farewell concert where he broke his vow and sang in Pashto. He followed the concert with the release of his final album "Ay Kash".
|
[
"Senior years\n------------",
"Upon graduating high school, Zahir attended the Institute of Theatre and Arts of Kabul and joined the Kabul Armature Orchestra led by Fazel Ahmad Zekria Naynawaz along with his brother Kabir Howaida, Rahim Mehryar, Rahim Jahani and more. At this orchestra Zahir showed immense talent as a vocalist and earned a scholarship to learn operatic and eastern classical music at [Tchaikovsky Institute](/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory \"Moscow Conservatory\") in Moscow in 1966\\. After Moscow he spend time in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\") in 1972\\. There, he performed the song \"Kamar Bareek\\-e\\-Man\" which became an instant hit in Iran, where for years many Iranian singers covered the song in concerts and on Iranian national television.",
"Upon his return to Kabul, Zahir began his musical career which brought him an overnight success. He composed all his songs except 4 songs which he often credited to their original composers [Ahmad Zahir](/wiki/Ahmad_Zahir \"Ahmad Zahir\") and Mashoor Jamal. The songs \"Rasha dar dast baghban\" and \"Gar zolf preishanat\" are of Ahmad Zahir and \"Laila mah man shoda shaida\" and \"Ay mo telaie\" are compositions of Jamal.",
"Howaida was fond of tea and cigarettes. He also read many books about social and political issues. His favorite author was [Maxim Gorky](/wiki/Maxim_Gorky \"Maxim Gorky\") and his favorite subject was [socialist](/wiki/Socialist \"Socialist\") and [social democratic](/wiki/Social_democratic \"Social democratic\") ideas.",
"Many of Howaida's songs are politically anti\\-establishment in nature. He often spoke out against the monarchy and the first president of the Afghan republic, [Mohammad Daoud Khan](/wiki/Mohammad_Daoud_Khan \"Mohammad Daoud Khan\"). While all artists who wished to appear on [National TV](/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Television \"Afghanistan National Television\") were authorized to sing in [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\").",
"Howaida after the fall of the republic of Afghanistan into the hands of the Marxist [communist regime](/wiki/Khalq \"Khalq\") found many opportunities on National Television and [Radio Kabul](/wiki/Radio_Kabul \"Radio Kabul\"). He recorded most of his songs during this tenure, hosting a variety of shows on both mediums.",
"After the fall of the communist government, Zahir and his family fled to [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). He toured the world with stops in North America, Europe and Australia for his farewell concert where he broke his vow and sang in Pashto. He followed the concert with the release of his final album \"Ay Kash\".",
""
] |
Paintings
---------
{{See also\|List of works by Leonardo da Vinci}}
Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter.{{sfn\|Arasse\|1998\|pp\=11–15}}
Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in [physiognomy](/wiki/Physiognomy "Physiognomy") and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the *Mona Lisa*, the *Last Supper*, and the *Virgin of the Rocks*.{{efn\|These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed in {{harvtxt\|Hartt\|1970\|pp\=387–411}}}}
### Early works
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|*[Annunciation](/wiki/Annunciation_%28Leonardo%29 "Annunciation (Leonardo)")* {{circa\|1472–1476}},{{\#tag:ref\|'''''The Annunciation'''''
\* {{Harvtxt\|Kemp\|2019\|p\=6}}: {{circa\|1473–1474}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Marani\|2003\|p\=338}}: {{circa\|1472–1475}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Syson ''et al.''\|2011\|p\=15}}: {{circa\|1472–1476}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Zöllner\|2019\|p\=216}}: {{circa\|1473–1475}}
\|group\=d}} [Uffizi](/wiki/Uffizi "Uffizi"), is thought to be Leonardo's earliest extant and complete major work.](/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg "Leonardo Da Vinci - Annunciazione.jpeg")
* + - * Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the *[Baptism of Christ](/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_%28Verrocchio%29 "The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)")*, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are [Annunciations](/wiki/Annunciation "Annunciation"). One is small, {{nowrap\|{{convert\|59\|cm}}}} long and {{convert\|14\|cm\|abbr\=on}} high. It is a "[predella](/wiki/Predella "Predella")" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, {{convert\|217\|cm\|abbr\=on}} long.{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|pp\=88, 90}} In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well\-known pictures by [Fra Angelico](/wiki/Fra_Angelico "Fra Angelico") of the same subject, of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary") sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.{{sfn\|Marani\|2003\|p\=338}}
In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.{{sfn\|Hartt\|1970\|pp\=127–133}} This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the [Mother of God](/wiki/Mother_of_God "Mother of God"), not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.
### Paintings of the 1480s
[thumb\|upright\=0\.8\|*[Saint Jerome in the Wilderness](/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_%28Leonardo%29 "Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)")* (unfinished) {{circa\|1480–1490}},{{\#tag:ref\|'''''Saint Jerome in the Wilderness'''''
\* {{Harvtxt\|Kemp\|2019\|p\=31}}: {{circa\|1481–1482}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Marani\|2003\|p\=338}}: probably {{circa\|1480}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Syson ''et al.''\|2011\|p\=139}}: {{circa\|1488–1490}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Zöllner\|2019\|p\=221}}: {{circa\|1480–1482}}
\|group\=d}} [Vatican](/wiki/Apostolic_Palace "Apostolic Palace")](/wiki/File:Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg "Saint Jerome Leonardo - image only (Q972196).jpg")
* + - * In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground\-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.
One of these paintings was *[Saint Jerome in the Wilderness](/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_%28Leonardo%29 "Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)")*, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die."{{sfn\|Bortolon\|1967}} Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.{{efn\|The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to \[\[Angelica Kauffman]], was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited.{{sfn\|Wasserman\|1975\|pp\=104–106}} It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.}} [Jerome](/wiki/Jerome "Jerome"), as a [penitent](/wiki/Penitent "Penitent"), occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.{{sfn\|Wasserman\|1975\|pp\=104–106}} Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.
The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the *[Adoration of the Magi](/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Leonardo%29 "Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)")*, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about {{nowrap\|250 x 250 centimetres.}} Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined [classical architecture](/wiki/Classical_architecture "Classical architecture") that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|p\=83}}
[thumb\|upright\|left\|*[Lady with an Ermine](/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine "Lady with an Ermine")*, {{circa\|1489–1491}},{{\#tag:ref\|'''''Lady with an Ermine'''''
\* {{Harvtxt\|Kemp\|2019\|p\=49}}: {{circa\|1491}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Marani\|2003\|p\=339}}: 1489–1490
\* {{Harvtxt\|Syson ''et al.''\|2011\|p\=111}}: {{circa\|1489–1490}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Zöllner\|2019\|p\=226}}: 1489/1490
\|group\=d}} [Czartoryski Museum](/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum "Czartoryski Museum"), [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"), Poland](/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg "Lady with an Ermine - Leonardo da Vinci (adjusted levels).jpg")
* + - * The third important work of this period is the *[Virgin of the Rocks](/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks "Virgin of the Rocks")*, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the [de Predis brothers](/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_de_Predis "Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis"), was to fill a large complex [altarpiece](/wiki/Altarpiece "Altarpiece").{{sfn\|Wasserman\|1975\|p\=108}} Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist "John the Baptist"), in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.{{cite web \|title\=The Mysterious Virgin \|publisher\=\[\[National Gallery, London]] \|url\=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1\.htm \| access\-date \=27 September 2007 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015062743/http://nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1\.htm \| archive\-date \=15 October 2007 }} While the painting is quite large, about {{nowrap\|200×120 centimetres}}, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of San Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.{{sfn\|Arasse\|1998}}{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|p\=85}}
Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the *[Lady with an Ermine](/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine "Lady with an Ermine")*, presumed to be [Cecilia Gallerani](/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani "Cecilia Gallerani") ({{circa\|1483–1490}}), lover of Ludovico Sforza.{{cite web \|url\=http://culture.pl/en/event/da\-vincis\-lady\-with\-an\-ermine\-among\-polands\-treasures \|title\=Da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine among Poland's "Treasures" – Event – Culture.pl\|access\-date\=18 November 2017\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042043/http://culture.pl/en/event/da\-vincis\-lady\-with\-an\-ermine\-among\-polands\-treasures\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite book \|title\=The Lady with an Ermine in the exhibition Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration \|last\=Kemp \|first\=M. \|location\=Washington\-New Haven\-London \|pages\=271}} The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious [Order of the Ermine](/wiki/Order_of_the_Ermine_%28France%29 "Order of the Ermine (France)").
{{Clear}}
### Paintings of the 1490s
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|*[The Last Supper](/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29 "The Last Supper (Leonardo)")*,{{\#tag:ref\|'''''The Last Supper'''''
\* {{Harvtxt\|Kemp\|2019\|p\=67}}: {{circa\|1495–1497}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Marani\|2003\|p\=339}}: between 1494 and 1498
\* {{Harvtxt\|Syson ''et al.''\|2011\|p\=252}}: 1492–1497/1498
\* {{Harvtxt\|Zöllner\|2019\|p\=230}}: {{circa\|1495–1498}}
\|group\=d}} [Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie](/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_%28Milan%29 "Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)"), Milan ({{circa\|1492–1498}})](/wiki/File:The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg "The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg")
* + - * Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is *[The Last Supper](/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29 "The Last Supper (Leonardo)")*, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the [last meal](/wiki/Last_Supper "Last Supper") shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me", and the consternation that this statement caused.{{sfn\|Arasse\|1998}}
The writer [Matteo Bandello](/wiki/Matteo_Bandello "Matteo Bandello") observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.{{sfn\|Wasserman\|1975\|p\=124}} This was beyond the comprehension of the [prior](/wiki/Prior_%28ecclesiastical%29 "Prior (ecclesiastical)") of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot "Judas Iscariot"), told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.{{harvnb\|Vasari\|1991\|p\=290}}
The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation,{{harvnb\|Vasari\|1991\|pp\=289–291}} but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined."{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|p\=97}} Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a [ground](/wiki/Ground_%28art%29 "Ground (art)") that was mainly [gesso](/wiki/Gesso "Gesso"), resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|p\=98}} Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.
Toward the end of this period, in 1498 Leonardo's trompe\-l'œil decoration of the [Sala delle Asse](/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse "Sala delle Asse") was painted for the Duke of Milan in the [Castello Sforzesco](/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco "Castello Sforzesco").
### Paintings of the 1500s
In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint *The Battle of Anghiari* in the [Salone dei Cinquecento](/wiki/Salone_dei_Cinquecento "Salone dei Cinquecento") (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the [Palazzo Vecchio](/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio "Palazzo Vecchio"), Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the [Battle of Anghiari](/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari "Battle of Anghiari") in 1440\. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the [Battle of Cascina](/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina "Battle of Cascina"). Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by [Rubens](/wiki/Rubens "Rubens").{{cite web \|last1\=Seracini \|first1\=Maurizio \|title\=The Secret Lives of Paintings \|url\=https://www.ted.com/talks/maurizio\_seracini\_the\_secret\_lives\_of\_paintings?language\=en\#t\-48953 \|format\=lecture \|date\=2012\|access\-date\=14 March 2016\|archive\-date\=18 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018193215/https://www.ted.com/talks/maurizio\_seracini\_the\_secret\_lives\_of\_paintings?language\=en\#t\-48953\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|upright\|left\|*[Mona Lisa](/wiki/Mona_Lisa "Mona Lisa")* or *La Gioconda* {{circa\|1503–1516}},{{\#tag:ref\|'''''Mona Lisa'''''
\* {{Harvtxt\|Kemp\|2019\|p\=127}}: {{circa\|1503–1515}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Marani\|2003\|p\=340}}: {{circa\|1503–1504; 1513–1514}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Syson ''et al.''\|2011\|p\=48}}: {{circa\|1502 onward}}
\* {{Harvtxt\|Zöllner\|2019\|p\=240}}: {{circa\|1503–1506; 1510}}
\|group\=d}} [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre"), Paris](/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg "Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg")
* + - * Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the *[Mona Lisa](/wiki/Mona_Lisa "Mona Lisa")* or *La Gioconda*, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "[sfumato](/wiki/Sfumato "Sfumato")", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was "so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original."{{harvnb\|Vasari\|1991\|p\=294}}
Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing [oils](/wiki/Oil_paint "Oil paint") laid on much like [tempera](/wiki/Tempera "Tempera"), and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.{{sfn\|Wasserman\|1975\|p\=144}} Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."{{harvnb\|Vasari\|1965\|p\=266}} The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|p\=103}}
In the painting *[Virgin and Child with Saint Anne](/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_%28Leonardo%29 "The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)")*, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"{{sfn\|Wasserman\|1975\|p\=150}} and harkens back to the *Saint Jerome* with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, Saint Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.{{sfn\|Arasse\|1998}} This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and [Andrea del Sarto](/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto "Andrea del Sarto"),{{sfn\|Ottino della Chiesa\|1967\|p\=109}} and through them [Pontormo](/wiki/Pontormo "Pontormo") and [Correggio](/wiki/Correggio "Correggio"). The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters [Tintoretto](/wiki/Tintoretto "Tintoretto") and [Veronese](/wiki/Paolo_Veronese "Paolo Veronese").
|
[
"Paintings\n---------",
"{{See also\\|List of works by Leonardo da Vinci}}\nDespite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter.{{sfn\\|Arasse\\|1998\\|pp\\=11–15}}",
"Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in [physiognomy](/wiki/Physiognomy \"Physiognomy\") and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the *Mona Lisa*, the *Last Supper*, and the *Virgin of the Rocks*.{{efn\\|These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed in {{harvtxt\\|Hartt\\|1970\\|pp\\=387–411}}}}",
"### Early works",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|*[Annunciation](/wiki/Annunciation_%28Leonardo%29 \"Annunciation (Leonardo)\")* {{circa\\|1472–1476}},{{\\#tag:ref\\|'''''The Annunciation'''''\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Kemp\\|2019\\|p\\=6}}: {{circa\\|1473–1474}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Marani\\|2003\\|p\\=338}}: {{circa\\|1472–1475}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Syson ''et al.''\\|2011\\|p\\=15}}: {{circa\\|1472–1476}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Zöllner\\|2019\\|p\\=216}}: {{circa\\|1473–1475}}\n\\|group\\=d}} [Uffizi](/wiki/Uffizi \"Uffizi\"), is thought to be Leonardo's earliest extant and complete major work.](/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg \"Leonardo Da Vinci - Annunciazione.jpeg\")\n* + - * Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the *[Baptism of Christ](/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_%28Verrocchio%29 \"The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)\")*, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are [Annunciations](/wiki/Annunciation \"Annunciation\"). One is small, {{nowrap\\|{{convert\\|59\\|cm}}}} long and {{convert\\|14\\|cm\\|abbr\\=on}} high. It is a \"[predella](/wiki/Predella \"Predella\")\" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, {{convert\\|217\\|cm\\|abbr\\=on}} long.{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|pp\\=88, 90}} In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well\\-known pictures by [Fra Angelico](/wiki/Fra_Angelico \"Fra Angelico\") of the same subject, of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\") sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.{{sfn\\|Marani\\|2003\\|p\\=338}}",
"In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.{{sfn\\|Hartt\\|1970\\|pp\\=127–133}} This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the [Mother of God](/wiki/Mother_of_God \"Mother of God\"), not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.",
"### Paintings of the 1480s",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|*[Saint Jerome in the Wilderness](/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_%28Leonardo%29 \"Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)\")* (unfinished) {{circa\\|1480–1490}},{{\\#tag:ref\\|'''''Saint Jerome in the Wilderness'''''\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Kemp\\|2019\\|p\\=31}}: {{circa\\|1481–1482}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Marani\\|2003\\|p\\=338}}: probably {{circa\\|1480}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Syson ''et al.''\\|2011\\|p\\=139}}: {{circa\\|1488–1490}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Zöllner\\|2019\\|p\\=221}}: {{circa\\|1480–1482}}\n\\|group\\=d}} [Vatican](/wiki/Apostolic_Palace \"Apostolic Palace\")](/wiki/File:Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg \"Saint Jerome Leonardo - image only (Q972196).jpg\")",
"* + - * In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground\\-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.",
"One of these paintings was *[Saint Jerome in the Wilderness](/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_%28Leonardo%29 \"Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)\")*, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\"{{sfn\\|Bortolon\\|1967}} Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.{{efn\\|The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to \\[\\[Angelica Kauffman]], was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited.{{sfn\\|Wasserman\\|1975\\|pp\\=104–106}} It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.}} [Jerome](/wiki/Jerome \"Jerome\"), as a [penitent](/wiki/Penitent \"Penitent\"), occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.{{sfn\\|Wasserman\\|1975\\|pp\\=104–106}} Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.",
"The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the *[Adoration of the Magi](/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Leonardo%29 \"Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)\")*, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about {{nowrap\\|250 x 250 centimetres.}} Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined [classical architecture](/wiki/Classical_architecture \"Classical architecture\") that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|p\\=83}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|*[Lady with an Ermine](/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine \"Lady with an Ermine\")*, {{circa\\|1489–1491}},{{\\#tag:ref\\|'''''Lady with an Ermine'''''\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Kemp\\|2019\\|p\\=49}}: {{circa\\|1491}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Marani\\|2003\\|p\\=339}}: 1489–1490\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Syson ''et al.''\\|2011\\|p\\=111}}: {{circa\\|1489–1490}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Zöllner\\|2019\\|p\\=226}}: 1489/1490\n\\|group\\=d}} [Czartoryski Museum](/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum \"Czartoryski Museum\"), [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\"), Poland](/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg \"Lady with an Ermine - Leonardo da Vinci (adjusted levels).jpg\")",
"* + - * The third important work of this period is the *[Virgin of the Rocks](/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks \"Virgin of the Rocks\")*, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the [de Predis brothers](/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_de_Predis \"Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis\"), was to fill a large complex [altarpiece](/wiki/Altarpiece \"Altarpiece\").{{sfn\\|Wasserman\\|1975\\|p\\=108}} Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\"), in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Mysterious Virgin \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Gallery, London]] \\|url\\=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1\\.htm \\| access\\-date \\=27 September 2007 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015062743/http://nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1\\.htm \\| archive\\-date \\=15 October 2007 }} While the painting is quite large, about {{nowrap\\|200×120 centimetres}}, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of San Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.{{sfn\\|Arasse\\|1998}}{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|p\\=85}}",
"Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the *[Lady with an Ermine](/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine \"Lady with an Ermine\")*, presumed to be [Cecilia Gallerani](/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani \"Cecilia Gallerani\") ({{circa\\|1483–1490}}), lover of Ludovico Sforza.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://culture.pl/en/event/da\\-vincis\\-lady\\-with\\-an\\-ermine\\-among\\-polands\\-treasures \\|title\\=Da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine among Poland's \"Treasures\" – Event – Culture.pl\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042043/http://culture.pl/en/event/da\\-vincis\\-lady\\-with\\-an\\-ermine\\-among\\-polands\\-treasures\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite book \\|title\\=The Lady with an Ermine in the exhibition Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration \\|last\\=Kemp \\|first\\=M. \\|location\\=Washington\\-New Haven\\-London \\|pages\\=271}} The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious [Order of the Ermine](/wiki/Order_of_the_Ermine_%28France%29 \"Order of the Ermine (France)\").\n{{Clear}}",
"### Paintings of the 1490s",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|*[The Last Supper](/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29 \"The Last Supper (Leonardo)\")*,{{\\#tag:ref\\|'''''The Last Supper'''''\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Kemp\\|2019\\|p\\=67}}: {{circa\\|1495–1497}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Marani\\|2003\\|p\\=339}}: between 1494 and 1498\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Syson ''et al.''\\|2011\\|p\\=252}}: 1492–1497/1498\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Zöllner\\|2019\\|p\\=230}}: {{circa\\|1495–1498}}\n\\|group\\=d}} [Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie](/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_%28Milan%29 \"Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)\"), Milan ({{circa\\|1492–1498}})](/wiki/File:The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg \"The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg\")\n* + - * Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is *[The Last Supper](/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29 \"The Last Supper (Leonardo)\")*, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the [last meal](/wiki/Last_Supper \"Last Supper\") shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused.{{sfn\\|Arasse\\|1998}}",
"The writer [Matteo Bandello](/wiki/Matteo_Bandello \"Matteo Bandello\") observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.{{sfn\\|Wasserman\\|1975\\|p\\=124}} This was beyond the comprehension of the [prior](/wiki/Prior_%28ecclesiastical%29 \"Prior (ecclesiastical)\") of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot \"Judas Iscariot\"), told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.{{harvnb\\|Vasari\\|1991\\|p\\=290}}",
"The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation,{{harvnb\\|Vasari\\|1991\\|pp\\=289–291}} but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\"{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|p\\=97}} Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a [ground](/wiki/Ground_%28art%29 \"Ground (art)\") that was mainly [gesso](/wiki/Gesso \"Gesso\"), resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|p\\=98}} Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.",
"Toward the end of this period, in 1498 Leonardo's trompe\\-l'œil decoration of the [Sala delle Asse](/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse \"Sala delle Asse\") was painted for the Duke of Milan in the [Castello Sforzesco](/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco \"Castello Sforzesco\").",
"### Paintings of the 1500s",
"In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint *The Battle of Anghiari* in the [Salone dei Cinquecento](/wiki/Salone_dei_Cinquecento \"Salone dei Cinquecento\") (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the [Palazzo Vecchio](/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio \"Palazzo Vecchio\"), Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the [Battle of Anghiari](/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari \"Battle of Anghiari\") in 1440\\. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the [Battle of Cascina](/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina \"Battle of Cascina\"). Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by [Rubens](/wiki/Rubens \"Rubens\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Seracini \\|first1\\=Maurizio \\|title\\=The Secret Lives of Paintings \\|url\\=https://www.ted.com/talks/maurizio\\_seracini\\_the\\_secret\\_lives\\_of\\_paintings?language\\=en\\#t\\-48953 \\|format\\=lecture \\|date\\=2012\\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018193215/https://www.ted.com/talks/maurizio\\_seracini\\_the\\_secret\\_lives\\_of\\_paintings?language\\=en\\#t\\-48953\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|*[Mona Lisa](/wiki/Mona_Lisa \"Mona Lisa\")* or *La Gioconda* {{circa\\|1503–1516}},{{\\#tag:ref\\|'''''Mona Lisa'''''\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Kemp\\|2019\\|p\\=127}}: {{circa\\|1503–1515}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Marani\\|2003\\|p\\=340}}: {{circa\\|1503–1504; 1513–1514}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Syson ''et al.''\\|2011\\|p\\=48}}: {{circa\\|1502 onward}}\n\\* {{Harvtxt\\|Zöllner\\|2019\\|p\\=240}}: {{circa\\|1503–1506; 1510}}\n\\|group\\=d}} [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\"), Paris](/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg \"Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg\")\n* + - * Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the *[Mona Lisa](/wiki/Mona_Lisa \"Mona Lisa\")* or *La Gioconda*, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"[sfumato](/wiki/Sfumato \"Sfumato\")\", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\"{{harvnb\\|Vasari\\|1991\\|p\\=294}}",
"Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing [oils](/wiki/Oil_paint \"Oil paint\") laid on much like [tempera](/wiki/Tempera \"Tempera\"), and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.{{sfn\\|Wasserman\\|1975\\|p\\=144}} Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\"{{harvnb\\|Vasari\\|1965\\|p\\=266}} The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|p\\=103}}",
"In the painting *[Virgin and Child with Saint Anne](/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_%28Leonardo%29 \"The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)\")*, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\"{{sfn\\|Wasserman\\|1975\\|p\\=150}} and harkens back to the *Saint Jerome* with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, Saint Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.{{sfn\\|Arasse\\|1998}} This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and [Andrea del Sarto](/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto \"Andrea del Sarto\"),{{sfn\\|Ottino della Chiesa\\|1967\\|p\\=109}} and through them [Pontormo](/wiki/Pontormo \"Pontormo\") and [Correggio](/wiki/Correggio \"Correggio\"). The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters [Tintoretto](/wiki/Tintoretto \"Tintoretto\") and [Veronese](/wiki/Paolo_Veronese \"Paolo Veronese\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=right
\|1910\= 222
\|1920\= 341
\|1930\= 385
\|1940\= 464
\|1950\= 584
\|1960\= 840
\|1970\= 815
\|1980\= 832
\|1990\= 736
\|2000\= 706
\|2010\= 654
\|2020\= 543
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=September 23, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:46\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\|title\=Census Population API\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=Oct 15, 2022}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-06\-21}} of 2010, there were 654 people, 291 households, and 160 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|285\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 350 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|152\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 81\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 13\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 5\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.2% of the population.
There were 291 households, of which 27\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\.0% were non\-families. 40\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.17 and the average family size was 2\.94\.
The median age in the city was 44\.5 years. 24\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19\.4% were from 25 to 44; 25\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 24\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\.9% male and 53\.1% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 706 people, 293 households, and 172 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|305\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 356 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|153\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83\.99% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 13\.03% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 2\.55% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.28% of the population.
There were 293 households, out of which 29\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\.0% were non\-families. 35\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.33 and the average family size was 3\.11\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 27\.6% under the age of 18, 5\.8% from 18 to 24, 21\.4% from 25 to 44, 22\.4% from 45 to 64, and 22\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80\.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $31,167\. Males had a median income of $26,818 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $13,758\. About 10\.5% of families and 13\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 22\.0% of those under age 18 and 13\.4% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|1910\\= 222\n\\|1920\\= 341\n\\|1930\\= 385\n\\|1940\\= 464\n\\|1950\\= 584\n\\|1960\\= 840\n\\|1970\\= 815\n\\|1980\\= 832\n\\|1990\\= 736\n\\|2000\\= 706\n\\|2010\\= 654\n\\|2020\\= 543\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=September 23, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:46\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\\=Census Population API\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=Oct 15, 2022}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-21}} of 2010, there were 654 people, 291 households, and 160 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|285\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 350 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|152\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 81\\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 13\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 5\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.2% of the population.",
"There were 291 households, of which 27\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\\.0% were non\\-families. 40\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.17 and the average family size was 2\\.94\\.",
"The median age in the city was 44\\.5 years. 24\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 24\\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\\.9% male and 53\\.1% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 706 people, 293 households, and 172 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|305\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 356 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|153\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83\\.99% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 13\\.03% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 2\\.55% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.28% of the population.",
"There were 293 households, out of which 29\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\\.0% were non\\-families. 35\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.33 and the average family size was 3\\.11\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 27\\.6% under the age of 18, 5\\.8% from 18 to 24, 21\\.4% from 25 to 44, 22\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 22\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80\\.6 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $31,167\\. Males had a median income of $26,818 versus $18,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $13,758\\. About 10\\.5% of families and 13\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 22\\.0% of those under age 18 and 13\\.4% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Human relevance and use
-----------------------
The larvae and adults are considered neither pests nor vectors. Instead, black soldier fly larvae play a role similar to that of [redworms](/wiki/Redworm "Redworm") as essential decomposers in breaking down organic substrates and returning nutrients to the soil. The larvae have voracious appetites and can be used for [composting](/wiki/Composting "Composting") household [food scraps](/wiki/Food_waste "Food waste") and [agricultural waste](/wiki/Agricultural_waste "Agricultural waste") products.
Additionally, black soldier fly larvae are an alternative source of protein for [aquaculture](/wiki/Aquaculture "Aquaculture"), [animal feed](/wiki/Animal_feed "Animal feed"), and [pet food](/wiki/Insect_based_pet_food "Insect based pet food").{{cite journal \| title\=Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production \| last1\=Rumpold \| first1\=Brigit A. \| last2\=Schlüter \| first2\=Olivier K. \| journal\=Innovative Food Science \& Emerging Technologies \| year\=2013 \| volume\=17 \| pages\=1–11 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.ifset.2012\.11\.005}}
The larvae are produced and processed in industrial\-scale [insect factories](/wiki/Maggot_farming "Maggot farming") globally by biotechnology companies such as [InnovaFeed](/wiki/InnovaFeed "InnovaFeed") and [Protix](/wiki/Protix "Protix"), the latter operating the world's largest insect factory farm in the Netherlands.[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")/Davide Banis (14 June 2019\): *[Can Using Insects As Animal Feed Reduce The Climate Impact Of Meat Production?](https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidebanis/2019/06/14/can-using-insects-as-animal-feed-reduce-the-climate-impact-of-meat-production/)*.
### As decomposers/in composting
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are used to compost waste or convert the waste into animal feed. The wastes include fresh manure and food wastes of both animal and vegetable origin. Fly larvae are among the most efficient animals at converting biomass into feed.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}
When the larvae have completed their larval development through six [instars](/wiki/Instars "Instars"),{{Cite journal\|last1\=Barros\|first1\=Luana Machado\|last2\=Gutjahr\|first2\=Ana Lúcia Nunes\|last3\=Ferreira‐ Keppler\|first3\=Ruth Leila\|last4\=Martins\|first4\=Renato Tavares\|date\=March 2019\|title\=Morphological description of the immature stages of Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758\) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)\|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\.1002/jemt.23127\|journal\=Microscopy Research and Technique\|language\=en\|volume\=82\|issue\=3\|pages\=178–189\|doi\=10\.1002/jemt.23127\|pmid\=30511417\|s2cid\=54566833\|issn\=1059\-910X}} they enter a stage called the "prepupa" wherein they cease to eat, and they tend to migrate toward cool, dark, and dry substrates to [pupate](/wiki/Pupate "Pupate").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Holmes\|first1\=L. A.\|last2\=Vanlaerhoven\|first2\=S. L.\|last3\=Tomberlin\|first3\=J. K.\|date\=2013\-04\-01\|title\=Substrate Effects on Pupation and Adult Emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)\|journal\=Environmental Entomology\|language\=en\|volume\=42\|issue\=2\|pages\=370–374\|doi\=10\.1603/EN12255\|pmid\=23575028\|s2cid\=6375726\|issn\=0046\-225X\|doi\-access\=}} This prepupal migration instinct is used by [grub composting](/wiki/wikiversity:Grub_composting "Grub composting") bins to self\-harvest the mature larvae. [These containers](/wiki/wikiversity:Grub_composting%23BSFL_bin_designs "Grub composting#BSFL bin designs") have ramps or holes on the sides to allow the prepupae to climb out of the composter and drop into a collection area.
Larvae are beneficial in these ways:
* Their large size relative to houseflies and blowflies allows BSFL to prevent [houseflies](/wiki/Houseflies "Houseflies") and [blowflies](/wiki/Blowflies "Blowflies") from laying eggs in decaying matter by consuming larvae of other species. This matters because compost systems inhabited by houseflies and blowflies carry a much greater stench than systems inhabited by BSFL, making *H. illucens* a more human\-friendly way to handle food waste.{{cite web \| url\=http://biosystemsblog.com/2008/07/09/black\-soldier\-fly\-compiled\-research\-on\-best\-cultivation\-practices/ \| title\=Black Soldier Fly: Compiled Research On Best Cultivation Practices \| publisher\=Research Resources \| date\=9 July 2008}}
* They are not a pest to humans. Unlike houseflies, adult black soldier flies have greatly reduced sponging mouthparts, so can only consume liquids such as flower nectar or not eat at all. They do not regurgitate food along with digestive enzymes as do houseflies, thus do not spread diseases.{{cite book \| date\=2017 \| first1\=Whitney \| first2\=David \| edition\=2nd \| isbn\=978\-1\-4008\-8894\-8 \| last1\=Cranshaw \| title\=Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs \| publisher\=Princeton University Press \| last2\=Shetlar \| page\=510}}
* They are not attracted to human habitation or foods. As a [detritivore](/wiki/Detritivore "Detritivore") and [coprovore](/wiki/Coprovore "Coprovore"), the egg\-bearing females are attracted to rotting food or manure.
* Black soldier flies do not fly around as much as houseflies. They have less expendable energy due to their limited ability to consume food as adults. They are very easy to catch and relocate when they get inside a house, as they do not avoid being picked up, they are sanitary, and they neither bite nor sting. Their only defense seems to be hiding. When using a wet grub bin that collects or kills all the pupae, the black soldier fly population is easy to reduce by killing the pupae/prepupae in the collection container, before they become flies. They may be killed by freezing, drying, manually feeding to domestic animals, putting the collection container in a chicken coop for automatic feeding, or feeding to wild birds with a mouse/pest\-proof feeder.{{cite web \| url\=http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\=122\.msg405\#msg405 \| title\=Feeding Grubs to Birds EXPERIMENT \| access\-date\=2011\-12\-09 \| archive\-date\=2017\-09\-01 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901032659/http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\=122\.msg405\#msg405 \| url\-status\=dead }}
* Significant reductions of *E. coli* 0157:H7 and *Salmonella enterica* were measured in hen manure after larvae activity was added onto the manure.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Marilyn C.\|last2\=Islam\|first2\=Mahbub\|last3\=Sheppard\|first3\=Craig\|last4\=Liao\|first4\=Jean\|last5\=Doyle\|first5\=Michael P.\|date\=April 2004\|title\=Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly\|journal\=Journal of Food Protection\|volume\=67\|issue\=4\|pages\=685–690\|doi\=10\.4315/0362\-028x\-67\.4\.685\|issn\=0362\-028X\|pmid\=15083719\|s2cid\=35561867\|doi\-access\=free}}
* They quickly reclaim [would\-be](/wiki/wiktionary:Would-be "Would-be") pollutants: Nine organic chemicals were greatly reduced or eliminated from manure in 24 hours.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.extension.org/pages/15054/research\-summary:\-black\-soldier\-fly\-prepupae\-a\-compelling\-alternative\-to\-fish\-meal\-and\-fish\-oil\|title\=Research Summary: Black Soldier Fly Prepupae – A Compelling Alternative to Fish Meal and Fish Oil\|date\=February 14, 2011\|access\-date\=October 20, 2011\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819192042/http://www.extension.org/pages/15054/research\-summary:\-black\-soldier\-fly\-prepupae\-a\-compelling\-alternative\-to\-fish\-meal\-and\-fish\-oil\|url\-status\=dead}}
* They quickly reduce the volume and weight of would\-be waste: The larval colony breaks apart its food, churns it, and creates heat, increasing compost evaporation. Significant amounts are also converted to [carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") respired by the grubs and [symbiotic](/wiki/Symbiosis "Symbiosis")/[mutualistic](/wiki/Mutualism_%28biology%29 "Mutualism (biology)") microorganisms. BSFL in a compost system typically reduce the volume of compost by around 50%.
Aside from the protein production, fly larvae also produce another valuable resource called [frass](/wiki/Frass "Frass"). Fly larval frass is a granulated and odorless residue that can be used as organic fertilizer directly{{cite journal \| title\=Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low\- and middle\-income settings \| date\=2017\-03\-01 \| last1\=Lohri \| first1\=Christian Riuji \| last2\=Diener \| first2\=Stefan \| last3\=Zabaleta \| first3\=Imanol \| last4\=Mertenat \| first4\=Adeline \| last5\=Zurbrügg \| first5\=Christian \| journal\=Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology \| volume\=16 \| issue\=1 \| pages\=81–130 \| language\=en \| issn\=1569\-1705 \| doi\=10\.1007/s11157\-017\-9422\-5\| doi\-access\=free }} or through conversion by earthworms.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Cappellozza\|first1\=Silvia\|last2\=Leonardi\|first2\=Maria Giovanna\|last3\=Savoldelli\|first3\=Sara\|last4\=Carminati\|first4\=Domenico\|last5\=Rizzolo\|first5\=Anna\|last6\=Cortellino\|first6\=Giovanna\|last7\=Terova\|first7\=Genciana\|last8\=Moretto\|first8\=Enzo\|last9\=Badaile\|first9\=Andrea\|last10\=Concheri\|first10\=Giuseppe\|last11\=Saviane\|first11\=Alessio\|date\=2019\-05\-24\|title\=A First Attempt to Produce Proteins from Insects by Means of a Circular Economy\|journal\=Animals\|language\=en\|volume\=9\|issue\=5\|pages\=278\|doi\=10\.3390/ani9050278\|issn\=2076\-2615\|pmc\=6562786\|pmid\=31137732\|doi\-access\=free}}
Recent research in the field of [entomoremediation](/wiki/Entomoremediation "Entomoremediation") shows the potential of this insect for purification of biomass contaminated with heavy metals.{{cite journal \| bibcode\=2018ScTEn.633\..912B \| display\-authors\=et al \| title\=Hermetia illucens as a new and promising species for use in entomoremediation \| date\=August 2018 \| last\=Bulak \| first\=P. \| journal\=Science of the Total Environment \| volume\=633 \| pages\=912–919 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.scitotenv.2018\.03\.252 \| pmid\=29758914\| s2cid\=46890039 }}
### As feed
Black soldier fly larvae are used [as feed](/wiki/Insects_as_feed "Insects as feed"). The harvested [pupae](/wiki/Pupae "Pupae") and prepupae are eaten by [poultry](/wiki/Poultry "Poultry"), fish, [pigs](/wiki/Pig "Pig"), lizards, turtles, and even dogs.{{cite web \| title\=Hypoallergenic (Insect) dog \| website\=TROVET \| url\=https://www.trovet.nl/en/product/hypoallergenic\-insect\-dog/ \| access\-date\=2019\-10\-08}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Lei\|first1\=X. J.\|last2\=Kim\|first2\=T. H.\|last3\=Park\|first3\=J. H.\|last4\=Kim\|first4\=I. H.\|date\=2019\-07\-01\|title\=Evaluation of Supplementation of Defatted Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal in Beagle Dogs\|url\=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/aoas/19/3/article\-p767\.xml\|journal\=Annals of Animal Science\|language\=en\|volume\=19\|issue\=3\|pages\=767–777\|doi\=10\.2478/aoas\-2019\-0021\|doi\-access\=free}} The insect is one of the few insect species approved to be used as feed in aquaculture in the EU.[Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/893 of 24 May 2017 amending Annexes I and IV to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Annexes X, XIV and XV to Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 as regards the provisions on processed animal protein](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32017R0893)
At the pupal stage, black soldier flies are at their nutritional peak.{{cite web \| title\=black soldier fly – Hermetia illucens \| website\=University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences \| date\=2009\-07\-14 \| url\=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/black\_soldier\_fly.htm \| access\-date\=2019\-10\-08}}{{Citation needed\|reason\=Given source does not mention ''H. illucens'' being at nutritional peak during pupal stage \|date\=August 2018}} They can be stored at [room temperature](/wiki/Room_temperature "Room temperature") for several weeks, and their longest [shelf life](/wiki/Shelf_life "Shelf life") is achieved at {{convert\|50\|to\|60\|F\|C\|order\=flip}}.{{cite journal \|title\=Threshold temperatures and thermal requirements of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Implications for mass production \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|date\=2018\-11\-01 \|last1\=Chia \|first1\=Shaphan Yong \|last2\=Tanga \|first2\=Chrysantus Mbi \|last3\=Khamis \|first3\=Fathiya \|last4\=Mohamed \|first4\=Samira \|last5\=Salifu \|first5\=Daisy
\|last6\= Sevgan\| first6\= Subramanian\| last7\= Fiaboe\| first7\= Komi\| last8 \=Niassy\| first8\= Saliou \| last9\= van Loon\|first9\= Joop J. A.\|last10\= Dicke\|first10\= Marcel\| last11\=Ekesi \| first11\= Sunday\|volume\=13 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=e0206097 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0206097 \|pmid\=30383771 \|pmc\=6211680 \|bibcode\=2018PLoSO..1306097C \|doi\-access\=free }}
### As human food
Records of human consumption of *H. illucens* are difficult to find.
In 2013, Austrian designer Katharina Unger invented a table\-top insect\-breeding farm called "Farm 432" in which people can produce edible fly larvae at home.{{cite web \| title\=Farm 432: The handy kitchen appliance that breeds fly larva for protein \| website\=New Atlas \| date\=2013\-07\-30 \| url\=https://newatlas.com/farm\-432\-fly\-larva\-food/28509/ \| access\-date\=2019\-10\-08}} It is a multichambered plastic machine that looks like a kitchen appliance and can produce {{convert\|500\|g\|lb}} of larvae or two meals in a week.
The taste of the larvae is said to be very distinctive. Unger: "When you cook them, they smell a bit like cooked potatoes. The consistency is a bit harder on the outside and like soft meat on the inside. The taste is nutty and a bit meaty.{{cite web \| access\-date\=2019\-10\-08 \| url\=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/07/25/farm\-432\-insect\-breeding\-kitchen\-appliance\-by\-katharina\-unger/ \| title\=Farm 432: Insect Breeding kitchen appliance by Katharina Unger \| date\=2013\-07\-25 \| last\=Andrews \| first\=Kate \| language\=en \| website\=Dezeen}}
### For producing grease
BSFL can be used to produce [grease](/wiki/Grease_%28lubricant%29 "Grease (lubricant)"), which is usable in the pharmaceutical industry ([cosmetics](/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics"),[Insects as an alternative source for the production of fats for cosmetics](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326671736_Insects_as_an_Alternative_Source_for_the_Production_of_Fats_for_Cosmetics) [surfactants](/wiki/Surfactant "Surfactant") for shower gel), thereby replacing other vegetable oils such as palm oil, or it can be used in fodder.EOS magazine, February 2020[Kempen Insect Valley's Circular Organics](http://innovationfund.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IF_rapport-annuel-2018-web-HD.pdf)
### For producing chitin
BSFL can be used to produce [chitin](/wiki/Chitin "Chitin"). Chitin is used in shipping as an agent against [biofouling](/wiki/Biofouling "Biofouling"). It is also used in water purification. Chitin also has potential as a soil amendment, to improve soil fertility and plant resilience.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Debode\|first1\=Jane\|last2\=De Tender\|first2\=Caroline\|last3\=Soltaninejad\|first3\=Saman\|last4\=Van Malderghem\|first4\=Cinzia\|last5\=Haegeman\|first5\=Annelies\|last6\=Van der Linden\|first6\=Inge\|last7\=Cottyn\|first7\=Bart\|last8\=Heyndrickx\|first8\=Marc\|last9\=Maes\|first9\=Martine\|date\=2016\-04\-21\|title\=Chitin Mixed in Potting Soil Alters Lettuce Growth, the Survival of Zoonotic Bacteria on the Leaves and Associated Rhizosphere Microbiology\|journal\=Frontiers in Microbiology\|volume\=7\|pages\=565\|doi\=10\.3389/fmicb.2016\.00565\|issn\=1664\-302X\|pmc\=4838818\|pmid\=27148242\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Sarathchandra\|first1\=S. U.\|last2\=Watson\|first2\=R. N.\|last3\=Cox\|first3\=N. R.\|last4\=di Menna\|first4\=M. E.\|last5\=Brown\|first5\=J. A.\|last6\=Burch\|first6\=G.\|last7\=Neville\|first7\=F. J.\|date\=1996\-05\-01\|title\=Effects of chitin amendment of soil on microorganisms, nematodes, and growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)\|journal\=Biology and Fertility of Soils\|language\=en\|volume\=22\|issue\=3\|pages\=221–226\|doi\=10\.1007/BF00382516\|s2cid\=32594901\|issn\=1432\-0789}}
### For producing organic plant fertilizer
The residues from the decomposition process (frass) by the larvae comprise larval faeces, shed larval [exoskeletons](/wiki/Exoskeleton "Exoskeleton"), and undigested material. Frass is one of the main products from commercial black soldier fly rearing.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Schmitt \|first1\=Eric \|last2\=de Vries \|first2\=Wim \|date\=2020\-10\-01 \|title\=Potential benefits of using Hermetia illucens frass as a soil amendment on food production and for environmental impact reduction \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223620300225 \|journal\=Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry \|language\=en \|volume\=25 \|pages\=100335 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.cogsc.2020\.03\.005 \|s2cid\=216306110 \|issn\=2452\-2236}} The chemical profile of the frass varies with the substrate on which the larvae feed, but in general, it is considered a versatile organic plant fertilizer due to a favorable ratio of three major plant nutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium](/wiki/NPK "NPK").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Gärttling \|first1\=Daniel \|last2\=Schulz \|first2\=Hannes \|date\=2022\-03\-01 \|title\=Compilation of Black Soldier Fly Frass Analyses \|journal\=Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition \|language\=en \|volume\=22 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=937–943 \|doi\=10\.1007/s42729\-021\-00703\-w \|s2cid\=244755798 \|issn\=0718\-9516\|doi\-access\=free }} The frass is commonly applied by direct mixing with soil and considered a long\-term fertilizer with slow nutrient release. Plant trials, though, have found also short\-term fertilizing effects comparable to fast\-acting, synthetic fertilizers.{{Cite web \|last1\=Kebli \|first1\=Hedi \|last2\=Sinaj \|first2\=Sokrat \|date\=March 1, 2017 \|title\=Agronomic potential of a natural fertiliser based on fly larvae frass \|url\=https://www.agrarforschungschweiz.ch/en/2017/03/agronomic\-potential\-of\-a\-natural\-fertiliser\-based\-on\-fly\-larvae\-frass/}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Beesigamukama \|first1\=Dennis \|last2\=Mochoge \|first2\=Benson \|last3\=Korir \|first3\=Nicholas K. \|last4\=Fiaboe \|first4\=Komi K. M. \|last5\=Nakimbugwe \|first5\=Dorothy \|last6\=Khamis \|first6\=Fathiya M. \|last7\=Subramanian \|first7\=Sevgan \|last8\=Dubois \|first8\=Thomas \|last9\=Musyoka \|first9\=Martha W. \|last10\=Ekesi \|first10\=Sunday \|last11\=Kelemu \|first11\=Segenet \|last12\=Tanga \|first12\=Chrysantus M. \|date\=2020 \|title\=Exploring Black Soldier Fly Frass as Novel Fertilizer for Improved Growth, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize Under Field Conditions \|journal\=Frontiers in Plant Science \|volume\=11 \|page\=574592 \|doi\=10\.3389/fpls.2020\.574592 \|issn\=1664\-462X \|pmc\=7539147 \|pmid\=33072150\|doi\-access\=free }} Next to its nutrient contribution, the frass can carry further components that are beneficial for soil fertility and soil health. One of them is the soil improver chitin which gets via chitin\-rich shed exoskeletons of the larvae into the frass. Moreover, the frass from black soldier fly rearing applied as a fertilizer can effectively alter the soil microbial community composition, which plays a crucial role for soil fertility.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Fuhrmann \|first1\=Adrian \|last2\=Wilde \|first2\=Benjamin \|last3\=Conz \|first3\=Rafaela Feola \|last4\=Kantengwa \|first4\=Speciose \|last5\=Konlambigue \|first5\=Matieyedou \|last6\=Masengesho \|first6\=Barthazar \|last7\=Kintche \|first7\=Kokou \|last8\=Kassa \|first8\=Kinfe \|last9\=Musazura \|first9\=William \|last10\=Späth \|first10\=Leonhard \|last11\=Gold \|first11\=Moritz \|last12\=Mathys \|first12\=Alexander \|last13\=Six \|first13\=Johan \|last14\=Hartmann \|first14\=Martin \|date\=2022 \|title\=Residues from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae rearing influence the plant\-associated soil microbiome in the short term \|journal\=Frontiers in Microbiology \|volume\=13 \|page\=994091 \|doi\=10\.3389/fmicb.2022\.994091 \|pmid\=36225364 \|issn\=1664\-302X \|pmc\=9550165\|doi\-access\=free }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Chiam \|first1\=Zhongyu \|last2\=Lee \|first2\=Jonathan Tian En \|last3\=Tan \|first3\=Jonathan Koon Ngee \|last4\=Song \|first4\=Shuang \|last5\=Arora \|first5\=Srishti \|last6\=Tong \|first6\=Yen Wah \|last7\=Tan \|first7\=Hugh Tiang Wah \|date\=2021\-05\-15 \|title\=Evaluating the potential of okara\-derived black soldier fly larval frass as a soil amendment \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721002255 \|journal\=Journal of Environmental Management \|language\=en \|volume\=286 \|pages\=112163 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jenvman.2021\.112163 \|pmid\=33618320 \|s2cid\=232017720 \|issn\=0301\-4797}}
Debate is going on whether the frass from BSFL rearing can be used as a fertilizer in a fresh state or has to undergo further composting before its application. Some assume that further composting would lead to the reduction of potential [phytotoxic](/wiki/Phytotoxicity "Phytotoxicity") properties.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Song \|first1\=Shuang \|last2\=Ee \|first2\=Alvin Wei Liang \|last3\=Tan \|first3\=Jonathan Koon Ngee \|last4\=Cheong \|first4\=Jia Chin \|last5\=Chiam \|first5\=Zhongyu \|last6\=Arora \|first6\=Srishti \|last7\=Lam \|first7\=Weng Ngai \|last8\=Tan \|first8\=Hugh Tiang Wah \|date\=2021\-03\-15 \|title\=Upcycling food waste using black soldier fly larvae: Effects of further composting on frass quality, fertilising effect and its global warming potential \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620357103 \|journal\=Journal of Cleaner Production \|language\=en \|volume\=288 \|pages\=125664 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jclepro.2020\.125664 \|s2cid\=233687355 \|issn\=0959\-6526}} In the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), insect frass has to be treated for one hour at {{cvt\|70\|C}} before commercialization for safety reasons, whereas the same applies to animal manure in general.{{Cite web \|last\=IPIFF (the International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed) \|date\=November 29, 2021 \|title\=Fact sheet on insect frass \|url\=https://ipiff.org/wp\-content/uploads/2021/11/Nov\-29\-2021\-IPIFF\-fact\-sheet\-on\-insect\-frass\-final.pdf}}
### In bioremediation
The larvae of *H. illucens* were used in a bioremediation experiment, in which they used up to 49% of dry weight corn leaves polluted with cadmium or zinc, for 36 days. Artificially polluted corn leaves serves here as a model plant material comparable to plant biomass polluted as a result of [phytoextraction](/wiki/Phytoextraction_process "Phytoextraction process"). The 49% loss of polluted dry weight is a better result than in the case of composting, which is one of the standard proposed pretreatments for biomass polluted after phytoextraction. The type of heavy metal did not affect the degree of use. Cadmium mostly accumulates in the [puparium](/wiki/Puparium "Puparium"), while zinc accumulates in the adult fly. The use of insect for bioremediation is named [entomoremediation](/wiki/Entomoremediation "Entomoremediation").{{cite journal \| url\=http://oaji.net/articles/2014/801\-1399032101\.pdf \| title\=Entomoremediation – A novel in\-situ bioremediation approach \| date\=2013 \| last\=Ewuim \| first\=Sylvanus C. \| journal\=Animal Research International \| volume\=10 \| issue\=1 \| pages\=1681–1684}}
### Potential source of plastic\-degrading enzymes and bacteria
It has been stated that *H. illucens* larval gut microbiota represents an optimal ecological niche for isolating enzymes and microbial strains with optimized plastic\-degrading ability.{{Cite journal \|last1\=De Filippis \|first1\=Francesca \|last2\=Bonelli \|first2\=Marco \|last3\=Bruno \|first3\=Daniele \|last4\=Sequino \|first4\=Giuseppina \|last5\=Montali \|first5\=Aurora \|last6\=Reguzzoni \|first6\=Marcella \|last7\=Pasolli \|first7\=Edoardo \|last8\=Savy \|first8\=Davide \|last9\=Cangemi \|first9\=Silvana \|last10\=Cozzolino \|first10\=Vincenza \|last11\=Tettamanti \|first11\=Gianluca \|last12\=Ercolini \|first12\=Danilo \|last13\=Casartelli \|first13\=Morena \|last14\=Caccia \|first14\=Silvia \|date\=2023\-09\-14 \|title\=Plastics shape the black soldier fly larvae gut microbiome and select for biodegrading functions \|journal\=Microbiome \|language\=en \|volume\=11 \|issue\=1 \|page\=205 \|doi\=10\.1186/s40168\-023\-01649\-0 \|issn\=2049\-2618 \|pmc\=10500907 \|pmid\=37705113 \|doi\-access\=free }}
### Potential use in biodiesel production
*H. illucens* could be a feasible feedstock for biodiesel production. {{Cite journal \|last1\=Mohan \|first1\=Kannan \|last2\=Sathishkumar \|first2\=Palanivel \|last3\=Rajan \|first3\=Durairaj Karthick \|last4\=Rajarajeswaran \|first4\=Jayakumar \|last5\=Ganesan \|first5\=Abirami Ramu \|date\=February 2023 \|title\=Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as potential feedstock for the biodiesel production: Recent advances and challenges \|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969722073351 \|journal\=Science of the Total Environment \|language\=en \|volume\=859 \|issue\=Pt 1 \|pages\=160235 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.scitotenv.2022\.160235\|pmid\=36402342 \|s2cid\=253661650 }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Li \|first1\=Qing \|last2\=Zheng \|first2\=Longyu \|last3\=Cai \|first3\=Hao \|last4\=Garza \|first4\=E. \|last5\=Yu \|first5\=Ziniu \|last6\=Zhou \|first6\=Shengde \|date\=April 2011 \|title\=From organic waste to biodiesel: Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, makes it feasible \|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236110006307 \|journal\=Fuel \|language\=en \|volume\=90 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1545–1548 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.fuel.2010\.11\.016}}
### Farming
{{Further\|Maggot farming}}
#### Larval colonies
The main difficulty in farming is obtaining BSFL or eggs to start or replenish the colony. This is usually done by enticing the soldier flies to lay eggs in small holes over the grub bin. Adult flies lay clusters of eggs in the edges of [corrugated cardboard](/wiki/Corrugated_cardboard "Corrugated cardboard") or [corrugated plastic](/wiki/Corrugated_plastic "Corrugated plastic"). In some regions, starting or maintaining adequate larvae colonies is possible from native soldier flies, but pest species such as houseflies and blowflies are also drawn to many of the foods used to attract soldier flies (such as fermented chicken feed).
In tropical or subtropical climates, they might breed year\-round, but in other climates, a greenhouse may be needed to obtain eggs in the cooler periods. The grubs are quite hardy and can handle more acidic conditions and higher temperatures than redworms. Larvae can survive cold winters, particularly with large numbers of grubs, insulation, or [compost](/wiki/Compost "Compost") heat (generated by the microorganisms in the grub bin or compost pile). Heat stimulates the grubs to crawl off, pupate, and hatch, and a great deal of light and heat seem to be required for breeding. Many small\-scale grub farmers build their larval colonies from eggs deposited by wild soldier flies.
#### Space and shape
Newly emerged soldier flies perform the beginning of their mating ritual in flight. The male grabs onto the female, and then grasps the female's ovipositor with his genitals. They mate while stationary and connected.
German scientists have successfully bred soldier flies in a space as small as 10 liters.{{cite web \| url\=http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\=175\.msg1783\#msg1783 \| title\=Breeding BSF in captivity / Re: not easy \| access\-date\=2011\-12\-07 \| archive\-date\=2016\-03\-10 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310022825/http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\=175\.msg1783\#msg1783 \| url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \| access\-date\=2019\-10\-08 \| archive\-date\=2013\-11\-12 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112175106/http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\_und\_futterpflanzen/315\-zucht\_der\_schwarzen\_soldatenfliege\_hermetia\_illucens.html \| url\=http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\_und\_futterpflanzen/315\-zucht\_der\_schwarzen\_soldatenfliege\_hermetia\_illucens.html \| title\=Zucht der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) \| date\=2010\-04\-02 \| last\=Jetter \| first\=Michael \| language\=de \| trans\-title\=Breeding the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) \| url\-status\=dead \| website\=Terrarienbilder.com}}
#### Heat
Adults typically mated and oviposited at temperatures of {{convert\|24\|to\|40\|C\|F}} or more. Around 99\.6% of oviposition in the field occurred at {{convert\|27\.5\|to\|37\.5\|C\|F}}.{{cite journal \| title\=Oviposition of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Eggs, Masses, Timing, and Site Characteristics \| date\=1984\-04\-01 \| last1\=Booth \| first1\=Donald C. \| last2\=Sheppard \| first2\=Craig \| journal\=Environmental Entomology \| volume\=13 \| issue\=2 \| pages\=421–423 \| language\=en \| issn\=0046\-225X \| doi\=10\.1093/ee/13\.2\.421}}
#### Light
Quartz\-iodine lamps have been successfully used to stimulate mating of adults.{{cite journal \| display\-authors\=etal \| title\=An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens \| date\=2010 \| last\=Zhang \| journal\= Journal of Insect Science\| volume\=10 \| issue\=202 \| page\=202 \| doi\=10\.1673/031\.010\.20201 \| pmc\=3029228 \| pmid\=21268697 \| quote\=Under the quartz\-iodine lamp... mating pairs were observed...approximately 39% less than observed when observing the effects of sunlight}} In particular, mating success of reared black soldier fly can be dramatically increased by exposing the adults to light that is particularly rich in wavelengths near 440 and/or 540 nm and has an irradiance that is an appreciable fraction of the intensity of full sunlight.{{Cite journal \|last\=Schneider \|first\=J.C. \|date\=2020\-04\-08 \|title\=Effects of light intensity on mating of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \|url\=https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/6/2/article\-p111\_111\.xml \|journal\=Journal of Insects as Food and Feed \|volume\=6 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=111–119 \|doi\=10\.3920/JIFF2019\.0003 \|s2cid\=202856188 \|issn\=2352\-4588}} In tropical conditions, morning direct sunlight is optimal for emergence, mating, and egglaying, with indirect sunlight often preferred before and after mating.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nutri\-tec.co.uk/black\-soldier\-fly\|title\=Black Soldier Fly\|website\=Nutrition Technologies\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-09\|archive\-date\=2017\-09\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233851/https://www.nutri\-tec.co.uk/black\-soldier\-fly\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Humidity
Humidity at 70% is considered optimal for all stages of their lifecycle.{{cite web \| url\=http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1284\&context\=etd \| title\=Role of Abiotic Factors on the Development and Life History of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \| publisher\=university of windsor \| date\=2010 \| last\=Holmes}}
Substrate was found to be unnecessary for pupation, but substrate is thought to act as a regulator for humidity, which prevents desiccation. A 93% emergence rate was observed when humidity was held at 70%.{{cite journal \| title\=Substrate effects on pupation and adult emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). \| publisher\=Entomological Society of America \| date\=2012 \| last\=Holmes \| journal\=Environmental Entomology \| volume\=42 \| issue\=2 \| pages\=370–374 \| doi\=10\.1603/EN12255 \| pmid\=23575028 \| s2cid\=6375726 \| doi\-access\=free }}
#### Black soldier fly larvae and redworms
Redworm farmers often get larvae in their worm bins. Larvae are best at quickly converting "high\-nutrient" waste into animal feed.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.deliciousliving.com/green\-living/watchword\-animal\-feed/ \| title\=Watchword: Animal Feed \| date\=May 5, 2015}} Redworms are better at converting high\-[cellulose](/wiki/Cellulose "Cellulose") materials (paper, cardboard, leaves, plant materials except [wood](/wiki/Wood "Wood")) into an excellent [soil amendment](/wiki/Soil_amendment "Soil amendment").
Redworms thrive on the residue produced by the fly larvae, but larvae [leachate](/wiki/wikt:Leachate "Leachate") ("tea") contains [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme "Enzyme") and tends to be too acidic for worms. The activity of larvae can keep temperatures around {{convert\|37\|C}}, while redworms require cooler temperatures. Most attempts to raise large numbers of larvae with redworms in the same container, at the same time, are unsuccessful. Worms have been able to survive in/under grub bins when the bottom is the ground. Redworms can live in grub bins when a large number of larvae are not present. Worms can be added if the larval population gets low (in the cold season) and worms can be raised in grub bins while awaiting eggs from wild black soldier flies.
As a feeder species, BSFL are not known to be [intermediate hosts](/wiki/Intermediate_host "Intermediate host") of [parasitic worms](/wiki/Parasitic_worm "Parasitic worm") that infect poultry, while redworms are host to many.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\.htm \| title\=TABLE 05: Common Helminths of Poultry \| work\=The Merck Veterinary Manual / Poultry / Helminthiasis \| access\-date\=April 20, 2008 \| archive\-date\=September 15, 2008 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915071911/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\.htm \| url\-status\=dead }}
#### Names and trademarks
{{unreferenced section\|date\=February 2023}}
BSFL were developed as a feeder insect for exotic pets by D. Craig Sheppard, who named the larvae **Phoenix Worms** and began marketing them as pet food. In 2006, Phoenix Worms became the first feeder insect to be granted a U.S. registered [trademark](/wiki/Trademark "Trademark"). Other companies also market BSFL under such brand names as NutriGrubs, Soldier Grubs, Reptiworms, Calciworms, BIOgrubs, and Obie's Worms (Canada). In Africa, they are marketed as live feeder, meal and oil by ProtiCycle for animal feed, pet food for dogs and cats, and food for fish such as tilapia and catfish.
|
[
"Human relevance and use\n-----------------------",
"The larvae and adults are considered neither pests nor vectors. Instead, black soldier fly larvae play a role similar to that of [redworms](/wiki/Redworm \"Redworm\") as essential decomposers in breaking down organic substrates and returning nutrients to the soil. The larvae have voracious appetites and can be used for [composting](/wiki/Composting \"Composting\") household [food scraps](/wiki/Food_waste \"Food waste\") and [agricultural waste](/wiki/Agricultural_waste \"Agricultural waste\") products.",
"Additionally, black soldier fly larvae are an alternative source of protein for [aquaculture](/wiki/Aquaculture \"Aquaculture\"), [animal feed](/wiki/Animal_feed \"Animal feed\"), and [pet food](/wiki/Insect_based_pet_food \"Insect based pet food\").{{cite journal \\| title\\=Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production \\| last1\\=Rumpold \\| first1\\=Brigit A. \\| last2\\=Schlüter \\| first2\\=Olivier K. \\| journal\\=Innovative Food Science \\& Emerging Technologies \\| year\\=2013 \\| volume\\=17 \\| pages\\=1–11 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ifset.2012\\.11\\.005}}",
"The larvae are produced and processed in industrial\\-scale [insect factories](/wiki/Maggot_farming \"Maggot farming\") globally by biotechnology companies such as [InnovaFeed](/wiki/InnovaFeed \"InnovaFeed\") and [Protix](/wiki/Protix \"Protix\"), the latter operating the world's largest insect factory farm in the Netherlands.[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")/Davide Banis (14 June 2019\\): *[Can Using Insects As Animal Feed Reduce The Climate Impact Of Meat Production?](https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidebanis/2019/06/14/can-using-insects-as-animal-feed-reduce-the-climate-impact-of-meat-production/)*.",
"### As decomposers/in composting",
"Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are used to compost waste or convert the waste into animal feed. The wastes include fresh manure and food wastes of both animal and vegetable origin. Fly larvae are among the most efficient animals at converting biomass into feed.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"When the larvae have completed their larval development through six [instars](/wiki/Instars \"Instars\"),{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Barros\\|first1\\=Luana Machado\\|last2\\=Gutjahr\\|first2\\=Ana Lúcia Nunes\\|last3\\=Ferreira‐ Keppler\\|first3\\=Ruth Leila\\|last4\\=Martins\\|first4\\=Renato Tavares\\|date\\=March 2019\\|title\\=Morphological description of the immature stages of Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758\\) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)\\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1002/jemt.23127\\|journal\\=Microscopy Research and Technique\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=82\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=178–189\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/jemt.23127\\|pmid\\=30511417\\|s2cid\\=54566833\\|issn\\=1059\\-910X}} they enter a stage called the \"prepupa\" wherein they cease to eat, and they tend to migrate toward cool, dark, and dry substrates to [pupate](/wiki/Pupate \"Pupate\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Holmes\\|first1\\=L. A.\\|last2\\=Vanlaerhoven\\|first2\\=S. L.\\|last3\\=Tomberlin\\|first3\\=J. K.\\|date\\=2013\\-04\\-01\\|title\\=Substrate Effects on Pupation and Adult Emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)\\|journal\\=Environmental Entomology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=42\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=370–374\\|doi\\=10\\.1603/EN12255\\|pmid\\=23575028\\|s2cid\\=6375726\\|issn\\=0046\\-225X\\|doi\\-access\\=}} This prepupal migration instinct is used by [grub composting](/wiki/wikiversity:Grub_composting \"Grub composting\") bins to self\\-harvest the mature larvae. [These containers](/wiki/wikiversity:Grub_composting%23BSFL_bin_designs \"Grub composting#BSFL bin designs\") have ramps or holes on the sides to allow the prepupae to climb out of the composter and drop into a collection area.",
"Larvae are beneficial in these ways:",
"* Their large size relative to houseflies and blowflies allows BSFL to prevent [houseflies](/wiki/Houseflies \"Houseflies\") and [blowflies](/wiki/Blowflies \"Blowflies\") from laying eggs in decaying matter by consuming larvae of other species. This matters because compost systems inhabited by houseflies and blowflies carry a much greater stench than systems inhabited by BSFL, making *H. illucens* a more human\\-friendly way to handle food waste.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://biosystemsblog.com/2008/07/09/black\\-soldier\\-fly\\-compiled\\-research\\-on\\-best\\-cultivation\\-practices/ \\| title\\=Black Soldier Fly: Compiled Research On Best Cultivation Practices \\| publisher\\=Research Resources \\| date\\=9 July 2008}}\n* They are not a pest to humans. Unlike houseflies, adult black soldier flies have greatly reduced sponging mouthparts, so can only consume liquids such as flower nectar or not eat at all. They do not regurgitate food along with digestive enzymes as do houseflies, thus do not spread diseases.{{cite book \\| date\\=2017 \\| first1\\=Whitney \\| first2\\=David \\| edition\\=2nd \\| isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4008\\-8894\\-8 \\| last1\\=Cranshaw \\| title\\=Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs \\| publisher\\=Princeton University Press \\| last2\\=Shetlar \\| page\\=510}}\n* They are not attracted to human habitation or foods. As a [detritivore](/wiki/Detritivore \"Detritivore\") and [coprovore](/wiki/Coprovore \"Coprovore\"), the egg\\-bearing females are attracted to rotting food or manure.\n* Black soldier flies do not fly around as much as houseflies. They have less expendable energy due to their limited ability to consume food as adults. They are very easy to catch and relocate when they get inside a house, as they do not avoid being picked up, they are sanitary, and they neither bite nor sting. Their only defense seems to be hiding. When using a wet grub bin that collects or kills all the pupae, the black soldier fly population is easy to reduce by killing the pupae/prepupae in the collection container, before they become flies. They may be killed by freezing, drying, manually feeding to domestic animals, putting the collection container in a chicken coop for automatic feeding, or feeding to wild birds with a mouse/pest\\-proof feeder.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\\=122\\.msg405\\#msg405 \\| title\\=Feeding Grubs to Birds EXPERIMENT \\| access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-09 \\| archive\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-01 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901032659/http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\\=122\\.msg405\\#msg405 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* Significant reductions of *E. coli* 0157:H7 and *Salmonella enterica* were measured in hen manure after larvae activity was added onto the manure.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Marilyn C.\\|last2\\=Islam\\|first2\\=Mahbub\\|last3\\=Sheppard\\|first3\\=Craig\\|last4\\=Liao\\|first4\\=Jean\\|last5\\=Doyle\\|first5\\=Michael P.\\|date\\=April 2004\\|title\\=Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly\\|journal\\=Journal of Food Protection\\|volume\\=67\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=685–690\\|doi\\=10\\.4315/0362\\-028x\\-67\\.4\\.685\\|issn\\=0362\\-028X\\|pmid\\=15083719\\|s2cid\\=35561867\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}\n* They quickly reclaim [would\\-be](/wiki/wiktionary:Would-be \"Would-be\") pollutants: Nine organic chemicals were greatly reduced or eliminated from manure in 24 hours.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.extension.org/pages/15054/research\\-summary:\\-black\\-soldier\\-fly\\-prepupae\\-a\\-compelling\\-alternative\\-to\\-fish\\-meal\\-and\\-fish\\-oil\\|title\\=Research Summary: Black Soldier Fly Prepupae – A Compelling Alternative to Fish Meal and Fish Oil\\|date\\=February 14, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819192042/http://www.extension.org/pages/15054/research\\-summary:\\-black\\-soldier\\-fly\\-prepupae\\-a\\-compelling\\-alternative\\-to\\-fish\\-meal\\-and\\-fish\\-oil\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* They quickly reduce the volume and weight of would\\-be waste: The larval colony breaks apart its food, churns it, and creates heat, increasing compost evaporation. Significant amounts are also converted to [carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\") respired by the grubs and [symbiotic](/wiki/Symbiosis \"Symbiosis\")/[mutualistic](/wiki/Mutualism_%28biology%29 \"Mutualism (biology)\") microorganisms. BSFL in a compost system typically reduce the volume of compost by around 50%.",
"Aside from the protein production, fly larvae also produce another valuable resource called [frass](/wiki/Frass \"Frass\"). Fly larval frass is a granulated and odorless residue that can be used as organic fertilizer directly{{cite journal \\| title\\=Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low\\- and middle\\-income settings \\| date\\=2017\\-03\\-01 \\| last1\\=Lohri \\| first1\\=Christian Riuji \\| last2\\=Diener \\| first2\\=Stefan \\| last3\\=Zabaleta \\| first3\\=Imanol \\| last4\\=Mertenat \\| first4\\=Adeline \\| last5\\=Zurbrügg \\| first5\\=Christian \\| journal\\=Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology \\| volume\\=16 \\| issue\\=1 \\| pages\\=81–130 \\| language\\=en \\| issn\\=1569\\-1705 \\| doi\\=10\\.1007/s11157\\-017\\-9422\\-5\\| doi\\-access\\=free }} or through conversion by earthworms.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Cappellozza\\|first1\\=Silvia\\|last2\\=Leonardi\\|first2\\=Maria Giovanna\\|last3\\=Savoldelli\\|first3\\=Sara\\|last4\\=Carminati\\|first4\\=Domenico\\|last5\\=Rizzolo\\|first5\\=Anna\\|last6\\=Cortellino\\|first6\\=Giovanna\\|last7\\=Terova\\|first7\\=Genciana\\|last8\\=Moretto\\|first8\\=Enzo\\|last9\\=Badaile\\|first9\\=Andrea\\|last10\\=Concheri\\|first10\\=Giuseppe\\|last11\\=Saviane\\|first11\\=Alessio\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-24\\|title\\=A First Attempt to Produce Proteins from Insects by Means of a Circular Economy\\|journal\\=Animals\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=278\\|doi\\=10\\.3390/ani9050278\\|issn\\=2076\\-2615\\|pmc\\=6562786\\|pmid\\=31137732\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"Recent research in the field of [entomoremediation](/wiki/Entomoremediation \"Entomoremediation\") shows the potential of this insect for purification of biomass contaminated with heavy metals.{{cite journal \\| bibcode\\=2018ScTEn.633\\..912B \\| display\\-authors\\=et al \\| title\\=Hermetia illucens as a new and promising species for use in entomoremediation \\| date\\=August 2018 \\| last\\=Bulak \\| first\\=P. \\| journal\\=Science of the Total Environment \\| volume\\=633 \\| pages\\=912–919 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.scitotenv.2018\\.03\\.252 \\| pmid\\=29758914\\| s2cid\\=46890039 }}",
"### As feed",
"Black soldier fly larvae are used [as feed](/wiki/Insects_as_feed \"Insects as feed\"). The harvested [pupae](/wiki/Pupae \"Pupae\") and prepupae are eaten by [poultry](/wiki/Poultry \"Poultry\"), fish, [pigs](/wiki/Pig \"Pig\"), lizards, turtles, and even dogs.{{cite web \\| title\\=Hypoallergenic (Insect) dog \\| website\\=TROVET \\| url\\=https://www.trovet.nl/en/product/hypoallergenic\\-insect\\-dog/ \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Lei\\|first1\\=X. J.\\|last2\\=Kim\\|first2\\=T. H.\\|last3\\=Park\\|first3\\=J. H.\\|last4\\=Kim\\|first4\\=I. H.\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-01\\|title\\=Evaluation of Supplementation of Defatted Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal in Beagle Dogs\\|url\\=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/aoas/19/3/article\\-p767\\.xml\\|journal\\=Annals of Animal Science\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=767–777\\|doi\\=10\\.2478/aoas\\-2019\\-0021\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} The insect is one of the few insect species approved to be used as feed in aquaculture in the EU.[Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/893 of 24 May 2017 amending Annexes I and IV to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Annexes X, XIV and XV to Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 as regards the provisions on processed animal protein](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32017R0893)",
"At the pupal stage, black soldier flies are at their nutritional peak.{{cite web \\| title\\=black soldier fly – Hermetia illucens \\| website\\=University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences \\| date\\=2009\\-07\\-14 \\| url\\=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/black\\_soldier\\_fly.htm \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08}}{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=Given source does not mention ''H. illucens'' being at nutritional peak during pupal stage \\|date\\=August 2018}} They can be stored at [room temperature](/wiki/Room_temperature \"Room temperature\") for several weeks, and their longest [shelf life](/wiki/Shelf_life \"Shelf life\") is achieved at {{convert\\|50\\|to\\|60\\|F\\|C\\|order\\=flip}}.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Threshold temperatures and thermal requirements of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Implications for mass production \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-01 \\|last1\\=Chia \\|first1\\=Shaphan Yong \\|last2\\=Tanga \\|first2\\=Chrysantus Mbi \\|last3\\=Khamis \\|first3\\=Fathiya \\|last4\\=Mohamed \\|first4\\=Samira \\|last5\\=Salifu \\|first5\\=Daisy \n\\|last6\\= Sevgan\\| first6\\= Subramanian\\| last7\\= Fiaboe\\| first7\\= Komi\\| last8 \\=Niassy\\| first8\\= Saliou \\| last9\\= van Loon\\|first9\\= Joop J. A.\\|last10\\= Dicke\\|first10\\= Marcel\\| last11\\=Ekesi \\| first11\\= Sunday\\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=e0206097 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0206097 \\|pmid\\=30383771 \\|pmc\\=6211680 \\|bibcode\\=2018PLoSO..1306097C \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"### As human food",
"Records of human consumption of *H. illucens* are difficult to find.",
"In 2013, Austrian designer Katharina Unger invented a table\\-top insect\\-breeding farm called \"Farm 432\" in which people can produce edible fly larvae at home.{{cite web \\| title\\=Farm 432: The handy kitchen appliance that breeds fly larva for protein \\| website\\=New Atlas \\| date\\=2013\\-07\\-30 \\| url\\=https://newatlas.com/farm\\-432\\-fly\\-larva\\-food/28509/ \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08}} It is a multichambered plastic machine that looks like a kitchen appliance and can produce {{convert\\|500\\|g\\|lb}} of larvae or two meals in a week.",
"The taste of the larvae is said to be very distinctive. Unger: \"When you cook them, they smell a bit like cooked potatoes. The consistency is a bit harder on the outside and like soft meat on the inside. The taste is nutty and a bit meaty.{{cite web \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08 \\| url\\=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/07/25/farm\\-432\\-insect\\-breeding\\-kitchen\\-appliance\\-by\\-katharina\\-unger/ \\| title\\=Farm 432: Insect Breeding kitchen appliance by Katharina Unger \\| date\\=2013\\-07\\-25 \\| last\\=Andrews \\| first\\=Kate \\| language\\=en \\| website\\=Dezeen}}",
"### For producing grease",
"BSFL can be used to produce [grease](/wiki/Grease_%28lubricant%29 \"Grease (lubricant)\"), which is usable in the pharmaceutical industry ([cosmetics](/wiki/Cosmetics \"Cosmetics\"),[Insects as an alternative source for the production of fats for cosmetics](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326671736_Insects_as_an_Alternative_Source_for_the_Production_of_Fats_for_Cosmetics) [surfactants](/wiki/Surfactant \"Surfactant\") for shower gel), thereby replacing other vegetable oils such as palm oil, or it can be used in fodder.EOS magazine, February 2020[Kempen Insect Valley's Circular Organics](http://innovationfund.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IF_rapport-annuel-2018-web-HD.pdf)",
"### For producing chitin",
"BSFL can be used to produce [chitin](/wiki/Chitin \"Chitin\"). Chitin is used in shipping as an agent against [biofouling](/wiki/Biofouling \"Biofouling\"). It is also used in water purification. Chitin also has potential as a soil amendment, to improve soil fertility and plant resilience.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Debode\\|first1\\=Jane\\|last2\\=De Tender\\|first2\\=Caroline\\|last3\\=Soltaninejad\\|first3\\=Saman\\|last4\\=Van Malderghem\\|first4\\=Cinzia\\|last5\\=Haegeman\\|first5\\=Annelies\\|last6\\=Van der Linden\\|first6\\=Inge\\|last7\\=Cottyn\\|first7\\=Bart\\|last8\\=Heyndrickx\\|first8\\=Marc\\|last9\\=Maes\\|first9\\=Martine\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-21\\|title\\=Chitin Mixed in Potting Soil Alters Lettuce Growth, the Survival of Zoonotic Bacteria on the Leaves and Associated Rhizosphere Microbiology\\|journal\\=Frontiers in Microbiology\\|volume\\=7\\|pages\\=565\\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fmicb.2016\\.00565\\|issn\\=1664\\-302X\\|pmc\\=4838818\\|pmid\\=27148242\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Sarathchandra\\|first1\\=S. U.\\|last2\\=Watson\\|first2\\=R. N.\\|last3\\=Cox\\|first3\\=N. R.\\|last4\\=di Menna\\|first4\\=M. E.\\|last5\\=Brown\\|first5\\=J. A.\\|last6\\=Burch\\|first6\\=G.\\|last7\\=Neville\\|first7\\=F. J.\\|date\\=1996\\-05\\-01\\|title\\=Effects of chitin amendment of soil on microorganisms, nematodes, and growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)\\|journal\\=Biology and Fertility of Soils\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=221–226\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF00382516\\|s2cid\\=32594901\\|issn\\=1432\\-0789}}",
"### For producing organic plant fertilizer",
"The residues from the decomposition process (frass) by the larvae comprise larval faeces, shed larval [exoskeletons](/wiki/Exoskeleton \"Exoskeleton\"), and undigested material. Frass is one of the main products from commercial black soldier fly rearing.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Schmitt \\|first1\\=Eric \\|last2\\=de Vries \\|first2\\=Wim \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-01 \\|title\\=Potential benefits of using Hermetia illucens frass as a soil amendment on food production and for environmental impact reduction \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223620300225 \\|journal\\=Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=25 \\|pages\\=100335 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.cogsc.2020\\.03\\.005 \\|s2cid\\=216306110 \\|issn\\=2452\\-2236}} The chemical profile of the frass varies with the substrate on which the larvae feed, but in general, it is considered a versatile organic plant fertilizer due to a favorable ratio of three major plant nutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium](/wiki/NPK \"NPK\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Gärttling \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|last2\\=Schulz \\|first2\\=Hannes \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|title\\=Compilation of Black Soldier Fly Frass Analyses \\|journal\\=Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=937–943 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s42729\\-021\\-00703\\-w \\|s2cid\\=244755798 \\|issn\\=0718\\-9516\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The frass is commonly applied by direct mixing with soil and considered a long\\-term fertilizer with slow nutrient release. Plant trials, though, have found also short\\-term fertilizing effects comparable to fast\\-acting, synthetic fertilizers.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Kebli \\|first1\\=Hedi \\|last2\\=Sinaj \\|first2\\=Sokrat \\|date\\=March 1, 2017 \\|title\\=Agronomic potential of a natural fertiliser based on fly larvae frass \\|url\\=https://www.agrarforschungschweiz.ch/en/2017/03/agronomic\\-potential\\-of\\-a\\-natural\\-fertiliser\\-based\\-on\\-fly\\-larvae\\-frass/}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Beesigamukama \\|first1\\=Dennis \\|last2\\=Mochoge \\|first2\\=Benson \\|last3\\=Korir \\|first3\\=Nicholas K. \\|last4\\=Fiaboe \\|first4\\=Komi K. M. \\|last5\\=Nakimbugwe \\|first5\\=Dorothy \\|last6\\=Khamis \\|first6\\=Fathiya M. \\|last7\\=Subramanian \\|first7\\=Sevgan \\|last8\\=Dubois \\|first8\\=Thomas \\|last9\\=Musyoka \\|first9\\=Martha W. \\|last10\\=Ekesi \\|first10\\=Sunday \\|last11\\=Kelemu \\|first11\\=Segenet \\|last12\\=Tanga \\|first12\\=Chrysantus M. \\|date\\=2020 \\|title\\=Exploring Black Soldier Fly Frass as Novel Fertilizer for Improved Growth, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize Under Field Conditions \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Plant Science \\|volume\\=11 \\|page\\=574592 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fpls.2020\\.574592 \\|issn\\=1664\\-462X \\|pmc\\=7539147 \\|pmid\\=33072150\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Next to its nutrient contribution, the frass can carry further components that are beneficial for soil fertility and soil health. One of them is the soil improver chitin which gets via chitin\\-rich shed exoskeletons of the larvae into the frass. Moreover, the frass from black soldier fly rearing applied as a fertilizer can effectively alter the soil microbial community composition, which plays a crucial role for soil fertility.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Fuhrmann \\|first1\\=Adrian \\|last2\\=Wilde \\|first2\\=Benjamin \\|last3\\=Conz \\|first3\\=Rafaela Feola \\|last4\\=Kantengwa \\|first4\\=Speciose \\|last5\\=Konlambigue \\|first5\\=Matieyedou \\|last6\\=Masengesho \\|first6\\=Barthazar \\|last7\\=Kintche \\|first7\\=Kokou \\|last8\\=Kassa \\|first8\\=Kinfe \\|last9\\=Musazura \\|first9\\=William \\|last10\\=Späth \\|first10\\=Leonhard \\|last11\\=Gold \\|first11\\=Moritz \\|last12\\=Mathys \\|first12\\=Alexander \\|last13\\=Six \\|first13\\=Johan \\|last14\\=Hartmann \\|first14\\=Martin \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Residues from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae rearing influence the plant\\-associated soil microbiome in the short term \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Microbiology \\|volume\\=13 \\|page\\=994091 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fmicb.2022\\.994091 \\|pmid\\=36225364 \\|issn\\=1664\\-302X \\|pmc\\=9550165\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Chiam \\|first1\\=Zhongyu \\|last2\\=Lee \\|first2\\=Jonathan Tian En \\|last3\\=Tan \\|first3\\=Jonathan Koon Ngee \\|last4\\=Song \\|first4\\=Shuang \\|last5\\=Arora \\|first5\\=Srishti \\|last6\\=Tong \\|first6\\=Yen Wah \\|last7\\=Tan \\|first7\\=Hugh Tiang Wah \\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-15 \\|title\\=Evaluating the potential of okara\\-derived black soldier fly larval frass as a soil amendment \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721002255 \\|journal\\=Journal of Environmental Management \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=286 \\|pages\\=112163 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jenvman.2021\\.112163 \\|pmid\\=33618320 \\|s2cid\\=232017720 \\|issn\\=0301\\-4797}}",
"Debate is going on whether the frass from BSFL rearing can be used as a fertilizer in a fresh state or has to undergo further composting before its application. Some assume that further composting would lead to the reduction of potential [phytotoxic](/wiki/Phytotoxicity \"Phytotoxicity\") properties.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Song \\|first1\\=Shuang \\|last2\\=Ee \\|first2\\=Alvin Wei Liang \\|last3\\=Tan \\|first3\\=Jonathan Koon Ngee \\|last4\\=Cheong \\|first4\\=Jia Chin \\|last5\\=Chiam \\|first5\\=Zhongyu \\|last6\\=Arora \\|first6\\=Srishti \\|last7\\=Lam \\|first7\\=Weng Ngai \\|last8\\=Tan \\|first8\\=Hugh Tiang Wah \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-15 \\|title\\=Upcycling food waste using black soldier fly larvae: Effects of further composting on frass quality, fertilising effect and its global warming potential \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620357103 \\|journal\\=Journal of Cleaner Production \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=288 \\|pages\\=125664 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jclepro.2020\\.125664 \\|s2cid\\=233687355 \\|issn\\=0959\\-6526}} In the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), insect frass has to be treated for one hour at {{cvt\\|70\\|C}} before commercialization for safety reasons, whereas the same applies to animal manure in general.{{Cite web \\|last\\=IPIFF (the International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed) \\|date\\=November 29, 2021 \\|title\\=Fact sheet on insect frass \\|url\\=https://ipiff.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/11/Nov\\-29\\-2021\\-IPIFF\\-fact\\-sheet\\-on\\-insect\\-frass\\-final.pdf}}",
"### In bioremediation",
"The larvae of *H. illucens* were used in a bioremediation experiment, in which they used up to 49% of dry weight corn leaves polluted with cadmium or zinc, for 36 days. Artificially polluted corn leaves serves here as a model plant material comparable to plant biomass polluted as a result of [phytoextraction](/wiki/Phytoextraction_process \"Phytoextraction process\"). The 49% loss of polluted dry weight is a better result than in the case of composting, which is one of the standard proposed pretreatments for biomass polluted after phytoextraction. The type of heavy metal did not affect the degree of use. Cadmium mostly accumulates in the [puparium](/wiki/Puparium \"Puparium\"), while zinc accumulates in the adult fly. The use of insect for bioremediation is named [entomoremediation](/wiki/Entomoremediation \"Entomoremediation\").{{cite journal \\| url\\=http://oaji.net/articles/2014/801\\-1399032101\\.pdf \\| title\\=Entomoremediation – A novel in\\-situ bioremediation approach \\| date\\=2013 \\| last\\=Ewuim \\| first\\=Sylvanus C. \\| journal\\=Animal Research International \\| volume\\=10 \\| issue\\=1 \\| pages\\=1681–1684}}",
"### Potential source of plastic\\-degrading enzymes and bacteria",
"It has been stated that *H. illucens* larval gut microbiota represents an optimal ecological niche for isolating enzymes and microbial strains with optimized plastic\\-degrading ability.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=De Filippis \\|first1\\=Francesca \\|last2\\=Bonelli \\|first2\\=Marco \\|last3\\=Bruno \\|first3\\=Daniele \\|last4\\=Sequino \\|first4\\=Giuseppina \\|last5\\=Montali \\|first5\\=Aurora \\|last6\\=Reguzzoni \\|first6\\=Marcella \\|last7\\=Pasolli \\|first7\\=Edoardo \\|last8\\=Savy \\|first8\\=Davide \\|last9\\=Cangemi \\|first9\\=Silvana \\|last10\\=Cozzolino \\|first10\\=Vincenza \\|last11\\=Tettamanti \\|first11\\=Gianluca \\|last12\\=Ercolini \\|first12\\=Danilo \\|last13\\=Casartelli \\|first13\\=Morena \\|last14\\=Caccia \\|first14\\=Silvia \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-14 \\|title\\=Plastics shape the black soldier fly larvae gut microbiome and select for biodegrading functions \\|journal\\=Microbiome \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=205 \\|doi\\=10\\.1186/s40168\\-023\\-01649\\-0 \\|issn\\=2049\\-2618 \\|pmc\\=10500907 \\|pmid\\=37705113 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"### Potential use in biodiesel production",
"*H. illucens* could be a feasible feedstock for biodiesel production. {{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Mohan \\|first1\\=Kannan \\|last2\\=Sathishkumar \\|first2\\=Palanivel \\|last3\\=Rajan \\|first3\\=Durairaj Karthick \\|last4\\=Rajarajeswaran \\|first4\\=Jayakumar \\|last5\\=Ganesan \\|first5\\=Abirami Ramu \\|date\\=February 2023 \\|title\\=Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as potential feedstock for the biodiesel production: Recent advances and challenges \\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969722073351 \\|journal\\=Science of the Total Environment \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=859 \\|issue\\=Pt 1 \\|pages\\=160235 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.scitotenv.2022\\.160235\\|pmid\\=36402342 \\|s2cid\\=253661650 }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Li \\|first1\\=Qing \\|last2\\=Zheng \\|first2\\=Longyu \\|last3\\=Cai \\|first3\\=Hao \\|last4\\=Garza \\|first4\\=E. \\|last5\\=Yu \\|first5\\=Ziniu \\|last6\\=Zhou \\|first6\\=Shengde \\|date\\=April 2011 \\|title\\=From organic waste to biodiesel: Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, makes it feasible \\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236110006307 \\|journal\\=Fuel \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=90 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1545–1548 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fuel.2010\\.11\\.016}}",
"### Farming",
"{{Further\\|Maggot farming}}",
"#### Larval colonies",
"The main difficulty in farming is obtaining BSFL or eggs to start or replenish the colony. This is usually done by enticing the soldier flies to lay eggs in small holes over the grub bin. Adult flies lay clusters of eggs in the edges of [corrugated cardboard](/wiki/Corrugated_cardboard \"Corrugated cardboard\") or [corrugated plastic](/wiki/Corrugated_plastic \"Corrugated plastic\"). In some regions, starting or maintaining adequate larvae colonies is possible from native soldier flies, but pest species such as houseflies and blowflies are also drawn to many of the foods used to attract soldier flies (such as fermented chicken feed).",
"In tropical or subtropical climates, they might breed year\\-round, but in other climates, a greenhouse may be needed to obtain eggs in the cooler periods. The grubs are quite hardy and can handle more acidic conditions and higher temperatures than redworms. Larvae can survive cold winters, particularly with large numbers of grubs, insulation, or [compost](/wiki/Compost \"Compost\") heat (generated by the microorganisms in the grub bin or compost pile). Heat stimulates the grubs to crawl off, pupate, and hatch, and a great deal of light and heat seem to be required for breeding. Many small\\-scale grub farmers build their larval colonies from eggs deposited by wild soldier flies.",
"#### Space and shape",
"Newly emerged soldier flies perform the beginning of their mating ritual in flight. The male grabs onto the female, and then grasps the female's ovipositor with his genitals. They mate while stationary and connected.",
"German scientists have successfully bred soldier flies in a space as small as 10 liters.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\\=175\\.msg1783\\#msg1783 \\| title\\=Breeding BSF in captivity / Re: not easy \\| access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-07 \\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-10 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310022825/http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\\=175\\.msg1783\\#msg1783 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08 \\| archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-12 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112175106/http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\\_und\\_futterpflanzen/315\\-zucht\\_der\\_schwarzen\\_soldatenfliege\\_hermetia\\_illucens.html \\| url\\=http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\\_und\\_futterpflanzen/315\\-zucht\\_der\\_schwarzen\\_soldatenfliege\\_hermetia\\_illucens.html \\| title\\=Zucht der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) \\| date\\=2010\\-04\\-02 \\| last\\=Jetter \\| first\\=Michael \\| language\\=de \\| trans\\-title\\=Breeding the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| website\\=Terrarienbilder.com}}",
"#### Heat",
"Adults typically mated and oviposited at temperatures of {{convert\\|24\\|to\\|40\\|C\\|F}} or more. Around 99\\.6% of oviposition in the field occurred at {{convert\\|27\\.5\\|to\\|37\\.5\\|C\\|F}}.{{cite journal \\| title\\=Oviposition of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Eggs, Masses, Timing, and Site Characteristics \\| date\\=1984\\-04\\-01 \\| last1\\=Booth \\| first1\\=Donald C. \\| last2\\=Sheppard \\| first2\\=Craig \\| journal\\=Environmental Entomology \\| volume\\=13 \\| issue\\=2 \\| pages\\=421–423 \\| language\\=en \\| issn\\=0046\\-225X \\| doi\\=10\\.1093/ee/13\\.2\\.421}}",
"#### Light",
"Quartz\\-iodine lamps have been successfully used to stimulate mating of adults.{{cite journal \\| display\\-authors\\=etal \\| title\\=An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens \\| date\\=2010 \\| last\\=Zhang \\| journal\\= Journal of Insect Science\\| volume\\=10 \\| issue\\=202 \\| page\\=202 \\| doi\\=10\\.1673/031\\.010\\.20201 \\| pmc\\=3029228 \\| pmid\\=21268697 \\| quote\\=Under the quartz\\-iodine lamp... mating pairs were observed...approximately 39% less than observed when observing the effects of sunlight}} In particular, mating success of reared black soldier fly can be dramatically increased by exposing the adults to light that is particularly rich in wavelengths near 440 and/or 540 nm and has an irradiance that is an appreciable fraction of the intensity of full sunlight.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Schneider \\|first\\=J.C. \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-08 \\|title\\=Effects of light intensity on mating of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \\|url\\=https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/6/2/article\\-p111\\_111\\.xml \\|journal\\=Journal of Insects as Food and Feed \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=111–119 \\|doi\\=10\\.3920/JIFF2019\\.0003 \\|s2cid\\=202856188 \\|issn\\=2352\\-4588}} In tropical conditions, morning direct sunlight is optimal for emergence, mating, and egglaying, with indirect sunlight often preferred before and after mating.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nutri\\-tec.co.uk/black\\-soldier\\-fly\\|title\\=Black Soldier Fly\\|website\\=Nutrition Technologies\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233851/https://www.nutri\\-tec.co.uk/black\\-soldier\\-fly\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Humidity",
"Humidity at 70% is considered optimal for all stages of their lifecycle.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1284\\&context\\=etd \\| title\\=Role of Abiotic Factors on the Development and Life History of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \\| publisher\\=university of windsor \\| date\\=2010 \\| last\\=Holmes}}",
"Substrate was found to be unnecessary for pupation, but substrate is thought to act as a regulator for humidity, which prevents desiccation. A 93% emergence rate was observed when humidity was held at 70%.{{cite journal \\| title\\=Substrate effects on pupation and adult emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). \\| publisher\\=Entomological Society of America \\| date\\=2012 \\| last\\=Holmes \\| journal\\=Environmental Entomology \\| volume\\=42 \\| issue\\=2 \\| pages\\=370–374 \\| doi\\=10\\.1603/EN12255 \\| pmid\\=23575028 \\| s2cid\\=6375726 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"#### Black soldier fly larvae and redworms",
"Redworm farmers often get larvae in their worm bins. Larvae are best at quickly converting \"high\\-nutrient\" waste into animal feed.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.deliciousliving.com/green\\-living/watchword\\-animal\\-feed/ \\| title\\=Watchword: Animal Feed \\| date\\=May 5, 2015}} Redworms are better at converting high\\-[cellulose](/wiki/Cellulose \"Cellulose\") materials (paper, cardboard, leaves, plant materials except [wood](/wiki/Wood \"Wood\")) into an excellent [soil amendment](/wiki/Soil_amendment \"Soil amendment\").",
"Redworms thrive on the residue produced by the fly larvae, but larvae [leachate](/wiki/wikt:Leachate \"Leachate\") (\"tea\") contains [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\") and tends to be too acidic for worms. The activity of larvae can keep temperatures around {{convert\\|37\\|C}}, while redworms require cooler temperatures. Most attempts to raise large numbers of larvae with redworms in the same container, at the same time, are unsuccessful. Worms have been able to survive in/under grub bins when the bottom is the ground. Redworms can live in grub bins when a large number of larvae are not present. Worms can be added if the larval population gets low (in the cold season) and worms can be raised in grub bins while awaiting eggs from wild black soldier flies.",
"As a feeder species, BSFL are not known to be [intermediate hosts](/wiki/Intermediate_host \"Intermediate host\") of [parasitic worms](/wiki/Parasitic_worm \"Parasitic worm\") that infect poultry, while redworms are host to many.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\\.htm \\| title\\=TABLE 05: Common Helminths of Poultry \\| work\\=The Merck Veterinary Manual / Poultry / Helminthiasis \\| access\\-date\\=April 20, 2008 \\| archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2008 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915071911/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\\.htm \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Names and trademarks",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2023}}\nBSFL were developed as a feeder insect for exotic pets by D. Craig Sheppard, who named the larvae **Phoenix Worms** and began marketing them as pet food. In 2006, Phoenix Worms became the first feeder insect to be granted a U.S. registered [trademark](/wiki/Trademark \"Trademark\"). Other companies also market BSFL under such brand names as NutriGrubs, Soldier Grubs, Reptiworms, Calciworms, BIOgrubs, and Obie's Worms (Canada). In Africa, they are marketed as live feeder, meal and oil by ProtiCycle for animal feed, pet food for dogs and cats, and food for fish such as tilapia and catfish.",
""
] |
### Farming
{{Further\|Maggot farming}}
#### Larval colonies
The main difficulty in farming is obtaining BSFL or eggs to start or replenish the colony. This is usually done by enticing the soldier flies to lay eggs in small holes over the grub bin. Adult flies lay clusters of eggs in the edges of [corrugated cardboard](/wiki/Corrugated_cardboard "Corrugated cardboard") or [corrugated plastic](/wiki/Corrugated_plastic "Corrugated plastic"). In some regions, starting or maintaining adequate larvae colonies is possible from native soldier flies, but pest species such as houseflies and blowflies are also drawn to many of the foods used to attract soldier flies (such as fermented chicken feed).
In tropical or subtropical climates, they might breed year\-round, but in other climates, a greenhouse may be needed to obtain eggs in the cooler periods. The grubs are quite hardy and can handle more acidic conditions and higher temperatures than redworms. Larvae can survive cold winters, particularly with large numbers of grubs, insulation, or [compost](/wiki/Compost "Compost") heat (generated by the microorganisms in the grub bin or compost pile). Heat stimulates the grubs to crawl off, pupate, and hatch, and a great deal of light and heat seem to be required for breeding. Many small\-scale grub farmers build their larval colonies from eggs deposited by wild soldier flies.
#### Space and shape
Newly emerged soldier flies perform the beginning of their mating ritual in flight. The male grabs onto the female, and then grasps the female's ovipositor with his genitals. They mate while stationary and connected.
German scientists have successfully bred soldier flies in a space as small as 10 liters.{{cite web \| url\=http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\=175\.msg1783\#msg1783 \| title\=Breeding BSF in captivity / Re: not easy \| access\-date\=2011\-12\-07 \| archive\-date\=2016\-03\-10 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310022825/http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\=175\.msg1783\#msg1783 \| url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \| access\-date\=2019\-10\-08 \| archive\-date\=2013\-11\-12 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112175106/http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\_und\_futterpflanzen/315\-zucht\_der\_schwarzen\_soldatenfliege\_hermetia\_illucens.html \| url\=http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\_und\_futterpflanzen/315\-zucht\_der\_schwarzen\_soldatenfliege\_hermetia\_illucens.html \| title\=Zucht der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) \| date\=2010\-04\-02 \| last\=Jetter \| first\=Michael \| language\=de \| trans\-title\=Breeding the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) \| url\-status\=dead \| website\=Terrarienbilder.com}}
#### Heat
Adults typically mated and oviposited at temperatures of {{convert\|24\|to\|40\|C\|F}} or more. Around 99\.6% of oviposition in the field occurred at {{convert\|27\.5\|to\|37\.5\|C\|F}}.{{cite journal \| title\=Oviposition of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Eggs, Masses, Timing, and Site Characteristics \| date\=1984\-04\-01 \| last1\=Booth \| first1\=Donald C. \| last2\=Sheppard \| first2\=Craig \| journal\=Environmental Entomology \| volume\=13 \| issue\=2 \| pages\=421–423 \| language\=en \| issn\=0046\-225X \| doi\=10\.1093/ee/13\.2\.421}}
#### Light
Quartz\-iodine lamps have been successfully used to stimulate mating of adults.{{cite journal \| display\-authors\=etal \| title\=An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens \| date\=2010 \| last\=Zhang \| journal\= Journal of Insect Science\| volume\=10 \| issue\=202 \| page\=202 \| doi\=10\.1673/031\.010\.20201 \| pmc\=3029228 \| pmid\=21268697 \| quote\=Under the quartz\-iodine lamp... mating pairs were observed...approximately 39% less than observed when observing the effects of sunlight}} In particular, mating success of reared black soldier fly can be dramatically increased by exposing the adults to light that is particularly rich in wavelengths near 440 and/or 540 nm and has an irradiance that is an appreciable fraction of the intensity of full sunlight.{{Cite journal \|last\=Schneider \|first\=J.C. \|date\=2020\-04\-08 \|title\=Effects of light intensity on mating of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \|url\=https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/6/2/article\-p111\_111\.xml \|journal\=Journal of Insects as Food and Feed \|volume\=6 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=111–119 \|doi\=10\.3920/JIFF2019\.0003 \|s2cid\=202856188 \|issn\=2352\-4588}} In tropical conditions, morning direct sunlight is optimal for emergence, mating, and egglaying, with indirect sunlight often preferred before and after mating.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nutri\-tec.co.uk/black\-soldier\-fly\|title\=Black Soldier Fly\|website\=Nutrition Technologies\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-09\|archive\-date\=2017\-09\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233851/https://www.nutri\-tec.co.uk/black\-soldier\-fly\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Humidity
Humidity at 70% is considered optimal for all stages of their lifecycle.{{cite web \| url\=http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1284\&context\=etd \| title\=Role of Abiotic Factors on the Development and Life History of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \| publisher\=university of windsor \| date\=2010 \| last\=Holmes}}
Substrate was found to be unnecessary for pupation, but substrate is thought to act as a regulator for humidity, which prevents desiccation. A 93% emergence rate was observed when humidity was held at 70%.{{cite journal \| title\=Substrate effects on pupation and adult emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). \| publisher\=Entomological Society of America \| date\=2012 \| last\=Holmes \| journal\=Environmental Entomology \| volume\=42 \| issue\=2 \| pages\=370–374 \| doi\=10\.1603/EN12255 \| pmid\=23575028 \| s2cid\=6375726 \| doi\-access\=free }}
#### Black soldier fly larvae and redworms
Redworm farmers often get larvae in their worm bins. Larvae are best at quickly converting "high\-nutrient" waste into animal feed.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.deliciousliving.com/green\-living/watchword\-animal\-feed/ \| title\=Watchword: Animal Feed \| date\=May 5, 2015}} Redworms are better at converting high\-[cellulose](/wiki/Cellulose "Cellulose") materials (paper, cardboard, leaves, plant materials except [wood](/wiki/Wood "Wood")) into an excellent [soil amendment](/wiki/Soil_amendment "Soil amendment").
Redworms thrive on the residue produced by the fly larvae, but larvae [leachate](/wiki/wikt:Leachate "Leachate") ("tea") contains [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme "Enzyme") and tends to be too acidic for worms. The activity of larvae can keep temperatures around {{convert\|37\|C}}, while redworms require cooler temperatures. Most attempts to raise large numbers of larvae with redworms in the same container, at the same time, are unsuccessful. Worms have been able to survive in/under grub bins when the bottom is the ground. Redworms can live in grub bins when a large number of larvae are not present. Worms can be added if the larval population gets low (in the cold season) and worms can be raised in grub bins while awaiting eggs from wild black soldier flies.
As a feeder species, BSFL are not known to be [intermediate hosts](/wiki/Intermediate_host "Intermediate host") of [parasitic worms](/wiki/Parasitic_worm "Parasitic worm") that infect poultry, while redworms are host to many.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\.htm \| title\=TABLE 05: Common Helminths of Poultry \| work\=The Merck Veterinary Manual / Poultry / Helminthiasis \| access\-date\=April 20, 2008 \| archive\-date\=September 15, 2008 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915071911/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\.htm \| url\-status\=dead }}
#### Names and trademarks
{{unreferenced section\|date\=February 2023}}
BSFL were developed as a feeder insect for exotic pets by D. Craig Sheppard, who named the larvae **Phoenix Worms** and began marketing them as pet food. In 2006, Phoenix Worms became the first feeder insect to be granted a U.S. registered [trademark](/wiki/Trademark "Trademark"). Other companies also market BSFL under such brand names as NutriGrubs, Soldier Grubs, Reptiworms, Calciworms, BIOgrubs, and Obie's Worms (Canada). In Africa, they are marketed as live feeder, meal and oil by ProtiCycle for animal feed, pet food for dogs and cats, and food for fish such as tilapia and catfish.
|
[
"### Farming",
"{{Further\\|Maggot farming}}",
"#### Larval colonies",
"The main difficulty in farming is obtaining BSFL or eggs to start or replenish the colony. This is usually done by enticing the soldier flies to lay eggs in small holes over the grub bin. Adult flies lay clusters of eggs in the edges of [corrugated cardboard](/wiki/Corrugated_cardboard \"Corrugated cardboard\") or [corrugated plastic](/wiki/Corrugated_plastic \"Corrugated plastic\"). In some regions, starting or maintaining adequate larvae colonies is possible from native soldier flies, but pest species such as houseflies and blowflies are also drawn to many of the foods used to attract soldier flies (such as fermented chicken feed).",
"In tropical or subtropical climates, they might breed year\\-round, but in other climates, a greenhouse may be needed to obtain eggs in the cooler periods. The grubs are quite hardy and can handle more acidic conditions and higher temperatures than redworms. Larvae can survive cold winters, particularly with large numbers of grubs, insulation, or [compost](/wiki/Compost \"Compost\") heat (generated by the microorganisms in the grub bin or compost pile). Heat stimulates the grubs to crawl off, pupate, and hatch, and a great deal of light and heat seem to be required for breeding. Many small\\-scale grub farmers build their larval colonies from eggs deposited by wild soldier flies.",
"#### Space and shape",
"Newly emerged soldier flies perform the beginning of their mating ritual in flight. The male grabs onto the female, and then grasps the female's ovipositor with his genitals. They mate while stationary and connected.",
"German scientists have successfully bred soldier flies in a space as small as 10 liters.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\\=175\\.msg1783\\#msg1783 \\| title\\=Breeding BSF in captivity / Re: not easy \\| access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-07 \\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-10 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310022825/http://thebiopod.com/forum/index.php?topic\\=175\\.msg1783\\#msg1783 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\| access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08 \\| archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-12 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112175106/http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\\_und\\_futterpflanzen/315\\-zucht\\_der\\_schwarzen\\_soldatenfliege\\_hermetia\\_illucens.html \\| url\\=http://www.terrarienbilder.com/vb/futtertiere\\_und\\_futterpflanzen/315\\-zucht\\_der\\_schwarzen\\_soldatenfliege\\_hermetia\\_illucens.html \\| title\\=Zucht der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) \\| date\\=2010\\-04\\-02 \\| last\\=Jetter \\| first\\=Michael \\| language\\=de \\| trans\\-title\\=Breeding the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| website\\=Terrarienbilder.com}}",
"#### Heat",
"Adults typically mated and oviposited at temperatures of {{convert\\|24\\|to\\|40\\|C\\|F}} or more. Around 99\\.6% of oviposition in the field occurred at {{convert\\|27\\.5\\|to\\|37\\.5\\|C\\|F}}.{{cite journal \\| title\\=Oviposition of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Eggs, Masses, Timing, and Site Characteristics \\| date\\=1984\\-04\\-01 \\| last1\\=Booth \\| first1\\=Donald C. \\| last2\\=Sheppard \\| first2\\=Craig \\| journal\\=Environmental Entomology \\| volume\\=13 \\| issue\\=2 \\| pages\\=421–423 \\| language\\=en \\| issn\\=0046\\-225X \\| doi\\=10\\.1093/ee/13\\.2\\.421}}",
"#### Light",
"Quartz\\-iodine lamps have been successfully used to stimulate mating of adults.{{cite journal \\| display\\-authors\\=etal \\| title\\=An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens \\| date\\=2010 \\| last\\=Zhang \\| journal\\= Journal of Insect Science\\| volume\\=10 \\| issue\\=202 \\| page\\=202 \\| doi\\=10\\.1673/031\\.010\\.20201 \\| pmc\\=3029228 \\| pmid\\=21268697 \\| quote\\=Under the quartz\\-iodine lamp... mating pairs were observed...approximately 39% less than observed when observing the effects of sunlight}} In particular, mating success of reared black soldier fly can be dramatically increased by exposing the adults to light that is particularly rich in wavelengths near 440 and/or 540 nm and has an irradiance that is an appreciable fraction of the intensity of full sunlight.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Schneider \\|first\\=J.C. \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-08 \\|title\\=Effects of light intensity on mating of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \\|url\\=https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/6/2/article\\-p111\\_111\\.xml \\|journal\\=Journal of Insects as Food and Feed \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=111–119 \\|doi\\=10\\.3920/JIFF2019\\.0003 \\|s2cid\\=202856188 \\|issn\\=2352\\-4588}} In tropical conditions, morning direct sunlight is optimal for emergence, mating, and egglaying, with indirect sunlight often preferred before and after mating.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nutri\\-tec.co.uk/black\\-soldier\\-fly\\|title\\=Black Soldier Fly\\|website\\=Nutrition Technologies\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233851/https://www.nutri\\-tec.co.uk/black\\-soldier\\-fly\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Humidity",
"Humidity at 70% is considered optimal for all stages of their lifecycle.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1284\\&context\\=etd \\| title\\=Role of Abiotic Factors on the Development and Life History of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) \\| publisher\\=university of windsor \\| date\\=2010 \\| last\\=Holmes}}",
"Substrate was found to be unnecessary for pupation, but substrate is thought to act as a regulator for humidity, which prevents desiccation. A 93% emergence rate was observed when humidity was held at 70%.{{cite journal \\| title\\=Substrate effects on pupation and adult emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). \\| publisher\\=Entomological Society of America \\| date\\=2012 \\| last\\=Holmes \\| journal\\=Environmental Entomology \\| volume\\=42 \\| issue\\=2 \\| pages\\=370–374 \\| doi\\=10\\.1603/EN12255 \\| pmid\\=23575028 \\| s2cid\\=6375726 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"#### Black soldier fly larvae and redworms",
"Redworm farmers often get larvae in their worm bins. Larvae are best at quickly converting \"high\\-nutrient\" waste into animal feed.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.deliciousliving.com/green\\-living/watchword\\-animal\\-feed/ \\| title\\=Watchword: Animal Feed \\| date\\=May 5, 2015}} Redworms are better at converting high\\-[cellulose](/wiki/Cellulose \"Cellulose\") materials (paper, cardboard, leaves, plant materials except [wood](/wiki/Wood \"Wood\")) into an excellent [soil amendment](/wiki/Soil_amendment \"Soil amendment\").",
"Redworms thrive on the residue produced by the fly larvae, but larvae [leachate](/wiki/wikt:Leachate \"Leachate\") (\"tea\") contains [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\") and tends to be too acidic for worms. The activity of larvae can keep temperatures around {{convert\\|37\\|C}}, while redworms require cooler temperatures. Most attempts to raise large numbers of larvae with redworms in the same container, at the same time, are unsuccessful. Worms have been able to survive in/under grub bins when the bottom is the ground. Redworms can live in grub bins when a large number of larvae are not present. Worms can be added if the larval population gets low (in the cold season) and worms can be raised in grub bins while awaiting eggs from wild black soldier flies.",
"As a feeder species, BSFL are not known to be [intermediate hosts](/wiki/Intermediate_host \"Intermediate host\") of [parasitic worms](/wiki/Parasitic_worm \"Parasitic worm\") that infect poultry, while redworms are host to many.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\\.htm \\| title\\=TABLE 05: Common Helminths of Poultry \\| work\\=The Merck Veterinary Manual / Poultry / Helminthiasis \\| access\\-date\\=April 20, 2008 \\| archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2008 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915071911/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tpou05\\.htm \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Names and trademarks",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2023}}\nBSFL were developed as a feeder insect for exotic pets by D. Craig Sheppard, who named the larvae **Phoenix Worms** and began marketing them as pet food. In 2006, Phoenix Worms became the first feeder insect to be granted a U.S. registered [trademark](/wiki/Trademark \"Trademark\"). Other companies also market BSFL under such brand names as NutriGrubs, Soldier Grubs, Reptiworms, Calciworms, BIOgrubs, and Obie's Worms (Canada). In Africa, they are marketed as live feeder, meal and oil by ProtiCycle for animal feed, pet food for dogs and cats, and food for fish such as tilapia and catfish.",
""
] |
Backgrounds
-----------
### Rizwan Farook
Farook was born in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"),{{cite news \|last1\=Turkewitz \|first1\=Julie\|last2\=Mueller \|first2\=Benjamin\|title\=Couple Kept Tight Lid on Plans for San Bernardino Shooting\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/us/san\-bernardino\-shooting\-syed\-rizwan\-farook.html\|access\-date\=December 3, 2015\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite news\|last1\=Blood\|first1\=Michael R.\|last2\=Tucker\|first2\=Eric\|title\=Records: Suspect in deadly shooting had troubled upbringing\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/records\-suspect\-deadly\-shooting\-had\-troubled\-upbringing\-205951950\.html\|publisher\=Yahoo! News\|date\=December 4, 2015\|access\-date\=December 4, 2015}} and was a U.S. citizen. His parents had emigrated from Pakistan.
#### Personal life
According to sources, Farook had a "troubled childhood"{{cite news\|title\=San Bernardino Suspect Syed Farook's Troubled Childhood: Father Was Alcoholic, Mother Alleged Domestic Abuse In Court Papers\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/san\-bernardino\-suspect\-syed\-farooks\-troubled\-childhood\-father\-was\-alcoholic\-mother\-2210359\|newspaper\=International Business Times\|date\=December 3, 2015\|first\=Julia\|last\=Glum}} and grew up in an abusive home in which his father was often violent towards his mother.{{cite news\|title\=San Bernardino shooter Syed Farook grew up in abusive home and witnessed father attack mother: court records\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/syed\-farook\-allah\-fearing\-man\-snowboarding\-article\-1\.2453836\|work\=Daily News\|location\=New York\|date\=December 3, 2015\|first\=Larry\|last\=McShane\|url\-access\=subscription}}{{cite news \|first\=Matt \|last\=Hamilton \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-san\-bernardino\-shooter\-endured\-turbulent\-home\-life\-according\-to\-court\-documents\-20151203\-story.html\|title\=San Bernardino shooting suspect endured turbulent home life, according to court documents \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=December 2, 2015 \|access\-date\=December 4, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-ln\-san\-bernardino\-attack\-life\-insurance\-lawsuit\-20160531\-snap\-story.html\|title\=Should a terrorist's family collect insurance money after he killed 14 people in the San Bernardino attack?\|work\=The Los Angeles Times\|date\=May 31, 2016\|access\-date\=June 1, 2016\|first1\=Joseph\|last1\=Serna\|first2\=Sarah\|last2\=Parvini\|first3\=Matt\|last3\=Hamilton\|first4\=Corina\|last4\=Knoll}} Farook grew up in [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California "Riverside, California"), and attended [La Sierra High School](/wiki/La_Sierra_High_School "La Sierra High School"), graduating in 2004, one year early.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/farook\-694704\-san\-bernardino.html \|title\=What is known so far about Syed Farook and Tashfeen Malik, the San Bernardino shooting suspects \|newspaper\=Orange County Register\|date\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite news \|first\=Patrick \|last\=O'Neill \|url\=http://www.pe.com/articles/san\-788171\-bernardino\-graduate.html \|title\=San Bernardino Shooting: Suspect graduated CSUSB \|newspaper\=The Press\-Enterprise \|date\=December 3, 2015}} He attended [California State University, San Bernardino](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_San_Bernardino "California State University, San Bernardino"), and received a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree") in [environmental health](/wiki/Environmental_health "Environmental health") in either 2009 or 2010\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning\-mix/wp/2015/12/03/they\-were\-a\-couple\-the\-striking\-difference\-between\-the\-san\-bernardino\-suspects\-and\-other\-mass\-shooters/\|title\=Authorities pick through suspects' path: Marriage, baby and then bloodshed\|first\=Yanan\|last\=Wang\|date\=December 3, 2015\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} He was a student for one semester in 2014 at [California State University, Fullerton](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Fullerton "California State University, Fullerton") in their graduate program for [environmental engineering](/wiki/Environmental_engineering "Environmental engineering"), but never completed the program.
Farook had a profile on the [dating website](/wiki/Dating_website "Dating website") iMilap.com, in which he listed backyard [target practice](/wiki/Target_practice "Target practice") as a hobby. A lawyer for Farook's family also said that he would go to [firing ranges](/wiki/Firing_range "Firing range") by himself.{{cite news\|title\=Who were Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik?\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/us/syed\-farook\-tashfeen\-malik\-mass\-shooting\-profile/\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=December 3, 2015\|access\-date\=December 7, 2015}}
Farook worked as a [food inspector](/wiki/Food_safety "Food safety") for the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health for five years before the shooting.{{cite news\|title\=San Bernardino Shooting: Two Suspects Dead After Gun Battle\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/active\-shooter\-reported\-in\-southern\-california\-1449085770\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|date\=2 December 2015 \|access\-date\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=San Bernardino shooting live updates: Syed Farook named as a suspect in attack that killed 14\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-ln\-san\-bernardino\-shooting\-live\-updates\-htmlstory.html\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=2 December 2015 \|access\-date\=December 3, 2015}} From July to December 2010, he was a seasonal employee for the county. He was hired as an [environmental health specialist](/wiki/Environmental_health_officer "Environmental health officer") trainee on January 28, 2012, and became a permanent employee on February 8, 2014\. Coworkers described Farook as quiet and polite, and said that he held no obvious grudges.
#### Religious views and travels
According to family members and coworkers, Farook was a devout [Sunni Muslim](/wiki/Sunni_Muslim "Sunni Muslim"), and traveled to Saudi Arabia several times, including to complete the [hajj](/wiki/Hajj "Hajj") in 2013\. Farook attended prayers at the [Islamic Center of Riverside](/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Riverside "Islamic Center of Riverside") twice a day, in the mornings and the evenings, according to an interview in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* with Mustafa H. Kuko, the center's director. According to the *Times*, Farook stood out as especially devout and "kept a bit of a distance" from other congregants.{{cite news\|last1\=Nagourney\|first1\=Adam\|title\=Couple Kept Tight Lid on Plans for San Bernardino Shooting\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/us/san\-bernardino\-shooting\-syed\-rizwan\-farook.html\|access\-date\=December 4, 2015\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=December 3, 2015}} During that time, according to friends, he never discussed politics. Farook abruptly stopped going to the mosque in 2014 following his marriage.{{cite news\|last1\=Thomas\|first1\=Dexter\|title\=San Bernardino shooting suspect stopped attending mosque two years ago\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-ln\-san\-bernardino\-shooting\-suspect\-serious\-about\-studying\-the\-koran\-20151203\-story.html\|access\-date\=December 13, 2015\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=December 3, 2015}}
The Italian newspaper *[La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa")* reported that Farook's father said that his son "shared the ideology of [Al Baghdadi](/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi") to create an Islamic state" and that he was fixated with [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/san\-bernardino\-suspect\-was\-obsessed\-with\-israel\-father\-says/ \|title\=San Bernardino suspect was obsessed with Israel, father says\|publisher\=CBS News\|access\-date\=December 21, 2015}} A spokesperson for the [Council on American–Islamic Relations](/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations "Council on American–Islamic Relations") (CAIR) later claimed the father did not recall making these statements about his son.{{cite web\|title\=San Bernardino attacker was 'normal guy' while practicing at shooting range\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-ln\-san\-bernardino\-shootings\-fbi\-raid\-20151207\-story.html\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=8 December 2015 \|access\-date\=December 8, 2015}}
### Tashfeen Malik
Malik was born in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), but lived most of her life in Saudi Arabia and the U.S.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-california\-shooting\-pakistan\-idUSKBN0TN1YX20151204\|first\=Mehreen\|last\=Zahra\-Malik\|title\=Exclusive: Investigators piece together portrait of Pakistani woman in shooting massacre\|work\=Reuters\|date\=December 4, 2015\|access\-date\=December 4, 2015}} Her original hometown was [Karor Lal Esan](/wiki/Karor_Lal_Esan "Karor Lal Esan"), {{convert\|450\|km\|sp\=us}} southwest of [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad "Islamabad"), Pakistan.{{cite web\|title\=Family members say Tashfeen Malik became more religious in years prior to massacre\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/12/06/family\-members\-say\-tashfeen\-malik\-became\-more\-religious\-in\-years\-prior\-to/?intcmp\=hpbt1\|publisher\=Fox News Channel\|access\-date\=December 6, 2015}} Her landowning family was described as politically influential in the town.{{cite news\|first\=Aoun\|last\=Sahi\|title\=San Bernardino assailant attended Islamic institute in Pakistan \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/world/afghanistan\-pakistan/la\-fg\-pakistan\-san\-bernardino\-20151206\-story.html\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=December 6, 2015\|access\-date\=December 13, 2015}}
#### Studies in Multan
Malik returned to Pakistan to study [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology "Pharmacology") at [Bahauddin Zakariya University](/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya_University "Bahauddin Zakariya University") in [Multan](/wiki/Multan "Multan"), beginning the program in 2007 and graduating in 2012\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/12/04/suspects\-family\-shocked\-killings/76773382/\|title\=FBI: No evidence San Bernardino killers were part of a cell\|work\=USA Today\|date\=December 4, 2015\|access\-date\=December 4, 2015}}{{cite news\|first1\=Salman \|last1\=Masood \|first2\=Declan \|last2\=Walsh\|title\=Tashfeen Malik Attended Conservative Religious School in Pakistan\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/world/asia/tashfeen\-malik\-attended\-conservative\-religious\-school\-in\-pakistan.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=December 7, 2015}} [Saudi Interior Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)") spokesman Major General Mansour Al\-Turki denied reports that Malik grew up in his country, saying that she visited Saudi Arabia only for a few weeks in 2008 and again in 2013\.{{cite web\|title\=Aunt: San Bernardino suspect 'became more devout'\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/12/06/san\-bernardino\-shooting/76879058/\|work\=USA Today\|date\=December 6, 2015\|access\-date\=December 11, 2015\|first1\=Jane\|last1\=Onyanga\-Omara\|first2\=John\|last2\=Bacon}} The city of Multan has been linked to [jihadist](/wiki/Jihadism "Jihadism") activity.{{cite web\|title\=Female San Bernardino suspect went to religious school\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/12/07/san\-bernardino\-suspect\-religious\-shool/76911152/\|work\=USA Today\|date\=December 7, 2015\|access\-date\=December 7, 2015}}
While in Multan, Malik attended the local center of the [Al\-Huda International Seminary](/wiki/Al-Huda_Institute "Al-Huda Institute"), a women\-only [religious academy](/wiki/Madrasa "Madrasa") network with seminaries across Pakistan and branches in the U.S. and Canada that was founded in 1994\.{{cite news\|last1\=Craig\|first1\=Tim\|title\=Pakistan is focus in hunt\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan\-is\-focus\-in\-hunt\-for\-clues\-to\-california\-shooters\-radical\-turn/2015/12/09/aaec9a14\-9ad3\-11e5\-aca6\-1ae3be6f06d2\_story.html\|access\-date\=December 11, 2015\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=December 9, 2015}} The school is aligned with the [Wahhabi](/wiki/Wahhabi "Wahhabi") form of Sunni Islam. According to school records, Malik enrolled in an eighteen\-month [Quranic](/wiki/Quran "Quran") studies course with Al\-Huda on April 17, 2013, and left on May 3, 2014, telling administrators that she was leaving to get married. Malik expressed an interest in completing the [course by correspondence](/wiki/Distance_education "Distance education"), but never did so.
According to experts, Al\-Huda "draws much of its support from women from educated, relatively affluent backgrounds." Faiza Mushtaq, a Pakistani scholar that studied the organization, said that "these Al\-Huda classes are teaching these urban, educated, upper\-middle\-class women a very conservative interpretation of Islam that makes them very judgmental about others around them." According to the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, Al\-Huda seminaries promote anti\-Western views and hard\-line practices in a fashion that "could encourage some adherents to lash out against non\-believers."{{cite web \|first1\=Aoun \|last1\=Sahi \|first2\=Shashank \|last2\=Bengali \|title\=School that taught San Bernardino assailant is known for anti\-Western, fundamentalist views \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la\-fg\-school\-san\-bernardino\-fundamentalist\-20151207\-story.html \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=7 December 2015 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2015}} *The New York Times* reported that the institute "teaches a strict literalist interpretation of the Quran, although it does not advocate violent jihad."{{cite news\|first1\=Matt\|last1\=Apuzzo\|first2\=Michael S.\|last2\=Schmidt\|first3\=Julia\|last3\=Preston\|title\=U.S. Visa Process Missed San Bernardino Wife's Zealotry on Social Media\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/us/san\-bernardino\-attacks\-us\-visa\-process\-tashfeen\-maliks\-remarks\-on\-social\-media\-about\-jihad\-were\-missed.html\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=December 13, 2015}} An Al\-Huda administrator from the head office in Islamabad said that terrorism "is against the teachings of Islam" and that the school's curriculum did not endorse violence.
#### Marriage and entry into United States
According to one of Farook's coworkers, Malik and her husband married about a month after he traveled to Saudi Arabia in early 2014; the two had met over the Internet.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-ln\-syed\-farook\-had\-traveled\-to\-saudi\-arabia\-married\-appeared\-to\-live\-american\-dream\-co\-workers\-say\-20151202\-story.html\|title\=San Bernardino shooting suspect traveled to Saudi Arabia, was married, appeared to be living 'American Dream,' co\-workers say\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=December 2, 2015}} Malik joined Farook in California shortly after their wedding. A U.S. marriage certificate reported their marriage in Riverside on August 16, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/12/04/investigators\-probe\-whether\-wife\-radicalized\-husband\-before\-san\-bernardino/\|title\=Investigators probe whether wife radicalized husband before San Bernardino massacre\|publisher\=Fox News Channel\|date\=December 4, 2015\|access\-date\=December 8, 2015}} At the time of her death, Malik and Farook had a six\-month\-old daughter.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/us/what\-we\-know\-san\-bernardino\-mass\-shooting/index.html\|title\=Mass shooting at Inland Regional Center: What we know\|last\=Ahmed\|first\=Saaed\|date\=December 3, 2015\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://nation.com.pk/international/03\-Dec\-2015/san\-bernardino\-shooting\-cair\-claims\-female\-assailant\-was\-from\-pakistan\|title\=California shooting: CAIR claims female assailant was from Pakistan\|date\=December 3, 2015\|work\=The Nation\|access\-date\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dawn.com/news/1223982\|title\=California killing: Female assailant was from Pakistan, CAIR claims\|agency\=Reuters\|access\-date\=December 3, 2015}}
Malik entered the United States on a [K\-1 (fiancée) visa](/wiki/K-1_visa "K-1 visa") with a [Pakistani passport](/wiki/Pakistani_passport "Pakistani passport").{{cite news \|first\=Julia \|last\=Preston \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/san\-bernardino\-shooting/from\-fiance\-visa\-to\-green\-card \|title\=From Fiancé Visa to Green Card \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=December 3, 2015}} According to a [State Department](/wiki/State_Department "State Department") spokesman, all applicants for such visas are fully screened.{{cite news\|title\=U.S. authorities look for militant links to shooters in California mass slaying\|url\=http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/12/03/california\-shooting\-idINKBN0TM0SO20151203\|work\=Reuters\|access\-date\=December 3, 2015}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Malik's application for permanent residency (a "[green card](/wiki/Green_card "Green card")") was completed by Farook on her behalf in September 2014, and she was granted a conditional green card in July 2015\. Obtaining such a green card would have required the couple to prove that the marriage was legitimate. As is standard practice, as part of her visa application with the State Department and application for a green card, Malik submitted her fingerprints and underwent "three extensive national security and criminal background screenings" using Homeland Security and State Department databases. Malik also underwent two in\-person interviews, the first with a consular officer in Pakistan and the second with an immigration officer in the U.S. after applying for a green card. No irregularities or signs of suspicion were found in the record of Malik's interview with the Pakistani consular officer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pe.com/articles/malik\-791107\-tashfeen\-visa.html\|title\=SAN BERNARDINO SHOOTING: No irregularities in Malik visa interview, report says\|work\=The Press\-Enterprise\|date\=January 7, 2016\|access\-date\=January 7, 2016\|first\=Richard K.\|last\=De Atley}}
Malik reportedly had become very religious in the years before the attack, wearing both the [niqab](/wiki/Niqab "Niqab") and [burqa](/wiki/Burqa "Burqa") while urging others to do so as well.{{cite news \|first1\=Michael R. \|last1\=Blood \|first2\=Tami \|last2\=Abdollah \|url\=http://www.kaaltv.com/article/stories/s3982781\.shtml \|title\=Who Was Tashfeen Malik? \|publisher\=KAAL \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=December 5, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 11, 2016 \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100221/http://www.kaaltv.com/article/stories/s3982781\.shtml \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|first\=F. Brinley \|last\=Bruton \|url\=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/san\-bernardino\-shooting/tashfeen\-malik\-mom\-california\-rampage\-became\-very\-devout\-report\-n475031 \|title\=Tashfeen Malik, Mom in California Rampage, Became Very Devout: Report \|publisher\=NBC News \|date\=December 6, 2015}} Pakistani media reported that Malik had ties to the radical [Red Mosque](/wiki/Lal_Masjid%2C_Islamabad "Lal Masjid, Islamabad") in [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad "Islamabad"), but a cleric and a spokesman from the mosque vehemently denied these claims, saying that they had never heard of Malik before the shooting.{{cite news\|title\=Pakistani in California shooting became hardline in S. Arabia — relatives\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/california\-shooting\-pakistan\-idUSKBN0TO0MB20151206\|work\=Reuters\|access\-date\=December 6, 2015}} Malik's estranged relatives say that she had left the [moderate Islam](/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam "Liberalism and progressivism within Islam") of her family and had become [radicalized](/wiki/Radicalized "Radicalized") while living in Saudi Arabia.{{cite news \|agency\=Associated Press \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis\-san\-bernardino\-shooting\-1\.3352268 \|title\=San Bernardino shooter Tashfeen Malik grew hardline in Saudi Arabia, family says \|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date\=December 6, 2015}} Saudi Interior Ministry spokesman Al\-Turki rejected this claim, stating that Saudi officials received no indication that Malik was radicalized while living there.{{cite news \|agency\=Associated Press \|url\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3c3ed22323854a9b922e6036375255a7/latest\-saudi\-spokesman\-says\-no\-sign\-radicalization \|title\=The Latest: Muslims at memorial service express grief, fear \|date\=December 6, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 11, 2016 \|archive\-date\=December 11, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211095530/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3c3ed22323854a9b922e6036375255a7/latest\-saudi\-spokesman\-says\-no\-sign\-radicalization \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Internet activities
On December 16, 2015, [FBI Director](/wiki/FBI_Director "FBI Director") [James B. Comey](/wiki/James_B._Comey "James B. Comey") said, "We can see from our investigation that in late 2013, before there is a physical meeting of these two people \[Farook and Malik] resulting in their engagement and then journey to the United States, they are communicating online, showing signs in that communication of their joint commitment to jihadism and to martyrdom. Those communications are direct, private messages."{{cite news \|first1\=Al \|last1\=Baker \|first2\=Marc \|last2\=Santora \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/us/san\-bernardino\-attackers\-discussed\-jihad\-in\-private\-messages\-fbi\-says.html \|title\=San Bernardino Attackers Discussed Jihad in Private Messages, F.B.I. Says \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=December 16, 2015}}{{cite news \|first\=Paul \|last\=Lewis \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/us\-news/2015/dec/16/san\-bernardino\-attackers\-jihad\-social\-media\-fbi \|title\=San Bernardino attackers did not post about jihad on social media, FBI says \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=December 16, 2015}}
Early reports had erroneously stated that Malik had openly expressed jihadist beliefs on social media, leading to calls for U.S. immigration officials to routinely review social media as part of background checks, which is not part of the current procedure. Comey subsequently clarified that the remarks were "direct private messages" that were not publicly accessible and that "So far, in this investigation, we have found no evidence of posting on social media."
Comey said that the [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI")'s investigation had revealed that Farook and Malik were "consuming poison on the Internet" and both had become radicalized "before they started courting or dating each other online" and "before the emergence of [ISIL](/wiki/ISIL "ISIL")."{{cite news\|first1\=Michael \|last1\=Martinez \|first2\=Catherine E. \|last2\=Shoichet \|first3\=Pamela \|last3\=Brown\|title\=San Bernardino shooting: Couple radicalized before they met, FBI says\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/09/us/san\-bernardino\-shooting/index.html\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=December 9, 2015}} As a result, Comey said that "untangling the motivations of which particular terrorist [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda "Propaganda") motivated in what way remains a challenge in these investigations, and our work is ongoing there."
|
[
"Backgrounds\n-----------",
"### Rizwan Farook",
"Farook was born in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"),{{cite news \\|last1\\=Turkewitz \\|first1\\=Julie\\|last2\\=Mueller \\|first2\\=Benjamin\\|title\\=Couple Kept Tight Lid on Plans for San Bernardino Shooting\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/us/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting\\-syed\\-rizwan\\-farook.html\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Blood\\|first1\\=Michael R.\\|last2\\=Tucker\\|first2\\=Eric\\|title\\=Records: Suspect in deadly shooting had troubled upbringing\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/records\\-suspect\\-deadly\\-shooting\\-had\\-troubled\\-upbringing\\-205951950\\.html\\|publisher\\=Yahoo! News\\|date\\=December 4, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2015}} and was a U.S. citizen. His parents had emigrated from Pakistan.",
"#### Personal life",
"According to sources, Farook had a \"troubled childhood\"{{cite news\\|title\\=San Bernardino Suspect Syed Farook's Troubled Childhood: Father Was Alcoholic, Mother Alleged Domestic Abuse In Court Papers\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/san\\-bernardino\\-suspect\\-syed\\-farooks\\-troubled\\-childhood\\-father\\-was\\-alcoholic\\-mother\\-2210359\\|newspaper\\=International Business Times\\|date\\=December 3, 2015\\|first\\=Julia\\|last\\=Glum}} and grew up in an abusive home in which his father was often violent towards his mother.{{cite news\\|title\\=San Bernardino shooter Syed Farook grew up in abusive home and witnessed father attack mother: court records\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/syed\\-farook\\-allah\\-fearing\\-man\\-snowboarding\\-article\\-1\\.2453836\\|work\\=Daily News\\|location\\=New York\\|date\\=December 3, 2015\\|first\\=Larry\\|last\\=McShane\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Matt \\|last\\=Hamilton \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-san\\-bernardino\\-shooter\\-endured\\-turbulent\\-home\\-life\\-according\\-to\\-court\\-documents\\-20151203\\-story.html\\|title\\=San Bernardino shooting suspect endured turbulent home life, according to court documents \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=December 2, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-ln\\-san\\-bernardino\\-attack\\-life\\-insurance\\-lawsuit\\-20160531\\-snap\\-story.html\\|title\\=Should a terrorist's family collect insurance money after he killed 14 people in the San Bernardino attack?\\|work\\=The Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=May 31, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2016\\|first1\\=Joseph\\|last1\\=Serna\\|first2\\=Sarah\\|last2\\=Parvini\\|first3\\=Matt\\|last3\\=Hamilton\\|first4\\=Corina\\|last4\\=Knoll}} Farook grew up in [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California \"Riverside, California\"), and attended [La Sierra High School](/wiki/La_Sierra_High_School \"La Sierra High School\"), graduating in 2004, one year early.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/farook\\-694704\\-san\\-bernardino.html \\|title\\=What is known so far about Syed Farook and Tashfeen Malik, the San Bernardino shooting suspects \\|newspaper\\=Orange County Register\\|date\\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Patrick \\|last\\=O'Neill \\|url\\=http://www.pe.com/articles/san\\-788171\\-bernardino\\-graduate.html \\|title\\=San Bernardino Shooting: Suspect graduated CSUSB \\|newspaper\\=The Press\\-Enterprise \\|date\\=December 3, 2015}} He attended [California State University, San Bernardino](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_San_Bernardino \"California State University, San Bernardino\"), and received a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") in [environmental health](/wiki/Environmental_health \"Environmental health\") in either 2009 or 2010\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning\\-mix/wp/2015/12/03/they\\-were\\-a\\-couple\\-the\\-striking\\-difference\\-between\\-the\\-san\\-bernardino\\-suspects\\-and\\-other\\-mass\\-shooters/\\|title\\=Authorities pick through suspects' path: Marriage, baby and then bloodshed\\|first\\=Yanan\\|last\\=Wang\\|date\\=December 3, 2015\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} He was a student for one semester in 2014 at [California State University, Fullerton](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Fullerton \"California State University, Fullerton\") in their graduate program for [environmental engineering](/wiki/Environmental_engineering \"Environmental engineering\"), but never completed the program.",
"Farook had a profile on the [dating website](/wiki/Dating_website \"Dating website\") iMilap.com, in which he listed backyard [target practice](/wiki/Target_practice \"Target practice\") as a hobby. A lawyer for Farook's family also said that he would go to [firing ranges](/wiki/Firing_range \"Firing range\") by himself.{{cite news\\|title\\=Who were Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik?\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/us/syed\\-farook\\-tashfeen\\-malik\\-mass\\-shooting\\-profile/\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=December 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2015}}",
"Farook worked as a [food inspector](/wiki/Food_safety \"Food safety\") for the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health for five years before the shooting.{{cite news\\|title\\=San Bernardino Shooting: Two Suspects Dead After Gun Battle\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/active\\-shooter\\-reported\\-in\\-southern\\-california\\-1449085770\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=2 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=San Bernardino shooting live updates: Syed Farook named as a suspect in attack that killed 14\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-ln\\-san\\-bernardino\\-shooting\\-live\\-updates\\-htmlstory.html\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=2 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015}} From July to December 2010, he was a seasonal employee for the county. He was hired as an [environmental health specialist](/wiki/Environmental_health_officer \"Environmental health officer\") trainee on January 28, 2012, and became a permanent employee on February 8, 2014\\. Coworkers described Farook as quiet and polite, and said that he held no obvious grudges.",
"#### Religious views and travels",
"According to family members and coworkers, Farook was a devout [Sunni Muslim](/wiki/Sunni_Muslim \"Sunni Muslim\"), and traveled to Saudi Arabia several times, including to complete the [hajj](/wiki/Hajj \"Hajj\") in 2013\\. Farook attended prayers at the [Islamic Center of Riverside](/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Riverside \"Islamic Center of Riverside\") twice a day, in the mornings and the evenings, according to an interview in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* with Mustafa H. Kuko, the center's director. According to the *Times*, Farook stood out as especially devout and \"kept a bit of a distance\" from other congregants.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Nagourney\\|first1\\=Adam\\|title\\=Couple Kept Tight Lid on Plans for San Bernardino Shooting\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/us/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting\\-syed\\-rizwan\\-farook.html\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2015\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 3, 2015}} During that time, according to friends, he never discussed politics. Farook abruptly stopped going to the mosque in 2014 following his marriage.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Thomas\\|first1\\=Dexter\\|title\\=San Bernardino shooting suspect stopped attending mosque two years ago\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-ln\\-san\\-bernardino\\-shooting\\-suspect\\-serious\\-about\\-studying\\-the\\-koran\\-20151203\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2015\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=December 3, 2015}}",
"The Italian newspaper *[La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\")* reported that Farook's father said that his son \"shared the ideology of [Al Baghdadi](/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi \"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi\") to create an Islamic state\" and that he was fixated with [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/san\\-bernardino\\-suspect\\-was\\-obsessed\\-with\\-israel\\-father\\-says/ \\|title\\=San Bernardino suspect was obsessed with Israel, father says\\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2015}} A spokesperson for the [Council on American–Islamic Relations](/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations \"Council on American–Islamic Relations\") (CAIR) later claimed the father did not recall making these statements about his son.{{cite web\\|title\\=San Bernardino attacker was 'normal guy' while practicing at shooting range\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-ln\\-san\\-bernardino\\-shootings\\-fbi\\-raid\\-20151207\\-story.html\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=8 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 8, 2015}}",
"### Tashfeen Malik",
"Malik was born in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), but lived most of her life in Saudi Arabia and the U.S.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-california\\-shooting\\-pakistan\\-idUSKBN0TN1YX20151204\\|first\\=Mehreen\\|last\\=Zahra\\-Malik\\|title\\=Exclusive: Investigators piece together portrait of Pakistani woman in shooting massacre\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=December 4, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2015}} Her original hometown was [Karor Lal Esan](/wiki/Karor_Lal_Esan \"Karor Lal Esan\"), {{convert\\|450\\|km\\|sp\\=us}} southwest of [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad \"Islamabad\"), Pakistan.{{cite web\\|title\\=Family members say Tashfeen Malik became more religious in years prior to massacre\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/12/06/family\\-members\\-say\\-tashfeen\\-malik\\-became\\-more\\-religious\\-in\\-years\\-prior\\-to/?intcmp\\=hpbt1\\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2015}} Her landowning family was described as politically influential in the town.{{cite news\\|first\\=Aoun\\|last\\=Sahi\\|title\\=San Bernardino assailant attended Islamic institute in Pakistan \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/world/afghanistan\\-pakistan/la\\-fg\\-pakistan\\-san\\-bernardino\\-20151206\\-story.html\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=December 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2015}}",
"#### Studies in Multan",
"Malik returned to Pakistan to study [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology \"Pharmacology\") at [Bahauddin Zakariya University](/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya_University \"Bahauddin Zakariya University\") in [Multan](/wiki/Multan \"Multan\"), beginning the program in 2007 and graduating in 2012\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/12/04/suspects\\-family\\-shocked\\-killings/76773382/\\|title\\=FBI: No evidence San Bernardino killers were part of a cell\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=December 4, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2015}}{{cite news\\|first1\\=Salman \\|last1\\=Masood \\|first2\\=Declan \\|last2\\=Walsh\\|title\\=Tashfeen Malik Attended Conservative Religious School in Pakistan\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/world/asia/tashfeen\\-malik\\-attended\\-conservative\\-religious\\-school\\-in\\-pakistan.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 7, 2015}} [Saudi Interior Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 \"Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)\") spokesman Major General Mansour Al\\-Turki denied reports that Malik grew up in his country, saying that she visited Saudi Arabia only for a few weeks in 2008 and again in 2013\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Aunt: San Bernardino suspect 'became more devout'\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/12/06/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting/76879058/\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=December 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2015\\|first1\\=Jane\\|last1\\=Onyanga\\-Omara\\|first2\\=John\\|last2\\=Bacon}} The city of Multan has been linked to [jihadist](/wiki/Jihadism \"Jihadism\") activity.{{cite web\\|title\\=Female San Bernardino suspect went to religious school\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/12/07/san\\-bernardino\\-suspect\\-religious\\-shool/76911152/\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=December 7, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2015}}",
"While in Multan, Malik attended the local center of the [Al\\-Huda International Seminary](/wiki/Al-Huda_Institute \"Al-Huda Institute\"), a women\\-only [religious academy](/wiki/Madrasa \"Madrasa\") network with seminaries across Pakistan and branches in the U.S. and Canada that was founded in 1994\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Craig\\|first1\\=Tim\\|title\\=Pakistan is focus in hunt\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan\\-is\\-focus\\-in\\-hunt\\-for\\-clues\\-to\\-california\\-shooters\\-radical\\-turn/2015/12/09/aaec9a14\\-9ad3\\-11e5\\-aca6\\-1ae3be6f06d2\\_story.html\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2015\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=December 9, 2015}} The school is aligned with the [Wahhabi](/wiki/Wahhabi \"Wahhabi\") form of Sunni Islam. According to school records, Malik enrolled in an eighteen\\-month [Quranic](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\") studies course with Al\\-Huda on April 17, 2013, and left on May 3, 2014, telling administrators that she was leaving to get married. Malik expressed an interest in completing the [course by correspondence](/wiki/Distance_education \"Distance education\"), but never did so.",
"According to experts, Al\\-Huda \"draws much of its support from women from educated, relatively affluent backgrounds.\" Faiza Mushtaq, a Pakistani scholar that studied the organization, said that \"these Al\\-Huda classes are teaching these urban, educated, upper\\-middle\\-class women a very conservative interpretation of Islam that makes them very judgmental about others around them.\" According to the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*, Al\\-Huda seminaries promote anti\\-Western views and hard\\-line practices in a fashion that \"could encourage some adherents to lash out against non\\-believers.\"{{cite web \\|first1\\=Aoun \\|last1\\=Sahi \\|first2\\=Shashank \\|last2\\=Bengali \\|title\\=School that taught San Bernardino assailant is known for anti\\-Western, fundamentalist views \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la\\-fg\\-school\\-san\\-bernardino\\-fundamentalist\\-20151207\\-story.html \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=7 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2015}} *The New York Times* reported that the institute \"teaches a strict literalist interpretation of the Quran, although it does not advocate violent jihad.\"{{cite news\\|first1\\=Matt\\|last1\\=Apuzzo\\|first2\\=Michael S.\\|last2\\=Schmidt\\|first3\\=Julia\\|last3\\=Preston\\|title\\=U.S. Visa Process Missed San Bernardino Wife's Zealotry on Social Media\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/us/san\\-bernardino\\-attacks\\-us\\-visa\\-process\\-tashfeen\\-maliks\\-remarks\\-on\\-social\\-media\\-about\\-jihad\\-were\\-missed.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 13, 2015}} An Al\\-Huda administrator from the head office in Islamabad said that terrorism \"is against the teachings of Islam\" and that the school's curriculum did not endorse violence.",
"#### Marriage and entry into United States",
"According to one of Farook's coworkers, Malik and her husband married about a month after he traveled to Saudi Arabia in early 2014; the two had met over the Internet.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-ln\\-syed\\-farook\\-had\\-traveled\\-to\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-married\\-appeared\\-to\\-live\\-american\\-dream\\-co\\-workers\\-say\\-20151202\\-story.html\\|title\\=San Bernardino shooting suspect traveled to Saudi Arabia, was married, appeared to be living 'American Dream,' co\\-workers say\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=December 2, 2015}} Malik joined Farook in California shortly after their wedding. A U.S. marriage certificate reported their marriage in Riverside on August 16, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/12/04/investigators\\-probe\\-whether\\-wife\\-radicalized\\-husband\\-before\\-san\\-bernardino/\\|title\\=Investigators probe whether wife radicalized husband before San Bernardino massacre\\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel\\|date\\=December 4, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 8, 2015}} At the time of her death, Malik and Farook had a six\\-month\\-old daughter.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/us/what\\-we\\-know\\-san\\-bernardino\\-mass\\-shooting/index.html\\|title\\=Mass shooting at Inland Regional Center: What we know\\|last\\=Ahmed\\|first\\=Saaed\\|date\\=December 3, 2015\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nation.com.pk/international/03\\-Dec\\-2015/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting\\-cair\\-claims\\-female\\-assailant\\-was\\-from\\-pakistan\\|title\\=California shooting: CAIR claims female assailant was from Pakistan\\|date\\=December 3, 2015\\|work\\=The Nation\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dawn.com/news/1223982\\|title\\=California killing: Female assailant was from Pakistan, CAIR claims\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015}}",
"Malik entered the United States on a [K\\-1 (fiancée) visa](/wiki/K-1_visa \"K-1 visa\") with a [Pakistani passport](/wiki/Pakistani_passport \"Pakistani passport\").{{cite news \\|first\\=Julia \\|last\\=Preston \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/live/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting/from\\-fiance\\-visa\\-to\\-green\\-card \\|title\\=From Fiancé Visa to Green Card \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=December 3, 2015}} According to a [State Department](/wiki/State_Department \"State Department\") spokesman, all applicants for such visas are fully screened.{{cite news\\|title\\=U.S. authorities look for militant links to shooters in California mass slaying\\|url\\=http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/12/03/california\\-shooting\\-idINKBN0TM0SO20151203\\|work\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2015}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Malik's application for permanent residency (a \"[green card](/wiki/Green_card \"Green card\")\") was completed by Farook on her behalf in September 2014, and she was granted a conditional green card in July 2015\\. Obtaining such a green card would have required the couple to prove that the marriage was legitimate. As is standard practice, as part of her visa application with the State Department and application for a green card, Malik submitted her fingerprints and underwent \"three extensive national security and criminal background screenings\" using Homeland Security and State Department databases. Malik also underwent two in\\-person interviews, the first with a consular officer in Pakistan and the second with an immigration officer in the U.S. after applying for a green card. No irregularities or signs of suspicion were found in the record of Malik's interview with the Pakistani consular officer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pe.com/articles/malik\\-791107\\-tashfeen\\-visa.html\\|title\\=SAN BERNARDINO SHOOTING: No irregularities in Malik visa interview, report says\\|work\\=The Press\\-Enterprise\\|date\\=January 7, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2016\\|first\\=Richard K.\\|last\\=De Atley}}",
"Malik reportedly had become very religious in the years before the attack, wearing both the [niqab](/wiki/Niqab \"Niqab\") and [burqa](/wiki/Burqa \"Burqa\") while urging others to do so as well.{{cite news \\|first1\\=Michael R. \\|last1\\=Blood \\|first2\\=Tami \\|last2\\=Abdollah \\|url\\=http://www.kaaltv.com/article/stories/s3982781\\.shtml \\|title\\=Who Was Tashfeen Malik? \\|publisher\\=KAAL \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=December 5, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100221/http://www.kaaltv.com/article/stories/s3982781\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|first\\=F. Brinley \\|last\\=Bruton \\|url\\=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting/tashfeen\\-malik\\-mom\\-california\\-rampage\\-became\\-very\\-devout\\-report\\-n475031 \\|title\\=Tashfeen Malik, Mom in California Rampage, Became Very Devout: Report \\|publisher\\=NBC News \\|date\\=December 6, 2015}} Pakistani media reported that Malik had ties to the radical [Red Mosque](/wiki/Lal_Masjid%2C_Islamabad \"Lal Masjid, Islamabad\") in [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad \"Islamabad\"), but a cleric and a spokesman from the mosque vehemently denied these claims, saying that they had never heard of Malik before the shooting.{{cite news\\|title\\=Pakistani in California shooting became hardline in S. Arabia — relatives\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/california\\-shooting\\-pakistan\\-idUSKBN0TO0MB20151206\\|work\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2015}} Malik's estranged relatives say that she had left the [moderate Islam](/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam \"Liberalism and progressivism within Islam\") of her family and had become [radicalized](/wiki/Radicalized \"Radicalized\") while living in Saudi Arabia.{{cite news \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis\\-san\\-bernardino\\-shooting\\-1\\.3352268 \\|title\\=San Bernardino shooter Tashfeen Malik grew hardline in Saudi Arabia, family says \\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \\|date\\=December 6, 2015}} Saudi Interior Ministry spokesman Al\\-Turki rejected this claim, stating that Saudi officials received no indication that Malik was radicalized while living there.{{cite news \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|url\\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3c3ed22323854a9b922e6036375255a7/latest\\-saudi\\-spokesman\\-says\\-no\\-sign\\-radicalization \\|title\\=The Latest: Muslims at memorial service express grief, fear \\|date\\=December 6, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 11, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211095530/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3c3ed22323854a9b922e6036375255a7/latest\\-saudi\\-spokesman\\-says\\-no\\-sign\\-radicalization \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Internet activities",
"On December 16, 2015, [FBI Director](/wiki/FBI_Director \"FBI Director\") [James B. Comey](/wiki/James_B._Comey \"James B. Comey\") said, \"We can see from our investigation that in late 2013, before there is a physical meeting of these two people \\[Farook and Malik] resulting in their engagement and then journey to the United States, they are communicating online, showing signs in that communication of their joint commitment to jihadism and to martyrdom. Those communications are direct, private messages.\"{{cite news \\|first1\\=Al \\|last1\\=Baker \\|first2\\=Marc \\|last2\\=Santora \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/us/san\\-bernardino\\-attackers\\-discussed\\-jihad\\-in\\-private\\-messages\\-fbi\\-says.html \\|title\\=San Bernardino Attackers Discussed Jihad in Private Messages, F.B.I. Says \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=December 16, 2015}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Lewis \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/us\\-news/2015/dec/16/san\\-bernardino\\-attackers\\-jihad\\-social\\-media\\-fbi \\|title\\=San Bernardino attackers did not post about jihad on social media, FBI says \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=December 16, 2015}}",
"Early reports had erroneously stated that Malik had openly expressed jihadist beliefs on social media, leading to calls for U.S. immigration officials to routinely review social media as part of background checks, which is not part of the current procedure. Comey subsequently clarified that the remarks were \"direct private messages\" that were not publicly accessible and that \"So far, in this investigation, we have found no evidence of posting on social media.\"",
"Comey said that the [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\")'s investigation had revealed that Farook and Malik were \"consuming poison on the Internet\" and both had become radicalized \"before they started courting or dating each other online\" and \"before the emergence of [ISIL](/wiki/ISIL \"ISIL\").\"{{cite news\\|first1\\=Michael \\|last1\\=Martinez \\|first2\\=Catherine E. \\|last2\\=Shoichet \\|first3\\=Pamela \\|last3\\=Brown\\|title\\=San Bernardino shooting: Couple radicalized before they met, FBI says\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/09/us/san\\-bernardino\\-shooting/index.html\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=December 9, 2015}} As a result, Comey said that \"untangling the motivations of which particular terrorist [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda \"Propaganda\") motivated in what way remains a challenge in these investigations, and our work is ongoing there.\"",
""
] |
History
-------
### Ohio
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=November 2023}}
The railroad did not reach the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") until 1852, 24 years after the project started. Yet the Ohio River was from the beginning the destination the railroad was seeking to link with Baltimore, at the time a transportation center. By crossing the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains "Appalachian Mountains"), a technical challenge, it would link the new and booming territories of what at the time was the West, particularly [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana"), and [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky"), with the east coast rail and boat network, from Maryland northward. There was no rail link between Maryland and Virginia until the B\&O opened the [Harpers Ferry bridge](/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing "B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing") in 1839\.
Starting in 1825, the [Erie Canal](/wiki/Erie_Canal "Erie Canal") provided an animal\-powered water facility, connecting [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") with Ohio via [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie "Lake Erie"). It took ten days to travel downstream from [Buffalo, New York](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), to New York City. The [Cumberland Road](/wiki/Cumberland_Road "Cumberland Road"), later the beginning of the federally\-financed [National Road](/wiki/National_Road "National Road"), provided a road link for animal\-powered transport between [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland"), on the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River "Potomac River") and [Wheeling, Virginia](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia "Wheeling, West Virginia"), in present\-day [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia"), on the Ohio River, when completed in 1837\. It was the second paved road in the country. However, the 1831 [DeWitt Clinton locomotive](/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_%28locomotive%29 "DeWitt Clinton (locomotive)"), running between [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York") and [Schenectady, New York](/wiki/Schenectady%2C_New_York "Schenectady, New York"), demonstrated speeds of {{convert\|25\|mi}} per hour, dramatically decreasing the cost of transportation and announcing the coming end of the canal and turnpike (road) systems, many of which were never completed since they were or would soon be obsolete.
In New York, political support for the Erie Canal detracted from the prospect of building a railroad to replace it, whose full length did not open until 1844\. Mountains in Pennsylvania made construction in the western part of the state expensive and technically challenging, and the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad "Pennsylvania Railroad"), linking Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, did not open its full length until 1852, and there was no rail link west from [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") to Ohio for several more years.
The fast\-growing [port city of Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/History_of_Baltimore "History of Baltimore"), faced economic stagnation unless it opened a route to the Western states. On February 27, 1827, twenty\-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring "that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation."{{Harvp\|Jacobs\|1989\|p\=13}}.{{cite news \|last1\=Rasmussen \|first1\=Frederick N. \|title\=Riding the B\&O for 175 years \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-2002\-02\-28\-0202280278\-story.html \|work\=The Baltimore Sun \|date\=February 28, 2002 \|access\-date\=September 17, 2020 \|archive\-date\=February 27, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060119/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\-xpm\-2002\-02\-28\-0202280278\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }} Their answer was to build a railroad: one of the first commercial lines in the world.An 1827 report shows the motivations of early boosters:
{{cite journal\|last1\=Wooddy\|first1\=William\|year\=1827\|title\=Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Proceedings of sundry citizens of Baltimore, convented for the Purpose of Devising the most efficient Means of Improving the Intercourse between that City and the Western States\|journal\=The North American Review\|location\=Boston\|publisher\=Frederick T. Gray\|volume\=25\|issue\=56\|pages\=62–73\|jstor\=25102651}}
Their plans worked well, despite many political problems from canal backers and other railroads. For example, only the Pennsylvania Railroad was allowed to build in its namesake state, requiring the B\&O to skirt around a corner of the state, even though the Pennsylvania Railroad didn't even operate in that area of Pennsylvania.
The railroad grew from a capital base of $3 million in 1827 (equivalent to ${{Inflation\|index\=US\|value\=3\|start\_year\=1827}} million in {{Inflation/year\|index\=US}}) to a large enterprise generating $2\.7 million of annual profit on its {{convert\|380\|mi\|km}} of track in 1854, with 19 million passenger miles. The railroad fed tens of millions of dollars of shipments to and from Baltimore and its growing hinterland to the west, thus making the city the commercial and financial capital of the region south of Philadelphia.{{sfnp\|Stover\|1987\|pp\=17 \& 75}}
### Charters
Although the [Albany and Schenectady Railroad](/wiki/Albany_and_Schenectady_Railroad "Albany and Schenectady Railroad") was chartered a year earlier, in 1826, the B \& O Railroad was the first to open in the US. [Philip E. Thomas](/wiki/Philip_E._Thomas "Philip E. Thomas") and [George Brown](/wiki/George_Brown_%28Financier%29 "George Brown (Financier)") were the pioneers of the railroad.{{Harvp\|Jacobs\|1989\|p\=12}}. In 1826, they investigated railway enterprises in [England](/wiki/England "England"), which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held an organizational meeting on February 12, 1827, including about twenty\-five citizens, most of whom were Baltimore merchants or bankers. [Chapter 123 of the 1826 Session Laws of Maryland](/wiki/wikisource:Maryland_state_laws_relating_to_the_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Rail_Road%231826_Chapter_123 "Maryland state laws relating to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road#1826 Chapter 123"), passed February 28, 1827, and the Commonwealth of Virginia on March 8, 1827, chartered the **Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company**, with the task of building a railroad from the port of Baltimore west to a suitable point on the Ohio River. The railroad, formally incorporated April 24, was intended to provide a faster route for [Midwestern](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States "Midwestern United States") goods to reach the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") than to the hugely successful but slow [Erie Canal](/wiki/Erie_Canal "Erie Canal") across [upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York "Upstate New York"). Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer. The capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars,{{cite book \|title\=The Railroad Builders, A Chronicle of the Welding of the States \|last\=Moody \|first\=John \|year\=1919 \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|location\=New Haven, CT \|chapter\-url\=http://cprr.org/Museum/Railroad\_Builders/Railroad\_Builders\_05\.html \|access\-date\=April 6, 2006 \|series\=Chronicles of America Series, Vol. 38 \|chapter\=Crossing the Appalachian Range \|archive\-date\=June 4, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024054/http://cprr.org/Museum/Railroad\_Builders/Railroad\_Builders\_05\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
but the B\&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Half of this stock was reserved for the Maryland state government and the municipal government of Baltimore, which invested $1,000,000 and $500,000, respectively, in the new company. Around twenty\-two thousand people—a quarter of the city's population—bought the remaining private equity.{{cite book \|title\=Steam City: Railroads, Urban Space, and Corporate Capitalism in Nineteenth\-Century Baltimore \|last\=Schley \|first\=David \|year\=2020 \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|location\=Chicago, IL \|isbn\=978\-0226720258 \|pages\=20–21}}
### Early construction and legal battles
[thumb\|upright\|Cornerstone of the B\&O, laid July 4, 1828, by [Charles Carroll of Carrollton](/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton "Charles Carroll of Carrollton"), now displayed at the [B\&O Railroad Museum](/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum "B&O Railroad Museum")](/wiki/File:B%26O_Railroad_cornerstone.jpg "B&O Railroad cornerstone.jpg")
Construction began on July 4, 1828, when [Charles Carroll of Carrollton](/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton "Charles Carroll of Carrollton") (the last living signer of the Declaration of Independence) performed the groundbreaking by laying the cornerstone. The initial tracks were built with [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") stringers topped by [strap iron rails](/wiki/Rail_profile%23History "Rail profile#History"). The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicott's Mills (now known as [Ellicott City](/wiki/Ellicott_City%2C_Maryland "Ellicott City, Maryland")), opened on May 24, 1830\. A horse pulled the first cars 26 miles and back, since the B\&O did not decide to use steam power for several years. Railroad men in South Carolina had earlier commissioned a steam locomotive from a New York foundry (which would reach 25 miles per hour and became the first passenger service by locomotive), while the B\&O was still experimenting with horse power and sails. The B\&O's first locomotive, *[Tom Thumb](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_%28locomotive%29 "Tom Thumb (locomotive)")*, was made in America as a demonstrator and could pull passenger and freight cars at 18 miles per hour.Sarah H. Gordon, *Passage to Union: How the Railroads Transformed American Life, 1829–1929* (Ivan R. Dee 1998\) p. 27 {{ISBN\|978\-1566632188}}
Developers decided to follow the [Patapsco River](/wiki/Patapsco_River "Patapsco River") to a point near Parr's Ridge (now known as [Mount Airy](/wiki/Mount_Airy%2C_Maryland "Mount Airy, Maryland")), where the railroad would cross a height of land and descend into the valley of the [Monocacy](/wiki/Monocacy_River "Monocacy River") and Potomac rivers. Further extensions opened to [Frederick](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Maryland "Frederick, Maryland") (including the short [Frederick Branch](/wiki/Frederick_Branch_%28Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad%29 "Frederick Branch (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)")) on December 1, 1831; [Point of Rocks](/wiki/Point_of_Rocks%2C_Maryland "Point of Rocks, Maryland") on April 2, 1832; and Sandy Hook on December 1, 1834\. [Sandy Hook, Maryland](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_Maryland "Sandy Hook, Maryland"), on the north shore of the Potomac, was the end of the line until the [B \& O Railroad Potomac River Crossing](/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing "B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing") opened in 1836, linking [Harpers Ferry, West Virginia](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia "Harpers Ferry, West Virginia") (until 1863, Virginia). The connection at Harpers Ferry with the [Winchester and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad "Winchester and Potomac Railroad"), running southwest to [Winchester, Virginia](/wiki/Winchester%2C_Virginia "Winchester, Virginia"), opened in 1837, then the line northwest to [Martinsburg](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia "Martinsburg, West Virginia") in May 1842; [Hancock](/wiki/Hancock%2C_West_Virginia "Hancock, West Virginia") in June 1842; and [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland"), on November 5, 1842, for some years the end of the line. The final section linked [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont%2C_West_Virginia "Piedmont, West Virginia") on July 21, 1851, and [Fairmont](/wiki/Fairmont%2C_West_Virginia "Fairmont, West Virginia") on June 22, 1852\. It first reached the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") at [Moundsville](/wiki/Moundsville%2C_West_Virginia "Moundsville, West Virginia") later in 1852, and port facilities were built there. The B\&O reached Wheeling, West Virginia (then part of Virginia) on January 1, 1853\. That would remain the terminus through the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") (apart from conflict\-related outages principally between Cumberland and Martinsburg during the war) until a railroad bridge could be constructed across the Ohio River.
The narrow strip of available land along the Potomac River from Point of Rocks to Harpers Ferry caused years of legal battles between the B\&O and the [Chesapeake and Ohio (C\&O) Canal](/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal "Chesapeake and Ohio Canal"), as both sought to exclude the other from its use.{{Cite journal\|last\=Lynch\|first\=John A.\|title\=Justice Douglas, the Chesapeake \& Ohio Canal, and Maryland Legal History\|journal\=University of Baltimore Law Forum\|volume\=35\|issue\=Spring 2005 \|pages\=104, 112–125\|year\= }}Baltimore and Ohio v. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 4 Gill and Johnson MD 1 (1832\) A compromise eventually allowed the two companies to share the [right of way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28transportation%29 "Right-of-way (transportation)"). The B\&O also prevailed in a lawsuit against it by the Washington and Baltimore Turnpike Road.Baltimore and Ohio v. Washington and Baltimore Turnpike Road, 100 Gill and Johnson MD 392 (1839\){{complete citation needed\|date\=April 2021}}
[alt\=Note inscribed No. 121 Baltimore February 10, 1841 Baltimore and Ohio RAILROAD COMPANY. Transfer to the holder of this order TWELVE AND A HALF CENTS in the Stock of the City of Baltimore bearing Six per cent interest payable quarterly when said holder presents orders amounting to One Hundred Dollars or upwards. \[Commissioners holding the Stock to redeem these orders]." The note is illustrated with an illustration of two standing women on the left, and one sitting woman on the right.\|thumb\|Twelve and a half cent note issued by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company in 1841\.](/wiki/File:Recto_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad_Company_%28Maryland%29_12_and_a_half_cents_1841_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1142257.jpeg "Recto Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company (Maryland) 12 and a half cents 1841 urn-3 HBS.Baker.AC 1142257.jpeg")
The B\&O wanted links to Virginia's [Shenandoah Valley](/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley "Shenandoah Valley"), as well as the parts of western Virginia draining into the Ohio River valley and ultimately the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"), such as [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia "Wheeling, West Virginia") (where the [National Road](/wiki/National_Road "National Road") crossed the Ohio River) and the [Kanawha River](/wiki/Kanawha_River "Kanawha River") valley. However, many Virginia politicians wanted the minerals, timber and produce of those areas to instead ship through [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia") and reach the Atlantic through [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"), although the [James River Canal](/wiki/James_River_Canal "James River Canal") required substantial maintenance and was never completed through the Appalachians to the Ohio River watershed. Thus, while the B\&O reached Wheeling in 1853, political compromises meant the B\&O would only reach [Grafton](/wiki/Grafton%2C_West_Virginia "Grafton, West Virginia") to connect to [Parkersburg](/wiki/Parkersburg%2C_West_Virginia "Parkersburg, West Virginia") on the Ohio River through a connection with the [Northwestern Virginia Railroad](/wiki/Northwestern_Virginia_Railroad "Northwestern Virginia Railroad") which was completed in 1857\. During the "Great Railway Celebrations of 1857", a large group of notables boarded the B\&O in Baltimore, then transferred to steamboats that took them from Wheeling to [Marietta, Ohio](/wiki/Marietta%2C_Ohio "Marietta, Ohio"), where they boarded a railroad to Cincinnati, where after another celebration, they boarded the [Ohio and Mississippi Railroad](/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad "Ohio and Mississippi Railroad"), which brought them to St. Louis, Missouri, three days after they had started their journey.Gordon pp. 106–107 The B\&O would only reach [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_West_Virginia "Charleston, West Virginia") (at the confluence of the Kanawha and Elk Rivers) and ultimately [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_West_Virginia "Huntington, West Virginia") (which was named after a major B\&O investor) on the Ohio River more than a decade after the American Civil War and the creation of the state of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia").
Meanwhile, the State of Maryland granted the B\&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), in 1831, and the [Washington Branch](/wiki/Washington_Branch_of_the_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Rail_Road "Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road") was opened in 1835\.{{cite book \|title\=The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853 \|last\=Dilts \|first\=James D. \|year\=1996 \|publisher\=Stanford University Press \|location\=Palo Alto, CA \|isbn\=978\-0\-8047\-2629\-0 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JjrCWPwvHzIC \|access\-date\=October 15, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 30, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220602/https://books.google.com/books?id\=JjrCWPwvHzIC \|url\-status\=live }}{{rp\|157}} This line joined to the original mainline at [Relay, Maryland](/wiki/Relay%2C_Maryland "Relay, Maryland"), crossing the Patapsco River on the [Thomas Viaduct](/wiki/Thomas_Viaduct "Thomas Viaduct") (which remains one of the B\&O's signature structures). This line was partially funded by the state of Maryland, and was operated separately until the 1870s, with Maryland receiving a 25 percent cut of gross passenger receipts. The B\&O's charter also forbade further taxation of the railroad, and that no\-tax provision was upheld in the 1840s after Baltimore City tried to tax it.Baltimore and Ohio V. Mayor and City of Baltimore, 6 Gill Md 288 (1847\) This Washington Branch line was built in stone, much like the original mainline. By this time, however, strap rail was no longer used for new construction. Most of the stone bridges on the [Old Main Line](/wiki/Old_Main_Line_Subdivision "Old Main Line Subdivision") did not last long, being washed out by the periodic flooding of the Patapsco River and replaced at first by [Bollman Truss bridges](/wiki/Bollman_Truss_Railroad_Bridge "Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge"). The [Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad](/wiki/Annapolis_and_Elk_Ridge_Railroad "Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad") to [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland") connected to this line at Annapolis Junction in 1840\. As an unwritten condition for the charter, it was understood that the state of Maryland would not charter any competing line between Baltimore and Washington, and no such charters were approved until well after the American Civil War, when the Pennsylvania Railroad acquired a railroad on the Delmarva Peninsula, which had the power to build short branch lines, so it was able to connect to Washington through [Bowie, Maryland](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland "Bowie, Maryland").
The B\&O also wanted access to Pittsburgh and coal fields in western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Although the directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad wanted a monopoly in their state, delays in laying track to Pittsburgh led the Pennsylvania legislature in 1846 to require construction to be completed within 10 years, else competition would be allowed. The Pennsylvania Railroad finished its trans\-Allegheny track with two years to spare, thus the B\&O would only be able to extend its tracks up the [Youghiogheny River](/wiki/Youghiogheny_River "Youghiogheny River") valley to the soft coal fields in 1871\.Albro Martin, Railroads Triumphant: the Growth, Rejection \& Rebirth of a Vital American Force (Oxford University Press 1992\), pp. 17, 138
{{See also\|Baltimore Terminal Subdivision}}
### Early engineering
{{see also\|Old Main Line Subdivision}}
[thumb\|Scenes of the B\&O Railroad. Decorative title page for Ele Bowen, *Rambles in the Path of the Steam\-Horse*, 1855](/wiki/File:Decorative_title_page_for_Ele_Bowen%2C_Rambles_in_the_path_of_the_steam-horse%2C_1855.jpg "Decorative title page for Ele Bowen, Rambles in the path of the steam-horse, 1855.jpg")
When construction began on the B\&O in the 1820s, railroad engineering was in its infancy. Unsure exactly which materials would suffice, the B\&O erred on the side of sturdiness and built many of its early structures of granite. Even the track bed to which iron strap rail was affixed consisted of the stone.
Though the granite soon proved too unforgiving and expensive for track, most of the B\&O's monumental bridges have survived to this day, and many are still in active railroad use by CSX. Baltimore's [Carrollton Viaduct](/wiki/Carrollton_Viaduct "Carrollton Viaduct"), named in honor of [Charles Carroll of Carrollton](/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton "Charles Carroll of Carrollton"), was the B\&O's first bridge, and is the oldest railway bridge in the Americas still carrying trains (and the third oldest in the world, after the [Skerne Bridge](/wiki/Skerne_Bridge "Skerne Bridge"), Darlington, UK, of 1824–1825, and the [Bassaleg Viaduct](/wiki/Bassaleg_Viaduct "Bassaleg Viaduct"), Newport, UK, of 1826\).{{cite web \|title\=Four North East Heritage Sites Telling the Story of England \|url\=https://historicengland.org.uk/whats\-new/in\-your\-area/north\-east/four\-north\-east\-heritage\-sites\-in\-top\-100\-places/
\|website\=historicengland.org.uk \|date\=June 6, 2018
\|publisher\=\[\[Historic England]] \|access\-date\=23 March 2022 \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=Bassaleg Viaduct, Rumney Railway, Bassaleg \|url\=https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/34952 \|website\=Coflein \|access\-date\=24 March 2022 \|language\=en}} The [Thomas Viaduct](/wiki/Thomas_Viaduct "Thomas Viaduct") at [Relay, Maryland](/wiki/Relay%2C_Maryland "Relay, Maryland"), was the longest bridge in the United States upon its completion in 1835\. It also remains in use. The B\&O made extensive use of the [Bollman iron truss bridge](/wiki/Bollman_Truss_Railroad_Bridge "Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge") design in the mid\-19th century. Its durability and ease of assembly aided faster railroad construction.
[thumb\|left\|200px\|{{center\|\[\[Carrollton Viaduct]]}}](/wiki/File:Carrollton-viaduct.jpg "Carrollton-viaduct.jpg")
As the B\&O built the main line west to [Parr's Ridge](/wiki/Parr%27s_Ridge "Parr's Ridge"), near [Mount Airy, Maryland](/wiki/Mount_Airy%2C_Maryland "Mount Airy, Maryland"), it had limited information about the capabilities of steam locomotives; at the time, the line had three, the *York, Atlantic,* and the *Franklin.*{{cite book
\|title\=Rambles in the path of the steam\-horse. An off\-hand ''olla podrida \[stew]'', embracing a general historical and descriptive view of the scenery, agricultural and mineral resources, and prominent features of the travelled route from Baltimore to Harper's Ferry, Cumberland, Wheeling, Cincinnati, and Louisville
\|last\=Bowen
\|first\=Ele
\|date\=1855
\|url\=https://archive.org/details/ramblesinpathofs00bowe/page/n9/mode/2up
\|location\=Philadelphia
\|publisher\=Wm. Bromwell}}{{rp\|70}} When planning the extension to [Sandy Hook, Maryland](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_Maryland "Sandy Hook, Maryland"), and then [Harpers Ferry](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry "Harpers Ferry"), the company was uncertain if the engines' metal wheels would grip the metal rails sufficiently to pull a train up to the top of the ridge. The railroad decided to construct two [inclined planes](/wiki/Inclined_plane "Inclined plane"), one on each side of the ridge, along which teams of horses, and perhaps steam\-powered winches, would assist pulling the trains uphill. The planes, about a mile long on each side, quickly proved an operational [bottleneck](/wiki/Bottleneck_%28traffic%29 "Bottleneck (traffic)"). Before the decade of the 1830s ended, the B\&O built a {{convert\|5\.5\|mi\|km\|adj\=mid\|\-long}} alternate route that became known as the Mount Airy Loop. The planes were quickly abandoned and forgotten, though some artifacts survive to the present.
### First telegraph line
In 1843, Congress appropriated $30,000 for construction of an experimental {{convert\|38\|mi\|km\|0\|adj\=on}} [telegraph line](/wiki/Telegraph_line "Telegraph line") between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore along the B\&O's right\-of\-way. The B\&O approved the project with the agreement that the railroad would have free use of the line upon its completion. An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news of the [Whig Party](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 "Whig Party (United States)")'s nomination of [Henry Clay](/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") for U.S. president was telegraphed from the party's convention in Baltimore to the [Capitol Building](/wiki/United_States_Capitol "United States Capitol") in Washington. On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as [Samuel F. B. Morse](/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse "Samuel F. B. Morse") sent his famous words, "What hath God wrought", from the B\&O's Mount Clare station to the Capitol by telegraph.{{sfnp\|Stover\|1987\|pp\=59–60}}
{{Wide image\|Founders of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.jpg\|600px\|\[\[Francis Blackwell Mayer]]. ''The Founders of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad'' (1891\), represents the B\&O's history ''(left to right)'' beginning with its founding in 1827 to 1880\. \[\[Philip E. Thomas]], \[\[George Brown (Financier)\|George Brown]], \[\[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], and others are gathered at left. \[\[Samuel F. B. Morse]] is seated at center left (with telegraph tape) and \[\[John W. Garrett]] is seated at right. The original painting is now at the headquarters of \[\[CSX Transportation]] in \[\[Jacksonville, Florida]]. A replica is at the \[\[B\&O Railroad Museum]].\|80%\|center}}
### Innovations
Contrary to legend, the B\&O was not the first chartered railroad in the United States; [John Stevens](/wiki/John_Stevens_%28inventor%2C_born_1749%29 "John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)") obtained a charter for the [New Jersey Railroad](/wiki/New_Jersey_Railroad "New Jersey Railroad") in 1815\.{{sfnp\|Stover\|1987\|p\=2}} The B\&O was, however, the first company to operate a locomotive built in America, with the [*Tom Thumb*](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_%28locomotive%29 "Tom Thumb (locomotive)") in 1829\. It built the first passenger and [freight station](/wiki/Freight_station "Freight station") (Mount Clare in 1829\) and was the first railroad to earn passenger revenues in December 1829, and publish a timetable on May 23, 1830\. On Christmas Eve 1852, the B\&O line was completed between Baltimore and the Ohio River near [Moundsville, West Virginia](/wiki/Moundsville%2C_West_Virginia "Moundsville, West Virginia").{{Cite web\|last\=Powell\|first\=Bob\|title\=December 24, 1852: B\&O Railroad completed near Moundsville\|url\=http://wvpublic.org/post/december\-24\-1852\-bo\-railroad\-completed\-near\-moundsville\|publisher\=\[\[West Virginia Public Broadcasting]]\|date\=December 24, 2014\|access\-date\=May 19, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731044833/http://wvpublic.org/post/december\-24\-1852\-bo\-railroad\-completed\-near\-moundsville\|archive\-date\=July 31, 2015}}
### Conflicts in the early years
[thumb\|Share of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail\-Road Company, issued 26\. July 1856; signed by Johns Hopkins as president pro. tem.](/wiki/Image:Baltimore_and_Ohio_RR_1856.jpg "Baltimore and Ohio RR 1856.jpg")
Partial government ownership caused some operational problems. Of the thirty members on its [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors"), twelve were elected by shareholders, while eighteen were appointed either by Maryland or the [Baltimore City Council](/wiki/Baltimore_City_Council "Baltimore City Council").{{cite book\|last\=Fee\|first\=Elizabeth\|editor\=Fee, Elizabeth\|editor2\=Shopes, Linda\|editor3\=Zeidman, Linda\|title\=The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History\|publisher\=Temple University Press\|year\=1991\|location\=Philadelphia\|pages\=11–27\|chapter\=Evergreen House and the Garrett Family: A Railroad Fortune\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=626B6J8at00C\&q\=baltimore\+book\&pg\=PP1\|isbn\=978\-0\-87722\-823\-3\|access\-date\=September 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 17, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917103244/https://books.google.com/books?id\=626B6J8at00C\&pg\=PP1\&dq\=baltimore\+book\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}} Many had conflicting interests: the directors appointed by the state and city desired low [fares](/wiki/Fare "Fare") and all construction to be funded from corporate revenues, while the directors elected by shareholders desired greater [profits](/wiki/Profit_%28accounting%29 "Profit (accounting)") and [dividends](/wiki/Dividend "Dividend"). These conflicts became more intense in the 1850s after the completion of the C\&O Canal, which brought additional competition to the B\&O. In 1853, after being nominated by large shareholder and director [Johns Hopkins](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins "Johns Hopkins"), [John W. Garrett](/wiki/John_W._Garrett "John W. Garrett") became president of the B\&O, a position he would hold until his death in 1884\.{{cite book\|last\=Hall\|first\=C. C.\|title\=Baltimore: Its History and Its People\|publisher\=Lewis Historical Publishing Co.\|year\=1912\|volume\=2\|pages\=458–461}} In the first year of his presidency, corporate [operating costs](/wiki/Operating_cost "Operating cost") were reduced from 65 percent of revenues to 46 percent, and the railroad began distributing profits to its shareholders.
### John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
{{Main\|John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry}}
The B\&O played a major role, and got national attention, in the response to [abolitionist](/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States "Abolitionism in the United States") [John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry](/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry "John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry"), Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia), in October 1859\. Black porter [Hayward Shepherd](/wiki/Hayward_Shepherd "Hayward Shepherd"), to whom there is a [monument in Harpers Ferry](/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument "Heyward Shepherd monument"), was the first man killed; stationmaster Fontaine Beckham, who was also the town's mayor, was killed the next day. Raiders had cut the telegraph line, and stopped the 1:30 am Wheeling to Baltimore express, but after several hours the train was allowed to continue and at the first station with a working telegraph (Monocacy) the conductor sent a telegram to B\&O headquarters.{{Harvp\|Jacobs\|1989\|p\=42}}.[George B. Abdill](/wiki/George_B._Abdill "George B. Abdill"), Civil War Railroads: A Pictorial Story of the War Between the States, 1861–1865, (Indiana University Press 1961\) p. 8 After confirming from the Martinsburg station (via Wheeling, because of the cut telegraph line) that the report was not a hoax, Garrett telegraphed President [James Buchanan](/wiki/James_Buchanan "James Buchanan"), the [Secretary of War](/wiki/Secretary_of_War "Secretary of War"), [the Governor of Virginia](/wiki/Henry_A._Wise "Henry A. Wise"), and Maryland Militia General [George Hume Steuart](/wiki/George_H._Steuart_%28militia_general%29 "George H. Steuart (militia general)") about the insurrection in progress.Daniel Carroll Toomey, The War Came by Train: the Baltimore \& Ohio Railroad during the Civil War (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum 2013\) p. 6 {{ISBN\|978\-1\-886248\-01\-4}} The B\&O made its rolling stock available to the military. At 3:20 pm a train left Washington Depot with 87 U.S. Marines and two howitzers, and a 3:45 p.m. train from nearer [Frederick, Maryland](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Maryland "Frederick, Maryland"), carried three Maryland militia companies under Col. Edward Shriver. These trains stopped before the bridge at [Sandy Hook, Maryland](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_Maryland "Sandy Hook, Maryland") (end of the line before the bridge was built), and troops continued across the bridge on foot. Soon Garrett's Master of Transportation William Prescott Smith left Baltimore City, together with Maryland Gen. Charles G. Egerton Jr. and the [Second Light Brigade](/wiki/Light_infantry "Light infantry"), which train also picked up the Marines on the federal troop train at the junction in [Relay, Maryland](/wiki/Relay%2C_Maryland "Relay, Maryland"). All awaited Lt.Col. [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee "Robert E. Lee") and Lt. [J.E.B. Stuart](/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart "J.E.B. Stuart"), who had received orders from the Secretary of War to retake Harpers Ferry and capture the insurgent abolitionists, which they quickly did.{{Harvp\|Jacobs\|1989\|p\=45}}.Toomey pp. 8–9 Garrett reported with evident relief the next day that aside from the cut telegraph line, which was quickly repaired, there had been no damage to any B\&O track, equipment, or facilities.
The government of Maryland published in a book the many telegrams sent by B\&O employees and management during the raid.{{cite book
\|title\=Correspondence relating to the Insurrection at Harper's Ferry, 17th October, 1859
\|year\=1860
\|publisher\=\[\[Senate of Maryland]]
\|location\=Annapolis
\|url\=https://archive.org/details/correspinsurrecti1860mult/page/n1/mode/2up}}
### American Civil War
At the outset of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), the B\&O possessed 236 locomotives, 128 passenger coaches, 3,451 rail cars and {{convert\|513\|mi\|km}} of rail road, all in states south of the [Mason–Dixon line](/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line "Mason–Dixon line"), as Garrett had noted before the war began. Although many [Marylanders had Southern sympathies](/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War "Maryland in the American Civil War"), Garrett and Hopkins supported the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)"). The B\&O became crucial to the Federal government during the Civil War, being the main rail connection between Washington, D.C., and the northern states, especially west of the Appalachian mountains.
However, its initial problem became Lincoln's first Secretary of War, [Simon Cameron](/wiki/Simon_Cameron "Simon Cameron"), a major stockholder in the rival North Central Railroad, which received long haul freight destined for Baltimore from the rival [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad "Pennsylvania Railroad").Daniel Carroll Toomey, *The War Came by Train: the Baltimore \& Ohio Railroad during the Civil War* (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum 2013\) p. 61 {{ISBN\|978\-1\-886248\-01\-4}} Furthermore, the Pennsylvania Railroad and other investors sought permission to construct rail lines which threatened the B\&O's monopolies on the Washington Branch (between Relay and Washington DC) and westward through Cumberland, Maryland. Raids and battles during the war also cost the B\&O substantial losses, many never indemnified. Master of Transportation Prescott Smith kept a diary during the war years, describing incidents such as the June 1861 derailment of a 50 car coal train, which plunged into a ravine after a bridge was destroyed (the wreckage burned for months and melted the metal coal hoppers), as well as later ironclad trains (one only disabled by an artillery shell piercing the boiler).Abdill pp. 26–27
#### 1861–1862
On April 18, 1861, the day after Virginia seceded from the Union, Virginia militia seized the federal arsenal at [Harpers Ferry](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia "Harpers Ferry, West Virginia"), which was also an important work station on the B\&O's main westward line. The following day, [Confederate rioters in Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861 "Baltimore riot of 1861") attempted to prevent Pennsylvania volunteers from proceeding from the North Central Railway's Bolton station to the B\&O's Mount Clare station, and Maryland's governor Hicks and Baltimore Mayor [George W. Brown](/wiki/George_William_Brown_%28mayor%29 "George William Brown (mayor)") ordered 3 North Central and 2 [Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Wilmington_and_Baltimore_Railroad "Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad") (PW\&B) bridges destroyed to prevent further federal troop movements through (and riots in) the city.Toomey pp. 18–23 Soon B\&O president [John Work Garrett](/wiki/John_Work_Garrett "John Work Garrett") received letters from Virginia's Governor [John Letcher](/wiki/John_Letcher "John Letcher") telling the B\&O to pass no federal troops destined for any place in Virginia over the railroad, and threatening to confiscate the lines. [Charles Town](/wiki/Charles_Town%2C_West_Virginia "Charles Town, West Virginia")'s mayor also wrote, threatening to cut the B\&O's main line by destroying the long bridge over the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry, and Garrett also received anonymous threats. Thus he and others asked Secretary of War Cameron to protect the B\&O as the national capitol's main westward link. Cameron instead warned Garrett that passage of any rebel troops over his line would be treason. The Secretary of War agreed to station troops to protect the North Central, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and even the PW\&B, but flatly refused to help the B\&O, his main competition.Toomey pp. 41, 61–62, 83–84
The B\&O had to repair damaged line at its own expense, and often received late or no payment for services rendered to the federal government.Toomey pp. 82–83 In May, CSA Colonel [Jackson's operations against the B\&O Railroad (1861\)](/wiki/Jackson%27s_operations_against_the_B%26O_Railroad_%281861%29 "Jackson's operations against the B&O Railroad (1861)") began. Stonewall Jackson initially permitted B\&O trains to operate during limited hours over the approximately 100 miles from Point of Rocks to Cumberland.Abdill p. 26 On June 20, 1861, Jackson's Confederates seized [Martinsburg](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia "Martinsburg, West Virginia"), a major B\&O work center, having blown up the Harpers Ferry railroad bridge on June 14\. Confederates confiscated dozens of locomotives and train cars and ripped up double track in order to ship rails for Confederate use in Virginia (14 locomotives and 83 rail cars were dismantled and sent south, and another 42 locomotives and 386 rail cars damaged or destroyed at Martinsburg, with the B\&O water station and machine shops also destroyed and {{convert\|102\|mi\|km}} miles of telegraph wire removed by the time federal control was restored in March 1862\).Toomey pp. 108–110 By the end of 1861, 23 B\&O railroad bridges had been burned and {{convert\|36\.5\|mi\|km}} of track were torn up or destroyed.
Since Jackson cut the B\&O main line into Washington for more than six months, the North Central and Pennsylvania Railroads profited from overflow traffic, even as many B\&O trains stood idle in Baltimore. Garrett tried to use his government contacts to secure the needed protection, from Maryland Delegate [Reverdy Johnson](/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson "Reverdy Johnson") to General [George McClellan](/wiki/George_McClellan "George McClellan") and Treasury Secretary [Salmon P. Chase](/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase "Salmon P. Chase"). As winter began, coal prices soared in Washington, even though the B\&O in September arranged for free coal transport from its Cumberland, Maryland, terminal down the C\&O Canal (which reduced prices somewhat, although Confederates also damaged the C\&O canal that winter). Furthermore, western farmers could not get their produce to markets because of the B\&O shutdown, only partially alleviated by the summer 1861 Union army victories at the [Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)](/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi_%28West_Virginia%29 "Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)") and [Rich Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Rich_Mountain "Battle of Rich Mountain"), and vigorous army and company work crews which reduced the main\-line gap to 25 miles between Harpers Ferry and Back Creek.Toomey pp. 82–84
Finally at year end, [Samuel M. Felton](/wiki/Samuel_Morse_Felton_Sr. "Samuel Morse Felton Sr."), the PW\&B President, wrote newspapers about the War Department's discrimination against his cooperating railroad line, which competed with Cameron's favored North Central and Pennsylvania Railroads. President Lincoln (familiar with railroad law since his days as an Illinois lawyer) in January 1862 replaced Cameron with Pennsylvania lawyer [Edwin M. Stanton](/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton "Edwin M. Stanton"), who had been serving as Cameron's legal advisor.Toomey pp. 62–63 Furthermore, on January 31, 1862, Congress passed the Railways and Telegraph Act of January 31, 1862, creating the [United States Military Railroad](/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad "United States Military Railroad") and allowing it to seize and operate any railroad or telegraph company's equipment, although Stanton and USMRR Superintendent [Daniel McCallum](/wiki/Daniel_McCallum "Daniel McCallum") would take a "team of rivals" approach to railroad management and allow civilian operations to continue.Toomey pp. 63, 181 In February 1862, Union forces recaptured Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry, and work crews continued replacing wrecked bridges and equipment, although [bushwhacker](/wiki/Bushwhacker "Bushwhacker") raids continued.Toomey pp. 108–109
Even then train movements were sporadic and subject to frequent stoppages, derailments, capture and attack. Prominent raids on the B\&O railroad during this period were:
* The [Great Train Raid of 1861](/wiki/Great_Train_Raid_of_1861 "Great Train Raid of 1861"), May 22 – June 23, 1861
* The [Romney Expedition](/wiki/Romney_Expedition "Romney Expedition"), January 1 through January 24, 1862
* Operations during the [Maryland Campaign](/wiki/Maryland_Campaign "Maryland Campaign"), September 8, 1862
* Various raids of Brigadier General [A. G. Jenkins](/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins "Albert G. Jenkins"), Fall, 1862
{\| class\="wikitable"
\|\+ **B\&O Locomotives Captured During the [Great Train Raid of 1861](/wiki/Great_Train_Raid_of_1861 "Great Train Raid of 1861")**
! Engine Name!!Eng. No.!!Type
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 17
\| Norris 4\-2\-0
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 34
\| Mason 4\-4\-0
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 187
\| Camel 0\-8\-0
\|\-
! Lady Davis (CSA name)
\| No. 188
\| Tyson 4\-4\-0 "Dutch Wagon"
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 193
\| Camel 0\-8\-0
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 198
\| Hayes Camel 0\-8\-0
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 199
\| Camel 0\-8\-0
\|\-
! ?
\| No. 201
\| ?
\|\-
\|}
#### 1863–1865
[thumb\|200px\|Advertisement for the Baltimore and Ohio in an 1864 Baltimore city directory, promoting its repairs and reopening at one point during the war.](/wiki/File:Woods%27_Baltimore_City_Directory_-_1864_-_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad.jpg "Woods' Baltimore City Directory - 1864 - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.jpg")
The second half of the Civil War was characterized by near\-continuous raiding, which severely hampered the Union defense of Washington, D.C. Union forces and leaders often failed to properly secure the region, despite the B\&O's vital importance to the Union cause.
{{Blockquote\|There is no interest suffering here except the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and I will not divide my forces to protect it.\|General \[\[Philip Sheridan]]{{sfnp\|Ramage\|1999\|p\=206}} }}
This military strategy, or lack thereof, allowed Confederate commanders to contribute significantly to the length of the war, by conducting free\-ranging military operations against the region and railroad.
Before the [Battle of Monocacy](/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy "Battle of Monocacy"), B\&O agents began reporting Confederate troop movements eleven days prior to the battle, and Garrett had their intelligence passed to authorities in the War Department and to Major General [Lew Wallace](/wiki/Lew_Wallace "Lew Wallace"), who commanded the department responsible for defense of the area. As preparations for the battle progressed, the B\&O provided transport for federal troops and munitions, and on two occasions Garrett was contacted directly by President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") for further information. Though Union forces lost this battle, the delay allowed [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") to successfully repel the Confederate attack on Washington at the [Battle of Fort Stevens](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens "Battle of Fort Stevens") two days later. After the battle, Lincoln paid tribute to Garrett as:
{{Blockquote\|The right arm of the Federal Government in the aid he rendered the authorities in preventing the Confederates from seizing Washington and securing its retention as the Capital of the Loyal States.\|Abraham Lincoln\[http://www.nps.gov/mono/historyculture/john\_w\_garrett.htm "John W. Garrett, President, B \& O Railroad."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224030120/http://www.nps.gov/mono/historyculture/john\_w\_garrett.htm \|date\=February 24, 2008 }} U.S. National Park Service, Monocacy National Battlefield, Frederick, MD. Accessed 2005\-11\-14\.}}
* The [Jones\-Imboden Raid](/wiki/Jones-Imboden_Raid "Jones-Imboden Raid"), April 24 through May 22, 1863
* The [Catoctin Station Raid](/wiki/Catoctin_Station_Raid "Catoctin Station Raid"), June 17, 1863
* The [First Calico Raid](/wiki/First_Calico_Raid "First Calico Raid"), June 19, 1863
* The [B\&O Raid on Duffield Station](/wiki/B%26O_Raid_on_Duffield_Station "B&O Raid on Duffield Station"), January 1864
* The [McNeill Raid](/wiki/McNeill%27s_Rangers "McNeill's Rangers"), May 5, 1864
* The [Second Calico Raid](/wiki/Action_at_Mount_Zion_Church%23The_2nd_Calico_Raid "Action at Mount Zion Church#The 2nd Calico Raid"), July 3, 1864
* The [Battle of Monocacy](/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy "Battle of Monocacy"), July 9, 1864
* [Gilmor's Raid](/wiki/Gilmor%27s_Raid "Gilmor's Raid"), July 11, 1864
* The [Greenback Raid](/wiki/Greenback_Raid "Greenback Raid"), by [Mosby's Rangers](/wiki/43rd_Battalion_Virginia_Cavalry "43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry") on October 14, 1864
* The [B\&O Raid on Duffield Station II](/wiki/B%26O_Raid_on_Duffield_Station_II "B&O Raid on Duffield Station II"), January 1865
* [Gilmor's B\&O Raid](/wiki/Gilmor%27s_B%26O_Raid "Gilmor's B&O Raid"), February 1865
* The [B\&O Derailment Raid](/wiki/B%26O_Derailment_Raid "B&O Derailment Raid"), March 1865
{{Campaignbox Early's Raid and Operations Against the B\&O Railroad}}
The Confederate leaders who led these operations and specifically targeted the railroad included:
* Lieutenant General Thomas J. ["Stonewall" Jackson](/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson "Stonewall Jackson") and many units under his command
* Lieutenant General [Jubal Anderson Early](/wiki/Jubal_Anderson_Early "Jubal Anderson Early") and many units under his command
* Brigadier General [Turner Ashby](/wiki/Turner_Ashby "Turner Ashby") and his "Black Horse" cavalry
* Brigadier General [John D. Imboden](/wiki/John_D._Imboden "John D. Imboden") and the [62nd Virginia Mounted Infantry](/wiki/62nd_Virginia_Mounted_Infantry "62nd Virginia Mounted Infantry") (1st Partisan Rangers)
* Brigadier General [Albert G. Jenkins](/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins "Albert G. Jenkins") and the [8th Virginia Cavalry](/wiki/8th_Virginia_Cavalry "8th Virginia Cavalry")
* Brigadier General [William E. "Grumble" Jones](/wiki/William_E._Jones_%28general%29 "William E. Jones (general)") and the "Laurel Brigade"
* Colonel [John S. Mosby](/wiki/John_S._Mosby "John S. Mosby")'s "[Mosby's Rangers](/wiki/Mosby%27s_Rangers "Mosby's Rangers")"
* Major [Harry Gilmor](/wiki/Harry_Gilmor "Harry Gilmor")'s "Gilmor's Raiders"
* Captain John H. McNeill's "[McNeill's Rangers](/wiki/McNeill%27s_Rangers "McNeill's Rangers")"
Bases of operation involved in raiding the B\&O Railroad:
* [Winchester, Virginia](/wiki/Winchester_in_the_American_Civil_War "Winchester in the American Civil War")
* [Harpers Ferry, West Virginia](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia "Harpers Ferry, West Virginia")
### Westward by merger
[thumb\|right\|240px\|Table of Cumberland Coal shipped over B\&O Railroad and C\&O Canal, 1842–1865{{cite book
\| last \= Daddow
\| first \= Samuel Harries
\| author2 \= Bannon, Benjamin
\| title \= Coal, Iron, and Oil
\| publisher \= Benjamin Bannan
\| year \= 1866
\| location \= Pottsville, PA
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=z0kpAAAAYAAJ\&q\=Coal,\+Iron,\+and\+Oil
\| access\-date \= September 17, 2020
\| archive\-date \= September 17, 2020
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200917103240/https://books.google.com/books?id\=z0kpAAAAYAAJ\&printsec\=frontcover\&dq\=Coal,\+Iron,\+and\+Oil\&hl\=en
\| url\-status \= live
}}](/wiki/File:Cumberland_coal_trade.jpg "Cumberland coal trade.jpg")
A steel and stone bridge was built across the Ohio River between [Bellaire, Ohio](/wiki/Bellaire%2C_Ohio "Bellaire, Ohio"), and Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1871, connecting the B\&O to the [Central Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Central_Ohio_Railroad "Central Ohio Railroad"), which the B\&O had leased starting in 1866\. This provided a direct rail connection to [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio "Columbus, Ohio"), and the lease marked the beginning of a series of expansions to the west and north.
Other railroads included in the B\&O were:
* [Winchester and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad "Winchester and Potomac Railroad") and Winchester and Strasburg Railroad from 1867\. This pair of lines connected with the B\&O at [Harper's Ferry, West Virginia](/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia "Harper's Ferry, West Virginia"), and constituted the only significant B\&O trackage in present\-day Virginia.
* Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad leased through the Central Ohio in 1869
* Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad from 1871\. This was the B\&O entry into Pittsburgh, thwarting the denial of a Pennsylvania charter to the B\&O.
* Somerset and Cambria Railroad from 1879
* Buffalo Railroad from 1880
* [Pittsburgh Southern Railroad](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Southern_Railroad "Pittsburgh Southern Railroad") acquired 1883\. Originally a [narrow gauge railroad](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railroad "Narrow gauge railroad"), it was converted to standard gauge and renamed the Baltimore \& Ohio Short Line.
* West Virginia and Pittsburgh Railroad from 1890
* Columbus and Cincinnati Midland Railroad leased through the Central Ohio in 1890
* Monongahela River Railroad from 1900
* [Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad](/wiki/Marietta_and_Cincinnati_Railroad "Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad") from 1882\. This was initially renamed the Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railroad and then again to the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad in 1889\. The B\&OSW absorbed the [Ohio and Mississippi Railroad](/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad "Ohio and Mississippi Railroad") in 1893, giving the B\&O a connection to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"), and finally the B\&OSW disappeared into the rest of the system in 1900\.
[thumb\|250px\|Blockade of engines at [Martinsburg, West Virginia](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia "Martinsburg, West Virginia"), during strike in 1877](/wiki/File:Harpers_8_11_1877_Blockade_of_Engines_at_Martinsburg_W_VA.jpg "Harpers 8 11 1877 Blockade of Engines at Martinsburg W VA.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|1876 B\&O map](/wiki/File:1876_B%26O.jpg "1876 B&O.jpg")
* Ohio River Railroad from 1901
* Pittsburgh Junction Railroad from 1902
* [Pittsburgh and Western Railroad](/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_Western_Railroad "Pittsburgh and Western Railroad") from 1902\. This was originally a [narrow gauge system](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway") which was [standard gauged](/wiki/Standard_gauge "Standard gauge") from 1883 to 1911\. It formed the main B\&O line west from Pittsburgh. The line passed the [Mars Train Station](/wiki/Mars_Station%2C_Pennsylvania "Mars Station, Pennsylvania") in [Mars, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Mars%2C_Pennsylvania "Mars, Pennsylvania"), northwest of Pittsburgh.
* [Cleveland, Terminal and Valley Railway](/wiki/Valley_Railway "Valley Railway") from 1895\. This was the B\&O's entry into [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio "Cleveland, Ohio").
* Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling Railroad from 1909
* Chicago Terminal Transfer Company, reorganized in 1910 as the [Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Chicago_Terminal_Railroad "Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad"). This switching line was always operated as a separate company.
* Salisbury Railroad near Pittsburgh, operated from 1912
* [Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_%281895%E2%80%931917%29 "Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1895–1917)") from 1912
* [Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad](/wiki/Morgantown_and_Kingwood_Railroad "Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad") from 1920{{cite journal\|journal\=Mundy's Earning Power of Railroads\|title\=17th issue\|year\=1922\|volume\=17\|editor1\-first\=Floyd W.\|editor1\-last\=Mundy\|page\=224\|publisher\=James H. Oliphant \& Company}}
* [Coal and Coke Railway](/wiki/Coal_and_Coke_Railway "Coal and Coke Railway") from 1916{{cite web\|last1\=Rice\|first1\=Daniel\|title\=Coal and Coke Railway\|url\=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337\|website\=West Virginia Encyclopedia\|publisher\=West Virginia Humanities Council\|access\-date\=June 18, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 29, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629002536/http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337\|url\-status\=live}}
* [Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Indianapolis_and_Western_Railroad "Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad") from 1927\. This was originally part of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, and gave the B\&O a connection to [Springfield, Illinois](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois "Springfield, Illinois").
* [Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_Rochester_and_Pittsburgh_Railway "Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway") in 1932\. This gave the B\&O a line into New York state.
* [Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad](/wiki/Buffalo_and_Susquehanna_Railroad "Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad") from 1932\. Part of the line was severed from the rest of the system by flooding, and became part of the [Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad](/wiki/Wellsville%2C_Addison_and_Galeton_Railroad "Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad") in 1955\.
(This list omits certain short lines.)
The [Chicago and Alton Railroad](/wiki/Chicago_and_Alton_Railroad "Chicago and Alton Railroad") was purchased by the B\&O in 1931 and renamed the [Alton Railroad](/wiki/Alton_Railroad "Alton Railroad"). It was always operated separately and was eventually bought by the [Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Gulf%2C_Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad "Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad") after receivership in 1942\.
### Great Railroad Strike of 1877
{{See also\|Great Railroad Strike of 1877}}
As a result of poor national economic conditions in the mid\-1870s following the [Panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 "Panic of 1873"), the B\&O attempted to reduce its workers' wages. After a second reduction in wages was announced in the same year, workers began the [Great Railroad Strike of 1877](/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 "Great Railroad Strike of 1877") on July 14 in [Martinsburg, West Virginia](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia "Martinsburg, West Virginia"). Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until the third wage cut was revoked. [West Virginia Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia "Governor of West Virginia") [Henry M. Mathews](/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews "Henry M. Mathews") sent in state militia units to restore train service but the soldiers refused to fire on the strikers. The strike spread to [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland"), and when [Maryland Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland "Governor of Maryland") [John Lee Carroll](/wiki/John_Lee_Carroll "John Lee Carroll") attempted to put down the strike by sending the state militia from Baltimore, [riots broke out](/wiki/Baltimore_railroad_strike_of_1877 "Baltimore railroad strike of 1877") resulting in 11 deaths, the burning of parts of Camden station, and damage to several engines and cars.[Scharf, J. Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_Scharf "John Thomas Scharf"), *[History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day](https://books.google.com/books?id=9IEjAAAAMAAJ&q=thomas+scharf+history+maryland) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723015941/https://books.google.com/books?id\=9IEjAAAAMAAJ\&printsec\=titlepage\&dq\=thomas\+scharf\+history\+maryland \|date\=July 23, 2016 }}*, vol. 3 pp. 733–742, Heritage Press: Hatboro, Pa., 1967 (reissue of 1879 edition) The next day workers in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") staged a [sympathy strike](/wiki/Sympathy_strike "Sympathy strike") that was also met with an assault by the state militia; Pittsburgh then erupted into widespread rioting. The strike ended after federal troops and state militias restored order.
### New lines in Maryland
[thumb\|300px\|B\&O route map of 1891](/wiki/File:1891_B%26O.jpg "1891 B&O.jpg")
In 1866 the B\&O began constructing the [**Metropolitan Branch**](/wiki/Metropolitan_Subdivision "Metropolitan Subdivision") west out of Washington, which was completed in 1873 after years of erratic effort. Before this line was laid, rail traffic west of Washington had to travel first to Relay or Baltimore before joining the main line. The line cut a more or less straight line from Washington to [Point of Rocks, Maryland](/wiki/Point_of_Rocks%2C_Maryland "Point of Rocks, Maryland"), with many grades and large bridges. Upon the opening of this line, through passenger traffic was rerouted through Washington, and the Old Main Line from Point of Rocks to Relay was reduced to secondary status as far as passenger service was concerned. The Washington to [Gaithersburg](/wiki/Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland "Gaithersburg, Maryland") section of the Met Branch was double\-tracked during 1886–1893\.{{cite book \|title\=The Met: A History of the Metropolitan Branch of the B\&O Railroad, Its Stations and Towns \|last\=Soderberg \|first\=Susan C. \|year\=1998 \|publisher\=Germantown Historical Society \|location\=Germantown, MD \|page\=10 }} Rebuilding in the early 20th century and complete double\-tracking of the branch by 1928 increased capacity; the "branches" became the *de facto* mainline, though the Old Main Line was retained as a relief route.
Meanwhile, the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad "Pennsylvania Railroad") (PRR) outmaneuvered the B\&O to acquire the B\&O's northern connection, the [Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Wilmington_and_Baltimore_Railroad "Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad"), in the early 1880s, cutting off the B\&O's access to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The state of Maryland had stayed true to its implicit promise not to grant competing charters for the Baltimore/Washington line, but when a charter was granted in 1860 to build a line from Baltimore to [Pope's Creek](/wiki/Popes_Creek%2C_Maryland "Popes Creek, Maryland") in southern Maryland, lawyers for the Pennsylvania RR picked up on a clause in the unfulfilled charter allowing branches up to {{convert\|20\|mi}} long, from any point and in any direction. The projected route, passing through what is now [Bowie, Maryland](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland "Bowie, Maryland"), could have a "branch" constructed that would allow service into Washington. The Pennsylvania picked up the charter through the agency of the [Baltimore and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Potomac_Railroad "Baltimore and Potomac Railroad") and in 1872 service between Baltimore and Washington began. (*See* [Pope's Creek Subdivision](/wiki/Pope%27s_Creek_Subdivision "Pope's Creek Subdivision").) At the same time, the PRR outmaneuvered the B\&O and took control of the [Long Bridge](/wiki/Long_Bridge_%28Potomac_River%29 "Long Bridge (Potomac River)") across the Potomac River into Virginia, the B\&O's connection to southern lines.
[thumb\|upright\|200px\|B\&O headquarters building on [North Charles Street](/wiki/Maryland_Route_139 "Maryland Route 139") in Baltimore](/wiki/File:Bando_offices.jpg "Bando offices.jpg")
In response, the B\&O chartered the [Philadelphia Branch](/wiki/Philadelphia_Branch "Philadelphia Branch") in Maryland and the [Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Philadelphia_Railroad "Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad") in Delaware and Pennsylvania and built a parallel route, finished in 1886\. The 10th president, [Charles F. Mayer](/wiki/Charles_F._Mayer_%28railroad_president%29 "Charles F. Mayer (railroad president)"), spearheaded the development of the [Baltimore Belt Line](/wiki/Baltimore_Belt_Line "Baltimore Belt Line"), which opened in 1895, and recruited engineer [Samuel Rea](/wiki/Samuel_Rea "Samuel Rea") to design it.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IEPCqQErPHAC\&q\=charles\+f.\+mayer\+baltimore\&pg\=PA170\|title\=History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\|last\=Stover\|first\=John F.\|date\=1995\|publisher\=Purdue University Press\|isbn\=978\-1557530660\|language\=en\|access\-date\=September 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 17, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917103244/https://books.google.com/books?id\=IEPCqQErPHAC\&pg\=PA170\&lpg\=PA170\&dq\=charles\+f.\+mayer\+baltimore\&source\=bl\&ots\=tBJ2xiPi3r\&sig\=ACfU3U17zv0Fck\_qV\_ItD\_wazyBzkem\-wQ\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjMuruoudblAhWSxVkKHf66CYQQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=charles%20f.%20mayer%20baltimore\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} This belt line connected the main line to the Philadelphia Branch without the need for a [car ferry](/wiki/Train_ferry "Train ferry") across the Patapsco River, but the cost of constructing the [Howard Street Tunnel](/wiki/Howard_Street_Tunnel "Howard Street Tunnel") drove the B\&O to bankruptcy in 1896\.
Two other lines were built in attempts to reconnect to the south. The Alexandria Branch (now called the [Alexandria Extension](/wiki/Capital_Subdivision%23Alexandria_Extension "Capital Subdivision#Alexandria Extension")) was built in 1874, starting from [Hyattsville, Maryland](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland "Hyattsville, Maryland"), and ending at a ferry operation at Shepherd's Landing. The ferry operation continued until 1901 when the trackage rights agreement concluded as part of the construction of [Washington Union Station](/wiki/Washington_Union_Station "Washington Union Station") saw the south end of the branch realigned to link to the PRR trackage in Anacostia, across the [Anacostia Railroad Bridge](/wiki/Anacostia_Railroad_Bridge "Anacostia Railroad Bridge"), into the [Virginia Avenue Tunnel](/wiki/Virginia_Avenue_Tunnel "Virginia Avenue Tunnel"), through [Southwest Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Southwest_Washington%2C_D.C. "Southwest Washington, D.C."), to [Potomac Yard](/wiki/Potomac_Yard "Potomac Yard") in [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia "Alexandria, Virginia"). (*See* [RF\&P Subdivision](/wiki/RF%26P_Subdivision "RF&P Subdivision").) The Alexandria Branch trackage to Shepherd's Landing was heavily used during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") when traffic congestion on the [Long Bridge](/wiki/Long_Bridge_%28Potomac_River%29 "Long Bridge (Potomac River)") caused the [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers](/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers") to construct a bridge along the original plan of the B\&O: Alexandria to Shepherd's Landing, Washington. Trains of empty [freight cars](/wiki/Freight_car "Freight car") were routed north and south over the structure, which was demolished after the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").National Railway Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Chapter. ["Timeline of Washington, D.C. Railroad History."](http://www.dcnrhs.org/learn/washington-d-c-railroad-history/timeline-of-washington-d-c-railroad-history) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621213811/http://www.dcnrhs.org/learn/washington\-d\-c\-railroad\-history/timeline\-of\-washington\-d\-c\-railroad\-history \|date\=June 21, 2011 }} Accessed February 27, 2011\.
Before either connection was made, however, another branch was built around the west side of Washington. During the 1880s the B\&O had organised a group of bankrupt railroads in Virginia into the [Virginia Midland Railroad](/wiki/Virginia_Midland_Railroad "Virginia Midland Railroad"). The VM track ran from [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia "Alexandria, Virginia") to [Danville, Virginia](/wiki/Danville%2C_Virginia "Danville, Virginia"). The line projected west across the Potomac River was intended to cross the Potomac just north of the D.C. line, to continue southwest to a connection with the B\&O\-controlled Virginia Midland (VM) in [Fairfax](/wiki/Fairfax%2C_Virginia "Fairfax, Virginia") (now [Fairfax Station](/wiki/Fairfax_Station%2C_Virginia "Fairfax Station, Virginia"), to distinguish it from what was [Fairfax Court House](/wiki/Fairfax_Court_House%2C_Virginia "Fairfax Court House, Virginia") and is now the [City of Fairfax, Virginia](/wiki/City_of_Fairfax%2C_Virginia "City of Fairfax, Virginia")), and if possible to a connection with the [Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad "Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad") in [Quantico](/wiki/Quantico%2C_Virginia "Quantico, Virginia"). The branch was started in 1892 and reached [Chevy Chase, Maryland](/wiki/Chevy_Chase%2C_Maryland "Chevy Chase, Maryland"), the same year. Financial problems in both the VM and B\&O forced a halt to construction and led to the B\&O's loss of control of the VM. Following bankruptcy, and control by the Pennsylvania Railroad, by the time the line was completed in 1910 there was no longer any point to the river crossing. Thus, the renamed [Georgetown Branch](/wiki/Metropolitan_Subdivision%23Georgetown_Branch "Metropolitan Subdivision#Georgetown Branch") came to serve a wide range of customers in Maryland and in [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_D.C. "Georgetown, Washington, D.C."), such as the [Potomac Electric Power Company](/wiki/Potomac_Electric_Power_Company "Potomac Electric Power Company"), the [Washington Milling Company](/wiki/Washington_Milling_Company "Washington Milling Company"), and the U.S. government. The line cut directly across various creeks, and includes what was said to be the longest wood [trestle](/wiki/Trestle_bridge "Trestle bridge") on the railroad over [Rock Creek](/wiki/Rock_Creek_%28Potomac_River%29 "Rock Creek (Potomac River)"); and a short tunnel, [Dalecarlia Tunnel](/wiki/Dalecarlia_Tunnel "Dalecarlia Tunnel"), under the [Washington Aqueduct](/wiki/Washington_Aqueduct "Washington Aqueduct"). The line was almost completely abandoned in 1986 by CSX and is presently used in part as the right\-of\-way for the [Capital Crescent Trail](/wiki/Capital_Crescent_Trail "Capital Crescent Trail").
After a flood damaged the C\&O Canal in 1877, the B\&O acquired a majority interest in the canal mainly to keep its property and right of way from potential use by the [Western Maryland Railroad](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railroad "Western Maryland Railroad"). The canal was operated by the B\&O until 1924 when it was damaged in another flood. The canal's property was later transferred to the U.S. government in 1938 in consideration for obtaining a loan from the federal [Reconstruction Finance Corporation](/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation "Reconstruction Finance Corporation").
In 1895 the B\&O introduced [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive "Electric locomotive") over {{convert\|3\.75\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} of line near Camden, initially using an overhead electric slot system.{{cite book\|last\=Ferneyhough\|first\=Frank\|title\=The History of Railways in Britain\|location\=Reading\|publisher\=Osprey\|year\=1975\|isbn\=978\-0\-85045\-060\-6}}
### The 20th century
{{more citations needed\|section\|date\=May 2018}}
[thumb\|B\&O stock certificate, 1903](/wiki/File:B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg "B&O RR common stock.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Replacement of retaining wall of B\&O in [Hazelwood, Pittsburgh](/wiki/Hazelwood_%28Pittsburgh%29 "Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)"), 1906](/wiki/File:Replacing_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad_Retaining_Wall%2C_1906.jpg "Replacing Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Retaining Wall, 1906.jpg")
Following its emergence from bankruptcy, control of the B\&O was acquired by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1901, though the two kept separate corporate identities. A rising young PRR Vice President, [Leonor F. Loree](/wiki/Leonor_F._Loree "Leonor F. Loree"), was appointed president. Loree shared the Pennsy management's belief in infrastructure and the B\&O at that time needed some of that. New classes of engines were built to haul longer, heavier trains faster. The [Old Main Line](/wiki/Old_Main_Line_Subdivision "Old Main Line Subdivision") was reworked, sections of the original right\-of\-way cut off by the straightening of curves and replacement of old, weight\-restricted bridges with newer, heavier bridges. Most of Loree's work on the B\&O physical plant remains evident today. Many iron and steel bridges on the railroad were replaced with stone (Pennsy preferred stone to the preference of the [Reading](/wiki/Reading_Company "Reading Company") and [Lackawanna Railroad](/wiki/Lackawanna_Railroad "Lackawanna Railroad") for concrete). With the adoption of anti\-trust legislation in 1906, the relation between the two companies was severed.{{Cite web\|title\=Pennsylvania Railroad Company District Office Building · Built to Last: Enduring Landmark's of Baltimore Central Business District · Baltimore Heritage Digital Collections\|url\=https://collection.baltimoreheritage.org/exhibits/show/built\-to\-last/pennsylvania\-railroad\-company\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-24\|website\=collection.baltimoreheritage.org\|archive\-date\=August 16, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816061720/https://collection.baltimoreheritage.org/exhibits/show/built\-to\-last/pennsylvania\-railroad\-company\|url\-status\=dead}}
The railroad's passenger numbers were at a disadvantage with the railroad's major competitor in the northeast, the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad "Pennsylvania Railroad"). That railroad had a tunnel into Manhattan, thus carrying passengers directly into [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The B\&O had no tunnel rights, and its New York City market trains actually terminated at the [Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal "Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal") in [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey "Jersey City, New Jersey"). From Philadelphia to Jersey City the B\&O traveled over [Reading Railroad](/wiki/Reading_Company "Reading Company") tracks to Bound Brook and there joining [Central Railroad of New Jersey](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey "Central Railroad of New Jersey") tracks to Jersey City. Passengers rode CNJ ferries or B\&O busses to Manhattan. Suffering from its weaker market position from Baltimore to New York, the B\&O discontinued all passenger service north of Baltimore on April 26, 1958\. One day later, the railroad had declared itself fully dieselized.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2023}}
[thumb\|Baltimore and Ohio Railroad system map, circa 1961](/wiki/File:Baltimore_and_Ohio_RR_in_1961.jpg "Baltimore and Ohio RR in 1961.jpg")
The [Chesapeake and Ohio Railway](/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway "Chesapeake and Ohio Railway") took financial control of the B\&O in 1963\.{{cite book \|last\=Lennon \|first\=J \|title \=Establishing Trails on Rights\-of\-Way \|publisher \=\[\[United States Department of the Interior]] \|location \=\[\[Washington, D.C.]] \|page \=49 }} On May 1, 1971, [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak "Amtrak") had taken over all of the remaining non\-commuter routes of the B\&O. The B\&O already had a controlling interest in the [Western Maryland Railway](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway "Western Maryland Railway"). In 1973 the three railroads were brought together under one corporate identity, the [Chessie System](/wiki/Chessie_System "Chessie System"), although they continued to operate as separate railroads.{{Cite book \|last\=Solomon \|first\=Brian \|title\=North American Railroads: The Illustrated Encyclopedia \|publisher\=Voyager Press \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-1627885577 \|pages\=73}} In 1980 the Chessie System and Seaboard Coast Line Industries, a holding company that owned the [Seaboard Coast Line](/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line "Seaboard Coast Line"), the [Louisville \& Nashville](/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville "Louisville & Nashville"), the [Clinchfield](/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad "Clinchfield Railroad"), and the [Georgia Railroad](/wiki/Georgia_Railroad "Georgia Railroad"), agreed to form [CSX Corporation](/wiki/CSX_Corporation "CSX Corporation"). SCL Industries was renamed the [Seaboard System Railroad](/wiki/Seaboard_System_Railroad "Seaboard System Railroad") (SBD) in 1983, the same year that the [Western Maryland Railway](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway "Western Maryland Railway") was completely absorbed into the B\&O. SBD was renamed [CSX Transportation](/wiki/CSX_Transportation "CSX Transportation") (CSX) in 1986\. On April 30, 1987, the B\&O's corporate existence ended when it was absorbed into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, which merged into CSX Transportation on August 31 of that year.{{cite web\|last\=Volin\|first\=Rudy\|title\=Perryville and Havre de Grace, Md.\|date\=July 6, 2006\|work\=\[\[Trains (magazine)\|Trains]]\|url\=http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c\=a\&id\=532\|access\-date\=March 10, 2009\|archive\-date\=December 4, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204214928/http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c\=a\&id\=532\|url\-status\=live}}
In railroading's golden age, the B\&O was one of several trunk lines uniting the northeast quadrant of the United States into a wide industrial zone. It was the southern border as the [New York Central](/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad "New York Central Railroad") was the northern border. The Pennsylvania Railroad controlled the center, and smaller roads like the [Lackawanna](/wiki/Delaware%2C_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad "Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad"), [Lehigh Valley](/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad "Lehigh Valley Railroad"), and the [Erie](/wiki/Erie_Railroad "Erie Railroad") in the center surviving largely through the [Interstate Commerce Commission](/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission "Interstate Commerce Commission"). The corners of this map are Baltimore in the southeast, [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") in the northeast, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") in the northwest, and [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis") in the southwest.
| \+ Revenue Freight Ton\-Miles (Millions) |
| --- |
| | B\&O | SIRT | BR\&P | CI\&W | D\&U | ICV |
| 1925 | 19459 | 6 | 1585 | 376 | 3 | 15 |
| 1933 | 12111 | 6 | (incl in B\&O) | (incl in B\&O) | (incl in B\&O) | (incl in B\&O) |
| 1944 | 34802 | 9 |
| 1960 | 24840 | 15 |
| 1970 | 28594 | ? |
| \+ Revenue Passenger\-Miles (Millions) |
| --- |
| | B\&O | SIRT | BR\&P | CI\&W | D\&U | ICV |
| 1925 | 878 | 67 | 47 | 14 | 0\.004 | 0\.1 |
| 1933 | 435 | 52 | (incl in B\&O) | (incl in B\&O) | (incl in B\&O) | (incl in B\&O) |
| 1944 | 2758 | 81 |
| 1960 | 533 | 37 |
| 1970 | 64 | ? |
{{Wide image\|Columbian at Thomas Viaduct.jpg\|600px\|align\-cap\=center\|The ''\[\[Columbian (B\&O train)\|Columbian]]'' on \[\[Thomas Viaduct]], \[\[Relay, Maryland]], in 1949\. The original 1835 Viaduct, which carried Washington D.C.'s first rail connection to Baltimore, is still in use in 2023\.\|80%\|center}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Ohio",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=November 2023}}\nThe railroad did not reach the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") until 1852, 24 years after the project started. Yet the Ohio River was from the beginning the destination the railroad was seeking to link with Baltimore, at the time a transportation center. By crossing the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains \"Appalachian Mountains\"), a technical challenge, it would link the new and booming territories of what at the time was the West, particularly [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"), [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\"), and [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\"), with the east coast rail and boat network, from Maryland northward. There was no rail link between Maryland and Virginia until the B\\&O opened the [Harpers Ferry bridge](/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing \"B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing\") in 1839\\.",
"Starting in 1825, the [Erie Canal](/wiki/Erie_Canal \"Erie Canal\") provided an animal\\-powered water facility, connecting [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") with Ohio via [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie \"Lake Erie\"). It took ten days to travel downstream from [Buffalo, New York](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"), to New York City. The [Cumberland Road](/wiki/Cumberland_Road \"Cumberland Road\"), later the beginning of the federally\\-financed [National Road](/wiki/National_Road \"National Road\"), provided a road link for animal\\-powered transport between [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\"), on the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River \"Potomac River\") and [Wheeling, Virginia](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Wheeling, West Virginia\"), in present\\-day [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\"), on the Ohio River, when completed in 1837\\. It was the second paved road in the country. However, the 1831 [DeWitt Clinton locomotive](/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_%28locomotive%29 \"DeWitt Clinton (locomotive)\"), running between [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\") and [Schenectady, New York](/wiki/Schenectady%2C_New_York \"Schenectady, New York\"), demonstrated speeds of {{convert\\|25\\|mi}} per hour, dramatically decreasing the cost of transportation and announcing the coming end of the canal and turnpike (road) systems, many of which were never completed since they were or would soon be obsolete.",
"In New York, political support for the Erie Canal detracted from the prospect of building a railroad to replace it, whose full length did not open until 1844\\. Mountains in Pennsylvania made construction in the western part of the state expensive and technically challenging, and the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\"), linking Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, did not open its full length until 1852, and there was no rail link west from [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") to Ohio for several more years.",
"The fast\\-growing [port city of Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/History_of_Baltimore \"History of Baltimore\"), faced economic stagnation unless it opened a route to the Western states. On February 27, 1827, twenty\\-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring \"that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation.\"{{Harvp\\|Jacobs\\|1989\\|p\\=13}}.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rasmussen \\|first1\\=Frederick N. \\|title\\=Riding the B\\&O for 175 years \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-2002\\-02\\-28\\-0202280278\\-story.html \\|work\\=The Baltimore Sun \\|date\\=February 28, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060119/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs\\-xpm\\-2002\\-02\\-28\\-0202280278\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Their answer was to build a railroad: one of the first commercial lines in the world.An 1827 report shows the motivations of early boosters: \n{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Wooddy\\|first1\\=William\\|year\\=1827\\|title\\=Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Proceedings of sundry citizens of Baltimore, convented for the Purpose of Devising the most efficient Means of Improving the Intercourse between that City and the Western States\\|journal\\=The North American Review\\|location\\=Boston\\|publisher\\=Frederick T. Gray\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=56\\|pages\\=62–73\\|jstor\\=25102651}}",
"Their plans worked well, despite many political problems from canal backers and other railroads. For example, only the Pennsylvania Railroad was allowed to build in its namesake state, requiring the B\\&O to skirt around a corner of the state, even though the Pennsylvania Railroad didn't even operate in that area of Pennsylvania.",
"The railroad grew from a capital base of $3 million in 1827 (equivalent to ${{Inflation\\|index\\=US\\|value\\=3\\|start\\_year\\=1827}} million in {{Inflation/year\\|index\\=US}}) to a large enterprise generating $2\\.7 million of annual profit on its {{convert\\|380\\|mi\\|km}} of track in 1854, with 19 million passenger miles. The railroad fed tens of millions of dollars of shipments to and from Baltimore and its growing hinterland to the west, thus making the city the commercial and financial capital of the region south of Philadelphia.{{sfnp\\|Stover\\|1987\\|pp\\=17 \\& 75}}",
"### Charters",
"Although the [Albany and Schenectady Railroad](/wiki/Albany_and_Schenectady_Railroad \"Albany and Schenectady Railroad\") was chartered a year earlier, in 1826, the B \\& O Railroad was the first to open in the US. [Philip E. Thomas](/wiki/Philip_E._Thomas \"Philip E. Thomas\") and [George Brown](/wiki/George_Brown_%28Financier%29 \"George Brown (Financier)\") were the pioneers of the railroad.{{Harvp\\|Jacobs\\|1989\\|p\\=12}}. In 1826, they investigated railway enterprises in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held an organizational meeting on February 12, 1827, including about twenty\\-five citizens, most of whom were Baltimore merchants or bankers. [Chapter 123 of the 1826 Session Laws of Maryland](/wiki/wikisource:Maryland_state_laws_relating_to_the_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Rail_Road%231826_Chapter_123 \"Maryland state laws relating to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road#1826 Chapter 123\"), passed February 28, 1827, and the Commonwealth of Virginia on March 8, 1827, chartered the **Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company**, with the task of building a railroad from the port of Baltimore west to a suitable point on the Ohio River. The railroad, formally incorporated April 24, was intended to provide a faster route for [Midwestern](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States \"Midwestern United States\") goods to reach the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States \"East Coast of the United States\") than to the hugely successful but slow [Erie Canal](/wiki/Erie_Canal \"Erie Canal\") across [upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York \"Upstate New York\"). Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer. The capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars,{{cite book \\|title\\=The Railroad Builders, A Chronicle of the Welding of the States \\|last\\=Moody \\|first\\=John \\|year\\=1919 \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|location\\=New Haven, CT \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://cprr.org/Museum/Railroad\\_Builders/Railroad\\_Builders\\_05\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2006 \\|series\\=Chronicles of America Series, Vol. 38 \\|chapter\\=Crossing the Appalachian Range \\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024054/http://cprr.org/Museum/Railroad\\_Builders/Railroad\\_Builders\\_05\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nbut the B\\&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Half of this stock was reserved for the Maryland state government and the municipal government of Baltimore, which invested $1,000,000 and $500,000, respectively, in the new company. Around twenty\\-two thousand people—a quarter of the city's population—bought the remaining private equity.{{cite book \\|title\\=Steam City: Railroads, Urban Space, and Corporate Capitalism in Nineteenth\\-Century Baltimore \\|last\\=Schley \\|first\\=David \\|year\\=2020 \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|location\\=Chicago, IL \\|isbn\\=978\\-0226720258 \\|pages\\=20–21}}",
"### Early construction and legal battles",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Cornerstone of the B\\&O, laid July 4, 1828, by [Charles Carroll of Carrollton](/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton \"Charles Carroll of Carrollton\"), now displayed at the [B\\&O Railroad Museum](/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum \"B&O Railroad Museum\")](/wiki/File:B%26O_Railroad_cornerstone.jpg \"B&O Railroad cornerstone.jpg\")\nConstruction began on July 4, 1828, when [Charles Carroll of Carrollton](/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton \"Charles Carroll of Carrollton\") (the last living signer of the Declaration of Independence) performed the groundbreaking by laying the cornerstone. The initial tracks were built with [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") stringers topped by [strap iron rails](/wiki/Rail_profile%23History \"Rail profile#History\"). The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicott's Mills (now known as [Ellicott City](/wiki/Ellicott_City%2C_Maryland \"Ellicott City, Maryland\")), opened on May 24, 1830\\. A horse pulled the first cars 26 miles and back, since the B\\&O did not decide to use steam power for several years. Railroad men in South Carolina had earlier commissioned a steam locomotive from a New York foundry (which would reach 25 miles per hour and became the first passenger service by locomotive), while the B\\&O was still experimenting with horse power and sails. The B\\&O's first locomotive, *[Tom Thumb](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_%28locomotive%29 \"Tom Thumb (locomotive)\")*, was made in America as a demonstrator and could pull passenger and freight cars at 18 miles per hour.Sarah H. Gordon, *Passage to Union: How the Railroads Transformed American Life, 1829–1929* (Ivan R. Dee 1998\\) p. 27 {{ISBN\\|978\\-1566632188}}",
"Developers decided to follow the [Patapsco River](/wiki/Patapsco_River \"Patapsco River\") to a point near Parr's Ridge (now known as [Mount Airy](/wiki/Mount_Airy%2C_Maryland \"Mount Airy, Maryland\")), where the railroad would cross a height of land and descend into the valley of the [Monocacy](/wiki/Monocacy_River \"Monocacy River\") and Potomac rivers. Further extensions opened to [Frederick](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Maryland \"Frederick, Maryland\") (including the short [Frederick Branch](/wiki/Frederick_Branch_%28Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad%29 \"Frederick Branch (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)\")) on December 1, 1831; [Point of Rocks](/wiki/Point_of_Rocks%2C_Maryland \"Point of Rocks, Maryland\") on April 2, 1832; and Sandy Hook on December 1, 1834\\. [Sandy Hook, Maryland](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_Maryland \"Sandy Hook, Maryland\"), on the north shore of the Potomac, was the end of the line until the [B \\& O Railroad Potomac River Crossing](/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing \"B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing\") opened in 1836, linking [Harpers Ferry, West Virginia](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia \"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\") (until 1863, Virginia). The connection at Harpers Ferry with the [Winchester and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad \"Winchester and Potomac Railroad\"), running southwest to [Winchester, Virginia](/wiki/Winchester%2C_Virginia \"Winchester, Virginia\"), opened in 1837, then the line northwest to [Martinsburg](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia \"Martinsburg, West Virginia\") in May 1842; [Hancock](/wiki/Hancock%2C_West_Virginia \"Hancock, West Virginia\") in June 1842; and [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\"), on November 5, 1842, for some years the end of the line. The final section linked [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont%2C_West_Virginia \"Piedmont, West Virginia\") on July 21, 1851, and [Fairmont](/wiki/Fairmont%2C_West_Virginia \"Fairmont, West Virginia\") on June 22, 1852\\. It first reached the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") at [Moundsville](/wiki/Moundsville%2C_West_Virginia \"Moundsville, West Virginia\") later in 1852, and port facilities were built there. The B\\&O reached Wheeling, West Virginia (then part of Virginia) on January 1, 1853\\. That would remain the terminus through the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") (apart from conflict\\-related outages principally between Cumberland and Martinsburg during the war) until a railroad bridge could be constructed across the Ohio River.",
"The narrow strip of available land along the Potomac River from Point of Rocks to Harpers Ferry caused years of legal battles between the B\\&O and the [Chesapeake and Ohio (C\\&O) Canal](/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal \"Chesapeake and Ohio Canal\"), as both sought to exclude the other from its use.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Lynch\\|first\\=John A.\\|title\\=Justice Douglas, the Chesapeake \\& Ohio Canal, and Maryland Legal History\\|journal\\=University of Baltimore Law Forum\\|volume\\=35\\|issue\\=Spring 2005 \\|pages\\=104, 112–125\\|year\\= }}Baltimore and Ohio v. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 4 Gill and Johnson MD 1 (1832\\) A compromise eventually allowed the two companies to share the [right of way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28transportation%29 \"Right-of-way (transportation)\"). The B\\&O also prevailed in a lawsuit against it by the Washington and Baltimore Turnpike Road.Baltimore and Ohio v. Washington and Baltimore Turnpike Road, 100 Gill and Johnson MD 392 (1839\\){{complete citation needed\\|date\\=April 2021}}\n[alt\\=Note inscribed No. 121 Baltimore February 10, 1841 Baltimore and Ohio RAILROAD COMPANY. Transfer to the holder of this order TWELVE AND A HALF CENTS in the Stock of the City of Baltimore bearing Six per cent interest payable quarterly when said holder presents orders amounting to One Hundred Dollars or upwards. \\[Commissioners holding the Stock to redeem these orders].\" The note is illustrated with an illustration of two standing women on the left, and one sitting woman on the right.\\|thumb\\|Twelve and a half cent note issued by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company in 1841\\.](/wiki/File:Recto_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad_Company_%28Maryland%29_12_and_a_half_cents_1841_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1142257.jpeg \"Recto Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company (Maryland) 12 and a half cents 1841 urn-3 HBS.Baker.AC 1142257.jpeg\")\nThe B\\&O wanted links to Virginia's [Shenandoah Valley](/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley \"Shenandoah Valley\"), as well as the parts of western Virginia draining into the Ohio River valley and ultimately the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"), such as [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Wheeling, West Virginia\") (where the [National Road](/wiki/National_Road \"National Road\") crossed the Ohio River) and the [Kanawha River](/wiki/Kanawha_River \"Kanawha River\") valley. However, many Virginia politicians wanted the minerals, timber and produce of those areas to instead ship through [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\") and reach the Atlantic through [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"), although the [James River Canal](/wiki/James_River_Canal \"James River Canal\") required substantial maintenance and was never completed through the Appalachians to the Ohio River watershed. Thus, while the B\\&O reached Wheeling in 1853, political compromises meant the B\\&O would only reach [Grafton](/wiki/Grafton%2C_West_Virginia \"Grafton, West Virginia\") to connect to [Parkersburg](/wiki/Parkersburg%2C_West_Virginia \"Parkersburg, West Virginia\") on the Ohio River through a connection with the [Northwestern Virginia Railroad](/wiki/Northwestern_Virginia_Railroad \"Northwestern Virginia Railroad\") which was completed in 1857\\. During the \"Great Railway Celebrations of 1857\", a large group of notables boarded the B\\&O in Baltimore, then transferred to steamboats that took them from Wheeling to [Marietta, Ohio](/wiki/Marietta%2C_Ohio \"Marietta, Ohio\"), where they boarded a railroad to Cincinnati, where after another celebration, they boarded the [Ohio and Mississippi Railroad](/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad \"Ohio and Mississippi Railroad\"), which brought them to St. Louis, Missouri, three days after they had started their journey.Gordon pp. 106–107 The B\\&O would only reach [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_West_Virginia \"Charleston, West Virginia\") (at the confluence of the Kanawha and Elk Rivers) and ultimately [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_West_Virginia \"Huntington, West Virginia\") (which was named after a major B\\&O investor) on the Ohio River more than a decade after the American Civil War and the creation of the state of [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\").",
"Meanwhile, the State of Maryland granted the B\\&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), in 1831, and the [Washington Branch](/wiki/Washington_Branch_of_the_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Rail_Road \"Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road\") was opened in 1835\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853 \\|last\\=Dilts \\|first\\=James D. \\|year\\=1996 \\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press \\|location\\=Palo Alto, CA \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8047\\-2629\\-0 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JjrCWPwvHzIC \\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220602/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JjrCWPwvHzIC \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{rp\\|157}} This line joined to the original mainline at [Relay, Maryland](/wiki/Relay%2C_Maryland \"Relay, Maryland\"), crossing the Patapsco River on the [Thomas Viaduct](/wiki/Thomas_Viaduct \"Thomas Viaduct\") (which remains one of the B\\&O's signature structures). This line was partially funded by the state of Maryland, and was operated separately until the 1870s, with Maryland receiving a 25 percent cut of gross passenger receipts. The B\\&O's charter also forbade further taxation of the railroad, and that no\\-tax provision was upheld in the 1840s after Baltimore City tried to tax it.Baltimore and Ohio V. Mayor and City of Baltimore, 6 Gill Md 288 (1847\\) This Washington Branch line was built in stone, much like the original mainline. By this time, however, strap rail was no longer used for new construction. Most of the stone bridges on the [Old Main Line](/wiki/Old_Main_Line_Subdivision \"Old Main Line Subdivision\") did not last long, being washed out by the periodic flooding of the Patapsco River and replaced at first by [Bollman Truss bridges](/wiki/Bollman_Truss_Railroad_Bridge \"Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge\"). The [Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad](/wiki/Annapolis_and_Elk_Ridge_Railroad \"Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad\") to [Annapolis](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\") connected to this line at Annapolis Junction in 1840\\. As an unwritten condition for the charter, it was understood that the state of Maryland would not charter any competing line between Baltimore and Washington, and no such charters were approved until well after the American Civil War, when the Pennsylvania Railroad acquired a railroad on the Delmarva Peninsula, which had the power to build short branch lines, so it was able to connect to Washington through [Bowie, Maryland](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland \"Bowie, Maryland\").",
"The B\\&O also wanted access to Pittsburgh and coal fields in western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Although the directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad wanted a monopoly in their state, delays in laying track to Pittsburgh led the Pennsylvania legislature in 1846 to require construction to be completed within 10 years, else competition would be allowed. The Pennsylvania Railroad finished its trans\\-Allegheny track with two years to spare, thus the B\\&O would only be able to extend its tracks up the [Youghiogheny River](/wiki/Youghiogheny_River \"Youghiogheny River\") valley to the soft coal fields in 1871\\.Albro Martin, Railroads Triumphant: the Growth, Rejection \\& Rebirth of a Vital American Force (Oxford University Press 1992\\), pp. 17, 138",
"{{See also\\|Baltimore Terminal Subdivision}}",
"### Early engineering",
"{{see also\\|Old Main Line Subdivision}}\n[thumb\\|Scenes of the B\\&O Railroad. Decorative title page for Ele Bowen, *Rambles in the Path of the Steam\\-Horse*, 1855](/wiki/File:Decorative_title_page_for_Ele_Bowen%2C_Rambles_in_the_path_of_the_steam-horse%2C_1855.jpg \"Decorative title page for Ele Bowen, Rambles in the path of the steam-horse, 1855.jpg\")\nWhen construction began on the B\\&O in the 1820s, railroad engineering was in its infancy. Unsure exactly which materials would suffice, the B\\&O erred on the side of sturdiness and built many of its early structures of granite. Even the track bed to which iron strap rail was affixed consisted of the stone.",
"Though the granite soon proved too unforgiving and expensive for track, most of the B\\&O's monumental bridges have survived to this day, and many are still in active railroad use by CSX. Baltimore's [Carrollton Viaduct](/wiki/Carrollton_Viaduct \"Carrollton Viaduct\"), named in honor of [Charles Carroll of Carrollton](/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton \"Charles Carroll of Carrollton\"), was the B\\&O's first bridge, and is the oldest railway bridge in the Americas still carrying trains (and the third oldest in the world, after the [Skerne Bridge](/wiki/Skerne_Bridge \"Skerne Bridge\"), Darlington, UK, of 1824–1825, and the [Bassaleg Viaduct](/wiki/Bassaleg_Viaduct \"Bassaleg Viaduct\"), Newport, UK, of 1826\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Four North East Heritage Sites Telling the Story of England \\|url\\=https://historicengland.org.uk/whats\\-new/in\\-your\\-area/north\\-east/four\\-north\\-east\\-heritage\\-sites\\-in\\-top\\-100\\-places/\n \\|website\\=historicengland.org.uk \\|date\\=June 6, 2018\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Historic England]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2022 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Bassaleg Viaduct, Rumney Railway, Bassaleg \\|url\\=https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/34952 \\|website\\=Coflein \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2022 \\|language\\=en}} The [Thomas Viaduct](/wiki/Thomas_Viaduct \"Thomas Viaduct\") at [Relay, Maryland](/wiki/Relay%2C_Maryland \"Relay, Maryland\"), was the longest bridge in the United States upon its completion in 1835\\. It also remains in use. The B\\&O made extensive use of the [Bollman iron truss bridge](/wiki/Bollman_Truss_Railroad_Bridge \"Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge\") design in the mid\\-19th century. Its durability and ease of assembly aided faster railroad construction.\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|{{center\\|\\[\\[Carrollton Viaduct]]}}](/wiki/File:Carrollton-viaduct.jpg \"Carrollton-viaduct.jpg\")",
"As the B\\&O built the main line west to [Parr's Ridge](/wiki/Parr%27s_Ridge \"Parr's Ridge\"), near [Mount Airy, Maryland](/wiki/Mount_Airy%2C_Maryland \"Mount Airy, Maryland\"), it had limited information about the capabilities of steam locomotives; at the time, the line had three, the *York, Atlantic,* and the *Franklin.*{{cite book\n\\|title\\=Rambles in the path of the steam\\-horse. An off\\-hand ''olla podrida \\[stew]'', embracing a general historical and descriptive view of the scenery, agricultural and mineral resources, and prominent features of the travelled route from Baltimore to Harper's Ferry, Cumberland, Wheeling, Cincinnati, and Louisville\n\\|last\\=Bowen\n\\|first\\=Ele\n\\|date\\=1855\n\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ramblesinpathofs00bowe/page/n9/mode/2up\n\\|location\\=Philadelphia\n\\|publisher\\=Wm. Bromwell}}{{rp\\|70}} When planning the extension to [Sandy Hook, Maryland](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_Maryland \"Sandy Hook, Maryland\"), and then [Harpers Ferry](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry \"Harpers Ferry\"), the company was uncertain if the engines' metal wheels would grip the metal rails sufficiently to pull a train up to the top of the ridge. The railroad decided to construct two [inclined planes](/wiki/Inclined_plane \"Inclined plane\"), one on each side of the ridge, along which teams of horses, and perhaps steam\\-powered winches, would assist pulling the trains uphill. The planes, about a mile long on each side, quickly proved an operational [bottleneck](/wiki/Bottleneck_%28traffic%29 \"Bottleneck (traffic)\"). Before the decade of the 1830s ended, the B\\&O built a {{convert\\|5\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-long}} alternate route that became known as the Mount Airy Loop. The planes were quickly abandoned and forgotten, though some artifacts survive to the present.",
"### First telegraph line",
"In 1843, Congress appropriated $30,000 for construction of an experimental {{convert\\|38\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} [telegraph line](/wiki/Telegraph_line \"Telegraph line\") between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore along the B\\&O's right\\-of\\-way. The B\\&O approved the project with the agreement that the railroad would have free use of the line upon its completion. An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news of the [Whig Party](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Whig Party (United States)\")'s nomination of [Henry Clay](/wiki/Henry_Clay \"Henry Clay\") for U.S. president was telegraphed from the party's convention in Baltimore to the [Capitol Building](/wiki/United_States_Capitol \"United States Capitol\") in Washington. On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as [Samuel F. B. Morse](/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse \"Samuel F. B. Morse\") sent his famous words, \"What hath God wrought\", from the B\\&O's Mount Clare station to the Capitol by telegraph.{{sfnp\\|Stover\\|1987\\|pp\\=59–60}}",
"{{Wide image\\|Founders of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.jpg\\|600px\\|\\[\\[Francis Blackwell Mayer]]. ''The Founders of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad'' (1891\\), represents the B\\&O's history ''(left to right)'' beginning with its founding in 1827 to 1880\\. \\[\\[Philip E. Thomas]], \\[\\[George Brown (Financier)\\|George Brown]], \\[\\[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], and others are gathered at left. \\[\\[Samuel F. B. Morse]] is seated at center left (with telegraph tape) and \\[\\[John W. Garrett]] is seated at right. The original painting is now at the headquarters of \\[\\[CSX Transportation]] in \\[\\[Jacksonville, Florida]]. A replica is at the \\[\\[B\\&O Railroad Museum]].\\|80%\\|center}}",
"### Innovations",
"Contrary to legend, the B\\&O was not the first chartered railroad in the United States; [John Stevens](/wiki/John_Stevens_%28inventor%2C_born_1749%29 \"John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)\") obtained a charter for the [New Jersey Railroad](/wiki/New_Jersey_Railroad \"New Jersey Railroad\") in 1815\\.{{sfnp\\|Stover\\|1987\\|p\\=2}} The B\\&O was, however, the first company to operate a locomotive built in America, with the [*Tom Thumb*](/wiki/Tom_Thumb_%28locomotive%29 \"Tom Thumb (locomotive)\") in 1829\\. It built the first passenger and [freight station](/wiki/Freight_station \"Freight station\") (Mount Clare in 1829\\) and was the first railroad to earn passenger revenues in December 1829, and publish a timetable on May 23, 1830\\. On Christmas Eve 1852, the B\\&O line was completed between Baltimore and the Ohio River near [Moundsville, West Virginia](/wiki/Moundsville%2C_West_Virginia \"Moundsville, West Virginia\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Powell\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=December 24, 1852: B\\&O Railroad completed near Moundsville\\|url\\=http://wvpublic.org/post/december\\-24\\-1852\\-bo\\-railroad\\-completed\\-near\\-moundsville\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[West Virginia Public Broadcasting]]\\|date\\=December 24, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731044833/http://wvpublic.org/post/december\\-24\\-1852\\-bo\\-railroad\\-completed\\-near\\-moundsville\\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2015}}",
"### Conflicts in the early years",
"[thumb\\|Share of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail\\-Road Company, issued 26\\. July 1856; signed by Johns Hopkins as president pro. tem.](/wiki/Image:Baltimore_and_Ohio_RR_1856.jpg \"Baltimore and Ohio RR 1856.jpg\")\nPartial government ownership caused some operational problems. Of the thirty members on its [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors \"Board of directors\"), twelve were elected by shareholders, while eighteen were appointed either by Maryland or the [Baltimore City Council](/wiki/Baltimore_City_Council \"Baltimore City Council\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Fee\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|editor\\=Fee, Elizabeth\\|editor2\\=Shopes, Linda\\|editor3\\=Zeidman, Linda\\|title\\=The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History\\|publisher\\=Temple University Press\\|year\\=1991\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\|pages\\=11–27\\|chapter\\=Evergreen House and the Garrett Family: A Railroad Fortune\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=626B6J8at00C\\&q\\=baltimore\\+book\\&pg\\=PP1\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87722\\-823\\-3\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917103244/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=626B6J8at00C\\&pg\\=PP1\\&dq\\=baltimore\\+book\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Many had conflicting interests: the directors appointed by the state and city desired low [fares](/wiki/Fare \"Fare\") and all construction to be funded from corporate revenues, while the directors elected by shareholders desired greater [profits](/wiki/Profit_%28accounting%29 \"Profit (accounting)\") and [dividends](/wiki/Dividend \"Dividend\"). These conflicts became more intense in the 1850s after the completion of the C\\&O Canal, which brought additional competition to the B\\&O. In 1853, after being nominated by large shareholder and director [Johns Hopkins](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins \"Johns Hopkins\"), [John W. Garrett](/wiki/John_W._Garrett \"John W. Garrett\") became president of the B\\&O, a position he would hold until his death in 1884\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Hall\\|first\\=C. C.\\|title\\=Baltimore: Its History and Its People\\|publisher\\=Lewis Historical Publishing Co.\\|year\\=1912\\|volume\\=2\\|pages\\=458–461}} In the first year of his presidency, corporate [operating costs](/wiki/Operating_cost \"Operating cost\") were reduced from 65 percent of revenues to 46 percent, and the railroad began distributing profits to its shareholders.",
"### John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry",
"{{Main\\|John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry}}\nThe B\\&O played a major role, and got national attention, in the response to [abolitionist](/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States \"Abolitionism in the United States\") [John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry](/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry \"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"), Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia), in October 1859\\. Black porter [Hayward Shepherd](/wiki/Hayward_Shepherd \"Hayward Shepherd\"), to whom there is a [monument in Harpers Ferry](/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument \"Heyward Shepherd monument\"), was the first man killed; stationmaster Fontaine Beckham, who was also the town's mayor, was killed the next day. Raiders had cut the telegraph line, and stopped the 1:30 am Wheeling to Baltimore express, but after several hours the train was allowed to continue and at the first station with a working telegraph (Monocacy) the conductor sent a telegram to B\\&O headquarters.{{Harvp\\|Jacobs\\|1989\\|p\\=42}}.[George B. Abdill](/wiki/George_B._Abdill \"George B. Abdill\"), Civil War Railroads: A Pictorial Story of the War Between the States, 1861–1865, (Indiana University Press 1961\\) p. 8 After confirming from the Martinsburg station (via Wheeling, because of the cut telegraph line) that the report was not a hoax, Garrett telegraphed President [James Buchanan](/wiki/James_Buchanan \"James Buchanan\"), the [Secretary of War](/wiki/Secretary_of_War \"Secretary of War\"), [the Governor of Virginia](/wiki/Henry_A._Wise \"Henry A. Wise\"), and Maryland Militia General [George Hume Steuart](/wiki/George_H._Steuart_%28militia_general%29 \"George H. Steuart (militia general)\") about the insurrection in progress.Daniel Carroll Toomey, The War Came by Train: the Baltimore \\& Ohio Railroad during the Civil War (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum 2013\\) p. 6 {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-886248\\-01\\-4}} The B\\&O made its rolling stock available to the military. At 3:20 pm a train left Washington Depot with 87 U.S. Marines and two howitzers, and a 3:45 p.m. train from nearer [Frederick, Maryland](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Maryland \"Frederick, Maryland\"), carried three Maryland militia companies under Col. Edward Shriver. These trains stopped before the bridge at [Sandy Hook, Maryland](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_Maryland \"Sandy Hook, Maryland\") (end of the line before the bridge was built), and troops continued across the bridge on foot. Soon Garrett's Master of Transportation William Prescott Smith left Baltimore City, together with Maryland Gen. Charles G. Egerton Jr. and the [Second Light Brigade](/wiki/Light_infantry \"Light infantry\"), which train also picked up the Marines on the federal troop train at the junction in [Relay, Maryland](/wiki/Relay%2C_Maryland \"Relay, Maryland\"). All awaited Lt.Col. [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee \"Robert E. Lee\") and Lt. [J.E.B. Stuart](/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart \"J.E.B. Stuart\"), who had received orders from the Secretary of War to retake Harpers Ferry and capture the insurgent abolitionists, which they quickly did.{{Harvp\\|Jacobs\\|1989\\|p\\=45}}.Toomey pp. 8–9 Garrett reported with evident relief the next day that aside from the cut telegraph line, which was quickly repaired, there had been no damage to any B\\&O track, equipment, or facilities.",
"The government of Maryland published in a book the many telegrams sent by B\\&O employees and management during the raid.{{cite book\n\\|title\\=Correspondence relating to the Insurrection at Harper's Ferry, 17th October, 1859\n\\|year\\=1860\n\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Senate of Maryland]]\n\\|location\\=Annapolis\n\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/correspinsurrecti1860mult/page/n1/mode/2up}}",
"### American Civil War",
"At the outset of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), the B\\&O possessed 236 locomotives, 128 passenger coaches, 3,451 rail cars and {{convert\\|513\\|mi\\|km}} of rail road, all in states south of the [Mason–Dixon line](/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line \"Mason–Dixon line\"), as Garrett had noted before the war began. Although many [Marylanders had Southern sympathies](/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War \"Maryland in the American Civil War\"), Garrett and Hopkins supported the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\"). The B\\&O became crucial to the Federal government during the Civil War, being the main rail connection between Washington, D.C., and the northern states, especially west of the Appalachian mountains.",
"However, its initial problem became Lincoln's first Secretary of War, [Simon Cameron](/wiki/Simon_Cameron \"Simon Cameron\"), a major stockholder in the rival North Central Railroad, which received long haul freight destined for Baltimore from the rival [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\").Daniel Carroll Toomey, *The War Came by Train: the Baltimore \\& Ohio Railroad during the Civil War* (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum 2013\\) p. 61 {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-886248\\-01\\-4}} Furthermore, the Pennsylvania Railroad and other investors sought permission to construct rail lines which threatened the B\\&O's monopolies on the Washington Branch (between Relay and Washington DC) and westward through Cumberland, Maryland. Raids and battles during the war also cost the B\\&O substantial losses, many never indemnified. Master of Transportation Prescott Smith kept a diary during the war years, describing incidents such as the June 1861 derailment of a 50 car coal train, which plunged into a ravine after a bridge was destroyed (the wreckage burned for months and melted the metal coal hoppers), as well as later ironclad trains (one only disabled by an artillery shell piercing the boiler).Abdill pp. 26–27",
"#### 1861–1862",
"On April 18, 1861, the day after Virginia seceded from the Union, Virginia militia seized the federal arsenal at [Harpers Ferry](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia \"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\"), which was also an important work station on the B\\&O's main westward line. The following day, [Confederate rioters in Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861 \"Baltimore riot of 1861\") attempted to prevent Pennsylvania volunteers from proceeding from the North Central Railway's Bolton station to the B\\&O's Mount Clare station, and Maryland's governor Hicks and Baltimore Mayor [George W. Brown](/wiki/George_William_Brown_%28mayor%29 \"George William Brown (mayor)\") ordered 3 North Central and 2 [Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Wilmington_and_Baltimore_Railroad \"Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad\") (PW\\&B) bridges destroyed to prevent further federal troop movements through (and riots in) the city.Toomey pp. 18–23 Soon B\\&O president [John Work Garrett](/wiki/John_Work_Garrett \"John Work Garrett\") received letters from Virginia's Governor [John Letcher](/wiki/John_Letcher \"John Letcher\") telling the B\\&O to pass no federal troops destined for any place in Virginia over the railroad, and threatening to confiscate the lines. [Charles Town](/wiki/Charles_Town%2C_West_Virginia \"Charles Town, West Virginia\")'s mayor also wrote, threatening to cut the B\\&O's main line by destroying the long bridge over the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry, and Garrett also received anonymous threats. Thus he and others asked Secretary of War Cameron to protect the B\\&O as the national capitol's main westward link. Cameron instead warned Garrett that passage of any rebel troops over his line would be treason. The Secretary of War agreed to station troops to protect the North Central, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and even the PW\\&B, but flatly refused to help the B\\&O, his main competition.Toomey pp. 41, 61–62, 83–84",
"The B\\&O had to repair damaged line at its own expense, and often received late or no payment for services rendered to the federal government.Toomey pp. 82–83 In May, CSA Colonel [Jackson's operations against the B\\&O Railroad (1861\\)](/wiki/Jackson%27s_operations_against_the_B%26O_Railroad_%281861%29 \"Jackson's operations against the B&O Railroad (1861)\") began. Stonewall Jackson initially permitted B\\&O trains to operate during limited hours over the approximately 100 miles from Point of Rocks to Cumberland.Abdill p. 26 On June 20, 1861, Jackson's Confederates seized [Martinsburg](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia \"Martinsburg, West Virginia\"), a major B\\&O work center, having blown up the Harpers Ferry railroad bridge on June 14\\. Confederates confiscated dozens of locomotives and train cars and ripped up double track in order to ship rails for Confederate use in Virginia (14 locomotives and 83 rail cars were dismantled and sent south, and another 42 locomotives and 386 rail cars damaged or destroyed at Martinsburg, with the B\\&O water station and machine shops also destroyed and {{convert\\|102\\|mi\\|km}} miles of telegraph wire removed by the time federal control was restored in March 1862\\).Toomey pp. 108–110 By the end of 1861, 23 B\\&O railroad bridges had been burned and {{convert\\|36\\.5\\|mi\\|km}} of track were torn up or destroyed.",
"Since Jackson cut the B\\&O main line into Washington for more than six months, the North Central and Pennsylvania Railroads profited from overflow traffic, even as many B\\&O trains stood idle in Baltimore. Garrett tried to use his government contacts to secure the needed protection, from Maryland Delegate [Reverdy Johnson](/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson \"Reverdy Johnson\") to General [George McClellan](/wiki/George_McClellan \"George McClellan\") and Treasury Secretary [Salmon P. Chase](/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase \"Salmon P. Chase\"). As winter began, coal prices soared in Washington, even though the B\\&O in September arranged for free coal transport from its Cumberland, Maryland, terminal down the C\\&O Canal (which reduced prices somewhat, although Confederates also damaged the C\\&O canal that winter). Furthermore, western farmers could not get their produce to markets because of the B\\&O shutdown, only partially alleviated by the summer 1861 Union army victories at the [Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)](/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi_%28West_Virginia%29 \"Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)\") and [Rich Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Rich_Mountain \"Battle of Rich Mountain\"), and vigorous army and company work crews which reduced the main\\-line gap to 25 miles between Harpers Ferry and Back Creek.Toomey pp. 82–84",
"Finally at year end, [Samuel M. Felton](/wiki/Samuel_Morse_Felton_Sr. \"Samuel Morse Felton Sr.\"), the PW\\&B President, wrote newspapers about the War Department's discrimination against his cooperating railroad line, which competed with Cameron's favored North Central and Pennsylvania Railroads. President Lincoln (familiar with railroad law since his days as an Illinois lawyer) in January 1862 replaced Cameron with Pennsylvania lawyer [Edwin M. Stanton](/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton \"Edwin M. Stanton\"), who had been serving as Cameron's legal advisor.Toomey pp. 62–63 Furthermore, on January 31, 1862, Congress passed the Railways and Telegraph Act of January 31, 1862, creating the [United States Military Railroad](/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad \"United States Military Railroad\") and allowing it to seize and operate any railroad or telegraph company's equipment, although Stanton and USMRR Superintendent [Daniel McCallum](/wiki/Daniel_McCallum \"Daniel McCallum\") would take a \"team of rivals\" approach to railroad management and allow civilian operations to continue.Toomey pp. 63, 181 In February 1862, Union forces recaptured Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry, and work crews continued replacing wrecked bridges and equipment, although [bushwhacker](/wiki/Bushwhacker \"Bushwhacker\") raids continued.Toomey pp. 108–109\nEven then train movements were sporadic and subject to frequent stoppages, derailments, capture and attack. Prominent raids on the B\\&O railroad during this period were:\n* The [Great Train Raid of 1861](/wiki/Great_Train_Raid_of_1861 \"Great Train Raid of 1861\"), May 22 – June 23, 1861\n* The [Romney Expedition](/wiki/Romney_Expedition \"Romney Expedition\"), January 1 through January 24, 1862\n* Operations during the [Maryland Campaign](/wiki/Maryland_Campaign \"Maryland Campaign\"), September 8, 1862\n* Various raids of Brigadier General [A. G. Jenkins](/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins \"Albert G. Jenkins\"), Fall, 1862",
"{\\| class\\=\"wikitable\"\n\\|\\+ **B\\&O Locomotives Captured During the [Great Train Raid of 1861](/wiki/Great_Train_Raid_of_1861 \"Great Train Raid of 1861\")**\n! Engine Name!!Eng. No.!!Type\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 17\n\\| Norris 4\\-2\\-0\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 34\n\\| Mason 4\\-4\\-0\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 187\n\\| Camel 0\\-8\\-0\n\\|\\-\n! Lady Davis (CSA name)\n\\| No. 188\n\\| Tyson 4\\-4\\-0 \"Dutch Wagon\"\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 193\n\\| Camel 0\\-8\\-0\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 198\n\\| Hayes Camel 0\\-8\\-0\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 199\n\\| Camel 0\\-8\\-0\n\\|\\-\n! ?\n\\| No. 201\n\\| ?\n\\|\\-\n\\|}\n#### 1863–1865",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Advertisement for the Baltimore and Ohio in an 1864 Baltimore city directory, promoting its repairs and reopening at one point during the war.](/wiki/File:Woods%27_Baltimore_City_Directory_-_1864_-_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad.jpg \"Woods' Baltimore City Directory - 1864 - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.jpg\")",
"The second half of the Civil War was characterized by near\\-continuous raiding, which severely hampered the Union defense of Washington, D.C. Union forces and leaders often failed to properly secure the region, despite the B\\&O's vital importance to the Union cause.",
"{{Blockquote\\|There is no interest suffering here except the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and I will not divide my forces to protect it.\\|General \\[\\[Philip Sheridan]]{{sfnp\\|Ramage\\|1999\\|p\\=206}} }}",
"This military strategy, or lack thereof, allowed Confederate commanders to contribute significantly to the length of the war, by conducting free\\-ranging military operations against the region and railroad.",
"Before the [Battle of Monocacy](/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy \"Battle of Monocacy\"), B\\&O agents began reporting Confederate troop movements eleven days prior to the battle, and Garrett had their intelligence passed to authorities in the War Department and to Major General [Lew Wallace](/wiki/Lew_Wallace \"Lew Wallace\"), who commanded the department responsible for defense of the area. As preparations for the battle progressed, the B\\&O provided transport for federal troops and munitions, and on two occasions Garrett was contacted directly by President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") for further information. Though Union forces lost this battle, the delay allowed [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") to successfully repel the Confederate attack on Washington at the [Battle of Fort Stevens](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens \"Battle of Fort Stevens\") two days later. After the battle, Lincoln paid tribute to Garrett as:",
"{{Blockquote\\|The right arm of the Federal Government in the aid he rendered the authorities in preventing the Confederates from seizing Washington and securing its retention as the Capital of the Loyal States.\\|Abraham Lincoln\\[http://www.nps.gov/mono/historyculture/john\\_w\\_garrett.htm \"John W. Garrett, President, B \\& O Railroad.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224030120/http://www.nps.gov/mono/historyculture/john\\_w\\_garrett.htm \\|date\\=February 24, 2008 }} U.S. National Park Service, Monocacy National Battlefield, Frederick, MD. Accessed 2005\\-11\\-14\\.}}",
"* The [Jones\\-Imboden Raid](/wiki/Jones-Imboden_Raid \"Jones-Imboden Raid\"), April 24 through May 22, 1863\n* The [Catoctin Station Raid](/wiki/Catoctin_Station_Raid \"Catoctin Station Raid\"), June 17, 1863\n* The [First Calico Raid](/wiki/First_Calico_Raid \"First Calico Raid\"), June 19, 1863\n* The [B\\&O Raid on Duffield Station](/wiki/B%26O_Raid_on_Duffield_Station \"B&O Raid on Duffield Station\"), January 1864\n* The [McNeill Raid](/wiki/McNeill%27s_Rangers \"McNeill's Rangers\"), May 5, 1864\n* The [Second Calico Raid](/wiki/Action_at_Mount_Zion_Church%23The_2nd_Calico_Raid \"Action at Mount Zion Church#The 2nd Calico Raid\"), July 3, 1864\n* The [Battle of Monocacy](/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy \"Battle of Monocacy\"), July 9, 1864\n* [Gilmor's Raid](/wiki/Gilmor%27s_Raid \"Gilmor's Raid\"), July 11, 1864\n* The [Greenback Raid](/wiki/Greenback_Raid \"Greenback Raid\"), by [Mosby's Rangers](/wiki/43rd_Battalion_Virginia_Cavalry \"43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry\") on October 14, 1864\n* The [B\\&O Raid on Duffield Station II](/wiki/B%26O_Raid_on_Duffield_Station_II \"B&O Raid on Duffield Station II\"), January 1865\n* [Gilmor's B\\&O Raid](/wiki/Gilmor%27s_B%26O_Raid \"Gilmor's B&O Raid\"), February 1865\n* The [B\\&O Derailment Raid](/wiki/B%26O_Derailment_Raid \"B&O Derailment Raid\"), March 1865",
"{{Campaignbox Early's Raid and Operations Against the B\\&O Railroad}}\nThe Confederate leaders who led these operations and specifically targeted the railroad included:\n* Lieutenant General Thomas J. [\"Stonewall\" Jackson](/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson \"Stonewall Jackson\") and many units under his command\n* Lieutenant General [Jubal Anderson Early](/wiki/Jubal_Anderson_Early \"Jubal Anderson Early\") and many units under his command\n* Brigadier General [Turner Ashby](/wiki/Turner_Ashby \"Turner Ashby\") and his \"Black Horse\" cavalry\n* Brigadier General [John D. Imboden](/wiki/John_D._Imboden \"John D. Imboden\") and the [62nd Virginia Mounted Infantry](/wiki/62nd_Virginia_Mounted_Infantry \"62nd Virginia Mounted Infantry\") (1st Partisan Rangers)\n* Brigadier General [Albert G. Jenkins](/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins \"Albert G. Jenkins\") and the [8th Virginia Cavalry](/wiki/8th_Virginia_Cavalry \"8th Virginia Cavalry\")\n* Brigadier General [William E. \"Grumble\" Jones](/wiki/William_E._Jones_%28general%29 \"William E. Jones (general)\") and the \"Laurel Brigade\"\n* Colonel [John S. Mosby](/wiki/John_S._Mosby \"John S. Mosby\")'s \"[Mosby's Rangers](/wiki/Mosby%27s_Rangers \"Mosby's Rangers\")\"\n* Major [Harry Gilmor](/wiki/Harry_Gilmor \"Harry Gilmor\")'s \"Gilmor's Raiders\"\n* Captain John H. McNeill's \"[McNeill's Rangers](/wiki/McNeill%27s_Rangers \"McNeill's Rangers\")\"",
"Bases of operation involved in raiding the B\\&O Railroad:\n* [Winchester, Virginia](/wiki/Winchester_in_the_American_Civil_War \"Winchester in the American Civil War\")\n* [Harpers Ferry, West Virginia](/wiki/Harpers_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia \"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\")",
"### Westward by merger",
"[thumb\\|right\\|240px\\|Table of Cumberland Coal shipped over B\\&O Railroad and C\\&O Canal, 1842–1865{{cite book\n \\| last \\= Daddow\n \\| first \\= Samuel Harries\n \\| author2 \\= Bannon, Benjamin\n \\| title \\= Coal, Iron, and Oil\n \\| publisher \\= Benjamin Bannan\n \\| year \\= 1866\n \\| location \\= Pottsville, PA\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=z0kpAAAAYAAJ\\&q\\=Coal,\\+Iron,\\+and\\+Oil\n \\| access\\-date \\= September 17, 2020\n \\| archive\\-date \\= September 17, 2020\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200917103240/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=z0kpAAAAYAAJ\\&printsec\\=frontcover\\&dq\\=Coal,\\+Iron,\\+and\\+Oil\\&hl\\=en\n \\| url\\-status \\= live\n }}](/wiki/File:Cumberland_coal_trade.jpg \"Cumberland coal trade.jpg\")",
"A steel and stone bridge was built across the Ohio River between [Bellaire, Ohio](/wiki/Bellaire%2C_Ohio \"Bellaire, Ohio\"), and Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1871, connecting the B\\&O to the [Central Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Central_Ohio_Railroad \"Central Ohio Railroad\"), which the B\\&O had leased starting in 1866\\. This provided a direct rail connection to [Columbus, Ohio](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"), and the lease marked the beginning of a series of expansions to the west and north.",
"Other railroads included in the B\\&O were:",
"* [Winchester and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad \"Winchester and Potomac Railroad\") and Winchester and Strasburg Railroad from 1867\\. This pair of lines connected with the B\\&O at [Harper's Ferry, West Virginia](/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry%2C_West_Virginia \"Harper's Ferry, West Virginia\"), and constituted the only significant B\\&O trackage in present\\-day Virginia.\n* Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad leased through the Central Ohio in 1869\n* Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad from 1871\\. This was the B\\&O entry into Pittsburgh, thwarting the denial of a Pennsylvania charter to the B\\&O.\n* Somerset and Cambria Railroad from 1879\n* Buffalo Railroad from 1880\n* [Pittsburgh Southern Railroad](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Southern_Railroad \"Pittsburgh Southern Railroad\") acquired 1883\\. Originally a [narrow gauge railroad](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railroad \"Narrow gauge railroad\"), it was converted to standard gauge and renamed the Baltimore \\& Ohio Short Line.\n* West Virginia and Pittsburgh Railroad from 1890\n* Columbus and Cincinnati Midland Railroad leased through the Central Ohio in 1890\n* Monongahela River Railroad from 1900\n* [Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad](/wiki/Marietta_and_Cincinnati_Railroad \"Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad\") from 1882\\. This was initially renamed the Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railroad and then again to the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad in 1889\\. The B\\&OSW absorbed the [Ohio and Mississippi Railroad](/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad \"Ohio and Mississippi Railroad\") in 1893, giving the B\\&O a connection to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\"), and finally the B\\&OSW disappeared into the rest of the system in 1900\\.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Blockade of engines at [Martinsburg, West Virginia](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia \"Martinsburg, West Virginia\"), during strike in 1877](/wiki/File:Harpers_8_11_1877_Blockade_of_Engines_at_Martinsburg_W_VA.jpg \"Harpers 8 11 1877 Blockade of Engines at Martinsburg W VA.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|1876 B\\&O map](/wiki/File:1876_B%26O.jpg \"1876 B&O.jpg\")\n* Ohio River Railroad from 1901\n* Pittsburgh Junction Railroad from 1902\n* [Pittsburgh and Western Railroad](/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_Western_Railroad \"Pittsburgh and Western Railroad\") from 1902\\. This was originally a [narrow gauge system](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\") which was [standard gauged](/wiki/Standard_gauge \"Standard gauge\") from 1883 to 1911\\. It formed the main B\\&O line west from Pittsburgh. The line passed the [Mars Train Station](/wiki/Mars_Station%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mars Station, Pennsylvania\") in [Mars, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Mars%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mars, Pennsylvania\"), northwest of Pittsburgh.\n* [Cleveland, Terminal and Valley Railway](/wiki/Valley_Railway \"Valley Railway\") from 1895\\. This was the B\\&O's entry into [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio \"Cleveland, Ohio\").\n* Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling Railroad from 1909\n* Chicago Terminal Transfer Company, reorganized in 1910 as the [Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Chicago_Terminal_Railroad \"Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad\"). This switching line was always operated as a separate company.\n* Salisbury Railroad near Pittsburgh, operated from 1912\n* [Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_%281895%E2%80%931917%29 \"Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1895–1917)\") from 1912\n* [Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad](/wiki/Morgantown_and_Kingwood_Railroad \"Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad\") from 1920{{cite journal\\|journal\\=Mundy's Earning Power of Railroads\\|title\\=17th issue\\|year\\=1922\\|volume\\=17\\|editor1\\-first\\=Floyd W.\\|editor1\\-last\\=Mundy\\|page\\=224\\|publisher\\=James H. Oliphant \\& Company}}\n* [Coal and Coke Railway](/wiki/Coal_and_Coke_Railway \"Coal and Coke Railway\") from 1916{{cite web\\|last1\\=Rice\\|first1\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Coal and Coke Railway\\|url\\=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337\\|website\\=West Virginia Encyclopedia\\|publisher\\=West Virginia Humanities Council\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629002536/http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Indianapolis_and_Western_Railroad \"Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad\") from 1927\\. This was originally part of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, and gave the B\\&O a connection to [Springfield, Illinois](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois \"Springfield, Illinois\").\n* [Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_Rochester_and_Pittsburgh_Railway \"Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway\") in 1932\\. This gave the B\\&O a line into New York state.\n* [Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad](/wiki/Buffalo_and_Susquehanna_Railroad \"Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad\") from 1932\\. Part of the line was severed from the rest of the system by flooding, and became part of the [Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad](/wiki/Wellsville%2C_Addison_and_Galeton_Railroad \"Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad\") in 1955\\.",
"(This list omits certain short lines.)",
"The [Chicago and Alton Railroad](/wiki/Chicago_and_Alton_Railroad \"Chicago and Alton Railroad\") was purchased by the B\\&O in 1931 and renamed the [Alton Railroad](/wiki/Alton_Railroad \"Alton Railroad\"). It was always operated separately and was eventually bought by the [Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Gulf%2C_Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad\") after receivership in 1942\\.",
"### Great Railroad Strike of 1877",
"{{See also\\|Great Railroad Strike of 1877}}\nAs a result of poor national economic conditions in the mid\\-1870s following the [Panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 \"Panic of 1873\"), the B\\&O attempted to reduce its workers' wages. After a second reduction in wages was announced in the same year, workers began the [Great Railroad Strike of 1877](/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 \"Great Railroad Strike of 1877\") on July 14 in [Martinsburg, West Virginia](/wiki/Martinsburg%2C_West_Virginia \"Martinsburg, West Virginia\"). Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until the third wage cut was revoked. [West Virginia Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia \"Governor of West Virginia\") [Henry M. Mathews](/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews \"Henry M. Mathews\") sent in state militia units to restore train service but the soldiers refused to fire on the strikers. The strike spread to [Cumberland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\"), and when [Maryland Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland \"Governor of Maryland\") [John Lee Carroll](/wiki/John_Lee_Carroll \"John Lee Carroll\") attempted to put down the strike by sending the state militia from Baltimore, [riots broke out](/wiki/Baltimore_railroad_strike_of_1877 \"Baltimore railroad strike of 1877\") resulting in 11 deaths, the burning of parts of Camden station, and damage to several engines and cars.[Scharf, J. Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_Scharf \"John Thomas Scharf\"), *[History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day](https://books.google.com/books?id=9IEjAAAAMAAJ&q=thomas+scharf+history+maryland) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723015941/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9IEjAAAAMAAJ\\&printsec\\=titlepage\\&dq\\=thomas\\+scharf\\+history\\+maryland \\|date\\=July 23, 2016 }}*, vol. 3 pp. 733–742, Heritage Press: Hatboro, Pa., 1967 (reissue of 1879 edition) The next day workers in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") staged a [sympathy strike](/wiki/Sympathy_strike \"Sympathy strike\") that was also met with an assault by the state militia; Pittsburgh then erupted into widespread rioting. The strike ended after federal troops and state militias restored order.",
"### New lines in Maryland",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|B\\&O route map of 1891](/wiki/File:1891_B%26O.jpg \"1891 B&O.jpg\")\nIn 1866 the B\\&O began constructing the [**Metropolitan Branch**](/wiki/Metropolitan_Subdivision \"Metropolitan Subdivision\") west out of Washington, which was completed in 1873 after years of erratic effort. Before this line was laid, rail traffic west of Washington had to travel first to Relay or Baltimore before joining the main line. The line cut a more or less straight line from Washington to [Point of Rocks, Maryland](/wiki/Point_of_Rocks%2C_Maryland \"Point of Rocks, Maryland\"), with many grades and large bridges. Upon the opening of this line, through passenger traffic was rerouted through Washington, and the Old Main Line from Point of Rocks to Relay was reduced to secondary status as far as passenger service was concerned. The Washington to [Gaithersburg](/wiki/Gaithersburg%2C_Maryland \"Gaithersburg, Maryland\") section of the Met Branch was double\\-tracked during 1886–1893\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=The Met: A History of the Metropolitan Branch of the B\\&O Railroad, Its Stations and Towns \\|last\\=Soderberg \\|first\\=Susan C. \\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Germantown Historical Society \\|location\\=Germantown, MD \\|page\\=10 }} Rebuilding in the early 20th century and complete double\\-tracking of the branch by 1928 increased capacity; the \"branches\" became the *de facto* mainline, though the Old Main Line was retained as a relief route.",
"Meanwhile, the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\") (PRR) outmaneuvered the B\\&O to acquire the B\\&O's northern connection, the [Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Wilmington_and_Baltimore_Railroad \"Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad\"), in the early 1880s, cutting off the B\\&O's access to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). The state of Maryland had stayed true to its implicit promise not to grant competing charters for the Baltimore/Washington line, but when a charter was granted in 1860 to build a line from Baltimore to [Pope's Creek](/wiki/Popes_Creek%2C_Maryland \"Popes Creek, Maryland\") in southern Maryland, lawyers for the Pennsylvania RR picked up on a clause in the unfulfilled charter allowing branches up to {{convert\\|20\\|mi}} long, from any point and in any direction. The projected route, passing through what is now [Bowie, Maryland](/wiki/Bowie%2C_Maryland \"Bowie, Maryland\"), could have a \"branch\" constructed that would allow service into Washington. The Pennsylvania picked up the charter through the agency of the [Baltimore and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Potomac_Railroad \"Baltimore and Potomac Railroad\") and in 1872 service between Baltimore and Washington began. (*See* [Pope's Creek Subdivision](/wiki/Pope%27s_Creek_Subdivision \"Pope's Creek Subdivision\").) At the same time, the PRR outmaneuvered the B\\&O and took control of the [Long Bridge](/wiki/Long_Bridge_%28Potomac_River%29 \"Long Bridge (Potomac River)\") across the Potomac River into Virginia, the B\\&O's connection to southern lines.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|200px\\|B\\&O headquarters building on [North Charles Street](/wiki/Maryland_Route_139 \"Maryland Route 139\") in Baltimore](/wiki/File:Bando_offices.jpg \"Bando offices.jpg\")\nIn response, the B\\&O chartered the [Philadelphia Branch](/wiki/Philadelphia_Branch \"Philadelphia Branch\") in Maryland and the [Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Philadelphia_Railroad \"Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad\") in Delaware and Pennsylvania and built a parallel route, finished in 1886\\. The 10th president, [Charles F. Mayer](/wiki/Charles_F._Mayer_%28railroad_president%29 \"Charles F. Mayer (railroad president)\"), spearheaded the development of the [Baltimore Belt Line](/wiki/Baltimore_Belt_Line \"Baltimore Belt Line\"), which opened in 1895, and recruited engineer [Samuel Rea](/wiki/Samuel_Rea \"Samuel Rea\") to design it.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IEPCqQErPHAC\\&q\\=charles\\+f.\\+mayer\\+baltimore\\&pg\\=PA170\\|title\\=History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\\|last\\=Stover\\|first\\=John F.\\|date\\=1995\\|publisher\\=Purdue University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1557530660\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917103244/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IEPCqQErPHAC\\&pg\\=PA170\\&lpg\\=PA170\\&dq\\=charles\\+f.\\+mayer\\+baltimore\\&source\\=bl\\&ots\\=tBJ2xiPi3r\\&sig\\=ACfU3U17zv0Fck\\_qV\\_ItD\\_wazyBzkem\\-wQ\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjMuruoudblAhWSxVkKHf66CYQQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=charles%20f.%20mayer%20baltimore\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This belt line connected the main line to the Philadelphia Branch without the need for a [car ferry](/wiki/Train_ferry \"Train ferry\") across the Patapsco River, but the cost of constructing the [Howard Street Tunnel](/wiki/Howard_Street_Tunnel \"Howard Street Tunnel\") drove the B\\&O to bankruptcy in 1896\\.",
"Two other lines were built in attempts to reconnect to the south. The Alexandria Branch (now called the [Alexandria Extension](/wiki/Capital_Subdivision%23Alexandria_Extension \"Capital Subdivision#Alexandria Extension\")) was built in 1874, starting from [Hyattsville, Maryland](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland \"Hyattsville, Maryland\"), and ending at a ferry operation at Shepherd's Landing. The ferry operation continued until 1901 when the trackage rights agreement concluded as part of the construction of [Washington Union Station](/wiki/Washington_Union_Station \"Washington Union Station\") saw the south end of the branch realigned to link to the PRR trackage in Anacostia, across the [Anacostia Railroad Bridge](/wiki/Anacostia_Railroad_Bridge \"Anacostia Railroad Bridge\"), into the [Virginia Avenue Tunnel](/wiki/Virginia_Avenue_Tunnel \"Virginia Avenue Tunnel\"), through [Southwest Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Southwest_Washington%2C_D.C. \"Southwest Washington, D.C.\"), to [Potomac Yard](/wiki/Potomac_Yard \"Potomac Yard\") in [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia \"Alexandria, Virginia\"). (*See* [RF\\&P Subdivision](/wiki/RF%26P_Subdivision \"RF&P Subdivision\").) The Alexandria Branch trackage to Shepherd's Landing was heavily used during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") when traffic congestion on the [Long Bridge](/wiki/Long_Bridge_%28Potomac_River%29 \"Long Bridge (Potomac River)\") caused the [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers](/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers \"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\") to construct a bridge along the original plan of the B\\&O: Alexandria to Shepherd's Landing, Washington. Trains of empty [freight cars](/wiki/Freight_car \"Freight car\") were routed north and south over the structure, which was demolished after the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").National Railway Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Chapter. [\"Timeline of Washington, D.C. Railroad History.\"](http://www.dcnrhs.org/learn/washington-d-c-railroad-history/timeline-of-washington-d-c-railroad-history) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621213811/http://www.dcnrhs.org/learn/washington\\-d\\-c\\-railroad\\-history/timeline\\-of\\-washington\\-d\\-c\\-railroad\\-history \\|date\\=June 21, 2011 }} Accessed February 27, 2011\\.",
"Before either connection was made, however, another branch was built around the west side of Washington. During the 1880s the B\\&O had organised a group of bankrupt railroads in Virginia into the [Virginia Midland Railroad](/wiki/Virginia_Midland_Railroad \"Virginia Midland Railroad\"). The VM track ran from [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia \"Alexandria, Virginia\") to [Danville, Virginia](/wiki/Danville%2C_Virginia \"Danville, Virginia\"). The line projected west across the Potomac River was intended to cross the Potomac just north of the D.C. line, to continue southwest to a connection with the B\\&O\\-controlled Virginia Midland (VM) in [Fairfax](/wiki/Fairfax%2C_Virginia \"Fairfax, Virginia\") (now [Fairfax Station](/wiki/Fairfax_Station%2C_Virginia \"Fairfax Station, Virginia\"), to distinguish it from what was [Fairfax Court House](/wiki/Fairfax_Court_House%2C_Virginia \"Fairfax Court House, Virginia\") and is now the [City of Fairfax, Virginia](/wiki/City_of_Fairfax%2C_Virginia \"City of Fairfax, Virginia\")), and if possible to a connection with the [Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad \"Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad\") in [Quantico](/wiki/Quantico%2C_Virginia \"Quantico, Virginia\"). The branch was started in 1892 and reached [Chevy Chase, Maryland](/wiki/Chevy_Chase%2C_Maryland \"Chevy Chase, Maryland\"), the same year. Financial problems in both the VM and B\\&O forced a halt to construction and led to the B\\&O's loss of control of the VM. Following bankruptcy, and control by the Pennsylvania Railroad, by the time the line was completed in 1910 there was no longer any point to the river crossing. Thus, the renamed [Georgetown Branch](/wiki/Metropolitan_Subdivision%23Georgetown_Branch \"Metropolitan Subdivision#Georgetown Branch\") came to serve a wide range of customers in Maryland and in [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_D.C. \"Georgetown, Washington, D.C.\"), such as the [Potomac Electric Power Company](/wiki/Potomac_Electric_Power_Company \"Potomac Electric Power Company\"), the [Washington Milling Company](/wiki/Washington_Milling_Company \"Washington Milling Company\"), and the U.S. government. The line cut directly across various creeks, and includes what was said to be the longest wood [trestle](/wiki/Trestle_bridge \"Trestle bridge\") on the railroad over [Rock Creek](/wiki/Rock_Creek_%28Potomac_River%29 \"Rock Creek (Potomac River)\"); and a short tunnel, [Dalecarlia Tunnel](/wiki/Dalecarlia_Tunnel \"Dalecarlia Tunnel\"), under the [Washington Aqueduct](/wiki/Washington_Aqueduct \"Washington Aqueduct\"). The line was almost completely abandoned in 1986 by CSX and is presently used in part as the right\\-of\\-way for the [Capital Crescent Trail](/wiki/Capital_Crescent_Trail \"Capital Crescent Trail\").",
"After a flood damaged the C\\&O Canal in 1877, the B\\&O acquired a majority interest in the canal mainly to keep its property and right of way from potential use by the [Western Maryland Railroad](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railroad \"Western Maryland Railroad\"). The canal was operated by the B\\&O until 1924 when it was damaged in another flood. The canal's property was later transferred to the U.S. government in 1938 in consideration for obtaining a loan from the federal [Reconstruction Finance Corporation](/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation \"Reconstruction Finance Corporation\").",
"In 1895 the B\\&O introduced [electric locomotives](/wiki/Electric_locomotive \"Electric locomotive\") over {{convert\\|3\\.75\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} of line near Camden, initially using an overhead electric slot system.{{cite book\\|last\\=Ferneyhough\\|first\\=Frank\\|title\\=The History of Railways in Britain\\|location\\=Reading\\|publisher\\=Osprey\\|year\\=1975\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85045\\-060\\-6}}",
"### The 20th century",
"{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2018}}\n[thumb\\|B\\&O stock certificate, 1903](/wiki/File:B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg \"B&O RR common stock.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Replacement of retaining wall of B\\&O in [Hazelwood, Pittsburgh](/wiki/Hazelwood_%28Pittsburgh%29 \"Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)\"), 1906](/wiki/File:Replacing_Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad_Retaining_Wall%2C_1906.jpg \"Replacing Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Retaining Wall, 1906.jpg\")\nFollowing its emergence from bankruptcy, control of the B\\&O was acquired by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1901, though the two kept separate corporate identities. A rising young PRR Vice President, [Leonor F. Loree](/wiki/Leonor_F._Loree \"Leonor F. Loree\"), was appointed president. Loree shared the Pennsy management's belief in infrastructure and the B\\&O at that time needed some of that. New classes of engines were built to haul longer, heavier trains faster. The [Old Main Line](/wiki/Old_Main_Line_Subdivision \"Old Main Line Subdivision\") was reworked, sections of the original right\\-of\\-way cut off by the straightening of curves and replacement of old, weight\\-restricted bridges with newer, heavier bridges. Most of Loree's work on the B\\&O physical plant remains evident today. Many iron and steel bridges on the railroad were replaced with stone (Pennsy preferred stone to the preference of the [Reading](/wiki/Reading_Company \"Reading Company\") and [Lackawanna Railroad](/wiki/Lackawanna_Railroad \"Lackawanna Railroad\") for concrete). With the adoption of anti\\-trust legislation in 1906, the relation between the two companies was severed.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Pennsylvania Railroad Company District Office Building · Built to Last: Enduring Landmark's of Baltimore Central Business District · Baltimore Heritage Digital Collections\\|url\\=https://collection.baltimoreheritage.org/exhibits/show/built\\-to\\-last/pennsylvania\\-railroad\\-company\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-24\\|website\\=collection.baltimoreheritage.org\\|archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816061720/https://collection.baltimoreheritage.org/exhibits/show/built\\-to\\-last/pennsylvania\\-railroad\\-company\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The railroad's passenger numbers were at a disadvantage with the railroad's major competitor in the northeast, the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\"). That railroad had a tunnel into Manhattan, thus carrying passengers directly into [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). The B\\&O had no tunnel rights, and its New York City market trains actually terminated at the [Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal \"Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal\") in [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Jersey City, New Jersey\"). From Philadelphia to Jersey City the B\\&O traveled over [Reading Railroad](/wiki/Reading_Company \"Reading Company\") tracks to Bound Brook and there joining [Central Railroad of New Jersey](/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey \"Central Railroad of New Jersey\") tracks to Jersey City. Passengers rode CNJ ferries or B\\&O busses to Manhattan. Suffering from its weaker market position from Baltimore to New York, the B\\&O discontinued all passenger service north of Baltimore on April 26, 1958\\. One day later, the railroad had declared itself fully dieselized.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2023}}\n[thumb\\|Baltimore and Ohio Railroad system map, circa 1961](/wiki/File:Baltimore_and_Ohio_RR_in_1961.jpg \"Baltimore and Ohio RR in 1961.jpg\")\nThe [Chesapeake and Ohio Railway](/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway \"Chesapeake and Ohio Railway\") took financial control of the B\\&O in 1963\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Lennon \\|first\\=J \\|title \\=Establishing Trails on Rights\\-of\\-Way \\|publisher \\=\\[\\[United States Department of the Interior]] \\|location \\=\\[\\[Washington, D.C.]] \\|page \\=49 }} On May 1, 1971, [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") had taken over all of the remaining non\\-commuter routes of the B\\&O. The B\\&O already had a controlling interest in the [Western Maryland Railway](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway \"Western Maryland Railway\"). In 1973 the three railroads were brought together under one corporate identity, the [Chessie System](/wiki/Chessie_System \"Chessie System\"), although they continued to operate as separate railroads.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Solomon \\|first\\=Brian \\|title\\=North American Railroads: The Illustrated Encyclopedia \\|publisher\\=Voyager Press \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1627885577 \\|pages\\=73}} In 1980 the Chessie System and Seaboard Coast Line Industries, a holding company that owned the [Seaboard Coast Line](/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line \"Seaboard Coast Line\"), the [Louisville \\& Nashville](/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville \"Louisville & Nashville\"), the [Clinchfield](/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad \"Clinchfield Railroad\"), and the [Georgia Railroad](/wiki/Georgia_Railroad \"Georgia Railroad\"), agreed to form [CSX Corporation](/wiki/CSX_Corporation \"CSX Corporation\"). SCL Industries was renamed the [Seaboard System Railroad](/wiki/Seaboard_System_Railroad \"Seaboard System Railroad\") (SBD) in 1983, the same year that the [Western Maryland Railway](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway \"Western Maryland Railway\") was completely absorbed into the B\\&O. SBD was renamed [CSX Transportation](/wiki/CSX_Transportation \"CSX Transportation\") (CSX) in 1986\\. On April 30, 1987, the B\\&O's corporate existence ended when it was absorbed into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, which merged into CSX Transportation on August 31 of that year.{{cite web\\|last\\=Volin\\|first\\=Rudy\\|title\\=Perryville and Havre de Grace, Md.\\|date\\=July 6, 2006\\|work\\=\\[\\[Trains (magazine)\\|Trains]]\\|url\\=http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c\\=a\\&id\\=532\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=December 4, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204214928/http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c\\=a\\&id\\=532\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In railroading's golden age, the B\\&O was one of several trunk lines uniting the northeast quadrant of the United States into a wide industrial zone. It was the southern border as the [New York Central](/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad \"New York Central Railroad\") was the northern border. The Pennsylvania Railroad controlled the center, and smaller roads like the [Lackawanna](/wiki/Delaware%2C_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad \"Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad\"), [Lehigh Valley](/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad \"Lehigh Valley Railroad\"), and the [Erie](/wiki/Erie_Railroad \"Erie Railroad\") in the center surviving largely through the [Interstate Commerce Commission](/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission \"Interstate Commerce Commission\"). The corners of this map are Baltimore in the southeast, [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") in the northeast, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") in the northwest, and [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\") in the southwest.",
"",
"| \\+ Revenue Freight Ton\\-Miles (Millions) |\n| --- |\n| | B\\&O | SIRT | BR\\&P | CI\\&W | D\\&U | ICV |\n| 1925 | 19459 | 6 | 1585 | 376 | 3 | 15 |\n| 1933 | 12111 | 6 | (incl in B\\&O) | (incl in B\\&O) | (incl in B\\&O) | (incl in B\\&O) |\n| 1944 | 34802 | 9 |\n| 1960 | 24840 | 15 |\n| 1970 | 28594 | ? |",
"",
"| \\+ Revenue Passenger\\-Miles (Millions) |\n| --- |\n| | B\\&O | SIRT | BR\\&P | CI\\&W | D\\&U | ICV |\n| 1925 | 878 | 67 | 47 | 14 | 0\\.004 | 0\\.1 |\n| 1933 | 435 | 52 | (incl in B\\&O) | (incl in B\\&O) | (incl in B\\&O) | (incl in B\\&O) |\n| 1944 | 2758 | 81 |\n| 1960 | 533 | 37 |\n| 1970 | 64 | ? |",
"{{Wide image\\|Columbian at Thomas Viaduct.jpg\\|600px\\|align\\-cap\\=center\\|The ''\\[\\[Columbian (B\\&O train)\\|Columbian]]'' on \\[\\[Thomas Viaduct]], \\[\\[Relay, Maryland]], in 1949\\. The original 1835 Viaduct, which carried Washington D.C.'s first rail connection to Baltimore, is still in use in 2023\\.\\|80%\\|center}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in what is now part of [Kagoshima City](/wiki/Kagoshima%2C_Kagoshima "Kagoshima, Kagoshima") as the son of a *[samurai](/wiki/Samurai "Samurai")* of the [Satsuma Domain](/wiki/Satsuma_Domain "Satsuma Domain"), Itō studied [naval engineering](/wiki/Naval_engineering "Naval engineering") and [gunnery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery") at the [Kobe Naval Training Center](/wiki/Kobe_Naval_Training_Center "Kobe Naval Training Center") together with [Sakamoto Ryōma](/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma "Sakamoto Ryōma") and [Mutsu Munemitsu](/wiki/Mutsu_Munemitsu "Mutsu Munemitsu"). He participated in the [Anglo\-Satsuma War](/wiki/Anglo-Satsuma_War "Anglo-Satsuma War") as a member of the Satsuma domain's navy. Before the [Boshin War](/wiki/Boshin_War "Boshin War"), Itoh had already relocated to [Edo](/wiki/Edo "Edo") and had placed his naval skills at the service of the forces striving to overthrow the [Tokugawa Shogunate](/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate "Tokugawa Shogunate"). He escaped from the burning of the Satsuma Domain residence in Edo and subsequently fought in many of the naval engagements of the Boshin War.
After the [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration "Meiji Restoration"), Itō was commissioned as a [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") and served on the [corvette](/wiki/Corvette "Corvette") *[Nisshin](/wiki/Japanese_warship_Nisshin "Japanese warship Nisshin")* in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Navy, commanding the *Nisshin* from 1877\. Promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 "Captain (naval)") in 1882, he served on many warships of the [Imperial Japanese Navy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy "Imperial Japanese Navy") in its pioneer days, notably the [*Ryūjō*](/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D_%281864%29 "Japanese battleship Ryūjō (1864)"), [*Fusō*](/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_warship_Fus%C5%8D "Japanese ironclad warship Fusō"), and [*Hiei*](/wiki/Japanese_corvette_Hiei "Japanese corvette Hiei"). In 1885, he was placed in charge of the [Yokosuka Naval Arsenal](/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal "Yokosuka Naval Arsenal"). The same year, he travelled to the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), and brought the [*Naniwa*](/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Naniwa "Japanese cruiser Naniwa") back to Japan.
On 15 June 1886, he was promoted to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral "Rear admiral"), and made commandant of the [Imperial Japanese Navy Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Academy "Imperial Japanese Navy Academy"). He was promoted to [vice admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral "Vice admiral") on 12 December 1892 and made commandant of the [Yokosuka Naval District](/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District "Yokosuka Naval District"). On 20 May 1893, he became [commander\-in\-chief](/wiki/Commander-in-chief "Commander-in-chief") of the [Readiness Fleet](/wiki/Readiness_Fleet "Readiness Fleet").
With the start of the [First Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War "First Sino-Japanese War") in 1894, he became the first Commander\-in\-Chief of the [Combined Fleet](/wiki/Combined_Fleet "Combined Fleet") and won several naval battles against the [Chinese Empire](/wiki/Late_Imperial_China "Late Imperial China")'s [Beiyang Fleet](/wiki/Beiyang_Fleet "Beiyang Fleet") led by Admiral [Ding Ruchang](/wiki/Ding_Ruchang "Ding Ruchang"), notably at the [Battle of the Yellow Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_%281894%29 "Battle of the Yalu River (1894)").
On 11 May 1895, Itō became Chief of the [Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff "Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff"). In 1898, and was ennobled with the title of *shishaku* ([viscount](/wiki/Viscount "Viscount")) on 5 August 1898 under the *[kazoku](/wiki/Kazoku "Kazoku")* peerage system. He was promoted to full [admiral](/wiki/Admiral "Admiral") on 28 September 1898\.
[thumb\|[Ukiyo\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e "Ukiyo-e") print by [Toshihide Migita](/wiki/Toshihide_Migita "Toshihide Migita") depicting Admiral Itō accepting the surrender of Chinese forces after the [Battle of Weihaiwei](/wiki/Battle_of_Weihaiwei "Battle of Weihaiwei"), dated November 1895](/wiki/Image:Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg "Weihaiwei surrender.jpg")
During the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War") he continued to serve as head of the Navy General Staff . After the war, he became [marshal admiral](/wiki/Gensui_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 "Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)") on 31 January 1905, and his [title of nobility](/wiki/Title_of_nobility "Title of nobility") was raised to that of *hakushaku* ([count](/wiki/Count "Count")) in 1907\. At the same time, he was awarded the [Order of the Golden Kite](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Kite "Order of the Golden Kite") (1st class) and the Grand Cordon of the Supreme [Order of the Chrysanthemum](/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum "Order of the Chrysanthemum").
Itō professed to have absolutely no interest in politics whatsoever, but was unofficially regarded as one of the *[genrō](/wiki/Genr%C5%8D "Genrō")* by his contemporaries.
Itō died in 1914\. His grave is at the temple of Kaian\-ji in [Shinagawa](/wiki/Shinagawa "Shinagawa"), Tokyo.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in what is now part of [Kagoshima City](/wiki/Kagoshima%2C_Kagoshima \"Kagoshima, Kagoshima\") as the son of a *[samurai](/wiki/Samurai \"Samurai\")* of the [Satsuma Domain](/wiki/Satsuma_Domain \"Satsuma Domain\"), Itō studied [naval engineering](/wiki/Naval_engineering \"Naval engineering\") and [gunnery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\") at the [Kobe Naval Training Center](/wiki/Kobe_Naval_Training_Center \"Kobe Naval Training Center\") together with [Sakamoto Ryōma](/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma \"Sakamoto Ryōma\") and [Mutsu Munemitsu](/wiki/Mutsu_Munemitsu \"Mutsu Munemitsu\"). He participated in the [Anglo\\-Satsuma War](/wiki/Anglo-Satsuma_War \"Anglo-Satsuma War\") as a member of the Satsuma domain's navy. Before the [Boshin War](/wiki/Boshin_War \"Boshin War\"), Itoh had already relocated to [Edo](/wiki/Edo \"Edo\") and had placed his naval skills at the service of the forces striving to overthrow the [Tokugawa Shogunate](/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate \"Tokugawa Shogunate\"). He escaped from the burning of the Satsuma Domain residence in Edo and subsequently fought in many of the naval engagements of the Boshin War.",
"After the [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration \"Meiji Restoration\"), Itō was commissioned as a [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") and served on the [corvette](/wiki/Corvette \"Corvette\") *[Nisshin](/wiki/Japanese_warship_Nisshin \"Japanese warship Nisshin\")* in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Navy, commanding the *Nisshin* from 1877\\. Promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 \"Captain (naval)\") in 1882, he served on many warships of the [Imperial Japanese Navy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy \"Imperial Japanese Navy\") in its pioneer days, notably the [*Ryūjō*](/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D_%281864%29 \"Japanese battleship Ryūjō (1864)\"), [*Fusō*](/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_warship_Fus%C5%8D \"Japanese ironclad warship Fusō\"), and [*Hiei*](/wiki/Japanese_corvette_Hiei \"Japanese corvette Hiei\"). In 1885, he was placed in charge of the [Yokosuka Naval Arsenal](/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal \"Yokosuka Naval Arsenal\"). The same year, he travelled to the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), and brought the [*Naniwa*](/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Naniwa \"Japanese cruiser Naniwa\") back to Japan.",
"On 15 June 1886, he was promoted to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral \"Rear admiral\"), and made commandant of the [Imperial Japanese Navy Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Academy \"Imperial Japanese Navy Academy\"). He was promoted to [vice admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral \"Vice admiral\") on 12 December 1892 and made commandant of the [Yokosuka Naval District](/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District \"Yokosuka Naval District\"). On 20 May 1893, he became [commander\\-in\\-chief](/wiki/Commander-in-chief \"Commander-in-chief\") of the [Readiness Fleet](/wiki/Readiness_Fleet \"Readiness Fleet\").",
"With the start of the [First Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War \"First Sino-Japanese War\") in 1894, he became the first Commander\\-in\\-Chief of the [Combined Fleet](/wiki/Combined_Fleet \"Combined Fleet\") and won several naval battles against the [Chinese Empire](/wiki/Late_Imperial_China \"Late Imperial China\")'s [Beiyang Fleet](/wiki/Beiyang_Fleet \"Beiyang Fleet\") led by Admiral [Ding Ruchang](/wiki/Ding_Ruchang \"Ding Ruchang\"), notably at the [Battle of the Yellow Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_%281894%29 \"Battle of the Yalu River (1894)\").",
"On 11 May 1895, Itō became Chief of the [Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff \"Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff\"). In 1898, and was ennobled with the title of *shishaku* ([viscount](/wiki/Viscount \"Viscount\")) on 5 August 1898 under the *[kazoku](/wiki/Kazoku \"Kazoku\")* peerage system. He was promoted to full [admiral](/wiki/Admiral \"Admiral\") on 28 September 1898\\.\n[thumb\\|[Ukiyo\\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e \"Ukiyo-e\") print by [Toshihide Migita](/wiki/Toshihide_Migita \"Toshihide Migita\") depicting Admiral Itō accepting the surrender of Chinese forces after the [Battle of Weihaiwei](/wiki/Battle_of_Weihaiwei \"Battle of Weihaiwei\"), dated November 1895](/wiki/Image:Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg \"Weihaiwei surrender.jpg\")\nDuring the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\") he continued to serve as head of the Navy General Staff . After the war, he became [marshal admiral](/wiki/Gensui_%28Imperial_Japanese_Navy%29 \"Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)\") on 31 January 1905, and his [title of nobility](/wiki/Title_of_nobility \"Title of nobility\") was raised to that of *hakushaku* ([count](/wiki/Count \"Count\")) in 1907\\. At the same time, he was awarded the [Order of the Golden Kite](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Kite \"Order of the Golden Kite\") (1st class) and the Grand Cordon of the Supreme [Order of the Chrysanthemum](/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum \"Order of the Chrysanthemum\").",
"Itō professed to have absolutely no interest in politics whatsoever, but was unofficially regarded as one of the *[genrō](/wiki/Genr%C5%8D \"Genrō\")* by his contemporaries.",
"Itō died in 1914\\. His grave is at the temple of Kaian\\-ji in [Shinagawa](/wiki/Shinagawa \"Shinagawa\"), Tokyo.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Legend of origin
The Roots brothers located their business in Connersville, Indiana, as the [Whitewater Canal](/wiki/Whitewater_Canal "Whitewater Canal") provided a convenient 11\-foot (3\.35 metre) drop, suitable for an undershot mill wheel. When this proved insufficiently powerful, Philander Roots built a more efficient "water motor" to exploit the power source. However, the lobe impellers were made of wood, which warped and caused the motor to jam when used under water. As the brothers studied the problem on dry land, one of them rotated a shaft, causing the impellers to spin in the air, "blowing off his brother's hat".[History of Connersville Indiana. The Historical Industrial Companies: ROOTS Blower Company](http://www.connersvillechamber.com/tourism/tourism_history.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424001957/http://www.connersvillechamber.com/tourism/tourism\_history.htm \|date\=2015\-04\-24 }}. Retrieved 1 April 2012\. This attracted the attention of the superintendent of an iron foundry, who observed to Roots that it could be used to help melt iron. Roots followed up the idea by designing the [Roots blower](/wiki/Roots_blower "Roots blower"), "now (1931\) the leading product of the plant". The foundry superintendent was given the role of foundry foreman at Roots Blower.
### Company history
The Roots brothers patented the Roots Blower in 1860\.[Stahl Electromach: Roots Blower](http://www.electromach.nl/home/newsletter-expressmail-uk/february-2011/control-panel-for-roots-blower.html) In 1869 they were granted a patent by the United Kingdom Patent Office for the invention of "improvements in rotary blowing machines."[London Gazette, November 12, 1869, page 6052\.](http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23554/pages/6052/page.pdf)
In 1875, Roots exhibited a blower at the [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") Exhibition; [Thwaites and Carbutt](/wiki/Thwaites_and_Carbutt "Thwaites and Carbutt") exhibited a Roots principle "air blowing machine" for mine ventilation in the same exhibition.[Oil of Russia: New Technologies of "Steam Age"](http://www.oilru.com/or/25/439). Archive No.4, 2005\. Retrieved 1 April 2012\.
In 1885, Edgar Dwight Johnston joined the firm of 30 people; he became vice president in 1889 and president in 1898, remaining so until at least 1931\. At that time, the firm employed about 225 people.
In 1900, [Gottlieb Daimler](/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler "Gottlieb Daimler") patented a Roots supercharger for a car's internal combustion engine.[Mini\-Blowers.com: Roots Blower History](http://www.mini-blowers.com/roots-blower-history.php)
In 1931, Roots Blower Company and Connersville Blower Company were bought by the International Derrick and Equipment Company to found Roots\-Connersville Blower Company. The same year, the company began production of centrifugal compressors.[Dresser Roots product catalogue, with history](http://www.dresserroots.com/documents/MISC/roots_b_prod_catalog.pdf). Retrieved 1 April 2012\.
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the company made [screw compressors](/wiki/Rotary_screw_compressor "Rotary screw compressor") for [U.S. Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [submarines](/wiki/Submarine "Submarine"), which they used to blow ballast water.
From 1944, Roots became a product brand of [Dresser Industries](/wiki/Dresser_Industries "Dresser Industries"). In 2010 Dresser was acquired by GE and integrated into the GE Energy Services and Power \& Water business units.[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110201007310/en/GE\-Completes\-3\-Billion\-Acquisition\-of\-Dresser\-Inc](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110201007310/en/GE-Completes-3-Billion-Acquisition-of-Dresser-Inc). {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
Five years later in 2015, the Roots company was acquired by Colfax Corporation, and became a part of Colfax's UK based engineering company Howden.[https://ir.enovis.com/news\-releases/news\-release\-details/colfax\-announces\-acquisition\-rootstm\-blowers\-compressors](https://ir.enovis.com/news-releases/news-release-details/colfax-announces-acquisition-rootstm-blowers-compressors) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} In 2023, Chart Industries purchased Howden[https://www.globenewswire.com/news\-release/2023/03/17/2629484/0/en/Chart\-Industries\-Completes\-the\-Acquisition\-of\-Howden.html](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/03/17/2629484/0/en/Chart-Industries-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Howden.html) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} and quickly divested of Roots in a sale to Ingersoll Rand.[https://investors.irco.com/news/news\-details/2023/Ingersoll\-Rand\-Completes\-Acquisition\-of\-Roots\-from\-Chart\-Industries/default.aspx](https://investors.irco.com/news/news-details/2023/Ingersoll-Rand-Completes-Acquisition-of-Roots-from-Chart-Industries/default.aspx) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Legend of origin",
"The Roots brothers located their business in Connersville, Indiana, as the [Whitewater Canal](/wiki/Whitewater_Canal \"Whitewater Canal\") provided a convenient 11\\-foot (3\\.35 metre) drop, suitable for an undershot mill wheel. When this proved insufficiently powerful, Philander Roots built a more efficient \"water motor\" to exploit the power source. However, the lobe impellers were made of wood, which warped and caused the motor to jam when used under water. As the brothers studied the problem on dry land, one of them rotated a shaft, causing the impellers to spin in the air, \"blowing off his brother's hat\".[History of Connersville Indiana. The Historical Industrial Companies: ROOTS Blower Company](http://www.connersvillechamber.com/tourism/tourism_history.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424001957/http://www.connersvillechamber.com/tourism/tourism\\_history.htm \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-24 }}. Retrieved 1 April 2012\\. This attracted the attention of the superintendent of an iron foundry, who observed to Roots that it could be used to help melt iron. Roots followed up the idea by designing the [Roots blower](/wiki/Roots_blower \"Roots blower\"), \"now (1931\\) the leading product of the plant\". The foundry superintendent was given the role of foundry foreman at Roots Blower.",
"### Company history",
"The Roots brothers patented the Roots Blower in 1860\\.[Stahl Electromach: Roots Blower](http://www.electromach.nl/home/newsletter-expressmail-uk/february-2011/control-panel-for-roots-blower.html) In 1869 they were granted a patent by the United Kingdom Patent Office for the invention of \"improvements in rotary blowing machines.\"[London Gazette, November 12, 1869, page 6052\\.](http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23554/pages/6052/page.pdf)",
"In 1875, Roots exhibited a blower at the [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") Exhibition; [Thwaites and Carbutt](/wiki/Thwaites_and_Carbutt \"Thwaites and Carbutt\") exhibited a Roots principle \"air blowing machine\" for mine ventilation in the same exhibition.[Oil of Russia: New Technologies of \"Steam Age\"](http://www.oilru.com/or/25/439). Archive No.4, 2005\\. Retrieved 1 April 2012\\.",
"In 1885, Edgar Dwight Johnston joined the firm of 30 people; he became vice president in 1889 and president in 1898, remaining so until at least 1931\\. At that time, the firm employed about 225 people.",
"In 1900, [Gottlieb Daimler](/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler \"Gottlieb Daimler\") patented a Roots supercharger for a car's internal combustion engine.[Mini\\-Blowers.com: Roots Blower History](http://www.mini-blowers.com/roots-blower-history.php)",
"In 1931, Roots Blower Company and Connersville Blower Company were bought by the International Derrick and Equipment Company to found Roots\\-Connersville Blower Company. The same year, the company began production of centrifugal compressors.[Dresser Roots product catalogue, with history](http://www.dresserroots.com/documents/MISC/roots_b_prod_catalog.pdf). Retrieved 1 April 2012\\.",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the company made [screw compressors](/wiki/Rotary_screw_compressor \"Rotary screw compressor\") for [U.S. Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [submarines](/wiki/Submarine \"Submarine\"), which they used to blow ballast water.",
"From 1944, Roots became a product brand of [Dresser Industries](/wiki/Dresser_Industries \"Dresser Industries\"). In 2010 Dresser was acquired by GE and integrated into the GE Energy Services and Power \\& Water business units.[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110201007310/en/GE\\-Completes\\-3\\-Billion\\-Acquisition\\-of\\-Dresser\\-Inc](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110201007310/en/GE-Completes-3-Billion-Acquisition-of-Dresser-Inc). {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} \nFive years later in 2015, the Roots company was acquired by Colfax Corporation, and became a part of Colfax's UK based engineering company Howden.[https://ir.enovis.com/news\\-releases/news\\-release\\-details/colfax\\-announces\\-acquisition\\-rootstm\\-blowers\\-compressors](https://ir.enovis.com/news-releases/news-release-details/colfax-announces-acquisition-rootstm-blowers-compressors) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} In 2023, Chart Industries purchased Howden[https://www.globenewswire.com/news\\-release/2023/03/17/2629484/0/en/Chart\\-Industries\\-Completes\\-the\\-Acquisition\\-of\\-Howden.html](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/03/17/2629484/0/en/Chart-Industries-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Howden.html) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} and quickly divested of Roots in a sale to Ingersoll Rand.[https://investors.irco.com/news/news\\-details/2023/Ingersoll\\-Rand\\-Completes\\-Acquisition\\-of\\-Roots\\-from\\-Chart\\-Industries/default.aspx](https://investors.irco.com/news/news-details/2023/Ingersoll-Rand-Completes-Acquisition-of-Roots-from-Chart-Industries/default.aspx) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
""
] |
Growth
------
In 1908 Allder's family sold the business to J. W. Holdron and F. C. Bearman, owners of stores in [Balham](/wiki/Balham "Balham") and [Leytonstone](/wiki/Leytonstone "Leytonstone") respectively. They developed the store into 50 departments with 500 staff and owned the business until 1921\. It then passed to the Lawrence family, under whose control it became a limited company.
In 1926, the famous North End facade was erected, uniting the frontage of the Croydon premises for the first time. In 1932 an Arcade from North End to George Street was completed, proving a very popular addition to the store. An extension to the restaurant was opened in the same year.
The building suffered considerable damage in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") but never closed. Improvements during the 1950s included the takeover of a cinema auditorium as the gift department and the installation of Croydon's first escalators, built by [J \& E Hall](/wiki/J_%26_E_Hall "J & E Hall"), in 1954\. By 1958, the Lawrence family was forced to sell as a result of death duties incurred after the death of Daniel Arthur Lawrence, managing director. The store was acquired by Jack \& Bernard Lyons' [United Drapery Stores](/wiki/United_Drapery_Stores "United Drapery Stores") (UDS), owners of [Richard Shops](/wiki/Richard_Shops "Richard Shops"), [John Collier](/wiki/John_Collier_%28retailer%29 "John Collier (retailer)"), Alexandre Tailors and several department stores.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=E5M\-AAAAIAAJ\&q\=allders\|title\=Takeover: The Growth of Monopoly in Britain, 1951\-61\|author\=Lawrence and Wihart\|date\=1962\|page\=63}} The son of D. A. Lawrence, S. John Lawrence, was kept on by UDS as managing director. Allders continued to expand, reaching £1 million turnover in 1958 and £3 million by 1963\. Fashion's importance declined, with household items taking a greater role.
In the 1960s there was considerable change in Croydon, particularly the construction of the [Whitgift Centre](/wiki/Whitgift_Centre "Whitgift Centre") to the north of Allders, into which the store expanded, and the creation of the St George's Walk development. Transport and lifestyle changes led to greater competition with the [West End](/wiki/West_End_of_London "West End of London") and further improvements were required to modernise the store. The section fronting George Street was rebuilt and expanded, retaining a Victorian facade, alongside a new addition. Rebuilding works continued into Dingwall Avenue and by 1976 Allders had 1,700 staff and 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of floor space. It was a Croydon landmark and became the third\-largest department store in the UK, after [Harrods](/wiki/Harrods "Harrods") and [Selfridges](/wiki/Selfridges "Selfridges"). It had the largest carpet department in Europe, amongst other claims. Croydon was by this time a major retail centre.
Allders' immediate competitor, Kennards, was renamed [Debenhams](/wiki/Debenhams "Debenhams") in 1973, along with many other Debenhams stores. To compete with the central buying and advertising of Debenhams and other larger groups, the department stores owned by UDS were all gradually renamed Allders. This process began with Shinners of [Sutton](/wiki/Sutton%2C_London "Sutton, London") in 1979 and later Hinds of [Eltham](/wiki/Eltham%2C_London "Eltham, London"), Medhursts of [Bromley](/wiki/Bromley "Bromley"), James Page of [Camberley](/wiki/Camberley "Camberley"), Mackross of Cardiff, Willis Ludlow of [Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull "Kingston upon Hull") and Landport Drapery Bazaar (LDB) in [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth"). Only [Arding \& Hobbs](/wiki/Arding_%26_Hobbs "Arding & Hobbs") at [Clapham Junction](/wiki/Clapham_Junction_%28area%29 "Clapham Junction (area)") in London and the furnishing store of Clover at [Kirkstall](/wiki/Kirkstall "Kirkstall") in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds") retained their original identities. A new geometric logo of ten orange 'A's arranged in a circle on brown and cream\-coloured stationery, bags and carpets appeared across the group, together with the phrase "All that a great store should be".
[thumb\|Allders in 1983](/wiki/File:North_End%2C_Croydon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_625263.jpg "North End, Croydon - geograph.org.uk - 625263.jpg")
In 1983 the Lyons family sold the UDS Group to [Hanson plc](/wiki/Hanson_plc "Hanson plc") and Allders became a flagship company of the group, with [Lord Hanson](/wiki/James_Hanson%2C_Baron_Hanson "James Hanson, Baron Hanson") appearing on Allders' roof in TV adverts. Allders expanded with new stores opening in [Basildon](/wiki/Basildon "Basildon") and [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Medway "Chatham, Medway") and in many international airports as [duty\-free](/wiki/Duty-free "Duty-free") concessions. A new 'Fourth Floor' was built on the roof of the Croydon store to house a new Audio and Television Department and two new restaurants as well as a link into the staff areas of London House on Dingwall Avenue. The group's brown, cream and orange livery was replaced with a scheme of light blue and gold lettering on a dark blue background.
In 1989 a [management buyout](/wiki/Management_buyout "Management buyout") saw the international arm spun off as a separate company. There was continued upheaval in Croydon with the complete refurbishment of the Whitgift Centre and of parts of the store. The vast carpet department was contracted to a secondary location allowing for the creation of a new perfumery and cosmetics hall at the centre of the ground floor. A new Allders store of {{convert\|137000\|sqft\|m2}} opened at [Woking](/wiki/Woking "Woking") in 1992\. Allders plc was floated on the stock market in 1993\.
The growth of the group rapidly accelerated following stock market flotation with the acquisition of existing stores and the building of new ones. This began with the acquisition of [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham") Co\-op's lease on their Broad Marsh Centre store and the development of a chain of stand\-alone home furnishing stores. The opening of a second Clover store at [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham "Rotherham") was succeeded by the development of "At Home with Allders" a concept for new stores in out\-of\-town [retail parks](/wiki/Retail_park "Retail park"), the first of which opened at [Aylesford](/wiki/Aylesford "Aylesford") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent") in 1994\. The Clover stores were both rebranded.
In September 1996 Allders purchased a number of department stores from the [Owen Owen](/wiki/Owen_Owen "Owen Owen") group that traded under the [Lewis's](/wiki/Lewis%27s "Lewis's") and Owen Owen names. This included branches in [Basingstoke](/wiki/Basingstoke "Basingstoke"), [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry"), [Ilford](/wiki/Ilford "Ilford"), [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds"), [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford"), [Redditch](/wiki/Redditch "Redditch") and [Slough](/wiki/Slough "Slough").
In 1997 Allders acquired the bankrupt [Maples](/wiki/Maple_%26_Co. "Maple & Co.") furniture brand and seven of its retail outlets. These stores were integrated into the Allders At Home portfolio and brought the brand to town centre locations in [Bromley](/wiki/Bromley "Bromley"), [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford "Chelmsford"), [Crawley](/wiki/Crawley "Crawley"), [Kingston upon Thames](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames "Kingston upon Thames"), [Reading](/wiki/Reading%2C_Berkshire "Reading, Berkshire"), [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield "Sutton Coldfield") and [Watford](/wiki/Watford "Watford"). The Bromley outlet, in direct competition with the town's main Allders store, was soon disposed of. The Kingston store, offering a range focussed solely on furniture, beds and carpets, struggled to compete with [Bentalls](/wiki/Bentalls "Bentalls") and [John Lewis](/wiki/John_Lewis_%28department_store%29 "John Lewis (department store)"). This competition in the town and the frontage of the store being obscured for some time whilst work on the Kingston Bridge was carried out led to the store's closure within two years. A second Kingston store was later opened in the former [C \& A](/wiki/C_%26_A "C & A") building, offering a broader range of merchandise for the home.
|
[
"Growth\n------",
"In 1908 Allder's family sold the business to J. W. Holdron and F. C. Bearman, owners of stores in [Balham](/wiki/Balham \"Balham\") and [Leytonstone](/wiki/Leytonstone \"Leytonstone\") respectively. They developed the store into 50 departments with 500 staff and owned the business until 1921\\. It then passed to the Lawrence family, under whose control it became a limited company.",
"In 1926, the famous North End facade was erected, uniting the frontage of the Croydon premises for the first time. In 1932 an Arcade from North End to George Street was completed, proving a very popular addition to the store. An extension to the restaurant was opened in the same year.",
"The building suffered considerable damage in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") but never closed. Improvements during the 1950s included the takeover of a cinema auditorium as the gift department and the installation of Croydon's first escalators, built by [J \\& E Hall](/wiki/J_%26_E_Hall \"J & E Hall\"), in 1954\\. By 1958, the Lawrence family was forced to sell as a result of death duties incurred after the death of Daniel Arthur Lawrence, managing director. The store was acquired by Jack \\& Bernard Lyons' [United Drapery Stores](/wiki/United_Drapery_Stores \"United Drapery Stores\") (UDS), owners of [Richard Shops](/wiki/Richard_Shops \"Richard Shops\"), [John Collier](/wiki/John_Collier_%28retailer%29 \"John Collier (retailer)\"), Alexandre Tailors and several department stores.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=E5M\\-AAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=allders\\|title\\=Takeover: The Growth of Monopoly in Britain, 1951\\-61\\|author\\=Lawrence and Wihart\\|date\\=1962\\|page\\=63}} The son of D. A. Lawrence, S. John Lawrence, was kept on by UDS as managing director. Allders continued to expand, reaching £1 million turnover in 1958 and £3 million by 1963\\. Fashion's importance declined, with household items taking a greater role.",
"In the 1960s there was considerable change in Croydon, particularly the construction of the [Whitgift Centre](/wiki/Whitgift_Centre \"Whitgift Centre\") to the north of Allders, into which the store expanded, and the creation of the St George's Walk development. Transport and lifestyle changes led to greater competition with the [West End](/wiki/West_End_of_London \"West End of London\") and further improvements were required to modernise the store. The section fronting George Street was rebuilt and expanded, retaining a Victorian facade, alongside a new addition. Rebuilding works continued into Dingwall Avenue and by 1976 Allders had 1,700 staff and 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of floor space. It was a Croydon landmark and became the third\\-largest department store in the UK, after [Harrods](/wiki/Harrods \"Harrods\") and [Selfridges](/wiki/Selfridges \"Selfridges\"). It had the largest carpet department in Europe, amongst other claims. Croydon was by this time a major retail centre.",
"Allders' immediate competitor, Kennards, was renamed [Debenhams](/wiki/Debenhams \"Debenhams\") in 1973, along with many other Debenhams stores. To compete with the central buying and advertising of Debenhams and other larger groups, the department stores owned by UDS were all gradually renamed Allders. This process began with Shinners of [Sutton](/wiki/Sutton%2C_London \"Sutton, London\") in 1979 and later Hinds of [Eltham](/wiki/Eltham%2C_London \"Eltham, London\"), Medhursts of [Bromley](/wiki/Bromley \"Bromley\"), James Page of [Camberley](/wiki/Camberley \"Camberley\"), Mackross of Cardiff, Willis Ludlow of [Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull \"Kingston upon Hull\") and Landport Drapery Bazaar (LDB) in [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\"). Only [Arding \\& Hobbs](/wiki/Arding_%26_Hobbs \"Arding & Hobbs\") at [Clapham Junction](/wiki/Clapham_Junction_%28area%29 \"Clapham Junction (area)\") in London and the furnishing store of Clover at [Kirkstall](/wiki/Kirkstall \"Kirkstall\") in [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\") retained their original identities. A new geometric logo of ten orange 'A's arranged in a circle on brown and cream\\-coloured stationery, bags and carpets appeared across the group, together with the phrase \"All that a great store should be\".",
"[thumb\\|Allders in 1983](/wiki/File:North_End%2C_Croydon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_625263.jpg \"North End, Croydon - geograph.org.uk - 625263.jpg\")\nIn 1983 the Lyons family sold the UDS Group to [Hanson plc](/wiki/Hanson_plc \"Hanson plc\") and Allders became a flagship company of the group, with [Lord Hanson](/wiki/James_Hanson%2C_Baron_Hanson \"James Hanson, Baron Hanson\") appearing on Allders' roof in TV adverts. Allders expanded with new stores opening in [Basildon](/wiki/Basildon \"Basildon\") and [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Medway \"Chatham, Medway\") and in many international airports as [duty\\-free](/wiki/Duty-free \"Duty-free\") concessions. A new 'Fourth Floor' was built on the roof of the Croydon store to house a new Audio and Television Department and two new restaurants as well as a link into the staff areas of London House on Dingwall Avenue. The group's brown, cream and orange livery was replaced with a scheme of light blue and gold lettering on a dark blue background.",
"In 1989 a [management buyout](/wiki/Management_buyout \"Management buyout\") saw the international arm spun off as a separate company. There was continued upheaval in Croydon with the complete refurbishment of the Whitgift Centre and of parts of the store. The vast carpet department was contracted to a secondary location allowing for the creation of a new perfumery and cosmetics hall at the centre of the ground floor. A new Allders store of {{convert\\|137000\\|sqft\\|m2}} opened at [Woking](/wiki/Woking \"Woking\") in 1992\\. Allders plc was floated on the stock market in 1993\\.",
"The growth of the group rapidly accelerated following stock market flotation with the acquisition of existing stores and the building of new ones. This began with the acquisition of [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham \"Nottingham\") Co\\-op's lease on their Broad Marsh Centre store and the development of a chain of stand\\-alone home furnishing stores. The opening of a second Clover store at [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham \"Rotherham\") was succeeded by the development of \"At Home with Allders\" a concept for new stores in out\\-of\\-town [retail parks](/wiki/Retail_park \"Retail park\"), the first of which opened at [Aylesford](/wiki/Aylesford \"Aylesford\") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") in 1994\\. The Clover stores were both rebranded.",
"In September 1996 Allders purchased a number of department stores from the [Owen Owen](/wiki/Owen_Owen \"Owen Owen\") group that traded under the [Lewis's](/wiki/Lewis%27s \"Lewis's\") and Owen Owen names. This included branches in [Basingstoke](/wiki/Basingstoke \"Basingstoke\"), [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\"), [Ilford](/wiki/Ilford \"Ilford\"), [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\"), [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\"), [Redditch](/wiki/Redditch \"Redditch\") and [Slough](/wiki/Slough \"Slough\").",
"In 1997 Allders acquired the bankrupt [Maples](/wiki/Maple_%26_Co. \"Maple & Co.\") furniture brand and seven of its retail outlets. These stores were integrated into the Allders At Home portfolio and brought the brand to town centre locations in [Bromley](/wiki/Bromley \"Bromley\"), [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford \"Chelmsford\"), [Crawley](/wiki/Crawley \"Crawley\"), [Kingston upon Thames](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames \"Kingston upon Thames\"), [Reading](/wiki/Reading%2C_Berkshire \"Reading, Berkshire\"), [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield \"Sutton Coldfield\") and [Watford](/wiki/Watford \"Watford\"). The Bromley outlet, in direct competition with the town's main Allders store, was soon disposed of. The Kingston store, offering a range focussed solely on furniture, beds and carpets, struggled to compete with [Bentalls](/wiki/Bentalls \"Bentalls\") and [John Lewis](/wiki/John_Lewis_%28department_store%29 \"John Lewis (department store)\"). This competition in the town and the frontage of the store being obscured for some time whilst work on the Kingston Bridge was carried out led to the store's closure within two years. A second Kingston store was later opened in the former [C \\& A](/wiki/C_%26_A \"C & A\") building, offering a broader range of merchandise for the home.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### Prologue
The French armies win a glorious battle. Victory predicts France will triumph over evil just as Orpheus triumphed over the powers of the underworld.
### Act One
Orpheus and Eurydice are due to be married. But when Eurydice's father, Endymion, takes [auguries](/wiki/Augury "Augury") they forebode trouble. Aristaeus is unhappily in love with Eurydice and calls on the goddess Venus for aid. She tells him the marriage cannot be stopped but she will do her best to seduce Orpheus and Eurydice away from one another. As the wedding takes place, the torches suddenly go out, another evil omen.
### Act Two
Venus, dressed as an old woman, tries to persuade Eurydice to love Aristaeus, but she is inflexible. Cupid betrays his mother, Venus's schemes to Orpheus and he rushes off to warn Eurydice. But Eurydice is bitten by a snake as she is dancing and dies.
### Act Three
The grieving Orpheus sets off to rescue Eurydice from the underworld. Eurydice's ghost drives Aristaeus mad and he commits suicide. The goddess Juno persuades Proserpine, the wife of Pluto (the king of the underworld), that she should be jealous of Eurydice's beauty and allow her to return to the land of the living with Orpheus. Proserpine persuades Pluto to release Eurydice and he does so on condition that Orpheus does not turn round to look at her before they have reached the [upper world](/wiki/Upper_World_%28Greek%29 "Upper World (Greek)"). Orpheus fails in this task and loses Eurydice again. In his grief, he seeks only death but Jupiter appears to tell him he, Eurydice and his [lyre](/wiki/Lyre "Lyre") will be turned into constellations.
### Epilogue
Mercury explains that Orpheus's lyre represents the [fleur\-de\-lys](/wiki/Fleur-de-lys "Fleur-de-lys") of France. The transformation of Orpheus and Eurydice into constellations is a symbol of the [Resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection "Resurrection"). He ends by wishing the young [King Louis](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV") a long life.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### Prologue",
"The French armies win a glorious battle. Victory predicts France will triumph over evil just as Orpheus triumphed over the powers of the underworld.",
"### Act One",
"Orpheus and Eurydice are due to be married. But when Eurydice's father, Endymion, takes [auguries](/wiki/Augury \"Augury\") they forebode trouble. Aristaeus is unhappily in love with Eurydice and calls on the goddess Venus for aid. She tells him the marriage cannot be stopped but she will do her best to seduce Orpheus and Eurydice away from one another. As the wedding takes place, the torches suddenly go out, another evil omen.",
"### Act Two",
"Venus, dressed as an old woman, tries to persuade Eurydice to love Aristaeus, but she is inflexible. Cupid betrays his mother, Venus's schemes to Orpheus and he rushes off to warn Eurydice. But Eurydice is bitten by a snake as she is dancing and dies.",
"### Act Three",
"The grieving Orpheus sets off to rescue Eurydice from the underworld. Eurydice's ghost drives Aristaeus mad and he commits suicide. The goddess Juno persuades Proserpine, the wife of Pluto (the king of the underworld), that she should be jealous of Eurydice's beauty and allow her to return to the land of the living with Orpheus. Proserpine persuades Pluto to release Eurydice and he does so on condition that Orpheus does not turn round to look at her before they have reached the [upper world](/wiki/Upper_World_%28Greek%29 \"Upper World (Greek)\"). Orpheus fails in this task and loses Eurydice again. In his grief, he seeks only death but Jupiter appears to tell him he, Eurydice and his [lyre](/wiki/Lyre \"Lyre\") will be turned into constellations.",
"### Epilogue",
"Mercury explains that Orpheus's lyre represents the [fleur\\-de\\-lys](/wiki/Fleur-de-lys \"Fleur-de-lys\") of France. The transformation of Orpheus and Eurydice into constellations is a symbol of the [Resurrection](/wiki/Resurrection \"Resurrection\"). He ends by wishing the young [King Louis](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\") a long life.",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
### 1994: Two\-Year\-Old Season
In her two\-year\-old season, Serena's Song started 10 times and won four races. She also finished second twice and third once while compiling earnings of $597,335\. In the [Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_Fillies "Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies"), she finished second to the undefeated champion [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders_%28horse%29 "Flanders (horse)") by a head. In the [Grade I](/wiki/Graded_stakes_race "Graded stakes race") [Hollywood Starlet Stakes](/wiki/Hollywood_Starlet_Stakes "Hollywood Starlet Stakes"), she beat Urbane.
### 1995: Three\-Year\-Old Season
In 13 starts at age three, Serena's Song won 9\. One of her top performances was in the second jewel of the [Fillies Triple Crown](/wiki/American_Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing "American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing"), the $200,000 Grade 2 [Black\-Eyed Susan Stakes](/wiki/Black-Eyed_Susan_Stakes "Black-Eyed Susan Stakes"). That race was run on May 19, 1995, over a mile and one eighth at [Pimlico Race Course](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course "Pimlico Race Course"). Serena's Song beat a field of seven stakes winners, including Conquistadoress and Rare Opportunity.
Serena's Song defeated males that year in the [Spiral Stakes](/wiki/Spiral_Stakes "Spiral Stakes") and the [Haskell Stakes](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational_Stakes "Haskell Invitational Stakes"). She also defeated older females in the [Beldame Stakes](/wiki/Beldame_Stakes "Beldame Stakes").
She then won the [American Champion Three\-Year\-Old Filly](/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly "American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly") award, winning $1,524,920\.
### 1996: Four\-Year\-Old Season
Serena's Song raced 15 times as a four\-year\-old and won 5, never coming worse than third, while running at eight different tracks. In May she won the [Pimlico Distaff](/wiki/Allaire_duPont_Distaff_Stakes "Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes"), now called the [Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes](/wiki/Allaire_duPont_Distaff_Stakes "Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes"), on the [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes "Preakness Stakes") undercard. She also came very close to winning the [Whitney Handicap](/wiki/Whitney_Handicap "Whitney Handicap") over males, and was second in the [Breeders' Cup Distaff](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Distaff "Breeders' Cup Distaff") to bring her year's earnings to $1,164,133\.
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"### 1994: Two\\-Year\\-Old Season",
"In her two\\-year\\-old season, Serena's Song started 10 times and won four races. She also finished second twice and third once while compiling earnings of $597,335\\. In the [Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_Fillies \"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies\"), she finished second to the undefeated champion [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders_%28horse%29 \"Flanders (horse)\") by a head. In the [Grade I](/wiki/Graded_stakes_race \"Graded stakes race\") [Hollywood Starlet Stakes](/wiki/Hollywood_Starlet_Stakes \"Hollywood Starlet Stakes\"), she beat Urbane.",
"### 1995: Three\\-Year\\-Old Season",
"In 13 starts at age three, Serena's Song won 9\\. One of her top performances was in the second jewel of the [Fillies Triple Crown](/wiki/American_Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing \"American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing\"), the $200,000 Grade 2 [Black\\-Eyed Susan Stakes](/wiki/Black-Eyed_Susan_Stakes \"Black-Eyed Susan Stakes\"). That race was run on May 19, 1995, over a mile and one eighth at [Pimlico Race Course](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course \"Pimlico Race Course\"). Serena's Song beat a field of seven stakes winners, including Conquistadoress and Rare Opportunity.",
"Serena's Song defeated males that year in the [Spiral Stakes](/wiki/Spiral_Stakes \"Spiral Stakes\") and the [Haskell Stakes](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational_Stakes \"Haskell Invitational Stakes\"). She also defeated older females in the [Beldame Stakes](/wiki/Beldame_Stakes \"Beldame Stakes\").",
"She then won the [American Champion Three\\-Year\\-Old Filly](/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly \"American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly\") award, winning $1,524,920\\.",
"### 1996: Four\\-Year\\-Old Season",
"Serena's Song raced 15 times as a four\\-year\\-old and won 5, never coming worse than third, while running at eight different tracks. In May she won the [Pimlico Distaff](/wiki/Allaire_duPont_Distaff_Stakes \"Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes\"), now called the [Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes](/wiki/Allaire_duPont_Distaff_Stakes \"Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes\"), on the [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes \"Preakness Stakes\") undercard. She also came very close to winning the [Whitney Handicap](/wiki/Whitney_Handicap \"Whitney Handicap\") over males, and was second in the [Breeders' Cup Distaff](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Distaff \"Breeders' Cup Distaff\") to bring her year's earnings to $1,164,133\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Youth career
Ars played in the youth of DVC'26 from the town of [Didam](/wiki/Didam "Didam"), and was later picked up by Dutch giants, [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord "Feyenoord"). He never broke through to the first team, and chose to play professionally for [De Graafschap](/wiki/De_Graafschap "De Graafschap").
### Dutch second division
After one season in [Doetinchem](/wiki/Doetinchem "Doetinchem"), he decided to sign with [FC Omniworld](/wiki/Almere_City_FC "Almere City FC"), a club that became a licensed pro\-club that year. In his first season in [Almere](/wiki/Almere "Almere"), Ars scored 17 goals.
He later played four successful seasons for [Go Ahead Eagles](/wiki/Go_Ahead_Eagles "Go Ahead Eagles") and [RBC Roosendaal](/wiki/RBC_Roosendaal "RBC Roosendaal").
### FC Zwolle
In 2010, Ars signed a contract at [FC Zwolle](/wiki/FC_Zwolle "FC Zwolle").{{cite news \|title\=Sjoerd Ars verlaat RBC voor Zwolle \|url\=http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/1399851403/Sjoerd\+Ars\+verlaat\+RBC\+voor\+Zwolle.aspx \|newspaper\=\[\[Omroep Brabant]] \|language\=Dutch \|trans\-title\=Sjoerd Ars leaves RBC for Zwolle \|date\=23 July 2010 \|accessdate\=23 October 2010}}{{cite news \|title\=Sjoerd Ars nieuwe spits FC Zwolle \|url\=http://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/?nid\=113572 \|newspaper\=RTV Oost \|language\=Dutch \|trans\-title\=Sjoerd Ars is FC Zwolle's new striker \|date\=23 July 2010 \|accessdate\=23 October 2010}} He started the season well by scoring 11 goals in his first 10 league matches. He finished the season with 28 goals, scored in 33 matches.
### Levski Sofia
His great season with [FC Zwolle](/wiki/FC_Zwolle "FC Zwolle") was enough to be signed by Bulgarian side [PFC Levski Sofia](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia "PFC Levski Sofia"). Ars arrived in Sofia on 23 June 2011 and signed a three\-year contract the next day. On 28 July 2011, in his official debut for Levski, he came on as a substitute and scored the [winning goal](/wiki/Last-minute_goal "Last-minute goal") for the 2–1 win over [FC Spartak Trnava](/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava "FC Spartak Trnava"). Ars also netted a goal to open the scoring in the return leg, while Levski were eventually eliminated after losing the [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)") to decide the match (the aggregate score at the end of extra time was 3–3\). On 6 November 2011, he scored a brace in the 3–2 home win over [Loko Plovdiv](/wiki/Loko_Plovdiv "Loko Plovdiv") in an [A Group](/wiki/A_PFG "A PFG") match.
### Tianjin Teda
In February 2012, Ars went to [Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League "Chinese Super League") side [Tianjin Teda](/wiki/Tianjin_Teda_F.C. "Tianjin Teda F.C.") on loan. Tianjin Teda also had an option to make the move permanent in the end of the 2012 league season. He made his official debut for Tianjin on 25 February, in a 2–1 [CFA Super Cup](/wiki/2012_Chinese_FA_Super_Cup "2012 Chinese FA Super Cup") defeat against [Guangzhou Evergrande](/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande "Guangzhou Evergrande").
After spells in Turkey, Ars returned to the Netherlands to join [NEC Nijmegen](/wiki/NEC_Nijmegen "NEC Nijmegen"). He topped the [Eerste Divisie](/wiki/Eerste_Divisie "Eerste Divisie") top goalscorers charts at the end of the club's title winning 2014–15 season[Ars met 28 goals topscorer van Jupiler League](http://www.ad.nl/eredivisie/ars-met-28-goals-topscorer-van-jupiler-league~af45ac58/) \- AD {{in lang\|nl}} and moved on to NAC.[NEC\-spits Ars op weg naar NAC](http://www.gelderlander.nl/sport/nec/nec-spits-ars-op-weg-naar-nac-1.5165566) \- de Gelderlander {{in lang\|nl}} In summer 2016, Ars left [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda "NAC Breda") for Hungarian side [Szombathelyi Haladás](/wiki/Szombathelyi_Halad%C3%A1s "Szombathelyi Haladás").[Ars verruilt NAC Breda voor Hongaars avontuur](http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/ars-verruilt-nac-breda-voor-hongaars-avontuur.htm) \- Voetbal International {{in lang\|nl}}
He played for [De Treffers](/wiki/De_Treffers "De Treffers") in the Dutch [Tweede Divisie](/wiki/Tweede_Divisie "Tweede Divisie") in the 2018–19 season before retiring in December 2018\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Youth career",
"Ars played in the youth of DVC'26 from the town of [Didam](/wiki/Didam \"Didam\"), and was later picked up by Dutch giants, [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\"). He never broke through to the first team, and chose to play professionally for [De Graafschap](/wiki/De_Graafschap \"De Graafschap\").",
"### Dutch second division",
"After one season in [Doetinchem](/wiki/Doetinchem \"Doetinchem\"), he decided to sign with [FC Omniworld](/wiki/Almere_City_FC \"Almere City FC\"), a club that became a licensed pro\\-club that year. In his first season in [Almere](/wiki/Almere \"Almere\"), Ars scored 17 goals.",
"He later played four successful seasons for [Go Ahead Eagles](/wiki/Go_Ahead_Eagles \"Go Ahead Eagles\") and [RBC Roosendaal](/wiki/RBC_Roosendaal \"RBC Roosendaal\").",
"### FC Zwolle",
"In 2010, Ars signed a contract at [FC Zwolle](/wiki/FC_Zwolle \"FC Zwolle\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Sjoerd Ars verlaat RBC voor Zwolle \\|url\\=http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/1399851403/Sjoerd\\+Ars\\+verlaat\\+RBC\\+voor\\+Zwolle.aspx \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Omroep Brabant]] \\|language\\=Dutch \\|trans\\-title\\=Sjoerd Ars leaves RBC for Zwolle \\|date\\=23 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=23 October 2010}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Sjoerd Ars nieuwe spits FC Zwolle \\|url\\=http://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/?nid\\=113572 \\|newspaper\\=RTV Oost \\|language\\=Dutch \\|trans\\-title\\=Sjoerd Ars is FC Zwolle's new striker \\|date\\=23 July 2010 \\|accessdate\\=23 October 2010}} He started the season well by scoring 11 goals in his first 10 league matches. He finished the season with 28 goals, scored in 33 matches.",
"### Levski Sofia",
"His great season with [FC Zwolle](/wiki/FC_Zwolle \"FC Zwolle\") was enough to be signed by Bulgarian side [PFC Levski Sofia](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia \"PFC Levski Sofia\"). Ars arrived in Sofia on 23 June 2011 and signed a three\\-year contract the next day. On 28 July 2011, in his official debut for Levski, he came on as a substitute and scored the [winning goal](/wiki/Last-minute_goal \"Last-minute goal\") for the 2–1 win over [FC Spartak Trnava](/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava \"FC Spartak Trnava\"). Ars also netted a goal to open the scoring in the return leg, while Levski were eventually eliminated after losing the [penalty shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\") to decide the match (the aggregate score at the end of extra time was 3–3\\). On 6 November 2011, he scored a brace in the 3–2 home win over [Loko Plovdiv](/wiki/Loko_Plovdiv \"Loko Plovdiv\") in an [A Group](/wiki/A_PFG \"A PFG\") match.",
"### Tianjin Teda",
"In February 2012, Ars went to [Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League \"Chinese Super League\") side [Tianjin Teda](/wiki/Tianjin_Teda_F.C. \"Tianjin Teda F.C.\") on loan. Tianjin Teda also had an option to make the move permanent in the end of the 2012 league season. He made his official debut for Tianjin on 25 February, in a 2–1 [CFA Super Cup](/wiki/2012_Chinese_FA_Super_Cup \"2012 Chinese FA Super Cup\") defeat against [Guangzhou Evergrande](/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande \"Guangzhou Evergrande\").",
"After spells in Turkey, Ars returned to the Netherlands to join [NEC Nijmegen](/wiki/NEC_Nijmegen \"NEC Nijmegen\"). He topped the [Eerste Divisie](/wiki/Eerste_Divisie \"Eerste Divisie\") top goalscorers charts at the end of the club's title winning 2014–15 season[Ars met 28 goals topscorer van Jupiler League](http://www.ad.nl/eredivisie/ars-met-28-goals-topscorer-van-jupiler-league~af45ac58/) \\- AD {{in lang\\|nl}} and moved on to NAC.[NEC\\-spits Ars op weg naar NAC](http://www.gelderlander.nl/sport/nec/nec-spits-ars-op-weg-naar-nac-1.5165566) \\- de Gelderlander {{in lang\\|nl}} In summer 2016, Ars left [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda \"NAC Breda\") for Hungarian side [Szombathelyi Haladás](/wiki/Szombathelyi_Halad%C3%A1s \"Szombathelyi Haladás\").[Ars verruilt NAC Breda voor Hongaars avontuur](http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/ars-verruilt-nac-breda-voor-hongaars-avontuur.htm) \\- Voetbal International {{in lang\\|nl}}",
"He played for [De Treffers](/wiki/De_Treffers \"De Treffers\") in the Dutch [Tweede Divisie](/wiki/Tweede_Divisie \"Tweede Divisie\") in the 2018–19 season before retiring in December 2018\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1988–1990
The band was formed with Mark Chadwick on [guitar](/wiki/Guitar "Guitar") and lead vocals, Jeremy Cunningham on bass guitar, and Charlie Heather on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit "Drum kit"). Jon Sevink, the brother of Chadwick's girlfriend, was brought in to play the fiddle. Chadwick's flatmate "Bucky" was brought in to play the guitar, but lost interest after a few months.{{cite web\|url\=http://celticfolkpunk.blogspot.com/2009/10/levellers\-preston\-guildhall\-1992\.html\|title\=The Levellers \- Preston Guildhall, 1992\|date\=5 October 2009\|work\=Celticfolkpunk.blogspot.com}}
Chadwick and Cunningham composed their first recordings for the compact cassettes *An Agreement of the People* and *All the Free Commons of England*. A group of fans known as the "happy hitchers" would [hitch\-hike](/wiki/Hitchhiking "Hitchhiking") around the country, following the band while they were on tour.
Their first EP, *Carry Me*, was released in 1989 and contained the songs "Carry Me" and "England My Home", which received Radio 2 airplay. At that time the band recruited Alan Miles to play harmonica, guitar, and [mandolin](/wiki/Mandolin "Mandolin") and to perform backing vocals. This lineup produced the EP *Outside/Inside* and toured throughout 1989 and most of 1990\.
After re\-releasing two EPs on their own Hag label, in 1989, the Levellers signed a contract with French record label [Musidisc](/wiki/Musidisc "Musidisc"). Their first album *[A Weapon Called the Word](/wiki/A_Weapon_Called_the_Word "A Weapon Called the Word")* was released in 1990 and went platinum. The first single from the album was "World Freak Show".
### 1990–1994
After an acrimonious split with Musidisc, the Levellers were discovered by Derek Green and signed to [China Records](/wiki/China_Records "China Records").
At this point Miles became disenchanted with touring and left the band.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-devon\-22568577 \| title\=Lecturer from The Levellers wins teaching award \| publisher\=BBC News\| date\=17 May 2013 }} The Levellers recruited Simon Friend who had played some acoustic support slots for the band in the past. Around this time Friend and Chadwick played a number of low\-key shows as "The Levellers 2", mostly performing songs that had been in Friend's repertoire as a solo singer\-songwriter.
1991 saw the release of the Levellers' second album, *[Levelling the Land](/wiki/Levelling_the_Land "Levelling the Land")*, which entered the charts at number 14\. The anthemic single "One Way", despite not reaching the [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 "Top 40"), became a popular song and live favourite for years to come among the [travelling](/wiki/New_age_travellers "New age travellers") and [indie music](/wiki/Indie_%28music%29 "Indie (music)") community, as well as "The Boatman" and the telling of the story of "[Battle of the Beanfield](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beanfield "Battle of the Beanfield")".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the\-story\-behind\-the\-song\-battle\-of\-the\-beanfield\-by\-the\-levellers\|title\= The story behind the song: Battle Of The Beanfield by The Levellers\|date\=27 February 2017\|author\=Rob Hughes\|work\=Louder Magazine}}
Throughout 1992 the band enjoyed a series of successful tours, particularly their debut on one of the main stages of the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival"). Mixing tracks from their first two LPs with a couple of more obscure songs and a cover of [Charlie Daniels](/wiki/Charlie_Daniels "Charlie Daniels")' ( the lead singers uncle) "The Devil Went Down to Georgia", the Levellers' performance secured their place on the large Pyramid Stage for the following year. The band also scored a chart hit with the *15 Years EP*.
The generally gloomy atmosphere that surrounded the band is reflected in the darker tone of the resulting *[Levellers](/wiki/Levellers_%28album%29 "Levellers (album)")* album. Despite the band's dislike of the album, it reached No. 2 in the album charts. It included "This Garden", which reached No. 12 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"). In June 1993 they released the *Belaruse EP* which included a live cover of "Subvert", the first single from the anarchist punk band [Zounds](/wiki/Zounds "Zounds").
### 1994–1998
1994 saw the Levellers reach the peak of their popularity with a headlining appearance at [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival") and a record breaking set on the main stage when they performed to around 300,000 people, speculated to be the largest ever at the festival.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8759752\.stm\|title\=How do you headline Glastonbury?\|author\=Jon Kelly\|date\=2010\-06\-25\|publisher\=BBC News}} They also became involved in the campaign against the [Criminal Justice Act](/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994 "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/feb/17/return\-of\-levellers\|title\=The Levellers take it to the next level – the return of crusty \|author\=Alexis Petridis\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=17 Feb 2011}}
In 1994 the band purchased a derelict factory in Brighton, named the "Metway" after the factory's original owners, and created a self\-contained headquarters. The buildings housed their offices, fan club, rehearsal area, a bar and a [recording studio](/wiki/Recording_studio "Recording studio") that was initially equipped with gear bought from [Tom Robinson](/wiki/Tom_Robinson "Tom Robinson"). The move enabled the band to operate on their own terms as far as possible. The spare space that remained was given over to other Brighton musicians and small craft businesses. Weekly [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchist "Anarchist") newspaper [SchNEWS](/wiki/SchNEWS "SchNEWS") also set up their office in the building.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.godisinthetvzine.co.uk/2014/10/07/interview\-mark\-chadwick\-talks\-about\-the\-story\-of\-the\-levellers/\|title\=Interview: Mark Chadwick talks about the story of the Levellers\|work\=God Is In The TV Zine\|author\=Ben Scott\|date\=7 October 2014}}
"Hope Street", the lead single from the *[Zeitgeist](/wiki/Zeitgeist_%28Levellers_album%29 "Zeitgeist (Levellers album)")* album, was the first recording to come out of Metway. The album was released in September 1995 and charted at No. 2 in the week of its release. Buoyed by the initial success, manager Phil Nelson persuaded [China Records](/wiki/China_Records "China Records") to advertise the album on television and, unusually, the album reached No. 1 in its second week on the chart. The third single released from this album took the Levellers to their first [Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops") appearance, playing the tongue\-in\-cheek drinking anthem "Just the One" whilst dressed in tuxedos. "Just the One" was specially re\-recorded for the single release, with [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash")'s frontman and long\-time Levellers hero [Joe Strummer](/wiki/Joe_Strummer "Joe Strummer") guesting on [honky tonk](/wiki/Tack_piano "Tack piano") piano. It reached No. 12 in the UK.
The Levellers embarked on another tour of Europe and the UK towards the end of 1995, culminating in a one\-off "Christmas Freakshow" at [Sheffield Arena](/wiki/Sheffield_Arena "Sheffield Arena") on 18 December. This was recorded by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") with eight songs being broadcast at a later date on [Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"). The 1995 "Total Chaos" tour came to an end on 7 February 1996 at [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool "Blackpool")'s Empress Ballroom with a show that was filmed for the video and live album release, *Headlights, White Lines, Black Tar Rivers (Best Live)*. The album reached No. 13 in the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart") and a less extensive UK tour was undertaken in September/October to support the record's release. An EP *Exodus EP* was lifted from the live album.
The band returned to the studio through late 1996 and early 1997 when the album *[Mouth to Mouth](/wiki/Mouth_to_Mouth_%28Levellers_album%29 "Mouth to Mouth (Levellers album)")* was recorded. Their first gigs in several months coincided with the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 "Labour Party (UK)")'s landslide general election victory on 1 May 1997, one being held at [Manchester Academy](/wiki/Manchester_Academy "Manchester Academy") and a second at London's [Brixton Academy](/wiki/Brixton_Academy "Brixton Academy") the following night. These gigs previewed several new songs including "What a Beautiful Day", which became the first single release from *Mouth to Mouth* and reached No. 13 on the UK chart.
Summer 1997 saw the band play at various festivals in the UK and Europe including a return to Glastonbury Festival, playing an afternoon slot on the Pyramid Stage. The album was finally released in August 1997 and entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5\. The album spawned several more singles, "Celebrate", "Dog Train" and "Too Real", the last of which had an accompanying video directed by cult film director [Alex Cox](/wiki/Alex_Cox "Alex Cox").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4712220/Money\-dont\-you\-hate\-it.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112122436/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4712220/Money\-dont\-you\-hate\-it.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=12 November 2012\|title\=Money: don't you hate it?\|author\=Neil McCormick\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|date\=21 February 1998}}
*One Way of Life: The Very Best of The Levellers* was released in September 1998\. The album was a traditional "greatest hits" package of the hit singles, with two new songs, "Shadow on the Sun" and "Bozos". Additionally, "One Way" and "Carry Me" were re\-recorded, and a re\-mix of "Too Real" was included. A limited edition [digipak](/wiki/Digipak "Digipak") format was released with an extra five\-track CD of "acoustic" versions. A long and successful tour across the UK followed in November and December. However, the last two dates at [Brixton Academy](/wiki/Brixton_Academy "Brixton Academy") and the planned homecoming at [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton") Centre had to be postponed when Jon Sevink fell ill. These dates were rescheduled for February 1999\. The release of the greatest hits album was accompanied by a video collection of promos, also called "One Way of Life: The Very Best of The Levellers", and the band's official biography written by George Berger entitled *Dance Before the Storm*.
### 1999–2008
[thumb\|right\|Jeremy Cunningham and Matt Savage, Beautiful Days Festival, Devon 20 August 2006](/wiki/File:Jeremy_Cunningham%26Matt_Savage.jpg "Jeremy Cunningham&Matt Savage.jpg")
The Levellers played only a handful of live dates in 1999\. During this time out of the limelight there was a significant change at their record company as [China Records](/wiki/China_Records "China Records") was bought by major label [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Time_Warner "Time Warner").
Work eventually began on a new studio album, *Hello Pig*. The band drafted in [Mark Wallis](/wiki/Mark_Wallis "Mark Wallis"), who had worked with [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 "Oasis (band)") amongst others, to produce the record. This was an obvious change in direction, and the resulting complex production coloured the album. "Happy Birthday Revolution" was released as a single, reaching No. 57 in the charts. Just before the album's release the band promoted their own "OTF Weekender". This was held on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight "Isle of Wight") with two big shows at the [Ryde](/wiki/Ryde "Ryde") Ice Arena and a "secret" acoustic show held at a much smaller venue.
*Hello Pig* was released on Monday 4 September 2000, and went to No. 28\. It received possibly the best critical acclaim the band had yet received, but was less popular with existing fans. With the relative commercial failure of the album, the band and the record company severed their relationship by mutual agreement.
Despite the downturn in record sales, the Levellers performed a heavy gig schedule through late 2000 and 2001\. This included a return to the United States as a stripped down version featuring only Chadwick, Friend and Sevink playing acoustic shows in February 2001, with the same trio returning to play a lengthier tour in June the same year.
In early 2002, their focus returned to making new music with Al Scott returning as producer. After the recording was completed, the band played a short UK tour of smaller venues to preview the new songs, and they were well received by the fans and heralded as a "return to form". Meanwhile, after contemplating releasing the new material on their own Hag label, the band eventually signed a new deal with [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records "Eagle Records"). The "Come On" single preceded the album and failed to make the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. *Green Blade Rising* (originally a title of one of the Levellers' earliest songs) was released in September 2002 and also failed to reach the Top 40 of the UK Albums Chart.
Meanwhile, the band were growing weary of the existing UK festival scene and decided to put on a festival of their own. This would be a return \- as far as UK legislation would allow \- to the earlier festivals that the young Levellers had enjoyed, such as [Elephant Fayre](/wiki/Elephant_Fayre "Elephant Fayre"). "Green Blade Fayre" was the title of the first attempt, and was to be held at [Bicton Park](/wiki/Bicton_Park "Bicton Park"), [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon "East Devon"), England in August 2002\. Despite the backing of the necessary authorities, an organised local population managed to persuade the [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon "East Devon") council to reject the licence application.{{fact\|date\=April 2020}}
Nonetheless, in 2003 the Levellers founded their own [festival](/wiki/Festival "Festival") \- [Beautiful Days](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 "Beautiful Days (festival)"). The festival is now an annual event, taking place each August at [Escot Park](/wiki/Escot_Park "Escot Park"), near Fairmile in Devon, England. In February 2004, the Levellers played a special acoustic gig at the [Buxton Opera House](/wiki/Buxton_Opera_House "Buxton Opera House"). Although they had played a couple of shows in a similar format, this particular show saw the full band being joined onstage for collaborations with [Maddy Prior](/wiki/Maddy_Prior "Maddy Prior"), [Nick Harper](/wiki/Nick_Harper "Nick Harper"), [Nick Burbridge](/wiki/Nick_Burbridge "Nick Burbridge"), and Rev Hammer. The show set the tone for the rest of the year, with the band appearing at many festivals through the summer in the acoustic guise, including the [Beverley Folk Festival](/wiki/Beverley_Folk_Festival "Beverley Folk Festival") in June. These festival dates included their first visit to Glastonbury since 1997, where they captured another audience record on the Avalon Stage.{{fact\|date\=April 2020}} The year was rounded off with an acoustic tour of UK theatres.
In May 2005 the Levellers' seventh studio album *Truth and Lies* was released. Mark Wallis returned as producer, with Dave Ruffy \- drummer with UK punk band [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts "The Ruts") \- also producing. The album, released on [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records "Eagle Records"), was generally upbeat \- typified by the track "Make You Happy" \- and a second single, "Last Man Alive", was also released. Following the previous year's acoustic live work, 2005 saw the band tour the UK and Europe as a full electric band once again, and this continued into 2006\.
Disillusioned with Eagle Records' attempt to market their music, the Levellers decided to set up their own [record label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label") \- [On the Fiddle Recordings](/wiki/On_the_Fiddle_%28record_label%29 "On the Fiddle (record label)"). The label's first release was a live DVD, *Chaos Theory*, in October 2006 and includes a live show from Reading Hexagon and the 1993 tour diary/concert "Part Time Punks".
In early 2007, the band went on an electric tour, visiting Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK and Ireland. The intensive touring schedule continued with the band playing a number of festivals throughout the summer, including Wychwood, Rhythm, Bestival, Fflam, Solfest and Le Mans 24 Hours. During this time their Warner albums were remixed and re\-issued on the Rhino label in 2007\.
The winter touring schedule was comparatively light, with an eleven\-show electric tour of Europe in November and a short acoustic tour of the UK in December. Sessions for a new album were also underway around this time, with Sean Lakeman (brother of [Seth](/wiki/Seth_Lakeman "Seth Lakeman")) as producer. February 2008 saw Chadwick, Friend, and Sevink participate in the "Freeborn John" tour, while in March the band played four 20th anniversary gigs in a short tour termed "Beautiful Nights". This trio of gigs began at Wolverhampton Civic Hall on 6 March, continued with a gig at Manchester Apollo on 7 March, and concluded with a show at London Brixton Academy on 8 March.
Appearing once again at a host of festivals throughout the summer of 2008, the Levellers showcased tracks from their upcoming album. Released in August 2008, coinciding with the [Beautiful Days Festival](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 "Beautiful Days (festival)"), *[Letters from the Underground](/wiki/Letters_from_the_Underground "Letters from the Underground")*, was their eighth studio album and charted at No. 24, the band's first Top 30 album in a decade.
### 2009–present
In 2009, On the Fiddle released a recording of their 2008 appearance at the Royal Albert Hall \- "Live At The Royal Albert Hall" via iTunes. At the start of 2010, the band toured the UK, visiting Crewe, Holmfirth, Brecon and Tunbridge Wells. The band performed at the Glastonbury music festival in the summer and then continued on the 'grass roots' path with a tour in November to promote the re\-release of their debut album, *A Weapon Called The Word* on their own On the Fiddle label. The band received the Roots Award at the [BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards](/wiki/BBC_Radio_2_Folk_Awards "BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards") in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/02\_february/08/folk\_awards.shtml \|title\=Press Office \- Radio 2 Folk Awards 2011 winners announced \|publisher\=BBC \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-14}}
Their first new album in four years, *Static on the Airwaves* was released in June 2012, via On the Fiddle.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2012/05/the\-levellers\-static\-on\-the\-airwaves/\|title\=The Levellers – Static On The Airwaves\|date\=2 May 2012\|work\=Folkradio.co.uk\|author\=John Atkin}} The first single from the album, "Truth Is", was released for Record Store Day on limited edition red vinyl. The band released a *Greatest Hits* album in September 2014, featuring four new collaborations with [Imelda May](/wiki/Imelda_May "Imelda May"), [Frank Turner](/wiki/Frank_Turner "Frank Turner"), [Bellowhead](/wiki/Bellowhead "Bellowhead") and [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg "Billy Bragg"). A film *A Curious Life: The Story of the Levellers* (by Dunstan Bruce, formerly of [Chumbawamba](/wiki/Chumbawamba "Chumbawamba")), was released in June 2015\.{{cite web\|last1\=Markowitz\|first1\=Andy\|title\=A Curious Life: Levelling the Screen\|url\=http://www.musicfilmweb.com/2014/06/levellers\-jeremy\-cunningham\-dunstan\-bruce\-music\-documentary/\|website\=Musicfilmweb.com\|access\-date\=5 October 2014}}
In 2016 they embarked on a UK tour of the *[Levelling The Land](/wiki/Levelling_The_Land "Levelling The Land")* album to mark its 25th anniversary, reissuing the album themselves in a special box set along with a live recording of the album. In 2017, they began working with producer [John Leckie](/wiki/John_Leckie "John Leckie") at Abbey Road's Studio 2\. In 2018, the Levellers released *[We the Collective](/wiki/We_the_Collective "We the Collective")* in which they reworked several of their songs with a string and percussion section composed of members of folk\-rock band [Moulettes](/wiki/Moulettes "Moulettes"). Hannah Moulette also sings on some tracks. The collective recorded two entirely new tracks "The Shame" and "Drug Bust McGee" to create a 10 track album. The album reached number 12 in the UK Albums Chart.{{fact\|date\=April 2020}}
On 7 February 2020, the band announced via their Twitter account that their new album *[Peace](/wiki/Peace_%28Levellers_album%29 "Peace (Levellers album)")* would be released on 14 August 2020, with the advance release of first single 'Food Roof Family'. It is the band's first studio album of new material in eight years.
In 2022, the band announced that [Dan Donnelly](/wiki/Dan_Donnelly_%28singer%29 "Dan Donnelly (singer)") had joined as a full time member, while clarifying that Simon Friend remained a member and was expected to rejoin the band on the road in future.{{cite web \|date\=11 May 2022 \|title\=Hi guys \|url\=https://levellers.fan.direct/share.php?postId\=76055 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419220932/https://levellers.fan.direct/share.php?postId\=76055 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2023 \|website\=Levellers \- Official Fan Platform}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1988–1990",
"The band was formed with Mark Chadwick on [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\") and lead vocals, Jeremy Cunningham on bass guitar, and Charlie Heather on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\"). Jon Sevink, the brother of Chadwick's girlfriend, was brought in to play the fiddle. Chadwick's flatmate \"Bucky\" was brought in to play the guitar, but lost interest after a few months.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://celticfolkpunk.blogspot.com/2009/10/levellers\\-preston\\-guildhall\\-1992\\.html\\|title\\=The Levellers \\- Preston Guildhall, 1992\\|date\\=5 October 2009\\|work\\=Celticfolkpunk.blogspot.com}}",
"Chadwick and Cunningham composed their first recordings for the compact cassettes *An Agreement of the People* and *All the Free Commons of England*. A group of fans known as the \"happy hitchers\" would [hitch\\-hike](/wiki/Hitchhiking \"Hitchhiking\") around the country, following the band while they were on tour.",
"Their first EP, *Carry Me*, was released in 1989 and contained the songs \"Carry Me\" and \"England My Home\", which received Radio 2 airplay. At that time the band recruited Alan Miles to play harmonica, guitar, and [mandolin](/wiki/Mandolin \"Mandolin\") and to perform backing vocals. This lineup produced the EP *Outside/Inside* and toured throughout 1989 and most of 1990\\.",
"After re\\-releasing two EPs on their own Hag label, in 1989, the Levellers signed a contract with French record label [Musidisc](/wiki/Musidisc \"Musidisc\"). Their first album *[A Weapon Called the Word](/wiki/A_Weapon_Called_the_Word \"A Weapon Called the Word\")* was released in 1990 and went platinum. The first single from the album was \"World Freak Show\".",
"### 1990–1994",
"After an acrimonious split with Musidisc, the Levellers were discovered by Derek Green and signed to [China Records](/wiki/China_Records \"China Records\").",
"At this point Miles became disenchanted with touring and left the band.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-devon\\-22568577 \\| title\\=Lecturer from The Levellers wins teaching award \\| publisher\\=BBC News\\| date\\=17 May 2013 }} The Levellers recruited Simon Friend who had played some acoustic support slots for the band in the past. Around this time Friend and Chadwick played a number of low\\-key shows as \"The Levellers 2\", mostly performing songs that had been in Friend's repertoire as a solo singer\\-songwriter.",
"1991 saw the release of the Levellers' second album, *[Levelling the Land](/wiki/Levelling_the_Land \"Levelling the Land\")*, which entered the charts at number 14\\. The anthemic single \"One Way\", despite not reaching the [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 \"Top 40\"), became a popular song and live favourite for years to come among the [travelling](/wiki/New_age_travellers \"New age travellers\") and [indie music](/wiki/Indie_%28music%29 \"Indie (music)\") community, as well as \"The Boatman\" and the telling of the story of \"[Battle of the Beanfield](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beanfield \"Battle of the Beanfield\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the\\-story\\-behind\\-the\\-song\\-battle\\-of\\-the\\-beanfield\\-by\\-the\\-levellers\\|title\\= The story behind the song: Battle Of The Beanfield by The Levellers\\|date\\=27 February 2017\\|author\\=Rob Hughes\\|work\\=Louder Magazine}}",
"Throughout 1992 the band enjoyed a series of successful tours, particularly their debut on one of the main stages of the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\"). Mixing tracks from their first two LPs with a couple of more obscure songs and a cover of [Charlie Daniels](/wiki/Charlie_Daniels \"Charlie Daniels\")' ( the lead singers uncle) \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", the Levellers' performance secured their place on the large Pyramid Stage for the following year. The band also scored a chart hit with the *15 Years EP*.",
"The generally gloomy atmosphere that surrounded the band is reflected in the darker tone of the resulting *[Levellers](/wiki/Levellers_%28album%29 \"Levellers (album)\")* album. Despite the band's dislike of the album, it reached No. 2 in the album charts. It included \"This Garden\", which reached No. 12 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"). In June 1993 they released the *Belaruse EP* which included a live cover of \"Subvert\", the first single from the anarchist punk band [Zounds](/wiki/Zounds \"Zounds\").",
"### 1994–1998",
"1994 saw the Levellers reach the peak of their popularity with a headlining appearance at [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\") and a record breaking set on the main stage when they performed to around 300,000 people, speculated to be the largest ever at the festival.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8759752\\.stm\\|title\\=How do you headline Glastonbury?\\|author\\=Jon Kelly\\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-25\\|publisher\\=BBC News}} They also became involved in the campaign against the [Criminal Justice Act](/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994 \"Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/feb/17/return\\-of\\-levellers\\|title\\=The Levellers take it to the next level – the return of crusty \\|author\\=Alexis Petridis\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=17 Feb 2011}}",
"In 1994 the band purchased a derelict factory in Brighton, named the \"Metway\" after the factory's original owners, and created a self\\-contained headquarters. The buildings housed their offices, fan club, rehearsal area, a bar and a [recording studio](/wiki/Recording_studio \"Recording studio\") that was initially equipped with gear bought from [Tom Robinson](/wiki/Tom_Robinson \"Tom Robinson\"). The move enabled the band to operate on their own terms as far as possible. The spare space that remained was given over to other Brighton musicians and small craft businesses. Weekly [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchist \"Anarchist\") newspaper [SchNEWS](/wiki/SchNEWS \"SchNEWS\") also set up their office in the building.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.godisinthetvzine.co.uk/2014/10/07/interview\\-mark\\-chadwick\\-talks\\-about\\-the\\-story\\-of\\-the\\-levellers/\\|title\\=Interview: Mark Chadwick talks about the story of the Levellers\\|work\\=God Is In The TV Zine\\|author\\=Ben Scott\\|date\\=7 October 2014}}",
"\"Hope Street\", the lead single from the *[Zeitgeist](/wiki/Zeitgeist_%28Levellers_album%29 \"Zeitgeist (Levellers album)\")* album, was the first recording to come out of Metway. The album was released in September 1995 and charted at No. 2 in the week of its release. Buoyed by the initial success, manager Phil Nelson persuaded [China Records](/wiki/China_Records \"China Records\") to advertise the album on television and, unusually, the album reached No. 1 in its second week on the chart. The third single released from this album took the Levellers to their first [Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\") appearance, playing the tongue\\-in\\-cheek drinking anthem \"Just the One\" whilst dressed in tuxedos. \"Just the One\" was specially re\\-recorded for the single release, with [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\")'s frontman and long\\-time Levellers hero [Joe Strummer](/wiki/Joe_Strummer \"Joe Strummer\") guesting on [honky tonk](/wiki/Tack_piano \"Tack piano\") piano. It reached No. 12 in the UK.",
"The Levellers embarked on another tour of Europe and the UK towards the end of 1995, culminating in a one\\-off \"Christmas Freakshow\" at [Sheffield Arena](/wiki/Sheffield_Arena \"Sheffield Arena\") on 18 December. This was recorded by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") with eight songs being broadcast at a later date on [Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"). The 1995 \"Total Chaos\" tour came to an end on 7 February 1996 at [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool \"Blackpool\")'s Empress Ballroom with a show that was filmed for the video and live album release, *Headlights, White Lines, Black Tar Rivers (Best Live)*. The album reached No. 13 in the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\") and a less extensive UK tour was undertaken in September/October to support the record's release. An EP *Exodus EP* was lifted from the live album.",
"The band returned to the studio through late 1996 and early 1997 when the album *[Mouth to Mouth](/wiki/Mouth_to_Mouth_%28Levellers_album%29 \"Mouth to Mouth (Levellers album)\")* was recorded. Their first gigs in several months coincided with the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\")'s landslide general election victory on 1 May 1997, one being held at [Manchester Academy](/wiki/Manchester_Academy \"Manchester Academy\") and a second at London's [Brixton Academy](/wiki/Brixton_Academy \"Brixton Academy\") the following night. These gigs previewed several new songs including \"What a Beautiful Day\", which became the first single release from *Mouth to Mouth* and reached No. 13 on the UK chart.",
"Summer 1997 saw the band play at various festivals in the UK and Europe including a return to Glastonbury Festival, playing an afternoon slot on the Pyramid Stage. The album was finally released in August 1997 and entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5\\. The album spawned several more singles, \"Celebrate\", \"Dog Train\" and \"Too Real\", the last of which had an accompanying video directed by cult film director [Alex Cox](/wiki/Alex_Cox \"Alex Cox\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4712220/Money\\-dont\\-you\\-hate\\-it.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112122436/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4712220/Money\\-dont\\-you\\-hate\\-it.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2012\\|title\\=Money: don't you hate it?\\|author\\=Neil McCormick\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|date\\=21 February 1998}}",
"*One Way of Life: The Very Best of The Levellers* was released in September 1998\\. The album was a traditional \"greatest hits\" package of the hit singles, with two new songs, \"Shadow on the Sun\" and \"Bozos\". Additionally, \"One Way\" and \"Carry Me\" were re\\-recorded, and a re\\-mix of \"Too Real\" was included. A limited edition [digipak](/wiki/Digipak \"Digipak\") format was released with an extra five\\-track CD of \"acoustic\" versions. A long and successful tour across the UK followed in November and December. However, the last two dates at [Brixton Academy](/wiki/Brixton_Academy \"Brixton Academy\") and the planned homecoming at [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\") Centre had to be postponed when Jon Sevink fell ill. These dates were rescheduled for February 1999\\. The release of the greatest hits album was accompanied by a video collection of promos, also called \"One Way of Life: The Very Best of The Levellers\", and the band's official biography written by George Berger entitled *Dance Before the Storm*.",
"### 1999–2008",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Jeremy Cunningham and Matt Savage, Beautiful Days Festival, Devon 20 August 2006](/wiki/File:Jeremy_Cunningham%26Matt_Savage.jpg \"Jeremy Cunningham&Matt Savage.jpg\")\nThe Levellers played only a handful of live dates in 1999\\. During this time out of the limelight there was a significant change at their record company as [China Records](/wiki/China_Records \"China Records\") was bought by major label [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Time_Warner \"Time Warner\").",
"Work eventually began on a new studio album, *Hello Pig*. The band drafted in [Mark Wallis](/wiki/Mark_Wallis \"Mark Wallis\"), who had worked with [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 \"Oasis (band)\") amongst others, to produce the record. This was an obvious change in direction, and the resulting complex production coloured the album. \"Happy Birthday Revolution\" was released as a single, reaching No. 57 in the charts. Just before the album's release the band promoted their own \"OTF Weekender\". This was held on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight \"Isle of Wight\") with two big shows at the [Ryde](/wiki/Ryde \"Ryde\") Ice Arena and a \"secret\" acoustic show held at a much smaller venue.",
"*Hello Pig* was released on Monday 4 September 2000, and went to No. 28\\. It received possibly the best critical acclaim the band had yet received, but was less popular with existing fans. With the relative commercial failure of the album, the band and the record company severed their relationship by mutual agreement.",
"Despite the downturn in record sales, the Levellers performed a heavy gig schedule through late 2000 and 2001\\. This included a return to the United States as a stripped down version featuring only Chadwick, Friend and Sevink playing acoustic shows in February 2001, with the same trio returning to play a lengthier tour in June the same year.",
"In early 2002, their focus returned to making new music with Al Scott returning as producer. After the recording was completed, the band played a short UK tour of smaller venues to preview the new songs, and they were well received by the fans and heralded as a \"return to form\". Meanwhile, after contemplating releasing the new material on their own Hag label, the band eventually signed a new deal with [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records \"Eagle Records\"). The \"Come On\" single preceded the album and failed to make the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. *Green Blade Rising* (originally a title of one of the Levellers' earliest songs) was released in September 2002 and also failed to reach the Top 40 of the UK Albums Chart.",
"Meanwhile, the band were growing weary of the existing UK festival scene and decided to put on a festival of their own. This would be a return \\- as far as UK legislation would allow \\- to the earlier festivals that the young Levellers had enjoyed, such as [Elephant Fayre](/wiki/Elephant_Fayre \"Elephant Fayre\"). \"Green Blade Fayre\" was the title of the first attempt, and was to be held at [Bicton Park](/wiki/Bicton_Park \"Bicton Park\"), [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon \"East Devon\"), England in August 2002\\. Despite the backing of the necessary authorities, an organised local population managed to persuade the [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon \"East Devon\") council to reject the licence application.{{fact\\|date\\=April 2020}}",
"Nonetheless, in 2003 the Levellers founded their own [festival](/wiki/Festival \"Festival\") \\- [Beautiful Days](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 \"Beautiful Days (festival)\"). The festival is now an annual event, taking place each August at [Escot Park](/wiki/Escot_Park \"Escot Park\"), near Fairmile in Devon, England. In February 2004, the Levellers played a special acoustic gig at the [Buxton Opera House](/wiki/Buxton_Opera_House \"Buxton Opera House\"). Although they had played a couple of shows in a similar format, this particular show saw the full band being joined onstage for collaborations with [Maddy Prior](/wiki/Maddy_Prior \"Maddy Prior\"), [Nick Harper](/wiki/Nick_Harper \"Nick Harper\"), [Nick Burbridge](/wiki/Nick_Burbridge \"Nick Burbridge\"), and Rev Hammer. The show set the tone for the rest of the year, with the band appearing at many festivals through the summer in the acoustic guise, including the [Beverley Folk Festival](/wiki/Beverley_Folk_Festival \"Beverley Folk Festival\") in June. These festival dates included their first visit to Glastonbury since 1997, where they captured another audience record on the Avalon Stage.{{fact\\|date\\=April 2020}} The year was rounded off with an acoustic tour of UK theatres.",
"In May 2005 the Levellers' seventh studio album *Truth and Lies* was released. Mark Wallis returned as producer, with Dave Ruffy \\- drummer with UK punk band [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts \"The Ruts\") \\- also producing. The album, released on [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records \"Eagle Records\"), was generally upbeat \\- typified by the track \"Make You Happy\" \\- and a second single, \"Last Man Alive\", was also released. Following the previous year's acoustic live work, 2005 saw the band tour the UK and Europe as a full electric band once again, and this continued into 2006\\.",
"Disillusioned with Eagle Records' attempt to market their music, the Levellers decided to set up their own [record label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") \\- [On the Fiddle Recordings](/wiki/On_the_Fiddle_%28record_label%29 \"On the Fiddle (record label)\"). The label's first release was a live DVD, *Chaos Theory*, in October 2006 and includes a live show from Reading Hexagon and the 1993 tour diary/concert \"Part Time Punks\".",
"In early 2007, the band went on an electric tour, visiting Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK and Ireland. The intensive touring schedule continued with the band playing a number of festivals throughout the summer, including Wychwood, Rhythm, Bestival, Fflam, Solfest and Le Mans 24 Hours. During this time their Warner albums were remixed and re\\-issued on the Rhino label in 2007\\.",
"The winter touring schedule was comparatively light, with an eleven\\-show electric tour of Europe in November and a short acoustic tour of the UK in December. Sessions for a new album were also underway around this time, with Sean Lakeman (brother of [Seth](/wiki/Seth_Lakeman \"Seth Lakeman\")) as producer. February 2008 saw Chadwick, Friend, and Sevink participate in the \"Freeborn John\" tour, while in March the band played four 20th anniversary gigs in a short tour termed \"Beautiful Nights\". This trio of gigs began at Wolverhampton Civic Hall on 6 March, continued with a gig at Manchester Apollo on 7 March, and concluded with a show at London Brixton Academy on 8 March.",
"Appearing once again at a host of festivals throughout the summer of 2008, the Levellers showcased tracks from their upcoming album. Released in August 2008, coinciding with the [Beautiful Days Festival](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 \"Beautiful Days (festival)\"), *[Letters from the Underground](/wiki/Letters_from_the_Underground \"Letters from the Underground\")*, was their eighth studio album and charted at No. 24, the band's first Top 30 album in a decade.",
"### 2009–present",
"In 2009, On the Fiddle released a recording of their 2008 appearance at the Royal Albert Hall \\- \"Live At The Royal Albert Hall\" via iTunes. At the start of 2010, the band toured the UK, visiting Crewe, Holmfirth, Brecon and Tunbridge Wells. The band performed at the Glastonbury music festival in the summer and then continued on the 'grass roots' path with a tour in November to promote the re\\-release of their debut album, *A Weapon Called The Word* on their own On the Fiddle label. The band received the Roots Award at the [BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards](/wiki/BBC_Radio_2_Folk_Awards \"BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards\") in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/02\\_february/08/folk\\_awards.shtml \\|title\\=Press Office \\- Radio 2 Folk Awards 2011 winners announced \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-14}}",
"Their first new album in four years, *Static on the Airwaves* was released in June 2012, via On the Fiddle.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2012/05/the\\-levellers\\-static\\-on\\-the\\-airwaves/\\|title\\=The Levellers – Static On The Airwaves\\|date\\=2 May 2012\\|work\\=Folkradio.co.uk\\|author\\=John Atkin}} The first single from the album, \"Truth Is\", was released for Record Store Day on limited edition red vinyl. The band released a *Greatest Hits* album in September 2014, featuring four new collaborations with [Imelda May](/wiki/Imelda_May \"Imelda May\"), [Frank Turner](/wiki/Frank_Turner \"Frank Turner\"), [Bellowhead](/wiki/Bellowhead \"Bellowhead\") and [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg \"Billy Bragg\"). A film *A Curious Life: The Story of the Levellers* (by Dunstan Bruce, formerly of [Chumbawamba](/wiki/Chumbawamba \"Chumbawamba\")), was released in June 2015\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Markowitz\\|first1\\=Andy\\|title\\=A Curious Life: Levelling the Screen\\|url\\=http://www.musicfilmweb.com/2014/06/levellers\\-jeremy\\-cunningham\\-dunstan\\-bruce\\-music\\-documentary/\\|website\\=Musicfilmweb.com\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2014}}",
"In 2016 they embarked on a UK tour of the *[Levelling The Land](/wiki/Levelling_The_Land \"Levelling The Land\")* album to mark its 25th anniversary, reissuing the album themselves in a special box set along with a live recording of the album. In 2017, they began working with producer [John Leckie](/wiki/John_Leckie \"John Leckie\") at Abbey Road's Studio 2\\. In 2018, the Levellers released *[We the Collective](/wiki/We_the_Collective \"We the Collective\")* in which they reworked several of their songs with a string and percussion section composed of members of folk\\-rock band [Moulettes](/wiki/Moulettes \"Moulettes\"). Hannah Moulette also sings on some tracks. The collective recorded two entirely new tracks \"The Shame\" and \"Drug Bust McGee\" to create a 10 track album. The album reached number 12 in the UK Albums Chart.{{fact\\|date\\=April 2020}}",
"On 7 February 2020, the band announced via their Twitter account that their new album *[Peace](/wiki/Peace_%28Levellers_album%29 \"Peace (Levellers album)\")* would be released on 14 August 2020, with the advance release of first single 'Food Roof Family'. It is the band's first studio album of new material in eight years.",
"In 2022, the band announced that [Dan Donnelly](/wiki/Dan_Donnelly_%28singer%29 \"Dan Donnelly (singer)\") had joined as a full time member, while clarifying that Simon Friend remained a member and was expected to rejoin the band on the road in future.{{cite web \\|date\\=11 May 2022 \\|title\\=Hi guys \\|url\\=https://levellers.fan.direct/share.php?postId\\=76055 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419220932/https://levellers.fan.direct/share.php?postId\\=76055 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2023 \\|website\\=Levellers \\- Official Fan Platform}}",
""
] |
### 1999–2008
[thumb\|right\|Jeremy Cunningham and Matt Savage, Beautiful Days Festival, Devon 20 August 2006](/wiki/File:Jeremy_Cunningham%26Matt_Savage.jpg "Jeremy Cunningham&Matt Savage.jpg")
The Levellers played only a handful of live dates in 1999\. During this time out of the limelight there was a significant change at their record company as [China Records](/wiki/China_Records "China Records") was bought by major label [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Time_Warner "Time Warner").
Work eventually began on a new studio album, *Hello Pig*. The band drafted in [Mark Wallis](/wiki/Mark_Wallis "Mark Wallis"), who had worked with [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 "Oasis (band)") amongst others, to produce the record. This was an obvious change in direction, and the resulting complex production coloured the album. "Happy Birthday Revolution" was released as a single, reaching No. 57 in the charts. Just before the album's release the band promoted their own "OTF Weekender". This was held on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight "Isle of Wight") with two big shows at the [Ryde](/wiki/Ryde "Ryde") Ice Arena and a "secret" acoustic show held at a much smaller venue.
*Hello Pig* was released on Monday 4 September 2000, and went to No. 28\. It received possibly the best critical acclaim the band had yet received, but was less popular with existing fans. With the relative commercial failure of the album, the band and the record company severed their relationship by mutual agreement.
Despite the downturn in record sales, the Levellers performed a heavy gig schedule through late 2000 and 2001\. This included a return to the United States as a stripped down version featuring only Chadwick, Friend and Sevink playing acoustic shows in February 2001, with the same trio returning to play a lengthier tour in June the same year.
In early 2002, their focus returned to making new music with Al Scott returning as producer. After the recording was completed, the band played a short UK tour of smaller venues to preview the new songs, and they were well received by the fans and heralded as a "return to form". Meanwhile, after contemplating releasing the new material on their own Hag label, the band eventually signed a new deal with [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records "Eagle Records"). The "Come On" single preceded the album and failed to make the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. *Green Blade Rising* (originally a title of one of the Levellers' earliest songs) was released in September 2002 and also failed to reach the Top 40 of the UK Albums Chart.
Meanwhile, the band were growing weary of the existing UK festival scene and decided to put on a festival of their own. This would be a return \- as far as UK legislation would allow \- to the earlier festivals that the young Levellers had enjoyed, such as [Elephant Fayre](/wiki/Elephant_Fayre "Elephant Fayre"). "Green Blade Fayre" was the title of the first attempt, and was to be held at [Bicton Park](/wiki/Bicton_Park "Bicton Park"), [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon "East Devon"), England in August 2002\. Despite the backing of the necessary authorities, an organised local population managed to persuade the [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon "East Devon") council to reject the licence application.{{fact\|date\=April 2020}}
Nonetheless, in 2003 the Levellers founded their own [festival](/wiki/Festival "Festival") \- [Beautiful Days](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 "Beautiful Days (festival)"). The festival is now an annual event, taking place each August at [Escot Park](/wiki/Escot_Park "Escot Park"), near Fairmile in Devon, England. In February 2004, the Levellers played a special acoustic gig at the [Buxton Opera House](/wiki/Buxton_Opera_House "Buxton Opera House"). Although they had played a couple of shows in a similar format, this particular show saw the full band being joined onstage for collaborations with [Maddy Prior](/wiki/Maddy_Prior "Maddy Prior"), [Nick Harper](/wiki/Nick_Harper "Nick Harper"), [Nick Burbridge](/wiki/Nick_Burbridge "Nick Burbridge"), and Rev Hammer. The show set the tone for the rest of the year, with the band appearing at many festivals through the summer in the acoustic guise, including the [Beverley Folk Festival](/wiki/Beverley_Folk_Festival "Beverley Folk Festival") in June. These festival dates included their first visit to Glastonbury since 1997, where they captured another audience record on the Avalon Stage.{{fact\|date\=April 2020}} The year was rounded off with an acoustic tour of UK theatres.
In May 2005 the Levellers' seventh studio album *Truth and Lies* was released. Mark Wallis returned as producer, with Dave Ruffy \- drummer with UK punk band [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts "The Ruts") \- also producing. The album, released on [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records "Eagle Records"), was generally upbeat \- typified by the track "Make You Happy" \- and a second single, "Last Man Alive", was also released. Following the previous year's acoustic live work, 2005 saw the band tour the UK and Europe as a full electric band once again, and this continued into 2006\.
Disillusioned with Eagle Records' attempt to market their music, the Levellers decided to set up their own [record label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label") \- [On the Fiddle Recordings](/wiki/On_the_Fiddle_%28record_label%29 "On the Fiddle (record label)"). The label's first release was a live DVD, *Chaos Theory*, in October 2006 and includes a live show from Reading Hexagon and the 1993 tour diary/concert "Part Time Punks".
In early 2007, the band went on an electric tour, visiting Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK and Ireland. The intensive touring schedule continued with the band playing a number of festivals throughout the summer, including Wychwood, Rhythm, Bestival, Fflam, Solfest and Le Mans 24 Hours. During this time their Warner albums were remixed and re\-issued on the Rhino label in 2007\.
The winter touring schedule was comparatively light, with an eleven\-show electric tour of Europe in November and a short acoustic tour of the UK in December. Sessions for a new album were also underway around this time, with Sean Lakeman (brother of [Seth](/wiki/Seth_Lakeman "Seth Lakeman")) as producer. February 2008 saw Chadwick, Friend, and Sevink participate in the "Freeborn John" tour, while in March the band played four 20th anniversary gigs in a short tour termed "Beautiful Nights". This trio of gigs began at Wolverhampton Civic Hall on 6 March, continued with a gig at Manchester Apollo on 7 March, and concluded with a show at London Brixton Academy on 8 March.
Appearing once again at a host of festivals throughout the summer of 2008, the Levellers showcased tracks from their upcoming album. Released in August 2008, coinciding with the [Beautiful Days Festival](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 "Beautiful Days (festival)"), *[Letters from the Underground](/wiki/Letters_from_the_Underground "Letters from the Underground")*, was their eighth studio album and charted at No. 24, the band's first Top 30 album in a decade.
|
[
"### 1999–2008",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Jeremy Cunningham and Matt Savage, Beautiful Days Festival, Devon 20 August 2006](/wiki/File:Jeremy_Cunningham%26Matt_Savage.jpg \"Jeremy Cunningham&Matt Savage.jpg\")\nThe Levellers played only a handful of live dates in 1999\\. During this time out of the limelight there was a significant change at their record company as [China Records](/wiki/China_Records \"China Records\") was bought by major label [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Time_Warner \"Time Warner\").",
"Work eventually began on a new studio album, *Hello Pig*. The band drafted in [Mark Wallis](/wiki/Mark_Wallis \"Mark Wallis\"), who had worked with [Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 \"Oasis (band)\") amongst others, to produce the record. This was an obvious change in direction, and the resulting complex production coloured the album. \"Happy Birthday Revolution\" was released as a single, reaching No. 57 in the charts. Just before the album's release the band promoted their own \"OTF Weekender\". This was held on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight \"Isle of Wight\") with two big shows at the [Ryde](/wiki/Ryde \"Ryde\") Ice Arena and a \"secret\" acoustic show held at a much smaller venue.",
"*Hello Pig* was released on Monday 4 September 2000, and went to No. 28\\. It received possibly the best critical acclaim the band had yet received, but was less popular with existing fans. With the relative commercial failure of the album, the band and the record company severed their relationship by mutual agreement.",
"Despite the downturn in record sales, the Levellers performed a heavy gig schedule through late 2000 and 2001\\. This included a return to the United States as a stripped down version featuring only Chadwick, Friend and Sevink playing acoustic shows in February 2001, with the same trio returning to play a lengthier tour in June the same year.",
"In early 2002, their focus returned to making new music with Al Scott returning as producer. After the recording was completed, the band played a short UK tour of smaller venues to preview the new songs, and they were well received by the fans and heralded as a \"return to form\". Meanwhile, after contemplating releasing the new material on their own Hag label, the band eventually signed a new deal with [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records \"Eagle Records\"). The \"Come On\" single preceded the album and failed to make the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. *Green Blade Rising* (originally a title of one of the Levellers' earliest songs) was released in September 2002 and also failed to reach the Top 40 of the UK Albums Chart.",
"Meanwhile, the band were growing weary of the existing UK festival scene and decided to put on a festival of their own. This would be a return \\- as far as UK legislation would allow \\- to the earlier festivals that the young Levellers had enjoyed, such as [Elephant Fayre](/wiki/Elephant_Fayre \"Elephant Fayre\"). \"Green Blade Fayre\" was the title of the first attempt, and was to be held at [Bicton Park](/wiki/Bicton_Park \"Bicton Park\"), [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon \"East Devon\"), England in August 2002\\. Despite the backing of the necessary authorities, an organised local population managed to persuade the [East Devon](/wiki/East_Devon \"East Devon\") council to reject the licence application.{{fact\\|date\\=April 2020}}",
"Nonetheless, in 2003 the Levellers founded their own [festival](/wiki/Festival \"Festival\") \\- [Beautiful Days](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 \"Beautiful Days (festival)\"). The festival is now an annual event, taking place each August at [Escot Park](/wiki/Escot_Park \"Escot Park\"), near Fairmile in Devon, England. In February 2004, the Levellers played a special acoustic gig at the [Buxton Opera House](/wiki/Buxton_Opera_House \"Buxton Opera House\"). Although they had played a couple of shows in a similar format, this particular show saw the full band being joined onstage for collaborations with [Maddy Prior](/wiki/Maddy_Prior \"Maddy Prior\"), [Nick Harper](/wiki/Nick_Harper \"Nick Harper\"), [Nick Burbridge](/wiki/Nick_Burbridge \"Nick Burbridge\"), and Rev Hammer. The show set the tone for the rest of the year, with the band appearing at many festivals through the summer in the acoustic guise, including the [Beverley Folk Festival](/wiki/Beverley_Folk_Festival \"Beverley Folk Festival\") in June. These festival dates included their first visit to Glastonbury since 1997, where they captured another audience record on the Avalon Stage.{{fact\\|date\\=April 2020}} The year was rounded off with an acoustic tour of UK theatres.",
"In May 2005 the Levellers' seventh studio album *Truth and Lies* was released. Mark Wallis returned as producer, with Dave Ruffy \\- drummer with UK punk band [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts \"The Ruts\") \\- also producing. The album, released on [Eagle Records](/wiki/Eagle_Records \"Eagle Records\"), was generally upbeat \\- typified by the track \"Make You Happy\" \\- and a second single, \"Last Man Alive\", was also released. Following the previous year's acoustic live work, 2005 saw the band tour the UK and Europe as a full electric band once again, and this continued into 2006\\.",
"Disillusioned with Eagle Records' attempt to market their music, the Levellers decided to set up their own [record label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") \\- [On the Fiddle Recordings](/wiki/On_the_Fiddle_%28record_label%29 \"On the Fiddle (record label)\"). The label's first release was a live DVD, *Chaos Theory*, in October 2006 and includes a live show from Reading Hexagon and the 1993 tour diary/concert \"Part Time Punks\".",
"In early 2007, the band went on an electric tour, visiting Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK and Ireland. The intensive touring schedule continued with the band playing a number of festivals throughout the summer, including Wychwood, Rhythm, Bestival, Fflam, Solfest and Le Mans 24 Hours. During this time their Warner albums were remixed and re\\-issued on the Rhino label in 2007\\.",
"The winter touring schedule was comparatively light, with an eleven\\-show electric tour of Europe in November and a short acoustic tour of the UK in December. Sessions for a new album were also underway around this time, with Sean Lakeman (brother of [Seth](/wiki/Seth_Lakeman \"Seth Lakeman\")) as producer. February 2008 saw Chadwick, Friend, and Sevink participate in the \"Freeborn John\" tour, while in March the band played four 20th anniversary gigs in a short tour termed \"Beautiful Nights\". This trio of gigs began at Wolverhampton Civic Hall on 6 March, continued with a gig at Manchester Apollo on 7 March, and concluded with a show at London Brixton Academy on 8 March.",
"Appearing once again at a host of festivals throughout the summer of 2008, the Levellers showcased tracks from their upcoming album. Released in August 2008, coinciding with the [Beautiful Days Festival](/wiki/Beautiful_Days_%28festival%29 \"Beautiful Days (festival)\"), *[Letters from the Underground](/wiki/Letters_from_the_Underground \"Letters from the Underground\")*, was their eighth studio album and charted at No. 24, the band's first Top 30 album in a decade.",
""
] |
Fictional character biography
-----------------------------
**Bram Velsing** is a [Latverian](/wiki/Latveria "Latveria") scientist, unsatisfied with serving [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom "Doctor Doom") whom he referred to as a "grotesque mockery of a man" and thought himself as his superior. Upon learning of Velsing's treacherous ideals, Doom uses a bio\-fusion device to graft a skull\-like metal helmet to Velsing's head, scarring him as a way to make him even with Doom.{{cite book \|last\=Rovin \|first\=Jeff \|title\=\[\[The Encyclopedia of Super\-Villains]] \|date\=1987 \|publisher\=Facts on File \|isbn\=0\-8160\-1356\-X \|location\=New York \|page\=113\-114 \|authorlink\=Jeff Rovin}}<https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/112/mode/2up> Velsing flees and comes under the care of Victoria Frankenstein, who nurses him back to health at Castle Frankenstein. The character gains a variety of weapons and rides the "Hellhorse", a mutated bat\-winged flying black horse genetically engineered from [Nathan Garrett](/wiki/Black_Knight_%28Nathan_Garrett%29 "Black Knight (Nathan Garrett)")'s flying white horse by Victoria Frankenstein. Calling himself the Dreadknight, the character attempts to force more resources from Frankenstein to defeat Doctor Doom, only to be defeated by [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man "Iron Man") and [Frankenstein's Monster](/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)") where Dreadknight ended up in a coma.*Iron Man* \#101\-102\. Marvel Comics.
Dreadknight is revived by the mystical villains [Morgan Le Fay](/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Morgan le Fay (Marvel Comics)") and [Mordred](/wiki/Mordred_%28comics%29 "Mordred (comics)") and menaced [Captain Britain](/wiki/Captain_Britain "Captain Britain"), Victoria Bentley, and [Sean Dolan](/wiki/Bloodwraith "Bloodwraith"), but is defeated by [Dane Whitman](/wiki/Black_Knight_%28Dane_Whitman%29 "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)").*Black Knight* vol. 2 \#2\. Marvel Comics.
Dreadknight appeared as a member of [Wizard](/wiki/Wizard_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Wizard (Marvel Comics)")'s latest incarnation of the [Frightful Four](/wiki/Frightful_Four "Frightful Four") alongside [Trapster](/wiki/Trapster "Trapster") and [Man\-Bull](/wiki/Man-Bull "Man-Bull"). In their attempt to capture a physicist named Dr. Cargill, the Frightful Four were defeated by [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man") and Dr. Cargill's daughter Turbine.*Amazing Spider\-Man: Chaos in Calgary* \#3\. Marvel Comics.
Dreadknight was among the villains that attended the wedding of [Absorbing Man](/wiki/Absorbing_Man "Absorbing Man") and [Titania](/wiki/Titania_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Titania (Marvel Comics)"). He fled when [She\-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk "She-Hulk") crashed the wedding.*Avengers Unplugged* \#4\. Marvel Comics.
[Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 "Hawkeye (Clint Barton)") impersonated Dreadknight in order to get close to the [Thunderbolts](/wiki/Thunderbolts_%28comics%29 "Thunderbolts (comics)").*Thunderbolts* \#20\. Marvel Comics.
Following Doctor Doom's apparent death at the hands of [Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Onslaught (Marvel Comics)"), Dreadknight briefly takes over Latveria and battles Spider\-Man where he is defeated by him.*Spider\-Man Unlimited* \#16\. Marvel Comics.
During the *[Dark Reign](/wiki/Dark_Reign_%28comics%29 "Dark Reign (comics)")* storyline, [Quasimodo](/wiki/Quasimodo_%28comics%29 "Quasimodo (comics)") researched Dreadknight amongst other villains for [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn "Norman Osborn"). When researching Dreadknight, Quasimodo considered him to be a poor, pitiful creature.*Dark Reign Files* \#1
Dreadknight later appeared fighting [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man "Iron Man") and apparently still resenting Doctor Doom. Iron Man defeated Dreadknight while the Hellhorse flew off without him.*Iron Man: Legacy* \#3\. Marvel Comics.
|
[
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------",
"**Bram Velsing** is a [Latverian](/wiki/Latveria \"Latveria\") scientist, unsatisfied with serving [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom \"Doctor Doom\") whom he referred to as a \"grotesque mockery of a man\" and thought himself as his superior. Upon learning of Velsing's treacherous ideals, Doom uses a bio\\-fusion device to graft a skull\\-like metal helmet to Velsing's head, scarring him as a way to make him even with Doom.{{cite book \\|last\\=Rovin \\|first\\=Jeff \\|title\\=\\[\\[The Encyclopedia of Super\\-Villains]] \\|date\\=1987 \\|publisher\\=Facts on File \\|isbn\\=0\\-8160\\-1356\\-X \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=113\\-114 \\|authorlink\\=Jeff Rovin}}<https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/112/mode/2up> Velsing flees and comes under the care of Victoria Frankenstein, who nurses him back to health at Castle Frankenstein. The character gains a variety of weapons and rides the \"Hellhorse\", a mutated bat\\-winged flying black horse genetically engineered from [Nathan Garrett](/wiki/Black_Knight_%28Nathan_Garrett%29 \"Black Knight (Nathan Garrett)\")'s flying white horse by Victoria Frankenstein. Calling himself the Dreadknight, the character attempts to force more resources from Frankenstein to defeat Doctor Doom, only to be defeated by [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\") and [Frankenstein's Monster](/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)\") where Dreadknight ended up in a coma.*Iron Man* \\#101\\-102\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Dreadknight is revived by the mystical villains [Morgan Le Fay](/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Morgan le Fay (Marvel Comics)\") and [Mordred](/wiki/Mordred_%28comics%29 \"Mordred (comics)\") and menaced [Captain Britain](/wiki/Captain_Britain \"Captain Britain\"), Victoria Bentley, and [Sean Dolan](/wiki/Bloodwraith \"Bloodwraith\"), but is defeated by [Dane Whitman](/wiki/Black_Knight_%28Dane_Whitman%29 \"Black Knight (Dane Whitman)\").*Black Knight* vol. 2 \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Dreadknight appeared as a member of [Wizard](/wiki/Wizard_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Wizard (Marvel Comics)\")'s latest incarnation of the [Frightful Four](/wiki/Frightful_Four \"Frightful Four\") alongside [Trapster](/wiki/Trapster \"Trapster\") and [Man\\-Bull](/wiki/Man-Bull \"Man-Bull\"). In their attempt to capture a physicist named Dr. Cargill, the Frightful Four were defeated by [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\") and Dr. Cargill's daughter Turbine.*Amazing Spider\\-Man: Chaos in Calgary* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Dreadknight was among the villains that attended the wedding of [Absorbing Man](/wiki/Absorbing_Man \"Absorbing Man\") and [Titania](/wiki/Titania_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Titania (Marvel Comics)\"). He fled when [She\\-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk \"She-Hulk\") crashed the wedding.*Avengers Unplugged* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.",
"[Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)\") impersonated Dreadknight in order to get close to the [Thunderbolts](/wiki/Thunderbolts_%28comics%29 \"Thunderbolts (comics)\").*Thunderbolts* \\#20\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Following Doctor Doom's apparent death at the hands of [Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Onslaught (Marvel Comics)\"), Dreadknight briefly takes over Latveria and battles Spider\\-Man where he is defeated by him.*Spider\\-Man Unlimited* \\#16\\. Marvel Comics.",
"During the *[Dark Reign](/wiki/Dark_Reign_%28comics%29 \"Dark Reign (comics)\")* storyline, [Quasimodo](/wiki/Quasimodo_%28comics%29 \"Quasimodo (comics)\") researched Dreadknight amongst other villains for [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn \"Norman Osborn\"). When researching Dreadknight, Quasimodo considered him to be a poor, pitiful creature.*Dark Reign Files* \\#1",
"Dreadknight later appeared fighting [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\") and apparently still resenting Doctor Doom. Iron Man defeated Dreadknight while the Hellhorse flew off without him.*Iron Man: Legacy* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
Types
-----
Three types of abnormal posturing are decorticate posturing, with the arms flexed over the chest; decerebrate posturing, with the arms extended at the sides; and [opisthotonus](/wiki/Opisthotonus "Opisthotonus"), in which the head and back are arched backward.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2021}}
### Decorticate
[thumb\|450px\|right\|Decorticate posturing, with elbows, wrists and fingers flexed, and legs extended and rotated inward](/wiki/Image:Decorticate.PNG "Decorticate.PNG")
Decorticate posturing is also called decorticate response, decorticate rigidity, flexor posturing, or, colloquially, "mummy baby".{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5bmg8xiLxkMC\&q\=%22mummy\+baby%22\+decorticate\&pg\=PA456 \| title\=NMS Medicine Casebook \| isbn\=9780781784689 \| last1\=Shah \| first1\=Tilak \| date\=November 2008 \| publisher\=Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins }} Patients with decorticate posturing present with the arms flexed, or bent inward on the chest, the hands are clenched into fists, and the legs extended and feet turned inward. A person displaying decorticate posturing in response to pain gets a score of three in the motor section of the [Glasgow Coma Scale](/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale "Glasgow Coma Scale"), caused by the flexion of muscles due to the neuro\-muscular response to the trauma.{{cite journal\|last1\=Davis\|first1\=RA\|last2\=Davis\|first2\=RL\|title\=Decerebrate rigidity in humans.\|journal\=Neurosurgery\|date\=May 1982\|volume\=10\|issue\=5\|pages\=635–42\|pmid\=7099417\|doi\=10\.1097/00006123\-198205000\-00017}}
There are two parts to decorticate posturing.
* The first is the disinhibition of the [red nucleus](/wiki/Red_nucleus "Red nucleus") with facilitation of the [rubrospinal tract](/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract "Rubrospinal tract") due to severment of the [corticospinal tract](/wiki/Corticospinal_tract "Corticospinal tract"). The rubrospinal tract facilitates [motor neurons](/wiki/Motor_neuron "Motor neuron") in the cervical spinal cord supplying the flexor muscles of the upper extremities. The rubrospinal tract and [medullary reticulospinal tract](/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract "Reticulospinal tract") biased flexion outweighs the [medial and lateral vestibulospinal](/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract "Vestibulospinal tract") and [pontine reticulospinal tract](/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract "Reticulospinal tract") biased extension in the upper extremities.
* The second component of decorticate posturing is the disruption of the lateral [corticospinal tract](/wiki/Corticospinal_tract "Corticospinal tract") which facilitates motor neurons in the lower spinal cord supplying flexor muscles of the lower extremities. Since the corticospinal tract is interrupted, the pontine reticulospinal and the medial and lateral vestibulospinal biased extension tracts greatly overwhelm the medullary reticulospinal biased flexion tract.
The effects on these two tracts (corticospinal and rubrospinal) by lesions above the red nucleus is what leads to the characteristic flexion posturing of the upper extremities and extensor posturing of the lower extremities.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2021}}
Decorticate posturing indicates that there may be damage to areas including the [cerebral hemispheres](/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere "Cerebral hemisphere"), the [internal capsule](/wiki/Internal_capsule "Internal capsule"), and the [thalamus](/wiki/Thalamus "Thalamus"). It may also indicate damage to the [midbrain](/wiki/Mesencephalon "Mesencephalon"). While decorticate posturing is still an ominous sign of severe [brain damage](/wiki/Brain_damage "Brain damage"), decerebrate posturing is usually indicative of more severe damage at the rubrospinal tract, and hence, the red nucleus is also involved, indicating a lesion lower in the brainstem.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2021}}
### Decerebrate
[thumb\|450px\|Decerebrate rigidity or abnormal extensor posturing.](/wiki/File:Decerebrate.jpg "Decerebrate.jpg")
Decerebrate posturing is also called decerebrate response, decerebrate rigidity, or extensor posturing. It describes the involuntary extension of the [upper extremities](/wiki/Upper_limb "Upper limb") in response to external [stimuli](/wiki/Stimulus_%28physiology%29 "Stimulus (physiology)"). In decerebrate posturing, the head is arched back, the arms are extended by the sides, and the legs are extended. A hallmark of decerebrate posturing is extended elbows. The arms and legs are extended and rotated internally.{{cite book \|author1\=Silverberg, Mark \|author2\=Greenberg, Michael R. \|author3\=Hendrickson, Robert A. \|title\=Greenberg's Text\-Atlas of Emergency Medicine \|publisher\=Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins \|location\=Hagerstwon, MD \|year\=2005 \|pages\= 53\|isbn\=0\-7817\-4586\-1 }} The patient is rigid, with the teeth clenched. The signs can be present on only one side of the body or on both sides, and they may be present just in the arms, and they may be intermittent.
A person displaying decerebrate posturing in response to pain receives a score of two in the motor section of the [Glasgow Coma Scale](/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale "Glasgow Coma Scale") (for adults) and the [Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale](/wiki/Pediatric_Glasgow_Coma_Scale "Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale") (for infants), due to the muscles extending because of the neuro\-muscular response to the trauma.
Decerebrate posturing indicates [brain stem](/wiki/Brain_stem "Brain stem") damage, specifically damage below the level of the [red nucleus](/wiki/Red_nucleus "Red nucleus") (e.g. mid\-collicular lesion). It is exhibited by people with lesions or compression in the [midbrain](/wiki/Midbrain "Midbrain") and lesions in the [cerebellum](/wiki/Cerebellum "Cerebellum"). Decerebrate posturing is commonly seen in [pontine](/wiki/Pons "Pons") strokes. A patient with decorticate posturing may begin to show decerebrate posturing, or may go from one form of posturing to the other. Progression from decorticate posturing to decerebrate posturing is often indicative of uncal (transtentorial) or tonsilar [brain herniation](/wiki/Brain_herniation "Brain herniation"). Activation of [gamma motor neurons](/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron "Gamma motor neuron") is thought to be important in decerebrate rigidity due to studies in animals showing that dorsal\-root transection eliminates decerebrate rigidity symptoms.Berne and Levy principles of physiology/\[editors] Matthew N. Levy, Bruce M. Koeppen, Bruce A. Stanton.\-4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby, 2006\. Transection releases the centres below the site from higher inhibitory controls.
In competitive contact sports, posturing (typically of the forearms) can occur with an impact to the head and is termed the [fencing response](/wiki/Fencing_response "Fencing response").
|
[
"Types\n-----",
"Three types of abnormal posturing are decorticate posturing, with the arms flexed over the chest; decerebrate posturing, with the arms extended at the sides; and [opisthotonus](/wiki/Opisthotonus \"Opisthotonus\"), in which the head and back are arched backward.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2021}}",
"### Decorticate",
"[thumb\\|450px\\|right\\|Decorticate posturing, with elbows, wrists and fingers flexed, and legs extended and rotated inward](/wiki/Image:Decorticate.PNG \"Decorticate.PNG\")",
"Decorticate posturing is also called decorticate response, decorticate rigidity, flexor posturing, or, colloquially, \"mummy baby\".{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5bmg8xiLxkMC\\&q\\=%22mummy\\+baby%22\\+decorticate\\&pg\\=PA456 \\| title\\=NMS Medicine Casebook \\| isbn\\=9780781784689 \\| last1\\=Shah \\| first1\\=Tilak \\| date\\=November 2008 \\| publisher\\=Lippincott Williams \\& Wilkins }} Patients with decorticate posturing present with the arms flexed, or bent inward on the chest, the hands are clenched into fists, and the legs extended and feet turned inward. A person displaying decorticate posturing in response to pain gets a score of three in the motor section of the [Glasgow Coma Scale](/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale \"Glasgow Coma Scale\"), caused by the flexion of muscles due to the neuro\\-muscular response to the trauma.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Davis\\|first1\\=RA\\|last2\\=Davis\\|first2\\=RL\\|title\\=Decerebrate rigidity in humans.\\|journal\\=Neurosurgery\\|date\\=May 1982\\|volume\\=10\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=635–42\\|pmid\\=7099417\\|doi\\=10\\.1097/00006123\\-198205000\\-00017}}",
"There are two parts to decorticate posturing.\n* The first is the disinhibition of the [red nucleus](/wiki/Red_nucleus \"Red nucleus\") with facilitation of the [rubrospinal tract](/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract \"Rubrospinal tract\") due to severment of the [corticospinal tract](/wiki/Corticospinal_tract \"Corticospinal tract\"). The rubrospinal tract facilitates [motor neurons](/wiki/Motor_neuron \"Motor neuron\") in the cervical spinal cord supplying the flexor muscles of the upper extremities. The rubrospinal tract and [medullary reticulospinal tract](/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract \"Reticulospinal tract\") biased flexion outweighs the [medial and lateral vestibulospinal](/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract \"Vestibulospinal tract\") and [pontine reticulospinal tract](/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract \"Reticulospinal tract\") biased extension in the upper extremities.\n* The second component of decorticate posturing is the disruption of the lateral [corticospinal tract](/wiki/Corticospinal_tract \"Corticospinal tract\") which facilitates motor neurons in the lower spinal cord supplying flexor muscles of the lower extremities. Since the corticospinal tract is interrupted, the pontine reticulospinal and the medial and lateral vestibulospinal biased extension tracts greatly overwhelm the medullary reticulospinal biased flexion tract.",
"The effects on these two tracts (corticospinal and rubrospinal) by lesions above the red nucleus is what leads to the characteristic flexion posturing of the upper extremities and extensor posturing of the lower extremities.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2021}}",
"Decorticate posturing indicates that there may be damage to areas including the [cerebral hemispheres](/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere \"Cerebral hemisphere\"), the [internal capsule](/wiki/Internal_capsule \"Internal capsule\"), and the [thalamus](/wiki/Thalamus \"Thalamus\"). It may also indicate damage to the [midbrain](/wiki/Mesencephalon \"Mesencephalon\"). While decorticate posturing is still an ominous sign of severe [brain damage](/wiki/Brain_damage \"Brain damage\"), decerebrate posturing is usually indicative of more severe damage at the rubrospinal tract, and hence, the red nucleus is also involved, indicating a lesion lower in the brainstem.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2021}}",
"### Decerebrate",
"[thumb\\|450px\\|Decerebrate rigidity or abnormal extensor posturing.](/wiki/File:Decerebrate.jpg \"Decerebrate.jpg\")",
"Decerebrate posturing is also called decerebrate response, decerebrate rigidity, or extensor posturing. It describes the involuntary extension of the [upper extremities](/wiki/Upper_limb \"Upper limb\") in response to external [stimuli](/wiki/Stimulus_%28physiology%29 \"Stimulus (physiology)\"). In decerebrate posturing, the head is arched back, the arms are extended by the sides, and the legs are extended. A hallmark of decerebrate posturing is extended elbows. The arms and legs are extended and rotated internally.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Silverberg, Mark \\|author2\\=Greenberg, Michael R. \\|author3\\=Hendrickson, Robert A. \\|title\\=Greenberg's Text\\-Atlas of Emergency Medicine \\|publisher\\=Lippincott Williams \\& Wilkins \\|location\\=Hagerstwon, MD \\|year\\=2005 \\|pages\\= 53\\|isbn\\=0\\-7817\\-4586\\-1 }} The patient is rigid, with the teeth clenched. The signs can be present on only one side of the body or on both sides, and they may be present just in the arms, and they may be intermittent.",
"A person displaying decerebrate posturing in response to pain receives a score of two in the motor section of the [Glasgow Coma Scale](/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale \"Glasgow Coma Scale\") (for adults) and the [Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale](/wiki/Pediatric_Glasgow_Coma_Scale \"Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale\") (for infants), due to the muscles extending because of the neuro\\-muscular response to the trauma.",
"Decerebrate posturing indicates [brain stem](/wiki/Brain_stem \"Brain stem\") damage, specifically damage below the level of the [red nucleus](/wiki/Red_nucleus \"Red nucleus\") (e.g. mid\\-collicular lesion). It is exhibited by people with lesions or compression in the [midbrain](/wiki/Midbrain \"Midbrain\") and lesions in the [cerebellum](/wiki/Cerebellum \"Cerebellum\"). Decerebrate posturing is commonly seen in [pontine](/wiki/Pons \"Pons\") strokes. A patient with decorticate posturing may begin to show decerebrate posturing, or may go from one form of posturing to the other. Progression from decorticate posturing to decerebrate posturing is often indicative of uncal (transtentorial) or tonsilar [brain herniation](/wiki/Brain_herniation \"Brain herniation\"). Activation of [gamma motor neurons](/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron \"Gamma motor neuron\") is thought to be important in decerebrate rigidity due to studies in animals showing that dorsal\\-root transection eliminates decerebrate rigidity symptoms.Berne and Levy principles of physiology/\\[editors] Matthew N. Levy, Bruce M. Koeppen, Bruce A. Stanton.\\-4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby, 2006\\. Transection releases the centres below the site from higher inhibitory controls.",
"In competitive contact sports, posturing (typically of the forearms) can occur with an impact to the head and is termed the [fencing response](/wiki/Fencing_response \"Fencing response\").",
""
] |
Career
------
### 2000–02
In 2000, Silvas signed to EMI Records. In June 2000, she released her debut single, "[It's Too Late](/wiki/It%27s_Too_Late_%28Lucie_Silvas_song%29 "It's Too Late (Lucie Silvas song)")", which peaked at No. 62 in the UK Singles Chart. An album, entitled *[Forget Me Not](/wiki/Forget_Me_Not_%28EP%29 "Forget Me Not (EP)")*, was also planned for release but EMI terminated her contract after the poor reception of the single.
In 2001, Chrysalis Records (an EMI subsidiary) contacted her, this time for songwriting. She signed a publishing contract and, despite being without a record label to release her music, she continued writing and had songs recorded and released by British artists including [Sarah Whatmore](/wiki/Sarah_Whatmore "Sarah Whatmore"), [Will Young](/wiki/Will_Young "Will Young"), [Gareth Gates](/wiki/Gareth_Gates "Gareth Gates"), [Rachel Stevens](/wiki/Rachel_Stevens "Rachel Stevens") and [Liberty X](/wiki/Liberty_X "Liberty X"). Several of Silvas' songs for other artists have become chart hits.
### 2003–05: *Breathe In*
In 2003, Silvas recorded a duet with the Spanish singer [Natalia](/wiki/Natalia_%28Spanish_singer%29 "Natalia (Spanish singer)") called "This Time", and in 2004 she also wrote the first single off Natalia's third album, entitled "Sombras" (Shadows). The same year, Silvas also wrote "I'm Not Your Girlfriend" for the Spanish singer Cristie.
In 2003, Silvas signed a recording contract of her own with [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records "Mercury Records"). She recorded her second album, *[Breathe In](/wiki/Breathe_In_%28Lucie_Silvas_album%29 "Breathe In (Lucie Silvas album)")*, which was to become her official debut album in October 2004\. Produced by [Mike Peden](/wiki/Mike_Peden "Mike Peden"), much of *Breathe In* was co\-written with [Judie Tzuke](/wiki/Judie_Tzuke "Judie Tzuke"), for whom Silvas sang backing vocals for many years. [BBC Radio 2](/wiki/BBC_Radio_2 "BBC Radio 2") commissioned a radio show to track Silvas' development in the music industry, supporting her career, and adding her tracks to their playlist. The first single from the album, *[What You're Made of](/wiki/What_You%27re_Made_of "What You're Made of")*, entered the official UK charts at number 7, and the following week the album debuted and peaked at number 11 (returning to this position in early 2005\). Following TV appearances on the Ivor Novello [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John "Elton John") tribute show, and "All Time Greatest Love Songs" with Ronan Keating, Silvas released her second single from the album, "[Breathe In](/wiki/Breathe_In_%28single%29 "Breathe In (single)")", which debuted at number 6, her highest UK chart peak to date. Silvas then released further singles; "[The Game Is Won](/wiki/The_Game_Is_Won "The Game Is Won")" and "[Don't Look Back](/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_%28Lucie_Silvas_song%29 "Don't Look Back (Lucie Silvas song)")" which peaked at numbers 38 and 34 respectively.
Following the release of the "Breathe In" single in Britain, Silvas took her music to Europe, including Germany and the Netherlands, where she released a special Europe\-only single, "Nothing Else Matters", a cover of the [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica") song. The *Breathe In* album was also re\-released in the Netherlands as a special 2\-disc edition, featuring a full live concert recorded there. She also re\-recorded "[What You're Made Of](/wiki/What_You%27re_Made_Of "What You're Made Of")" for the Spanish and French markets, working with [Antonio Orozco](/wiki/Antonio_Orozco "Antonio Orozco") and [Grégory Lemarchal](/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Lemarchal "Grégory Lemarchal") respectively. A special re\-recorded version of the song, featuring the Metropole Orchestra, was released as the fourth and final single from the album in the Netherlands.
With *Breathe In* certified Platinum in the UK, Silvas embarked on her second UK tour starting in Brighton on 2 November 2005\.
### 2006–07: *The Same Side*
[thumb\|Lucie performing for her *The Same Side* album launch in 2006](/wiki/Image:Lucie_Silvas_Amsterdam_Paradiso_12_Oct_2006.jpg "Lucie Silvas Amsterdam Paradiso 12 Oct 2006.jpg")
Silvas's second album, *[The Same Side](/wiki/The_Same_Side "The Same Side")*, was recorded in 2006\. Produced by [Danton Supple](/wiki/Danton_Supple "Danton Supple") (who had produced [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay")'s *[X\&Y](/wiki/X%26Y "X&Y")* album), it was released first in the Netherlands in October 2006\. A duet with [Marco Borsato](/wiki/Marco_Borsato "Marco Borsato"), "[Everytime I Think of You](/wiki/Everytime_I_Think_of_You "Everytime I Think of You")", was released as the first single in the Netherlands, charting at No. 35 on downloads only, and topping the [Dutch Top 40](/wiki/Dutch_Top_40 "Dutch Top 40") in the next 3 weeks, becoming her first Number 1 single. A DVD of *The Same Side* has also been released in the Netherlands.
"[Last Year](/wiki/Last_Year_%28song%29 "Last Year (song)")" was the first single from the album in the UK and Ireland, premiering on BBC Radio 2 in late August 2006, though it failed to chart. Following this setback, [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records "Mercury Records") decided to postpone the UK release of the album, which had been scheduled for October 2006\. A second single, "[Sinking In](/wiki/Sinking_In "Sinking In")", was released as a download only single on 5 March 2007 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, though this too failed to chart. The album was finally released in the UK on 12 March 2007, charting at No. 62 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart") in its first week before falling out of the Top 100 the following week.
### 2008–16: *Letters to Ghosts*
After *The Same Side* failed to impact on the charts, Silvas was subsequently dropped by her label. She has spent time working on new music in [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee") and New York City, as well as in studios in the UK. Several demos have been recorded and posted to various sites on the internet such as Silvas' official Myspace page. In August 2009, Silvas revealed that she was writing with Australian singer [Delta Goodrem](/wiki/Delta_Goodrem "Delta Goodrem"), and has also co\-written tracks for [Katharine McPhee](/wiki/Katharine_McPhee "Katharine McPhee")'s album *Unbroken*. In September 2009, Silvas also told fans on Twitter she was working on getting new material out in 2010 and was also planning a European tour. In February 2010, Silvas spent some time in the studio with [Nadine Coyle](/wiki/Nadine_Coyle "Nadine Coyle") of [Girls Aloud](/wiki/Girls_Aloud "Girls Aloud").
In February 2011, Silvas revealed content from her then\-forthcoming album, *[Letters to Ghosts](/wiki/Letters_to_Ghosts "Letters to Ghosts")*. Tracks including "Happy", "Reset", "Smoke (Somebody Stop Me)" and "Roots" – the last of which was offered as a free download prior to the album's release through SoundCloud in April 2011\. She has also supported [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai "Jamiroquai") on their 2011 tour. On 8 June 2011, Silvas then posted that she had finished recording her album.
In July 2011, Silvas worked on some new songs with [Una Healy](/wiki/Una_Healy "Una Healy") of [The Saturdays](/wiki/The_Saturdays "The Saturdays") on a song called "Last Call", written by Silvas, Healy and Chris Holmes{{Cite web\|url\=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter\=True\&blnPublisher\=True\&blnArtist\=True\&keyID\=13343014\&ShowNbr\=0\&ShowSeqNbr\=0\&querytype\=WorkID\|title\=BMI Repertoire\|website\=Repertoire.bmi.com\|access\-date\=3 January 2021}} that featured on The Saturdays' album *[On Your Radar](/wiki/On_Your_Radar "On Your Radar")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thesaturdays.co.uk/news/on\-your\-radar\-artwork\-tracklisting\-and\-pre\-orders\-revealed/ \|title\=On Your Radar artwork, tracklisting and pre\-orders revealed! \|publisher\=The Saturdays \|access\-date\=25 April 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608025058/http://www.thesaturdays.co.uk/news/on\-your\-radar\-artwork\-tracklisting\-and\-pre\-orders\-revealed/ \|archive\-date\=8 June 2012 }}
In early 2013 Silvas wrote songs for [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC")'s musical drama, *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Smash (U.S. TV series)")*. Her songs, including "Heart Shaped Wreckage", "Pretender", "Don't Let Me Know" and "Calling Out My Name", appear in *[Hit List](/wiki/Hit_List_%28musical%29 "Hit List (musical)")*, a staged concert based on the fictional musical created for that show's second season.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2013/12/09/249741025/when\-hit\-list\-got\-another\-shot\-at\-an\-audience\|title\=When 'Hit List' Got Another Shot At An Audience\|website\=NPR.org\|date\=9 December 2013 \|last1\=Lunden \|first1\=Jeff }}
In 2014, Silvas sang "Little Civil Wars", a duet with [Dave Barnes](/wiki/Dave_Barnes "Dave Barnes"), on his Golden Days project.
On 3 February 2015, Lucie released her self\-titled EP in the US and Canada, just before its release in Europe. Produced by Silvas, John Osborne and Ian Fitchuk, the new album is released on Silvas' own label, "Furthestpoint", via Caroline Records.
*Letters to Ghosts* was officially released on 18 September 2015\. Silvas co\-wrote the song "Smoking Jacket" and provides backing vocals for [Miranda Lambert](/wiki/Miranda_Lambert "Miranda Lambert") on her 2016 album, *[The Weight of These Wings](/wiki/The_Weight_of_These_Wings "The Weight of These Wings")*.
### 2017–present: *E.G.O.*
Silvas performed at the [O2 Arena](/wiki/O2_Arena_%28London%29 "O2 Arena (London)") in March 2017 as part of the [C2C: Country to Country](/wiki/C2C:Country_to_Country "Country to Country") festival and debuted two new songs, "Just for the Record" and "My Old Habits", before revealing that new music would be released in 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/LucieSilvas/status/939255561933254656\|title\=2018 : New Music \|website\=Twitter.com\|first\=Lucie\|last\=Silvas\|date\=8 December 2017}}
On 31 May 2018, Silvas announced her fourth studio album, *E.G.O.*, and released the lead single, "Kite", the same day. The album was released on 24 August 2018\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/8458641/lucie\-silvas\-new\-song\-kite\-ego\-album\-release\-date \|title\=Lucie Silvas Flies Free on Empowering Track 'Kite,' Announces New Album 'E.G.O.': Premiere \|publisher\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|date\= 31 May 2018 \|access\-date\=1 June 2018}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 2000–02",
"In 2000, Silvas signed to EMI Records. In June 2000, she released her debut single, \"[It's Too Late](/wiki/It%27s_Too_Late_%28Lucie_Silvas_song%29 \"It's Too Late (Lucie Silvas song)\")\", which peaked at No. 62 in the UK Singles Chart. An album, entitled *[Forget Me Not](/wiki/Forget_Me_Not_%28EP%29 \"Forget Me Not (EP)\")*, was also planned for release but EMI terminated her contract after the poor reception of the single.",
"In 2001, Chrysalis Records (an EMI subsidiary) contacted her, this time for songwriting. She signed a publishing contract and, despite being without a record label to release her music, she continued writing and had songs recorded and released by British artists including [Sarah Whatmore](/wiki/Sarah_Whatmore \"Sarah Whatmore\"), [Will Young](/wiki/Will_Young \"Will Young\"), [Gareth Gates](/wiki/Gareth_Gates \"Gareth Gates\"), [Rachel Stevens](/wiki/Rachel_Stevens \"Rachel Stevens\") and [Liberty X](/wiki/Liberty_X \"Liberty X\"). Several of Silvas' songs for other artists have become chart hits.",
"### 2003–05: *Breathe In*",
"In 2003, Silvas recorded a duet with the Spanish singer [Natalia](/wiki/Natalia_%28Spanish_singer%29 \"Natalia (Spanish singer)\") called \"This Time\", and in 2004 she also wrote the first single off Natalia's third album, entitled \"Sombras\" (Shadows). The same year, Silvas also wrote \"I'm Not Your Girlfriend\" for the Spanish singer Cristie.",
"In 2003, Silvas signed a recording contract of her own with [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\"). She recorded her second album, *[Breathe In](/wiki/Breathe_In_%28Lucie_Silvas_album%29 \"Breathe In (Lucie Silvas album)\")*, which was to become her official debut album in October 2004\\. Produced by [Mike Peden](/wiki/Mike_Peden \"Mike Peden\"), much of *Breathe In* was co\\-written with [Judie Tzuke](/wiki/Judie_Tzuke \"Judie Tzuke\"), for whom Silvas sang backing vocals for many years. [BBC Radio 2](/wiki/BBC_Radio_2 \"BBC Radio 2\") commissioned a radio show to track Silvas' development in the music industry, supporting her career, and adding her tracks to their playlist. The first single from the album, *[What You're Made of](/wiki/What_You%27re_Made_of \"What You're Made of\")*, entered the official UK charts at number 7, and the following week the album debuted and peaked at number 11 (returning to this position in early 2005\\). Following TV appearances on the Ivor Novello [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John \"Elton John\") tribute show, and \"All Time Greatest Love Songs\" with Ronan Keating, Silvas released her second single from the album, \"[Breathe In](/wiki/Breathe_In_%28single%29 \"Breathe In (single)\")\", which debuted at number 6, her highest UK chart peak to date. Silvas then released further singles; \"[The Game Is Won](/wiki/The_Game_Is_Won \"The Game Is Won\")\" and \"[Don't Look Back](/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_%28Lucie_Silvas_song%29 \"Don't Look Back (Lucie Silvas song)\")\" which peaked at numbers 38 and 34 respectively.",
"Following the release of the \"Breathe In\" single in Britain, Silvas took her music to Europe, including Germany and the Netherlands, where she released a special Europe\\-only single, \"Nothing Else Matters\", a cover of the [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\") song. The *Breathe In* album was also re\\-released in the Netherlands as a special 2\\-disc edition, featuring a full live concert recorded there. She also re\\-recorded \"[What You're Made Of](/wiki/What_You%27re_Made_Of \"What You're Made Of\")\" for the Spanish and French markets, working with [Antonio Orozco](/wiki/Antonio_Orozco \"Antonio Orozco\") and [Grégory Lemarchal](/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Lemarchal \"Grégory Lemarchal\") respectively. A special re\\-recorded version of the song, featuring the Metropole Orchestra, was released as the fourth and final single from the album in the Netherlands.",
"With *Breathe In* certified Platinum in the UK, Silvas embarked on her second UK tour starting in Brighton on 2 November 2005\\.",
"### 2006–07: *The Same Side*",
"[thumb\\|Lucie performing for her *The Same Side* album launch in 2006](/wiki/Image:Lucie_Silvas_Amsterdam_Paradiso_12_Oct_2006.jpg \"Lucie Silvas Amsterdam Paradiso 12 Oct 2006.jpg\")",
"Silvas's second album, *[The Same Side](/wiki/The_Same_Side \"The Same Side\")*, was recorded in 2006\\. Produced by [Danton Supple](/wiki/Danton_Supple \"Danton Supple\") (who had produced [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\")'s *[X\\&Y](/wiki/X%26Y \"X&Y\")* album), it was released first in the Netherlands in October 2006\\. A duet with [Marco Borsato](/wiki/Marco_Borsato \"Marco Borsato\"), \"[Everytime I Think of You](/wiki/Everytime_I_Think_of_You \"Everytime I Think of You\")\", was released as the first single in the Netherlands, charting at No. 35 on downloads only, and topping the [Dutch Top 40](/wiki/Dutch_Top_40 \"Dutch Top 40\") in the next 3 weeks, becoming her first Number 1 single. A DVD of *The Same Side* has also been released in the Netherlands.",
"\"[Last Year](/wiki/Last_Year_%28song%29 \"Last Year (song)\")\" was the first single from the album in the UK and Ireland, premiering on BBC Radio 2 in late August 2006, though it failed to chart. Following this setback, [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\") decided to postpone the UK release of the album, which had been scheduled for October 2006\\. A second single, \"[Sinking In](/wiki/Sinking_In \"Sinking In\")\", was released as a download only single on 5 March 2007 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, though this too failed to chart. The album was finally released in the UK on 12 March 2007, charting at No. 62 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\") in its first week before falling out of the Top 100 the following week.",
"### 2008–16: *Letters to Ghosts*",
"After *The Same Side* failed to impact on the charts, Silvas was subsequently dropped by her label. She has spent time working on new music in [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\") and New York City, as well as in studios in the UK. Several demos have been recorded and posted to various sites on the internet such as Silvas' official Myspace page. In August 2009, Silvas revealed that she was writing with Australian singer [Delta Goodrem](/wiki/Delta_Goodrem \"Delta Goodrem\"), and has also co\\-written tracks for [Katharine McPhee](/wiki/Katharine_McPhee \"Katharine McPhee\")'s album *Unbroken*. In September 2009, Silvas also told fans on Twitter she was working on getting new material out in 2010 and was also planning a European tour. In February 2010, Silvas spent some time in the studio with [Nadine Coyle](/wiki/Nadine_Coyle \"Nadine Coyle\") of [Girls Aloud](/wiki/Girls_Aloud \"Girls Aloud\").",
"In February 2011, Silvas revealed content from her then\\-forthcoming album, *[Letters to Ghosts](/wiki/Letters_to_Ghosts \"Letters to Ghosts\")*. Tracks including \"Happy\", \"Reset\", \"Smoke (Somebody Stop Me)\" and \"Roots\" – the last of which was offered as a free download prior to the album's release through SoundCloud in April 2011\\. She has also supported [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai \"Jamiroquai\") on their 2011 tour. On 8 June 2011, Silvas then posted that she had finished recording her album.",
"In July 2011, Silvas worked on some new songs with [Una Healy](/wiki/Una_Healy \"Una Healy\") of [The Saturdays](/wiki/The_Saturdays \"The Saturdays\") on a song called \"Last Call\", written by Silvas, Healy and Chris Holmes{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter\\=True\\&blnPublisher\\=True\\&blnArtist\\=True\\&keyID\\=13343014\\&ShowNbr\\=0\\&ShowSeqNbr\\=0\\&querytype\\=WorkID\\|title\\=BMI Repertoire\\|website\\=Repertoire.bmi.com\\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2021}} that featured on The Saturdays' album *[On Your Radar](/wiki/On_Your_Radar \"On Your Radar\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thesaturdays.co.uk/news/on\\-your\\-radar\\-artwork\\-tracklisting\\-and\\-pre\\-orders\\-revealed/ \\|title\\=On Your Radar artwork, tracklisting and pre\\-orders revealed! \\|publisher\\=The Saturdays \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608025058/http://www.thesaturdays.co.uk/news/on\\-your\\-radar\\-artwork\\-tracklisting\\-and\\-pre\\-orders\\-revealed/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2012 }}",
"In early 2013 Silvas wrote songs for [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")'s musical drama, *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Smash (U.S. TV series)\")*. Her songs, including \"Heart Shaped Wreckage\", \"Pretender\", \"Don't Let Me Know\" and \"Calling Out My Name\", appear in *[Hit List](/wiki/Hit_List_%28musical%29 \"Hit List (musical)\")*, a staged concert based on the fictional musical created for that show's second season.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2013/12/09/249741025/when\\-hit\\-list\\-got\\-another\\-shot\\-at\\-an\\-audience\\|title\\=When 'Hit List' Got Another Shot At An Audience\\|website\\=NPR.org\\|date\\=9 December 2013 \\|last1\\=Lunden \\|first1\\=Jeff }}",
"In 2014, Silvas sang \"Little Civil Wars\", a duet with [Dave Barnes](/wiki/Dave_Barnes \"Dave Barnes\"), on his Golden Days project.",
"On 3 February 2015, Lucie released her self\\-titled EP in the US and Canada, just before its release in Europe. Produced by Silvas, John Osborne and Ian Fitchuk, the new album is released on Silvas' own label, \"Furthestpoint\", via Caroline Records.",
"*Letters to Ghosts* was officially released on 18 September 2015\\. Silvas co\\-wrote the song \"Smoking Jacket\" and provides backing vocals for [Miranda Lambert](/wiki/Miranda_Lambert \"Miranda Lambert\") on her 2016 album, *[The Weight of These Wings](/wiki/The_Weight_of_These_Wings \"The Weight of These Wings\")*.",
"### 2017–present: *E.G.O.*",
"Silvas performed at the [O2 Arena](/wiki/O2_Arena_%28London%29 \"O2 Arena (London)\") in March 2017 as part of the [C2C: Country to Country](/wiki/C2C:Country_to_Country \"Country to Country\") festival and debuted two new songs, \"Just for the Record\" and \"My Old Habits\", before revealing that new music would be released in 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/LucieSilvas/status/939255561933254656\\|title\\=2018 : New Music \\|website\\=Twitter.com\\|first\\=Lucie\\|last\\=Silvas\\|date\\=8 December 2017}}",
"On 31 May 2018, Silvas announced her fourth studio album, *E.G.O.*, and released the lead single, \"Kite\", the same day. The album was released on 24 August 2018\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/8458641/lucie\\-silvas\\-new\\-song\\-kite\\-ego\\-album\\-release\\-date \\|title\\=Lucie Silvas Flies Free on Empowering Track 'Kite,' Announces New Album 'E.G.O.': Premiere \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|date\\= 31 May 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2018}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in [Malden, Massachusetts](/wiki/Malden%2C_Massachusetts "Malden, Massachusetts"), Berger was the son of first\-generation Jews from [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") and [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia "Latvia"), on his mother's side, and from Russia and Lithuania on his father's side. Speaking only [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish_language "Yiddish language") till the age of three, he grew up in the Boston suburbs and attended [Roxbury Memorial High School](/wiki/Roxbury_Memorial_High_School "Roxbury Memorial High School"). Encouraged by his mother and uncle, J.P.Savel, illustrator for the *Boston Post*, Berger's interest and passion in painting were evident very early. As a teen in the mid\-nineteen thirties, he painted *en plein air* regularly emulating the influences he saw in Boston. His love of the old masters, the immediate approach of the watercolors of [John Singer Sargent](/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent "John Singer Sargent") and [Winslow Homer](/wiki/Winslow_Homer "Winslow Homer"), and the current trends of [Modernism](/wiki/Modernism "Modernism"), [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism") and [Abstraction](/wiki/Abstraction "Abstraction") were the influences that would stay with him throughout his life.Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 89, 4th paragraph.
At a young age, he frequented the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston and haunted the Boston Public Library, reading all he could on painting and painting techniques. His focus on painting was recognized during high school by acceptance to the “Vocational Art Classes”Lois Katz, page 29\. at the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston where he studied drawing and composition in the afternoons. With this preparation, he received a full scholarship to the School of the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston in 1941\. [Karl Zerbe](/wiki/Karl_Zerbe "Karl Zerbe"), the principle painting teacher at the school, thought Berger and his classmates, Reed Kay, [Jack Kramer](/wiki/Jack_Kramer "Jack Kramer"), [David Aronson](/wiki/David_Aronson "David Aronson"), and George Sheridan were among best students.Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 38\.
Karl Zerbe, a German citizen, received his position at the Museum School in 1937 after a year at Harvard University. Like [Hans Hofmann](/wiki/Hans_Hofmann "Hans Hofmann"), who immigrated in the 1930s to New York City, Karl Zerbe brought the tenets of European Modernism to Boston. “For eager young Americans, most of whom had traveled little—and constrained in the 1930s by the Depression and in the 1940s by World War II and its aftermath—contact with Hofmann (and Zerbe) served as an invaluable alternative for direct contact with the European sources of Modernism”.Hans Hofmann Biography, www.hanshofmann.org, Biography\-4th paragraph
Unlike Hoffman, whose emphasis was in abstraction and initiated the [Abstract Expressionists](/wiki/Abstract_Expressionists "Abstract Expressionists"), Zerbe was well rooted in the expressionismLois Katz, page 39, 2nd paragraph and spawned the Boston Expressionists. Associated with the Boston Expressionists are [Jack Levine](/wiki/Jack_Levine "Jack Levine"), [Hyman Bloom](/wiki/Hyman_Bloom "Hyman Bloom"), [Khalil Gibran](/wiki/Khalil_Gibran "Khalil Gibran"),Lois Katz, page 63 as well as, Zerbe's students\-Jason Berger, [David Aronson](/wiki/David_Aronson "David Aronson"), Reed Kay, [Jack Kramer](/wiki/Jack_Kramer "Jack Kramer"), Bernie Chaet, [Arthur Polonsky](/wiki/Arthur_Polonsky "Arthur Polonsky"), and George Sheridan. In the 1940s, the Expressionist enthusiasm in Boston would materialize in exhihibitions of [Max Beckmann](/wiki/Max_Beckmann "Max Beckmann"), [Chaïm Soutine](/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine "Chaïm Soutine"), [Oskar Kokoschka](/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka "Oskar Kokoschka"), [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall "Marc Chagall"), and [James Ensor](/wiki/James_Ensor "James Ensor") before they were exhibited in New York City.Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 39, 2nd paragraph
World War II interrupted Berger's college education with three years in the Army, 1943–1946\. Returning from the war, he graduated from college in 1948\. Afterwards, with a traveling scholarship awarded by the School of the Museum of Fine Art, Boston, Berger went to Europe with his first wife, the painter [Marilyn Powers](/wiki/Marilyn_Powers "Marilyn Powers"). In addition to the European Traveling Fellowship, Berger received several awards, including the Grand Prize for Painting from [Jacques Lipchitz](/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz "Jacques Lipchitz") at the Boston Arts Festival in 1956 and the Clarissa Bartlett Traveling Award in 1957\.Katherine French, Catalogue; Danforth Museum, page 12 While in France, Berger studied with cubist sculptor [Ossip Zadkine](/wiki/Ossip_Zadkine "Ossip Zadkine") in Paris and frequented [Georges Braque](/wiki/Georges_Braque "Georges Braque")'s studio. He also met [Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse "Henri Matisse")Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 59 and absorbed the direct influences of [Bonnard](/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard "Pierre Bonnard"), [Dufy](/wiki/Raoul_Dufy "Raoul Dufy"), [Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso") and [Soutine](/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine "Chaïm Soutine").Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 49, 2nd paragraph
Upon his return to the United States, Berger began teaching first at [Mount Holyoke College](/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College") (1955\), and then enjoyed a long tenure teaching at the School of the [Museum of Fine Arts, Boston](/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston") (1956–69\). He taught briefly at [Wellesley College](/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") (1957–59\), The [State University of New York at Buffalo](/wiki/University_at_Buffalo%2C_The_State_University_of_New_York "University at Buffalo, The State University of New York") (1969–70\) and The [Metropolitan College at Boston University](/wiki/Metropolitan_College_at_Boston_University "Metropolitan College at Boston University") (1971–72\). Until his retirement, he taught at [The Art Institute of Boston](/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Boston "The Art Institute of Boston") (1973–88\).
During the summers, the Bergers traveled and painted en plein air in France, Mexico and Portugal. After his wife, Marilyn Powers, died in 1976 of cancer, he returned to Portugal where he met Estela Couto who became his second wife in 1978\. They eventually moved to Portugal in 1994\. Berger lost his second wife, Estela, in 1997\. Berger remained in Portugal, where he eventually married the painter Leena Rekola in 1999\. The couple moved back to Boston in March 2008\. He died in October 2010\.
Berger continued to work directly from nature until his death, always putting the "picture first and feeding nature into it".Lois Katz, Interview with Reed Kay, page 35, 1st paragraph This focus on combining the formal elements of color, shape and compositional scheme to make a good picture, never interfered with an overall joy of discovery through the act of painting. His approach was direct, his vision clear, and his paintings full of structural elegance, with the results a positive and optimistic expression.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in [Malden, Massachusetts](/wiki/Malden%2C_Massachusetts \"Malden, Massachusetts\"), Berger was the son of first\\-generation Jews from [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\") and [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\"), on his mother's side, and from Russia and Lithuania on his father's side. Speaking only [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish_language \"Yiddish language\") till the age of three, he grew up in the Boston suburbs and attended [Roxbury Memorial High School](/wiki/Roxbury_Memorial_High_School \"Roxbury Memorial High School\"). Encouraged by his mother and uncle, J.P.Savel, illustrator for the *Boston Post*, Berger's interest and passion in painting were evident very early. As a teen in the mid\\-nineteen thirties, he painted *en plein air* regularly emulating the influences he saw in Boston. His love of the old masters, the immediate approach of the watercolors of [John Singer Sargent](/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent \"John Singer Sargent\") and [Winslow Homer](/wiki/Winslow_Homer \"Winslow Homer\"), and the current trends of [Modernism](/wiki/Modernism \"Modernism\"), [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\") and [Abstraction](/wiki/Abstraction \"Abstraction\") were the influences that would stay with him throughout his life.Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 89, 4th paragraph.",
"At a young age, he frequented the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston and haunted the Boston Public Library, reading all he could on painting and painting techniques. His focus on painting was recognized during high school by acceptance to the “Vocational Art Classes”Lois Katz, page 29\\. at the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston where he studied drawing and composition in the afternoons. With this preparation, he received a full scholarship to the School of the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston in 1941\\. [Karl Zerbe](/wiki/Karl_Zerbe \"Karl Zerbe\"), the principle painting teacher at the school, thought Berger and his classmates, Reed Kay, [Jack Kramer](/wiki/Jack_Kramer \"Jack Kramer\"), [David Aronson](/wiki/David_Aronson \"David Aronson\"), and George Sheridan were among best students.Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 38\\.",
"Karl Zerbe, a German citizen, received his position at the Museum School in 1937 after a year at Harvard University. Like [Hans Hofmann](/wiki/Hans_Hofmann \"Hans Hofmann\"), who immigrated in the 1930s to New York City, Karl Zerbe brought the tenets of European Modernism to Boston. “For eager young Americans, most of whom had traveled little—and constrained in the 1930s by the Depression and in the 1940s by World War II and its aftermath—contact with Hofmann (and Zerbe) served as an invaluable alternative for direct contact with the European sources of Modernism”.Hans Hofmann Biography, www.hanshofmann.org, Biography\\-4th paragraph",
"Unlike Hoffman, whose emphasis was in abstraction and initiated the [Abstract Expressionists](/wiki/Abstract_Expressionists \"Abstract Expressionists\"), Zerbe was well rooted in the expressionismLois Katz, page 39, 2nd paragraph and spawned the Boston Expressionists. Associated with the Boston Expressionists are [Jack Levine](/wiki/Jack_Levine \"Jack Levine\"), [Hyman Bloom](/wiki/Hyman_Bloom \"Hyman Bloom\"), [Khalil Gibran](/wiki/Khalil_Gibran \"Khalil Gibran\"),Lois Katz, page 63 as well as, Zerbe's students\\-Jason Berger, [David Aronson](/wiki/David_Aronson \"David Aronson\"), Reed Kay, [Jack Kramer](/wiki/Jack_Kramer \"Jack Kramer\"), Bernie Chaet, [Arthur Polonsky](/wiki/Arthur_Polonsky \"Arthur Polonsky\"), and George Sheridan. In the 1940s, the Expressionist enthusiasm in Boston would materialize in exhihibitions of [Max Beckmann](/wiki/Max_Beckmann \"Max Beckmann\"), [Chaïm Soutine](/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine \"Chaïm Soutine\"), [Oskar Kokoschka](/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka \"Oskar Kokoschka\"), [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall \"Marc Chagall\"), and [James Ensor](/wiki/James_Ensor \"James Ensor\") before they were exhibited in New York City.Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 39, 2nd paragraph",
"World War II interrupted Berger's college education with three years in the Army, 1943–1946\\. Returning from the war, he graduated from college in 1948\\. Afterwards, with a traveling scholarship awarded by the School of the Museum of Fine Art, Boston, Berger went to Europe with his first wife, the painter [Marilyn Powers](/wiki/Marilyn_Powers \"Marilyn Powers\"). In addition to the European Traveling Fellowship, Berger received several awards, including the Grand Prize for Painting from [Jacques Lipchitz](/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz \"Jacques Lipchitz\") at the Boston Arts Festival in 1956 and the Clarissa Bartlett Traveling Award in 1957\\.Katherine French, Catalogue; Danforth Museum, page 12 While in France, Berger studied with cubist sculptor [Ossip Zadkine](/wiki/Ossip_Zadkine \"Ossip Zadkine\") in Paris and frequented [Georges Braque](/wiki/Georges_Braque \"Georges Braque\")'s studio. He also met [Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse \"Henri Matisse\")Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 59 and absorbed the direct influences of [Bonnard](/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard \"Pierre Bonnard\"), [Dufy](/wiki/Raoul_Dufy \"Raoul Dufy\"), [Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\") and [Soutine](/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine \"Chaïm Soutine\").Lois Katz, Interview with Jason Berger, page 49, 2nd paragraph",
"Upon his return to the United States, Berger began teaching first at [Mount Holyoke College](/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College \"Mount Holyoke College\") (1955\\), and then enjoyed a long tenure teaching at the School of the [Museum of Fine Arts, Boston](/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston \"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\") (1956–69\\). He taught briefly at [Wellesley College](/wiki/Wellesley_College \"Wellesley College\") (1957–59\\), The [State University of New York at Buffalo](/wiki/University_at_Buffalo%2C_The_State_University_of_New_York \"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\") (1969–70\\) and The [Metropolitan College at Boston University](/wiki/Metropolitan_College_at_Boston_University \"Metropolitan College at Boston University\") (1971–72\\). Until his retirement, he taught at [The Art Institute of Boston](/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Boston \"The Art Institute of Boston\") (1973–88\\).",
"During the summers, the Bergers traveled and painted en plein air in France, Mexico and Portugal. After his wife, Marilyn Powers, died in 1976 of cancer, he returned to Portugal where he met Estela Couto who became his second wife in 1978\\. They eventually moved to Portugal in 1994\\. Berger lost his second wife, Estela, in 1997\\. Berger remained in Portugal, where he eventually married the painter Leena Rekola in 1999\\. The couple moved back to Boston in March 2008\\. He died in October 2010\\.",
"Berger continued to work directly from nature until his death, always putting the \"picture first and feeding nature into it\".Lois Katz, Interview with Reed Kay, page 35, 1st paragraph This focus on combining the formal elements of color, shape and compositional scheme to make a good picture, never interfered with an overall joy of discovery through the act of painting. His approach was direct, his vision clear, and his paintings full of structural elegance, with the results a positive and optimistic expression.",
""
] |
Fictional character biography
-----------------------------
### Early life
Norman Clegg was the only child of a builder and decorator, David Clegg, and his rather volatile wife Violet ([Peter Sallis](/wiki/Peter_Sallis "Peter Sallis") and [Maggie Ollerenshaw](/wiki/Maggie_Ollerenshaw "Maggie Ollerenshaw")). David, a war veteran, was very quiet and rarely interacted with his family, much to the concern of Norman, who thought his father didn't like him (Vi felt the same way). His mother was overprotective of her son, and panicked when he was walked home by a girl a year older than him.
### Later years
Norman married Edith in the 1940s; she died in 1971\.Comedy Playhouse, Series 13 \- *Of Funerals and Fish* Especially in earlier episodes, Norman reminisced about his wife and her traits: how she hated his camping phase; and her sharp tongue. She was mentioned numerous times in the series. Clegg visited her graveside in the pilot episode, and stated that he wasn’t attracted to her and their marriage sort of "happened". He explains it put him off women for life. In the first series, Clegg described her as a "silly [bitch](/wiki/Bitch_%28slang%29 "Bitch (slang)")". After her death and being made redundant from his job as a lino salesman, he hung around with his school\-friends [Compo Simmonite](/wiki/Compo_Simmonite "Compo Simmonite") and Cyril Blamire. They divided their time between the local library, pubs, eating at Sid's Café and devising adventurous exploits to stave off boredom. Clegg was a [cynic](/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29 "Cynicism (contemporary)"), and more critical of the schemes than the others, preferring to take a back seat and casually watch, for example, an antic involving three meat pies; Compo, Cyril and Sid; an alloy spoon and a very angry Ivy.Series 2, Episode 5 \- *Ballad for Wind Instruments and a Canoe*
Norman enjoys watching Compo and the third man, usually Foggy, arguing or trading insults such as "great long dollop" (Sid), "Elsie" (Foggy) and "Rex Hammond" (Cyril). He often goes along with the ideas just to please the others. Clegg aims for a relaxing, peaceful [retirement](/wiki/Retirement "Retirement") following his [redundancy](/wiki/Layoff "Layoff"), but is continually involved in the schemes of Foggy and the others. Happy just reading alone in his cosy home, he also finds enjoyment in some of the simpler things in life, such as Sid's skirting board and the price of beer. He is also so [anxious](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") and [shy](/wiki/Shyness "Shyness") that he wears several layers of clothing: vest/long johns, shirt, jumper/sweater, waistcoat/suit vest, jacket/sport coat, and finally a plastic mac, which he just carries when it's not windy or raining. He is also the only one of the trio with a driving licenceSeries 1, Episode 5 \- *The New Mobile Trio* and so finds himself pressured into driving on the very rare occasions that they are walking about locally and manage to find a vehicle but no driver. This invariably results in a [panic attack](/wiki/Panic_attack "Panic attack") for Clegg, who fumbles about uncontrollably with the gears and pedals, limiting his speed to about 3 mph (5 km per hour) (which is just to his liking). In the series 1 episode "The New Mobile Trio", he decides that the trio should buy a car, but shortly after they bought one he accidentally crashed it into a passing tractor. Because Clegg was at first optimistic on the idea of driving, it is likely that incidents such as this triggered his [fear of driving](/wiki/Driving_phobia "Driving phobia"). He mentions in series 21 that he no longer holds a driving licence and is proud as a result. He sometimes could also be quite superstitious as in one episode he believed that he, Compo and Foggy had aroused the anger of an old Yorkshire god named Earnshaw. In the episode where Compo is buried, he believed that Compo heard him shouting "Goodbye Compo" when in fact it was a random passer\-by who overheard him.
Clegg was the sounding\-board for Compo's glee and the third man's authority, and was often instrumental in pointing out the pitfalls concealed within the schemes of the third man.Bright and Ross (2000\), p. 50 Clegg is also well known for his philosophical asides, which have received praise for interjecting intellectual material into the series.{{cite news\| title\=Series Profile: Last of the Summer Wine\| date\=May 2007\| url\=http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\.doc\| work\=The Insider\| accessdate\=4 December 2007\| url\-status\=dead\| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111033524/http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\.doc\| archivedate\=11 January 2008}} In early episodes, Clegg was much more opinionated and courageous. Sometimes he was shown to be the leader of the trio in the earlier episodes (such as taking them on a camping trip in the hills one stormy night). Within a few years, he became more quiet and laid\-back (although he was still seen to relish the odd practical joke or escapade), and the group came to be led by Foggy and the "third men" who succeeded him. During the earlier episodes, he was also less awkward and more talkative when interacting with women, which is shown when he once made an offhand remark about Nora Batty's father (which she overheard). When Cyril commented on how brave it was to do so, he claimed to have had "years of marital combat experience". He eventually became more nervous when interacting with the local ladies. Despite his [neurosis](/wiki/Neurosis "Neurosis") and frequent [scepticism](/wiki/Scepticism "Scepticism"), Clegg was the one who had the most average lifestyle and, particularly in earlier episodes, is portrayed as the most friendly out of the trio.
From series 9 onwards, Howard often involved Clegg in his risky schemes to have an affair with Marina without Pearl finding out. As a result, Clegg is often shown to be afraid of Pearl (though when not involved in any of Howard's schemes they are both shown to be friendly with each other) so, as a result, he is reluctant to help. It is revealed, in the episode "A Sidecar Named Desire", that he'd previously got trapped in a lift with Marina and she cuddled him for warmth, which left him frightened of her. Because Howard frequently sends Clegg in his place to deliver messages to Marina, this leads the latter into believing that Clegg is interested in her and, throughout the series, she is shown to have a soft spot for him, often addressing him on meeting as "Norman Clegg that was". However, one notable exception where Clegg grows to enjoy Marina's company is when she ended up having lunch with him and Truly on his birthday, much to the jealousy and anger of Howard. He is also terrified of going near Auntie Wainwright's shop because she always manages to sell him something that he does not want.
Throughout most of the series he was generally closer to Compo than the "third men" and the two of them often got enjoyment out of the mishaps of Cyril and, later, Foggy. Clegg was the most devastated by Compo's death and felt guilty about not giving him a proper send\-off. Subsequently, he became closer to Truly.
With the introduction of Alvin Smedley to the main trio (making them a quartet), Clegg's roles were gradually reduced from series 25 onwards, due to Peter Sallis's health (though there are occasional episodes where he does play a major role). After [Keith Clifford](/wiki/Keith_Clifford "Keith Clifford") departed the show after series 27, the quartet became a trio again; however, Clegg's role (along with Truly's) continued to decrease and most episodes focused on Alvin and Entwistle's schemes. In the two final series, he became a secondary character, as Sallis and [Frank Thornton](/wiki/Frank_Thornton "Frank Thornton") were now over 80, leading to complications over insurance on location filming, so his role was filled by Entwistle ([Burt Kwouk](/wiki/Burt_Kwouk "Burt Kwouk")). Prior to this, Entwistle had filled Clegg's role on a number of occasions.
Despite being a widower, Clegg seldomly refers to his wife, Edith. In an early exchange with Nora Batty, it's hinted that Edith was of a similar vein to Nora and Ivy, but this was never elaborated on. Throughout the series, she is only referred to by name once. It is mentioned that she has a brother, whom Clegg toasts for "keeping well away".
|
[
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------",
"### Early life",
"Norman Clegg was the only child of a builder and decorator, David Clegg, and his rather volatile wife Violet ([Peter Sallis](/wiki/Peter_Sallis \"Peter Sallis\") and [Maggie Ollerenshaw](/wiki/Maggie_Ollerenshaw \"Maggie Ollerenshaw\")). David, a war veteran, was very quiet and rarely interacted with his family, much to the concern of Norman, who thought his father didn't like him (Vi felt the same way). His mother was overprotective of her son, and panicked when he was walked home by a girl a year older than him.",
"### Later years",
"Norman married Edith in the 1940s; she died in 1971\\.Comedy Playhouse, Series 13 \\- *Of Funerals and Fish* Especially in earlier episodes, Norman reminisced about his wife and her traits: how she hated his camping phase; and her sharp tongue. She was mentioned numerous times in the series. Clegg visited her graveside in the pilot episode, and stated that he wasn’t attracted to her and their marriage sort of \"happened\". He explains it put him off women for life. In the first series, Clegg described her as a \"silly [bitch](/wiki/Bitch_%28slang%29 \"Bitch (slang)\")\". After her death and being made redundant from his job as a lino salesman, he hung around with his school\\-friends [Compo Simmonite](/wiki/Compo_Simmonite \"Compo Simmonite\") and Cyril Blamire. They divided their time between the local library, pubs, eating at Sid's Café and devising adventurous exploits to stave off boredom. Clegg was a [cynic](/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29 \"Cynicism (contemporary)\"), and more critical of the schemes than the others, preferring to take a back seat and casually watch, for example, an antic involving three meat pies; Compo, Cyril and Sid; an alloy spoon and a very angry Ivy.Series 2, Episode 5 \\- *Ballad for Wind Instruments and a Canoe*",
"Norman enjoys watching Compo and the third man, usually Foggy, arguing or trading insults such as \"great long dollop\" (Sid), \"Elsie\" (Foggy) and \"Rex Hammond\" (Cyril). He often goes along with the ideas just to please the others. Clegg aims for a relaxing, peaceful [retirement](/wiki/Retirement \"Retirement\") following his [redundancy](/wiki/Layoff \"Layoff\"), but is continually involved in the schemes of Foggy and the others. Happy just reading alone in his cosy home, he also finds enjoyment in some of the simpler things in life, such as Sid's skirting board and the price of beer. He is also so [anxious](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") and [shy](/wiki/Shyness \"Shyness\") that he wears several layers of clothing: vest/long johns, shirt, jumper/sweater, waistcoat/suit vest, jacket/sport coat, and finally a plastic mac, which he just carries when it's not windy or raining. He is also the only one of the trio with a driving licenceSeries 1, Episode 5 \\- *The New Mobile Trio* and so finds himself pressured into driving on the very rare occasions that they are walking about locally and manage to find a vehicle but no driver. This invariably results in a [panic attack](/wiki/Panic_attack \"Panic attack\") for Clegg, who fumbles about uncontrollably with the gears and pedals, limiting his speed to about 3 mph (5 km per hour) (which is just to his liking). In the series 1 episode \"The New Mobile Trio\", he decides that the trio should buy a car, but shortly after they bought one he accidentally crashed it into a passing tractor. Because Clegg was at first optimistic on the idea of driving, it is likely that incidents such as this triggered his [fear of driving](/wiki/Driving_phobia \"Driving phobia\"). He mentions in series 21 that he no longer holds a driving licence and is proud as a result. He sometimes could also be quite superstitious as in one episode he believed that he, Compo and Foggy had aroused the anger of an old Yorkshire god named Earnshaw. In the episode where Compo is buried, he believed that Compo heard him shouting \"Goodbye Compo\" when in fact it was a random passer\\-by who overheard him.",
"Clegg was the sounding\\-board for Compo's glee and the third man's authority, and was often instrumental in pointing out the pitfalls concealed within the schemes of the third man.Bright and Ross (2000\\), p. 50 Clegg is also well known for his philosophical asides, which have received praise for interjecting intellectual material into the series.{{cite news\\| title\\=Series Profile: Last of the Summer Wine\\| date\\=May 2007\\| url\\=http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\\.doc\\| work\\=The Insider\\| accessdate\\=4 December 2007\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111033524/http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\\.doc\\| archivedate\\=11 January 2008}} In early episodes, Clegg was much more opinionated and courageous. Sometimes he was shown to be the leader of the trio in the earlier episodes (such as taking them on a camping trip in the hills one stormy night). Within a few years, he became more quiet and laid\\-back (although he was still seen to relish the odd practical joke or escapade), and the group came to be led by Foggy and the \"third men\" who succeeded him. During the earlier episodes, he was also less awkward and more talkative when interacting with women, which is shown when he once made an offhand remark about Nora Batty's father (which she overheard). When Cyril commented on how brave it was to do so, he claimed to have had \"years of marital combat experience\". He eventually became more nervous when interacting with the local ladies. Despite his [neurosis](/wiki/Neurosis \"Neurosis\") and frequent [scepticism](/wiki/Scepticism \"Scepticism\"), Clegg was the one who had the most average lifestyle and, particularly in earlier episodes, is portrayed as the most friendly out of the trio.",
"From series 9 onwards, Howard often involved Clegg in his risky schemes to have an affair with Marina without Pearl finding out. As a result, Clegg is often shown to be afraid of Pearl (though when not involved in any of Howard's schemes they are both shown to be friendly with each other) so, as a result, he is reluctant to help. It is revealed, in the episode \"A Sidecar Named Desire\", that he'd previously got trapped in a lift with Marina and she cuddled him for warmth, which left him frightened of her. Because Howard frequently sends Clegg in his place to deliver messages to Marina, this leads the latter into believing that Clegg is interested in her and, throughout the series, she is shown to have a soft spot for him, often addressing him on meeting as \"Norman Clegg that was\". However, one notable exception where Clegg grows to enjoy Marina's company is when she ended up having lunch with him and Truly on his birthday, much to the jealousy and anger of Howard. He is also terrified of going near Auntie Wainwright's shop because she always manages to sell him something that he does not want.",
"Throughout most of the series he was generally closer to Compo than the \"third men\" and the two of them often got enjoyment out of the mishaps of Cyril and, later, Foggy. Clegg was the most devastated by Compo's death and felt guilty about not giving him a proper send\\-off. Subsequently, he became closer to Truly.",
"With the introduction of Alvin Smedley to the main trio (making them a quartet), Clegg's roles were gradually reduced from series 25 onwards, due to Peter Sallis's health (though there are occasional episodes where he does play a major role). After [Keith Clifford](/wiki/Keith_Clifford \"Keith Clifford\") departed the show after series 27, the quartet became a trio again; however, Clegg's role (along with Truly's) continued to decrease and most episodes focused on Alvin and Entwistle's schemes. In the two final series, he became a secondary character, as Sallis and [Frank Thornton](/wiki/Frank_Thornton \"Frank Thornton\") were now over 80, leading to complications over insurance on location filming, so his role was filled by Entwistle ([Burt Kwouk](/wiki/Burt_Kwouk \"Burt Kwouk\")). Prior to this, Entwistle had filled Clegg's role on a number of occasions.",
"Despite being a widower, Clegg seldomly refers to his wife, Edith. In an early exchange with Nora Batty, it's hinted that Edith was of a similar vein to Nora and Ivy, but this was never elaborated on. Throughout the series, she is only referred to by name once. It is mentioned that she has a brother, whom Clegg toasts for \"keeping well away\".",
""
] |
### Later years
Norman married Edith in the 1940s; she died in 1971\.Comedy Playhouse, Series 13 \- *Of Funerals and Fish* Especially in earlier episodes, Norman reminisced about his wife and her traits: how she hated his camping phase; and her sharp tongue. She was mentioned numerous times in the series. Clegg visited her graveside in the pilot episode, and stated that he wasn’t attracted to her and their marriage sort of "happened". He explains it put him off women for life. In the first series, Clegg described her as a "silly [bitch](/wiki/Bitch_%28slang%29 "Bitch (slang)")". After her death and being made redundant from his job as a lino salesman, he hung around with his school\-friends [Compo Simmonite](/wiki/Compo_Simmonite "Compo Simmonite") and Cyril Blamire. They divided their time between the local library, pubs, eating at Sid's Café and devising adventurous exploits to stave off boredom. Clegg was a [cynic](/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29 "Cynicism (contemporary)"), and more critical of the schemes than the others, preferring to take a back seat and casually watch, for example, an antic involving three meat pies; Compo, Cyril and Sid; an alloy spoon and a very angry Ivy.Series 2, Episode 5 \- *Ballad for Wind Instruments and a Canoe*
Norman enjoys watching Compo and the third man, usually Foggy, arguing or trading insults such as "great long dollop" (Sid), "Elsie" (Foggy) and "Rex Hammond" (Cyril). He often goes along with the ideas just to please the others. Clegg aims for a relaxing, peaceful [retirement](/wiki/Retirement "Retirement") following his [redundancy](/wiki/Layoff "Layoff"), but is continually involved in the schemes of Foggy and the others. Happy just reading alone in his cosy home, he also finds enjoyment in some of the simpler things in life, such as Sid's skirting board and the price of beer. He is also so [anxious](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") and [shy](/wiki/Shyness "Shyness") that he wears several layers of clothing: vest/long johns, shirt, jumper/sweater, waistcoat/suit vest, jacket/sport coat, and finally a plastic mac, which he just carries when it's not windy or raining. He is also the only one of the trio with a driving licenceSeries 1, Episode 5 \- *The New Mobile Trio* and so finds himself pressured into driving on the very rare occasions that they are walking about locally and manage to find a vehicle but no driver. This invariably results in a [panic attack](/wiki/Panic_attack "Panic attack") for Clegg, who fumbles about uncontrollably with the gears and pedals, limiting his speed to about 3 mph (5 km per hour) (which is just to his liking). In the series 1 episode "The New Mobile Trio", he decides that the trio should buy a car, but shortly after they bought one he accidentally crashed it into a passing tractor. Because Clegg was at first optimistic on the idea of driving, it is likely that incidents such as this triggered his [fear of driving](/wiki/Driving_phobia "Driving phobia"). He mentions in series 21 that he no longer holds a driving licence and is proud as a result. He sometimes could also be quite superstitious as in one episode he believed that he, Compo and Foggy had aroused the anger of an old Yorkshire god named Earnshaw. In the episode where Compo is buried, he believed that Compo heard him shouting "Goodbye Compo" when in fact it was a random passer\-by who overheard him.
Clegg was the sounding\-board for Compo's glee and the third man's authority, and was often instrumental in pointing out the pitfalls concealed within the schemes of the third man.Bright and Ross (2000\), p. 50 Clegg is also well known for his philosophical asides, which have received praise for interjecting intellectual material into the series.{{cite news\| title\=Series Profile: Last of the Summer Wine\| date\=May 2007\| url\=http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\.doc\| work\=The Insider\| accessdate\=4 December 2007\| url\-status\=dead\| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111033524/http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\.doc\| archivedate\=11 January 2008}} In early episodes, Clegg was much more opinionated and courageous. Sometimes he was shown to be the leader of the trio in the earlier episodes (such as taking them on a camping trip in the hills one stormy night). Within a few years, he became more quiet and laid\-back (although he was still seen to relish the odd practical joke or escapade), and the group came to be led by Foggy and the "third men" who succeeded him. During the earlier episodes, he was also less awkward and more talkative when interacting with women, which is shown when he once made an offhand remark about Nora Batty's father (which she overheard). When Cyril commented on how brave it was to do so, he claimed to have had "years of marital combat experience". He eventually became more nervous when interacting with the local ladies. Despite his [neurosis](/wiki/Neurosis "Neurosis") and frequent [scepticism](/wiki/Scepticism "Scepticism"), Clegg was the one who had the most average lifestyle and, particularly in earlier episodes, is portrayed as the most friendly out of the trio.
From series 9 onwards, Howard often involved Clegg in his risky schemes to have an affair with Marina without Pearl finding out. As a result, Clegg is often shown to be afraid of Pearl (though when not involved in any of Howard's schemes they are both shown to be friendly with each other) so, as a result, he is reluctant to help. It is revealed, in the episode "A Sidecar Named Desire", that he'd previously got trapped in a lift with Marina and she cuddled him for warmth, which left him frightened of her. Because Howard frequently sends Clegg in his place to deliver messages to Marina, this leads the latter into believing that Clegg is interested in her and, throughout the series, she is shown to have a soft spot for him, often addressing him on meeting as "Norman Clegg that was". However, one notable exception where Clegg grows to enjoy Marina's company is when she ended up having lunch with him and Truly on his birthday, much to the jealousy and anger of Howard. He is also terrified of going near Auntie Wainwright's shop because she always manages to sell him something that he does not want.
Throughout most of the series he was generally closer to Compo than the "third men" and the two of them often got enjoyment out of the mishaps of Cyril and, later, Foggy. Clegg was the most devastated by Compo's death and felt guilty about not giving him a proper send\-off. Subsequently, he became closer to Truly.
With the introduction of Alvin Smedley to the main trio (making them a quartet), Clegg's roles were gradually reduced from series 25 onwards, due to Peter Sallis's health (though there are occasional episodes where he does play a major role). After [Keith Clifford](/wiki/Keith_Clifford "Keith Clifford") departed the show after series 27, the quartet became a trio again; however, Clegg's role (along with Truly's) continued to decrease and most episodes focused on Alvin and Entwistle's schemes. In the two final series, he became a secondary character, as Sallis and [Frank Thornton](/wiki/Frank_Thornton "Frank Thornton") were now over 80, leading to complications over insurance on location filming, so his role was filled by Entwistle ([Burt Kwouk](/wiki/Burt_Kwouk "Burt Kwouk")). Prior to this, Entwistle had filled Clegg's role on a number of occasions.
Despite being a widower, Clegg seldomly refers to his wife, Edith. In an early exchange with Nora Batty, it's hinted that Edith was of a similar vein to Nora and Ivy, but this was never elaborated on. Throughout the series, she is only referred to by name once. It is mentioned that she has a brother, whom Clegg toasts for "keeping well away".
|
[
"### Later years",
"Norman married Edith in the 1940s; she died in 1971\\.Comedy Playhouse, Series 13 \\- *Of Funerals and Fish* Especially in earlier episodes, Norman reminisced about his wife and her traits: how she hated his camping phase; and her sharp tongue. She was mentioned numerous times in the series. Clegg visited her graveside in the pilot episode, and stated that he wasn’t attracted to her and their marriage sort of \"happened\". He explains it put him off women for life. In the first series, Clegg described her as a \"silly [bitch](/wiki/Bitch_%28slang%29 \"Bitch (slang)\")\". After her death and being made redundant from his job as a lino salesman, he hung around with his school\\-friends [Compo Simmonite](/wiki/Compo_Simmonite \"Compo Simmonite\") and Cyril Blamire. They divided their time between the local library, pubs, eating at Sid's Café and devising adventurous exploits to stave off boredom. Clegg was a [cynic](/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29 \"Cynicism (contemporary)\"), and more critical of the schemes than the others, preferring to take a back seat and casually watch, for example, an antic involving three meat pies; Compo, Cyril and Sid; an alloy spoon and a very angry Ivy.Series 2, Episode 5 \\- *Ballad for Wind Instruments and a Canoe*",
"Norman enjoys watching Compo and the third man, usually Foggy, arguing or trading insults such as \"great long dollop\" (Sid), \"Elsie\" (Foggy) and \"Rex Hammond\" (Cyril). He often goes along with the ideas just to please the others. Clegg aims for a relaxing, peaceful [retirement](/wiki/Retirement \"Retirement\") following his [redundancy](/wiki/Layoff \"Layoff\"), but is continually involved in the schemes of Foggy and the others. Happy just reading alone in his cosy home, he also finds enjoyment in some of the simpler things in life, such as Sid's skirting board and the price of beer. He is also so [anxious](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") and [shy](/wiki/Shyness \"Shyness\") that he wears several layers of clothing: vest/long johns, shirt, jumper/sweater, waistcoat/suit vest, jacket/sport coat, and finally a plastic mac, which he just carries when it's not windy or raining. He is also the only one of the trio with a driving licenceSeries 1, Episode 5 \\- *The New Mobile Trio* and so finds himself pressured into driving on the very rare occasions that they are walking about locally and manage to find a vehicle but no driver. This invariably results in a [panic attack](/wiki/Panic_attack \"Panic attack\") for Clegg, who fumbles about uncontrollably with the gears and pedals, limiting his speed to about 3 mph (5 km per hour) (which is just to his liking). In the series 1 episode \"The New Mobile Trio\", he decides that the trio should buy a car, but shortly after they bought one he accidentally crashed it into a passing tractor. Because Clegg was at first optimistic on the idea of driving, it is likely that incidents such as this triggered his [fear of driving](/wiki/Driving_phobia \"Driving phobia\"). He mentions in series 21 that he no longer holds a driving licence and is proud as a result. He sometimes could also be quite superstitious as in one episode he believed that he, Compo and Foggy had aroused the anger of an old Yorkshire god named Earnshaw. In the episode where Compo is buried, he believed that Compo heard him shouting \"Goodbye Compo\" when in fact it was a random passer\\-by who overheard him.",
"Clegg was the sounding\\-board for Compo's glee and the third man's authority, and was often instrumental in pointing out the pitfalls concealed within the schemes of the third man.Bright and Ross (2000\\), p. 50 Clegg is also well known for his philosophical asides, which have received praise for interjecting intellectual material into the series.{{cite news\\| title\\=Series Profile: Last of the Summer Wine\\| date\\=May 2007\\| url\\=http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\\.doc\\| work\\=The Insider\\| accessdate\\=4 December 2007\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111033524/http://www.will.uiuc.edu/tv/britcoms/bbcfiles/insider/insidermay07\\.doc\\| archivedate\\=11 January 2008}} In early episodes, Clegg was much more opinionated and courageous. Sometimes he was shown to be the leader of the trio in the earlier episodes (such as taking them on a camping trip in the hills one stormy night). Within a few years, he became more quiet and laid\\-back (although he was still seen to relish the odd practical joke or escapade), and the group came to be led by Foggy and the \"third men\" who succeeded him. During the earlier episodes, he was also less awkward and more talkative when interacting with women, which is shown when he once made an offhand remark about Nora Batty's father (which she overheard). When Cyril commented on how brave it was to do so, he claimed to have had \"years of marital combat experience\". He eventually became more nervous when interacting with the local ladies. Despite his [neurosis](/wiki/Neurosis \"Neurosis\") and frequent [scepticism](/wiki/Scepticism \"Scepticism\"), Clegg was the one who had the most average lifestyle and, particularly in earlier episodes, is portrayed as the most friendly out of the trio.",
"From series 9 onwards, Howard often involved Clegg in his risky schemes to have an affair with Marina without Pearl finding out. As a result, Clegg is often shown to be afraid of Pearl (though when not involved in any of Howard's schemes they are both shown to be friendly with each other) so, as a result, he is reluctant to help. It is revealed, in the episode \"A Sidecar Named Desire\", that he'd previously got trapped in a lift with Marina and she cuddled him for warmth, which left him frightened of her. Because Howard frequently sends Clegg in his place to deliver messages to Marina, this leads the latter into believing that Clegg is interested in her and, throughout the series, she is shown to have a soft spot for him, often addressing him on meeting as \"Norman Clegg that was\". However, one notable exception where Clegg grows to enjoy Marina's company is when she ended up having lunch with him and Truly on his birthday, much to the jealousy and anger of Howard. He is also terrified of going near Auntie Wainwright's shop because she always manages to sell him something that he does not want.",
"Throughout most of the series he was generally closer to Compo than the \"third men\" and the two of them often got enjoyment out of the mishaps of Cyril and, later, Foggy. Clegg was the most devastated by Compo's death and felt guilty about not giving him a proper send\\-off. Subsequently, he became closer to Truly.",
"With the introduction of Alvin Smedley to the main trio (making them a quartet), Clegg's roles were gradually reduced from series 25 onwards, due to Peter Sallis's health (though there are occasional episodes where he does play a major role). After [Keith Clifford](/wiki/Keith_Clifford \"Keith Clifford\") departed the show after series 27, the quartet became a trio again; however, Clegg's role (along with Truly's) continued to decrease and most episodes focused on Alvin and Entwistle's schemes. In the two final series, he became a secondary character, as Sallis and [Frank Thornton](/wiki/Frank_Thornton \"Frank Thornton\") were now over 80, leading to complications over insurance on location filming, so his role was filled by Entwistle ([Burt Kwouk](/wiki/Burt_Kwouk \"Burt Kwouk\")). Prior to this, Entwistle had filled Clegg's role on a number of occasions.",
"Despite being a widower, Clegg seldomly refers to his wife, Edith. In an early exchange with Nora Batty, it's hinted that Edith was of a similar vein to Nora and Ivy, but this was never elaborated on. Throughout the series, she is only referred to by name once. It is mentioned that she has a brother, whom Clegg toasts for \"keeping well away\".",
""
] |
History
-------
The [groschen coins](/wiki/Coinage_of_Saxony%23Groschen_period "Coinage of Saxony#Groschen period") known as *Bartgroschen* were initially issued by the [Ernestine](/wiki/Ernestine "Ernestine") Elector Frederick III (the Wise) and his brother [John the Steadfast](/wiki/John_the_Steadfast "John the Steadfast"). Thereafter, the groschen were jointly issued by Frederick III and his brother John together with the [Albertine](/wiki/Albertine_Wettins "Albertine Wettins") duke, [George the Bearded](/wiki/George_the_Bearded "George the Bearded") (1500–1539\).
Albrecht Dürer 076\.jpg\|\[\[Frederick III of Saxony\|Frederick the Wise]]
Lucas Cranach the Elder \- Portrait of Johann the Steadfast 1509\.jpg\|\[\[John the Steadfast]]
Lucas Cranach d.Ä. \- Herzog Georg von Sachsen (Veste Coburg).jpg\|\[\[George the Bearded]] on behalf of \[\[Albert the Bold]]
George, who appears in the inscription of the groschen for Duke [Albert the Bold](/wiki/Albert_the_Bold "Albert the Bold") (1464/85–1500\), represented his father when he stayed in [West Frisia](/wiki/West_Frisia "West Frisia") as a result of his military operations. The groschen minted later with the year 1493 are again the sole mintings of the Ernestine family, the Elector and his brother.
The name *Bartgroschen* was mentioned as early as 1493 in the probation list from the [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig") Easter market below the [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg_%28Ore_Mountains%29 "Schneeberg (Ore Mountains)"). The groschen were therefore not only minted in [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau "Zwickau"), but also in Schneeberg, despite the coin inscription "ZWIGKAV" or something similar.Gerhard Krug: *Die Meißnisch\-Sächsischen Groschen 1338\-1500*, p. 102, note 495 The minting took place under [mintmaster](/wiki/Mintmaster "Mintmaster") Augustin Horn with his [mintmaster mark](/wiki/Mintmaster_mark "Mintmaster mark"), the clover leaf. He was mintmaster for the Zwickau, Schneeberg, [Langensalza](/wiki/Langensalza "Langensalza") and [Colditz](/wiki/Colditz "Colditz") mints. He used his mint master's mark in all four mints.
The *Bartgroschen* of 1492 are the first coins in [Saxon coinage history](/wiki/Saxon_coinage_history "Saxon coinage history") with the portrait of the regent. At the same time, the title [elector](/wiki/Prince-elector "Prince-elector") appears in abbreviated form for the first time.[mcsearch.info:](http://www.mcsearch.info/record.html?id=735214) Frederick III, John and George, Albert's deputy (1492–1493\), Bartgroschen 1492\. Bust in electoral regalia and with shouldered sword to the right. The *Bartgroschen* of 1492 are the first Saxon coins with the portrait of the regent. With the closure of the Zwickau Mint in 1493, the minting of these groschen also ended. Not until 1530/1533 during the division of Saxon coinage and then in 1621/1623 in the [Kipper and Wipper Period](/wiki/Kipper_and_Wipper_Period "Kipper and Wipper Period") was minting temporarily resumed in Zwickau.
### Coin values
At the coin conference on 13 July 1490 in [Oschatz](/wiki/Oschatz "Oschatz"), everyone agreed that the ratio of 20 pennies to one gold guilder was no longer tenable. In the same year, the number of *Spitzgroschen* per [Rhenish guilder](/wiki/Rhenish_guilder "Rhenish guilder") was increased from 20 to 21 pieces and the half *Schwertgroschen* from 40 to 42 pieces (see [Meissen guilder](/wiki/Meissen_guilder "Meissen guilder")).Walther Haupt: *Sächsische Münzkunde*, p. 88 From 1492, the new *Bartgroschen* were distributed as follows:
* 1 *Bartgroschen* \= 12 [pfennigs](/wiki/Pfennig "Pfennig") \= 24 [heller](/wiki/Heller_%28coin%29 "Heller (coin)")
* 21 *Bartgroschen* (27\.464 g of [fine silver](/wiki/Fine_silver "Fine silver")) \= 1 Rhenish guilder (2\.527 g [fine gold](/wiki/Fine_gold "Fine gold"))Gerhard Krug: *Die meißnisch\-sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500*, p. 104
Ninety *Bartgroschen* were struck from the eight\-[lot](/wiki/Lot_%28fineness%29 "Lot (fineness)") (\= 0\.500 f.) [Erfurt mark](/wiki/Mark_%28unit%29 "Mark (unit)") (to 235\.4011 g until 1500\).Gerhard Krug: *The Meissen\-Saxon Groschen 1338\-1500* p. 101
The value ratio of 1:21 between gold guilders and groschen was also maintained when the large silver coins, the silver guilders ([thaler](/wiki/Thaler "Thaler")), were introduced.
### Preparations for large silver coinage
The preparation for the introduction of the large silver currency began with the coin day in [Zeitz](/wiki/Zeitz "Zeitz") in 1490\. The first result was the *Bartgroschen*.Walther Haupt: *Sächsische Münzkunde*, p. 89 For the Rhenish gold gulden it was set at a silver equivalent of 27\.464 g, which went eight times into 15\-lot (937\.5 ‰) mark of fine silver. Based on this [base value](/wiki/M%C3%BCnzfu%C3%9F "Münzfuß"), ten years later the [Wettins](/wiki/Wettins "Wettins") minted silver gulden, the first Saxon thaler coins.Paul Arnold: *The Saxon taler currency from 1500 to 1763* The enormous silver production of the [Ore Mountain](/wiki/Ore_Mountains "Ore Mountains") mines made it possible to bring the [silver currency](/wiki/Silver_currency "Silver currency") into a fixed relationship with the [gold currency](/wiki/Gold_currency "Gold currency") and ultimately to largely replace it.Walther Haupt: *Saxon numismatics* , p. 89
According to Paul Arnold, the introduction of the large silver currency took about ten years:
"*The introduction of large silver currency therefore required well thought\-out preparation, which took about ten years. It began on the Zeitz mint day on 9 August 1490, when, in view of the further fall in the gold content of the Rhenish gold gulden and the simultaneous increase in the gold price, the Erfurt mark, the basic coin weight in Saxony, was adjusted to the Cologne mark at 233\.855 g. \[…] The next step was to cover the need for small change. First, the smaller denominations had to be minted in sufficient quantities before the silver gulden (thaler) could be introduced as the keystone of the entire coinage system, so to speak.*"Paul Arnold: *Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763*, p. 54/55
The *Bartgroschen* were worth the same as the Schneeberger *[Zinsgroschen](/wiki/Zinsgroschen "Zinsgroschen")* that were distributed from 1496 onwards. They can therefore often be found under the name "Zinsgroschen".Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger: *transpress Lexikon Numismatik*, Berlin 1976\. (See interest groschen \- Zwickauer interest groschen) Friedrich von Schrötter (ed.), with N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer, J. Wilcke: *Wörterbuch der Münzkunde*, de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (reprint of the original edition from 1930\). (See *Zinsgroschen*. The *Bartgroschen* are recorded as Zwickau *Zinsgroschen* (*[Mutgroschen](/wiki/Mutgroschen "Mutgroschen"), [Mittelgroschen](/wiki/Mittelgroschen "Mittelgroschen"))*.)
The *Zinsgroschen* paved the way for larger silver coins.Paul Arnold: *Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763*, p. 55
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The [groschen coins](/wiki/Coinage_of_Saxony%23Groschen_period \"Coinage of Saxony#Groschen period\") known as *Bartgroschen* were initially issued by the [Ernestine](/wiki/Ernestine \"Ernestine\") Elector Frederick III (the Wise) and his brother [John the Steadfast](/wiki/John_the_Steadfast \"John the Steadfast\"). Thereafter, the groschen were jointly issued by Frederick III and his brother John together with the [Albertine](/wiki/Albertine_Wettins \"Albertine Wettins\") duke, [George the Bearded](/wiki/George_the_Bearded \"George the Bearded\") (1500–1539\\).",
"",
"Albrecht Dürer 076\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Frederick III of Saxony\\|Frederick the Wise]]\nLucas Cranach the Elder \\- Portrait of Johann the Steadfast 1509\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[John the Steadfast]]\nLucas Cranach d.Ä. \\- Herzog Georg von Sachsen (Veste Coburg).jpg\\|\\[\\[George the Bearded]] on behalf of \\[\\[Albert the Bold]]",
"",
"George, who appears in the inscription of the groschen for Duke [Albert the Bold](/wiki/Albert_the_Bold \"Albert the Bold\") (1464/85–1500\\), represented his father when he stayed in [West Frisia](/wiki/West_Frisia \"West Frisia\") as a result of his military operations. The groschen minted later with the year 1493 are again the sole mintings of the Ernestine family, the Elector and his brother.",
"The name *Bartgroschen* was mentioned as early as 1493 in the probation list from the [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") Easter market below the [Schneeberg](/wiki/Schneeberg_%28Ore_Mountains%29 \"Schneeberg (Ore Mountains)\"). The groschen were therefore not only minted in [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau \"Zwickau\"), but also in Schneeberg, despite the coin inscription \"ZWIGKAV\" or something similar.Gerhard Krug: *Die Meißnisch\\-Sächsischen Groschen 1338\\-1500*, p. 102, note 495 The minting took place under [mintmaster](/wiki/Mintmaster \"Mintmaster\") Augustin Horn with his [mintmaster mark](/wiki/Mintmaster_mark \"Mintmaster mark\"), the clover leaf. He was mintmaster for the Zwickau, Schneeberg, [Langensalza](/wiki/Langensalza \"Langensalza\") and [Colditz](/wiki/Colditz \"Colditz\") mints. He used his mint master's mark in all four mints.",
"The *Bartgroschen* of 1492 are the first coins in [Saxon coinage history](/wiki/Saxon_coinage_history \"Saxon coinage history\") with the portrait of the regent. At the same time, the title [elector](/wiki/Prince-elector \"Prince-elector\") appears in abbreviated form for the first time.[mcsearch.info:](http://www.mcsearch.info/record.html?id=735214) Frederick III, John and George, Albert's deputy (1492–1493\\), Bartgroschen 1492\\. Bust in electoral regalia and with shouldered sword to the right. The *Bartgroschen* of 1492 are the first Saxon coins with the portrait of the regent. With the closure of the Zwickau Mint in 1493, the minting of these groschen also ended. Not until 1530/1533 during the division of Saxon coinage and then in 1621/1623 in the [Kipper and Wipper Period](/wiki/Kipper_and_Wipper_Period \"Kipper and Wipper Period\") was minting temporarily resumed in Zwickau.",
"### Coin values",
"At the coin conference on 13 July 1490 in [Oschatz](/wiki/Oschatz \"Oschatz\"), everyone agreed that the ratio of 20 pennies to one gold guilder was no longer tenable. In the same year, the number of *Spitzgroschen* per [Rhenish guilder](/wiki/Rhenish_guilder \"Rhenish guilder\") was increased from 20 to 21 pieces and the half *Schwertgroschen* from 40 to 42 pieces (see [Meissen guilder](/wiki/Meissen_guilder \"Meissen guilder\")).Walther Haupt: *Sächsische Münzkunde*, p. 88 From 1492, the new *Bartgroschen* were distributed as follows:",
"* 1 *Bartgroschen* \\= 12 [pfennigs](/wiki/Pfennig \"Pfennig\") \\= 24 [heller](/wiki/Heller_%28coin%29 \"Heller (coin)\")\n* 21 *Bartgroschen* (27\\.464 g of [fine silver](/wiki/Fine_silver \"Fine silver\")) \\= 1 Rhenish guilder (2\\.527 g [fine gold](/wiki/Fine_gold \"Fine gold\"))Gerhard Krug: *Die meißnisch\\-sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500*, p. 104\nNinety *Bartgroschen* were struck from the eight\\-[lot](/wiki/Lot_%28fineness%29 \"Lot (fineness)\") (\\= 0\\.500 f.) [Erfurt mark](/wiki/Mark_%28unit%29 \"Mark (unit)\") (to 235\\.4011 g until 1500\\).Gerhard Krug: *The Meissen\\-Saxon Groschen 1338\\-1500* p. 101",
"The value ratio of 1:21 between gold guilders and groschen was also maintained when the large silver coins, the silver guilders ([thaler](/wiki/Thaler \"Thaler\")), were introduced.",
"### Preparations for large silver coinage",
"The preparation for the introduction of the large silver currency began with the coin day in [Zeitz](/wiki/Zeitz \"Zeitz\") in 1490\\. The first result was the *Bartgroschen*.Walther Haupt: *Sächsische Münzkunde*, p. 89 For the Rhenish gold gulden it was set at a silver equivalent of 27\\.464 g, which went eight times into 15\\-lot (937\\.5 ‰) mark of fine silver. Based on this [base value](/wiki/M%C3%BCnzfu%C3%9F \"Münzfuß\"), ten years later the [Wettins](/wiki/Wettins \"Wettins\") minted silver gulden, the first Saxon thaler coins.Paul Arnold: *The Saxon taler currency from 1500 to 1763* The enormous silver production of the [Ore Mountain](/wiki/Ore_Mountains \"Ore Mountains\") mines made it possible to bring the [silver currency](/wiki/Silver_currency \"Silver currency\") into a fixed relationship with the [gold currency](/wiki/Gold_currency \"Gold currency\") and ultimately to largely replace it.Walther Haupt: *Saxon numismatics* , p. 89",
"According to Paul Arnold, the introduction of the large silver currency took about ten years:",
"\"*The introduction of large silver currency therefore required well thought\\-out preparation, which took about ten years. It began on the Zeitz mint day on 9 August 1490, when, in view of the further fall in the gold content of the Rhenish gold gulden and the simultaneous increase in the gold price, the Erfurt mark, the basic coin weight in Saxony, was adjusted to the Cologne mark at 233\\.855 g. \\[…] The next step was to cover the need for small change. First, the smaller denominations had to be minted in sufficient quantities before the silver gulden (thaler) could be introduced as the keystone of the entire coinage system, so to speak.*\"Paul Arnold: *Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763*, p. 54/55\nThe *Bartgroschen* were worth the same as the Schneeberger *[Zinsgroschen](/wiki/Zinsgroschen \"Zinsgroschen\")* that were distributed from 1496 onwards. They can therefore often be found under the name \"Zinsgroschen\".Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger: *transpress Lexikon Numismatik*, Berlin 1976\\. (See interest groschen \\- Zwickauer interest groschen) Friedrich von Schrötter (ed.), with N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer, J. Wilcke: *Wörterbuch der Münzkunde*, de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (reprint of the original edition from 1930\\). (See *Zinsgroschen*. The *Bartgroschen* are recorded as Zwickau *Zinsgroschen* (*[Mutgroschen](/wiki/Mutgroschen \"Mutgroschen\"), [Mittelgroschen](/wiki/Mittelgroschen \"Mittelgroschen\"))*.)",
"The *Zinsgroschen* paved the way for larger silver coins.Paul Arnold: *Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763*, p. 55",
""
] |
History
-------
### Baroque
The earliest known solo concertos {{Citation needed\|date\=November 2009}} are nos. 6 and 12 of [Giuseppe Torelli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli "Giuseppe Torelli")'s Op. 6 of 1698\. These works employ both a three\-movement cycle and clear (if diminutive) [ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello "Ritornello") form, like that of the [ripieno concerto](/wiki/Ripieno_concerto "Ripieno concerto") except that sections for the soloist and continuo separate the orchestral ritornellos. Active in Bologna, Torelli would have known of the operatic arias and the numerous sonatas and sinfonias for trumpet and strings produced in Bologna since the 1660s. He himself composed more than a dozen such works for trumpet, two dated in the early 1690s. Other early violin concertos are the four in [Tomaso Albinoni](/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni "Tomaso Albinoni")'s Op. 2 (1700\) and the six in [Giuseppe Torelli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli "Giuseppe Torelli")'s important Op. 8 (1709 \- the other six works in this set are double concertos for two violins).
The most influential and prolific composer of concertos during the Baroque period was the Venetian [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi") (1678–1741\). In addition to his nearly 60 extant ripieno concertos, Vivaldi composed approximately 425 concertos for one or more soloists, including about 350 solo concertos (two\-thirds for solo violin) and 45 double concertos (over half for two violins). Vivaldi's concertos firmly establish the three\-movement form as the norm. The virtuosity of the solo sections increases markedly, especially in the later works, and concurrently the texture becomes more homophonic.
Concertos for instruments other than violin began to appear early in the 18th century, including the oboe concertos of [George Frideric Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel") and the numerous concertos for flute, oboe, bassoon, cello, and other instruments by Vivaldi. The earliest organ concertos can probably be credited to Handel (16 concertos, c. 1735–51\), the earliest harpsichord concertos to [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") (14 concertos for one to four harpsichords, c. 1735–40\). In the latter case, all but probably one of the concertos are arrangements of existing works, though Bach had already approached the idea of a harpsichord concerto before 1721 in the Brandenburg Concerto no. 5\.
### Classical
The [Classical](/wiki/Classical_period_%28music%29 "Classical period (music)") period brought the triumph of the solo concerto over the group or multiple concerto, assisted by the continued rise of the virtuoso soloist and the growing demand for up\-to\-date works for performance by amateurs. The former trend appears most obviously in the large number of violin concertos written by violinists for their own use.
The Classical period also witnessed the rise of the keyboard concerto. Until about 1770, the preferred stringed keyboard instrument was usually the [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord"), but it was gradually supplanted by the [piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano"). The most important composers of keyboard concertos before [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart") were Bach's sons. Vienna saw the production of many keyboard concertos. The last decades of the 18th century brought the rise of traveling piano virtuosos.
The concertos of this period show a broad transition from Baroque to Classical style, though many are more conservative than contemporaneous symphonies. Most are in three movements, though a significant minority adopt lighter two\-movement patterns such as Allegro\-Minuet and Allegro\-Rondo. Dance and rondo finales are also frequent in three\-movement concertos. Additionally, the [ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello "Ritornello") form in the fast movements was replaced with the [sonata form](/wiki/Sonata_form "Sonata form") and [rondo](/wiki/Rondo "Rondo") forms respectively.
[Joseph Haydn](/wiki/Joseph_Haydn "Joseph Haydn")'s concertos are mostly from his early career. Exceptions are the [Piano Concerto in D](/wiki/Keyboard_Concerto_No._11_%28Haydn%29 "Keyboard Concerto No. 11 (Haydn)"), the [Cello Concerto in D](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_No._2_%28Haydn%29 "Cello Concerto No. 2 (Haydn)"), and the [Trumpet Concerto](/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_%28Haydn%29 "Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)").
Of Mozart's 23 original piano concertos, 17 date from his Viennese period. They are the crowning achievement of the concerto in the 18th century. Most of the works he wrote for Vienna are of a type that Mozart called grand concertos. These were intended for performance at his own subscription concerts, which were held in sizeable halls. They call for an orchestra that is much larger than a typical concerto of the time, especially in the expanded role assigned to the winds. The orchestra is rendered fully capable of sustaining a dramatic confrontation with the virtuosity and individuality of the soloist. Mozart's approach in these concertos is often clearly symphonic, both in the application of formal symphonic principles, and in a Haydnesque interest in thematic unity in the later concertos. The range of styles and expression is greater than that of most other concertos of the period, from the comic\-opera elements of K.467 to the Italianate lyricism of K.488, the tragic character of K.466 and 491 to the Beethovenian heroism of K.503\.
[Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven")'s five piano concertos date from between c. 1793 and 1809, and he also wrote an early concertante work for piano and orchestra in 1784\. They are longer than Mozart's concertos, and call for even more virtuosity from the soloist. Beethoven's [Violin Concerto](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Beethoven%29 "Violin Concerto (Beethoven)") (1806\) exhibits similar achievements \- Mozart's five violin concertos are all early works written in Salzburg in 1775\.
### Romantic
Early [Romantic](/wiki/Romantic_music "Romantic music") concertos include [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn")'s two piano concertos (1831–37\) and his important [Violin Concerto](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Mendelssohn%29 "Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)") (1844\) and [Schumann](/wiki/Robert_Schumann "Robert Schumann")'s concertos for [piano](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Schumann%29 "Piano Concerto (Schumann)") (1845\), [cello](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_%28Schumann%29 "Cello Concerto (Schumann)") (1850\), and [violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Schumann%29 "Violin Concerto (Schumann)") (1853\). The form of these works is predominantly in the Classical three\-movements. Later works in this mould include examples by [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms") (two for piano \- [No. 1](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_%28Brahms%29 "Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)") from 1858 and [No. 2](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_%28Brahms%29 "Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)") from 1878 which adds a fourth movement \- and one for [violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Brahms%29 "Violin Concerto (Brahms)") of 1878\), [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg "Edvard Grieg") ([piano](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Grieg%29 "Piano Concerto (Grieg)"), 1868\), [Max Bruch](/wiki/Max_Bruch "Max Bruch") (most famously his [Violin Concerto No. 1](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_%28Bruch%29 "Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bruch)"), 1868\), and [Antonín Dvořák](/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k "Antonín Dvořák") ([piano](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 "Piano Concerto (Dvořák)"), [violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 "Violin Concerto (Dvořák)"), [cello](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 "Cello Concerto (Dvořák)"), 1876–95\). In France this tradition is represented primarily by [Camille Saint\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns "Camille Saint-Saëns") (ten concertos for piano, violin, and cello, 1858–1902\), in Russia by [Anton Rubinstein](/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein "Anton Rubinstein") and [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky "Tchaikovsky") (three piano concertos, one for violin, 1874–93\).
A more overtly virtuosic trend appeared in the concertos of brilliant violinists in the 19th century including [Louis Spohr](/wiki/Louis_Spohr "Louis Spohr") and [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini "Niccolò Paganini") and pianists [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin "Frédéric Chopin") (two concertos, 1829–30\) and [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt") (two concertos, original versions 1839\-49\). The movement structure in most of these works is in the by\-now conventional ritornello\-sonata type perfected by Mozart and Beethoven. Liszt's two concertos, however, are unconventional, in that the first concerto's five sections are connected both formally and thematically, and the second utilizes a still freer sectional structure. The first concerto in particular shows the influence of such continuous composite forms as those of [Weber](/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber "Carl Maria von Weber")'s Konzertstuck and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert "Schubert")'s Wanderer Fantasy. The virtuosity required by all these concertos was facilitated by—and helped to spur—technical developments in the instruments themselves.
### 20th century
Numerous 20th\-century compositions were written in the vein of the 19th\-century Romantic concertos \- and often using its forms and styles \- including concertos by [Sergei Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff "Sergei Rachmaninoff") (four piano concertos, 1890–1926\), [Jean Sibelius](/wiki/Jean_Sibelius "Jean Sibelius") ([violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Sibelius%29 "Violin Concerto (Sibelius)"), 1903\), [Edward Elgar](/wiki/Edward_Elgar "Edward Elgar") ([violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Elgar%29 "Violin Concerto (Elgar)") 1909–10, [cello](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_%28Elgar%29 "Cello Concerto (Elgar)") 1919\), [Carl Nielsen](/wiki/Carl_Nielsen "Carl Nielsen") (violin, flute, clarinet), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev") (five for piano, 1911–32; two for violin 1916\-17 and 1935\), [William Walton](/wiki/William_Walton "William Walton") (viola, violin, cello), [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich "Dmitri Shostakovich") (two each for piano, violin, and cello), and [Francis Poulenc](/wiki/Francis_Poulenc "Francis Poulenc") (organ). The virtuoso tradition mirrored in these concertos is also obvious, though in radically original guise, in the concertos of [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k "Béla Bartók"). Rachmaninov, Prokofiev and Bartók were all piano virtuosos.
The composers of the [Second Viennese School](/wiki/Second_Viennese_School "Second Viennese School") also produced several prominent concertos: [Alban Berg](/wiki/Alban_Berg "Alban Berg")'s Chamber Concerto for piano, violin, and 13 winds (1923–25\), not fully [serial](/wiki/Serialism "Serialism") but incorporating many elements of [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg")'s new system; [Anton Webern](/wiki/Anton_Webern "Anton Webern")'s Concerto for nine instruments (1931–34\), originally intended as a piano concerto; Berg's important Violin Concerto (1935\); and [Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg")'s own Violin Concerto (1935–36\) and Piano Concerto (1942\).
The [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassicism_%28music%29 "Neoclassicism (music)") movement of the period following World War I produced a long series of works that returned to pre\-Romantic conceptions of the concerto. [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky")'s Concerto for Piano and Winds (1923–24\) is in this idiom, but his subsequent concertos are more specifically neo\-Baroque in character. His Violin Concerto (1931\), for example, comprises a Toccata, two Arias, and a Capriccio, and the soloist is treated more as a member of the ensemble than as a virtuoso protagonist. The solo concertos of [Paul Hindemith](/wiki/Paul_Hindemith "Paul Hindemith") (8 for various instruments, 1939–62\) are more traditional than Stravinsky's in their treatment of the relationship between soloist and orchestra. Though hardly neoclassical in the usual sense, [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss")' Horn Concerto no. 2 (1942, written some 60 years after his first) and Oboe Concerto (1945\) also reach back to an earlier era, finding nostalgic inspiration in the wind concertos of Mozart.
A tendency related to the neoclassical rejection of Romantic and traditional features is the use of jazz elements in many 20th\-century concertos. [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin "George Gershwin") was a pioneer for such works, in for example his *Rhapsody in Blue* (1924\) and [Concerto in F](/wiki/Concerto_in_F "Concerto in F") for piano (1925\). Jazz was a source of inspiration for [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland "Aaron Copland")'s [Piano Concerto](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Copland%29 "Piano Concerto (Copland)") (1926\), Stravinsky's Ebony Concerto for clarinet and jazz band (1945\).
Similarly, in 1966 the accordion virtuoso [John Serry](/wiki/John_Serry_Sr "John Serry Sr") completed his [Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion](/wiki/Concerto_for_Free_Bass_Accordion "Concerto for Free Bass Accordion"), which showcases the wide range of modern orchestral tonal qualities inherent within the solo [Free bass system](/wiki/Free_bass_system "Free bass system") designed by the Italian instrument manufacturer Julio Giulietti.\<ref\>\[[https://books.google.com/books?id\=N0chAQAAIAAJ\&dq\=Catalog\+of\+Copyright\+Entries\+John\+Serry\+1968\&pg\=PA1626](https://books.google.com/books?id=N0chAQAAIAAJ&dq=Catalog+of+Copyright+Entries+John+Serry+1968&pg=PA1626) *Library of Congress Copyright Office \- Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series Music July\-December 1968, Vol. 22, Part 5, Number 2, Section 1, published 1970, p. 1626* "Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion" Op. 1 John Serry 1968, Solo Arrangement Jan. 1, 1968 No. EP247602 *on <https://books.google.com>]\</ref\> [Index of patents Issued by the United States Patent Office, 1968, p. 481 \- Giulietti Accordion Co. \- Patent issued for the bass section of the accordion on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=BKIrEVM7Bb4C&dq=Giulietti+Accordion&pg=PA481)[The Giulietti Sound: In Search of the History of My Accordion. Neijnens, Sander. The Netherlands, 2008 The Giulietti Sound on wolrdcat.org](https://www.worldcat.org/title/1199340753)*
References
----------
Further reading
---------------
* The New Harvard Dictionary of Music'' ({{year missing\|date\=September 2013}}).
{{Concertos}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solo Concerto}}
[Category:Concertos](/wiki/Category:Concertos "Concertos")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Baroque",
"The earliest known solo concertos {{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2009}} are nos. 6 and 12 of [Giuseppe Torelli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli \"Giuseppe Torelli\")'s Op. 6 of 1698\\. These works employ both a three\\-movement cycle and clear (if diminutive) [ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello \"Ritornello\") form, like that of the [ripieno concerto](/wiki/Ripieno_concerto \"Ripieno concerto\") except that sections for the soloist and continuo separate the orchestral ritornellos. Active in Bologna, Torelli would have known of the operatic arias and the numerous sonatas and sinfonias for trumpet and strings produced in Bologna since the 1660s. He himself composed more than a dozen such works for trumpet, two dated in the early 1690s. Other early violin concertos are the four in [Tomaso Albinoni](/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni \"Tomaso Albinoni\")'s Op. 2 (1700\\) and the six in [Giuseppe Torelli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli \"Giuseppe Torelli\")'s important Op. 8 (1709 \\- the other six works in this set are double concertos for two violins).",
"The most influential and prolific composer of concertos during the Baroque period was the Venetian [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi \"Antonio Vivaldi\") (1678–1741\\). In addition to his nearly 60 extant ripieno concertos, Vivaldi composed approximately 425 concertos for one or more soloists, including about 350 solo concertos (two\\-thirds for solo violin) and 45 double concertos (over half for two violins). Vivaldi's concertos firmly establish the three\\-movement form as the norm. The virtuosity of the solo sections increases markedly, especially in the later works, and concurrently the texture becomes more homophonic.",
"Concertos for instruments other than violin began to appear early in the 18th century, including the oboe concertos of [George Frideric Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel \"George Frideric Handel\") and the numerous concertos for flute, oboe, bassoon, cello, and other instruments by Vivaldi. The earliest organ concertos can probably be credited to Handel (16 concertos, c. 1735–51\\), the earliest harpsichord concertos to [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") (14 concertos for one to four harpsichords, c. 1735–40\\). In the latter case, all but probably one of the concertos are arrangements of existing works, though Bach had already approached the idea of a harpsichord concerto before 1721 in the Brandenburg Concerto no. 5\\.",
"### Classical",
"The [Classical](/wiki/Classical_period_%28music%29 \"Classical period (music)\") period brought the triumph of the solo concerto over the group or multiple concerto, assisted by the continued rise of the virtuoso soloist and the growing demand for up\\-to\\-date works for performance by amateurs. The former trend appears most obviously in the large number of violin concertos written by violinists for their own use.",
"The Classical period also witnessed the rise of the keyboard concerto. Until about 1770, the preferred stringed keyboard instrument was usually the [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord \"Harpsichord\"), but it was gradually supplanted by the [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\"). The most important composers of keyboard concertos before [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\") were Bach's sons. Vienna saw the production of many keyboard concertos. The last decades of the 18th century brought the rise of traveling piano virtuosos.",
"The concertos of this period show a broad transition from Baroque to Classical style, though many are more conservative than contemporaneous symphonies. Most are in three movements, though a significant minority adopt lighter two\\-movement patterns such as Allegro\\-Minuet and Allegro\\-Rondo. Dance and rondo finales are also frequent in three\\-movement concertos. Additionally, the [ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello \"Ritornello\") form in the fast movements was replaced with the [sonata form](/wiki/Sonata_form \"Sonata form\") and [rondo](/wiki/Rondo \"Rondo\") forms respectively.",
"[Joseph Haydn](/wiki/Joseph_Haydn \"Joseph Haydn\")'s concertos are mostly from his early career. Exceptions are the [Piano Concerto in D](/wiki/Keyboard_Concerto_No._11_%28Haydn%29 \"Keyboard Concerto No. 11 (Haydn)\"), the [Cello Concerto in D](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_No._2_%28Haydn%29 \"Cello Concerto No. 2 (Haydn)\"), and the [Trumpet Concerto](/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_%28Haydn%29 \"Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)\").",
"Of Mozart's 23 original piano concertos, 17 date from his Viennese period. They are the crowning achievement of the concerto in the 18th century. Most of the works he wrote for Vienna are of a type that Mozart called grand concertos. These were intended for performance at his own subscription concerts, which were held in sizeable halls. They call for an orchestra that is much larger than a typical concerto of the time, especially in the expanded role assigned to the winds. The orchestra is rendered fully capable of sustaining a dramatic confrontation with the virtuosity and individuality of the soloist. Mozart's approach in these concertos is often clearly symphonic, both in the application of formal symphonic principles, and in a Haydnesque interest in thematic unity in the later concertos. The range of styles and expression is greater than that of most other concertos of the period, from the comic\\-opera elements of K.467 to the Italianate lyricism of K.488, the tragic character of K.466 and 491 to the Beethovenian heroism of K.503\\.",
"[Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\")'s five piano concertos date from between c. 1793 and 1809, and he also wrote an early concertante work for piano and orchestra in 1784\\. They are longer than Mozart's concertos, and call for even more virtuosity from the soloist. Beethoven's [Violin Concerto](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Beethoven%29 \"Violin Concerto (Beethoven)\") (1806\\) exhibits similar achievements \\- Mozart's five violin concertos are all early works written in Salzburg in 1775\\.",
"### Romantic",
"Early [Romantic](/wiki/Romantic_music \"Romantic music\") concertos include [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn \"Felix Mendelssohn\")'s two piano concertos (1831–37\\) and his important [Violin Concerto](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Mendelssohn%29 \"Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)\") (1844\\) and [Schumann](/wiki/Robert_Schumann \"Robert Schumann\")'s concertos for [piano](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Schumann%29 \"Piano Concerto (Schumann)\") (1845\\), [cello](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_%28Schumann%29 \"Cello Concerto (Schumann)\") (1850\\), and [violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Schumann%29 \"Violin Concerto (Schumann)\") (1853\\). The form of these works is predominantly in the Classical three\\-movements. Later works in this mould include examples by [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms \"Johannes Brahms\") (two for piano \\- [No. 1](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_%28Brahms%29 \"Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)\") from 1858 and [No. 2](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_%28Brahms%29 \"Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)\") from 1878 which adds a fourth movement \\- and one for [violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Brahms%29 \"Violin Concerto (Brahms)\") of 1878\\), [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg \"Edvard Grieg\") ([piano](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Grieg%29 \"Piano Concerto (Grieg)\"), 1868\\), [Max Bruch](/wiki/Max_Bruch \"Max Bruch\") (most famously his [Violin Concerto No. 1](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_%28Bruch%29 \"Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bruch)\"), 1868\\), and [Antonín Dvořák](/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k \"Antonín Dvořák\") ([piano](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 \"Piano Concerto (Dvořák)\"), [violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 \"Violin Concerto (Dvořák)\"), [cello](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 \"Cello Concerto (Dvořák)\"), 1876–95\\). In France this tradition is represented primarily by [Camille Saint\\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns \"Camille Saint-Saëns\") (ten concertos for piano, violin, and cello, 1858–1902\\), in Russia by [Anton Rubinstein](/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein \"Anton Rubinstein\") and [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky \"Tchaikovsky\") (three piano concertos, one for violin, 1874–93\\).",
"A more overtly virtuosic trend appeared in the concertos of brilliant violinists in the 19th century including [Louis Spohr](/wiki/Louis_Spohr \"Louis Spohr\") and [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini \"Niccolò Paganini\") and pianists [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin \"Frédéric Chopin\") (two concertos, 1829–30\\) and [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\") (two concertos, original versions 1839\\-49\\). The movement structure in most of these works is in the by\\-now conventional ritornello\\-sonata type perfected by Mozart and Beethoven. Liszt's two concertos, however, are unconventional, in that the first concerto's five sections are connected both formally and thematically, and the second utilizes a still freer sectional structure. The first concerto in particular shows the influence of such continuous composite forms as those of [Weber](/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber \"Carl Maria von Weber\")'s Konzertstuck and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert \"Schubert\")'s Wanderer Fantasy. The virtuosity required by all these concertos was facilitated by—and helped to spur—technical developments in the instruments themselves.",
"### 20th century",
"Numerous 20th\\-century compositions were written in the vein of the 19th\\-century Romantic concertos \\- and often using its forms and styles \\- including concertos by [Sergei Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff \"Sergei Rachmaninoff\") (four piano concertos, 1890–1926\\), [Jean Sibelius](/wiki/Jean_Sibelius \"Jean Sibelius\") ([violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Sibelius%29 \"Violin Concerto (Sibelius)\"), 1903\\), [Edward Elgar](/wiki/Edward_Elgar \"Edward Elgar\") ([violin](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Elgar%29 \"Violin Concerto (Elgar)\") 1909–10, [cello](/wiki/Cello_Concerto_%28Elgar%29 \"Cello Concerto (Elgar)\") 1919\\), [Carl Nielsen](/wiki/Carl_Nielsen \"Carl Nielsen\") (violin, flute, clarinet), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\") (five for piano, 1911–32; two for violin 1916\\-17 and 1935\\), [William Walton](/wiki/William_Walton \"William Walton\") (viola, violin, cello), [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich \"Dmitri Shostakovich\") (two each for piano, violin, and cello), and [Francis Poulenc](/wiki/Francis_Poulenc \"Francis Poulenc\") (organ). The virtuoso tradition mirrored in these concertos is also obvious, though in radically original guise, in the concertos of [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k \"Béla Bartók\"). Rachmaninov, Prokofiev and Bartók were all piano virtuosos.",
"The composers of the [Second Viennese School](/wiki/Second_Viennese_School \"Second Viennese School\") also produced several prominent concertos: [Alban Berg](/wiki/Alban_Berg \"Alban Berg\")'s Chamber Concerto for piano, violin, and 13 winds (1923–25\\), not fully [serial](/wiki/Serialism \"Serialism\") but incorporating many elements of [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\")'s new system; [Anton Webern](/wiki/Anton_Webern \"Anton Webern\")'s Concerto for nine instruments (1931–34\\), originally intended as a piano concerto; Berg's important Violin Concerto (1935\\); and [Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\")'s own Violin Concerto (1935–36\\) and Piano Concerto (1942\\).",
"The [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassicism_%28music%29 \"Neoclassicism (music)\") movement of the period following World War I produced a long series of works that returned to pre\\-Romantic conceptions of the concerto. [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\")'s Concerto for Piano and Winds (1923–24\\) is in this idiom, but his subsequent concertos are more specifically neo\\-Baroque in character. His Violin Concerto (1931\\), for example, comprises a Toccata, two Arias, and a Capriccio, and the soloist is treated more as a member of the ensemble than as a virtuoso protagonist. The solo concertos of [Paul Hindemith](/wiki/Paul_Hindemith \"Paul Hindemith\") (8 for various instruments, 1939–62\\) are more traditional than Stravinsky's in their treatment of the relationship between soloist and orchestra. Though hardly neoclassical in the usual sense, [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\")' Horn Concerto no. 2 (1942, written some 60 years after his first) and Oboe Concerto (1945\\) also reach back to an earlier era, finding nostalgic inspiration in the wind concertos of Mozart.",
"A tendency related to the neoclassical rejection of Romantic and traditional features is the use of jazz elements in many 20th\\-century concertos. [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin \"George Gershwin\") was a pioneer for such works, in for example his *Rhapsody in Blue* (1924\\) and [Concerto in F](/wiki/Concerto_in_F \"Concerto in F\") for piano (1925\\). Jazz was a source of inspiration for [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland \"Aaron Copland\")'s [Piano Concerto](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_%28Copland%29 \"Piano Concerto (Copland)\") (1926\\), Stravinsky's Ebony Concerto for clarinet and jazz band (1945\\).",
"Similarly, in 1966 the accordion virtuoso [John Serry](/wiki/John_Serry_Sr \"John Serry Sr\") completed his [Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion](/wiki/Concerto_for_Free_Bass_Accordion \"Concerto for Free Bass Accordion\"), which showcases the wide range of modern orchestral tonal qualities inherent within the solo [Free bass system](/wiki/Free_bass_system \"Free bass system\") designed by the Italian instrument manufacturer Julio Giulietti.\\<ref\\>\\[[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N0chAQAAIAAJ\\&dq\\=Catalog\\+of\\+Copyright\\+Entries\\+John\\+Serry\\+1968\\&pg\\=PA1626](https://books.google.com/books?id=N0chAQAAIAAJ&dq=Catalog+of+Copyright+Entries+John+Serry+1968&pg=PA1626) *Library of Congress Copyright Office \\- Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series Music July\\-December 1968, Vol. 22, Part 5, Number 2, Section 1, published 1970, p. 1626* \"Concerto in C Major for Bassetti Accordion\" Op. 1 John Serry 1968, Solo Arrangement Jan. 1, 1968 No. EP247602 *on <https://books.google.com>]\\</ref\\> [Index of patents Issued by the United States Patent Office, 1968, p. 481 \\- Giulietti Accordion Co. \\- Patent issued for the bass section of the accordion on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=BKIrEVM7Bb4C&dq=Giulietti+Accordion&pg=PA481)[The Giulietti Sound: In Search of the History of My Accordion. Neijnens, Sander. The Netherlands, 2008 The Giulietti Sound on wolrdcat.org](https://www.worldcat.org/title/1199340753)*",
"References\n----------",
"",
"Further reading\n---------------",
"* The New Harvard Dictionary of Music'' ({{year missing\\|date\\=September 2013}}).",
"{{Concertos}}",
"{{DEFAULTSORT:Solo Concerto}}\n[Category:Concertos](/wiki/Category:Concertos \"Concertos\")",
""
] |
Temple Treasures
----------------
There are five Tangible Cultural Properties and Treasures found at the Neungga Temple complex.
### Tangible Cultural Property \#69
[left\|thumb\|upright\=.5](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5836-07_bronze_bell.JPG "South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5836-07 bronze bell.JPG")
**Bronze Bell of Neunggasa.**
This large bronze bell weighs 900 kg/1984 lb and was cast in 1698 during [King Sukjong](/wiki/Sukjong_of_Joseon "Sukjong of Joseon")'s reign. Two dragons holding beads, called [Yeouiju](/wiki/Cintamani "Cintamani"), are engraved on the hook suspending the bell (Yongnyu).
On the upper part of the bell are engraved 'Beomja' (an ancient Indian letter in Sanskrit), found along with standing Bodhisattvas.
The lower part of bell is decorated with Dangchomun, a pattern of flowers and long spreading vines. A Dangchomun symbolizes longevity, everlastingness, and the carrying on of a family line.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.idepot.co.kr/shop/goods/goods\_view.php?goodsno\=48429\|title\=idepot.co.kr\-Dangchomun\|accessdate\=2010\-07\-18\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20110722134143/http://www.idepot.co.kr/shop/goods/goods\_view.php?goodsno\=48429\|archivedate\=2011\-07\-22}}
The design of [eight divination symbols](/wiki/I_Ching%23Trigrams "I Ching#Trigrams") in the center of the bell is a unique design which has never been found on any other of the temple bells from the [Joseon Dynasty](/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty "Joseon Dynasty").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.goheung.go.kr/g\_board/board\_read2\.jsp?id\=eng\_03\_07\#\=6230\&nnum\=0\&category\=Temple\|title\=goheung.go.kr\-bell\|accessdate\=2010\-07\-17}}
### Tangible Cultural Property \#70
[right\|thumb\|upright\=.4](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5860-07_Temple_Monument.JPG "South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5860-07 Temple Monument.JPG")
**Neunggasasajeokbi (Neungga Temple monument).**
This monument was erected in 1690, by Monk Mokdeok to record and commemorate the activities of Monk Adohwasang.
Monk Adohwasang established Neunggasa in 419, the reign under [King Nulji](/wiki/Nulji_of_Silla "Nulji of Silla") (417\-458\), of the [Silla](/wiki/Silla "Silla") (57 BCE \- 935 CE).{{Cite web\|url\=http://jikimi.cha.go.kr/english/search\_plaza\_new/EMapResultView.jsp?VdkVgwKey\=21,00700000,36\&queryText\=%28v\_esidocode\=36%3Cand%3E%20v\_elcto\=38%29\&requery\=\&strGuCode\=38\&strSidoCode\=36\|title\=jikimi.cha.go.kr\-monument2\|accessdate\=2010\-07\-17}}
The turtle shaped base of the monument supports an oblong natural stone pedestal on which an epitaph is engraved. The epitaph states that Neungga Temple was originally called Bohyeon Temple before being rebuilt as Neunggasa in 1644\.
The monument is topped off with an ornately carved capstone.
### Tangible Cultural Property \#224
[left\|thumb\|upright\=.4](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5831-07_King_of_the_North.JPG "South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5831-07 King of the North.JPG")
[right\|thumb\|upright\=.4](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5833-07_King_of_the_East.JPG "South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5833-07 King of the East.JPG")
**The Wooden Four\-Deva Statues of Neunggasa.**
Cheongwangmun or [Four Guardians](/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings "Four Heavenly Kings") gate, traditionally the second gate into the temple, enshrines the Four Heavenly Kings. The Four Heavenly Kings vow to protect the [Dharma Truths](/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29%23The_Buddha.27s_teachings "Dharma (Buddhism)#The Buddha.27s teachings") and all who worship in the temple.
Their ferocious looks reflect their duty to force unruly spirits into submission, or at least focus the minds of temple visitors.
Due to inscriptions found on the ridge beam of gate the statues of the Four Heavenly Kings found here are believed to have been created in 1666\.
### Tangible Cultural Property \#264
[left\|thumb](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5875-07_stupas.JPG "South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5875-07 stupas.JPG")
**Neunggasa Tomb of Chugyedang and Sayeongdang.**
Monks Chugyedang and Sayeongdang were teaching monks, revered by their students, whose ashes are interred in the Neunggasa Tomb of Chugyedang and Sayeongdang.
Each of the tombs differs significantly from the other. The tomb of Chugyedang, on the right, has the appearance of a stone lantern where the tomb of Sayeongdang, to the left, has the appearance of a bronze temple bell.
Both tombs are adorned with engravings of lotus blossoms, a very important symbol in Buddhism, exemplifying the concepts of complete purification of the body, mind and speech, and the blossoming of wholesome acts .{{Cite web\|url\=http://viewonbuddhism.org/general\_symbols\_buddhism.html\|title\=viewonbuddhism.org\-Lotus\|accessdate\=2010\-07\-19}}
Chugyedang was active during the middle of the 17th century and Sayeongdang active during the late 17th century.
### Treasure \#1307
**Neunggasadaeungjeon (Daeng Hall of Neunggasa Temple).**
The Hall of [Sakyamuni](/wiki/Sakyamuni "Sakyamuni") in Neugasa Temple, [Daeungjeon](/wiki/Daeungjeon "Daeungjeon"), from the Late Joseon Period was rebuilt in the mid 18th century, as a result of being destroyed during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598\).
Neunggasadaeungjeon covers an area of 190 square meters/2045 square feet, comprising five bays, each about 180 cm/5\.9 feet wide.
[right\|thumb\|upright\=.9](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5850-07_Daeungjeon.JPG "South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5850-07 Daeungjeon.JPG")
Like other abundantly bracketed buildings, this structure also has a roof\-supporting bracket system with three outward arms (oechulmok) and four inward arms (naechulmok). Bracket arms carved in relief on the wall, between the bracket system, is rarely found in temple structures.
Carvings on the column\-top blocks (anchogong), and the exquisitely decorated interior employing the lotus\-bud designs, are similar to those of the Halls of Sakyamuni in Bulgapsa (Buddhist) temple in [Yeonggwang](/wiki/Yeonggwang "Yeonggwang") and Gaeamsa (Buddhist temple) in [Buan](/wiki/Buan_County "Buan County"). Both of these halls are designated as national treasures.
Neunggasadaeungjeon has both academical and historical significance, rendering valuable data on the temple construction methods employed during the mid/late Joseon Dynasty in the [Jeolla](/wiki/Jeolla "Jeolla") Province(s).{{Cite web\|url\=http://jikimi.cha.go.kr/english/search\_plaza\_new/EMapResultView.jsp?VdkVgwKey\=12,13070000,36\&queryText\=%28v\_esidocode\=36%3Cand%3E%20v\_elcto\=38%29\&requery\=\&strGuCode\=38\&strSidoCode\=36\|title\=jikimi.cha.go.kr\-Daeungjeon\|accessdate\=2010\-07\-17}}
|
[
"Temple Treasures\n----------------",
"There are five Tangible Cultural Properties and Treasures found at the Neungga Temple complex.",
"### Tangible Cultural Property \\#69",
"[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=.5](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5836-07_bronze_bell.JPG \"South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5836-07 bronze bell.JPG\")",
"**Bronze Bell of Neunggasa.**",
"This large bronze bell weighs 900 kg/1984 lb and was cast in 1698 during [King Sukjong](/wiki/Sukjong_of_Joseon \"Sukjong of Joseon\")'s reign. Two dragons holding beads, called [Yeouiju](/wiki/Cintamani \"Cintamani\"), are engraved on the hook suspending the bell (Yongnyu).",
"On the upper part of the bell are engraved 'Beomja' (an ancient Indian letter in Sanskrit), found along with standing Bodhisattvas.",
"The lower part of bell is decorated with Dangchomun, a pattern of flowers and long spreading vines. A Dangchomun symbolizes longevity, everlastingness, and the carrying on of a family line.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.idepot.co.kr/shop/goods/goods\\_view.php?goodsno\\=48429\\|title\\=idepot.co.kr\\-Dangchomun\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-07\\-18\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20110722134143/http://www.idepot.co.kr/shop/goods/goods\\_view.php?goodsno\\=48429\\|archivedate\\=2011\\-07\\-22}}",
"The design of [eight divination symbols](/wiki/I_Ching%23Trigrams \"I Ching#Trigrams\") in the center of the bell is a unique design which has never been found on any other of the temple bells from the [Joseon Dynasty](/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty \"Joseon Dynasty\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goheung.go.kr/g\\_board/board\\_read2\\.jsp?id\\=eng\\_03\\_07\\#\\=6230\\&nnum\\=0\\&category\\=Temple\\|title\\=goheung.go.kr\\-bell\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-07\\-17}}",
"### Tangible Cultural Property \\#70",
"[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\=.4](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5860-07_Temple_Monument.JPG \"South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5860-07 Temple Monument.JPG\")",
"**Neunggasasajeokbi (Neungga Temple monument).**",
"This monument was erected in 1690, by Monk Mokdeok to record and commemorate the activities of Monk Adohwasang.",
"Monk Adohwasang established Neunggasa in 419, the reign under [King Nulji](/wiki/Nulji_of_Silla \"Nulji of Silla\") (417\\-458\\), of the [Silla](/wiki/Silla \"Silla\") (57 BCE \\- 935 CE).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://jikimi.cha.go.kr/english/search\\_plaza\\_new/EMapResultView.jsp?VdkVgwKey\\=21,00700000,36\\&queryText\\=%28v\\_esidocode\\=36%3Cand%3E%20v\\_elcto\\=38%29\\&requery\\=\\&strGuCode\\=38\\&strSidoCode\\=36\\|title\\=jikimi.cha.go.kr\\-monument2\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-07\\-17}}",
"The turtle shaped base of the monument supports an oblong natural stone pedestal on which an epitaph is engraved. The epitaph states that Neungga Temple was originally called Bohyeon Temple before being rebuilt as Neunggasa in 1644\\.",
"The monument is topped off with an ornately carved capstone.",
"### Tangible Cultural Property \\#224",
"[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=.4](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5831-07_King_of_the_North.JPG \"South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5831-07 King of the North.JPG\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\=.4](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5833-07_King_of_the_East.JPG \"South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5833-07 King of the East.JPG\")",
"**The Wooden Four\\-Deva Statues of Neunggasa.**",
"Cheongwangmun or [Four Guardians](/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings \"Four Heavenly Kings\") gate, traditionally the second gate into the temple, enshrines the Four Heavenly Kings. The Four Heavenly Kings vow to protect the [Dharma Truths](/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29%23The_Buddha.27s_teachings \"Dharma (Buddhism)#The Buddha.27s teachings\") and all who worship in the temple.",
"Their ferocious looks reflect their duty to force unruly spirits into submission, or at least focus the minds of temple visitors.",
"Due to inscriptions found on the ridge beam of gate the statues of the Four Heavenly Kings found here are believed to have been created in 1666\\.",
"### Tangible Cultural Property \\#264",
"[left\\|thumb](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5875-07_stupas.JPG \"South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5875-07 stupas.JPG\")\n**Neunggasa Tomb of Chugyedang and Sayeongdang.**",
"Monks Chugyedang and Sayeongdang were teaching monks, revered by their students, whose ashes are interred in the Neunggasa Tomb of Chugyedang and Sayeongdang.",
"Each of the tombs differs significantly from the other. The tomb of Chugyedang, on the right, has the appearance of a stone lantern where the tomb of Sayeongdang, to the left, has the appearance of a bronze temple bell.",
"Both tombs are adorned with engravings of lotus blossoms, a very important symbol in Buddhism, exemplifying the concepts of complete purification of the body, mind and speech, and the blossoming of wholesome acts .{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://viewonbuddhism.org/general\\_symbols\\_buddhism.html\\|title\\=viewonbuddhism.org\\-Lotus\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-07\\-19}}",
"Chugyedang was active during the middle of the 17th century and Sayeongdang active during the late 17th century.",
"### Treasure \\#1307",
"**Neunggasadaeungjeon (Daeng Hall of Neunggasa Temple).**",
"The Hall of [Sakyamuni](/wiki/Sakyamuni \"Sakyamuni\") in Neugasa Temple, [Daeungjeon](/wiki/Daeungjeon \"Daeungjeon\"), from the Late Joseon Period was rebuilt in the mid 18th century, as a result of being destroyed during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598\\).",
"Neunggasadaeungjeon covers an area of 190 square meters/2045 square feet, comprising five bays, each about 180 cm/5\\.9 feet wide.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\=.9](/wiki/File:South_Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa_5850-07_Daeungjeon.JPG \"South Korea-Goheunggun-Neunggasa 5850-07 Daeungjeon.JPG\")",
"Like other abundantly bracketed buildings, this structure also has a roof\\-supporting bracket system with three outward arms (oechulmok) and four inward arms (naechulmok). Bracket arms carved in relief on the wall, between the bracket system, is rarely found in temple structures.",
"Carvings on the column\\-top blocks (anchogong), and the exquisitely decorated interior employing the lotus\\-bud designs, are similar to those of the Halls of Sakyamuni in Bulgapsa (Buddhist) temple in [Yeonggwang](/wiki/Yeonggwang \"Yeonggwang\") and Gaeamsa (Buddhist temple) in [Buan](/wiki/Buan_County \"Buan County\"). Both of these halls are designated as national treasures.",
"Neunggasadaeungjeon has both academical and historical significance, rendering valuable data on the temple construction methods employed during the mid/late Joseon Dynasty in the [Jeolla](/wiki/Jeolla \"Jeolla\") Province(s).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://jikimi.cha.go.kr/english/search\\_plaza\\_new/EMapResultView.jsp?VdkVgwKey\\=12,13070000,36\\&queryText\\=%28v\\_esidocode\\=36%3Cand%3E%20v\\_elcto\\=38%29\\&requery\\=\\&strGuCode\\=38\\&strSidoCode\\=36\\|title\\=jikimi.cha.go.kr\\-Daeungjeon\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-07\\-17}}",
""
] |
Relationship with Lincoln
-------------------------
Lincoln was elected to the state legislature in 1834\. Williams and Lincoln became good friends and both subsequently joined the [Whig Party](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 "Whig Party (United States)"). Lincoln was said to have seen Williams as a great "reasoner." The two men were described as "sitting next to each other in the southeast corner of the statehouse." It was noted: "Lincoln did not hesitate to consult Williams at all times, and the two men were often associated in legal work."Carl Landrum, "From Quincy's past: Archibald Williams, early lawyer," *Quincy (Illinois) Herald\-Whig*, December 5, 1971\.
Williams ran for the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") as a Whig in 1836 and in 1842\. At those times the selection of [United States Senators](/wiki/United_States_Senator "United States Senator") was made by both houses of the state legislature. Lincoln voted for Williams the first time he ran for United States Senator in 1836\.Paul Simon, *Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years* (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965\), p. 54\. Also see Carl Sandburg, *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years – One Volume Edition* (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace \& World, 1954\), p. 51\. The second time Williams ran, in 1842, Lincoln was no longer in the state legislature and thus could not vote for his friend. In both instances, Williams was not elected.
Lincoln was admitted to practice law in the [United States Circuit Court](/wiki/United_States_Circuit_Court "United States Circuit Court") on December 3, 1839\. United States District Judge [Nathaniel Pope](/wiki/Nathaniel_Pope "Nathaniel Pope") presided over the ceremony. A Quincy newspaper noted that Williams was present at the ceremony.*Quincy (Illinois) Whig*, December 14, 1839, quoted in Earl Schenck Myers, Ed., *Lincoln Day by Day – A Chronology, 1809–1865* (Dayton, OH: Morningside, 1991\).
Williams presided over a Whig Party state convention meeting in Springfield, Illinois, in 1843\.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2019}} Lincoln attended the convention and was elected a Whig Party presidential elector for the 1844 presidential election.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2019}} Unfortunately for the Whigs, Democrat [James K. Polk](/wiki/James_K._Polk "James K. Polk") of Tennessee won the presidential election.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2019}}
In June 1844, Williams was elected president of an Illinois state Whig Party convention in [Peoria](/wiki/Peoria%2C_Illinois "Peoria, Illinois"), Illinois. Lincoln spoke to the convention in support of the United States charging higher tariffs on imported goods, a major Whig position at the time.Website: MrLincolnAndFriends.org., click on Politicians, click on Archibald Williams.
Along with Lincoln, Williams in the 1840s supported the African colonization of freed slaves by joining the Illinois colonization society. Although opposed to slavery, both men believed Southerners should be allowed to keep their slaves but also should be urged to free their slaves voluntarily and return them to Africa. This was thought to be a reasonable and non\-coercive solution to the slavery problem.*Sangamo Journal*, January 23, 1845, quoted in Maurice J. Baxter, *Orville H. Browning: Lincoln's Friend and Critic* (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1957\) p. 66\-67\.
### 1848 election
In the 1848 presidential election, Lincoln was backing General [Zachary Taylor](/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor"), a [Mexican War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") hero, for the Whig Party nomination. A problem developed when Orville H. Browning, a Whig Party leader in Quincy supported the nomination of past Whig Party favorite Henry Clay. On April 30, 1848, Lincoln wrote a letter to Williams urging him to support Zachary Taylor and, if possible, also enlist the support of Browning."Valuable Lincoln Letter Treasured by Quincyan; Was Written to Judge Archibald Williams in 1848; Mrs. Walter D. Franklin Prizes Highly Note Written by Emancipator," *Quincy (Illinois) Herald\-Whig,* February 20, 1947\.
> Washington, April 30, 1848
Dear Williams,
I have not seen in the papers any evidence of a movement to send a delegate from your circuit to the June convention—I wish to say that I think it all important that a delegate should be sent—Mr. Clay's chance for election is just no chance at all. He might get New
York, and that would have elected in 1844 but it will not now; because he must now at the
least, have Tennessee, which he had then and, in addition, the fifteen new votes of Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin. I know that our good friend Browning is a great admirer of Mr. Clay, and I therefore fear he is favoring his nomination. If he is, ask him to discard feeling, and try if he can possibly, as a matter of judgement, count the votes necessary to elect him.
In my judgment, we can elect nobody but Gen. Taylor, and we cannot elect him without a nomination—Therefore don't fail to send a delegation—
Your friend as ever,
A. Lincoln
This letter demonstrates the close friendship and easygoing familiarity between Lincoln and Williams. It also reveals Lincoln's developing skills as an up\-and\-coming Illinois politician. It is not known whether Williams prevailed on Orville Browning to support Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination for president in 1848\.Norma Lorene Johnston, "Lincoln's Relationships with Four Quincy Republicans," Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1955, p. 23\.
Once in the White House in Washington, D.C., newly elected President Zachary Taylor appointed Williams the United States District Attorney for the state of Illinois. Lincoln had sent the following letter in support of Williams's nomination:
> Washington, March 8, 1849
Hon: [John M. Clayton](/wiki/John_M._Clayton "John M. Clayton")
Secretary of State
Dear Sir:
We Recommend that Archibald Williams, of Quincy, Illinois, be appointed U.S. District Attorney for the District of Illinois, when that office shall become vacant.
Your Obt. Servts.
A. LincolnAbraham Lincoln to John M. Clayton, March 8, 1849, in Roy P. Basler, *Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln* (Springfield, IL: 1953\), Volume 2, p. 39\.
|
[
"Relationship with Lincoln\n-------------------------",
"Lincoln was elected to the state legislature in 1834\\. Williams and Lincoln became good friends and both subsequently joined the [Whig Party](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Whig Party (United States)\"). Lincoln was said to have seen Williams as a great \"reasoner.\" The two men were described as \"sitting next to each other in the southeast corner of the statehouse.\" It was noted: \"Lincoln did not hesitate to consult Williams at all times, and the two men were often associated in legal work.\"Carl Landrum, \"From Quincy's past: Archibald Williams, early lawyer,\" *Quincy (Illinois) Herald\\-Whig*, December 5, 1971\\.",
"Williams ran for the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") as a Whig in 1836 and in 1842\\. At those times the selection of [United States Senators](/wiki/United_States_Senator \"United States Senator\") was made by both houses of the state legislature. Lincoln voted for Williams the first time he ran for United States Senator in 1836\\.Paul Simon, *Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years* (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965\\), p. 54\\. Also see Carl Sandburg, *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years – One Volume Edition* (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace \\& World, 1954\\), p. 51\\. The second time Williams ran, in 1842, Lincoln was no longer in the state legislature and thus could not vote for his friend. In both instances, Williams was not elected.",
"Lincoln was admitted to practice law in the [United States Circuit Court](/wiki/United_States_Circuit_Court \"United States Circuit Court\") on December 3, 1839\\. United States District Judge [Nathaniel Pope](/wiki/Nathaniel_Pope \"Nathaniel Pope\") presided over the ceremony. A Quincy newspaper noted that Williams was present at the ceremony.*Quincy (Illinois) Whig*, December 14, 1839, quoted in Earl Schenck Myers, Ed., *Lincoln Day by Day – A Chronology, 1809–1865* (Dayton, OH: Morningside, 1991\\).",
"Williams presided over a Whig Party state convention meeting in Springfield, Illinois, in 1843\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}} Lincoln attended the convention and was elected a Whig Party presidential elector for the 1844 presidential election.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}} Unfortunately for the Whigs, Democrat [James K. Polk](/wiki/James_K._Polk \"James K. Polk\") of Tennessee won the presidential election.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}}",
"In June 1844, Williams was elected president of an Illinois state Whig Party convention in [Peoria](/wiki/Peoria%2C_Illinois \"Peoria, Illinois\"), Illinois. Lincoln spoke to the convention in support of the United States charging higher tariffs on imported goods, a major Whig position at the time.Website: MrLincolnAndFriends.org., click on Politicians, click on Archibald Williams.",
"Along with Lincoln, Williams in the 1840s supported the African colonization of freed slaves by joining the Illinois colonization society. Although opposed to slavery, both men believed Southerners should be allowed to keep their slaves but also should be urged to free their slaves voluntarily and return them to Africa. This was thought to be a reasonable and non\\-coercive solution to the slavery problem.*Sangamo Journal*, January 23, 1845, quoted in Maurice J. Baxter, *Orville H. Browning: Lincoln's Friend and Critic* (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1957\\) p. 66\\-67\\.",
"### 1848 election",
"In the 1848 presidential election, Lincoln was backing General [Zachary Taylor](/wiki/Zachary_Taylor \"Zachary Taylor\"), a [Mexican War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") hero, for the Whig Party nomination. A problem developed when Orville H. Browning, a Whig Party leader in Quincy supported the nomination of past Whig Party favorite Henry Clay. On April 30, 1848, Lincoln wrote a letter to Williams urging him to support Zachary Taylor and, if possible, also enlist the support of Browning.\"Valuable Lincoln Letter Treasured by Quincyan; Was Written to Judge Archibald Williams in 1848; Mrs. Walter D. Franklin Prizes Highly Note Written by Emancipator,\" *Quincy (Illinois) Herald\\-Whig,* February 20, 1947\\.",
"",
"> Washington, April 30, 1848",
"Dear Williams,\nI have not seen in the papers any evidence of a movement to send a delegate from your circuit to the June convention—I wish to say that I think it all important that a delegate should be sent—Mr. Clay's chance for election is just no chance at all. He might get New\nYork, and that would have elected in 1844 but it will not now; because he must now at the\nleast, have Tennessee, which he had then and, in addition, the fifteen new votes of Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin. I know that our good friend Browning is a great admirer of Mr. Clay, and I therefore fear he is favoring his nomination. If he is, ask him to discard feeling, and try if he can possibly, as a matter of judgement, count the votes necessary to elect him.\nIn my judgment, we can elect nobody but Gen. Taylor, and we cannot elect him without a nomination—Therefore don't fail to send a delegation—\nYour friend as ever,\nA. Lincoln",
"This letter demonstrates the close friendship and easygoing familiarity between Lincoln and Williams. It also reveals Lincoln's developing skills as an up\\-and\\-coming Illinois politician. It is not known whether Williams prevailed on Orville Browning to support Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination for president in 1848\\.Norma Lorene Johnston, \"Lincoln's Relationships with Four Quincy Republicans,\" Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1955, p. 23\\.",
"Once in the White House in Washington, D.C., newly elected President Zachary Taylor appointed Williams the United States District Attorney for the state of Illinois. Lincoln had sent the following letter in support of Williams's nomination:",
"",
"> Washington, March 8, 1849",
"Hon: [John M. Clayton](/wiki/John_M._Clayton \"John M. Clayton\")\nSecretary of State\nDear Sir:\nWe Recommend that Archibald Williams, of Quincy, Illinois, be appointed U.S. District Attorney for the District of Illinois, when that office shall become vacant.\nYour Obt. Servts.\nA. LincolnAbraham Lincoln to John M. Clayton, March 8, 1849, in Roy P. Basler, *Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln* (Springfield, IL: 1953\\), Volume 2, p. 39\\."
] |
The Republican Party in Illinois
--------------------------------
In 1856, Williams was the temporary chairman at a major anti\-Nebraska convention in [Bloomington](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Illinois "Bloomington, Illinois"), Illinois. Williams led the convention until a permanent chairman had been elected.Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall, *The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning* (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925 and 1933\), Volume I, p. 238\. Also see Harry E. Pratt, *Lincoln – 1840 to 1846: Day\-by\-Day Activities* (Springfield, IL: 1939\), p. 204, 234\. While attending the convention, Lincoln and Williams slept in the same bed at the Bloomington home of David Davis, a close friend of both men. A historian noted:
"At Bloomington, Lincoln, Williams, his old associate in the Legislature, \[and] T. Lyle Dickey, of [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Illinois "Ottawa, Illinois"), Illinois, a good lawyer, went to \[David] Davis's house and lived there during the Convention. Lincoln and Williams slept in one bed and Dickey and Whitney in another ... The course of the historic Bloomfield Convention was decisively influenced by the counsels that came from the steady men in the Davis House."Albert J. Beveridge, *Abraham Lincoln 1809–1858* (Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928\), Volume II, p. 364\. Beveridge cites as his source, Whitney, *Lincoln,* Volume I, p. 259\.
Although the name "Republican" was applied at a later date, the anti\-Nebraska convention in Bloomington was considered the birthplace of the Republican Party in Illinois.Carl Sandburg, *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years* (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace \& Company, 1926\), Volume II, p. 25–30\. Some historians argued that Williams, Orville H. Browning, and Lincoln did not exactly "found" the Illinois Republican Party at Bloomington in 1856\. It was more likely the three men were part of a "band of Whigs who, by May, 1856, had taken over the Republican Party \[in Illinois] and organized it on conservative lines."Theodore C. Pease, "Introduction," Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall, *The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning* (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925 and 1933\), Volume I, p. xvii. Also see Victor B. Howard, "The Illinois Republican Party, Part II, The Party Becomes More Conservative, 1855–1856," *Journal Of The Illinois State Historical Society,* Autumn, 1871, p. 306\.
At Bloomington, Williams, Browning, and Lincoln made "No slavery in the territories" the watchword of an emerging state political party that previously had abolitionist tendencies.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2019}}
In 1858, at a state party convention in Springfield, Lincoln was nominated to be the Republican candidate for United States Senator from Illinois. A resolution passed at the convention stated that Lincoln "was the first and only choice of the Republicans of Illinois for the United States Senate."Carl Sandburg, *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years – One Volume Edition* (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace \& World, 1954\), p. 137\.
In the famous [Lincoln–Douglas debates](/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates "Lincoln–Douglas debates") in the 1858 Illinois United States Senate race, Democratic candidate Stephen Douglas attacked Lincoln three times for having been described as "the first and only choice" of Illinois Republicans for the Senate seat. All three times, Douglas pointed to Williams as an Illinois Republican who would have been an acceptable alternate choice to Lincoln in that contest.Roy P. Basler, *Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln* (Springfield, IL: 1953\), Volume III, p. 7, 109, 174
Williams traveled and spoke throughout the state of Illinois in Lincoln's behalf during the 1858 United States Senate race. A newspaper in Quincy allied with the Republican Party, printed: "Old Archie Williams is doing good service for the Republican cause ... He has already spoken at Macomb, Oquawka, Monmouth, Cameron, Galesburg, and other points ... to large assemblages; and everywhere, he has created enthusiasm and confidence among our friends and animated the lukewarm ... In the winter of his life ... Mr. Williams is found battling for the cause of Republicanism."*Quincy (Illinois) Whig and Republican,* October 11, 1858\.
The Illinois state legislature chose Stephen Douglas over Lincoln in the 1858 United States Senate race. A close friend of Lincoln's wrote: "In January, 1859, while the Democrats were celebrating the election of Stephen A. Douglas to the United States Senate, Williams ... came into Lincoln's office and finding him writing said: 'Well, the Democrats are making a great noise over their victory.' Looking up Lincoln replied: 'Yes, Archie, Douglas has taken this trick, but the game is not played out.'"Charles S. Zane, "A Young Lawyer's Memories of Lincoln," found in Rufus Rockwell Wilson, editor, *Lincoln Among His Friends: A Sheaf of Intimate Memories,* p. 134\.
The Lincoln–Douglas debates became so well known that Lincoln gave personally signed presentation copies of the debates to his best friends and political associates. The one given to Williams was inscribed in Lincoln's handwriting: "To Hon: Archibald Williams, with respects of A. Lincoln." It was one more sign of Lincoln's close friendship and strong political alliance with Williams."Lincoln Autographed Debates: The Archibald Williams Copy," in "Lincoln Lore," *Illinois History Journal,* August 1979, p. 4\.
On December 25, 1859, a number of leading Republicans in Quincy, Illinois, including Williams, met with [Horace Greeley](/wiki/Horace_Greeley "Horace Greeley"), a prominent national journalist and editor of the *New York Tribune.* Greeley had famously stated "Go west, young man. Go west!" Williams and the other Quincy Republicans talked to Greeley about Lincoln possibly becoming the Republican candidate for president in 1860\.Henry Asbury to K. K. Jones, Quincy, Illinois, October 2, 1882, letter at Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Illinois.
Williams spoke throughout Illinois in behalf of Lincoln during Lincoln's successful 1860 campaign for the White House in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."){{Citation needed\|date\=May 2019}}
|
[
"The Republican Party in Illinois\n--------------------------------",
"In 1856, Williams was the temporary chairman at a major anti\\-Nebraska convention in [Bloomington](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Illinois \"Bloomington, Illinois\"), Illinois. Williams led the convention until a permanent chairman had been elected.Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall, *The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning* (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925 and 1933\\), Volume I, p. 238\\. Also see Harry E. Pratt, *Lincoln – 1840 to 1846: Day\\-by\\-Day Activities* (Springfield, IL: 1939\\), p. 204, 234\\. While attending the convention, Lincoln and Williams slept in the same bed at the Bloomington home of David Davis, a close friend of both men. A historian noted:",
"\"At Bloomington, Lincoln, Williams, his old associate in the Legislature, \\[and] T. Lyle Dickey, of [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Illinois \"Ottawa, Illinois\"), Illinois, a good lawyer, went to \\[David] Davis's house and lived there during the Convention. Lincoln and Williams slept in one bed and Dickey and Whitney in another ... The course of the historic Bloomfield Convention was decisively influenced by the counsels that came from the steady men in the Davis House.\"Albert J. Beveridge, *Abraham Lincoln 1809–1858* (Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928\\), Volume II, p. 364\\. Beveridge cites as his source, Whitney, *Lincoln,* Volume I, p. 259\\.",
"Although the name \"Republican\" was applied at a later date, the anti\\-Nebraska convention in Bloomington was considered the birthplace of the Republican Party in Illinois.Carl Sandburg, *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years* (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace \\& Company, 1926\\), Volume II, p. 25–30\\. Some historians argued that Williams, Orville H. Browning, and Lincoln did not exactly \"found\" the Illinois Republican Party at Bloomington in 1856\\. It was more likely the three men were part of a \"band of Whigs who, by May, 1856, had taken over the Republican Party \\[in Illinois] and organized it on conservative lines.\"Theodore C. Pease, \"Introduction,\" Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall, *The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning* (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925 and 1933\\), Volume I, p. xvii. Also see Victor B. Howard, \"The Illinois Republican Party, Part II, The Party Becomes More Conservative, 1855–1856,\" *Journal Of The Illinois State Historical Society,* Autumn, 1871, p. 306\\.",
"At Bloomington, Williams, Browning, and Lincoln made \"No slavery in the territories\" the watchword of an emerging state political party that previously had abolitionist tendencies.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}}",
"In 1858, at a state party convention in Springfield, Lincoln was nominated to be the Republican candidate for United States Senator from Illinois. A resolution passed at the convention stated that Lincoln \"was the first and only choice of the Republicans of Illinois for the United States Senate.\"Carl Sandburg, *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years – One Volume Edition* (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace \\& World, 1954\\), p. 137\\.",
"In the famous [Lincoln–Douglas debates](/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates \"Lincoln–Douglas debates\") in the 1858 Illinois United States Senate race, Democratic candidate Stephen Douglas attacked Lincoln three times for having been described as \"the first and only choice\" of Illinois Republicans for the Senate seat. All three times, Douglas pointed to Williams as an Illinois Republican who would have been an acceptable alternate choice to Lincoln in that contest.Roy P. Basler, *Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln* (Springfield, IL: 1953\\), Volume III, p. 7, 109, 174",
"Williams traveled and spoke throughout the state of Illinois in Lincoln's behalf during the 1858 United States Senate race. A newspaper in Quincy allied with the Republican Party, printed: \"Old Archie Williams is doing good service for the Republican cause ... He has already spoken at Macomb, Oquawka, Monmouth, Cameron, Galesburg, and other points ... to large assemblages; and everywhere, he has created enthusiasm and confidence among our friends and animated the lukewarm ... In the winter of his life ... Mr. Williams is found battling for the cause of Republicanism.\"*Quincy (Illinois) Whig and Republican,* October 11, 1858\\.",
"The Illinois state legislature chose Stephen Douglas over Lincoln in the 1858 United States Senate race. A close friend of Lincoln's wrote: \"In January, 1859, while the Democrats were celebrating the election of Stephen A. Douglas to the United States Senate, Williams ... came into Lincoln's office and finding him writing said: 'Well, the Democrats are making a great noise over their victory.' Looking up Lincoln replied: 'Yes, Archie, Douglas has taken this trick, but the game is not played out.'\"Charles S. Zane, \"A Young Lawyer's Memories of Lincoln,\" found in Rufus Rockwell Wilson, editor, *Lincoln Among His Friends: A Sheaf of Intimate Memories,* p. 134\\.",
"The Lincoln–Douglas debates became so well known that Lincoln gave personally signed presentation copies of the debates to his best friends and political associates. The one given to Williams was inscribed in Lincoln's handwriting: \"To Hon: Archibald Williams, with respects of A. Lincoln.\" It was one more sign of Lincoln's close friendship and strong political alliance with Williams.\"Lincoln Autographed Debates: The Archibald Williams Copy,\" in \"Lincoln Lore,\" *Illinois History Journal,* August 1979, p. 4\\.",
"On December 25, 1859, a number of leading Republicans in Quincy, Illinois, including Williams, met with [Horace Greeley](/wiki/Horace_Greeley \"Horace Greeley\"), a prominent national journalist and editor of the *New York Tribune.* Greeley had famously stated \"Go west, young man. Go west!\" Williams and the other Quincy Republicans talked to Greeley about Lincoln possibly becoming the Republican candidate for president in 1860\\.Henry Asbury to K. K. Jones, Quincy, Illinois, October 2, 1882, letter at Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Illinois.",
"Williams spoke throughout Illinois in behalf of Lincoln during Lincoln's successful 1860 campaign for the White House in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"){{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Stuckey, however found little interest in his job at APM, focusing his attention on performing live on stage and radio after hours. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he performed in 350 performances for the Australian [troops](/wiki/Troops "Troops") in a comedy routine. In 1946, he received his first writing credit for a five\-minute sketch for [ABC Radio](/wiki/ABC_Radio_%28Australia%29 "ABC Radio (Australia)"). In 1947, he wrote several gags for Radio [3DB](/wiki/Mix_101.1 "Mix 101.1")'s show *Happy Gang*.
Still working full\-time at APM, for 26 weeks he wrote for the [Macquarie Radio Network](/wiki/Macquarie_Radio_Network "Macquarie Radio Network")'s [3AW](/wiki/3AW "3AW") station for a weekly sitcom *Monty's Caberet*.
In 1954, much to his father's disappointment, Stuckey quit his job at APM and left Melbourne with his new wife Shirley and took up a writing role for *The Cadbury Show* that would run for over 300 episodes.
His writing career developed as he began writing for well known actors at the time such as [Jack Davey](/wiki/Jack_Davey "Jack Davey"), George Wallace Snr and [Willie Fennell](/wiki/Willie_Fennell "Willie Fennell").
In 1957, the year after television was introduced to Australia, Stuckey was hired as a [comedy writer](/wiki/Comedy_writer "Comedy writer") for *Sydney Tonight*. In 1958, he was appointed [head writer](/wiki/Head_writer "Head writer") for the highly successful *[In Melbourne Tonight](/wiki/In_Melbourne_Tonight "In Melbourne Tonight")*, which was hosted by [Graham Kennedy](/wiki/Graham_Kennedy "Graham Kennedy") on Melbourne's [GTV9](/wiki/GTV9 "GTV9") (now part of the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network "Nine Network"). After the [Reg Grundy Organisation](/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Organisation "Reg Grundy Organisation") was founded in 1959, Stuckey would find regular work on the many programs the company would produce in the following decades.
In 1962, Stuckey moved on to write for *The Delo \& Daly Show*, a comedy variety show hosted by Americans [Ken Delo](/wiki/Ken_Delo "Ken Delo") and Jonathan Daly. Stuckey wrote 46 one\-hour episodes of the show, which appeared on [HSV7](/wiki/HSV7 "HSV7") (now [Channel 7](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network"). With the support of Daly, Stuckey was granted a leave of absence by HSV7 to pursue writing and to gain experience in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States"). While in Hollywood, Stuckey was hired by [Desilu Productions](/wiki/Desilu_Productions "Desilu Productions") who gave him the experience to learning directly from the writers of *[The Dick Van Dyke Show](/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show "The Dick Van Dyke Show")*, *[The Danny Thomas Show](/wiki/The_Danny_Thomas_Show "The Danny Thomas Show")* and *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show "The Andy Griffith Show")*
After returning to Australia and fulfilling his contract with *The Delo \& Daly Show*, Stuckey moved to [HSV](/wiki/HSV_%28TV_station%29 "HSV (TV station)"), now [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network"), in 1963\. He was hired to devise and produce a daytime series that ran five one\-hour episodes per week. The series, *Time for Terry*, was hosted by English comedian [Terry O'Neill](/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_%28actor%29 "Terry O'Neill (actor)").
In 1966, Stuckey was hired by Melbourne television station [ATV0](/wiki/ATV0 "ATV0") (now ATV10, part of [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten "Network Ten"), as a writer and producer of *The Jimmy Hannan Show*, hosted by 1965 [Gold Logie](/wiki/Gold_Logie "Gold Logie") winner Jimmy Hannan.
The well\-known English comedian and actor [Tony Hancock](/wiki/Tony_Hancock "Tony Hancock") was contracted to play the starring role in an intended 13\-part early color television series to be called *Terra Australis* for the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network"). Stuckey was the head writer for the sitcom series about a complaining British migrant, but referred to his work on this show as being less of a writer and more of a minder for the deeply depressed and alcoholic Hancock. On 24 June 1968, after the first three episodes were recorded without audiences in [ATN](/wiki/ATN "ATN")7 Sydney, Hancock committed suicide. The Seven Network later showed this unfinished work as *The Tony Hancock Special*, which finally aired on 25 January 1972 and has since appeared on DVD.
Stuckey and his first wife Shirley were both deeply saddened by the death of Hancock, which prompted a move shortly after his death to the US. Based in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), Stuckey found work with the sitcoms *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched "Bewitched")*, *[The Flying Nun](/wiki/The_Flying_Nun "The Flying Nun")*, and *[I Dream of Jeannie](/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie "I Dream of Jeannie")*. He also wrote [sketch comedy](/wiki/Sketch_comedy "Sketch comedy") material for *[Rowan \& Martin's Laugh In](/wiki/Rowan_%26_Martin%27s_Laugh_In "Rowan & Martin's Laugh In")*.
On returning to Australia, Stuckey began writing for *[Neighbours](/wiki/Neighbours "Neighbours")* and for *[The Restless Years](/wiki/The_Restless_Years "The Restless Years")* as story editor and script editor.
In 1975, Stuckey signed his first contract in the UK with [BBC London](/wiki/BBC_London "BBC London"), where he wrote for *[The Two Ronnies](/wiki/The_Two_Ronnies "The Two Ronnies")*, *[Dave Allen at Large](/wiki/Dave_Allen_at_Large "Dave Allen at Large")*, *[The Dick Emery Show](/wiki/The_Dick_Emery_Show "The Dick Emery Show")* and comedy star [Frankie Howerd](/wiki/Frankie_Howerd "Frankie Howerd").
Stuckey returned to Australia, where he wrote for numerous tonight shows which were hosted by [Stuart Wagstaff](/wiki/Stuart_Wagstaff "Stuart Wagstaff"), [Noel Ferrier](/wiki/Noel_Ferrier "Noel Ferrier"), [Tommy Leonetti](/wiki/Tommy_Leonetti "Tommy Leonetti"), [Bert Newton](/wiki/Bert_Newton "Bert Newton") and others.
Stuckey became the story editor and episode writer for 45 one\-hour episodes of the hit Channel 7 television drama *[A Country Practice](/wiki/A_Country_Practice "A Country Practice")*, which won Logie Awards.
During his time writing for *A Country Practice*, Stuckey began a side project with director William Fitzwater, inspired by his personal interest in opera. At a young age, a friend of Stuckey's father introduced him to opera, which became a life passion. Stuckey and Fitzwater shared the vision of introducing opera to children and together created 13 episodes of *[The Maestro's Company](/wiki/The_Maestro%27s_Company "The Maestro's Company")*. This was Australia's first ever show featuring both [puppets](/wiki/Puppet "Puppet") and live actors, and was released in 1984\.
In 1992, after finishing with *A Country Practice*, Stuckey moved back to England to write for police drama *[The Bill](/wiki/The_Bill "The Bill")*, *[Moon and Son](/wiki/Moon_and_Son "Moon and Son")* and *Frankie's On*, starring Frankie Howerd.
By 1993, Stuckey found himself back in Australia writing for the animation *[The Adventures of Blinky Bill](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Blinky_Bill "The Adventures of Blinky Bill")* and *[Blue Heelers](/wiki/Blue_Heelers "Blue Heelers")*. He then returned to writing for *[Neighbours](/wiki/Neighbours "Neighbours")* as story editor.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Stuckey, however found little interest in his job at APM, focusing his attention on performing live on stage and radio after hours. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he performed in 350 performances for the Australian [troops](/wiki/Troops \"Troops\") in a comedy routine. In 1946, he received his first writing credit for a five\\-minute sketch for [ABC Radio](/wiki/ABC_Radio_%28Australia%29 \"ABC Radio (Australia)\"). In 1947, he wrote several gags for Radio [3DB](/wiki/Mix_101.1 \"Mix 101.1\")'s show *Happy Gang*.",
"Still working full\\-time at APM, for 26 weeks he wrote for the [Macquarie Radio Network](/wiki/Macquarie_Radio_Network \"Macquarie Radio Network\")'s [3AW](/wiki/3AW \"3AW\") station for a weekly sitcom *Monty's Caberet*.",
"In 1954, much to his father's disappointment, Stuckey quit his job at APM and left Melbourne with his new wife Shirley and took up a writing role for *The Cadbury Show* that would run for over 300 episodes.",
"His writing career developed as he began writing for well known actors at the time such as [Jack Davey](/wiki/Jack_Davey \"Jack Davey\"), George Wallace Snr and [Willie Fennell](/wiki/Willie_Fennell \"Willie Fennell\").",
"In 1957, the year after television was introduced to Australia, Stuckey was hired as a [comedy writer](/wiki/Comedy_writer \"Comedy writer\") for *Sydney Tonight*. In 1958, he was appointed [head writer](/wiki/Head_writer \"Head writer\") for the highly successful *[In Melbourne Tonight](/wiki/In_Melbourne_Tonight \"In Melbourne Tonight\")*, which was hosted by [Graham Kennedy](/wiki/Graham_Kennedy \"Graham Kennedy\") on Melbourne's [GTV9](/wiki/GTV9 \"GTV9\") (now part of the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\"). After the [Reg Grundy Organisation](/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Organisation \"Reg Grundy Organisation\") was founded in 1959, Stuckey would find regular work on the many programs the company would produce in the following decades.",
"In 1962, Stuckey moved on to write for *The Delo \\& Daly Show*, a comedy variety show hosted by Americans [Ken Delo](/wiki/Ken_Delo \"Ken Delo\") and Jonathan Daly. Stuckey wrote 46 one\\-hour episodes of the show, which appeared on [HSV7](/wiki/HSV7 \"HSV7\") (now [Channel 7](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\"). With the support of Daly, Stuckey was granted a leave of absence by HSV7 to pursue writing and to gain experience in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\"). While in Hollywood, Stuckey was hired by [Desilu Productions](/wiki/Desilu_Productions \"Desilu Productions\") who gave him the experience to learning directly from the writers of *[The Dick Van Dyke Show](/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\")*, *[The Danny Thomas Show](/wiki/The_Danny_Thomas_Show \"The Danny Thomas Show\")* and *[The Andy Griffith Show](/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show \"The Andy Griffith Show\")*",
"After returning to Australia and fulfilling his contract with *The Delo \\& Daly Show*, Stuckey moved to [HSV](/wiki/HSV_%28TV_station%29 \"HSV (TV station)\"), now [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\"), in 1963\\. He was hired to devise and produce a daytime series that ran five one\\-hour episodes per week. The series, *Time for Terry*, was hosted by English comedian [Terry O'Neill](/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_%28actor%29 \"Terry O'Neill (actor)\").",
"In 1966, Stuckey was hired by Melbourne television station [ATV0](/wiki/ATV0 \"ATV0\") (now ATV10, part of [Network Ten](/wiki/Network_Ten \"Network Ten\"), as a writer and producer of *The Jimmy Hannan Show*, hosted by 1965 [Gold Logie](/wiki/Gold_Logie \"Gold Logie\") winner Jimmy Hannan.",
"The well\\-known English comedian and actor [Tony Hancock](/wiki/Tony_Hancock \"Tony Hancock\") was contracted to play the starring role in an intended 13\\-part early color television series to be called *Terra Australis* for the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\"). Stuckey was the head writer for the sitcom series about a complaining British migrant, but referred to his work on this show as being less of a writer and more of a minder for the deeply depressed and alcoholic Hancock. On 24 June 1968, after the first three episodes were recorded without audiences in [ATN](/wiki/ATN \"ATN\")7 Sydney, Hancock committed suicide. The Seven Network later showed this unfinished work as *The Tony Hancock Special*, which finally aired on 25 January 1972 and has since appeared on DVD.",
"Stuckey and his first wife Shirley were both deeply saddened by the death of Hancock, which prompted a move shortly after his death to the US. Based in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), Stuckey found work with the sitcoms *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched \"Bewitched\")*, *[The Flying Nun](/wiki/The_Flying_Nun \"The Flying Nun\")*, and *[I Dream of Jeannie](/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie \"I Dream of Jeannie\")*. He also wrote [sketch comedy](/wiki/Sketch_comedy \"Sketch comedy\") material for *[Rowan \\& Martin's Laugh In](/wiki/Rowan_%26_Martin%27s_Laugh_In \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh In\")*.",
"On returning to Australia, Stuckey began writing for *[Neighbours](/wiki/Neighbours \"Neighbours\")* and for *[The Restless Years](/wiki/The_Restless_Years \"The Restless Years\")* as story editor and script editor.",
"In 1975, Stuckey signed his first contract in the UK with [BBC London](/wiki/BBC_London \"BBC London\"), where he wrote for *[The Two Ronnies](/wiki/The_Two_Ronnies \"The Two Ronnies\")*, *[Dave Allen at Large](/wiki/Dave_Allen_at_Large \"Dave Allen at Large\")*, *[The Dick Emery Show](/wiki/The_Dick_Emery_Show \"The Dick Emery Show\")* and comedy star [Frankie Howerd](/wiki/Frankie_Howerd \"Frankie Howerd\").",
"Stuckey returned to Australia, where he wrote for numerous tonight shows which were hosted by [Stuart Wagstaff](/wiki/Stuart_Wagstaff \"Stuart Wagstaff\"), [Noel Ferrier](/wiki/Noel_Ferrier \"Noel Ferrier\"), [Tommy Leonetti](/wiki/Tommy_Leonetti \"Tommy Leonetti\"), [Bert Newton](/wiki/Bert_Newton \"Bert Newton\") and others.",
"Stuckey became the story editor and episode writer for 45 one\\-hour episodes of the hit Channel 7 television drama *[A Country Practice](/wiki/A_Country_Practice \"A Country Practice\")*, which won Logie Awards.",
"During his time writing for *A Country Practice*, Stuckey began a side project with director William Fitzwater, inspired by his personal interest in opera. At a young age, a friend of Stuckey's father introduced him to opera, which became a life passion. Stuckey and Fitzwater shared the vision of introducing opera to children and together created 13 episodes of *[The Maestro's Company](/wiki/The_Maestro%27s_Company \"The Maestro's Company\")*. This was Australia's first ever show featuring both [puppets](/wiki/Puppet \"Puppet\") and live actors, and was released in 1984\\.",
"In 1992, after finishing with *A Country Practice*, Stuckey moved back to England to write for police drama *[The Bill](/wiki/The_Bill \"The Bill\")*, *[Moon and Son](/wiki/Moon_and_Son \"Moon and Son\")* and *Frankie's On*, starring Frankie Howerd.",
"By 1993, Stuckey found himself back in Australia writing for the animation *[The Adventures of Blinky Bill](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Blinky_Bill \"The Adventures of Blinky Bill\")* and *[Blue Heelers](/wiki/Blue_Heelers \"Blue Heelers\")*. He then returned to writing for *[Neighbours](/wiki/Neighbours \"Neighbours\")* as story editor.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
During 1957, Saxbe was elected [Ohio Attorney General](/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General "Ohio Attorney General"), defeating [Democrat](/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party "United States Democratic Party") [Stephen M. Young](/wiki/Stephen_M._Young "Stephen M. Young"). He was re\-elected three times and had that office until 1968\. In this capacity, Saxbe argued the murder case of Doctor [Sam Sheppard](/wiki/Sam_Sheppard "Sam Sheppard") before the United States Supreme Court during 1966, against Sheppard's attorney [F. Lee Bailey](/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey "F. Lee Bailey").
He was a member of the Ohio Crime Commission from 1967 to 1968\. During 1968, Saxbe was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating the Democratic candidate, former Ohio Rep. (1965–1967\) [John J. Gilligan](/wiki/John_J._Gilligan "John J. Gilligan"). During his campaign, he became a prominent supporter of a national health insurance system, co\-sponsoring the Kennedy\-Griffiths universal healthcare program in 1971 alongside fellow Republicans [Jacob Javits](/wiki/Jacob_Javits "Jacob Javits") (New York), [Clifford Case](/wiki/Clifford_Case "Clifford Case") (New Jersey) and [John Sherman Cooper](/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper "John Sherman Cooper") (Kentucky). When [President Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") [resumed bombing](/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II "Operation Linebacker II") North Vietnam in late 1972, Saxbe stated that the President had 'lost his senses'.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/us/25saxbe.html\|title \= William Saxbe, Attorney General During Watergate Inquiry, Dies at 94\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 25 August 2010\|last1 \= O'Connor\|first1 \= Anahad}}Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, First Session, January\-December 1971National Health Insurance Proposals: Hearings, Ninety\-second Congress, First Session on the Subject of National Health Insurance Proposals. Part of 13 Parts (October 19 and 20, 1971\)
He served in the Senate until January 3, 1974, when Nixon appointed him U.S. Attorney General.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id\=69 \|title\=William Bart Saxbe \|date\=24 November 2022 \|publisher\=The United States Department of Justice}} Saxbe was the permanent replacement for [Elliot Richardson](/wiki/Elliot_Richardson "Elliot Richardson"), who had been dismissed by Nixon during the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal "Watergate scandal")'s so\-called "[Saturday Night Massacre](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre "Saturday Night Massacre")". Saxbe took over from [Solicitor General](/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General "United States Solicitor General") [Robert Bork](/wiki/Robert_Bork "Robert Bork"), who had served as acting Attorney General after the "Massacre".
There was some minor controversy regarding Saxbe's appointment and the [Ineligibility Clause](/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause "Ineligibility Clause") of the Constitution. That provision states that a legislator cannot be appointed to an executive position during the same term that the legislature had voted to increase the salary of said position. Nixon addressed the problem by having Congress reduce the salary of the Attorney General to $35,000,*Deseret News*, 8 December 1973, p. A1 as it was before Saxbe's term in the Senate began. This maneuver had only occurred once before, when Senator [Philander C. Knox](/wiki/Philander_C._Knox "Philander C. Knox") had been appointed [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") during 1909,{{cite news\| url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/02/16/101867245\.pdf \| title\=Way Clear For Knox to Enter Cabinet \| newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \| date\=1909\-02\-16\|access\-date \= 2011\-06\-15 }} and has since become known as the "[Saxbe fix](/wiki/Saxbe_fix "Saxbe fix")". Because there was not any perception that anything *intentional* had been done to benefit Saxbe, the matter was largely ignored.
As Attorney General for Nixon, Saxbe supervised the antitrust suit that ultimately ended the Bell System telephone monopoly.{{cite news\|last1\=O'Connor\|first1\=Anahad\|title\=William Saxbe, Attorney General During Watergate Inquiry, Dies at 94\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/us/25saxbe.html?module\=Search\&mabReward\=relbias%3Ar\|access\-date\=7 October 2014\|newspaper\=New York Times\|date\=25 August 2010}}
Gilligan, who had been elected [Governor of Ohio](/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio "Governor of Ohio") during 1970, appointed [Howard Metzenbaum](/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum "Howard Metzenbaum") to serve Saxbe's vacated term. Later that year, former astronaut [John Glenn](/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn"), another Democrat, was elected to replace Saxbe.
Saxbe served as [U.S. Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") for the first few months of the President [Ford Administration](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford"), before resigning in early 1975, when he was appointed [United States Ambassador to India](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_India "List of ambassadors of the United States to India"). He served in that capacity until 1977\. After that, Saxbe returned to Mechanicsburg and resumed the practice of law.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"During 1957, Saxbe was elected [Ohio Attorney General](/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General \"Ohio Attorney General\"), defeating [Democrat](/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party \"United States Democratic Party\") [Stephen M. Young](/wiki/Stephen_M._Young \"Stephen M. Young\"). He was re\\-elected three times and had that office until 1968\\. In this capacity, Saxbe argued the murder case of Doctor [Sam Sheppard](/wiki/Sam_Sheppard \"Sam Sheppard\") before the United States Supreme Court during 1966, against Sheppard's attorney [F. Lee Bailey](/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey \"F. Lee Bailey\").",
"He was a member of the Ohio Crime Commission from 1967 to 1968\\. During 1968, Saxbe was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating the Democratic candidate, former Ohio Rep. (1965–1967\\) [John J. Gilligan](/wiki/John_J._Gilligan \"John J. Gilligan\"). During his campaign, he became a prominent supporter of a national health insurance system, co\\-sponsoring the Kennedy\\-Griffiths universal healthcare program in 1971 alongside fellow Republicans [Jacob Javits](/wiki/Jacob_Javits \"Jacob Javits\") (New York), [Clifford Case](/wiki/Clifford_Case \"Clifford Case\") (New Jersey) and [John Sherman Cooper](/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper \"John Sherman Cooper\") (Kentucky). When [President Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") [resumed bombing](/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II \"Operation Linebacker II\") North Vietnam in late 1972, Saxbe stated that the President had 'lost his senses'.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/us/25saxbe.html\\|title \\= William Saxbe, Attorney General During Watergate Inquiry, Dies at 94\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 25 August 2010\\|last1 \\= O'Connor\\|first1 \\= Anahad}}Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, First Session, January\\-December 1971National Health Insurance Proposals: Hearings, Ninety\\-second Congress, First Session on the Subject of National Health Insurance Proposals. Part of 13 Parts (October 19 and 20, 1971\\)",
"He served in the Senate until January 3, 1974, when Nixon appointed him U.S. Attorney General.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id\\=69 \\|title\\=William Bart Saxbe \\|date\\=24 November 2022 \\|publisher\\=The United States Department of Justice}} Saxbe was the permanent replacement for [Elliot Richardson](/wiki/Elliot_Richardson \"Elliot Richardson\"), who had been dismissed by Nixon during the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal \"Watergate scandal\")'s so\\-called \"[Saturday Night Massacre](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre \"Saturday Night Massacre\")\". Saxbe took over from [Solicitor General](/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General \"United States Solicitor General\") [Robert Bork](/wiki/Robert_Bork \"Robert Bork\"), who had served as acting Attorney General after the \"Massacre\".",
"There was some minor controversy regarding Saxbe's appointment and the [Ineligibility Clause](/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause \"Ineligibility Clause\") of the Constitution. That provision states that a legislator cannot be appointed to an executive position during the same term that the legislature had voted to increase the salary of said position. Nixon addressed the problem by having Congress reduce the salary of the Attorney General to $35,000,*Deseret News*, 8 December 1973, p. A1 as it was before Saxbe's term in the Senate began. This maneuver had only occurred once before, when Senator [Philander C. Knox](/wiki/Philander_C._Knox \"Philander C. Knox\") had been appointed [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") during 1909,{{cite news\\| url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/02/16/101867245\\.pdf \\| title\\=Way Clear For Knox to Enter Cabinet \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| date\\=1909\\-02\\-16\\|access\\-date \\= 2011\\-06\\-15 }} and has since become known as the \"[Saxbe fix](/wiki/Saxbe_fix \"Saxbe fix\")\". Because there was not any perception that anything *intentional* had been done to benefit Saxbe, the matter was largely ignored.",
"As Attorney General for Nixon, Saxbe supervised the antitrust suit that ultimately ended the Bell System telephone monopoly.{{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Connor\\|first1\\=Anahad\\|title\\=William Saxbe, Attorney General During Watergate Inquiry, Dies at 94\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/us/25saxbe.html?module\\=Search\\&mabReward\\=relbias%3Ar\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2014\\|newspaper\\=New York Times\\|date\\=25 August 2010}}",
"Gilligan, who had been elected [Governor of Ohio](/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio \"Governor of Ohio\") during 1970, appointed [Howard Metzenbaum](/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum \"Howard Metzenbaum\") to serve Saxbe's vacated term. Later that year, former astronaut [John Glenn](/wiki/John_Glenn \"John Glenn\"), another Democrat, was elected to replace Saxbe.",
"Saxbe served as [U.S. Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General \"United States Attorney General\") for the first few months of the President [Ford Administration](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\"), before resigning in early 1975, when he was appointed [United States Ambassador to India](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_India \"List of ambassadors of the United States to India\"). He served in that capacity until 1977\\. After that, Saxbe returned to Mechanicsburg and resumed the practice of law.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First road bridge
[thumb\|The 1854 bridge](/wiki/File:Bernt_Lund_Parti_af_Sarpfossen.jpg "Bernt Lund Parti af Sarpfossen.jpg")
At the start of the 19th century the King's Road through Østfold passed through [Hafslund](/wiki/Hafslund "Hafslund") and then continued along the southeastern bank of the river to Fredrikstad.Coldevin: 83 A ferry service was offered at Sandesund, near the current location of the [Sannesund Bridge](/wiki/Sannesund_Bridge "Sannesund Bridge"). The ferry service was both expensive and dangerous, and it was not uncommon for there to be lethal accidents. The new Highway Act of 28 July 1824 stipulated that the road from Torsbekken to [Tune Church](/wiki/Tune_Church "Tune Church") did not have sufficient standard, and the town magistrate demanded in 1841 that a new road be built.Coldevin: 84 It was in relation to this that the first demands for a bridge across Glomma was proposed, initially between Buene and Dombergodden. Soon a counterproposal was made, to place the bridge over the falls. An argument against this was that the bridge could be damaged if a [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_navigation%29 "Lock (water navigation)") burst further up along Glomma and there came an uncontrolled rush of lumber.Coldevin: 85 However, the bridge across Sarpefossen would give shorter access from the areas east of the town, and it would be shorter, cheaper have better carrying capacity.Nygård 126
Proposals for state funding were issued by the municipality in 1844\. Not until five years later was a detailed design of a bridge made, by [Christian Vilhelm Bergh](/wiki/Christian_Vilhelm_Bergh "Christian Vilhelm Bergh").Coldevin: 86 The Engineering Brigade protested and wanted the entire bridge between landfalls to be built with a single span. This was rejected by the road authorities as it would more than double the construction costs.Nygård 127 It was estimated to cost 36,000 [Norwegian speciedaler](/wiki/Norwegian_speciedaler "Norwegian speciedaler"), of which 25,000 was for the bridge and the rest for the auxiliary roads and administration. State grants were approved on 30 June 1851\.
[thumb\|left\|[Borregaard](/wiki/Borregaard "Borregaard") with the bridge in the background](/wiki/File:Borreg%C3%A5rd%2C_%C3%98stfold_-_Riksantikvaren-T016_01_0001.jpg "Borregård, Østfold - Riksantikvaren-T016 01 0001.jpg")
Only two companies bid for the ironworks contract, and the contract was awarded to [Fritzøe Jernverk](/wiki/Fritz%C3%B8e_Jernverk "Fritzøe Jernverk"). Construction started in February 1952\. A main concern was that there were not enough stonemasons in the area, causing several new ones to be trained while others were brought in from Sweden. Work on the foundations started in the late winter of 1852, when the water level was the lowest.Nygård 128 The first attempt failed, with river flooding over the work and postponing construction a further year. The second attempt was made the following winter, with the workers having a three\-month window in which the pillars needed to be built high enough that the spring floods would not enclose them. The second attempt succeeded.Nygård: 129 Construction was completed by February 1854\. There were no serious accidents during the works, and the bridge was officially opened on 25 February.
### Arrival of the railway
[Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway "Parliament of Norway") approved the construction of the Østfold Line in 1874\.Coldevin: 94 With this there arose a local debate as to where the railway should cross Glomma. The Railway Directorate initially proposed that the line cross at Sandesund. This was met with near unison local opposition, as it would cut through the plant at Borregård and the town. An agreement was thereby made where they railway was allowed to use the foundations of the road bridge and build the railway bridge on top. The town offered the railway the bridge for free on condition that it was rebuilt in a manner which allowed the road traffic to continue. The county would retain the responsibility for maintaining the road surface.
Nygård: 133
[thumb\|The twin\-deck railway and road bridge was completed in 1879](/wiki/File:Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2009113013003-23_%28cropped%29.jpg "Norge fremstillet i Tegninger - no-nb digibok 2009113013003-23 (cropped).jpg")
When the construction of the Østfold Line started, the responsibility for bridges and viaducts was placed at [Axel Jacob Petersson](/wiki/Axel_Jacob_Petersson "Axel Jacob Petersson"). The Østfold Line was the first railway in Norway where all the major bridges were built with iron.Langård \& Ruud: 30 Petersson started designing the railway river crossing in 1876\. He decided that the best alternative was to build the railway bridge on top of the road bridge. The two pillars were heightened and two new pillars were built at the landing on each side. A [truss](/wiki/Truss "Truss") section was thereafter placed between each of the pillars. The suspension cables were removed and the road bridge was supported with vertical cables from the trusses.Langård \& Ruud: 32
The ironworks were delivered by Bergheim \& Lecoq of Belgium and weighed 320 tonnes. Construction commenced on 6 February 1877 and cost 265,270 [Norwegian kroner](/wiki/Norwegian_krone "Norwegian krone"). This included viaducts on both sides to gain sufficient height. The lower road section was opened for traffic already on 29 March 1877\.Nygård: 134 The railway section was not in revenue use until the entire Østfold Line opened on 2 January 1879\.
[thumb\|left\|The bridge and the falls during the 1880s](/wiki/File:Sarpfossen_lindahl_1.jpg "Sarpfossen lindahl 1.jpg")
[Hafslund](/wiki/Hafslund_%28company%29 "Hafslund (company)") expanded its intake canal under the eastern span in 1898, weakening the eastern pillar. This caused cracks in the abutment and the bridge was closed for improvements.Nygård 135
### Second bridge
By the turn of the century it had become evident that the Østfold Line was undermentioned. It was the main railway heading south to [Continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe "Continental Europe") and there was a steady demand that the line support faster passenger services and heavier freight trains. This resulted in a 1910 decision to upgrade all bridges along the line to support a heavier weight norm. The work was initially planned to be completed by 1919\. The breakout of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") and later lack of funding delayed the plans with more than a decade.Langård \& Ruud: 93 The last major work was the construction of a new bridge over Sarpefossen. While other bridges were needed to be strengthened, with was not a viable option for the Sarp Bridge. The first plans for a new bridge were completed in 1913, but the break\-out of the war place new project on hold. Planning was not taken up again before in 1922\.
Meanwhile, the Public Roads Administration was increasingly dissatisfied with the road section. It was not wide enough to allow two cars to meet. The bridge was also not strong enough to support the weight of increased traffic. The [Norwegian State Railways](/wiki/Norwegian_State_Railways_%281883%E2%80%931996%29 "Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996)") wanted to build a bridge with [double track](/wiki/Double_track "Double track"), but there was not sufficient funding for this.Langård \& Ruud: 122 This would allow both branches of the railway to have each their track from Hafslund to [Sarpsborg Station](/wiki/Sarpsborg_Station "Sarpsborg Station"). The next idea was to build a second bridge next to the first, also carrying one road lane at a lower level and a track at an upper level. The two agencies were not able to agree on the distribution of the costs. The railways could in the end not wait longer and decided to build their own bridge and leave the old one free of the charge to the Public Roads Administration.
NSB first considered a stone bridge, but found that the bedrock on the Hafslund side was not stable enough. They therefore opted for a steel truss bridge situated on upstream of the original bridge. The bridge was designed by Hans Tønnesen.Nygård 136 It received a deck which supported a single track, but the foundations were built to support double track. The plans were approved in December 1929\. Work on the foundations started immediately and by November 1930 the first bridge elements were being installed. These were designed by Erik Ruuds Mekaniske Verksted. The main truss had to be put together on side and then lifted up from the waterfalls, and event that took place on 17 March 1931\. The bridge was finished on 1 May 1931 and the first train ran across it on 9 May. The new railway bridge cost 716,000 kroner.
Hafslund Station was established in 1931, with the introduction of [multiple units](/wiki/Multiple_unit "Multiple unit") on the Eastern Østfold Line. Originally a [flag stop](/wiki/Flag_stop "Flag stop"), it was situated just east of the bridge. The interchange between the two lines was from 1933 remotely controlled from Sarpsborg Station, as the first remotely controlled interchange in the country.Bjerke \& Holom: 47 The Østfold Line was electrified during the late 1930s and early 1940s. The section between Sarpsborg and Halden, and thus the Sarp Bridge, was powered up on 11 November 1940\.Bjerke \& Holom: 37
Once the railway bridge was completed, the [Norwegian Public Roads Administration](/wiki/Norwegian_Public_Roads_Administration "Norwegian Public Roads Administration") took over the former bridge and rebuilt it wider and stronger. The entire superstructure and steel parts of the pillars were demolished. The brick gates were widened. The auxiliary road past Tarris was placed on a viaduct leading to the bridge. To avoid hindering traffic on the river, construction was prolonged. A temporary wooden bridge was erected in 1936 and remained for two years, until the new road bridge opened in 1938\.
### Explosion and new road bridge
During the 1940 [Norwegian Campaign](/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign "Norwegian Campaign") against the invading German forces, both the Sarp Bridge and many other bridges were fitted explosives with so they could be blown up to block German advances. On 14 April 1940 a ten\-year\-old boy had played with some wires he had found on the Grøte Bridge and accidentally blown up one of the pillars. In response to the incident, Police Chief Hans Olsen the following day ordered the town's engineer office to remove the explosives from the Sarp Bridge. An engineer and three fire fighters first removed the explosives from the railway bridge. This was easy as the wires had already been removed. They then attempted to do the same on the road bridge. The explosives were detonated by mistake and the entire main span collapsed into the river. Two of the fire fighters and a man working at the dam were killed in the accident. On the orders of the German [occupying authorities](/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway "German occupation of Norway"), a temporary ferry service was established between Sandesund and Borge using one of the port's vessels.Bakken: 41 It transported about 18,000 vehicles in four months.Bakken: 42
The lower part of the trusses on the railway bridge were used to make a temporary pathway for pedestrians and bicycles. A temporary new road bridge was completed on 8 October. Full repairs of the road bridge was completed in 1943\.Nygård: 137
A bicycle and pedestrian bridge was completed in 1977\.{{cite web \|url\=https://sarpsborg.com/byen\-og\-kommunen/opplev\-sarpsborg/sarpsbroene/ \|title\=Sarpsbroene \|last\=Svandal \|first\=Trond \|publisher\=Sarpsborg Municipality \|date\=7 April 2016 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528113009/https://sarpsborg.com/byen\-og\-kommunen/opplev\-sarpsborg/sarpsbroene/ \|archivedate\=28 May 2016 \|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First road bridge",
"[thumb\\|The 1854 bridge](/wiki/File:Bernt_Lund_Parti_af_Sarpfossen.jpg \"Bernt Lund Parti af Sarpfossen.jpg\")\nAt the start of the 19th century the King's Road through Østfold passed through [Hafslund](/wiki/Hafslund \"Hafslund\") and then continued along the southeastern bank of the river to Fredrikstad.Coldevin: 83 A ferry service was offered at Sandesund, near the current location of the [Sannesund Bridge](/wiki/Sannesund_Bridge \"Sannesund Bridge\"). The ferry service was both expensive and dangerous, and it was not uncommon for there to be lethal accidents. The new Highway Act of 28 July 1824 stipulated that the road from Torsbekken to [Tune Church](/wiki/Tune_Church \"Tune Church\") did not have sufficient standard, and the town magistrate demanded in 1841 that a new road be built.Coldevin: 84 It was in relation to this that the first demands for a bridge across Glomma was proposed, initially between Buene and Dombergodden. Soon a counterproposal was made, to place the bridge over the falls. An argument against this was that the bridge could be damaged if a [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_navigation%29 \"Lock (water navigation)\") burst further up along Glomma and there came an uncontrolled rush of lumber.Coldevin: 85 However, the bridge across Sarpefossen would give shorter access from the areas east of the town, and it would be shorter, cheaper have better carrying capacity.Nygård 126",
"Proposals for state funding were issued by the municipality in 1844\\. Not until five years later was a detailed design of a bridge made, by [Christian Vilhelm Bergh](/wiki/Christian_Vilhelm_Bergh \"Christian Vilhelm Bergh\").Coldevin: 86 The Engineering Brigade protested and wanted the entire bridge between landfalls to be built with a single span. This was rejected by the road authorities as it would more than double the construction costs.Nygård 127 It was estimated to cost 36,000 [Norwegian speciedaler](/wiki/Norwegian_speciedaler \"Norwegian speciedaler\"), of which 25,000 was for the bridge and the rest for the auxiliary roads and administration. State grants were approved on 30 June 1851\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Borregaard](/wiki/Borregaard \"Borregaard\") with the bridge in the background](/wiki/File:Borreg%C3%A5rd%2C_%C3%98stfold_-_Riksantikvaren-T016_01_0001.jpg \"Borregård, Østfold - Riksantikvaren-T016 01 0001.jpg\")\nOnly two companies bid for the ironworks contract, and the contract was awarded to [Fritzøe Jernverk](/wiki/Fritz%C3%B8e_Jernverk \"Fritzøe Jernverk\"). Construction started in February 1952\\. A main concern was that there were not enough stonemasons in the area, causing several new ones to be trained while others were brought in from Sweden. Work on the foundations started in the late winter of 1852, when the water level was the lowest.Nygård 128 The first attempt failed, with river flooding over the work and postponing construction a further year. The second attempt was made the following winter, with the workers having a three\\-month window in which the pillars needed to be built high enough that the spring floods would not enclose them. The second attempt succeeded.Nygård: 129 Construction was completed by February 1854\\. There were no serious accidents during the works, and the bridge was officially opened on 25 February.",
"### Arrival of the railway",
"[Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway \"Parliament of Norway\") approved the construction of the Østfold Line in 1874\\.Coldevin: 94 With this there arose a local debate as to where the railway should cross Glomma. The Railway Directorate initially proposed that the line cross at Sandesund. This was met with near unison local opposition, as it would cut through the plant at Borregård and the town. An agreement was thereby made where they railway was allowed to use the foundations of the road bridge and build the railway bridge on top. The town offered the railway the bridge for free on condition that it was rebuilt in a manner which allowed the road traffic to continue. The county would retain the responsibility for maintaining the road surface.\nNygård: 133",
"[thumb\\|The twin\\-deck railway and road bridge was completed in 1879](/wiki/File:Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2009113013003-23_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Norge fremstillet i Tegninger - no-nb digibok 2009113013003-23 (cropped).jpg\")\nWhen the construction of the Østfold Line started, the responsibility for bridges and viaducts was placed at [Axel Jacob Petersson](/wiki/Axel_Jacob_Petersson \"Axel Jacob Petersson\"). The Østfold Line was the first railway in Norway where all the major bridges were built with iron.Langård \\& Ruud: 30 Petersson started designing the railway river crossing in 1876\\. He decided that the best alternative was to build the railway bridge on top of the road bridge. The two pillars were heightened and two new pillars were built at the landing on each side. A [truss](/wiki/Truss \"Truss\") section was thereafter placed between each of the pillars. The suspension cables were removed and the road bridge was supported with vertical cables from the trusses.Langård \\& Ruud: 32",
"The ironworks were delivered by Bergheim \\& Lecoq of Belgium and weighed 320 tonnes. Construction commenced on 6 February 1877 and cost 265,270 [Norwegian kroner](/wiki/Norwegian_krone \"Norwegian krone\"). This included viaducts on both sides to gain sufficient height. The lower road section was opened for traffic already on 29 March 1877\\.Nygård: 134 The railway section was not in revenue use until the entire Østfold Line opened on 2 January 1879\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The bridge and the falls during the 1880s](/wiki/File:Sarpfossen_lindahl_1.jpg \"Sarpfossen lindahl 1.jpg\")\n[Hafslund](/wiki/Hafslund_%28company%29 \"Hafslund (company)\") expanded its intake canal under the eastern span in 1898, weakening the eastern pillar. This caused cracks in the abutment and the bridge was closed for improvements.Nygård 135",
"### Second bridge",
"By the turn of the century it had become evident that the Østfold Line was undermentioned. It was the main railway heading south to [Continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe \"Continental Europe\") and there was a steady demand that the line support faster passenger services and heavier freight trains. This resulted in a 1910 decision to upgrade all bridges along the line to support a heavier weight norm. The work was initially planned to be completed by 1919\\. The breakout of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") and later lack of funding delayed the plans with more than a decade.Langård \\& Ruud: 93 The last major work was the construction of a new bridge over Sarpefossen. While other bridges were needed to be strengthened, with was not a viable option for the Sarp Bridge. The first plans for a new bridge were completed in 1913, but the break\\-out of the war place new project on hold. Planning was not taken up again before in 1922\\.",
"Meanwhile, the Public Roads Administration was increasingly dissatisfied with the road section. It was not wide enough to allow two cars to meet. The bridge was also not strong enough to support the weight of increased traffic. The [Norwegian State Railways](/wiki/Norwegian_State_Railways_%281883%E2%80%931996%29 \"Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996)\") wanted to build a bridge with [double track](/wiki/Double_track \"Double track\"), but there was not sufficient funding for this.Langård \\& Ruud: 122 This would allow both branches of the railway to have each their track from Hafslund to [Sarpsborg Station](/wiki/Sarpsborg_Station \"Sarpsborg Station\"). The next idea was to build a second bridge next to the first, also carrying one road lane at a lower level and a track at an upper level. The two agencies were not able to agree on the distribution of the costs. The railways could in the end not wait longer and decided to build their own bridge and leave the old one free of the charge to the Public Roads Administration.",
"NSB first considered a stone bridge, but found that the bedrock on the Hafslund side was not stable enough. They therefore opted for a steel truss bridge situated on upstream of the original bridge. The bridge was designed by Hans Tønnesen.Nygård 136 It received a deck which supported a single track, but the foundations were built to support double track. The plans were approved in December 1929\\. Work on the foundations started immediately and by November 1930 the first bridge elements were being installed. These were designed by Erik Ruuds Mekaniske Verksted. The main truss had to be put together on side and then lifted up from the waterfalls, and event that took place on 17 March 1931\\. The bridge was finished on 1 May 1931 and the first train ran across it on 9 May. The new railway bridge cost 716,000 kroner.",
"Hafslund Station was established in 1931, with the introduction of [multiple units](/wiki/Multiple_unit \"Multiple unit\") on the Eastern Østfold Line. Originally a [flag stop](/wiki/Flag_stop \"Flag stop\"), it was situated just east of the bridge. The interchange between the two lines was from 1933 remotely controlled from Sarpsborg Station, as the first remotely controlled interchange in the country.Bjerke \\& Holom: 47 The Østfold Line was electrified during the late 1930s and early 1940s. The section between Sarpsborg and Halden, and thus the Sarp Bridge, was powered up on 11 November 1940\\.Bjerke \\& Holom: 37",
"Once the railway bridge was completed, the [Norwegian Public Roads Administration](/wiki/Norwegian_Public_Roads_Administration \"Norwegian Public Roads Administration\") took over the former bridge and rebuilt it wider and stronger. The entire superstructure and steel parts of the pillars were demolished. The brick gates were widened. The auxiliary road past Tarris was placed on a viaduct leading to the bridge. To avoid hindering traffic on the river, construction was prolonged. A temporary wooden bridge was erected in 1936 and remained for two years, until the new road bridge opened in 1938\\.",
"### Explosion and new road bridge",
"During the 1940 [Norwegian Campaign](/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign \"Norwegian Campaign\") against the invading German forces, both the Sarp Bridge and many other bridges were fitted explosives with so they could be blown up to block German advances. On 14 April 1940 a ten\\-year\\-old boy had played with some wires he had found on the Grøte Bridge and accidentally blown up one of the pillars. In response to the incident, Police Chief Hans Olsen the following day ordered the town's engineer office to remove the explosives from the Sarp Bridge. An engineer and three fire fighters first removed the explosives from the railway bridge. This was easy as the wires had already been removed. They then attempted to do the same on the road bridge. The explosives were detonated by mistake and the entire main span collapsed into the river. Two of the fire fighters and a man working at the dam were killed in the accident. On the orders of the German [occupying authorities](/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway \"German occupation of Norway\"), a temporary ferry service was established between Sandesund and Borge using one of the port's vessels.Bakken: 41 It transported about 18,000 vehicles in four months.Bakken: 42",
"The lower part of the trusses on the railway bridge were used to make a temporary pathway for pedestrians and bicycles. A temporary new road bridge was completed on 8 October. Full repairs of the road bridge was completed in 1943\\.Nygård: 137",
"A bicycle and pedestrian bridge was completed in 1977\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://sarpsborg.com/byen\\-og\\-kommunen/opplev\\-sarpsborg/sarpsbroene/ \\|title\\=Sarpsbroene \\|last\\=Svandal \\|first\\=Trond \\|publisher\\=Sarpsborg Municipality \\|date\\=7 April 2016 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528113009/https://sarpsborg.com/byen\\-og\\-kommunen/opplev\\-sarpsborg/sarpsbroene/ \\|archivedate\\=28 May 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### World War II era
The airport was built in 1940 as Lexington County Airport. In 1940 the [United States Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps "United States Army Air Corps") indicated a need for the airfield as part of the buildup of its forces after World War II began in Europe. The earliest recorded Air Corps use of the airport was when the [105th Observation Squadron](/wiki/105th_Airlift_Squadron "105th Airlift Squadron") began flying [Douglas O\-38](/wiki/Douglas_O-38 "Douglas O-38") and [North American O\-47](/wiki/North_American_O-47 "North American O-47") light observation aircraft on 24 September.{{Year needed\|date\=November 2014}}
In 1941 the airport came under formal military control, and an immediate program began to turn the civil airport into a military airfield. On 8 December 1941, as the **Columbia Army Air Base**, Columbia Army Airfield's mission was a training base for [B\-25 Mitchell](/wiki/B-25_Mitchell "B-25 Mitchell") crews.
One of the earliest units to train at Columbia AAB was the [17th Bombardment Group](/wiki/17th_Training_Wing "17th Training Wing"), which arrived on 9 February 1942\. When the group arrived in Columbia its combat crews were offered the opportunity to volunteer for an "extremely hazardous" but unspecified mission which ultimately turned out to be the famous [Doolittle Raid](/wiki/Doolittle_Raid "Doolittle Raid") on [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). Contrary to popular belief, the volunteers who made up the crews of the Doolittle Raid did not train for the Raid itself at Columbia.
Training at Columbia Army Air Base was phased down during the summer of 1945\. Several units arrived at the base from overseas to inactivate during September and October. It was inactivated by the [U.S. Army Air Forces](/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces "U.S. Army Air Forces") on 30 November and returned to civil authorities, which converted it back to an airport. The [350th Bombardment Squadron](/wiki/350th_Bombardment_Squadron "350th Bombardment Squadron") was assigned to Columbia Metropolitan Airport on 16 July 1947 as part of the [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve "Air Force Reserve"), but it was never equipped or manned; it was inactivated on 27 June 1949\.
### Postwar use
[thumb\|left\|Inside the airport looking toward TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_1.jpg "Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 1.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Inside the airport beyond TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_2.jpg "Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 2.jpg")
[thumb\|240px\|right\|Columbia Metropolitan Airport 1998](/wiki/File:Two_Delta_aircraft_at_Columbia_Metropolitan_Airport.jpg "Two Delta aircraft at Columbia Metropolitan Airport.jpg")
Before World War II, Columbia's main civil airport had been [Owens Field](/wiki/Jim_Hamilton%E2%80%93L.B._Owens_Airport "Jim Hamilton–L.B. Owens Airport"). However, its location near downtown made expansion impossible. Accordingly, in 1947, most frontline passenger service relocated to Lexington County Airport, which was renamed Columbia Metropolitan Airport. The city of Columbia built a new terminal at the airport in the early 1950s. It burned down, and a new one was built in its place.
In 1962, the Richland\-Lexington Airport District was established to operate the airport. It is governed by a 12\-member commission–five nominated by Lexington County's legislative delegation, five nominated by Richland County's legislative delegation, and two nominated by the Columbia city council.
Passenger service began on [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") which has served Columbia for over 70 years. Delta began flights from Columbia to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport "Charleston International Airport"), [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport "Asheville Regional Airport"), [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville_International_Airport "Jacksonville International Airport"), [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport "Augusta Regional Airport"), [Savannah](/wiki/Savannah/Hilton_Head_International_Airport "Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport") and [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"). Delta [DC\-9](/wiki/DC-9 "DC-9") jet flights began March 7, 1966, with Flight 521 from Charleston continuing to [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport").
[Eastern Airlines](/wiki/Eastern_Airlines "Eastern Airlines") flew to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport"), [Washington](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport "Reagan National Airport"), and [New York](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport "John F. Kennedy International Airport"); it first scheduled jets to CAE in 1965\. [Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines "Piedmont Airlines") flew from Augusta, [Florence](/wiki/Florence_Regional_Airport "Florence Regional Airport"), and [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") in 1962\. [Southern Airways](/wiki/Southern_Airways "Southern Airways") flew to Charleston and [Greenville/Spartanburg](/wiki/Greenville-Spartanburg_International_Airport "Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport"). In January 1978 Eastern started flights to Atlanta after a route swap with Piedmont Airlines. Southern Airways left in December 1978, six months before their merger with [North Central Airlines](/wiki/North_Central_Airlines "North Central Airlines") to form [Republic Airlines](/wiki/Republic_Airlines "Republic Airlines"). [Atlantis Airlines](/wiki/Atlantis_Airlines "Atlantis Airlines") started service in 1979 for a brief time using [Twin Otter](/wiki/Twin_Otter "Twin Otter") aircraft. Piedmont Airlines introduced nonstop service to [Miami](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport "Miami International Airport") in January 1980, but dropped Columbia in June 1980 leaving only Delta and Eastern for a time.
In November 1982 Piedmont Airlines returned to Columbia with flights to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") and later [Newark](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport "Newark Liberty International Airport"). [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines "American Airlines") would start service in 1985 to [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport "Raleigh–Durham International Airport") and [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") would fly to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") and [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport "O'Hare International Airport"). PeopleExpress and [Continental Airlines](/wiki/Continental_Airlines "Continental Airlines"). Freedom Airlines operated Convairs to Columbia in 1983\. [United Express](/wiki/United_Express "United Express") (operated by [Atlantic Coast Airlines](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Airlines "Atlantic Coast Airlines")) entered the market May 24, 1999 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport") and added [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport "O'Hare International Airport") on July 1, 2000\. [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines "Northwest Airlines") (operated by Pinnacle Airlines) came to Columbia on October 6, 2003, offering service to [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport "Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport"). On October 30, 2005, [American Eagle](/wiki/American_Eagle_%28airline_brand%29 "American Eagle (airline brand)") returned after a nine\-year absence with service to [Dallas/Fort Worth](/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport") after Delta closed their DFW hub earlier that year. In October 2010 [US Airways Express](/wiki/US_Airways_Express "US Airways Express") operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin "Air Wisconsin") began non\-stops to [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"), but wound up discontinuing it as a result of a New York–La Guardia slot swap with Delta, which now has two daily flights to the airport.
Since 2000 the airport has tried to recruit low\-cost carriers, but has been unable to maintain those services. [Allegiant Air](/wiki/Allegiant_Air "Allegiant Air") tried service to [Orlando/Sanford](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport "Orlando Sanford International Airport"), [St. Petersburg/Clearwater](/wiki/St._Petersburg%E2%80%93Clearwater_International_Airport "St. Petersburg–Clearwater International Airport") and [Fort Lauderdale](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport "Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), yet these services did not last. [Independence Air](/wiki/Independence_Air "Independence Air") served Columbia briefly in 2004 and 2005 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport") before ceasing its operations in January 2006\. In May 2008, [Spirit Airlines](/wiki/Spirit_Airlines "Spirit Airlines") began service to Fort Lauderdale but terminated the route in March 2009\. In 2011 [Vision Airlines](/wiki/Vision_Airlines "Vision Airlines") launched service to [Destin, Florida](/wiki/Destin%2C_Florida "Destin, Florida"), ending the route after a month.
In 2015 United Airlines CEO [Jeff Smisek](/wiki/Jeff_Smisek "Jeff Smisek") was forced to step down after it was revealed that he had continued to run an unprofitable route to the airport from [Newark Liberty International Airport](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport "Newark Liberty International Airport") for former [Port Authority of New York and New Jersey](/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey") chairman [David Samson](/wiki/David_Samson_%28lawyer%29 "David Samson (lawyer)").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/united\-airlines\-chief\-to\-step\-down\-amid\-federal\-investigation/2015/09/08/de44c496\-566c\-11e5\-abe9\-27d53f250b11\_story.html\|title\=United Airlines chief steps down amid federal investigation\|first1\=Drew\|last1\=Harwell\|first2\=Katie\|last2\=Zezima\|date\=8 September 2015\|publisher\=\|via\=www.washingtonpost.com}}
On June 7, 2018 American Airlines restored mainline service to Columbia with two daily nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/flycae/posts/1650693344980633\|title\=Columbia Metropolitan Airport (CAE)\|website\=www.facebook.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-07\-03}} The airline also announced it would start flights to/from Miami by the end of 2019\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### World War II era",
"The airport was built in 1940 as Lexington County Airport. In 1940 the [United States Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") indicated a need for the airfield as part of the buildup of its forces after World War II began in Europe. The earliest recorded Air Corps use of the airport was when the [105th Observation Squadron](/wiki/105th_Airlift_Squadron \"105th Airlift Squadron\") began flying [Douglas O\\-38](/wiki/Douglas_O-38 \"Douglas O-38\") and [North American O\\-47](/wiki/North_American_O-47 \"North American O-47\") light observation aircraft on 24 September.{{Year needed\\|date\\=November 2014}}",
"In 1941 the airport came under formal military control, and an immediate program began to turn the civil airport into a military airfield. On 8 December 1941, as the **Columbia Army Air Base**, Columbia Army Airfield's mission was a training base for [B\\-25 Mitchell](/wiki/B-25_Mitchell \"B-25 Mitchell\") crews.",
"One of the earliest units to train at Columbia AAB was the [17th Bombardment Group](/wiki/17th_Training_Wing \"17th Training Wing\"), which arrived on 9 February 1942\\. When the group arrived in Columbia its combat crews were offered the opportunity to volunteer for an \"extremely hazardous\" but unspecified mission which ultimately turned out to be the famous [Doolittle Raid](/wiki/Doolittle_Raid \"Doolittle Raid\") on [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). Contrary to popular belief, the volunteers who made up the crews of the Doolittle Raid did not train for the Raid itself at Columbia.",
"Training at Columbia Army Air Base was phased down during the summer of 1945\\. Several units arrived at the base from overseas to inactivate during September and October. It was inactivated by the [U.S. Army Air Forces](/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces \"U.S. Army Air Forces\") on 30 November and returned to civil authorities, which converted it back to an airport. The [350th Bombardment Squadron](/wiki/350th_Bombardment_Squadron \"350th Bombardment Squadron\") was assigned to Columbia Metropolitan Airport on 16 July 1947 as part of the [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve \"Air Force Reserve\"), but it was never equipped or manned; it was inactivated on 27 June 1949\\.",
"### Postwar use",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Inside the airport looking toward TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_1.jpg \"Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Inside the airport beyond TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_2.jpg \"Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|240px\\|right\\|Columbia Metropolitan Airport 1998](/wiki/File:Two_Delta_aircraft_at_Columbia_Metropolitan_Airport.jpg \"Two Delta aircraft at Columbia Metropolitan Airport.jpg\")\nBefore World War II, Columbia's main civil airport had been [Owens Field](/wiki/Jim_Hamilton%E2%80%93L.B._Owens_Airport \"Jim Hamilton–L.B. Owens Airport\"). However, its location near downtown made expansion impossible. Accordingly, in 1947, most frontline passenger service relocated to Lexington County Airport, which was renamed Columbia Metropolitan Airport. The city of Columbia built a new terminal at the airport in the early 1950s. It burned down, and a new one was built in its place.",
"In 1962, the Richland\\-Lexington Airport District was established to operate the airport. It is governed by a 12\\-member commission–five nominated by Lexington County's legislative delegation, five nominated by Richland County's legislative delegation, and two nominated by the Columbia city council.",
"Passenger service began on [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") which has served Columbia for over 70 years. Delta began flights from Columbia to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport \"Charleston International Airport\"), [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport \"Asheville Regional Airport\"), [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville_International_Airport \"Jacksonville International Airport\"), [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport \"Augusta Regional Airport\"), [Savannah](/wiki/Savannah/Hilton_Head_International_Airport \"Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport\") and [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\"). Delta [DC\\-9](/wiki/DC-9 \"DC-9\") jet flights began March 7, 1966, with Flight 521 from Charleston continuing to [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport\").",
"[Eastern Airlines](/wiki/Eastern_Airlines \"Eastern Airlines\") flew to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\"), [Washington](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport \"Reagan National Airport\"), and [New York](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport \"John F. Kennedy International Airport\"); it first scheduled jets to CAE in 1965\\. [Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines \"Piedmont Airlines\") flew from Augusta, [Florence](/wiki/Florence_Regional_Airport \"Florence Regional Airport\"), and [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") in 1962\\. [Southern Airways](/wiki/Southern_Airways \"Southern Airways\") flew to Charleston and [Greenville/Spartanburg](/wiki/Greenville-Spartanburg_International_Airport \"Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport\"). In January 1978 Eastern started flights to Atlanta after a route swap with Piedmont Airlines. Southern Airways left in December 1978, six months before their merger with [North Central Airlines](/wiki/North_Central_Airlines \"North Central Airlines\") to form [Republic Airlines](/wiki/Republic_Airlines \"Republic Airlines\"). [Atlantis Airlines](/wiki/Atlantis_Airlines \"Atlantis Airlines\") started service in 1979 for a brief time using [Twin Otter](/wiki/Twin_Otter \"Twin Otter\") aircraft. Piedmont Airlines introduced nonstop service to [Miami](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport \"Miami International Airport\") in January 1980, but dropped Columbia in June 1980 leaving only Delta and Eastern for a time.",
"In November 1982 Piedmont Airlines returned to Columbia with flights to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") and later [Newark](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport \"Newark Liberty International Airport\"). [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines \"American Airlines\") would start service in 1985 to [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport \"Raleigh–Durham International Airport\") and [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines \"United Airlines\") would fly to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") and [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport \"O'Hare International Airport\"). PeopleExpress and [Continental Airlines](/wiki/Continental_Airlines \"Continental Airlines\"). Freedom Airlines operated Convairs to Columbia in 1983\\. [United Express](/wiki/United_Express \"United Express\") (operated by [Atlantic Coast Airlines](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Airlines \"Atlantic Coast Airlines\")) entered the market May 24, 1999 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport \"Washington Dulles International Airport\") and added [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport \"O'Hare International Airport\") on July 1, 2000\\. [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines \"Northwest Airlines\") (operated by Pinnacle Airlines) came to Columbia on October 6, 2003, offering service to [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport \"Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport\"). On October 30, 2005, [American Eagle](/wiki/American_Eagle_%28airline_brand%29 \"American Eagle (airline brand)\") returned after a nine\\-year absence with service to [Dallas/Fort Worth](/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport \"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport\") after Delta closed their DFW hub earlier that year. In October 2010 [US Airways Express](/wiki/US_Airways_Express \"US Airways Express\") operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin \"Air Wisconsin\") began non\\-stops to [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\"), but wound up discontinuing it as a result of a New York–La Guardia slot swap with Delta, which now has two daily flights to the airport.",
"Since 2000 the airport has tried to recruit low\\-cost carriers, but has been unable to maintain those services. [Allegiant Air](/wiki/Allegiant_Air \"Allegiant Air\") tried service to [Orlando/Sanford](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport \"Orlando Sanford International Airport\"), [St. Petersburg/Clearwater](/wiki/St._Petersburg%E2%80%93Clearwater_International_Airport \"St. Petersburg–Clearwater International Airport\") and [Fort Lauderdale](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport \"Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport\") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), yet these services did not last. [Independence Air](/wiki/Independence_Air \"Independence Air\") served Columbia briefly in 2004 and 2005 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport \"Washington Dulles International Airport\") before ceasing its operations in January 2006\\. In May 2008, [Spirit Airlines](/wiki/Spirit_Airlines \"Spirit Airlines\") began service to Fort Lauderdale but terminated the route in March 2009\\. In 2011 [Vision Airlines](/wiki/Vision_Airlines \"Vision Airlines\") launched service to [Destin, Florida](/wiki/Destin%2C_Florida \"Destin, Florida\"), ending the route after a month.",
"In 2015 United Airlines CEO [Jeff Smisek](/wiki/Jeff_Smisek \"Jeff Smisek\") was forced to step down after it was revealed that he had continued to run an unprofitable route to the airport from [Newark Liberty International Airport](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport \"Newark Liberty International Airport\") for former [Port Authority of New York and New Jersey](/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey \"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey\") chairman [David Samson](/wiki/David_Samson_%28lawyer%29 \"David Samson (lawyer)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/united\\-airlines\\-chief\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-amid\\-federal\\-investigation/2015/09/08/de44c496\\-566c\\-11e5\\-abe9\\-27d53f250b11\\_story.html\\|title\\=United Airlines chief steps down amid federal investigation\\|first1\\=Drew\\|last1\\=Harwell\\|first2\\=Katie\\|last2\\=Zezima\\|date\\=8 September 2015\\|publisher\\=\\|via\\=www.washingtonpost.com}}",
"On June 7, 2018 American Airlines restored mainline service to Columbia with two daily nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/flycae/posts/1650693344980633\\|title\\=Columbia Metropolitan Airport (CAE)\\|website\\=www.facebook.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-03}} The airline also announced it would start flights to/from Miami by the end of 2019\\.",
""
] |
### Postwar use
[thumb\|left\|Inside the airport looking toward TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_1.jpg "Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 1.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Inside the airport beyond TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_2.jpg "Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 2.jpg")
[thumb\|240px\|right\|Columbia Metropolitan Airport 1998](/wiki/File:Two_Delta_aircraft_at_Columbia_Metropolitan_Airport.jpg "Two Delta aircraft at Columbia Metropolitan Airport.jpg")
Before World War II, Columbia's main civil airport had been [Owens Field](/wiki/Jim_Hamilton%E2%80%93L.B._Owens_Airport "Jim Hamilton–L.B. Owens Airport"). However, its location near downtown made expansion impossible. Accordingly, in 1947, most frontline passenger service relocated to Lexington County Airport, which was renamed Columbia Metropolitan Airport. The city of Columbia built a new terminal at the airport in the early 1950s. It burned down, and a new one was built in its place.
In 1962, the Richland\-Lexington Airport District was established to operate the airport. It is governed by a 12\-member commission–five nominated by Lexington County's legislative delegation, five nominated by Richland County's legislative delegation, and two nominated by the Columbia city council.
Passenger service began on [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") which has served Columbia for over 70 years. Delta began flights from Columbia to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport "Charleston International Airport"), [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport "Asheville Regional Airport"), [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville_International_Airport "Jacksonville International Airport"), [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport "Augusta Regional Airport"), [Savannah](/wiki/Savannah/Hilton_Head_International_Airport "Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport") and [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"). Delta [DC\-9](/wiki/DC-9 "DC-9") jet flights began March 7, 1966, with Flight 521 from Charleston continuing to [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport").
[Eastern Airlines](/wiki/Eastern_Airlines "Eastern Airlines") flew to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport"), [Washington](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport "Reagan National Airport"), and [New York](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport "John F. Kennedy International Airport"); it first scheduled jets to CAE in 1965\. [Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines "Piedmont Airlines") flew from Augusta, [Florence](/wiki/Florence_Regional_Airport "Florence Regional Airport"), and [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") in 1962\. [Southern Airways](/wiki/Southern_Airways "Southern Airways") flew to Charleston and [Greenville/Spartanburg](/wiki/Greenville-Spartanburg_International_Airport "Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport"). In January 1978 Eastern started flights to Atlanta after a route swap with Piedmont Airlines. Southern Airways left in December 1978, six months before their merger with [North Central Airlines](/wiki/North_Central_Airlines "North Central Airlines") to form [Republic Airlines](/wiki/Republic_Airlines "Republic Airlines"). [Atlantis Airlines](/wiki/Atlantis_Airlines "Atlantis Airlines") started service in 1979 for a brief time using [Twin Otter](/wiki/Twin_Otter "Twin Otter") aircraft. Piedmont Airlines introduced nonstop service to [Miami](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport "Miami International Airport") in January 1980, but dropped Columbia in June 1980 leaving only Delta and Eastern for a time.
In November 1982 Piedmont Airlines returned to Columbia with flights to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") and later [Newark](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport "Newark Liberty International Airport"). [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines "American Airlines") would start service in 1985 to [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport "Raleigh–Durham International Airport") and [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") would fly to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte/Douglas International Airport") and [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport "O'Hare International Airport"). PeopleExpress and [Continental Airlines](/wiki/Continental_Airlines "Continental Airlines"). Freedom Airlines operated Convairs to Columbia in 1983\. [United Express](/wiki/United_Express "United Express") (operated by [Atlantic Coast Airlines](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Airlines "Atlantic Coast Airlines")) entered the market May 24, 1999 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport") and added [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport "O'Hare International Airport") on July 1, 2000\. [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines "Northwest Airlines") (operated by Pinnacle Airlines) came to Columbia on October 6, 2003, offering service to [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport "Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport"). On October 30, 2005, [American Eagle](/wiki/American_Eagle_%28airline_brand%29 "American Eagle (airline brand)") returned after a nine\-year absence with service to [Dallas/Fort Worth](/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport") after Delta closed their DFW hub earlier that year. In October 2010 [US Airways Express](/wiki/US_Airways_Express "US Airways Express") operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin "Air Wisconsin") began non\-stops to [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"), but wound up discontinuing it as a result of a New York–La Guardia slot swap with Delta, which now has two daily flights to the airport.
Since 2000 the airport has tried to recruit low\-cost carriers, but has been unable to maintain those services. [Allegiant Air](/wiki/Allegiant_Air "Allegiant Air") tried service to [Orlando/Sanford](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport "Orlando Sanford International Airport"), [St. Petersburg/Clearwater](/wiki/St._Petersburg%E2%80%93Clearwater_International_Airport "St. Petersburg–Clearwater International Airport") and [Fort Lauderdale](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport "Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), yet these services did not last. [Independence Air](/wiki/Independence_Air "Independence Air") served Columbia briefly in 2004 and 2005 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport") before ceasing its operations in January 2006\. In May 2008, [Spirit Airlines](/wiki/Spirit_Airlines "Spirit Airlines") began service to Fort Lauderdale but terminated the route in March 2009\. In 2011 [Vision Airlines](/wiki/Vision_Airlines "Vision Airlines") launched service to [Destin, Florida](/wiki/Destin%2C_Florida "Destin, Florida"), ending the route after a month.
In 2015 United Airlines CEO [Jeff Smisek](/wiki/Jeff_Smisek "Jeff Smisek") was forced to step down after it was revealed that he had continued to run an unprofitable route to the airport from [Newark Liberty International Airport](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport "Newark Liberty International Airport") for former [Port Authority of New York and New Jersey](/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey") chairman [David Samson](/wiki/David_Samson_%28lawyer%29 "David Samson (lawyer)").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/united\-airlines\-chief\-to\-step\-down\-amid\-federal\-investigation/2015/09/08/de44c496\-566c\-11e5\-abe9\-27d53f250b11\_story.html\|title\=United Airlines chief steps down amid federal investigation\|first1\=Drew\|last1\=Harwell\|first2\=Katie\|last2\=Zezima\|date\=8 September 2015\|publisher\=\|via\=www.washingtonpost.com}}
On June 7, 2018 American Airlines restored mainline service to Columbia with two daily nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/flycae/posts/1650693344980633\|title\=Columbia Metropolitan Airport (CAE)\|website\=www.facebook.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-07\-03}} The airline also announced it would start flights to/from Miami by the end of 2019\.
|
[
"### Postwar use",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Inside the airport looking toward TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_1.jpg \"Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Inside the airport beyond TSA security](/wiki/File:Columbia_Metropolitian_Airport_%28CAE%29_2.jpg \"Columbia Metropolitian Airport (CAE) 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|240px\\|right\\|Columbia Metropolitan Airport 1998](/wiki/File:Two_Delta_aircraft_at_Columbia_Metropolitan_Airport.jpg \"Two Delta aircraft at Columbia Metropolitan Airport.jpg\")\nBefore World War II, Columbia's main civil airport had been [Owens Field](/wiki/Jim_Hamilton%E2%80%93L.B._Owens_Airport \"Jim Hamilton–L.B. Owens Airport\"). However, its location near downtown made expansion impossible. Accordingly, in 1947, most frontline passenger service relocated to Lexington County Airport, which was renamed Columbia Metropolitan Airport. The city of Columbia built a new terminal at the airport in the early 1950s. It burned down, and a new one was built in its place.",
"In 1962, the Richland\\-Lexington Airport District was established to operate the airport. It is governed by a 12\\-member commission–five nominated by Lexington County's legislative delegation, five nominated by Richland County's legislative delegation, and two nominated by the Columbia city council.",
"Passenger service began on [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") which has served Columbia for over 70 years. Delta began flights from Columbia to [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport \"Charleston International Airport\"), [Asheville](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport \"Asheville Regional Airport\"), [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville_International_Airport \"Jacksonville International Airport\"), [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta_Regional_Airport \"Augusta Regional Airport\"), [Savannah](/wiki/Savannah/Hilton_Head_International_Airport \"Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport\") and [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\"). Delta [DC\\-9](/wiki/DC-9 \"DC-9\") jet flights began March 7, 1966, with Flight 521 from Charleston continuing to [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport\").",
"[Eastern Airlines](/wiki/Eastern_Airlines \"Eastern Airlines\") flew to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\"), [Washington](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport \"Reagan National Airport\"), and [New York](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport \"John F. Kennedy International Airport\"); it first scheduled jets to CAE in 1965\\. [Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines \"Piedmont Airlines\") flew from Augusta, [Florence](/wiki/Florence_Regional_Airport \"Florence Regional Airport\"), and [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") in 1962\\. [Southern Airways](/wiki/Southern_Airways \"Southern Airways\") flew to Charleston and [Greenville/Spartanburg](/wiki/Greenville-Spartanburg_International_Airport \"Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport\"). In January 1978 Eastern started flights to Atlanta after a route swap with Piedmont Airlines. Southern Airways left in December 1978, six months before their merger with [North Central Airlines](/wiki/North_Central_Airlines \"North Central Airlines\") to form [Republic Airlines](/wiki/Republic_Airlines \"Republic Airlines\"). [Atlantis Airlines](/wiki/Atlantis_Airlines \"Atlantis Airlines\") started service in 1979 for a brief time using [Twin Otter](/wiki/Twin_Otter \"Twin Otter\") aircraft. Piedmont Airlines introduced nonstop service to [Miami](/wiki/Miami_International_Airport \"Miami International Airport\") in January 1980, but dropped Columbia in June 1980 leaving only Delta and Eastern for a time.",
"In November 1982 Piedmont Airlines returned to Columbia with flights to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") and later [Newark](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport \"Newark Liberty International Airport\"). [American Airlines](/wiki/American_Airlines \"American Airlines\") would start service in 1985 to [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport \"Raleigh–Durham International Airport\") and [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines \"United Airlines\") would fly to [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte/Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte/Douglas International Airport\") and [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport \"O'Hare International Airport\"). PeopleExpress and [Continental Airlines](/wiki/Continental_Airlines \"Continental Airlines\"). Freedom Airlines operated Convairs to Columbia in 1983\\. [United Express](/wiki/United_Express \"United Express\") (operated by [Atlantic Coast Airlines](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Airlines \"Atlantic Coast Airlines\")) entered the market May 24, 1999 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport \"Washington Dulles International Airport\") and added [Chicago–O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport \"O'Hare International Airport\") on July 1, 2000\\. [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines \"Northwest Airlines\") (operated by Pinnacle Airlines) came to Columbia on October 6, 2003, offering service to [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport \"Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport\"). On October 30, 2005, [American Eagle](/wiki/American_Eagle_%28airline_brand%29 \"American Eagle (airline brand)\") returned after a nine\\-year absence with service to [Dallas/Fort Worth](/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport \"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport\") after Delta closed their DFW hub earlier that year. In October 2010 [US Airways Express](/wiki/US_Airways_Express \"US Airways Express\") operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin \"Air Wisconsin\") began non\\-stops to [New York–La Guardia](/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport \"LaGuardia Airport\"), but wound up discontinuing it as a result of a New York–La Guardia slot swap with Delta, which now has two daily flights to the airport.",
"Since 2000 the airport has tried to recruit low\\-cost carriers, but has been unable to maintain those services. [Allegiant Air](/wiki/Allegiant_Air \"Allegiant Air\") tried service to [Orlando/Sanford](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport \"Orlando Sanford International Airport\"), [St. Petersburg/Clearwater](/wiki/St._Petersburg%E2%80%93Clearwater_International_Airport \"St. Petersburg–Clearwater International Airport\") and [Fort Lauderdale](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport \"Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport\") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), yet these services did not last. [Independence Air](/wiki/Independence_Air \"Independence Air\") served Columbia briefly in 2004 and 2005 with service to [Washington–Dulles](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport \"Washington Dulles International Airport\") before ceasing its operations in January 2006\\. In May 2008, [Spirit Airlines](/wiki/Spirit_Airlines \"Spirit Airlines\") began service to Fort Lauderdale but terminated the route in March 2009\\. In 2011 [Vision Airlines](/wiki/Vision_Airlines \"Vision Airlines\") launched service to [Destin, Florida](/wiki/Destin%2C_Florida \"Destin, Florida\"), ending the route after a month.",
"In 2015 United Airlines CEO [Jeff Smisek](/wiki/Jeff_Smisek \"Jeff Smisek\") was forced to step down after it was revealed that he had continued to run an unprofitable route to the airport from [Newark Liberty International Airport](/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport \"Newark Liberty International Airport\") for former [Port Authority of New York and New Jersey](/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey \"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey\") chairman [David Samson](/wiki/David_Samson_%28lawyer%29 \"David Samson (lawyer)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/united\\-airlines\\-chief\\-to\\-step\\-down\\-amid\\-federal\\-investigation/2015/09/08/de44c496\\-566c\\-11e5\\-abe9\\-27d53f250b11\\_story.html\\|title\\=United Airlines chief steps down amid federal investigation\\|first1\\=Drew\\|last1\\=Harwell\\|first2\\=Katie\\|last2\\=Zezima\\|date\\=8 September 2015\\|publisher\\=\\|via\\=www.washingtonpost.com}}",
"On June 7, 2018 American Airlines restored mainline service to Columbia with two daily nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/flycae/posts/1650693344980633\\|title\\=Columbia Metropolitan Airport (CAE)\\|website\\=www.facebook.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-03}} The airline also announced it would start flights to/from Miami by the end of 2019\\.",
""
] |
Recent career
-------------
On 17 January 2007, 14 days after the removal of the Chief Justice by the military during the [2006 Fijian coup d'état](/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2006 Fijian coup d'état"), the [President of Fiji](/wiki/President_of_Fiji "President of Fiji"), [Ratu](/wiki/Ratu "Ratu") [Josefa Iloilo](/wiki/Josefa_Iloilo "Josefa Iloilo") appointed Justice Gates Acting Chief Justice. The substantive Chief Justice [Daniel Fatiaki](/wiki/Daniel_Fatiaki "Daniel Fatiaki"), had asked the then president of the Court of Appeal Justice [Gordon Ward](/wiki/Gordon_Ward_%28judge%29 "Gordon Ward (judge)"), to "hold the fort" for the judiciary as a de facto Acting Chief Justice. Chief Justice Fatiaki made public statements attacking Justice Gates for taking the position.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\=55421\|title\=Gates broke trust: Fatiaki\|work\=Fiji Times Online\|access\-date\=2010\-12\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905091446/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\=55421\|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-05\|url\-status\=dead}}
As a result of the appointment, the Judiciary became divided between those judges of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court who supported Ward and judges and magistrates who supported the appointment of Gates as Chief Justice. The Court of Appeal judges who continued to sit heard a number of appeals against Chief Justice Gates' decisions, and in almost all cases overruled him. The Court of Appeal even ordered Chief Justice to give oral evidence at the appeal hearing in [Ratu Takiveikata's](/wiki/Inoke_Takiveikata "Inoke Takiveikata") matter. This was an order which was unprecedented in Fiji's history. Takiveikata was charged with inciting a [mutiny](/wiki/Mutinies_of_the_2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "Mutinies of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état") at the [Queen Elizabeth Barracks](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Barracks%2C_Suva "Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Suva") intended to remove [Commodore Bainimarama](/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama "Frank Bainimarama") as the Commander of the Fiji military. The attempt failed because the majority of soldiers remained loyal to the Commodore. However, after Takiveikata was convicted by Justice Gates two business associates who were his neighbors and friends provided affidavits in the Court of appeal. They alleged that Justice Gates had told them at a party for [Bastille Day](/wiki/Bastille_Day "Bastille Day") that he would imprison the accused after the trial. Later the Court of Appeal held that a doubt had been created by the evidence of the defendant's friends and neighbors and quashed the convictions. A retrial was ordered. In the judgment the Court of Appeal failed to consider if the trial had been fairly conducted by Chief Justice Gates, a consideration which is ordinarily mandatory in cases where judicial bias is raised. On retrial Ratu Takiveikata was convicted by the High Court and sentenced to life imprisonment.
The Court of Appeal quashed all Gates's decisions and none of the Court of Appeal Judges sought reappointment under his leadership. In September 2007 six judges from the Fiji Court of Appeal who were from New Zealand and Australia resigned.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\=69838\|title\=Judges quit over gates\|work\=Fiji Times Online\|access\-date\=2010\-12\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905091503/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\=69838\|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-05\|url\-status\=dead}} Recommendations for new appointments to the Bench were made by the Judicial Services Commission to the President. These new appointments upheld the claim of the deposed prime minister of Fiji Mr [Laisenia Qarase](/wiki/Laisenia_Qarase "Laisenia Qarase") that the 2006 Military takeover was illegal and had no validity. In doing so they overruled the High Court under Chief Justice Gates. Although this decision has been criticised for lack of internal consistency in that the Court of Appeal failed to order the reinstatement of the Qarase government instead ordered the appointment of an interim government and this decision confirmed the independence of Fijian Judiciary after 2006\.
In 2009 after the decision of the Court of Appeal, the 1997 Constitution was purportedly abrogated by the president of Fiji, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, and all judicial appointments were terminated. The chief justice was re\-appointed after a lapse of two months and has reformed the Judiciary \- mainly with appointments from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka"), although some judges and magistrates were Fijian, or from [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), or [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia").
Resident Judge of Court of Appeal Justice William Marshall alleged in his petition that Gates had been briefing Fiji's prime minister [Frank Bainimarama](/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama "Frank Bainimarama") and this prompted the expulsion of envoys from Australia and New Zealand from Fiji.[.Fiji's Chief Justice Anthony Gates triggers expulsions \| The Australian](http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/fijis-chief-justice-anthony-gates-triggers-expulsions/story-e6frg97x-1225794500596) Gates acted as temporary president of Fiji between late September and early October 2010 during the absence of Ratu Epeli Nailatikau.[Australian Chief Justice Anthony Gates to act as interim Fiji president \| Herald Sun](http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/australian-anthony-gates-to-act-as-fiji-president-until-next-month/story-e6frf7lf-1225927881722) In December 2010 the [United States Embassy](/wiki/United_States_Embassy "United States Embassy"), who remained critical of Gates appointment as Chief Justice, denied to issue Gates a [visa](/wiki/Visa_%28document%29 "Visa (document)") to represent Fiji at an [International Criminal Court](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court "International Criminal Court") convention.[Islands Business \- U.S under fire over rejection of Fiji’s Chief Justice’s visa](http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=21634/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308071916/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index\_dynamic/containerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle/focusModuleID%3D130/focusContentID%3D21634/tableName%3DmediaRelease/overideSkinName%3DnewsArticle\-full.tpl \|date\=March 8, 2012 }}
A 2012 analysis of Fiji judicial matters presented in the form of a Petition by Justice William Marshall, Resident Justice of Appeal in Fiji[Clause 14 \- The Petition of William Roberts Marshall QC, SC Resident Justice of Appeal In Fiji](https://sites.google.com/site/justicewilliammarshall/petition) considered that Gates was the subject of an unjust ruling in the Takiveikata case as a result of political interference but that he himself had become an agent of the Attorney General in the Interim Government.[Clause 292 \- The Petition of William Roberts Marshall QC, SC Resident Justice of Appeal In Fiji](https://sites.google.com/site/justicewilliammarshall/petition)
Marshal, who wrote a lengthy Petition to the Prime Minister saying the judiciary is not independent, offered his own services as political adviser to the Prime Minister.
The Marshall petition has been strongly criticized by the President of Fiji's Court of Appeal in a judgment on contempt of court in *AG vs Tai Nicholas* where the judge said that William Marshall was happy enough with the independence of the judiciary until his contract was not renewed.
The Fijian judiciary continues to function under the leadership of Gates with an emphasis on open justice, compulsory judicial training and case management. There are still delays in the court system in the civil jurisdiction, but criminal cases can now be heard within one year of the initial charges.
Justice Gates came out very strongly accusing Australia and New Zealand of interfering in the Fijian judiciary. Gates accused both countries of counseling the Sri Lankan Judges against working in Fiji.
During the ground\-breaking ceremony for a $35million High Court complex in [Lautoka](/wiki/Lautoka "Lautoka") on 12 September 2014, Gates said the users of the existing High Court building in Lautoka knew the facility was inadequate for the amount of business conducted at the premises. Chief Justice Gates believes that if the Western Division is to develop economically, financially and in its institutions and services, the justice system within the division must be able to respond to society's needs.
Chief Justice Anthony Gates was part of the Fiji delegation to speak at UPR in Geneva. Chief Justice spoke about the barriers experienced by the Judiciary in its functioning after the events of 2009\. He once again highlighted the effects of the travel ban imposed on judges.
|
[
"Recent career\n-------------",
"On 17 January 2007, 14 days after the removal of the Chief Justice by the military during the [2006 Fijian coup d'état](/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2006 Fijian coup d'état\"), the [President of Fiji](/wiki/President_of_Fiji \"President of Fiji\"), [Ratu](/wiki/Ratu \"Ratu\") [Josefa Iloilo](/wiki/Josefa_Iloilo \"Josefa Iloilo\") appointed Justice Gates Acting Chief Justice. The substantive Chief Justice [Daniel Fatiaki](/wiki/Daniel_Fatiaki \"Daniel Fatiaki\"), had asked the then president of the Court of Appeal Justice [Gordon Ward](/wiki/Gordon_Ward_%28judge%29 \"Gordon Ward (judge)\"), to \"hold the fort\" for the judiciary as a de facto Acting Chief Justice. Chief Justice Fatiaki made public statements attacking Justice Gates for taking the position.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\\=55421\\|title\\=Gates broke trust: Fatiaki\\|work\\=Fiji Times Online\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905091446/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\\=55421\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"As a result of the appointment, the Judiciary became divided between those judges of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court who supported Ward and judges and magistrates who supported the appointment of Gates as Chief Justice. The Court of Appeal judges who continued to sit heard a number of appeals against Chief Justice Gates' decisions, and in almost all cases overruled him. The Court of Appeal even ordered Chief Justice to give oral evidence at the appeal hearing in [Ratu Takiveikata's](/wiki/Inoke_Takiveikata \"Inoke Takiveikata\") matter. This was an order which was unprecedented in Fiji's history. Takiveikata was charged with inciting a [mutiny](/wiki/Mutinies_of_the_2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"Mutinies of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état\") at the [Queen Elizabeth Barracks](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Barracks%2C_Suva \"Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Suva\") intended to remove [Commodore Bainimarama](/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama \"Frank Bainimarama\") as the Commander of the Fiji military. The attempt failed because the majority of soldiers remained loyal to the Commodore. However, after Takiveikata was convicted by Justice Gates two business associates who were his neighbors and friends provided affidavits in the Court of appeal. They alleged that Justice Gates had told them at a party for [Bastille Day](/wiki/Bastille_Day \"Bastille Day\") that he would imprison the accused after the trial. Later the Court of Appeal held that a doubt had been created by the evidence of the defendant's friends and neighbors and quashed the convictions. A retrial was ordered. In the judgment the Court of Appeal failed to consider if the trial had been fairly conducted by Chief Justice Gates, a consideration which is ordinarily mandatory in cases where judicial bias is raised. On retrial Ratu Takiveikata was convicted by the High Court and sentenced to life imprisonment.",
"The Court of Appeal quashed all Gates's decisions and none of the Court of Appeal Judges sought reappointment under his leadership. In September 2007 six judges from the Fiji Court of Appeal who were from New Zealand and Australia resigned.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\\=69838\\|title\\=Judges quit over gates\\|work\\=Fiji Times Online\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905091503/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id\\=69838\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Recommendations for new appointments to the Bench were made by the Judicial Services Commission to the President. These new appointments upheld the claim of the deposed prime minister of Fiji Mr [Laisenia Qarase](/wiki/Laisenia_Qarase \"Laisenia Qarase\") that the 2006 Military takeover was illegal and had no validity. In doing so they overruled the High Court under Chief Justice Gates. Although this decision has been criticised for lack of internal consistency in that the Court of Appeal failed to order the reinstatement of the Qarase government instead ordered the appointment of an interim government and this decision confirmed the independence of Fijian Judiciary after 2006\\.",
"In 2009 after the decision of the Court of Appeal, the 1997 Constitution was purportedly abrogated by the president of Fiji, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, and all judicial appointments were terminated. The chief justice was re\\-appointed after a lapse of two months and has reformed the Judiciary \\- mainly with appointments from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\"), although some judges and magistrates were Fijian, or from [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), or [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").",
"Resident Judge of Court of Appeal Justice William Marshall alleged in his petition that Gates had been briefing Fiji's prime minister [Frank Bainimarama](/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama \"Frank Bainimarama\") and this prompted the expulsion of envoys from Australia and New Zealand from Fiji.[.Fiji's Chief Justice Anthony Gates triggers expulsions \\| The Australian](http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/fijis-chief-justice-anthony-gates-triggers-expulsions/story-e6frg97x-1225794500596) Gates acted as temporary president of Fiji between late September and early October 2010 during the absence of Ratu Epeli Nailatikau.[Australian Chief Justice Anthony Gates to act as interim Fiji president \\| Herald Sun](http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/australian-anthony-gates-to-act-as-fiji-president-until-next-month/story-e6frf7lf-1225927881722) In December 2010 the [United States Embassy](/wiki/United_States_Embassy \"United States Embassy\"), who remained critical of Gates appointment as Chief Justice, denied to issue Gates a [visa](/wiki/Visa_%28document%29 \"Visa (document)\") to represent Fiji at an [International Criminal Court](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court \"International Criminal Court\") convention.[Islands Business \\- U.S under fire over rejection of Fiji’s Chief Justice’s visa](http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=21634/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308071916/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index\\_dynamic/containerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle/focusModuleID%3D130/focusContentID%3D21634/tableName%3DmediaRelease/overideSkinName%3DnewsArticle\\-full.tpl \\|date\\=March 8, 2012 }}",
"A 2012 analysis of Fiji judicial matters presented in the form of a Petition by Justice William Marshall, Resident Justice of Appeal in Fiji[Clause 14 \\- The Petition of William Roberts Marshall QC, SC Resident Justice of Appeal In Fiji](https://sites.google.com/site/justicewilliammarshall/petition) considered that Gates was the subject of an unjust ruling in the Takiveikata case as a result of political interference but that he himself had become an agent of the Attorney General in the Interim Government.[Clause 292 \\- The Petition of William Roberts Marshall QC, SC Resident Justice of Appeal In Fiji](https://sites.google.com/site/justicewilliammarshall/petition)",
"Marshal, who wrote a lengthy Petition to the Prime Minister saying the judiciary is not independent, offered his own services as political adviser to the Prime Minister.",
"The Marshall petition has been strongly criticized by the President of Fiji's Court of Appeal in a judgment on contempt of court in *AG vs Tai Nicholas* where the judge said that William Marshall was happy enough with the independence of the judiciary until his contract was not renewed.",
"The Fijian judiciary continues to function under the leadership of Gates with an emphasis on open justice, compulsory judicial training and case management. There are still delays in the court system in the civil jurisdiction, but criminal cases can now be heard within one year of the initial charges.",
"Justice Gates came out very strongly accusing Australia and New Zealand of interfering in the Fijian judiciary. Gates accused both countries of counseling the Sri Lankan Judges against working in Fiji.",
"During the ground\\-breaking ceremony for a $35million High Court complex in [Lautoka](/wiki/Lautoka \"Lautoka\") on 12 September 2014, Gates said the users of the existing High Court building in Lautoka knew the facility was inadequate for the amount of business conducted at the premises. Chief Justice Gates believes that if the Western Division is to develop economically, financially and in its institutions and services, the justice system within the division must be able to respond to society's needs.",
"Chief Justice Anthony Gates was part of the Fiji delegation to speak at UPR in Geneva. Chief Justice spoke about the barriers experienced by the Judiciary in its functioning after the events of 2009\\. He once again highlighted the effects of the travel ban imposed on judges.",
""
] |
Historic importance
-------------------
[Prataprao Gujar](/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar "Prataprao Gujar"), Kudtoji Gujar, was the third royal Senapati of King Shivaji's army, which was probably the most successful guerrilla force in 17th century India. He was given the title of Prataprao (the brave) by King Shivaji in acknowledgement of his bravery in the war against Mirza Jaisingh.
He was a highly gifted aristocratic general, who enjoyed the trust of his king and the loyalty of his troops. He defeated a large mughal army at the famous battle of Salher. Salher is a major battle between mughals and marathas, and the first large\-scale pitched battle between the two in open field. The victory of the Marathas at Salher is seen as a definitive turning point in their military prowess vis\-a\-vis the Mughals. Prataprao Gujar's major drawback was his impulsive emotional nature.
A few months before King Shivaji's coronation in 1674, [Prataprao Gujar](/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar "Prataprao Gujar") was sent to deal with the invading force led by the Adilshahi general, Bahalol Khan. The Maratha army surrounded the camp of Bahalol Khan at the place of Nesari. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle. In spite of specific warnings against doing so by King Shivaji, Prataprao released Bahalol Khan along troops and the seized war material, when Bahalol Khan promised not to invade King Shivaji's territories again. Days after his release Bahalol Khan started preparing for a fresh invasion.
When King Shivaji heard of about Prataprao decision, he was incensed and wrote an angry letter to Prataprao refusing him permission to see him until such time, until Bahlol Khan was re\-captured. Prataprao realised his mistake and was so upset about what he had done that he now wanted to capture Bahlol Khan at any cost.
One day, he learnt of Bahlol Khan camping nearby. Prataprao decided to make a stand against Balol Khan at Nesari. Prataprao Gujar with 1200 troops versus Khan with 15000\. So, Prataprao reasoned that there was no point in taking 1200 men to suicide with him. So, in a fit of anger and overreacting to the letter, he left alone, without asking his cavalry to charge. It was his personal honour at stake, not his army. On seeing their leader head to certain death, 6 other Maratha sardars joined him in the charge, they attacked the enemy camp and were slaughtered. Anandrao and Hansaji Mohite, though, stayed back.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2020}} It was an impulsive decision and the loss of Prataprao Gujar was a big loss to the Marathas. Anandrao Mohite managed to take the army to safer areas.
The story of this brave surgical strike and the ensuing battle has been retold through a thrilling Marathi drama "Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat" written by [Bashir Momin Kavathekar](/wiki/Bashir_Momin_Kavathekar "Bashir Momin Kavathekar") and melodious song "Vedaat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat" written by Kusumagraj \& sung by Lata Mangeshkar.
King Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Pratprao's death. Later, Chhatrapati Shivaji's army avenged the death of their general, by defeating Bahlol Khan and looting his jagir (fiefdom) under the leadership of Anandrao and Hambirao Mohite. Hambirrao Mohite became the new Sarnaubat (Commander\-in\-chief of the Maratha forces). King Shivaji also married his second son, Rajaram, to the daughter of Prataprao Gujar; who was later to be the Empress of the Maratha Empire, Maharani Jankibai.\[1]
On 8 October 2014, DAR Motion Pictures, IME Motion Pictures and Blue Drop Films jointly announced a big budget Marathi feature film based on the famous battle. The film titled 'Saat' was slated for a 2016 release. Recently Mahesh Manjrekar also announced a hindi movie "Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat" which is said to be an adoption of Momin Kavathekar's Marathi drama.
{{bar box
\|title\=Religions in Nesari
\|titlebar\=\#Fcd116
\|left1\=Religion
\|right1\=Percent
\|float\=right
\|bars\=
{{bar percent\|\[\[Hindus]]\|orange\|99\.6}}
{{bar percent\|\[\[Muslims]]\|green\|0\.2}}
{{bar percent\|\[\[Buddhists]]\|red\|0\.1}}
{{bar percent\|Others†\|black\|0\.1}}
\|caption\=Distribution of religions
†Includes \[\[Sikh]]s (0\.1%), \[\[Buddhism\|Buddhists]] (\<0\.1%).
}}
|
[
"Historic importance\n-------------------",
"[Prataprao Gujar](/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar \"Prataprao Gujar\"), Kudtoji Gujar, was the third royal Senapati of King Shivaji's army, which was probably the most successful guerrilla force in 17th century India. He was given the title of Prataprao (the brave) by King Shivaji in acknowledgement of his bravery in the war against Mirza Jaisingh.",
"He was a highly gifted aristocratic general, who enjoyed the trust of his king and the loyalty of his troops. He defeated a large mughal army at the famous battle of Salher. Salher is a major battle between mughals and marathas, and the first large\\-scale pitched battle between the two in open field. The victory of the Marathas at Salher is seen as a definitive turning point in their military prowess vis\\-a\\-vis the Mughals. Prataprao Gujar's major drawback was his impulsive emotional nature.",
"A few months before King Shivaji's coronation in 1674, [Prataprao Gujar](/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar \"Prataprao Gujar\") was sent to deal with the invading force led by the Adilshahi general, Bahalol Khan. The Maratha army surrounded the camp of Bahalol Khan at the place of Nesari. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle. In spite of specific warnings against doing so by King Shivaji, Prataprao released Bahalol Khan along troops and the seized war material, when Bahalol Khan promised not to invade King Shivaji's territories again. Days after his release Bahalol Khan started preparing for a fresh invasion.",
"When King Shivaji heard of about Prataprao decision, he was incensed and wrote an angry letter to Prataprao refusing him permission to see him until such time, until Bahlol Khan was re\\-captured. Prataprao realised his mistake and was so upset about what he had done that he now wanted to capture Bahlol Khan at any cost.",
"One day, he learnt of Bahlol Khan camping nearby. Prataprao decided to make a stand against Balol Khan at Nesari. Prataprao Gujar with 1200 troops versus Khan with 15000\\. So, Prataprao reasoned that there was no point in taking 1200 men to suicide with him. So, in a fit of anger and overreacting to the letter, he left alone, without asking his cavalry to charge. It was his personal honour at stake, not his army. On seeing their leader head to certain death, 6 other Maratha sardars joined him in the charge, they attacked the enemy camp and were slaughtered. Anandrao and Hansaji Mohite, though, stayed back.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}} It was an impulsive decision and the loss of Prataprao Gujar was a big loss to the Marathas. Anandrao Mohite managed to take the army to safer areas.",
"The story of this brave surgical strike and the ensuing battle has been retold through a thrilling Marathi drama \"Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat\" written by [Bashir Momin Kavathekar](/wiki/Bashir_Momin_Kavathekar \"Bashir Momin Kavathekar\") and melodious song \"Vedaat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat\" written by Kusumagraj \\& sung by Lata Mangeshkar.",
"King Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Pratprao's death. Later, Chhatrapati Shivaji's army avenged the death of their general, by defeating Bahlol Khan and looting his jagir (fiefdom) under the leadership of Anandrao and Hambirao Mohite. Hambirrao Mohite became the new Sarnaubat (Commander\\-in\\-chief of the Maratha forces). King Shivaji also married his second son, Rajaram, to the daughter of Prataprao Gujar; who was later to be the Empress of the Maratha Empire, Maharani Jankibai.\\[1]",
"On 8 October 2014, DAR Motion Pictures, IME Motion Pictures and Blue Drop Films jointly announced a big budget Marathi feature film based on the famous battle. The film titled 'Saat' was slated for a 2016 release. Recently Mahesh Manjrekar also announced a hindi movie \"Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat\" which is said to be an adoption of Momin Kavathekar's Marathi drama.",
"{{bar box\n\\|title\\=Religions in Nesari\n\\|titlebar\\=\\#Fcd116\n\\|left1\\=Religion\n\\|right1\\=Percent\n\\|float\\=right\n\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\|\\[\\[Hindus]]\\|orange\\|99\\.6}}\n{{bar percent\\|\\[\\[Muslims]]\\|green\\|0\\.2}}\n{{bar percent\\|\\[\\[Buddhists]]\\|red\\|0\\.1}}\n{{bar percent\\|Others†\\|black\\|0\\.1}}\n\\|caption\\=Distribution of religions",
"†Includes \\[\\[Sikh]]s (0\\.1%), \\[\\[Buddhism\\|Buddhists]] (\\<0\\.1%).\n}}",
""
] |
Definition
----------
[thumb\|The numerous singular points of the Barth sextic are the solutions of a polynomial system](/wiki/File:BarthSextic.png "BarthSextic.png")
A simple example of a system of polynomial equations is
\\begin{align} x^2 \+ y^2 \- 5\&\= 0 \\\\ xy \- 2 \&\= 0\. \\end{align}
Its solutions are the four pairs {{math\|1\=(''x'', ''y'') \= (1, 2\), (2, 1\), (\-1, \-2\), (\-2, \-1\)}}. These solutions can easily be checked by substitution, but more work is needed for proving that there are no other solutions.
The subject of this article is the study of generalizations of such an examples, and the description of the methods that are used for computing the solutions.
A *system of polynomial equations,* or *polynomial system* is a collection of equations
\\begin{align}
f\_1\\left(x\_1, \\ldots, x\_m \\right) \&\= 0 \\\\
\& \\;\\;\\vdots \\\\
f\_n\\left(x\_1, \\ldots, x\_m \\right) \&\= 0,
\\end{align}
where each {{math\|''fh''}} is a [polynomial](/wiki/Polynomial "Polynomial") in the [indeterminates](/wiki/Indeterminate_%28variable%29 "Indeterminate (variable)") {{math\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''m''}}, with integer coefficients, or coefficients in some fixed [field](/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29 "Field (mathematics)"), often the field of [rational numbers](/wiki/Rational_number "Rational number") or a [finite field](/wiki/Finite_field "Finite field").{{harvnb\|Bates\|Sommese\|Hauenstein\|Wampler\|2013\|p\=4}} Other fields of coefficients, such as the [real numbers](/wiki/Real_number "Real number"), are less often used, as their elements cannot be represented in a computer (only approximations of real numbers can be used in computations, and these approximations are always rational numbers).
A *solution* of a polynomial system is a [tuple](/wiki/Tuple "Tuple") of values of {{math\|(''x''1, ..., ''x''''m'')}} that satisfies all equations of the polynomial system. The solutions are sought in the [complex numbers](/wiki/Complex_number "Complex number"), or more generally in an [algebraically closed field](/wiki/Algebraically_closed_field "Algebraically closed field") containing the coefficients. In particular, in [characteristic zero](/wiki/Characteristic_zero "Characteristic zero"), all [complex](/wiki/Complex_number "Complex number") solutions are sought. Searching for the [real](/wiki/Real_number "Real number") or [rational](/wiki/Rational_number "Rational number") solutions are much more difficult problems that are not considered in this article.
The set of solutions is not always finite; for example, the solutions of the system
\\begin{align} x(x\-1\) \&\= 0 \\\\ x(y\-1\) \&\= 0 \\end{align}
are a point {{math\|1\=(''x'',''y'') \= (1,1\)}} and a line {{math\|1\=''x'' \= 0}}.{{harvnb\|Bates\|Sommese\|Hauenstein\|Wampler\|2013\|p\=8}} Even when the solution set is finite, there is, in general, no [closed\-form expression](/wiki/Closed-form_expression "Closed-form expression") of the solutions (in the case of a single equation, this is [Abel–Ruffini theorem](/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Ruffini_theorem "Abel–Ruffini theorem")).
The [Barth surface](/wiki/Barth_surface "Barth surface"), shown in the figure is the geometric representation of the solutions of a polynomial system reduced to a single equation of degree 6 in 3 variables. Some of its numerous [singular points](/wiki/Singular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety "Singular point of an algebraic variety") are visible on the image. They are the solutions of a system of 4 equations of degree 5 in 3 variables. Such an [overdetermined system](/wiki/Overdetermined_system "Overdetermined system") has no solution in general (that is if the coefficients are not specific). If it has a finite number of solutions, this number is at most {{math\|1\=5{{sup\|3}} \= 125}}, by [Bézout's theorem](/wiki/B%C3%A9zout%27s_theorem "Bézout's theorem"). However, it has been shown that, for the case of the singular points of a surface of degree 6, the maximum number of solutions is 65, and is reached by the Barth surface.
|
[
"Definition\n----------",
"[thumb\\|The numerous singular points of the Barth sextic are the solutions of a polynomial system](/wiki/File:BarthSextic.png \"BarthSextic.png\")\nA simple example of a system of polynomial equations is\n \\\\begin{align} x^2 \\+ y^2 \\- 5\\&\\= 0 \\\\\\\\ xy \\- 2 \\&\\= 0\\. \\\\end{align}\nIts solutions are the four pairs {{math\\|1\\=(''x'', ''y'') \\= (1, 2\\), (2, 1\\), (\\-1, \\-2\\), (\\-2, \\-1\\)}}. These solutions can easily be checked by substitution, but more work is needed for proving that there are no other solutions.",
"The subject of this article is the study of generalizations of such an examples, and the description of the methods that are used for computing the solutions.",
"A *system of polynomial equations,* or *polynomial system* is a collection of equations\n \\\\begin{align}\nf\\_1\\\\left(x\\_1, \\\\ldots, x\\_m \\\\right) \\&\\= 0 \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\\\;\\\\;\\\\vdots \\\\\\\\\nf\\_n\\\\left(x\\_1, \\\\ldots, x\\_m \\\\right) \\&\\= 0,\n\\\\end{align} \nwhere each {{math\\|''fh''}} is a [polynomial](/wiki/Polynomial \"Polynomial\") in the [indeterminates](/wiki/Indeterminate_%28variable%29 \"Indeterminate (variable)\") {{math\\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''m''}}, with integer coefficients, or coefficients in some fixed [field](/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29 \"Field (mathematics)\"), often the field of [rational numbers](/wiki/Rational_number \"Rational number\") or a [finite field](/wiki/Finite_field \"Finite field\").{{harvnb\\|Bates\\|Sommese\\|Hauenstein\\|Wampler\\|2013\\|p\\=4}} Other fields of coefficients, such as the [real numbers](/wiki/Real_number \"Real number\"), are less often used, as their elements cannot be represented in a computer (only approximations of real numbers can be used in computations, and these approximations are always rational numbers).",
"A *solution* of a polynomial system is a [tuple](/wiki/Tuple \"Tuple\") of values of {{math\\|(''x''1, ..., ''x''''m'')}} that satisfies all equations of the polynomial system. The solutions are sought in the [complex numbers](/wiki/Complex_number \"Complex number\"), or more generally in an [algebraically closed field](/wiki/Algebraically_closed_field \"Algebraically closed field\") containing the coefficients. In particular, in [characteristic zero](/wiki/Characteristic_zero \"Characteristic zero\"), all [complex](/wiki/Complex_number \"Complex number\") solutions are sought. Searching for the [real](/wiki/Real_number \"Real number\") or [rational](/wiki/Rational_number \"Rational number\") solutions are much more difficult problems that are not considered in this article.",
"The set of solutions is not always finite; for example, the solutions of the system\n \\\\begin{align} x(x\\-1\\) \\&\\= 0 \\\\\\\\ x(y\\-1\\) \\&\\= 0 \\\\end{align}\nare a point {{math\\|1\\=(''x'',''y'') \\= (1,1\\)}} and a line {{math\\|1\\=''x'' \\= 0}}.{{harvnb\\|Bates\\|Sommese\\|Hauenstein\\|Wampler\\|2013\\|p\\=8}} Even when the solution set is finite, there is, in general, no [closed\\-form expression](/wiki/Closed-form_expression \"Closed-form expression\") of the solutions (in the case of a single equation, this is [Abel–Ruffini theorem](/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Ruffini_theorem \"Abel–Ruffini theorem\")).",
"The [Barth surface](/wiki/Barth_surface \"Barth surface\"), shown in the figure is the geometric representation of the solutions of a polynomial system reduced to a single equation of degree 6 in 3 variables. Some of its numerous [singular points](/wiki/Singular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety \"Singular point of an algebraic variety\") are visible on the image. They are the solutions of a system of 4 equations of degree 5 in 3 variables. Such an [overdetermined system](/wiki/Overdetermined_system \"Overdetermined system\") has no solution in general (that is if the coefficients are not specific). If it has a finite number of solutions, this number is at most {{math\\|1\\=5{{sup\\|3}} \\= 125}}, by [Bézout's theorem](/wiki/B%C3%A9zout%27s_theorem \"Bézout's theorem\"). However, it has been shown that, for the case of the singular points of a surface of degree 6, the maximum number of solutions is 65, and is reached by the Barth surface.",
""
] |
What is solving?
----------------
The first thing to do for solving a polynomial system is to decide whether it is inconsistent, zero\-dimensional or positive dimensional. This may be done by the computation of a [Gröbner basis](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis "Gröbner basis") of the left\-hand sides of the equations. The system is *inconsistent* if this Gröbner basis is reduced to 1\. The system is *zero\-dimensional* if, for every variable there is a [leading monomial](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis "Gröbner basis") of some element of the Gröbner basis which is a pure power of this variable. For this test, the best [monomial order](/wiki/Monomial_order "Monomial order") (that is the one which leads generally to the fastest computation) is usually the [graded reverse lexicographic](/wiki/Monomial_order%23Graded_reverse_lexicographic_order "Monomial order#Graded reverse lexicographic order") one (grevlex).
If the system is *positive\-dimensional*, it has infinitely many solutions. It is thus not possible to enumerate them. It follows that, in this case, solving may only mean "finding a description of the solutions from which the relevant properties of the solutions are easy to extract". There is no commonly accepted such description. In fact there are many different "relevant properties", which involve almost every subfield of [algebraic geometry](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry "Algebraic geometry").
A natural example of such a question concerning positive\-dimensional systems is the following: *decide if a polynomial system over the [rational numbers](/wiki/Rational_number "Rational number") has a finite number of real solutions and compute them*. A generalization of this question is *find at least one solution in each [connected component](/wiki/Connected_component_%28topology%29 "Connected component (topology)") of the set of real solutions of a polynomial system*. The classical algorithm for solving these question is [cylindrical algebraic decomposition](/wiki/Cylindrical_algebraic_decomposition "Cylindrical algebraic decomposition"), which has a [doubly exponential](/wiki/Double_exponential_function "Double exponential function") [computational complexity](/wiki/Computational_complexity "Computational complexity") and therefore cannot be used in practice, except for very small examples.
For zero\-dimensional systems, solving consists of computing all the solutions. There are two different ways of outputting the solutions. The most common way is possible only for real or complex solutions, and consists of outputting numeric approximations of the solutions. Such a solution is called *numeric*. A solution is *certified* if it is provided with a bound on the error of the approximations, and if this bound separates the different solutions.
The other way of representing the solutions is said to be *algebraic*. It uses the fact that, for a zero\-dimensional system, the solutions belong to the [algebraic closure](/wiki/Algebraic_closure "Algebraic closure") of the field *k* of the coefficients of the system. There are several ways to represent the solution in an algebraic closure, which are discussed below. All of them allow one to compute a numerical approximation of the solutions by solving one or several univariate equations. For this computation, it is preferable to use a representation that involves solving only one univariate polynomial per solution, because computing the roots of a polynomial which has approximate coefficients [is a highly unstable problem](/wiki/Wilkinson%27s_polynomial "Wilkinson's polynomial").
|
[
"What is solving?\n----------------",
"The first thing to do for solving a polynomial system is to decide whether it is inconsistent, zero\\-dimensional or positive dimensional. This may be done by the computation of a [Gröbner basis](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis \"Gröbner basis\") of the left\\-hand sides of the equations. The system is *inconsistent* if this Gröbner basis is reduced to 1\\. The system is *zero\\-dimensional* if, for every variable there is a [leading monomial](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis \"Gröbner basis\") of some element of the Gröbner basis which is a pure power of this variable. For this test, the best [monomial order](/wiki/Monomial_order \"Monomial order\") (that is the one which leads generally to the fastest computation) is usually the [graded reverse lexicographic](/wiki/Monomial_order%23Graded_reverse_lexicographic_order \"Monomial order#Graded reverse lexicographic order\") one (grevlex).",
"If the system is *positive\\-dimensional*, it has infinitely many solutions. It is thus not possible to enumerate them. It follows that, in this case, solving may only mean \"finding a description of the solutions from which the relevant properties of the solutions are easy to extract\". There is no commonly accepted such description. In fact there are many different \"relevant properties\", which involve almost every subfield of [algebraic geometry](/wiki/Algebraic_geometry \"Algebraic geometry\").",
"A natural example of such a question concerning positive\\-dimensional systems is the following: *decide if a polynomial system over the [rational numbers](/wiki/Rational_number \"Rational number\") has a finite number of real solutions and compute them*. A generalization of this question is *find at least one solution in each [connected component](/wiki/Connected_component_%28topology%29 \"Connected component (topology)\") of the set of real solutions of a polynomial system*. The classical algorithm for solving these question is [cylindrical algebraic decomposition](/wiki/Cylindrical_algebraic_decomposition \"Cylindrical algebraic decomposition\"), which has a [doubly exponential](/wiki/Double_exponential_function \"Double exponential function\") [computational complexity](/wiki/Computational_complexity \"Computational complexity\") and therefore cannot be used in practice, except for very small examples.",
"For zero\\-dimensional systems, solving consists of computing all the solutions. There are two different ways of outputting the solutions. The most common way is possible only for real or complex solutions, and consists of outputting numeric approximations of the solutions. Such a solution is called *numeric*. A solution is *certified* if it is provided with a bound on the error of the approximations, and if this bound separates the different solutions.",
"The other way of representing the solutions is said to be *algebraic*. It uses the fact that, for a zero\\-dimensional system, the solutions belong to the [algebraic closure](/wiki/Algebraic_closure \"Algebraic closure\") of the field *k* of the coefficients of the system. There are several ways to represent the solution in an algebraic closure, which are discussed below. All of them allow one to compute a numerical approximation of the solutions by solving one or several univariate equations. For this computation, it is preferable to use a representation that involves solving only one univariate polynomial per solution, because computing the roots of a polynomial which has approximate coefficients [is a highly unstable problem](/wiki/Wilkinson%27s_polynomial \"Wilkinson's polynomial\").",
""
] |
Extensions
----------
### Trigonometric equations
A trigonometric equation is an equation {{math\|1\=''g'' \= 0}} where {{math\|''g''}} is a [trigonometric polynomial](/wiki/Trigonometric_polynomial "Trigonometric polynomial"). Such an equation may be converted into a polynomial system by expanding the sines and cosines in it (using [sum and difference formulas](/wiki/Trigonometric_functions%23Sum_and_difference_formulas "Trigonometric functions#Sum and difference formulas")), replacing {{math\|sin(''x'')}} and {{math\|cos(''x'')}} by two new variables {{math\|''s''}} and {{math\|''c''}} and adding the new equation {{math\|1\=''s''2 \+ ''c''2 – 1 \= 0}}.
For example, because of the identity
\\cos(3x)\=4\\cos^3(x)\-3\\cos(x),
solving the equation
\\sin^3(x)\+\\cos(3x)\=0
is equivalent to solving the polynomial system
\\begin{cases}
s^3\+4c^3\-3c\&\=0\\\\
s^2\+c^2\-1\&\=0\.
\\end{cases}
For each solution {{math\|(''c''{{sub\|0}}, ''s''{{sub\|0}})}} of this system, there is a unique solution {{mvar\|x}} of the equation such that {{math\|0 ≤ ''x'' \< 2{{pi}}}}.
In the case of this simple example, it may be unclear whether the system is, or not, easier to solve than the equation. On more complicated examples, one lacks systematic methods for solving directly the equation, while software are available for automatically solving the corresponding system.
### Solutions in a finite field
When solving a system over a finite field {{math\|''k''}} with {{math\|''q''}} elements, one is primarily interested in the solutions in {{math\|''k''}}. As the elements of {{math\|''k''}} are exactly the solutions of the equation {{math\|1\=''x''''q'' – ''x'' \= 0}}, it suffices, for restricting the solutions to {{math\|''k''}}, to add the equation {{math\|1\=''x''''i''''q'' – ''x''''i'' \= 0}} for each variable {{math\|''x''''i''}}.
### Coefficients in a number field or in a finite field with non\-prime order
The elements of an [algebraic number field](/wiki/Algebraic_number_field "Algebraic number field") are usually represented as polynomials in a generator of the field which satisfies some univariate polynomial equation. To work with a polynomial system whose coefficients belong to a number field, it suffices to consider this generator as a new variable and to add the equation of the generator to the equations of the system. Thus solving a polynomial system over a number field is reduced to solving another system over the rational numbers.
For example, if a system contains \\sqrt{2}, a system over the rational numbers is obtained by adding the equation {{math\|1\=''r''22 – 2 \= 0}} and replacing \\sqrt{2} by {{math\|''r''2}} in the other equations.
In the case of a finite field, the same transformation allows always supposing that the field {{math\|''k''}} has a prime order.
|
[
"Extensions\n----------",
"### Trigonometric equations",
"A trigonometric equation is an equation {{math\\|1\\=''g'' \\= 0}} where {{math\\|''g''}} is a [trigonometric polynomial](/wiki/Trigonometric_polynomial \"Trigonometric polynomial\"). Such an equation may be converted into a polynomial system by expanding the sines and cosines in it (using [sum and difference formulas](/wiki/Trigonometric_functions%23Sum_and_difference_formulas \"Trigonometric functions#Sum and difference formulas\")), replacing {{math\\|sin(''x'')}} and {{math\\|cos(''x'')}} by two new variables {{math\\|''s''}} and {{math\\|''c''}} and adding the new equation {{math\\|1\\=''s''2 \\+ ''c''2 – 1 \\= 0}}.",
"For example, because of the identity\n\\\\cos(3x)\\=4\\\\cos^3(x)\\-3\\\\cos(x),\nsolving the equation\n \\\\sin^3(x)\\+\\\\cos(3x)\\=0 \nis equivalent to solving the polynomial system\n \\\\begin{cases}\ns^3\\+4c^3\\-3c\\&\\=0\\\\\\\\\ns^2\\+c^2\\-1\\&\\=0\\.\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"For each solution {{math\\|(''c''{{sub\\|0}}, ''s''{{sub\\|0}})}} of this system, there is a unique solution {{mvar\\|x}} of the equation such that {{math\\|0 ≤ ''x'' \\< 2{{pi}}}}.",
"In the case of this simple example, it may be unclear whether the system is, or not, easier to solve than the equation. On more complicated examples, one lacks systematic methods for solving directly the equation, while software are available for automatically solving the corresponding system.",
"### Solutions in a finite field",
"When solving a system over a finite field {{math\\|''k''}} with {{math\\|''q''}} elements, one is primarily interested in the solutions in {{math\\|''k''}}. As the elements of {{math\\|''k''}} are exactly the solutions of the equation {{math\\|1\\=''x''''q'' – ''x'' \\= 0}}, it suffices, for restricting the solutions to {{math\\|''k''}}, to add the equation {{math\\|1\\=''x''''i''''q'' – ''x''''i'' \\= 0}} for each variable {{math\\|''x''''i''}}.",
"### Coefficients in a number field or in a finite field with non\\-prime order",
"The elements of an [algebraic number field](/wiki/Algebraic_number_field \"Algebraic number field\") are usually represented as polynomials in a generator of the field which satisfies some univariate polynomial equation. To work with a polynomial system whose coefficients belong to a number field, it suffices to consider this generator as a new variable and to add the equation of the generator to the equations of the system. Thus solving a polynomial system over a number field is reduced to solving another system over the rational numbers.",
"For example, if a system contains \\\\sqrt{2}, a system over the rational numbers is obtained by adding the equation {{math\\|1\\=''r''22 – 2 \\= 0}} and replacing \\\\sqrt{2} by {{math\\|''r''2}} in the other equations.",
"In the case of a finite field, the same transformation allows always supposing that the field {{math\\|''k''}} has a prime order.",
""
] |
Algebraic representation of the solutions
-----------------------------------------
### Regular chains
{{main\|Regular chain}}
The usual way of representing the solutions is through zero\-dimensional regular chains. Such a chain consists of a sequence of polynomials {{math\|''f''1(''x''1)}}, {{math\|''f''2(''x''1, ''x''2)}}, ..., {{math\|''f''''n''(''x''1, ..., ''x''''n'')}} such that, for every {{math\|''i''}} such that {{math\|1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''n''}}
* {{math\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i''}} only, which has a degree {{math\|''d''''i'' \> 0}} in {{math\|''x''''i''}};
* the coefficient of {{math\|''x''''i''''d''''i''}} in {{math\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i'' −1 }} which does not have any common zero with {{math\|''f''1}}, ..., {{math\|''f''''i'' − 1}}.
To such a [regular chain](/wiki/Regular_chain "Regular chain") is associated a *triangular system of equations*
\\begin{cases}
f\_1(x\_1\)\= 0\\\\
f\_2(x\_1,x\_2\)\=0\\\\
\\quad\\vdots\\\\
f\_n(x\_1, x\_2, \\ldots, x\_n)\=0\.
\\end{cases}
The solutions of this system are obtained by solving the first univariate equation, substituting the solutions in the other equations, then solving the second equation which is now univariate, and so on. The definition of regular chains implies that the univariate equation obtained from {{math\|''f''''i''}} has degree {{math\|''d''''i''}} and thus that the system has {{math\|''d''1 ... ''d''''n''}} solutions, provided that there is no multiple root in this resolution process ([fundamental theorem of algebra](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra "Fundamental theorem of algebra")).
Every zero\-dimensional system of polynomial equations is equivalent (i.e. has the same solutions) to a finite number of regular chains. Several regular chains may be needed, as it is the case for the following system which has three solutions.
\\begin{cases}
x^2\-1\=0\\\\
(x\-1\)(y\-1\)\=0\\\\
y^2\-1\=0\.
\\end{cases}
There are several algorithms for computing a [triangular decomposition](/wiki/Triangular_decomposition "Triangular decomposition") of an arbitrary polynomial system (not necessarily zero\-dimensional){{cite journal \| last1 \= Aubry \| first1 \= P. \| last2 \= Maza \| first2 \= M. Moreno \| title \= Triangular Sets for Solving Polynomial Systems: a Comparative Implementation of Four Methods \| journal \= J. Symb. Comput. \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 1–2\| pages \= 125–154 \| year \= 1999 \| doi\=10\.1006/jsco.1999\.0270\| doi\-access \= free }} into [regular chains](/wiki/Regular_chain "Regular chain") (or [regular semi\-algebraic systems](/wiki/Regular_semi-algebraic_system "Regular semi-algebraic system")).
There is also an algorithm which is specific to the zero\-dimensional case and is competitive, in this case, with the direct algorithms. It consists in computing first the [Gröbner basis](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis "Gröbner basis") for the [graded reverse lexicographic order (grevlex)](/wiki/Monomial_order "Monomial order"), then deducing the lexicographical Gröbner basis by FGLM algorithm{{cite journal \| last1 \= Faugère \| first1 \= J.C. \| last2 \= Gianni \| first2 \= P. \|author2\-link\=Patrizia Gianni\| last3 \= Lazard \| first3 \= D. \| last4 \= Mora \| first4 \= T. \| title \= Efficient Computation of Zero\-Dimensional Gröbner Basis by Change of Ordering \| journal \= Journal of Symbolic Computation \| volume \= 16 \| issue \= 4\| year \= 1993 \| doi\=10\.1006/jsco.1993\.1051 \| pages\=329–344\| doi\-access \= free }} and finally applying the Lextriangular algorithm.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Lazard \| first1 \= D. \| title \= Solving zero\-dimensional algebraic systems \| journal \= Journal of Symbolic Computation \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 2\| year \= 1992 \| doi\=10\.1016/S0747\-7171(08\)80086\-7 \| pages\=117–131\| doi\-access \= }}
This representation of the solutions are fully convenient for coefficients in a finite field. However, for rational coefficients, two aspects have to be taken care of:
* The output may involve huge integers which may make the computation and the use of the result problematic.
* To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from the output, one has to solve univariate polynomials with approximate coefficients, which is a highly unstable problem.
The first issue has been solved by Dahan and Schost:Xavier Dahan and Eric Schost. *[Sharp Estimates for Triangular Sets](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~eschost/publications/DaSc.ps)*. Moreover, recent algorithms for decomposing polynomial systems into triangular decompositions produce regular chains with coefficients matching the results of Dahan and Schost. In proc. ISSAC'04, pages 103\-\-110, ACM Press, 2004
{{cite book
\| title\= Proceedings of ISAAC 2005
\| year \= 2005
\| first1\=Xavier \| last1\=Dahan
\| first2\=Marc \| last2\=Moreno Maza
\| first3\=Eric \| last3\=Schost
\| first4\=Wenyuan \| last4\=Wu
\| first5\=Yuzhen \| last5\=Xie
\| chapter\=Lifting techniques for triangular decompositions
\| pages\=108–105
\| publisher\=ACM Press
\| chapter\-url\=http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/\~monaganm/research/MITACS/papers/maza.pdf
}} Among the sets of regular chains that represent a given set of solutions, there is a set for which the coefficients are explicitly bounded in terms of the size of the input system, with a nearly optimal bound. This set, called *equiprojectable decomposition*, depends only on the choice of the coordinates. This allows the use of [modular methods](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic "Modular arithmetic") for computing efficiently the equiprojectable decomposition.Changbo Chen and Marc Moreno\-Maza. *[Algorithms for Computing Triangular Decomposition of Polynomial Systems](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~moreno/Publications/Algorithms_for_computing_triangular_decomposition_of_polynomial_systems.pdf)*.In proc. ISSAC'2011, pages 83\-90, ACM Press, 2011 and Journal of Symbolic Computation (to appear)
The second issue is generally solved by outputting regular chains of a special form, sometimes called *shape lemma*, for which all {{math\|''d''''i''}} but the first one are equal to {{math\|1}}. For getting such regular chains, one may have to add a further variable, called *separating variable*, which is given the index {{math\|0}}. The *rational univariate representation*, described below, allows computing such a special regular chain, satisfying Dahan–Schost bound, by starting from either a regular chain or a Gröbner basis.
### Rational univariate representation
The *rational univariate representation* or RUR is a representation of the solutions of a zero\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers which has been introduced by F. Rouillier.
{{cite journal
\| first\=Fabrice
\| last\=Rouillier
\| title\=Solving Zero\-Dimensional Systems Through the Rational Univariate Representation
\|journal\=Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput.
\| volume\=9
\| pages\=433–461
\| number\=9
\| year\=1999
\| doi\=10\.1007/s002000050114
\| s2cid\=25579305
}}
A RUR of a zero\-dimensional system consists in a linear combination {{math\|''x''0}} of the variables, called *separating variable*, and a system of equations{{cite book
\| author \= Saugata Basu \|author2\=Richard Pollack \|author3\=Marie\-Françoise Roy
\| year \= 2006
\| title \= Algorithms in real algebraic geometry, chapter 12\.4
\| publisher \= \[\[Springer Science\+Business Media\|Springer\-Verlag]]
\| url \= http://perso.univ\-rennes1\.fr/marie\-francoise.roy/bpr\-ed2\-posted1\.html
}}
\\begin{cases}
h(x\_0\)\=0\\\\
x\_1\=g\_1(x\_0\)/g\_0(x\_0\)\\\\
\\quad\\vdots\\\\
x\_n\=g\_n(x\_0\)/g\_0(x\_0\),
\\end{cases}
where {{math\|''h''}} is a univariate polynomial in {{math\|''x''0}} of degree {{math\|''D''}} and {{math\|''g''0, ..., ''g''n}} are univariate polynomials in {{math\|''x''0}} of degree less than {{math\|''D''}}.
Given a zero\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers, the RUR has the following properties.
* All but a finite number linear combinations of the variables are separating variables.
* When the separating variable is chosen, the RUR exists and is unique. In particular {{math\|''h''}} and the {{math\|''g''''i''}} are defined independently of any algorithm to compute them.
* The solutions of the system are in one\-to\-one correspondence with the roots of {{math\|''h''}} and the [multiplicity](/wiki/Multiplicity_%28mathematics%29 "Multiplicity (mathematics)") of each root of {{math\|''h''}} equals the multiplicity of the corresponding solution.
* The solutions of the system are obtained by substituting the roots of {{math\|''h''}} in the other equations.
* If {{math\|''h''}} does not have any multiple root then {{math\|''g''0}} is the [derivative](/wiki/Formal_derivative "Formal derivative") of {{math\|''h''}}.
For example, for the system in the previous section, every linear combination of the variable, except the multiples of {{math\|''x''}}, {{math\|''y''}} and {{math\|''x'' \+ ''y''}}, is a separating variable. If one chooses {{math\|1\=''t'' \= {{sfrac\|''x'' – ''y''\|2}}}} as a separating variable, then the RUR is
\\begin{cases}
t^3\-t\=0\\\\
x\=\\frac{t^2\+2t\-1}{3t^2\-1}\\\\
y\=\\frac{t^2\-2t\-1}{3t^2\-1}.\\\\
\\end{cases}
The RUR is uniquely defined for a given separating variable, independently of any algorithm, and it preserves the multiplicities of the roots. This is a notable difference with triangular decompositions (even the equiprojectable decomposition), which, in general, do not preserve multiplicities. The RUR shares with equiprojectable decomposition the property of producing an output with coefficients of relatively small size.
For zero\-dimensional systems, the RUR allows retrieval of the numeric values of the solutions by solving a single univariate polynomial and substituting them in rational functions. This allows production of certified approximations of the solutions to any given precision.
Moreover, the univariate polynomial {{math\|''h''(''x''0)}} of the RUR may be factorized, and this gives a RUR for every irreducible factor. This provides the *prime decomposition* of the given ideal (that is the [primary decomposition](/wiki/Primary_decomposition "Primary decomposition") of the [radical](/wiki/Radical_of_an_ideal "Radical of an ideal") of the ideal). In practice, this provides an output with much smaller coefficients, especially in the case of systems with high multiplicities.
Contrarily to triangular decompositions and equiprojectable decompositions, the RUR is not defined in positive dimension.
|
[
"Algebraic representation of the solutions\n-----------------------------------------",
"### Regular chains",
"{{main\\|Regular chain}}\nThe usual way of representing the solutions is through zero\\-dimensional regular chains. Such a chain consists of a sequence of polynomials {{math\\|''f''1(''x''1)}}, {{math\\|''f''2(''x''1, ''x''2)}}, ..., {{math\\|''f''''n''(''x''1, ..., ''x''''n'')}} such that, for every {{math\\|''i''}} such that {{math\\|1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''n''}}\n* {{math\\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i''}} only, which has a degree {{math\\|''d''''i'' \\> 0}} in {{math\\|''x''''i''}};\n* the coefficient of {{math\\|''x''''i''''d''''i''}} in {{math\\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i'' −1 }} which does not have any common zero with {{math\\|''f''1}}, ..., {{math\\|''f''''i'' − 1}}.",
"To such a [regular chain](/wiki/Regular_chain \"Regular chain\") is associated a *triangular system of equations*",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nf\\_1(x\\_1\\)\\= 0\\\\\\\\\nf\\_2(x\\_1,x\\_2\\)\\=0\\\\\\\\\n\\\\quad\\\\vdots\\\\\\\\\nf\\_n(x\\_1, x\\_2, \\\\ldots, x\\_n)\\=0\\.\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"The solutions of this system are obtained by solving the first univariate equation, substituting the solutions in the other equations, then solving the second equation which is now univariate, and so on. The definition of regular chains implies that the univariate equation obtained from {{math\\|''f''''i''}} has degree {{math\\|''d''''i''}} and thus that the system has {{math\\|''d''1 ... ''d''''n''}} solutions, provided that there is no multiple root in this resolution process ([fundamental theorem of algebra](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra \"Fundamental theorem of algebra\")).",
"Every zero\\-dimensional system of polynomial equations is equivalent (i.e. has the same solutions) to a finite number of regular chains. Several regular chains may be needed, as it is the case for the following system which has three solutions.",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nx^2\\-1\\=0\\\\\\\\\n(x\\-1\\)(y\\-1\\)\\=0\\\\\\\\\ny^2\\-1\\=0\\.\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"There are several algorithms for computing a [triangular decomposition](/wiki/Triangular_decomposition \"Triangular decomposition\") of an arbitrary polynomial system (not necessarily zero\\-dimensional){{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Aubry \\| first1 \\= P. \\| last2 \\= Maza \\| first2 \\= M. Moreno \\| title \\= Triangular Sets for Solving Polynomial Systems: a Comparative Implementation of Four Methods \\| journal \\= J. Symb. Comput. \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 1–2\\| pages \\= 125–154 \\| year \\= 1999 \\| doi\\=10\\.1006/jsco.1999\\.0270\\| doi\\-access \\= free }} into [regular chains](/wiki/Regular_chain \"Regular chain\") (or [regular semi\\-algebraic systems](/wiki/Regular_semi-algebraic_system \"Regular semi-algebraic system\")).",
"There is also an algorithm which is specific to the zero\\-dimensional case and is competitive, in this case, with the direct algorithms. It consists in computing first the [Gröbner basis](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis \"Gröbner basis\") for the [graded reverse lexicographic order (grevlex)](/wiki/Monomial_order \"Monomial order\"), then deducing the lexicographical Gröbner basis by FGLM algorithm{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Faugère \\| first1 \\= J.C. \\| last2 \\= Gianni \\| first2 \\= P. \\|author2\\-link\\=Patrizia Gianni\\| last3 \\= Lazard \\| first3 \\= D. \\| last4 \\= Mora \\| first4 \\= T. \\| title \\= Efficient Computation of Zero\\-Dimensional Gröbner Basis by Change of Ordering \\| journal \\= Journal of Symbolic Computation \\| volume \\= 16 \\| issue \\= 4\\| year \\= 1993 \\| doi\\=10\\.1006/jsco.1993\\.1051 \\| pages\\=329–344\\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and finally applying the Lextriangular algorithm.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Lazard \\| first1 \\= D. \\| title \\= Solving zero\\-dimensional algebraic systems \\| journal \\= Journal of Symbolic Computation \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 2\\| year \\= 1992 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/S0747\\-7171(08\\)80086\\-7 \\| pages\\=117–131\\| doi\\-access \\= }}",
"This representation of the solutions are fully convenient for coefficients in a finite field. However, for rational coefficients, two aspects have to be taken care of:\n* The output may involve huge integers which may make the computation and the use of the result problematic.\n* To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from the output, one has to solve univariate polynomials with approximate coefficients, which is a highly unstable problem.",
"The first issue has been solved by Dahan and Schost:Xavier Dahan and Eric Schost. *[Sharp Estimates for Triangular Sets](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~eschost/publications/DaSc.ps)*. Moreover, recent algorithms for decomposing polynomial systems into triangular decompositions produce regular chains with coefficients matching the results of Dahan and Schost. In proc. ISSAC'04, pages 103\\-\\-110, ACM Press, 2004\n{{cite book\n\\| title\\= Proceedings of ISAAC 2005\n\\| year \\= 2005\n\\| first1\\=Xavier \\| last1\\=Dahan\n\\| first2\\=Marc \\| last2\\=Moreno Maza\n\\| first3\\=Eric \\| last3\\=Schost\n\\| first4\\=Wenyuan \\| last4\\=Wu\n\\| first5\\=Yuzhen \\| last5\\=Xie\n\\| chapter\\=Lifting techniques for triangular decompositions\n\\| pages\\=108–105\n\\| publisher\\=ACM Press\n\\| chapter\\-url\\=http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/\\~monaganm/research/MITACS/papers/maza.pdf\n}} Among the sets of regular chains that represent a given set of solutions, there is a set for which the coefficients are explicitly bounded in terms of the size of the input system, with a nearly optimal bound. This set, called *equiprojectable decomposition*, depends only on the choice of the coordinates. This allows the use of [modular methods](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic \"Modular arithmetic\") for computing efficiently the equiprojectable decomposition.Changbo Chen and Marc Moreno\\-Maza. *[Algorithms for Computing Triangular Decomposition of Polynomial Systems](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~moreno/Publications/Algorithms_for_computing_triangular_decomposition_of_polynomial_systems.pdf)*.In proc. ISSAC'2011, pages 83\\-90, ACM Press, 2011 and Journal of Symbolic Computation (to appear)",
"The second issue is generally solved by outputting regular chains of a special form, sometimes called *shape lemma*, for which all {{math\\|''d''''i''}} but the first one are equal to {{math\\|1}}. For getting such regular chains, one may have to add a further variable, called *separating variable*, which is given the index {{math\\|0}}. The *rational univariate representation*, described below, allows computing such a special regular chain, satisfying Dahan–Schost bound, by starting from either a regular chain or a Gröbner basis.",
"### Rational univariate representation",
"The *rational univariate representation* or RUR is a representation of the solutions of a zero\\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers which has been introduced by F. Rouillier.\n{{cite journal\n\\| first\\=Fabrice\n\\| last\\=Rouillier\n\\| title\\=Solving Zero\\-Dimensional Systems Through the Rational Univariate Representation\n\\|journal\\=Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput.\n\\| volume\\=9\n\\| pages\\=433–461\n\\| number\\=9\n\\| year\\=1999\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/s002000050114\n\\| s2cid\\=25579305\n}}",
"A RUR of a zero\\-dimensional system consists in a linear combination {{math\\|''x''0}} of the variables, called *separating variable*, and a system of equations{{cite book\n \\| author \\= Saugata Basu \\|author2\\=Richard Pollack \\|author3\\=Marie\\-Françoise Roy\n \\| year \\= 2006\n \\| title \\= Algorithms in real algebraic geometry, chapter 12\\.4\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Springer Science\\+Business Media\\|Springer\\-Verlag]]\n \\| url \\= http://perso.univ\\-rennes1\\.fr/marie\\-francoise.roy/bpr\\-ed2\\-posted1\\.html\n}}",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nh(x\\_0\\)\\=0\\\\\\\\\nx\\_1\\=g\\_1(x\\_0\\)/g\\_0(x\\_0\\)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\quad\\\\vdots\\\\\\\\\nx\\_n\\=g\\_n(x\\_0\\)/g\\_0(x\\_0\\),\n\\\\end{cases}",
"where {{math\\|''h''}} is a univariate polynomial in {{math\\|''x''0}} of degree {{math\\|''D''}} and {{math\\|''g''0, ..., ''g''n}} are univariate polynomials in {{math\\|''x''0}} of degree less than {{math\\|''D''}}.",
"Given a zero\\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers, the RUR has the following properties.",
"* All but a finite number linear combinations of the variables are separating variables.\n* When the separating variable is chosen, the RUR exists and is unique. In particular {{math\\|''h''}} and the {{math\\|''g''''i''}} are defined independently of any algorithm to compute them.\n* The solutions of the system are in one\\-to\\-one correspondence with the roots of {{math\\|''h''}} and the [multiplicity](/wiki/Multiplicity_%28mathematics%29 \"Multiplicity (mathematics)\") of each root of {{math\\|''h''}} equals the multiplicity of the corresponding solution.\n* The solutions of the system are obtained by substituting the roots of {{math\\|''h''}} in the other equations.\n* If {{math\\|''h''}} does not have any multiple root then {{math\\|''g''0}} is the [derivative](/wiki/Formal_derivative \"Formal derivative\") of {{math\\|''h''}}.",
"For example, for the system in the previous section, every linear combination of the variable, except the multiples of {{math\\|''x''}}, {{math\\|''y''}} and {{math\\|''x'' \\+ ''y''}}, is a separating variable. If one chooses {{math\\|1\\=''t'' \\= {{sfrac\\|''x'' – ''y''\\|2}}}} as a separating variable, then the RUR is",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nt^3\\-t\\=0\\\\\\\\\nx\\=\\\\frac{t^2\\+2t\\-1}{3t^2\\-1}\\\\\\\\\ny\\=\\\\frac{t^2\\-2t\\-1}{3t^2\\-1}.\\\\\\\\\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"The RUR is uniquely defined for a given separating variable, independently of any algorithm, and it preserves the multiplicities of the roots. This is a notable difference with triangular decompositions (even the equiprojectable decomposition), which, in general, do not preserve multiplicities. The RUR shares with equiprojectable decomposition the property of producing an output with coefficients of relatively small size.",
"For zero\\-dimensional systems, the RUR allows retrieval of the numeric values of the solutions by solving a single univariate polynomial and substituting them in rational functions. This allows production of certified approximations of the solutions to any given precision.",
"Moreover, the univariate polynomial {{math\\|''h''(''x''0)}} of the RUR may be factorized, and this gives a RUR for every irreducible factor. This provides the *prime decomposition* of the given ideal (that is the [primary decomposition](/wiki/Primary_decomposition \"Primary decomposition\") of the [radical](/wiki/Radical_of_an_ideal \"Radical of an ideal\") of the ideal). In practice, this provides an output with much smaller coefficients, especially in the case of systems with high multiplicities.",
"Contrarily to triangular decompositions and equiprojectable decompositions, the RUR is not defined in positive dimension.",
""
] |
### Regular chains
{{main\|Regular chain}}
The usual way of representing the solutions is through zero\-dimensional regular chains. Such a chain consists of a sequence of polynomials {{math\|''f''1(''x''1)}}, {{math\|''f''2(''x''1, ''x''2)}}, ..., {{math\|''f''''n''(''x''1, ..., ''x''''n'')}} such that, for every {{math\|''i''}} such that {{math\|1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''n''}}
* {{math\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i''}} only, which has a degree {{math\|''d''''i'' \> 0}} in {{math\|''x''''i''}};
* the coefficient of {{math\|''x''''i''''d''''i''}} in {{math\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i'' −1 }} which does not have any common zero with {{math\|''f''1}}, ..., {{math\|''f''''i'' − 1}}.
To such a [regular chain](/wiki/Regular_chain "Regular chain") is associated a *triangular system of equations*
\\begin{cases}
f\_1(x\_1\)\= 0\\\\
f\_2(x\_1,x\_2\)\=0\\\\
\\quad\\vdots\\\\
f\_n(x\_1, x\_2, \\ldots, x\_n)\=0\.
\\end{cases}
The solutions of this system are obtained by solving the first univariate equation, substituting the solutions in the other equations, then solving the second equation which is now univariate, and so on. The definition of regular chains implies that the univariate equation obtained from {{math\|''f''''i''}} has degree {{math\|''d''''i''}} and thus that the system has {{math\|''d''1 ... ''d''''n''}} solutions, provided that there is no multiple root in this resolution process ([fundamental theorem of algebra](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra "Fundamental theorem of algebra")).
Every zero\-dimensional system of polynomial equations is equivalent (i.e. has the same solutions) to a finite number of regular chains. Several regular chains may be needed, as it is the case for the following system which has three solutions.
\\begin{cases}
x^2\-1\=0\\\\
(x\-1\)(y\-1\)\=0\\\\
y^2\-1\=0\.
\\end{cases}
There are several algorithms for computing a [triangular decomposition](/wiki/Triangular_decomposition "Triangular decomposition") of an arbitrary polynomial system (not necessarily zero\-dimensional){{cite journal \| last1 \= Aubry \| first1 \= P. \| last2 \= Maza \| first2 \= M. Moreno \| title \= Triangular Sets for Solving Polynomial Systems: a Comparative Implementation of Four Methods \| journal \= J. Symb. Comput. \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 1–2\| pages \= 125–154 \| year \= 1999 \| doi\=10\.1006/jsco.1999\.0270\| doi\-access \= free }} into [regular chains](/wiki/Regular_chain "Regular chain") (or [regular semi\-algebraic systems](/wiki/Regular_semi-algebraic_system "Regular semi-algebraic system")).
There is also an algorithm which is specific to the zero\-dimensional case and is competitive, in this case, with the direct algorithms. It consists in computing first the [Gröbner basis](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis "Gröbner basis") for the [graded reverse lexicographic order (grevlex)](/wiki/Monomial_order "Monomial order"), then deducing the lexicographical Gröbner basis by FGLM algorithm{{cite journal \| last1 \= Faugère \| first1 \= J.C. \| last2 \= Gianni \| first2 \= P. \|author2\-link\=Patrizia Gianni\| last3 \= Lazard \| first3 \= D. \| last4 \= Mora \| first4 \= T. \| title \= Efficient Computation of Zero\-Dimensional Gröbner Basis by Change of Ordering \| journal \= Journal of Symbolic Computation \| volume \= 16 \| issue \= 4\| year \= 1993 \| doi\=10\.1006/jsco.1993\.1051 \| pages\=329–344\| doi\-access \= free }} and finally applying the Lextriangular algorithm.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Lazard \| first1 \= D. \| title \= Solving zero\-dimensional algebraic systems \| journal \= Journal of Symbolic Computation \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 2\| year \= 1992 \| doi\=10\.1016/S0747\-7171(08\)80086\-7 \| pages\=117–131\| doi\-access \= }}
This representation of the solutions are fully convenient for coefficients in a finite field. However, for rational coefficients, two aspects have to be taken care of:
* The output may involve huge integers which may make the computation and the use of the result problematic.
* To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from the output, one has to solve univariate polynomials with approximate coefficients, which is a highly unstable problem.
The first issue has been solved by Dahan and Schost:Xavier Dahan and Eric Schost. *[Sharp Estimates for Triangular Sets](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~eschost/publications/DaSc.ps)*. Moreover, recent algorithms for decomposing polynomial systems into triangular decompositions produce regular chains with coefficients matching the results of Dahan and Schost. In proc. ISSAC'04, pages 103\-\-110, ACM Press, 2004
{{cite book
\| title\= Proceedings of ISAAC 2005
\| year \= 2005
\| first1\=Xavier \| last1\=Dahan
\| first2\=Marc \| last2\=Moreno Maza
\| first3\=Eric \| last3\=Schost
\| first4\=Wenyuan \| last4\=Wu
\| first5\=Yuzhen \| last5\=Xie
\| chapter\=Lifting techniques for triangular decompositions
\| pages\=108–105
\| publisher\=ACM Press
\| chapter\-url\=http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/\~monaganm/research/MITACS/papers/maza.pdf
}} Among the sets of regular chains that represent a given set of solutions, there is a set for which the coefficients are explicitly bounded in terms of the size of the input system, with a nearly optimal bound. This set, called *equiprojectable decomposition*, depends only on the choice of the coordinates. This allows the use of [modular methods](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic "Modular arithmetic") for computing efficiently the equiprojectable decomposition.Changbo Chen and Marc Moreno\-Maza. *[Algorithms for Computing Triangular Decomposition of Polynomial Systems](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~moreno/Publications/Algorithms_for_computing_triangular_decomposition_of_polynomial_systems.pdf)*.In proc. ISSAC'2011, pages 83\-90, ACM Press, 2011 and Journal of Symbolic Computation (to appear)
The second issue is generally solved by outputting regular chains of a special form, sometimes called *shape lemma*, for which all {{math\|''d''''i''}} but the first one are equal to {{math\|1}}. For getting such regular chains, one may have to add a further variable, called *separating variable*, which is given the index {{math\|0}}. The *rational univariate representation*, described below, allows computing such a special regular chain, satisfying Dahan–Schost bound, by starting from either a regular chain or a Gröbner basis.
|
[
"### Regular chains",
"{{main\\|Regular chain}}\nThe usual way of representing the solutions is through zero\\-dimensional regular chains. Such a chain consists of a sequence of polynomials {{math\\|''f''1(''x''1)}}, {{math\\|''f''2(''x''1, ''x''2)}}, ..., {{math\\|''f''''n''(''x''1, ..., ''x''''n'')}} such that, for every {{math\\|''i''}} such that {{math\\|1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''n''}}\n* {{math\\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i''}} only, which has a degree {{math\\|''d''''i'' \\> 0}} in {{math\\|''x''''i''}};\n* the coefficient of {{math\\|''x''''i''''d''''i''}} in {{math\\|''f''''i''}} is a polynomial in {{math\\|''x''1, ..., ''x''''i'' −1 }} which does not have any common zero with {{math\\|''f''1}}, ..., {{math\\|''f''''i'' − 1}}.",
"To such a [regular chain](/wiki/Regular_chain \"Regular chain\") is associated a *triangular system of equations*",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nf\\_1(x\\_1\\)\\= 0\\\\\\\\\nf\\_2(x\\_1,x\\_2\\)\\=0\\\\\\\\\n\\\\quad\\\\vdots\\\\\\\\\nf\\_n(x\\_1, x\\_2, \\\\ldots, x\\_n)\\=0\\.\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"The solutions of this system are obtained by solving the first univariate equation, substituting the solutions in the other equations, then solving the second equation which is now univariate, and so on. The definition of regular chains implies that the univariate equation obtained from {{math\\|''f''''i''}} has degree {{math\\|''d''''i''}} and thus that the system has {{math\\|''d''1 ... ''d''''n''}} solutions, provided that there is no multiple root in this resolution process ([fundamental theorem of algebra](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra \"Fundamental theorem of algebra\")).",
"Every zero\\-dimensional system of polynomial equations is equivalent (i.e. has the same solutions) to a finite number of regular chains. Several regular chains may be needed, as it is the case for the following system which has three solutions.",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nx^2\\-1\\=0\\\\\\\\\n(x\\-1\\)(y\\-1\\)\\=0\\\\\\\\\ny^2\\-1\\=0\\.\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"There are several algorithms for computing a [triangular decomposition](/wiki/Triangular_decomposition \"Triangular decomposition\") of an arbitrary polynomial system (not necessarily zero\\-dimensional){{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Aubry \\| first1 \\= P. \\| last2 \\= Maza \\| first2 \\= M. Moreno \\| title \\= Triangular Sets for Solving Polynomial Systems: a Comparative Implementation of Four Methods \\| journal \\= J. Symb. Comput. \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 1–2\\| pages \\= 125–154 \\| year \\= 1999 \\| doi\\=10\\.1006/jsco.1999\\.0270\\| doi\\-access \\= free }} into [regular chains](/wiki/Regular_chain \"Regular chain\") (or [regular semi\\-algebraic systems](/wiki/Regular_semi-algebraic_system \"Regular semi-algebraic system\")).",
"There is also an algorithm which is specific to the zero\\-dimensional case and is competitive, in this case, with the direct algorithms. It consists in computing first the [Gröbner basis](/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis \"Gröbner basis\") for the [graded reverse lexicographic order (grevlex)](/wiki/Monomial_order \"Monomial order\"), then deducing the lexicographical Gröbner basis by FGLM algorithm{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Faugère \\| first1 \\= J.C. \\| last2 \\= Gianni \\| first2 \\= P. \\|author2\\-link\\=Patrizia Gianni\\| last3 \\= Lazard \\| first3 \\= D. \\| last4 \\= Mora \\| first4 \\= T. \\| title \\= Efficient Computation of Zero\\-Dimensional Gröbner Basis by Change of Ordering \\| journal \\= Journal of Symbolic Computation \\| volume \\= 16 \\| issue \\= 4\\| year \\= 1993 \\| doi\\=10\\.1006/jsco.1993\\.1051 \\| pages\\=329–344\\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and finally applying the Lextriangular algorithm.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Lazard \\| first1 \\= D. \\| title \\= Solving zero\\-dimensional algebraic systems \\| journal \\= Journal of Symbolic Computation \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 2\\| year \\= 1992 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/S0747\\-7171(08\\)80086\\-7 \\| pages\\=117–131\\| doi\\-access \\= }}",
"This representation of the solutions are fully convenient for coefficients in a finite field. However, for rational coefficients, two aspects have to be taken care of:\n* The output may involve huge integers which may make the computation and the use of the result problematic.\n* To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from the output, one has to solve univariate polynomials with approximate coefficients, which is a highly unstable problem.",
"The first issue has been solved by Dahan and Schost:Xavier Dahan and Eric Schost. *[Sharp Estimates for Triangular Sets](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~eschost/publications/DaSc.ps)*. Moreover, recent algorithms for decomposing polynomial systems into triangular decompositions produce regular chains with coefficients matching the results of Dahan and Schost. In proc. ISSAC'04, pages 103\\-\\-110, ACM Press, 2004\n{{cite book\n\\| title\\= Proceedings of ISAAC 2005\n\\| year \\= 2005\n\\| first1\\=Xavier \\| last1\\=Dahan\n\\| first2\\=Marc \\| last2\\=Moreno Maza\n\\| first3\\=Eric \\| last3\\=Schost\n\\| first4\\=Wenyuan \\| last4\\=Wu\n\\| first5\\=Yuzhen \\| last5\\=Xie\n\\| chapter\\=Lifting techniques for triangular decompositions\n\\| pages\\=108–105\n\\| publisher\\=ACM Press\n\\| chapter\\-url\\=http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/\\~monaganm/research/MITACS/papers/maza.pdf\n}} Among the sets of regular chains that represent a given set of solutions, there is a set for which the coefficients are explicitly bounded in terms of the size of the input system, with a nearly optimal bound. This set, called *equiprojectable decomposition*, depends only on the choice of the coordinates. This allows the use of [modular methods](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic \"Modular arithmetic\") for computing efficiently the equiprojectable decomposition.Changbo Chen and Marc Moreno\\-Maza. *[Algorithms for Computing Triangular Decomposition of Polynomial Systems](http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~moreno/Publications/Algorithms_for_computing_triangular_decomposition_of_polynomial_systems.pdf)*.In proc. ISSAC'2011, pages 83\\-90, ACM Press, 2011 and Journal of Symbolic Computation (to appear)",
"The second issue is generally solved by outputting regular chains of a special form, sometimes called *shape lemma*, for which all {{math\\|''d''''i''}} but the first one are equal to {{math\\|1}}. For getting such regular chains, one may have to add a further variable, called *separating variable*, which is given the index {{math\\|0}}. The *rational univariate representation*, described below, allows computing such a special regular chain, satisfying Dahan–Schost bound, by starting from either a regular chain or a Gröbner basis.",
""
] |
### Rational univariate representation
The *rational univariate representation* or RUR is a representation of the solutions of a zero\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers which has been introduced by F. Rouillier.
{{cite journal
\| first\=Fabrice
\| last\=Rouillier
\| title\=Solving Zero\-Dimensional Systems Through the Rational Univariate Representation
\|journal\=Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput.
\| volume\=9
\| pages\=433–461
\| number\=9
\| year\=1999
\| doi\=10\.1007/s002000050114
\| s2cid\=25579305
}}
A RUR of a zero\-dimensional system consists in a linear combination {{math\|''x''0}} of the variables, called *separating variable*, and a system of equations{{cite book
\| author \= Saugata Basu \|author2\=Richard Pollack \|author3\=Marie\-Françoise Roy
\| year \= 2006
\| title \= Algorithms in real algebraic geometry, chapter 12\.4
\| publisher \= \[\[Springer Science\+Business Media\|Springer\-Verlag]]
\| url \= http://perso.univ\-rennes1\.fr/marie\-francoise.roy/bpr\-ed2\-posted1\.html
}}
\\begin{cases}
h(x\_0\)\=0\\\\
x\_1\=g\_1(x\_0\)/g\_0(x\_0\)\\\\
\\quad\\vdots\\\\
x\_n\=g\_n(x\_0\)/g\_0(x\_0\),
\\end{cases}
where {{math\|''h''}} is a univariate polynomial in {{math\|''x''0}} of degree {{math\|''D''}} and {{math\|''g''0, ..., ''g''n}} are univariate polynomials in {{math\|''x''0}} of degree less than {{math\|''D''}}.
Given a zero\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers, the RUR has the following properties.
* All but a finite number linear combinations of the variables are separating variables.
* When the separating variable is chosen, the RUR exists and is unique. In particular {{math\|''h''}} and the {{math\|''g''''i''}} are defined independently of any algorithm to compute them.
* The solutions of the system are in one\-to\-one correspondence with the roots of {{math\|''h''}} and the [multiplicity](/wiki/Multiplicity_%28mathematics%29 "Multiplicity (mathematics)") of each root of {{math\|''h''}} equals the multiplicity of the corresponding solution.
* The solutions of the system are obtained by substituting the roots of {{math\|''h''}} in the other equations.
* If {{math\|''h''}} does not have any multiple root then {{math\|''g''0}} is the [derivative](/wiki/Formal_derivative "Formal derivative") of {{math\|''h''}}.
For example, for the system in the previous section, every linear combination of the variable, except the multiples of {{math\|''x''}}, {{math\|''y''}} and {{math\|''x'' \+ ''y''}}, is a separating variable. If one chooses {{math\|1\=''t'' \= {{sfrac\|''x'' – ''y''\|2}}}} as a separating variable, then the RUR is
\\begin{cases}
t^3\-t\=0\\\\
x\=\\frac{t^2\+2t\-1}{3t^2\-1}\\\\
y\=\\frac{t^2\-2t\-1}{3t^2\-1}.\\\\
\\end{cases}
The RUR is uniquely defined for a given separating variable, independently of any algorithm, and it preserves the multiplicities of the roots. This is a notable difference with triangular decompositions (even the equiprojectable decomposition), which, in general, do not preserve multiplicities. The RUR shares with equiprojectable decomposition the property of producing an output with coefficients of relatively small size.
For zero\-dimensional systems, the RUR allows retrieval of the numeric values of the solutions by solving a single univariate polynomial and substituting them in rational functions. This allows production of certified approximations of the solutions to any given precision.
Moreover, the univariate polynomial {{math\|''h''(''x''0)}} of the RUR may be factorized, and this gives a RUR for every irreducible factor. This provides the *prime decomposition* of the given ideal (that is the [primary decomposition](/wiki/Primary_decomposition "Primary decomposition") of the [radical](/wiki/Radical_of_an_ideal "Radical of an ideal") of the ideal). In practice, this provides an output with much smaller coefficients, especially in the case of systems with high multiplicities.
Contrarily to triangular decompositions and equiprojectable decompositions, the RUR is not defined in positive dimension.
|
[
"### Rational univariate representation",
"The *rational univariate representation* or RUR is a representation of the solutions of a zero\\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers which has been introduced by F. Rouillier.\n{{cite journal\n\\| first\\=Fabrice\n\\| last\\=Rouillier\n\\| title\\=Solving Zero\\-Dimensional Systems Through the Rational Univariate Representation\n\\|journal\\=Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput.\n\\| volume\\=9\n\\| pages\\=433–461\n\\| number\\=9\n\\| year\\=1999\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/s002000050114\n\\| s2cid\\=25579305\n}}",
"A RUR of a zero\\-dimensional system consists in a linear combination {{math\\|''x''0}} of the variables, called *separating variable*, and a system of equations{{cite book\n \\| author \\= Saugata Basu \\|author2\\=Richard Pollack \\|author3\\=Marie\\-Françoise Roy\n \\| year \\= 2006\n \\| title \\= Algorithms in real algebraic geometry, chapter 12\\.4\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Springer Science\\+Business Media\\|Springer\\-Verlag]]\n \\| url \\= http://perso.univ\\-rennes1\\.fr/marie\\-francoise.roy/bpr\\-ed2\\-posted1\\.html\n}}",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nh(x\\_0\\)\\=0\\\\\\\\\nx\\_1\\=g\\_1(x\\_0\\)/g\\_0(x\\_0\\)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\quad\\\\vdots\\\\\\\\\nx\\_n\\=g\\_n(x\\_0\\)/g\\_0(x\\_0\\),\n\\\\end{cases}",
"where {{math\\|''h''}} is a univariate polynomial in {{math\\|''x''0}} of degree {{math\\|''D''}} and {{math\\|''g''0, ..., ''g''n}} are univariate polynomials in {{math\\|''x''0}} of degree less than {{math\\|''D''}}.",
"Given a zero\\-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers, the RUR has the following properties.",
"* All but a finite number linear combinations of the variables are separating variables.\n* When the separating variable is chosen, the RUR exists and is unique. In particular {{math\\|''h''}} and the {{math\\|''g''''i''}} are defined independently of any algorithm to compute them.\n* The solutions of the system are in one\\-to\\-one correspondence with the roots of {{math\\|''h''}} and the [multiplicity](/wiki/Multiplicity_%28mathematics%29 \"Multiplicity (mathematics)\") of each root of {{math\\|''h''}} equals the multiplicity of the corresponding solution.\n* The solutions of the system are obtained by substituting the roots of {{math\\|''h''}} in the other equations.\n* If {{math\\|''h''}} does not have any multiple root then {{math\\|''g''0}} is the [derivative](/wiki/Formal_derivative \"Formal derivative\") of {{math\\|''h''}}.",
"For example, for the system in the previous section, every linear combination of the variable, except the multiples of {{math\\|''x''}}, {{math\\|''y''}} and {{math\\|''x'' \\+ ''y''}}, is a separating variable. If one chooses {{math\\|1\\=''t'' \\= {{sfrac\\|''x'' – ''y''\\|2}}}} as a separating variable, then the RUR is",
"\\\\begin{cases}\nt^3\\-t\\=0\\\\\\\\\nx\\=\\\\frac{t^2\\+2t\\-1}{3t^2\\-1}\\\\\\\\\ny\\=\\\\frac{t^2\\-2t\\-1}{3t^2\\-1}.\\\\\\\\\n\\\\end{cases}",
"",
"The RUR is uniquely defined for a given separating variable, independently of any algorithm, and it preserves the multiplicities of the roots. This is a notable difference with triangular decompositions (even the equiprojectable decomposition), which, in general, do not preserve multiplicities. The RUR shares with equiprojectable decomposition the property of producing an output with coefficients of relatively small size.",
"For zero\\-dimensional systems, the RUR allows retrieval of the numeric values of the solutions by solving a single univariate polynomial and substituting them in rational functions. This allows production of certified approximations of the solutions to any given precision.",
"Moreover, the univariate polynomial {{math\\|''h''(''x''0)}} of the RUR may be factorized, and this gives a RUR for every irreducible factor. This provides the *prime decomposition* of the given ideal (that is the [primary decomposition](/wiki/Primary_decomposition \"Primary decomposition\") of the [radical](/wiki/Radical_of_an_ideal \"Radical of an ideal\") of the ideal). In practice, this provides an output with much smaller coefficients, especially in the case of systems with high multiplicities.",
"Contrarily to triangular decompositions and equiprojectable decompositions, the RUR is not defined in positive dimension.",
""
] |
Solving numerically{{anchor\|Algorithms for numerically solving}}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
### General solving algorithms
The general numerical algorithms which are designed for any [system of nonlinear equations](/wiki/System_of_nonlinear_equations "System of nonlinear equations") work also for polynomial systems. However the specific methods will generally be preferred, as the general methods generally do not allow one to find *all* solutions. In particular, when a general method does not find any solution, this is usually not an indication that there is no solution.
Nevertheless, two methods deserve to be mentioned here.
* [Newton's method](/wiki/Newton%27s_method "Newton's method") may be used if the number of equations is equal to the number of variables. It does not allow one to find all the solutions nor to prove that there is no solution. But it is very fast when starting from a point which is close to a solution. Therefore, it is a basic tool for the homotopy continuation method described below.
* [Optimization](/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 "Optimization (mathematics)") is rarely used for solving polynomial systems, but it succeeded, circa 1970, in showing that a system of 81 quadratic equations in 56 variables is not inconsistent.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Lazard \| first1 \= Daniel \| year \= 2009\| title \= Thirty years of Polynomial System Solving, and now? \| journal \= J. Symb. Comput. \| volume \= 44 \| issue \= 3\| page \= 2009 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.jsc.2008\.03\.004\| doi\-access \= free }} With the other known methods, this remains beyond the possibilities of modern technology, {{as of\| 2022\|lc\=y}}. This method consists simply in minimizing the sum of the squares of the equations. If zero is found as a local minimum, then it is attained at a solution. This method works for overdetermined systems, but outputs an empty information if all local minimums which are found are positive.
### Homotopy continuation method
{{main\|Homotopy continuation}}
This is a semi\-numeric method which supposes that the number of equations is equal to the number of variables. This method is relatively old but it has been dramatically improved in the last decades.{{cite journal
\| first\=Jan \| last\=Verschelde
\| title\=Algorithm 795: PHCpack: A general\-purpose solver for polynomial systems by homotopy continuation
\| journal\=ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software
\| volume\=25
\| issue\=2
\| pages\=251–276
\| year\=1999
\| url\=http://eaton.math.rpi.edu/csums/papers/homotopy/verschelde.pdf
\| doi\=10\.1145/317275\.317286
\| s2cid\=15485257
}}
This method divides into three steps. First an upper bound on the number of solutions is computed. This bound has to be as sharp as possible. Therefore, it is computed by, at least, four different methods and the best value, say N, is kept.
In the second step, a system g\_1\=0,\\, \\ldots,\\, g\_n\=0 of polynomial equations is generated which has exactly N solutions that are easy to compute. This new system has the same number n of variables and the same number n of equations and the same general structure as the system to solve, f\_1\=0,\\, \\ldots,\\, f\_n\=0.
Then a [homotopy](/wiki/Homotopy "Homotopy") between the two systems is considered. It consists, for example, of the straight line between the two systems, but other paths may be considered, in particular to avoid some singularities, in the system
(1\-t)g\_1\+t f\_1\=0,\\, \\ldots,\\, (1\-t)g\_n\+t f\_n\=0.
The homotopy continuation consists in deforming the parameter t from 0 to 1 and *following* the N solutions during this deformation. This gives the desired solutions for t \= 1. *Following* means that, if t\_1\<t\_2, the solutions for t\=t\_2 are deduced from the solutions for t\=t\_1 by Newton's method. The difficulty here is to well choose the value of t\_2\-t\_1: Too large, Newton's convergence may be slow and may even jump from a solution path to another one. Too small, and the number of steps slows down the method.
### Numerically solving from the rational univariate representation
To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from a RUR seems easy: it suffices to compute the roots of the univariate polynomial and to substitute them in the other equations. This is not so easy because the evaluation of a polynomial at the roots of another polynomial is highly unstable.
The roots of the univariate polynomial have thus to be computed at a high precision which may not be defined once for all. There are two algorithms which fulfill this requirement.
* [Aberth method](/wiki/Aberth_method "Aberth method"), implemented in [MPSolve](/wiki/MPSolve "MPSolve") computes all the complex roots to any precision.
* Uspensky's algorithm of Collins and Akritas,George E. Collins and Alkiviadis G. Akritas, *[Polynomial Real Root Isolation Using Descartes' Rule of Signs](http://www.inf.uth.gr/~akritas/articles/1.pdf)*. Proceedings of the 1976 ACM Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation improved by Rouillier and Zimmermann {{cite journal \| last1 \= Rouillier \| first1 \= F. \| last2 \= Zimmerman \| first2 \= P. \| title \= Efficient isolation of polynomial's real roots \| journal \= Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics \| volume \= 162 \| issue \= 1\| year \= 2004 \| doi\=10\.1016/j.cam.2003\.08\.015 \| pages\=33–50\| bibcode \= 2004JCoAM.162\...33R \| doi\-access \= free }} and based on [Descartes' rule of signs](/wiki/Descartes%27_rule_of_signs "Descartes' rule of signs"). This algorithms computes the real roots, isolated in intervals of arbitrary small width. It is implemented in [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 "Maple (software)") (functions *fsolve* and *RootFinding\[Isolate]*).
|
[
"Solving numerically{{anchor\\|Algorithms for numerically solving}}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------",
"### General solving algorithms",
"The general numerical algorithms which are designed for any [system of nonlinear equations](/wiki/System_of_nonlinear_equations \"System of nonlinear equations\") work also for polynomial systems. However the specific methods will generally be preferred, as the general methods generally do not allow one to find *all* solutions. In particular, when a general method does not find any solution, this is usually not an indication that there is no solution.",
"Nevertheless, two methods deserve to be mentioned here.",
"* [Newton's method](/wiki/Newton%27s_method \"Newton's method\") may be used if the number of equations is equal to the number of variables. It does not allow one to find all the solutions nor to prove that there is no solution. But it is very fast when starting from a point which is close to a solution. Therefore, it is a basic tool for the homotopy continuation method described below.\n* [Optimization](/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 \"Optimization (mathematics)\") is rarely used for solving polynomial systems, but it succeeded, circa 1970, in showing that a system of 81 quadratic equations in 56 variables is not inconsistent.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Lazard \\| first1 \\= Daniel \\| year \\= 2009\\| title \\= Thirty years of Polynomial System Solving, and now? \\| journal \\= J. Symb. Comput. \\| volume \\= 44 \\| issue \\= 3\\| page \\= 2009 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jsc.2008\\.03\\.004\\| doi\\-access \\= free }} With the other known methods, this remains beyond the possibilities of modern technology, {{as of\\| 2022\\|lc\\=y}}. This method consists simply in minimizing the sum of the squares of the equations. If zero is found as a local minimum, then it is attained at a solution. This method works for overdetermined systems, but outputs an empty information if all local minimums which are found are positive.",
"### Homotopy continuation method",
"{{main\\|Homotopy continuation}}\nThis is a semi\\-numeric method which supposes that the number of equations is equal to the number of variables. This method is relatively old but it has been dramatically improved in the last decades.{{cite journal\n\\| first\\=Jan \\| last\\=Verschelde\n\\| title\\=Algorithm 795: PHCpack: A general\\-purpose solver for polynomial systems by homotopy continuation\n\\| journal\\=ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software\n\\| volume\\=25\n\\| issue\\=2\n\\| pages\\=251–276\n\\| year\\=1999\n\\| url\\=http://eaton.math.rpi.edu/csums/papers/homotopy/verschelde.pdf\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1145/317275\\.317286\n\\| s2cid\\=15485257\n}}",
"This method divides into three steps. First an upper bound on the number of solutions is computed. This bound has to be as sharp as possible. Therefore, it is computed by, at least, four different methods and the best value, say N, is kept.",
"In the second step, a system g\\_1\\=0,\\\\, \\\\ldots,\\\\, g\\_n\\=0 of polynomial equations is generated which has exactly N solutions that are easy to compute. This new system has the same number n of variables and the same number n of equations and the same general structure as the system to solve, f\\_1\\=0,\\\\, \\\\ldots,\\\\, f\\_n\\=0.",
"Then a [homotopy](/wiki/Homotopy \"Homotopy\") between the two systems is considered. It consists, for example, of the straight line between the two systems, but other paths may be considered, in particular to avoid some singularities, in the system",
"(1\\-t)g\\_1\\+t f\\_1\\=0,\\\\, \\\\ldots,\\\\, (1\\-t)g\\_n\\+t f\\_n\\=0.\nThe homotopy continuation consists in deforming the parameter t from 0 to 1 and *following* the N solutions during this deformation. This gives the desired solutions for t \\= 1. *Following* means that, if t\\_1\\<t\\_2, the solutions for t\\=t\\_2 are deduced from the solutions for t\\=t\\_1 by Newton's method. The difficulty here is to well choose the value of t\\_2\\-t\\_1: Too large, Newton's convergence may be slow and may even jump from a solution path to another one. Too small, and the number of steps slows down the method.",
"### Numerically solving from the rational univariate representation",
"To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from a RUR seems easy: it suffices to compute the roots of the univariate polynomial and to substitute them in the other equations. This is not so easy because the evaluation of a polynomial at the roots of another polynomial is highly unstable.",
"The roots of the univariate polynomial have thus to be computed at a high precision which may not be defined once for all. There are two algorithms which fulfill this requirement.",
"* [Aberth method](/wiki/Aberth_method \"Aberth method\"), implemented in [MPSolve](/wiki/MPSolve \"MPSolve\") computes all the complex roots to any precision.\n* Uspensky's algorithm of Collins and Akritas,George E. Collins and Alkiviadis G. Akritas, *[Polynomial Real Root Isolation Using Descartes' Rule of Signs](http://www.inf.uth.gr/~akritas/articles/1.pdf)*. Proceedings of the 1976 ACM Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation improved by Rouillier and Zimmermann {{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Rouillier \\| first1 \\= F. \\| last2 \\= Zimmerman \\| first2 \\= P. \\| title \\= Efficient isolation of polynomial's real roots \\| journal \\= Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics \\| volume \\= 162 \\| issue \\= 1\\| year \\= 2004 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.cam.2003\\.08\\.015 \\| pages\\=33–50\\| bibcode \\= 2004JCoAM.162\\...33R \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and based on [Descartes' rule of signs](/wiki/Descartes%27_rule_of_signs \"Descartes' rule of signs\"). This algorithms computes the real roots, isolated in intervals of arbitrary small width. It is implemented in [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 \"Maple (software)\") (functions *fsolve* and *RootFinding\\[Isolate]*)."
] |
Software packages
-----------------
There are at least four software packages which can solve zero\-dimensional systems automatically (by automatically, one means that no human intervention is needed between input and output, and thus that no knowledge of the method by the user is needed). There are also several other software packages which may be useful for solving zero\-dimensional systems. Some of them are listed after the automatic solvers.
The [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 "Maple (software)") function *RootFinding\[Isolate]* takes as input any polynomial system over the rational numbers (if some coefficients are [floating point](/wiki/Floating_point "Floating point") numbers, they are converted to rational numbers) and outputs the real solutions represented either (optionally) as intervals of rational numbers or as floating point approximations of arbitrary precision. If the system is not zero dimensional, this is signaled as an error.
Internally, this solver, designed by F. Rouillier computes first a Gröbner basis and then a Rational Univariate Representation from which the required approximation of the solutions are deduced. It works routinely for systems having up to a few hundred complex solutions.
The rational univariate representation may be computed with [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 "Maple (software)") function *Groebner\[RationalUnivariateRepresentation]*.
To extract all the complex solutions from a rational univariate representation, one may use [MPSolve](/wiki/MPSolve "MPSolve"), which computes the complex roots of univariate polynomials to any precision. It is recommended to run [MPSolve](/wiki/MPSolve "MPSolve") several times, doubling the precision each time, until solutions remain stable, as the substitution of the roots in the equations of the input variables can be highly unstable.
The second solver is PHCpack,[Release 2\.3\.86 of PHCpack](http://www.math.uic.edu/~jan/download.html) written under the direction of J. Verschelde. PHCpack implements the homotopy continuation method. This solver computes the isolated complex solutions of polynomial systems having as many equations as variables.
The third solver is Bertini,{{harvnb\|Bates\|Sommese\|Hauenstein\|Wampler\|2013}}[Bertini: Software for Numerical Algebraic Geometry](http://bertini.nd.edu/) written by D. J. Bates, J. D. Hauenstein, A. J. Sommese, and C. W. Wampler. Bertini uses numerical homotopy continuation with adaptive precision. In addition to computing zero\-dimensional solution sets, both PHCpack and Bertini are capable of working with positive dimensional solution sets.
The fourth solver is the [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 "Maple (software)") library *RegularChains*, written by Marc Moreno\-Maza and collaborators. It contains various functions for solving polynomial systems by means of [regular chains](/wiki/Regular_chain "Regular chain").
|
[
"Software packages\n-----------------",
"There are at least four software packages which can solve zero\\-dimensional systems automatically (by automatically, one means that no human intervention is needed between input and output, and thus that no knowledge of the method by the user is needed). There are also several other software packages which may be useful for solving zero\\-dimensional systems. Some of them are listed after the automatic solvers.",
"The [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 \"Maple (software)\") function *RootFinding\\[Isolate]* takes as input any polynomial system over the rational numbers (if some coefficients are [floating point](/wiki/Floating_point \"Floating point\") numbers, they are converted to rational numbers) and outputs the real solutions represented either (optionally) as intervals of rational numbers or as floating point approximations of arbitrary precision. If the system is not zero dimensional, this is signaled as an error.",
"Internally, this solver, designed by F. Rouillier computes first a Gröbner basis and then a Rational Univariate Representation from which the required approximation of the solutions are deduced. It works routinely for systems having up to a few hundred complex solutions.",
"The rational univariate representation may be computed with [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 \"Maple (software)\") function *Groebner\\[RationalUnivariateRepresentation]*.",
"To extract all the complex solutions from a rational univariate representation, one may use [MPSolve](/wiki/MPSolve \"MPSolve\"), which computes the complex roots of univariate polynomials to any precision. It is recommended to run [MPSolve](/wiki/MPSolve \"MPSolve\") several times, doubling the precision each time, until solutions remain stable, as the substitution of the roots in the equations of the input variables can be highly unstable.",
"The second solver is PHCpack,[Release 2\\.3\\.86 of PHCpack](http://www.math.uic.edu/~jan/download.html) written under the direction of J. Verschelde. PHCpack implements the homotopy continuation method. This solver computes the isolated complex solutions of polynomial systems having as many equations as variables.",
"The third solver is Bertini,{{harvnb\\|Bates\\|Sommese\\|Hauenstein\\|Wampler\\|2013}}[Bertini: Software for Numerical Algebraic Geometry](http://bertini.nd.edu/) written by D. J. Bates, J. D. Hauenstein, A. J. Sommese, and C. W. Wampler. Bertini uses numerical homotopy continuation with adaptive precision. In addition to computing zero\\-dimensional solution sets, both PHCpack and Bertini are capable of working with positive dimensional solution sets.",
"The fourth solver is the [Maple](/wiki/Maple_%28software%29 \"Maple (software)\") library *RegularChains*, written by Marc Moreno\\-Maza and collaborators. It contains various functions for solving polynomial systems by means of [regular chains](/wiki/Regular_chain \"Regular chain\").",
""
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.