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Biography --------- ### Early life Madarasz was born in Texas in 1859\. His parents were Hungarian immigrants who came to the U.S. because of the [Hungarian Revolution of 1848](/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848 "Hungarian Revolution of 1848").{{cite book\\|last\=Henning\\|first\=William E.\\|title\=An Elegant Hand: The Golden Age of American Penmanship and Calligraphy\\|year\=2002\\|publisher\=Oak Knoll Press\\|isbn\=978\-1\-58456\-067\-8\\|pages\=27–52}} He obtained a copy of Gaskell's Compendium of Penmanship{{Cite book\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/gaskellscompform00gaskell\\|title\=Gaskell's Compendium of Forms: Educational, Social, Legal and Commercial embracing a complete self\-teaching course in penmanship and bookkeeping, and aid to English composition\\|last\=Gaskell\\|first\=G. A.\\|date\=1881\\|publisher\=St. Louis: Richard S. Peale\\|others\=David O. McKay Library Brigham Young University\-Idaho\\|language\=english}} when he was in his teens. Studying the text by himself, he achieved a degree of skill in ornamental writing that was remarkable for one so young. In the late 1870s, he enrolled as a student at the Rochester Business University in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York "Rochester, New York"). While attending this institution, he began to acquire a reputation for penmanship by selling hand\-written calling cards at a public arcade. During the years that followed, Madarasz took on penmanship positions at a number of institutions, including G. A. Gaskell's penmanship school in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire "Manchester, New Hampshire"). Besides being an accomplished master penman, Gaskell was also a businessman who recognized [advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") opportunities. Madarasz, whose fame as a penman was fairly widespread by this time, also recognized the opportunity to further his own skills by being associated with Gaskell. Soon the famous signature of Madarasz appeared on the advertisements for Gaskell's Compendium. Madarasz stayed with Gaskell for several years, learning much about advertising and the business of [mail order](/wiki/Mail_order "Mail order"). ### Professional career [thumb\\|200px\\|Louis Madarasz's signature.](/wiki/Image:Louis_Madarasz%27s_signature.png "Louis Madarasz's signature.png") After leaving Gaskell's, Madarasz worked in [Sterling](/wiki/Sterling%2C_Illinois "Sterling, Illinois"), Illinois; [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey "Jersey City, New Jersey"), New Jersey; and [Poughkeepsie](/wiki/Poughkeepsie%2C_New_York "Poughkeepsie, New York"), New York. His speed of execution was reputed to be faster than any penman, before or since. His style was unique – a dramatic, rather heavily shaded variety of ornamental writing. In 1908\-1909, Madarasz sold books of his own penmanship to earn money. He purchased large, new scrapbooks of two hundred pages each, and filled each page of the books with his own penmanship. To do this, he copied his own business letters, correspondence, writing lessons and display writing, and pasted them, one by one, upon each page. He advertised them as the Madarasz Scrapbooks, and sold them for $45\. Two of the original scrapbooks are known to be in existence today.: the largest scrapbook, 175 pages, is owned by the [International Association of Master Penman, Engrossers, and Teachers of Handwriting](/wiki/International_Association_of_Master_Penman%2C_Engrossers%2C_and_Teachers_of_Handwriting "International Association of Master Penman, Engrossers, and Teachers of Handwriting") ([IAMPETH](/wiki/IAMPETH "IAMPETH")); the other scrapbook is in the archives of the [Newberry Library](/wiki/Newberry_Library "Newberry Library") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), Illinois. In addition to his penmanship, Madarasz enjoyed chess and other board games. He also enjoyed the [theater](/wiki/Theater "Theater"), not only as a spectator, but as an [actor](/wiki/Actor "Actor"). He once studied under a professional [thespian](/wiki/Actor "Actor") and had a part in a stage performance. ### Later life The last few years of Madarasz's life were spent in a business association in [Goldfield, Nevada](/wiki/Goldfield%2C_Nevada "Goldfield, Nevada"). According to The Secret of the Skill of Madarasz, a book published by the Zaner\-Bloser Company in 1911, "He passed away quietly on December 23, 1910, having on the day he was stricken written a Christmas greeting in that beautiful clean cut style of penmanship which has been copied by so many thousand aspirants during the past thirty years. At his request, his body was [cremated](/wiki/Cremation "Cremation"). His ashes rest in the [columbarium](/wiki/Columbarium "Columbarium") at [Fresh Pond](/wiki/Fresh_Pond%2C_Queens "Fresh Pond, Queens"), [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"), New York.	[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Madarasz was born in Texas in 1859\\. His parents were Hungarian immigrants who came to the U.S. because of the [Hungarian Revolution of 1848](/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848 \"Hungarian Revolution of 1848\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Henning\\\|first\\=William E.\\\|title\\=An Elegant Hand: The Golden Age of American Penmanship and Calligraphy\\\|year\\=2002\\\|publisher\\=Oak Knoll Press\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58456\\-067\\-8\\\|pages\\=27–52}} He obtained a copy of Gaskell's Compendium of Penmanship{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/gaskellscompform00gaskell\\\|title\\=Gaskell's Compendium of Forms: Educational, Social, Legal and Commercial embracing a complete self\\-teaching course in penmanship and bookkeeping, and aid to English composition\\\|last\\=Gaskell\\\|first\\=G. A.\\\|date\\=1881\\\|publisher\\=St. Louis: Richard S. Peale\\\|others\\=David O. McKay Library Brigham Young University\\-Idaho\\\|language\\=english}} when he was in his teens. Studying the text by himself, he achieved a degree of skill in ornamental writing that was remarkable for one so young.", "In the late 1870s, he enrolled as a student at the Rochester Business University in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\"). While attending this institution, he began to acquire a reputation for penmanship by selling hand\\-written calling cards at a public arcade. During the years that followed, Madarasz took on penmanship positions at a number of institutions, including G. A. Gaskell's penmanship school in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\"). Besides being an accomplished master penman, Gaskell was also a businessman who recognized [advertising](/wiki/Advertising \"Advertising\") opportunities. Madarasz, whose fame as a penman was fairly widespread by this time, also recognized the opportunity to further his own skills by being associated with Gaskell. Soon the famous signature of Madarasz appeared on the advertisements for Gaskell's Compendium. Madarasz stayed with Gaskell for several years, learning much about advertising and the business of [mail order](/wiki/Mail_order \"Mail order\").", "### Professional career", "[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Louis Madarasz's signature.](/wiki/Image:Louis_Madarasz%27s_signature.png \"Louis Madarasz's signature.png\")\nAfter leaving Gaskell's, Madarasz worked in [Sterling](/wiki/Sterling%2C_Illinois \"Sterling, Illinois\"), Illinois; [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Jersey City, New Jersey\"), New Jersey; and [Poughkeepsie](/wiki/Poughkeepsie%2C_New_York \"Poughkeepsie, New York\"), New York. His speed of execution was reputed to be faster than any penman, before or since. His style was unique – a dramatic, rather heavily shaded variety of ornamental writing.", "In 1908\\-1909, Madarasz sold books of his own penmanship to earn money. He purchased large, new scrapbooks of two hundred pages each, and filled each page of the books with his own penmanship. To do this, he copied his own business letters, correspondence, writing lessons and display writing, and pasted them, one by one, upon each page. He advertised them as the Madarasz Scrapbooks, and sold them for $45\\. Two of the original scrapbooks are known to be in existence today.: the largest scrapbook, 175 pages, is owned by the [International Association of Master Penman, Engrossers, and Teachers of Handwriting](/wiki/International_Association_of_Master_Penman%2C_Engrossers%2C_and_Teachers_of_Handwriting \"International Association of Master Penman, Engrossers, and Teachers of Handwriting\") ([IAMPETH](/wiki/IAMPETH \"IAMPETH\")); the other scrapbook is in the archives of the [Newberry Library](/wiki/Newberry_Library \"Newberry Library\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), Illinois.", "In addition to his penmanship, Madarasz enjoyed chess and other board games. He also enjoyed the [theater](/wiki/Theater \"Theater\"), not only as a spectator, but as an [actor](/wiki/Actor \"Actor\"). He once studied under a professional [thespian](/wiki/Actor \"Actor\") and had a part in a stage performance.", "### Later life", "The last few years of Madarasz's life were spent in a business association in [Goldfield, Nevada](/wiki/Goldfield%2C_Nevada \"Goldfield, Nevada\"). According to The Secret of the Skill of Madarasz, a book published by the Zaner\\-Bloser Company in 1911, \"He passed away quietly on December 23, 1910, having on the day he was stricken written a Christmas greeting in that beautiful clean cut style of penmanship which has been copied by so many thousand aspirants during the past thirty years.", "At his request, his body was [cremated](/wiki/Cremation \"Cremation\"). His ashes rest in the [columbarium](/wiki/Columbarium \"Columbarium\") at [Fresh Pond](/wiki/Fresh_Pond%2C_Queens \"Fresh Pond, Queens\"), [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\"), New York.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- ### Career in local politics Upon [Françoise de Panafieu](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Panafieu "Françoise de Panafieu")'s selection as the [Union for a Popular Movement](/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement "Union for a Popular Movement") (UMP) candidate for the [2008 Paris municipal election](/wiki/2008_Paris_municipal_election "2008 Paris municipal election"), Bournazel became her [political advisor](/wiki/Political_advisor "Political advisor") and later one of her two spokespersons – along with [Jean\-François Lamour](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamour "Jean-François Lamour") – during the election campaign.Marie Quenet (16 December 2007\), [Le "jeune aboyeur" se fait entendre](https://www.lejdd.fr/JDD-Paris/Le-jeune-aboyeur-se-fait-entendre-99497-3093089), [Le Journal du Dimanche](/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche "Le Journal du Dimanche"). Ahead of the [2014 municipal election](/wiki/2014_Paris_municipal_election "2014 Paris municipal election"), he placed third in the UMP primary election won by [Nathalie Kosciusko\-Morizet](/wiki/Nathalie_Kosciusko-Morizet "Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet").[Fiery centrist to take on Socialist for Paris mayor](https://www.france24.com/en/20130603-french-conservatives-ump-vote-centrist-paris-mayor-nathalie-kosciusko-morizet), [France 24](/wiki/France_24 "France 24"), 3 June 2013\. In [2010](/wiki/2010_French_regional_elections "2010 French regional elections"), he was elected to the [Regional Council of Île\-de\-France](/wiki/Regional_Council_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France "Regional Council of Île-de-France"), where he sat in opposition. He was reelected in [2015](/wiki/2015_French_regional_elections "2015 French regional elections") on the list led by [Valérie Pécresse](/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse "Valérie Pécresse"), which won a clear majority of seats and ended the Socialist majority first won in [1998](/wiki/1998_French_regional_elections "1998 French regional elections"). Bournazel sat as a regional councillor until he resigned in 2017 following his election to the National Assembly. ### Career in national politics Bournazel supported [Alain Juppé](/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9 "Alain Juppé") in the [2016 The Republicans presidential primary](/wiki/2016_The_Republicans_%28France%29_presidential_primary "2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary").{{Cite web\\|title\=Bournazel (LR) : "Voter Juppé, c'est sortir Hollande de l'Élysée"\\|url\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/01/29/01002\-20160129ARTFIG00233\-bournazel\-lr\-voter\-juppe\-c\-est\-sortir\-hollande\-de\-l\-elysee.php\\|last\=Galiero\\|first\=Emmanuel\\|date\=2016\-01\-29\\|website\=Le Figaro.fr\\|language\=fr\\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-25}} Amid the [Fillon affair](/wiki/Fillon_affair "Fillon affair"), he announced that he would no longer support The Republicans' campaign.[François Fillon : "Jugez\-moi sur mon parcours"](https://www.lepoint.fr/presidentielle/en-direct-presidentielle-francois-fillon-le-jour-d-apres-02-03-2017-2108658_3121.php), [Le Point](/wiki/Le_Point "Le Point"), 3 March 2017\. In the [2017 legislative election](/wiki/2017_French_legislative_election "2017 French legislative election"), Bournazel was elected to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 "National Assembly (France)") in the [18th constituency](/wiki/Paris%27s_18th_constituency "Paris's 18th constituency") of [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), winning against former [Labour Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Labour%2C_Employment_and_Economic_Inclusion_%28France%29 "Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)") [Myriam El Khomri](/wiki/Myriam_El_Khomri "Myriam El Khomri") of the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29 "Socialist Party (France)"). He had previously run for the seat in [2012](/wiki/2012_French_legislative_election "2012 French legislative election"), but was defeated by incumbent Socialist [Christophe Caresche](/wiki/Christophe_Caresche "Christophe Caresche"). In Parliament, he served on the Committee on Cultural Affairs and Education.[Pierre\-Yves Bournazel](http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA722030), [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 "National Assembly (France)"). In November 2017, Bournazel joined the new [Agir](/wiki/Agir_%28France%29 "Agir (France)") party.{{Cite web\\|title\=French politicians launch new party in challenge to conservatives\\|url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/french\-politicians\-launch\-new\-party\-in\-challenge\-to\-conservatives/\\|last\=Contiguglia\\|first\=Cat\\|date\=2017\-11\-26\\|website\=POLITICO\\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-06}} Bournazel announced that he would run in the [2020 Paris municipal election](/wiki/2020_Paris_municipal_election "2020 Paris municipal election") as an [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") candidate.{{Cite web\\|title\=Pierre\-Yves Bournazel : "Je suis candidat à la mairie de Paris en dehors des partis"\\|url\=http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/pierre\-yves\-bournazel\-je\-suis\-candidat\-a\-la\-mairie\-de\-paris\-en\-dehors\-des\-partis\-11\-03\-2019\-8029404\.php\\|last\=à 18h00\\|first\=Par Julien DufféLe 11 mars 2019\\|date\=2019\-03\-11\\|website\=leparisien.fr\\|language\=fr\-FR\\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-25}} He renounced his candidacy on 16 January 2020;{{Cite news\\|date\=2020\-01\-16\\|title\=Elections municipales 2020 à Paris : Pierre\-Yves Bournazel se rallie à Benjamin Griveaux\\|language\=fr\\|work\=Le Monde.fr\\|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/01/16/municipales\-a\-paris\-pierre\-yves\-bournazel\-se\-rallie\-a\-benjamin\-griveaux\_6026058\_823448\.html\\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-25}} instead he became the campaign spokesman of [La République En Marche!](/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche%21 "La République En Marche!") nominee [Agnès Buzyn](/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Buzyn "Agnès Buzyn").Marie\-Anne Gairaud (12 June 2020\), [Municipales à Paris : «Agnès Buzyn a anticipé les enjeux de la crise économique et sociale»](https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/municipales-a-paris-agnes-buzyn-a-anticipe-les-enjeux-de-la-crise-economique-et-sociale-12-06-2020-8334420.php), [Le Parisien](/wiki/Le_Parisien "Le Parisien"). In the [2022 legislative election](/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election "2022 French legislative election"), Bournazel ran for a second term in the National Assembly, but was [defeated](/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2022_French_legislative_election "List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2022 French legislative election") by [Aymeric Caron](/wiki/Aymeric_Caron "Aymeric Caron") of the [Ecological Revolution for the Living](/wiki/Ecological_Revolution_for_the_Living "Ecological Revolution for the Living") (REV) under the [New Ecological and Social People's Union](/wiki/New_Ecological_and_Social_People%27s_Union "New Ecological and Social People's Union") (NUPES) coalition.["Aymeric Caron l’emporte dans la 18e circonscription de Paris face à Pierre\-Yves Bournazel"](https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2022/06/19/aymeric-caron-l-emporte-dans-la-18e-circonscription-de-paris-face-a-pierre-yves-bournazel-au-second-tour-des-legislatives_6131127_823448.html), Le Monde (in French), 19 June 2022\.	[ "Political career\n----------------", "### Career in local politics", "Upon [Françoise de Panafieu](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Panafieu \"Françoise de Panafieu\")'s selection as the [Union for a Popular Movement](/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement \"Union for a Popular Movement\") (UMP) candidate for the [2008 Paris municipal election](/wiki/2008_Paris_municipal_election \"2008 Paris municipal election\"), Bournazel became her [political advisor](/wiki/Political_advisor \"Political advisor\") and later one of her two spokespersons – along with [Jean\\-François Lamour](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamour \"Jean-François Lamour\") – during the election campaign.Marie Quenet (16 December 2007\\), [Le \"jeune aboyeur\" se fait entendre](https://www.lejdd.fr/JDD-Paris/Le-jeune-aboyeur-se-fait-entendre-99497-3093089), [Le Journal du Dimanche](/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche \"Le Journal du Dimanche\"). Ahead of the [2014 municipal election](/wiki/2014_Paris_municipal_election \"2014 Paris municipal election\"), he placed third in the UMP primary election won by [Nathalie Kosciusko\\-Morizet](/wiki/Nathalie_Kosciusko-Morizet \"Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet\").[Fiery centrist to take on Socialist for Paris mayor](https://www.france24.com/en/20130603-french-conservatives-ump-vote-centrist-paris-mayor-nathalie-kosciusko-morizet), [France 24](/wiki/France_24 \"France 24\"), 3 June 2013\\.", "In [2010](/wiki/2010_French_regional_elections \"2010 French regional elections\"), he was elected to the [Regional Council of Île\\-de\\-France](/wiki/Regional_Council_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France \"Regional Council of Île-de-France\"), where he sat in opposition. He was reelected in [2015](/wiki/2015_French_regional_elections \"2015 French regional elections\") on the list led by [Valérie Pécresse](/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse \"Valérie Pécresse\"), which won a clear majority of seats and ended the Socialist majority first won in [1998](/wiki/1998_French_regional_elections \"1998 French regional elections\"). Bournazel sat as a regional councillor until he resigned in 2017 following his election to the National Assembly.", "### Career in national politics", "Bournazel supported [Alain Juppé](/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9 \"Alain Juppé\") in the [2016 The Republicans presidential primary](/wiki/2016_The_Republicans_%28France%29_presidential_primary \"2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary\").{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Bournazel (LR) : \"Voter Juppé, c'est sortir Hollande de l'Élysée\"\\\|url\\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2016/01/29/01002\\-20160129ARTFIG00233\\-bournazel\\-lr\\-voter\\-juppe\\-c\\-est\\-sortir\\-hollande\\-de\\-l\\-elysee.php\\\|last\\=Galiero\\\|first\\=Emmanuel\\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-29\\\|website\\=Le Figaro.fr\\\|language\\=fr\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-25}} Amid the [Fillon affair](/wiki/Fillon_affair \"Fillon affair\"), he announced that he would no longer support The Republicans' campaign.[François Fillon : \"Jugez\\-moi sur mon parcours\"](https://www.lepoint.fr/presidentielle/en-direct-presidentielle-francois-fillon-le-jour-d-apres-02-03-2017-2108658_3121.php), [Le Point](/wiki/Le_Point \"Le Point\"), 3 March 2017\\.", "In the [2017 legislative election](/wiki/2017_French_legislative_election \"2017 French legislative election\"), Bournazel was elected to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\") in the [18th constituency](/wiki/Paris%27s_18th_constituency \"Paris's 18th constituency\") of [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), winning against former [Labour Minister](/wiki/Minister_of_Labour%2C_Employment_and_Economic_Inclusion_%28France%29 \"Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)\") [Myriam El Khomri](/wiki/Myriam_El_Khomri \"Myriam El Khomri\") of the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29 \"Socialist Party (France)\"). He had previously run for the seat in [2012](/wiki/2012_French_legislative_election \"2012 French legislative election\"), but was defeated by incumbent Socialist [Christophe Caresche](/wiki/Christophe_Caresche \"Christophe Caresche\"). In Parliament, he served on the Committee on Cultural Affairs and Education.[Pierre\\-Yves Bournazel](http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA722030), [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\").", "In November 2017, Bournazel joined the new [Agir](/wiki/Agir_%28France%29 \"Agir (France)\") party.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=French politicians launch new party in challenge to conservatives\\\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/french\\-politicians\\-launch\\-new\\-party\\-in\\-challenge\\-to\\-conservatives/\\\|last\\=Contiguglia\\\|first\\=Cat\\\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-26\\\|website\\=POLITICO\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-06}}", "Bournazel announced that he would run in the [2020 Paris municipal election](/wiki/2020_Paris_municipal_election \"2020 Paris municipal election\") as an [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") candidate.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Pierre\\-Yves Bournazel : \"Je suis candidat à la mairie de Paris en dehors des partis\"\\\|url\\=http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/pierre\\-yves\\-bournazel\\-je\\-suis\\-candidat\\-a\\-la\\-mairie\\-de\\-paris\\-en\\-dehors\\-des\\-partis\\-11\\-03\\-2019\\-8029404\\.php\\\|last\\=à 18h00\\\|first\\=Par Julien DufféLe 11 mars 2019\\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-11\\\|website\\=leparisien.fr\\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-25}} He renounced his candidacy on 16 January 2020;{{Cite news\\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-16\\\|title\\=Elections municipales 2020 à Paris : Pierre\\-Yves Bournazel se rallie à Benjamin Griveaux\\\|language\\=fr\\\|work\\=Le Monde.fr\\\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/01/16/municipales\\-a\\-paris\\-pierre\\-yves\\-bournazel\\-se\\-rallie\\-a\\-benjamin\\-griveaux\\_6026058\\_823448\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-25}} instead he became the campaign spokesman of [La République En Marche!](/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche%21 \"La République En Marche!\") nominee [Agnès Buzyn](/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Buzyn \"Agnès Buzyn\").Marie\\-Anne Gairaud (12 June 2020\\), [Municipales à Paris : «Agnès Buzyn a anticipé les enjeux de la crise économique et sociale»](https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/municipales-a-paris-agnes-buzyn-a-anticipe-les-enjeux-de-la-crise-economique-et-sociale-12-06-2020-8334420.php), [Le Parisien](/wiki/Le_Parisien \"Le Parisien\").", "In the [2022 legislative election](/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election \"2022 French legislative election\"), Bournazel ran for a second term in the National Assembly, but was [defeated](/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2022_French_legislative_election \"List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2022 French legislative election\") by [Aymeric Caron](/wiki/Aymeric_Caron \"Aymeric Caron\") of the [Ecological Revolution for the Living](/wiki/Ecological_Revolution_for_the_Living \"Ecological Revolution for the Living\") (REV) under the [New Ecological and Social People's Union](/wiki/New_Ecological_and_Social_People%27s_Union \"New Ecological and Social People's Union\") (NUPES) coalition.[\"Aymeric Caron l’emporte dans la 18e circonscription de Paris face à Pierre\\-Yves Bournazel\"](https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2022/06/19/aymeric-caron-l-emporte-dans-la-18e-circonscription-de-paris-face-a-pierre-yves-bournazel-au-second-tour-des-legislatives_6131127_823448.html), Le Monde (in French), 19 June 2022\\.", "" ]
State of the Union ------------------ [thumb\\|150px\\|King [Oscar II](/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden "Oscar II of Sweden")](/wiki/Image:King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png "King Oscar II of Sweden in uniform.png") [thumb\\|War flag of Sweden and Norway, 1815–1844](/wiki/Image:Swedish_and_Norwegian_naval_ensign_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg "Swedish and Norwegian naval ensign (1815–1844).svg") [thumb\\|Flag of Sweden, 1844–1905](/wiki/File:Swedish_norwegian_union_flag.svg "Swedish norwegian union flag.svg") [thumb\\|Flag of Norway, 1844–98](/wiki/Image:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg "Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg") [thumb\\|Swedish and Norwegian flags in 1899, after the removal of the union badge from the merchant flag of Norway](/wiki/Image:Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg "Flaggsirkulære 1899.jpg") [thumb\\|The peace monument of [Karlstad](/wiki/Karlstad "Karlstad") was erected on the city square in 1955, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the dissolution of the union](/wiki/Image:Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG "Peace monument karlstad.JPG") The relations with [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") during the reign of King Oscar II had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of being wrecked. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate foreign service. Norway had, according to the constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway. At last, after vain negotiations and discussions, the Swedish government in 1895 gave notice to Norway that the commercial treaty which until then had existed between the two countries would lapse in July 1897 and would cease according to a decision in the Riksdag, and as Norway at the time had raised the customs duties, a considerable diminution in the exports of Sweden to Norway took place. Count Lewenhaupt, the Swedish minister of foreign affairs, who was considered to be too friendly towards the Norwegians, resigned and was replaced by Count [Ludvig Douglas](/wiki/Ludvig_Douglas "Ludvig Douglas"), who represented the opinion of the majority in the First Chamber. However, when the Norwegian [Storting](/wiki/Storting "Storting"), for the third time, passed a bill for a national or "pure" flag, which King Oscar eventually sanctioned, Count Douglas resigned in his turn and was succeeded by the Swedish minister at [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), Lagerheim, who managed to pilot the questions of the union into more quiet waters. Lagerheim gained more success in his endeavors, as the new elections to the Riksdag of 1900 showed clearly that the Swedish people were not inclined to follow the ultraconservative or so\-called "patriotic" party, which resulted in the resignation of the two leaders of that party, Professor [Oscar Alin](/wiki/Oscar_Alin "Oscar Alin") and Count Marshal [Patrick Reutersvärd](/wiki/Patrick_Reutersv%C3%A4rd "Patrick Reutersvärd") as members of the First Chamber. On the other hand, ex\-Professor E. Carlson, of the [Gothenburg University](/wiki/Gothenburg_University "Gothenburg University"), succeeded in forming a party of Liberals and Radicals to the number of about 90 members, who besides being in favor of the extension of the franchise, advocated the full equality of Norway with Sweden in the management of foreign affairs. The state of quietude which for some time prevailed with regard to the relations with Norway was not to last. The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. In 1902 the Swedish government proposed that negotiations in this matter should be opened with the Norwegian government, and that a joint committee, consisting of representatives from both countries, should be appointed to consider the question of a separate consular service without in any way interfering with the existing administration of the diplomatic affairs of the two countries. The result of the negotiations was published in a so\-called "communiqué", dated 24 March 1903, in which, among other things, it was proposed that the relations of the separate consuls to the joint ministry of foreign affairs and the embassies should be arranged by identical laws, which could not be altered or repealed without the consent of the governments of both countries. The proposal for these identical laws, which the Norwegian government in May 1904 submitted, did not meet with the approval of the Swedish government. The latter in their reply proposed that the Swedish foreign minister should have such control over the Norwegian consuls as to prevent the latter from exceeding their authority. However, the Norwegian government found this proposal unacceptable, and explained that, if such control were insisted upon, all further negotiations would be purposeless. They maintained that the Swedish demands were incompatible with the sovereignty of Norway, as the foreign minister was a Swede and the proposed Norwegian consular service, as a Norwegian institution, could not be placed under a foreign authority. A new proposal by the Swedish government was likewise rejected, and in February 1905 the Norwegians broke off the negotiations. Notwithstanding this an agreement did not appear to be out of the question. All efforts to solve the consular question by itself had failed, but it was considered that an attempt might be made to establish separate consuls in combination with a joint administration of diplomatic affairs on a full unionistic basis. Crown Prince [Gustaf](/wiki/Gustav_V_of_Sweden "Gustav V of Sweden"), who during the illness of King Oscar II was appointed [regent](/wiki/Regent "Regent"), took the initiative of renewing the negotiations between the two countries, and on 5 April in a combined Swedish and Norwegian Council of State made a proposal for a reform both of the administration of diplomatic affairs and of the consular service on the basis of full equality between the two kingdoms, with the express reservation, however, of a joint foreign minister – Swedish or Norwegian – as a condition for the existence of the union. This proposal was approved of by the Swedish Riksdag on 3 May 1905\. In order that no obstacles should be placed in the way for renewed negotiations, [Erik Gustaf Boström](/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Bostr%C3%B6m "Erik Gustaf Boström"), the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden "Prime Minister of Sweden"), resigned and was succeeded by [Johan Ramstedt](/wiki/Johan_Ramstedt "Johan Ramstedt"). The proposed negotiations were not, however, renewed.	[ "State of the Union\n------------------", "[thumb\\\|150px\\\|King [Oscar II](/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden \"Oscar II of Sweden\")](/wiki/Image:King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png \"King Oscar II of Sweden in uniform.png\")\n[thumb\\\|War flag of Sweden and Norway, 1815–1844](/wiki/Image:Swedish_and_Norwegian_naval_ensign_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg \"Swedish and Norwegian naval ensign (1815–1844).svg\")\n[thumb\\\|Flag of Sweden, 1844–1905](/wiki/File:Swedish_norwegian_union_flag.svg \"Swedish norwegian union flag.svg\")\n[thumb\\\|Flag of Norway, 1844–98](/wiki/Image:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg \"Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg\")\n[thumb\\\|Swedish and Norwegian flags in 1899, after the removal of the union badge from the merchant flag of Norway](/wiki/Image:Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg \"Flaggsirkulære 1899.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|The peace monument of [Karlstad](/wiki/Karlstad \"Karlstad\") was erected on the city square in 1955, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the dissolution of the union](/wiki/Image:Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG \"Peace monument karlstad.JPG\")\nThe relations with [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") during the reign of King Oscar II had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of being wrecked. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate foreign service. Norway had, according to the constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway.", "At last, after vain negotiations and discussions, the Swedish government in 1895 gave notice to Norway that the commercial treaty which until then had existed between the two countries would lapse in July 1897 and would cease according to a decision in the Riksdag, and as Norway at the time had raised the customs duties, a considerable diminution in the exports of Sweden to Norway took place. Count Lewenhaupt, the Swedish minister of foreign affairs, who was considered to be too friendly towards the Norwegians, resigned and was replaced by Count [Ludvig Douglas](/wiki/Ludvig_Douglas \"Ludvig Douglas\"), who represented the opinion of the majority in the First Chamber. However, when the Norwegian [Storting](/wiki/Storting \"Storting\"), for the third time, passed a bill for a national or \"pure\" flag, which King Oscar eventually sanctioned, Count Douglas resigned in his turn and was succeeded by the Swedish minister at [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), Lagerheim, who managed to pilot the questions of the union into more quiet waters.", "Lagerheim gained more success in his endeavors, as the new elections to the Riksdag of 1900 showed clearly that the Swedish people were not inclined to follow the ultraconservative or so\\-called \"patriotic\" party, which resulted in the resignation of the two leaders of that party, Professor [Oscar Alin](/wiki/Oscar_Alin \"Oscar Alin\") and Count Marshal [Patrick Reutersvärd](/wiki/Patrick_Reutersv%C3%A4rd \"Patrick Reutersvärd\") as members of the First Chamber. On the other hand, ex\\-Professor E. Carlson, of the [Gothenburg University](/wiki/Gothenburg_University \"Gothenburg University\"), succeeded in forming a party of Liberals and Radicals to the number of about 90 members, who besides being in favor of the extension of the franchise, advocated the full equality of Norway with Sweden in the management of foreign affairs.", "The state of quietude which for some time prevailed with regard to the relations with Norway was not to last. The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. In 1902 the Swedish government proposed that negotiations in this matter should be opened with the Norwegian government, and that a joint committee, consisting of representatives from both countries, should be appointed to consider the question of a separate consular service without in any way interfering with the existing administration of the diplomatic affairs of the two countries.", "The result of the negotiations was published in a so\\-called \"communiqué\", dated 24 March 1903, in which, among other things, it was proposed that the relations of the separate consuls to the joint ministry of foreign affairs and the embassies should be arranged by identical laws, which could not be altered or repealed without the consent of the governments of both countries. The proposal for these identical laws, which the Norwegian government in May 1904 submitted, did not meet with the approval of the Swedish government. The latter in their reply proposed that the Swedish foreign minister should have such control over the Norwegian consuls as to prevent the latter from exceeding their authority.", "However, the Norwegian government found this proposal unacceptable, and explained that, if such control were insisted upon, all further negotiations would be purposeless. They maintained that the Swedish demands were incompatible with the sovereignty of Norway, as the foreign minister was a Swede and the proposed Norwegian consular service, as a Norwegian institution, could not be placed under a foreign authority. A new proposal by the Swedish government was likewise rejected, and in February 1905 the Norwegians broke off the negotiations. Notwithstanding this an agreement did not appear to be out of the question. All efforts to solve the consular question by itself had failed, but it was considered that an attempt might be made to establish separate consuls in combination with a joint administration of diplomatic affairs on a full unionistic basis.", "Crown Prince [Gustaf](/wiki/Gustav_V_of_Sweden \"Gustav V of Sweden\"), who during the illness of King Oscar II was appointed [regent](/wiki/Regent \"Regent\"), took the initiative of renewing the negotiations between the two countries, and on 5 April in a combined Swedish and Norwegian Council of State made a proposal for a reform both of the administration of diplomatic affairs and of the consular service on the basis of full equality between the two kingdoms, with the express reservation, however, of a joint foreign minister – Swedish or Norwegian – as a condition for the existence of the union. This proposal was approved of by the Swedish Riksdag on 3 May 1905\\. In order that no obstacles should be placed in the way for renewed negotiations, [Erik Gustaf Boström](/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Bostr%C3%B6m \"Erik Gustaf Boström\"), the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden \"Prime Minister of Sweden\"), resigned and was succeeded by [Johan Ramstedt](/wiki/Johan_Ramstedt \"Johan Ramstedt\"). The proposed negotiations were not, however, renewed.", "" ]
Dissolution of the Union ------------------------ {{Main\\|Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905}} On 23 May 1905, the Norwegian [Storting](/wiki/Storting "Storting") passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate Norwegian consuls, and as King Oscar II, who again had resumed the reins of government, made use of his constitutional right to veto the bill, the Norwegian ministry tendered their resignation. The king, however, declared he could not now accept their resignation, whereupon the ministry at a sitting of the Norwegian Storting on 7 June placed their resignation in its hands. The Storting thereupon unanimously adopted a resolution stating that, as the king had declared himself unable to form a government, the constitutional royal power "ceased to be operative", whereupon the ministers were requested, until further instructions, to exercise the power vested in the king, and as King Oscar thus had ceased to act as "the king of Norway", the union with Sweden was in consequence dissolved. In Sweden, where they were least of all prepared for the turn things had taken, the action of the Storting created the greatest surprise and resentment. The king solemnly protested against what had taken place and summoned an extraordinary session of the Riksdag for 20 June to consider what measures should be taken, with regard to the question of the union, which had arisen suddenly through the "revolt" of the Norwegians on 7 June. The Riksdag declared that it was not opposed to negotiations being entered upon regarding the conditions for the dissolution of the union if the Norwegian Storting, after a new election, made a proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union between the two countries, or if a proposal to this effect was made by Norway after the Norwegian people, through a [plebiscite](/wiki/Plebiscite "Plebiscite"), had declared themselves in favor of the dissolution of the union. The Riksdag further resolved that 100 million [kronor](/wiki/Swedish_krona "Swedish krona") should be held in readiness and be available, as the Riksdag might decide for war. On the resignation of the [Ramstedt](/wiki/Johan_Ramstedt "Johan Ramstedt") ministry, [Lundeberg](/wiki/Christian_Lundeberg "Christian Lundeberg") formed a coalition ministry consisting of members of the various parties in the Riksdag, after which the Riksdag was prorogued on 3 August. After the plebiscite in Norway on 13 August, in which the Norwegian people had decided in favor of the dissolution of the union with 368,392 votes against 184 votes, and after the Storting had requested the Swedish government to co\-operate with it for the repeal of the Act of Union, a conference of delegates from both countries was convened at [Karlstad](/wiki/Karlstad "Karlstad") on 31 August . On 23 September the delegates came to an agreement, the principal points of which were: that such disputes between the two countries which could not be settled by direct diplomatic negotiations, and which did not affect the vital interests of either country, should be referred to the permanent court of arbitration at [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), that on either side of the southern frontier a neutral zone of about fifteen kilometers width should be established, and that within eight months the fortifications within the Norwegian part of the zone should be destroyed. Both sides immediately demobilized the military forces that had been prepared for an armed conflict. Other clauses dealt with the rights of the [Sami people](/wiki/Sami_people "Sami people") to graze their reindeer alternatively in either country, and with the question of transport of goods across the frontier by rail or other means of communication, so that the traffic should not be hampered by any import or export, prohibitions or otherwise. From 2 to 19 October the extraordinary Riksdag was again assembled, and eventually approved of the arrangement; delegates convened at Karlstad with regard to the amicable dissolution of the union as well as the government's proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union and the recognition of Norway as an independent state. An alteration in the [Swedish flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden "Flag of Sweden") was also decided upon, by which the [Union badge](/wiki/Union_badge_of_Norway_and_Sweden "Union badge of Norway and Sweden") was to be replaced by an azure\-blue square. An offer from the Norwegian Storting to elect a prince of the [Swedish royal house](/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte "House of Bernadotte") as king in Norway was declined by King Oscar II, who now on behalf of himself and his successors renounced the right to the Norwegian crown. Prime minister Lundeberg, who had accepted office only to settle the question of the dissolution of the union, now resigned and was succeeded by a Liberal government with [Karl Staaff](/wiki/Karl_Staaff "Karl Staaff") as prime minister. Both parliaments revoked the Act of Union on 16 October, and King Oscar II renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognized Norway as an independent kingdom on 26 October. The Norwegian parliament offered the vacant throne to [Prince Carl](/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway "Haakon VII of Norway") of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), who accepted after another plebiscite had confirmed the monarchy. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name Haakon VII.	[ "Dissolution of the Union\n------------------------", "{{Main\\\|Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905}}", "On 23 May 1905, the Norwegian [Storting](/wiki/Storting \"Storting\") passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate Norwegian consuls, and as King Oscar II, who again had resumed the reins of government, made use of his constitutional right to veto the bill, the Norwegian ministry tendered their resignation. The king, however, declared he could not now accept their resignation, whereupon the ministry at a sitting of the Norwegian Storting on 7 June placed their resignation in its hands. The Storting thereupon unanimously adopted a resolution stating that, as the king had declared himself unable to form a government, the constitutional royal power \"ceased to be operative\", whereupon the ministers were requested, until further instructions, to exercise the power vested in the king, and as King Oscar thus had ceased to act as \"the king of Norway\", the union with Sweden was in consequence dissolved.", "In Sweden, where they were least of all prepared for the turn things had taken, the action of the Storting created the greatest surprise and resentment. The king solemnly protested against what had taken place and summoned an extraordinary session of the Riksdag for 20 June to consider what measures should be taken, with regard to the question of the union, which had arisen suddenly through the \"revolt\" of the Norwegians on 7 June.", "The Riksdag declared that it was not opposed to negotiations being entered upon regarding the conditions for the dissolution of the union if the Norwegian Storting, after a new election, made a proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union between the two countries, or if a proposal to this effect was made by Norway after the Norwegian people, through a [plebiscite](/wiki/Plebiscite \"Plebiscite\"), had declared themselves in favor of the dissolution of the union. The Riksdag further resolved that 100 million [kronor](/wiki/Swedish_krona \"Swedish krona\") should be held in readiness and be available, as the Riksdag might decide for war. On the resignation of the [Ramstedt](/wiki/Johan_Ramstedt \"Johan Ramstedt\") ministry, [Lundeberg](/wiki/Christian_Lundeberg \"Christian Lundeberg\") formed a coalition ministry consisting of members of the various parties in the Riksdag, after which the Riksdag was prorogued on 3 August.", "After the plebiscite in Norway on 13 August, in which the Norwegian people had decided in favor of the dissolution of the union with 368,392 votes against 184 votes, and after the Storting had requested the Swedish government to co\\-operate with it for the repeal of the Act of Union, a conference of delegates from both countries was convened at [Karlstad](/wiki/Karlstad \"Karlstad\") on 31 August . On 23 September the delegates came to an agreement, the principal points of which were: that such disputes between the two countries which could not be settled by direct diplomatic negotiations, and which did not affect the vital interests of either country, should be referred to the permanent court of arbitration at [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"), that on either side of the southern frontier a neutral zone of about fifteen kilometers width should be established, and that within eight months the fortifications within the Norwegian part of the zone should be destroyed. Both sides immediately demobilized the military forces that had been prepared for an armed conflict.", "Other clauses dealt with the rights of the [Sami people](/wiki/Sami_people \"Sami people\") to graze their reindeer alternatively in either country, and with the question of transport of goods across the frontier by rail or other means of communication, so that the traffic should not be hampered by any import or export, prohibitions or otherwise.", "From 2 to 19 October the extraordinary Riksdag was again assembled, and eventually approved of the arrangement; delegates convened at Karlstad with regard to the amicable dissolution of the union as well as the government's proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union and the recognition of Norway as an independent state. An alteration in the [Swedish flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden \"Flag of Sweden\") was also decided upon, by which the [Union badge](/wiki/Union_badge_of_Norway_and_Sweden \"Union badge of Norway and Sweden\") was to be replaced by an azure\\-blue square.", "An offer from the Norwegian Storting to elect a prince of the [Swedish royal house](/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte \"House of Bernadotte\") as king in Norway was declined by King Oscar II, who now on behalf of himself and his successors renounced the right to the Norwegian crown. Prime minister Lundeberg, who had accepted office only to settle the question of the dissolution of the union, now resigned and was succeeded by a Liberal government with [Karl Staaff](/wiki/Karl_Staaff \"Karl Staaff\") as prime minister.", "Both parliaments revoked the Act of Union on 16 October, and King Oscar II renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognized Norway as an independent kingdom on 26 October. The Norwegian parliament offered the vacant throne to [Prince Carl](/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway \"Haakon VII of Norway\") of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), who accepted after another plebiscite had confirmed the monarchy. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name Haakon VII.", "" ]
Methods ------- The Testery used hand decrypting methods to break Tunny traffic. Within one year of its foundation, the Testery had deciphered 1\.5 million texts by these methods. By the war's end in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") in May 1945, the Testery had grown to nine cryptanalysts, a team of 24 ATS, a total staff of 118, organised in three shifts working round the clock. The logical structure of the Tunny system was worked out by mathematician Bill Tutte in the spring of 1942\. Tunny had 12 wheels, and was more advanced, complex, faster and far more secure than the well\-known 3\-4 wheeled [Enigma machine](/wiki/Enigma_machine "Enigma machine"). The Germans were convinced that the Tunny cipher system was unbreakable. Tunny was the cipher system which carried only the highest grade of intelligence: messages from the German Army Headquarters in Berlin and the top generals and field marshals on all fronts. Some were signed by Hitler himself. Tens of thousands of Tunny messages were intercepted by the British and broken at Bletchley Park by Captain Roberts and his fellow codebreakers in the Testery. These messages contained much vital insight into top\-level German thinking and planning. After the Testery had been breaking Tunny for a year by hand, the [Newmanry](/wiki/Newmanry "Newmanry") became active from July 1943 under [Max Newman](/wiki/Max_Newman "Max Newman"). Mathematicians in the Newmanry used machine methods to speed up breaking Tunny. Early on, a machine called [Heath Robinson](/wiki/Heath_Robinson_%28codebreaking_machine%29 "Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)") was produced, to help speed up one stage – breaking of the chi wheels, but the Robinson was slow and not reliable. In February 1944 a new machine called "[Colossus](/wiki/Colossus_computer "Colossus computer")" became operational; it was the world's first electronic computer. Colossus was designed and built in only ten months by [Tommy Flowers](/wiki/Tommy_Flowers "Tommy Flowers") of the G.P.O. (Post Office). This had far greater capacity and speed than the Robinson and so the whole breaking process became much faster. The Colossus was essential for making the very fast counts needed to work out the "de\-chis", but the psi\-wheels and motor\-wheels were still broken by hand in the Testery. The Testery was hand code\-breaking Tunny for 12 months before the Robinson machine was produced and for 19 months before Colossus operated. With the help of the Newmanry, the Testery broke up to 90% of the traffic given to them to work on in the Colossus period. The information provided by Tunny enabled the Allies to ascertain German movements, saving thousands of lives at critical junctures such as [D\-Day](/wiki/D-Day "D-Day") and the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk") in the Soviet Union. General [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") gave the best summary after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). He said that "Bletchley decrypts shortened the War by at least two years". Tunny played a very important role in all of this, a war which was costing at least 10 million lives a year. A great deal of this was down to Bill Tutte. The story of Enigma (declassified in the 1970s) is well known, but the story of Tunny, Germany's top\-secret cipher machine, was only declassified in the 2000s. Most of the cryptanalysts in the Testery died before they could tell their stories. For the first time, on 25 October 2011, a BBC Timewatch programme titled Code\-breakers: Bletchley Park’s Lost Heroes, about the Testery, Tunny, Bill Tutte and Tommy Flowers, was produced, featuring testimony from Jerry Roberts.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016ltm0 \\|website\=BBC \\|title\= Code\-Breakers: Bletchley Park's Lost Heroes \\|accessdate\=4 May 2015}}	[ "Methods\n-------", "The Testery used hand decrypting methods to break Tunny traffic. Within one year of its foundation, the Testery had deciphered 1\\.5 million texts by these methods. By the war's end in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") in May 1945, the Testery had grown to nine cryptanalysts, a team of 24 ATS, a total staff of 118, organised in three shifts working round the clock.", "The logical structure of the Tunny system was worked out by mathematician Bill Tutte in the spring of 1942\\. Tunny had 12 wheels, and was more advanced, complex, faster and far more secure than the well\\-known 3\\-4 wheeled [Enigma machine](/wiki/Enigma_machine \"Enigma machine\"). The Germans were convinced that the Tunny cipher system was unbreakable. Tunny was the cipher system which carried only the highest grade of intelligence: messages from the German Army Headquarters in Berlin and the top generals and field marshals on all fronts. Some were signed by Hitler himself. Tens of thousands of Tunny messages were intercepted by the British and broken at Bletchley Park by Captain Roberts and his fellow codebreakers in the Testery. These messages contained much vital insight into top\\-level German thinking and planning.", "After the Testery had been breaking Tunny for a year by hand, the [Newmanry](/wiki/Newmanry \"Newmanry\") became active from July 1943 under [Max Newman](/wiki/Max_Newman \"Max Newman\"). Mathematicians in the Newmanry used machine methods to speed up breaking Tunny. Early on, a machine called [Heath Robinson](/wiki/Heath_Robinson_%28codebreaking_machine%29 \"Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)\") was produced, to help speed up one stage – breaking of the chi wheels, but the Robinson was slow and not reliable. In February 1944 a new machine called \"[Colossus](/wiki/Colossus_computer \"Colossus computer\")\" became operational; it was the world's first electronic computer. Colossus was designed and built in only ten months by [Tommy Flowers](/wiki/Tommy_Flowers \"Tommy Flowers\") of the G.P.O. (Post Office). This had far greater capacity and speed than the Robinson and so the whole breaking process became much faster. The Colossus was essential for making the very fast counts needed to work out the \"de\\-chis\", but the psi\\-wheels and motor\\-wheels were still broken by hand in the Testery.", "The Testery was hand code\\-breaking Tunny for 12 months before the Robinson machine was produced and for 19 months before Colossus operated. With the help of the Newmanry, the Testery broke up to 90% of the traffic given to them to work on in the Colossus period.", "The information provided by Tunny enabled the Allies to ascertain German movements, saving thousands of lives at critical junctures such as [D\\-Day](/wiki/D-Day \"D-Day\") and the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\") in the Soviet Union. General [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") gave the best summary after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). He said that \"Bletchley decrypts shortened the War by at least two years\". Tunny played a very important role in all of this, a war which was costing at least 10 million lives a year. A great deal of this was down to Bill Tutte.", "The story of Enigma (declassified in the 1970s) is well known, but the story of Tunny, Germany's top\\-secret cipher machine, was only declassified in the 2000s. Most of the cryptanalysts in the Testery died before they could tell their stories. For the first time, on 25 October 2011, a BBC Timewatch programme titled Code\\-breakers: Bletchley Park’s Lost Heroes, about the Testery, Tunny, Bill Tutte and Tommy Flowers, was produced, featuring testimony from Jerry Roberts.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016ltm0 \\\|website\\=BBC \\\|title\\= Code\\-Breakers: Bletchley Park's Lost Heroes \\\|accessdate\\=4 May 2015}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Lewis was born in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), in 1799\.{{cite book\\|editor\-last\=Opitz\\|editor\-first\=Glenn B.\\|title\=Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors \& Engravers\\|year\=1987\\|publisher\=Apollo Book\\|location\=Poughkeepsie, NY\\|isbn\=0\-938290\-04\-5\\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/539 539]\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/539}} He grew up learning to draw, paint, and make engravings. Fascinated by what he learned of the western territories, as a young man he went west in 1819 and began traveling with Gov. [Lewis Cass](/wiki/Lewis_Cass "Lewis Cass") of the [Michigan Territory](/wiki/Michigan_Territory "Michigan Territory"). From 1823 to 1834, Lewis worked for the U.S. Government to paint official portraits of Indians, in what was an effort to preserve a record of their leaders and what was believed to be a vanishing culture. In this official role during the 1820s, Lewis attended numerous Indian treaties and ceremonies held in Indiana and Wisconsin, where he began to make portraits of many of the participants. In 1826 [Thomas L. McKenney](/wiki/Thomas_L._McKenney "Thomas L. McKenney"), who was superintendent of Indian Affairs, then in the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War"), accompanied Gov. Cass on one of the official trips into this area. He relied on Lewis as the artist to create a record of the trip. McKenney published an official record of his expedition, Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes... (1827\); it contained 29 engraved or illustrated images. Although Lewis is not credited on any of the plates, the majority of images appear to be by him: his work has been identified by both the many references to it in the text and by analysis of the style of these images.{{cite book \\| title\=James Otto Lewis and His Aboriginal Port Folio \\| publisher\=Overland Press, New Haven \\| author\=William Reese}} During the 1827 trip which Lewis and Cass took to Lake Michigan to negotiate with the Winnebago and Chippewa tribes, the artist sketched 25 portraits at the treaty meetings at [Prairie du Chien](/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien "Prairie du Chien"). Of the 80 plates published in his final Aboriginal Port Folia (1835\-1836\), 9 were sketched at [Fort Wayne (fort)](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_%28fort%29 "Fort Wayne (fort)"), in present\-day Indiana; 13 at [Green Bay, Wisconsin](/wiki/Green_Bay%2C_Wisconsin "Green Bay, Wisconsin"); 12 at [Fond du Lac](/wiki/Fond_du_Lac%2C_Wisconsin "Fond du Lac, Wisconsin"), 12 from "Massinnewa" (from the 1826 expedition), and the remaining 3 at unidentified locations. Lewis later returned to the East, publishing a book of his works in Philadelphia in 1835\-1836\. He died in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") on November 2, 1858\.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Lewis was born in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), in 1799\\.{{cite book\\\|editor\\-last\\=Opitz\\\|editor\\-first\\=Glenn B.\\\|title\\=Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors \\& Engravers\\\|year\\=1987\\\|publisher\\=Apollo Book\\\|location\\=Poughkeepsie, NY\\\|isbn\\=0\\-938290\\-04\\-5\\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/539 539]\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/539}} He grew up learning to draw, paint, and make engravings.", "Fascinated by what he learned of the western territories, as a young man he went west in 1819 and began traveling with Gov. [Lewis Cass](/wiki/Lewis_Cass \"Lewis Cass\") of the [Michigan Territory](/wiki/Michigan_Territory \"Michigan Territory\"). From 1823 to 1834, Lewis worked for the U.S. Government to paint official portraits of Indians, in what was an effort to preserve a record of their leaders and what was believed to be a vanishing culture.", "In this official role during the 1820s, Lewis attended numerous Indian treaties and ceremonies held in Indiana and Wisconsin, where he began to make portraits of many of the participants. In 1826 [Thomas L. McKenney](/wiki/Thomas_L._McKenney \"Thomas L. McKenney\"), who was superintendent of Indian Affairs, then in the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\"), accompanied Gov. Cass on one of the official trips into this area. He relied on Lewis as the artist to create a record of the trip.", "McKenney published an official record of his expedition, Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes... (1827\\); it contained 29 engraved or illustrated images. Although Lewis is not credited on any of the plates, the majority of images appear to be by him: his work has been identified by both the many references to it in the text and by analysis of the style of these images.{{cite book \\\| title\\=James Otto Lewis and His Aboriginal Port Folio \\\| publisher\\=Overland Press, New Haven \\\| author\\=William Reese}}", "During the 1827 trip which Lewis and Cass took to Lake Michigan to negotiate with the Winnebago and Chippewa tribes, the artist sketched 25 portraits at the treaty meetings at [Prairie du Chien](/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien \"Prairie du Chien\"). Of the 80 plates published in his final Aboriginal Port Folia (1835\\-1836\\), 9 were sketched at [Fort Wayne (fort)](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_%28fort%29 \"Fort Wayne (fort)\"), in present\\-day Indiana; 13 at [Green Bay, Wisconsin](/wiki/Green_Bay%2C_Wisconsin \"Green Bay, Wisconsin\"); 12 at [Fond du Lac](/wiki/Fond_du_Lac%2C_Wisconsin \"Fond du Lac, Wisconsin\"), 12 from \"Massinnewa\" (from the 1826 expedition), and the remaining 3 at unidentified locations.", "Lewis later returned to the East, publishing a book of his works in Philadelphia in 1835\\-1836\\. He died in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") on November 2, 1858\\.", "" ]
Music career ------------ ### Pre\-2013: Career beginnings Lindblad was born in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), and is of [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_people "Swedish people") and [Italian](/wiki/Italian_people "Italian people") descent. He started playing piano at age 7,{{cite news\\| title \=Exclusive Interview with Alesso\\| publisher \=Beat My Day\\| date \=9 May 2010\\| url \=http://www.beatmyday.com/2010/05/09/alesso/\\| access\-date \=2 December 2014\\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208172246/http://www.beatmyday.com/2010/05/09/alesso/\\| archive\-date \=8 December 2014\\| url\-status \=dead\\| df \=mdy\-all}} but became interested in electronic dance music when he was 16\.{{cite news \\| title \=Alesso discusses his year, 'Calling,' SHM, and more with us at Electric Zoo (Interview) \\| publisher \= Dancing Astronaut\\|date\=8 September 2011\\|url\=http://www.dancingastronaut.com/2011/09/alesso\-discusses\-his\-year\-calling\-shm\-and\-more\-with\-us\-at\-electric\-zoo\-interview\\|access\-date \=2 December 2014}} He first gained recognition with the release of his Alesso EP in 2010\. In early 2011, Sebastian Ingrosso of [Swedish House Mafia](/wiki/Swedish_House_Mafia "Swedish House Mafia") contacted Alesso and asked if he wanted to work together. Ingrosso introduced him to DJing and helped him with the production of tracks. Since that time, Ingrosso has acted as a mentor for Alesso, who referred to the elder Swede as a "big brother."{{cite news\\|last\=Gossett\\|first\=Eric\\|title\=10 Things We Learned From Alesso's Reddit AMA\\|publisher\=Less Than 3\\|date\=7 November 2014\\|url\=http://blog.lessthan3\.com/2014/11/alessos\-reddit\-ama\\|access\-date\=2 December 2014\\|archive\-date\=13 December 2014\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213181511/http://blog.lessthan3\.com/2014/11/alessos\-reddit\-ama/\\|url\-status\=dead}} Despite having learned to DJ in 2011, Alesso made his debut on DJ Magazine's list of the top 100 DJs at number 70 in that same year.{{cite news\\|title\=The Top 100 DJ's of 2011\\|publisher\=Synthtopia\\|date\=21 October 2011\\|url\=http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2011/10/21/the\-top\-100\-djs\-of\-2011\\|access\-date\=3 December 2014}} One of the first songs Alesso produced with Sebastian Ingrosso was a 2011 track named "Calling" that reached number 2 on the [Beatport](/wiki/Beatport "Beatport") charts.{{cite news\\|title\=Interview With Alesso\\|publisher\=Dani Deahl\\|date\=12 September 2011\\|url\=http://danideahl.com/interview\-with\-alesso\\|access\-date\=3 December 2014\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107140805/http://danideahl.com/interview\-with\-alesso/\\|archive\-date\=7 November 2014\\|url\-status\=dead}} The song would later be renamed "Calling (Lose My Mind)" with an additional feature from [Ryan Tedder](/wiki/Ryan_Tedder "Ryan Tedder").{{cite news\\|first\=Chris\\|last\=McKay\\|title\=Interview with Alesso: 'I'm still working on my sound, I'm still evolving as an artist'\\|url\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/05/03/interview\-with\-alesso\-im\-still\-working\-on\-my\-sound\-im\-still\-evolving\-as\-an\-artist\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]\\|date\=3 May 2013\\|access\-date\=28 September 2014\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080359/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/05/03/interview\-with\-alesso\-im\-still\-working\-on\-my\-sound\-im\-still\-evolving\-as\-an\-artist\\|archive\-date\=20 October 2014}} Alesso's 2011 remix of "[Pressure](/wiki/Pressure_%28Nadia_Ali_song%29 "Pressure (Nadia Ali song)")" by [Nadia Ali](/wiki/Nadia_Ali_%28singer%29 "Nadia Ali (singer)") premiered at the \#1 spot on [The Hype Machine](/wiki/The_Hype_Machine "The Hype Machine") and was one of the most played EDM songs of 2011\.{{cite news\\|last\=Martin\\|first\=Paul\\|title\=\[Electro] Pressure (Alesso Remix) – Alex Kenji, Starkillers, Nadia Ali\\|publisher\=The Music Ninja\\|date\=3 June 2011\\|url\=http://www.themusicninja.com/pressure\-alesso\-remix\-%E2%80%93\-alex\-kenji\-starkillers\-nadia\-ali\\|access\-date\=2 December 2014}} From that point on, his popularity continued to rise. MTV named him one of the "EDM Rookies to Watch in 2012", and he recorded a [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") [Essential Mix](/wiki/Essential_Mix "Essential Mix") in March 2012\. He played for a crowd of 60,000 at [Creamfields](/wiki/Creamfields "Creamfields"), and accompanied [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna_%28entertainer%29 "Madonna (entertainer)") on her [MDNA World Tour](/wiki/The_MDNA_Tour "The MDNA Tour") at select European shows.{{citation needed\\|date\=May 2020}} By the end of 2012, Alesso had released another original mix called "Years" featuring [Matthew Koma](/wiki/Matthew_Koma "Matthew Koma") that performed well in the United Kingdom.{{cite news\\|last\=Barker\\|first\=Chris\\|title\=Alesso explains the making of Years\\|publisher\=\[\[MusicRadar]]\\|date\=28 November 2012\\|url\=http://www.musicradar.com/us/news/dj/alesso\-explains\-the\-making\-of\-years\-567223\#null\\|access\-date\=2 December 2014\\|archive\-date\=21 December 2014\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221103316/http://www.musicradar.com/us/news/dj/alesso\-explains\-the\-making\-of\-years\-567223\#null\\|url\-status\=dead}} He was ranked 20th on the list of the top 100 DJs of 2012 by DJ Magazine.{{cite magazine\\|title\=Alesso\\|magazine\=\[\[DJ Magazine]]\\|date\=2012\\|url\=http://www.djmag.com/node/34710\\|access\-date\=3 December 2014\\|archive\-date\=2 November 2014\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102144218/http://www.djmag.com/node/34710\\|url\-status\=dead}} [thumb\\|left\\|Alesso playing at [Ushuaïa nightclub](/wiki/Ushua%C3%AFa_Ibiza_Beach_Hotel "Ushuaïa Ibiza Beach Hotel"), Ibiza in 2013\.](/wiki/File:Alesso_playing_live_at_Ushuaia_Ibiza.jpeg "Alesso playing live at Ushuaia Ibiza.jpeg") By 2013, Alesso had played at music festivals like [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival"), [Electric Daisy Carnival](/wiki/Electric_Daisy_Carnival "Electric Daisy Carnival"), [Ultra Music Festival](/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival "Ultra Music Festival"), and [Tomorrowland](/wiki/Tomorrowland_%28festival%29 "Tomorrowland (festival)"). He released a remix of "[If I Lose Myself](/wiki/If_I_Lose_Myself "If I Lose Myself")" by OneRepublic that was nominated for Grammy and garnered almost a million listens on [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud "SoundCloud") in a relatively short time. In a collaboration with Calvin Harris and [Hurts](/wiki/Hurts_%28duo%29 "Hurts (duo)"), Alesso released "[Under Control](/wiki/Under_Control_%28Calvin_Harris_and_Alesso_song%29 "Under Control (Calvin Harris and Alesso song)")" which racked up 88 million views.{{cite news\\|last\=Gritt\\|first\=Emma\\|title\=Alesso: 'I just bring good emotions to people'\\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\\|date\=20 November 2014\\|url\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/11/17/alesso\-i\-just\-bring\-good\-emotions\-to\-people\\|access\-date\=2 December 2014\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218051149/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/11/17/alesso\-i\-just\-bring\-good\-emotions\-to\-people/\\|archive\-date\=18 February 2015\\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2013, he achieved his highest ranking on the list of the top 100 DJs at number 13\.{{cite news\\|last\=Alport\\|first\=Jonathan\\|title\=DJ Mag Top 100 Revealed \[Updated Live]\\|publisher\=Your EDM\\|date\=19 October 2013\\|url\=http://www.youredm.com/2013/10/19/dj\-mag\-top\-100\-revealed\-updated\-live\\|access\-date\=3 December 2014}} ### 2014–2015: Def Jam Recordings and Forever In July 2014, Alesso signed with [Def Jam Recordings](/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings "Def Jam Recordings"), becoming only the second EDM producer to sign with the label (after [Afrojack](/wiki/Afrojack "Afrojack")). He debuted a new track called "Tear the Roof Up", which was named a "Future Exclusive" by [Zane Lowe](/wiki/Zane_Lowe "Zane Lowe").{{cite magazine\\|last\=Hampp\\|first\=Andrew\\|title\=Alesso Signs To Def Jam, Debuts 'Tear The Roof Up' Track\\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\=15 July 2014\\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/6157655/alesso\-def\-jam\-tear\-this\-roof\-up\\|access\-date\=3 December 2014}} The music video for "Tear The Roof Up" was released exclusively through [Snapchat](/wiki/Snapchat "Snapchat") in September 2014\.{{cite news\\|last\=Sawers\\|first\=Paul\\|title\=Top DJ and producer Alesso turns to Snapchat to premiere his new music video\\|publisher\=The Next Web\\|date\=8 September 2014\\|url\=https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2014/09/08/top\-dj\-producer\-alesso\-turns\-snapchat\-premiere\-new\-video\\|access\-date\=3 December 2014}} He embarked on his "Heroes Tour", named after his single "Heroes (We Could Be)" featuring [Tove Lo](/wiki/Tove_Lo "Tove Lo").{{cite news\\|last\=Ward\\|first\=Nick\\|title\=Alesso Explains Lack Of 'Real Emotion' In EDM\\|publisher\=Your EDM\\|date\=4 November 2014\\|url\=http://www.youredm.com/2014/11/04/alesso\-explains\-lack\-real\-emotion\-edm\\|access\-date\=2 December 2014}} During the tour, Alesso teamed up with Chime for Change, a global charity that seeks to "improve the lives of women around the world." Alesso's involvement with the charity has raised over $50,000 as of October 2014\.{{cite news\\|last\=Ward\\|first\=Nick\\|title\=Alesso's Charity Event Breaks Record\\|publisher\=Your EDM\\|date\=29 October 2014\\|url\=http://www.youredm.com/2014/10/29/alesso\\|access\-date\=2 December 2014}} His debut studio album was originally set to be released in the first quarter of 2015,{{cite news \\|date\=18 November 2014 \\|title\="My album is coming in the first quarter of 2015\..." – hmv.com talks to Alesso \\|publisher\=\[\[HMV]] \\|url\=http://www.hmv.com/music/\-my\-album\-is\-coming\-in\-the\-first\-quarter\-hmv\-com\-talks\-to\-alesso \\|access\-date\=2 December 2014}} but was later released on 22 May 2015\. It includes both "[Heroes (We Could Be)](/wiki/Heroes_%28We_Could_Be%29 "Heroes (We Could Be)")" and "Tear the Roof Up". The single "Heroes (We Could Be)" was officially released on 15 December 2014\. His new single, titled "[Cool](/wiki/Cool_%28Alesso_song%29 "Cool (Alesso song)")" and featuring [Roy English](/wiki/Roy_English "Roy English"), premiered on 13 February 2015, on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"). The track, which samples [Kylie Minogue](/wiki/Kylie_Minogue "Kylie Minogue")'s "[Get Outta My Way](/wiki/Get_Outta_My_Way "Get Outta My Way")", was officially released in Europe on 16 February 2015 and in North America on 17 February 2015\. ### 2016–present: Standalone singles On 30 September 2016, his new version of "I Wanna Know" featuring Taiwanese singer [Jolin Tsai](/wiki/Jolin_Tsai "Jolin Tsai") was officially released.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://wegotthiscovered.com/music/alesso\-delivers\-flip\-song\-wanna\-know\-jolin\-tsai\\|title\=Alesso Delivers A Flip Of His Song "I Wanna Know" With Jolin Tsai\\|date\=3 October 2016\\|access\-date\=31 March 2018}} Alesso and Tsai closed [International Music Summit](/wiki/International_Music_Summit "International Music Summit") with a discussion of what it takes to bridge the gap between East and West in electronic music.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.musicnewsasia.com/2016/10/02/highlights\-at\-ims\-asia\-pacific/\\|title\=Highlights at IMS Asia\-Pacific\\|website\=Music News Asia\\|access\-date\=4 October 2016\\|archive\-date\=12 June 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162850/https://www.musicnewsasia.com/2016/10/02/highlights\-at\-ims\-asia\-pacific/\\|url\-status\=dead}} On 1 October 2016, Alesso and Tsai performed the single "I Wanna Know" and a remix version of Tsai's hit "[Play](/wiki/Play_%28Jolin_Tsai_album%29 "Play (Jolin Tsai album)")" together at the Storm Music Festival in Shanghai.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://weraveyou.com/2016/10/04/jolin\-tsai\-play\-alesso\-remix\-version/\\|title\=Jolin Tsai – PLAY (Alesso Remix Version)\\|last\=AbhinavM\\|date\=4 October 2016\\|website\=We Rave You\\|access\-date\=31 March 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124231/http://weraveyou.com/2016/10/04/jolin\-tsai\-play\-alesso\-remix\-version/\\|archive\-date\=5 October 2016\\|url\-status\=dead}} On 4 October 2016, it was announced that Alesso would be releasing a new version of the song "Years", collaborating with [K\-pop](/wiki/K-pop "K-pop") band [Exo](/wiki/Exo "Exo")'s member, [Chen](/wiki/Chen_%28Singer%29 "Chen (Singer)"). The song was released on 7 October through [SM Station](/wiki/SM_Station "SM Station").{{cite magazine\\|last\=Penrose\\|first\=Nerisha\\|title\=Alesso Recruits K\-Pop Group EXO's Singer Chen For 'Years' Rework: Watch\\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7534385/alesso\-chen\-exo\-years\-rework\-k\-pop\\|date\=10 October 2016\\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|access\-date\=18 October 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\=http://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=112\&aid\=0002853747\\|title\=\[POP스포]엑소 첸XDJ 알레소, 10월 7일 콜라보 'Years' 발표(공식)\\|access\-date\=4 October 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\=http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news\_view.php?varAtcId\=79101\\|title\=엑소 첸, 스웨덴 유명 DJ 알레소와 콜라보…7일 음원 발표\\|date\=4 October 2016\\|access\-date\=31 March 2018}} On 7 October 2016, Alesso premiered a new single, co\-produced by [Dillon Francis](/wiki/Dillon_Francis "Dillon Francis"), called "[Take My Breath Away](/wiki/Take_My_Breath_Away_%28Alesso_song%29 "Take My Breath Away (Alesso song)")" during Ultra Music Festival Taiwan. The single was later released on 21 October 2016\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.youredm.com/2016/10/08/alesso\-confirms\-release\-date\-take\-breath\-away/\\|title\=Alesso Finally Confirms The Release Date Of His Glorious House Anthem With Dillon Francis\\|date\=8 October 2016}} [thumb\\|right\\|Alesso on the [Tomorrowland](/wiki/Tomorrowland_%28festival%29 "Tomorrowland (festival)") 2016 Mainstage.](/wiki/File:Alesso_Tomorrowland_2016.jpg "Alesso Tomorrowland 2016.jpg") On 8 September 2017, [Hailee Steinfeld](/wiki/Hailee_Steinfeld "Hailee Steinfeld") released her new song "[Let Me Go](/wiki/Let_Me_Go_%28Hailee_Steinfeld_and_Alesso_song%29 "Let Me Go (Hailee Steinfeld and Alesso song)")" which is a collaboration between Alesso, Watt, and Florida Georgia Line.{{cite news\\|title\=Hailee Steinfeld \& Alesso's 'Let Me Go' With FLAGALine Is A Crossover Jam For The Ages — Listen\\|url\=http://hollywoodlife.com/2017/09/08/hailee\-steinfeld\-alesso\-let\-me\-go\-new\-song\\|access\-date\=8 September 2017}} On 13 October 2017, Alesso released his new single "[Is That for Me](/wiki/Is_That_for_Me "Is That for Me")" which is a collaboration with Brazilian singer [Anitta](/wiki/Anitta_%28singer%29 "Anitta (singer)").{{Cite magazine \\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7998443/alesso\-anitta\-is\-that\-for\-me \\|title\=Alesso \& Anitta Team Up on Alluring New Single 'Is That For Me' \\|last\=Medved \\|first\=Matt \\|date\=13 October 2017 \\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712144622/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7998443/alesso\-anitta\-is\-that\-for\-me \\|archive\-date\=12 July 2018 \\|access\-date\=31 August 2018}} In 2018, Alesso went on his European Tour, highlighted by his closing performance at the [Tomorrowland](/wiki/Tomorrowland_%28festival%29 "Tomorrowland (festival)") festival in Belgium.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.edmsauce.com/2018/07/29/alesso\-returns\-to\-progressive\-house\-with\-an\-unbelievable\-tomorrowland\-2018\-weekend\-2\-set\-listen/\\|title\=Alesso Returns To Progressive House With An Unbelievable Tomorrowland 2018 Weekend 2 Set \\|last\=Erik\\|date\=29 July 2018\\|work\=EDM Sauce\\|access\-date\=31 August 2018}} To celebrate the 10th anniversary of [Electric Zoo](/wiki/Electric_Zoo "Electric Zoo") later that year, Alesso is invited to be the headliner along with [Tiesto](/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto "Tiësto").{{Cite magazine\\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8423239/electric\-zoo\-2018\-lineup\\|title\=Tiesto, Alesso Added to Electric Zoo 2018 Lineup\\|magazine\=Billboard\\|access\-date\=4 May 2018}} In August 2018, Alesso performed on [ABC](/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight "ABC World News Tonight")'s [Good Morning America's](/wiki/Good_Morning_America "Good Morning America") summer concert series where he debuted his new single, "[Remedy](/wiki/Remedy_%28Alesso_song%29 "Remedy (Alesso song)")". The concert was held in [New York City's](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park") while Alesso was joined by singer [Conor Maynard](/wiki/Conor_Maynard "Conor Maynard") for the song's performance.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/09/alesso\-debuts\-new\-single\-remedy\-good\-morning\-america/\\|title\=Alesso debuts new single, 'Remedy,' on Good Morning America\\|date\=6 September 2018\\|website\=Dancing Astronaut\\|language\=en\-US\\|access\-date\=10 January 2019}} Remedy reached number one on the US Dance Airplay chart.{{citation needed\\|date\=January 2019}} In October 2018, Alesso played three back to back sold\-out shows at the [Hollywood Palladium](/wiki/Hollywood_Palladium "Hollywood Palladium") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.musetv.net/alesso\-performs\-for\-a\-second\-night\-in\-los\-angeles/\\|title\=Alesso Performs for a Second Night in Los Angeles\\|date\=6 October 2018\\|website\=Muse\\|access\-date\=10 January 2019}} Previously in the year he also performed shows in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn") and [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco").{{citation needed\\|date\=January 2019}} Alesso's final single release of 2018 was "Tilted Towers", made in partnership with video game streamer [Ninja](/wiki/Ninja_%28streamer%29 "Ninja (streamer)") and was debuted live on [Twitch](/wiki/Twitch_%28service%29 "Twitch (service)") where it was watched by over fifty thousand fans. The song's name is based on a popular map in the video game [Fortnite](/wiki/Fortnite "Fortnite"), which Alesso and Ninja live streamed playing together to promote the track's release.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/11/30/ninja\-edm\-compilation\-album\-ninjawerks/\\|title\=Twitch Megastar Ninja Launches Preorder For EDM Compilation Album 'Ninjawerks'\\|date\=30 November 2018\\|website\=Tubefilter\\|access\-date\=10 January 2019}}{{better source needed\\|date\=January 2019}} He was also featured in [Netflix's](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") '[Vai Anitta](/wiki/Vai_Anitta "Vai Anitta")' docu\-series, which follows the life of fellow [Shots Studios](/wiki/Shots_Studios "Shots Studios")' superstar, [Anitta](/wiki/Anitta_%28singer%29 "Anitta (singer)"). An episode of the series focuses on their collaborative single "Is That for Me" and the subsequent music video shot in the Amazon jungle.{{citation needed\\|date\=January 2018}} Alesso finished off his year with a New Year's Eve performance at [Miami's](/wiki/Miami "Miami") [Fontainebleau Resort](/wiki/Fontainebleau_Miami_Beach "Fontainebleau Miami Beach"). He co\-headlined the show with [Colombian](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") reggaeton star [J Balvin](/wiki/J_Balvin "J Balvin") where the two played at the venue's poolside.{{Cite press release\\|url\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/j\-balvin\-and\-alesso\-set\-to\-ring\-in\-2019\-at\-the\-legendary\-fontainebleau\-miami\-beach\-300743150\.html\\|title\=J Balvin And Alesso Set To Ring In 2019 At The Legendary Fontainebleau Miami Beach\\|last\=Beach\\|first\=Fontainebleau Miami\\|website\=www.prnewswire.com\\|access\-date\=10 January 2019}} On 29 January 2019, it was announced that Alesso will perform at the [Indy 500 Snake Pit](/wiki/Indianapolis_500_traditions "Indianapolis 500 traditions") on 26 May 2019, along with [Skrillex](/wiki/Skrillex "Skrillex"), [Illenium](/wiki/Illenium "Illenium"), and Chris Lake.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://fox59\.com/2019/01/29/heres\-the\-lineup\-for\-this\-years\-snake\-pit\-at\-the\-indianapolis\-500/\\|title\=Here's the lineup for this year's Snake Pit at the Indianapolis 500\\|date\=29 January 2019\\|website\=FOX59\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=29 January 2019}} Previous performers have included: [Axwell Λ Ingrosso](/wiki/Axwell_%CE%9B_Ingrosso "Axwell Λ Ingrosso"), [deadmau5](/wiki/Deadmau5 "Deadmau5"), [Diplo](/wiki/Diplo "Diplo"), [GRiZ](/wiki/GRiZ "GRiZ"), [Zedd](/wiki/Zedd "Zedd"), [Marshmello](/wiki/Marshmello "Marshmello"), [Martin Garrix](/wiki/Martin_Garrix "Martin Garrix"), [Steve Aoki](/wiki/Steve_Aoki "Steve Aoki"), [Kaskade](/wiki/Kaskade "Kaskade"), [Hardwell](/wiki/Hardwell "Hardwell"), [Dillon Francis](/wiki/Dillon_Francis "Dillon Francis"), and [Zeds Dead](/wiki/Zeds_Dead "Zeds Dead"). On 22 February 2019, he performed at the concert [Venezuela Live Aid](/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live "Venezuela Aid Live") alongside influencers [Lele Pons](/wiki/Lele_Pons "Lele Pons") and [Juanpa Zurita](/wiki/Juanpa_Zurita "Juanpa Zurita") to help raise funds to fight Venezuelan humanitarian crisis. In November 2020, Alesso performed at [Road to Ultra](/wiki/Road_to_Ultra "Road to Ultra") [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), one of the few major music events still taking place in 2020, despite the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{Cite web\\|date\=6 October 2020\\|title\=This could be the only in\-place\-festival happening this year and it's an Ultra event\\|url\=https://thegroovecartel.com/news/festivals/ultra\-taiwan\-2020\-lineup/\\|access\-date\=14 November 2020\\|website\=The Groove Cartel\\|language\=en\-US}} In June 2023, Alesso played [Heroes (We Could Be)](/wiki/Heroes_%28We_Could_Be%29 "Heroes (We Could Be)") at the [2023 UEFA Champions League final](/wiki/2023_UEFA_Champions_League_final "2023 UEFA Champions League final").	[ "Music career\n------------", "### Pre\\-2013: Career beginnings", "Lindblad was born in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), and is of [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_people \"Swedish people\") and [Italian](/wiki/Italian_people \"Italian people\") descent. He started playing piano at age 7,{{cite news\\\| title \\=Exclusive Interview with Alesso\\\| publisher \\=Beat My Day\\\| date \\=9 May 2010\\\| url \\=http://www.beatmyday.com/2010/05/09/alesso/\\\| access\\-date \\=2 December 2014\\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208172246/http://www.beatmyday.com/2010/05/09/alesso/\\\| archive\\-date \\=8 December 2014\\\| url\\-status \\=dead\\\| df \\=mdy\\-all}} but became interested in electronic dance music when he was 16\\.{{cite news \\\| title \\=Alesso discusses his year, 'Calling,' SHM, and more with us at Electric Zoo (Interview) \\\| publisher \\= Dancing Astronaut\\\|date\\=8 September 2011\\\|url\\=http://www.dancingastronaut.com/2011/09/alesso\\-discusses\\-his\\-year\\-calling\\-shm\\-and\\-more\\-with\\-us\\-at\\-electric\\-zoo\\-interview\\\|access\\-date \\=2 December 2014}} He first gained recognition with the release of his Alesso EP in 2010\\. In early 2011, Sebastian Ingrosso of [Swedish House Mafia](/wiki/Swedish_House_Mafia \"Swedish House Mafia\") contacted Alesso and asked if he wanted to work together. Ingrosso introduced him to DJing and helped him with the production of tracks.", "Since that time, Ingrosso has acted as a mentor for Alesso, who referred to the elder Swede as a \"big brother.\"{{cite news\\\|last\\=Gossett\\\|first\\=Eric\\\|title\\=10 Things We Learned From Alesso's Reddit AMA\\\|publisher\\=Less Than 3\\\|date\\=7 November 2014\\\|url\\=http://blog.lessthan3\\.com/2014/11/alessos\\-reddit\\-ama\\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2014\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213181511/http://blog.lessthan3\\.com/2014/11/alessos\\-reddit\\-ama/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Despite having learned to DJ in 2011, Alesso made his debut on DJ Magazine's list of the top 100 DJs at number 70 in that same year.{{cite news\\\|title\\=The Top 100 DJ's of 2011\\\|publisher\\=Synthtopia\\\|date\\=21 October 2011\\\|url\\=http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2011/10/21/the\\-top\\-100\\-djs\\-of\\-2011\\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014}}", "One of the first songs Alesso produced with Sebastian Ingrosso was a 2011 track named \"Calling\" that reached number 2 on the [Beatport](/wiki/Beatport \"Beatport\") charts.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Interview With Alesso\\\|publisher\\=Dani Deahl\\\|date\\=12 September 2011\\\|url\\=http://danideahl.com/interview\\-with\\-alesso\\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107140805/http://danideahl.com/interview\\-with\\-alesso/\\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2014\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The song would later be renamed \"Calling (Lose My Mind)\" with an additional feature from [Ryan Tedder](/wiki/Ryan_Tedder \"Ryan Tedder\").{{cite news\\\|first\\=Chris\\\|last\\=McKay\\\|title\\=Interview with Alesso: 'I'm still working on my sound, I'm still evolving as an artist'\\\|url\\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/05/03/interview\\-with\\-alesso\\-im\\-still\\-working\\-on\\-my\\-sound\\-im\\-still\\-evolving\\-as\\-an\\-artist\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\\|date\\=3 May 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2014\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080359/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/05/03/interview\\-with\\-alesso\\-im\\-still\\-working\\-on\\-my\\-sound\\-im\\-still\\-evolving\\-as\\-an\\-artist\\\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2014}} Alesso's 2011 remix of \"[Pressure](/wiki/Pressure_%28Nadia_Ali_song%29 \"Pressure (Nadia Ali song)\")\" by [Nadia Ali](/wiki/Nadia_Ali_%28singer%29 \"Nadia Ali (singer)\") premiered at the \\#1 spot on [The Hype Machine](/wiki/The_Hype_Machine \"The Hype Machine\") and was one of the most played EDM songs of 2011\\.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Martin\\\|first\\=Paul\\\|title\\=\\[Electro] Pressure (Alesso Remix) – Alex Kenji, Starkillers, Nadia Ali\\\|publisher\\=The Music Ninja\\\|date\\=3 June 2011\\\|url\\=http://www.themusicninja.com/pressure\\-alesso\\-remix\\-%E2%80%93\\-alex\\-kenji\\-starkillers\\-nadia\\-ali\\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014}}", "From that point on, his popularity continued to rise. MTV named him one of the \"EDM Rookies to Watch in 2012\", and he recorded a [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") [Essential Mix](/wiki/Essential_Mix \"Essential Mix\") in March 2012\\. He played for a crowd of 60,000 at [Creamfields](/wiki/Creamfields \"Creamfields\"), and accompanied [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna_%28entertainer%29 \"Madonna (entertainer)\") on her [MDNA World Tour](/wiki/The_MDNA_Tour \"The MDNA Tour\") at select European shows.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2020}} By the end of 2012, Alesso had released another original mix called \"Years\" featuring [Matthew Koma](/wiki/Matthew_Koma \"Matthew Koma\") that performed well in the United Kingdom.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Barker\\\|first\\=Chris\\\|title\\=Alesso explains the making of Years\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MusicRadar]]\\\|date\\=28 November 2012\\\|url\\=http://www.musicradar.com/us/news/dj/alesso\\-explains\\-the\\-making\\-of\\-years\\-567223\\#null\\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014\\\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2014\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221103316/http://www.musicradar.com/us/news/dj/alesso\\-explains\\-the\\-making\\-of\\-years\\-567223\\#null\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He was ranked 20th on the list of the top 100 DJs of 2012 by DJ Magazine.{{cite magazine\\\|title\\=Alesso\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[DJ Magazine]]\\\|date\\=2012\\\|url\\=http://www.djmag.com/node/34710\\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014\\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2014\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102144218/http://www.djmag.com/node/34710\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Alesso playing at [Ushuaïa nightclub](/wiki/Ushua%C3%AFa_Ibiza_Beach_Hotel \"Ushuaïa Ibiza Beach Hotel\"), Ibiza in 2013\\.](/wiki/File:Alesso_playing_live_at_Ushuaia_Ibiza.jpeg \"Alesso playing live at Ushuaia Ibiza.jpeg\")", "By 2013, Alesso had played at music festivals like [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival \"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival\"), [Electric Daisy Carnival](/wiki/Electric_Daisy_Carnival \"Electric Daisy Carnival\"), [Ultra Music Festival](/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival \"Ultra Music Festival\"), and [Tomorrowland](/wiki/Tomorrowland_%28festival%29 \"Tomorrowland (festival)\"). He released a remix of \"[If I Lose Myself](/wiki/If_I_Lose_Myself \"If I Lose Myself\")\" by OneRepublic that was nominated for Grammy and garnered almost a million listens on [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud \"SoundCloud\") in a relatively short time. In a collaboration with Calvin Harris and [Hurts](/wiki/Hurts_%28duo%29 \"Hurts (duo)\"), Alesso released \"[Under Control](/wiki/Under_Control_%28Calvin_Harris_and_Alesso_song%29 \"Under Control (Calvin Harris and Alesso song)\")\" which racked up 88 million views.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Gritt\\\|first\\=Emma\\\|title\\=Alesso: 'I just bring good emotions to people'\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\\|date\\=20 November 2014\\\|url\\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/11/17/alesso\\-i\\-just\\-bring\\-good\\-emotions\\-to\\-people\\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218051149/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2014/11/17/alesso\\-i\\-just\\-bring\\-good\\-emotions\\-to\\-people/\\\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2015\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2013, he achieved his highest ranking on the list of the top 100 DJs at number 13\\.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Alport\\\|first\\=Jonathan\\\|title\\=DJ Mag Top 100 Revealed \\[Updated Live]\\\|publisher\\=Your EDM\\\|date\\=19 October 2013\\\|url\\=http://www.youredm.com/2013/10/19/dj\\-mag\\-top\\-100\\-revealed\\-updated\\-live\\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014}}", "### 2014–2015: Def Jam Recordings and Forever", "In July 2014, Alesso signed with [Def Jam Recordings](/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings \"Def Jam Recordings\"), becoming only the second EDM producer to sign with the label (after [Afrojack](/wiki/Afrojack \"Afrojack\")). He debuted a new track called \"Tear the Roof Up\", which was named a \"Future Exclusive\" by [Zane Lowe](/wiki/Zane_Lowe \"Zane Lowe\").{{cite magazine\\\|last\\=Hampp\\\|first\\=Andrew\\\|title\\=Alesso Signs To Def Jam, Debuts 'Tear The Roof Up' Track\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\\|Billboard]]\\\|date\\=15 July 2014\\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/6157655/alesso\\-def\\-jam\\-tear\\-this\\-roof\\-up\\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014}} The music video for \"Tear The Roof Up\" was released exclusively through [Snapchat](/wiki/Snapchat \"Snapchat\") in September 2014\\.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Sawers\\\|first\\=Paul\\\|title\\=Top DJ and producer Alesso turns to Snapchat to premiere his new music video\\\|publisher\\=The Next Web\\\|date\\=8 September 2014\\\|url\\=https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2014/09/08/top\\-dj\\-producer\\-alesso\\-turns\\-snapchat\\-premiere\\-new\\-video\\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2014}} He embarked on his \"Heroes Tour\", named after his single \"Heroes (We Could Be)\" featuring [Tove Lo](/wiki/Tove_Lo \"Tove Lo\").{{cite news\\\|last\\=Ward\\\|first\\=Nick\\\|title\\=Alesso Explains Lack Of 'Real Emotion' In EDM\\\|publisher\\=Your EDM\\\|date\\=4 November 2014\\\|url\\=http://www.youredm.com/2014/11/04/alesso\\-explains\\-lack\\-real\\-emotion\\-edm\\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014}}", "During the tour, Alesso teamed up with Chime for Change, a global charity that seeks to \"improve the lives of women around the world.\" Alesso's involvement with the charity has raised over $50,000 as of October 2014\\.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Ward\\\|first\\=Nick\\\|title\\=Alesso's Charity Event Breaks Record\\\|publisher\\=Your EDM\\\|date\\=29 October 2014\\\|url\\=http://www.youredm.com/2014/10/29/alesso\\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014}} His debut studio album was originally set to be released in the first quarter of 2015,{{cite news \\\|date\\=18 November 2014 \\\|title\\=\"My album is coming in the first quarter of 2015\\...\" – hmv.com talks to Alesso \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HMV]] \\\|url\\=http://www.hmv.com/music/\\-my\\-album\\-is\\-coming\\-in\\-the\\-first\\-quarter\\-hmv\\-com\\-talks\\-to\\-alesso \\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2014}} but was later released on 22 May 2015\\. It includes both \"[Heroes (We Could Be)](/wiki/Heroes_%28We_Could_Be%29 \"Heroes (We Could Be)\")\" and \"Tear the Roof Up\".", "The single \"Heroes (We Could Be)\" was officially released on 15 December 2014\\. His new single, titled \"[Cool](/wiki/Cool_%28Alesso_song%29 \"Cool (Alesso song)\")\" and featuring [Roy English](/wiki/Roy_English \"Roy English\"), premiered on 13 February 2015, on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"). The track, which samples [Kylie Minogue](/wiki/Kylie_Minogue \"Kylie Minogue\")'s \"[Get Outta My Way](/wiki/Get_Outta_My_Way \"Get Outta My Way\")\", was officially released in Europe on 16 February 2015 and in North America on 17 February 2015\\.", "### 2016–present: Standalone singles", "On 30 September 2016, his new version of \"I Wanna Know\" featuring Taiwanese singer [Jolin Tsai](/wiki/Jolin_Tsai \"Jolin Tsai\") was officially released.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://wegotthiscovered.com/music/alesso\\-delivers\\-flip\\-song\\-wanna\\-know\\-jolin\\-tsai\\\|title\\=Alesso Delivers A Flip Of His Song \"I Wanna Know\" With Jolin Tsai\\\|date\\=3 October 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2018}} Alesso and Tsai closed [International Music Summit](/wiki/International_Music_Summit \"International Music Summit\") with a discussion of what it takes to bridge the gap between East and West in electronic music.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.musicnewsasia.com/2016/10/02/highlights\\-at\\-ims\\-asia\\-pacific/\\\|title\\=Highlights at IMS Asia\\-Pacific\\\|website\\=Music News Asia\\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2016\\\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162850/https://www.musicnewsasia.com/2016/10/02/highlights\\-at\\-ims\\-asia\\-pacific/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 1 October 2016, Alesso and Tsai performed the single \"I Wanna Know\" and a remix version of Tsai's hit \"[Play](/wiki/Play_%28Jolin_Tsai_album%29 \"Play (Jolin Tsai album)\")\" together at the Storm Music Festival in Shanghai.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://weraveyou.com/2016/10/04/jolin\\-tsai\\-play\\-alesso\\-remix\\-version/\\\|title\\=Jolin Tsai – PLAY (Alesso Remix Version)\\\|last\\=AbhinavM\\\|date\\=4 October 2016\\\|website\\=We Rave You\\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124231/http://weraveyou.com/2016/10/04/jolin\\-tsai\\-play\\-alesso\\-remix\\-version/\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2016\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 4 October 2016, it was announced that Alesso would be releasing a new version of the song \"Years\", collaborating with [K\\-pop](/wiki/K-pop \"K-pop\") band [Exo](/wiki/Exo \"Exo\")'s member, [Chen](/wiki/Chen_%28Singer%29 \"Chen (Singer)\"). The song was released on 7 October through [SM Station](/wiki/SM_Station \"SM Station\").{{cite magazine\\\|last\\=Penrose\\\|first\\=Nerisha\\\|title\\=Alesso Recruits K\\-Pop Group EXO's Singer Chen For 'Years' Rework: Watch\\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7534385/alesso\\-chen\\-exo\\-years\\-rework\\-k\\-pop\\\|date\\=10 October 2016\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\\|Billboard]]\\\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2016}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=112\\&aid\\=0002853747\\\|title\\=\\[POP스포]엑소 첸XDJ 알레소, 10월 7일 콜라보 'Years' 발표(공식)\\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2016}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news\\_view.php?varAtcId\\=79101\\\|title\\=엑소 첸, 스웨덴 유명 DJ 알레소와 콜라보…7일 음원 발표\\\|date\\=4 October 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2018}} On 7 October 2016, Alesso premiered a new single, co\\-produced by [Dillon Francis](/wiki/Dillon_Francis \"Dillon Francis\"), called \"[Take My Breath Away](/wiki/Take_My_Breath_Away_%28Alesso_song%29 \"Take My Breath Away (Alesso song)\")\" during Ultra Music Festival Taiwan. The single was later released on 21 October 2016\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youredm.com/2016/10/08/alesso\\-confirms\\-release\\-date\\-take\\-breath\\-away/\\\|title\\=Alesso Finally Confirms The Release Date Of His Glorious House Anthem With Dillon Francis\\\|date\\=8 October 2016}}", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Alesso on the [Tomorrowland](/wiki/Tomorrowland_%28festival%29 \"Tomorrowland (festival)\") 2016 Mainstage.](/wiki/File:Alesso_Tomorrowland_2016.jpg \"Alesso Tomorrowland 2016.jpg\")\nOn 8 September 2017, [Hailee Steinfeld](/wiki/Hailee_Steinfeld \"Hailee Steinfeld\") released her new song \"[Let Me Go](/wiki/Let_Me_Go_%28Hailee_Steinfeld_and_Alesso_song%29 \"Let Me Go (Hailee Steinfeld and Alesso song)\")\" which is a collaboration between Alesso, Watt, and Florida Georgia Line.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Hailee Steinfeld \\& Alesso's 'Let Me Go' With FLAGALine Is A Crossover Jam For The Ages — Listen\\\|url\\=http://hollywoodlife.com/2017/09/08/hailee\\-steinfeld\\-alesso\\-let\\-me\\-go\\-new\\-song\\\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2017}} On 13 October 2017, Alesso released his new single \"[Is That for Me](/wiki/Is_That_for_Me \"Is That for Me\")\" which is a collaboration with Brazilian singer [Anitta](/wiki/Anitta_%28singer%29 \"Anitta (singer)\").{{Cite magazine \\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7998443/alesso\\-anitta\\-is\\-that\\-for\\-me \\\|title\\=Alesso \\& Anitta Team Up on Alluring New Single 'Is That For Me' \\\|last\\=Medved \\\|first\\=Matt \\\|date\\=13 October 2017 \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\\|Billboard]] \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712144622/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7998443/alesso\\-anitta\\-is\\-that\\-for\\-me \\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2018 \\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2018}}", "In 2018, Alesso went on his European Tour, highlighted by his closing performance at the [Tomorrowland](/wiki/Tomorrowland_%28festival%29 \"Tomorrowland (festival)\") festival in Belgium.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.edmsauce.com/2018/07/29/alesso\\-returns\\-to\\-progressive\\-house\\-with\\-an\\-unbelievable\\-tomorrowland\\-2018\\-weekend\\-2\\-set\\-listen/\\\|title\\=Alesso Returns To Progressive House With An Unbelievable Tomorrowland 2018 Weekend 2 Set \\\|last\\=Erik\\\|date\\=29 July 2018\\\|work\\=EDM Sauce\\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2018}} To celebrate the 10th anniversary of [Electric Zoo](/wiki/Electric_Zoo \"Electric Zoo\") later that year, Alesso is invited to be the headliner along with [Tiesto](/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto \"Tiësto\").{{Cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8423239/electric\\-zoo\\-2018\\-lineup\\\|title\\=Tiesto, Alesso Added to Electric Zoo 2018 Lineup\\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2018}}", "In August 2018, Alesso performed on [ABC](/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight \"ABC World News Tonight\")'s [Good Morning America's](/wiki/Good_Morning_America \"Good Morning America\") summer concert series where he debuted his new single, \"[Remedy](/wiki/Remedy_%28Alesso_song%29 \"Remedy (Alesso song)\")\". The concert was held in [New York City's](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\") while Alesso was joined by singer [Conor Maynard](/wiki/Conor_Maynard \"Conor Maynard\") for the song's performance.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/09/alesso\\-debuts\\-new\\-single\\-remedy\\-good\\-morning\\-america/\\\|title\\=Alesso debuts new single, 'Remedy,' on Good Morning America\\\|date\\=6 September 2018\\\|website\\=Dancing Astronaut\\\|language\\=en\\-US\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2019}} Remedy reached number one on the US Dance Airplay chart.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2019}}", "In October 2018, Alesso played three back to back sold\\-out shows at the [Hollywood Palladium](/wiki/Hollywood_Palladium \"Hollywood Palladium\") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.musetv.net/alesso\\-performs\\-for\\-a\\-second\\-night\\-in\\-los\\-angeles/\\\|title\\=Alesso Performs for a Second Night in Los Angeles\\\|date\\=6 October 2018\\\|website\\=Muse\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2019}} Previously in the year he also performed shows in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\") and [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\").{{citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2019}}", "Alesso's final single release of 2018 was \"Tilted Towers\", made in partnership with video game streamer [Ninja](/wiki/Ninja_%28streamer%29 \"Ninja (streamer)\") and was debuted live on [Twitch](/wiki/Twitch_%28service%29 \"Twitch (service)\") where it was watched by over fifty thousand fans. The song's name is based on a popular map in the video game [Fortnite](/wiki/Fortnite \"Fortnite\"), which Alesso and Ninja live streamed playing together to promote the track's release.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/11/30/ninja\\-edm\\-compilation\\-album\\-ninjawerks/\\\|title\\=Twitch Megastar Ninja Launches Preorder For EDM Compilation Album 'Ninjawerks'\\\|date\\=30 November 2018\\\|website\\=Tubefilter\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2019}}{{better source needed\\\|date\\=January 2019}}", "He was also featured in [Netflix's](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") '[Vai Anitta](/wiki/Vai_Anitta \"Vai Anitta\")' docu\\-series, which follows the life of fellow [Shots Studios](/wiki/Shots_Studios \"Shots Studios\")' superstar, [Anitta](/wiki/Anitta_%28singer%29 \"Anitta (singer)\"). An episode of the series focuses on their collaborative single \"Is That for Me\" and the subsequent music video shot in the Amazon jungle.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2018}}", "Alesso finished off his year with a New Year's Eve performance at [Miami's](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\") [Fontainebleau Resort](/wiki/Fontainebleau_Miami_Beach \"Fontainebleau Miami Beach\"). He co\\-headlined the show with [Colombian](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") reggaeton star [J Balvin](/wiki/J_Balvin \"J Balvin\") where the two played at the venue's poolside.{{Cite press release\\\|url\\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/j\\-balvin\\-and\\-alesso\\-set\\-to\\-ring\\-in\\-2019\\-at\\-the\\-legendary\\-fontainebleau\\-miami\\-beach\\-300743150\\.html\\\|title\\=J Balvin And Alesso Set To Ring In 2019 At The Legendary Fontainebleau Miami Beach\\\|last\\=Beach\\\|first\\=Fontainebleau Miami\\\|website\\=www.prnewswire.com\\\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2019}}", "On 29 January 2019, it was announced that Alesso will perform at the [Indy 500 Snake Pit](/wiki/Indianapolis_500_traditions \"Indianapolis 500 traditions\") on 26 May 2019, along with [Skrillex](/wiki/Skrillex \"Skrillex\"), [Illenium](/wiki/Illenium \"Illenium\"), and Chris Lake.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://fox59\\.com/2019/01/29/heres\\-the\\-lineup\\-for\\-this\\-years\\-snake\\-pit\\-at\\-the\\-indianapolis\\-500/\\\|title\\=Here's the lineup for this year's Snake Pit at the Indianapolis 500\\\|date\\=29 January 2019\\\|website\\=FOX59\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2019}} Previous performers have included: [Axwell Λ Ingrosso](/wiki/Axwell_%CE%9B_Ingrosso \"Axwell Λ Ingrosso\"), [deadmau5](/wiki/Deadmau5 \"Deadmau5\"), [Diplo](/wiki/Diplo \"Diplo\"), [GRiZ](/wiki/GRiZ \"GRiZ\"), [Zedd](/wiki/Zedd \"Zedd\"), [Marshmello](/wiki/Marshmello \"Marshmello\"), [Martin Garrix](/wiki/Martin_Garrix \"Martin Garrix\"), [Steve Aoki](/wiki/Steve_Aoki \"Steve Aoki\"), [Kaskade](/wiki/Kaskade \"Kaskade\"), [Hardwell](/wiki/Hardwell \"Hardwell\"), [Dillon Francis](/wiki/Dillon_Francis \"Dillon Francis\"), and [Zeds Dead](/wiki/Zeds_Dead \"Zeds Dead\"). On 22 February 2019, he performed at the concert [Venezuela Live Aid](/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live \"Venezuela Aid Live\") alongside influencers [Lele Pons](/wiki/Lele_Pons \"Lele Pons\") and [Juanpa Zurita](/wiki/Juanpa_Zurita \"Juanpa Zurita\") to help raise funds to fight Venezuelan humanitarian crisis.", "In November 2020, Alesso performed at [Road to Ultra](/wiki/Road_to_Ultra \"Road to Ultra\") [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), one of the few major music events still taking place in 2020, despite the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{Cite web\\\|date\\=6 October 2020\\\|title\\=This could be the only in\\-place\\-festival happening this year and it's an Ultra event\\\|url\\=https://thegroovecartel.com/news/festivals/ultra\\-taiwan\\-2020\\-lineup/\\\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2020\\\|website\\=The Groove Cartel\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In June 2023, Alesso played [Heroes (We Could Be)](/wiki/Heroes_%28We_Could_Be%29 \"Heroes (We Could Be)\") at the [2023 UEFA Champions League final](/wiki/2023_UEFA_Champions_League_final \"2023 UEFA Champions League final\").", "" ]
Plot ---- Naina Sethi is a sharp, young businesswoman in London with a seemingly perfect life, until her world is turned upside down when she's arrested for the murder of her lover, Arjun. Her lawyer, Jimmy Punjabi, hires renowned defense attorney Badal Gupta to help, and over the course of one evening, they work to uncover what really happened. Badal informs Naina that a witness will testify against her. Naina explains that she and Arjun were being blackmailed over their affair. They were summoned to a hotel, where she was attacked and later woke up to find Arjun dead, along with the money they had brought for the blackmailer. Although arrested, she's currently out on bail. The police found no evidence of anyone else being in the room or breaking in. Badal suspects Naina is withholding the truth and presses her about the disappearance of a young man near the hotel. Naina then admits that a few months earlier, she and Arjun had gone to a cabin in the woods. On their way back, she accidentally hit another car, killing a young man named Sunny. Arjun convinced her not to report it, and they covered up the accident. They put Sunny's body in his car's trunk, which Naina later dumped in a swamp. While waiting for her, Arjun was invited into the home of a couple, Rani and Nirmal, who happened to be Sunny's parents. Rani grew suspicious when she heard her son's phone ring in Arjun’s pocket, as he had forgotten to get rid of it. Though Arjun and Naina managed to escape, they were worried they'd eventually be found out. Naina later saw news reports accusing Sunny of embezzling money from the bank where he worked before disappearing. She realized that Arjun had taken Sunny’s wallet and used his girlfriend’s credentials to hack the bank and frame Sunny. Rani eventually identified Naina’s car at the scene of her son’s disappearance, but Naina's lawyer falsified an alibi. Although the police accepted it, Rani wasn't convinced. She confronted Naina at a public event, begging her to reveal Sunny's whereabouts, but Naina kept up her lie. Months later, she and Arjun were contacted by a blackmailer, leading to the events that got her arrested. Badal theorizes that Rani killed Arjun, with Nirmal’s help since he worked at the hotel. Naina admits she saw Rani in the room but had lied to test Badal’s competence. Badal then reveals that there was no witness—he had made it up to get the truth from her. Now trusting him, Naina confesses a dark secret: Sunny had still been alive in the trunk when she dumped the car, but she chose to let him die to avoid getting caught. Shocked by her actions, Badal suggests that Naina, not Arjun, orchestrated the cover\-up and framed Sunny. He speculates that Arjun, overcome with guilt, went to the hotel to confess to Rani and Nirmal, and Naina killed him to keep the truth hidden. Naina denies this, insisting that her earlier story is the real one. Badal refuses to defend Naina any further unless she admits to killing Arjun. Naina finally confesses, revealing where Sunny’s body is hidden. Badal agrees to continue helping her, but steps outside for a moment. Meanwhile, Naina receives a call from Jimmy and notices that Badal’s pen is disrupting the signal. Realizing something is wrong, she discovers that the man posing as Badal was an imposter when the real Badal Gupta arrives at her door. Horrified, Naina disassembles the pen, revealing a hidden voice recorder with her confessions. She looks out the window and sees the imposter and Rani in the apartment across from hers. The man posing as Badal removes his disguise, revealing himself as Nirmal. Rani then calls the police to have Naina arrested.	[ "Plot\n----", "Naina Sethi is a sharp, young businesswoman in London with a seemingly perfect life, until her world is turned upside down when she's arrested for the murder of her lover, Arjun. Her lawyer, Jimmy Punjabi, hires renowned defense attorney Badal Gupta to help, and over the course of one evening, they work to uncover what really happened. Badal informs Naina that a witness will testify against her. Naina explains that she and Arjun were being blackmailed over their affair. They were summoned to a hotel, where she was attacked and later woke up to find Arjun dead, along with the money they had brought for the blackmailer. Although arrested, she's currently out on bail. The police found no evidence of anyone else being in the room or breaking in.", "Badal suspects Naina is withholding the truth and presses her about the disappearance of a young man near the hotel. Naina then admits that a few months earlier, she and Arjun had gone to a cabin in the woods. On their way back, she accidentally hit another car, killing a young man named Sunny. Arjun convinced her not to report it, and they covered up the accident. They put Sunny's body in his car's trunk, which Naina later dumped in a swamp. While waiting for her, Arjun was invited into the home of a couple, Rani and Nirmal, who happened to be Sunny's parents. Rani grew suspicious when she heard her son's phone ring in Arjun’s pocket, as he had forgotten to get rid of it. Though Arjun and Naina managed to escape, they were worried they'd eventually be found out.", "Naina later saw news reports accusing Sunny of embezzling money from the bank where he worked before disappearing. She realized that Arjun had taken Sunny’s wallet and used his girlfriend’s credentials to hack the bank and frame Sunny. Rani eventually identified Naina’s car at the scene of her son’s disappearance, but Naina's lawyer falsified an alibi. Although the police accepted it, Rani wasn't convinced. She confronted Naina at a public event, begging her to reveal Sunny's whereabouts, but Naina kept up her lie. Months later, she and Arjun were contacted by a blackmailer, leading to the events that got her arrested.", "Badal theorizes that Rani killed Arjun, with Nirmal’s help since he worked at the hotel. Naina admits she saw Rani in the room but had lied to test Badal’s competence. Badal then reveals that there was no witness—he had made it up to get the truth from her. Now trusting him, Naina confesses a dark secret: Sunny had still been alive in the trunk when she dumped the car, but she chose to let him die to avoid getting caught. Shocked by her actions, Badal suggests that Naina, not Arjun, orchestrated the cover\\-up and framed Sunny. He speculates that Arjun, overcome with guilt, went to the hotel to confess to Rani and Nirmal, and Naina killed him to keep the truth hidden. Naina denies this, insisting that her earlier story is the real one.", "Badal refuses to defend Naina any further unless she admits to killing Arjun. Naina finally confesses, revealing where Sunny’s body is hidden. Badal agrees to continue helping her, but steps outside for a moment. Meanwhile, Naina receives a call from Jimmy and notices that Badal’s pen is disrupting the signal. Realizing something is wrong, she discovers that the man posing as Badal was an imposter when the real Badal Gupta arrives at her door. Horrified, Naina disassembles the pen, revealing a hidden voice recorder with her confessions. She looks out the window and sees the imposter and Rani in the apartment across from hers. The man posing as Badal removes his disguise, revealing himself as Nirmal. Rani then calls the police to have Naina arrested.", "" ]
Geography --------- ### Location and natural regions The Söhre is located on the boundary of the two counties of [Kassel](/wiki/Landkreis_Kassel "Landkreis Kassel") (west) and [Werra\-Meißner](/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis "Werra-Meißner-Kreis") (east) and runs eastwards from a point roughly southeast of the city of [Kassel](/wiki/Kassel "Kassel"). The entire west of the Söhre (Stiftswald Kaufungen) is part of the [Frau\-Holle\-Land Nature Park](/wiki/Frau-Holle-Land_Nature_Park "Frau-Holle-Land Nature Park") (Werratal.Meißner.Kaufungen Forest), to the southwest the Söhre runs out into the county of [Schwalm\-Eder\-Kreis](/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis "Schwalm-Eder-Kreis"). In the eastern north the Söhre transitions into the Southern [Kaufungen Forest](/wiki/Kaufungen_Forest "Kaufungen Forest") at the narrow Großalmerode Graben Zone, which follows, in the extreme east the uppermost reaches of the [Gelster](/wiki/Gelster "Gelster"), in a westerly direction, the Wedemann and, after its confluence, the lower reaches of the [Losse](/wiki/Losse_%28river%29 "Losse (river)"). In the northwest and west the upland descends to the Kassel Basin (343\.3\), part of the [West Hesse Depression](/wiki/West_Hesse_Depression "West Hesse Depression") and valley of the [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda_%28river%29 "Fulda (river)"). In the south the Söhre transitions into the [Melsungen Upland](/wiki/Melsungen_Upland "Melsungen Upland") beyond the valley of the [Mülmisch](/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch "Mülmisch") (southwest) and the Landesstraße 3228\. This western part of the Söhre, which is bounded to the east by the upper Losse, is part of the aforementioned nature park and is what is colloquially called the Söhrewald – not to be confused with the municipality of [Söhrewald](/wiki/S%C3%B6hrewald "Söhrewald"). East of the upper reaches of the Losse and outside the nature park, the natural region of the Söhre up to the Hirschberg reaches even greater heights, before descending relatively abruptly to the Hessian\-Lichtenau Basin in the southeast and via the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills "Rommerode Hills") in the east to the Velmeder Tal, which separates the Kaufungen Forest from the Hoher Meißner, and along which the [Laudenbach](/wiki/Laudenbach_%28Gelster%29 "Laudenbach (Gelster)") which flows northwards to the Gelster. The last three natural regions are parts of the Witzenhausen\-Altmorschen valley system. ### Mountains and hills Among the mountains and hills of the Söhre are the following – with heights in [metres](/wiki/Metre "Metre") (m) above [sea level](/wiki/Normalh%C3%B6hennull "Normalhöhennull") (NHN):{{GeoQuelle\\|DE\\|BFN\-Karten}} \| Mountain/hill \| Height / m \| \| --- \| --- \| \| [Hirschberg](/wiki/Hirschberg_%28Kaufungen_Forest%29 "Hirschberg (Kaufungen Forest)")northwest top:soutyheast top: \| \| 643\.4 643,4 637,8 \| [Hohekopf](/wiki/Hohekopf_%28Rommerode_Hills%29 "Hohekopf (Rommerode Hills)") \| \| 539\.4 \| [Rohrberg](/wiki/Rohrberg_%28Kaufungen_Forest%29 "Rohrberg (Kaufungen Forest)") \| \| 535\.6 \| Rösberg \| \| 528,0 \| [Bielstein](/wiki/Bielstein_%28Kaufungen_Forest%29 "Bielstein (Kaufungen Forest)") \| \| 527\.8 \| Gülsberg or Gulsberg \| \| 517\.0 \| Exberg \| \| 505\.5 \| [Großer Belgerkopf](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Belgerkopf "Großer Belgerkopf")east top:west top: \| \| 499\.9 499\.9 497\.3 \| [Kleiner Belgerkopf](/wiki/Kleiner_Belgerkopf "Kleiner Belgerkopf") \| \| 490 \| Franzosentriesch \| \| 487\.75 \| [Michelskopf](/wiki/Michelskopf "Michelskopf") \| \| 485 \| [Stellberg](/wiki/Stellberg_%28S%C3%B6hre%29 "Stellberg (Söhre)") \| \| 483,75 \| Buchberg \| \| 482 \| Trieschkopf \| \| 480\.1 \| Pfaffenberg \| \| 477\.5 \| Sankt Ottilienberg \| \| 462\.5 \| Ölberg \| \| 457\.8 \| Schorn \| \| 456\.8 \| Koppe \| \| 456\.4 \| Badenstein \| \| 441\.5 \| Mühlberg \| \| 441\.3 \| Warpel \| \| 439\.4 \| Steinkopf \| \| 427 \| Königsberg \| \| 410 \| Vockenberg \| \| 381\.25 ### Waterbodies #### Rivers and streams Among the larger rivers in and around the Söhre are the following (each in upstream order, i.e. from north to south; length, catchment and drainage in brackets):{{GeoQuelle\\|DE\-HE\\|WRRL\\|REF\-NAME\=WRRL}} * [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda_%28river%29 "Fulda (river)") (west of the Söhre), right\-hand tributaries (from north to south): + [Losse](/wiki/Losse_%28river%29 "Losse (river)") (28\.9 km, 120\.6 km2, 1,418 L/s), rises outside the Söhre near [Hessisch Lichtenau](/wiki/Hessisch_Lichtenau "Hessisch Lichtenau"), its upper courses flow through the natural region from south to north and form in its lower courses, together with the right\-hand tributary - Wedemann (5\.1 km, 14\.5 km2, 213 L/s), the western and central north boundary - [Setzebach](/wiki/Setzebach "Setzebach") (5\.4 km, 8\.208 km2), + [Wahlebach](/wiki/Wahlebach "Wahlebach") (also called the Fahrenbach or Wahle; 16\.6 km, 37\.9 km2, 354 L/s), rises in the western Söhre; with the Fahrenbachsteichen + [Schwarzenbach](/wiki/Schwarzenbach_%28Fulda%29 "Schwarzenbach (Fulda)") (6\.7 km, 12,029 km2), rises in the centre of the Söhre + [Mülmisch](/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch "Mülmisch") (13,8 km, 35,6 km2, 372 L/s), southern boundary stream rising in the [Melsungen Upland](/wiki/Melsungen_Upland "Melsungen Upland") * ([Werra](/wiki/Werra "Werra") – northeast outside the Söhre) + [Gelster](/wiki/Gelster "Gelster") (18\.2 km, 60\.6 km2, 771 L/s), rises north of the Hirschberg and forms the eastern north boundary in its upper reaches - [Laudenbach](/wiki/Laudenbach_%28Gelster%29 "Laudenbach (Gelster)") (5\.4 km, 16\.0 km2, 262 L/s), passes the Söhre to the east + [Wehre](/wiki/Wehre "Wehre") (36,8 km, 451,7 km2, 4\.147 L/s), rises southeast of the Hirschberg ([Exbergseen](/wiki/Exbergsee "Exbergsee")) and leaves the Söhre in a southerly direction #### Lakes The following [lakes](/wiki/Lake "Lake") and [reservoirs](/wiki/Reservoir "Reservoir") lie in or on the edge of the Söhre: * Christteich * [Exbergseen](/wiki/Exbergsee "Exbergsee") ([Wehre](/wiki/Wehre "Wehre")), north of the Exberg (in the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills "Rommerode Hills")) * Fahrenbachsteiche on the Fahrenbach, the upper course of the [Wahle](/wiki/Wahlebach "Wahlebach") * Hirschhagener Teiche, south of the Rohrberg, east of [Hirschhagen](/wiki/Hirschhagen "Hirschhagen") * Michelskopfseen, east of the [Michelskopf](/wiki/Michelskopf "Michelskopf") * [Stellbergsee](/wiki/Stellbergsee "Stellbergsee") (west; below the Stellberg near [Wollrode](/wiki/Wollrode "Wollrode")) ### Towns and villages Among the [towns](/wiki/Town "Town") and [villages](/wiki/Village "Village") in the Söhre region and its fringes (excluding the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills "Rommerode Hills")) are the following − in clockwise order beginning in the centre and then roughly in the north): * [Söhrewald](/wiki/S%C3%B6hrewald "Söhrewald") – in the centre (with [Eiterhagen](/wiki/Eiterhagen "Eiterhagen"), [Wattenbach](/wiki/Wattenbach_%28S%C3%B6hrewald%29 "Wattenbach (Söhrewald)"), [Wellerode](/wiki/Wellerode "Wellerode")) * [Kaufungen](/wiki/Kaufungen "Kaufungen") – in the north to north\-northwest (with [Oberkaufungen](/wiki/Oberkaufungen "Oberkaufungen"), [Niederkaufungen](/wiki/Niederkaufungen "Niederkaufungen"), [Papierfabrik](/wiki/Papierfabrik_%28Kaufungen%29 "Papierfabrik (Kaufungen)")) * [Helsa](/wiki/Helsa "Helsa") – in the northeast (with [Eschenstruth](/wiki/Eschenstruth "Eschenstruth"), Helsa, [St. Ottilien](/wiki/St._Ottilien_%28Helsa%29 "St. Ottilien (Helsa)"), Waldhof, [Wickenrode](/wiki/Wickenrode "Wickenrode")) * [Großalmerode](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Falmerode "Großalmerode") – in the east\-northeast (with Großalmerode, [Rommerode](/wiki/Rommerode "Rommerode")) * [Hessisch Lichtenau](/wiki/Hessisch_Lichtenau "Hessisch Lichtenau") – in the southeast (with [Fürstenhagen](/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenhagen_%28Hessisch_Lichtenau%29 "Fürstenhagen (Hessisch Lichtenau)"), [Hirschhagen](/wiki/Hirschhagen "Hirschhagen"), [Quentel](/wiki/Quentel_%28Hessisch_Lichtenau%29 "Quentel (Hessisch Lichtenau)")) * [Körle](/wiki/K%C3%B6rle "Körle") – in the south to south\-southwest (with [Empfershausen](/wiki/Empfershausen "Empfershausen"), Körle) * [Guxhagen](/wiki/Guxhagen "Guxhagen") – in the southwest (with [Albshausen](/wiki/Albshausen_%28Guxhagen%29 "Albshausen (Guxhagen)"), Guxhagen, [Wollrode](/wiki/Wollrode "Wollrode")) * [Fuldabrück](/wiki/Fuldabr%C3%BCck "Fuldabrück") – in the west (with [Bergshausen](/wiki/Bergshausen "Bergshausen"), [Dennhausen](/wiki/Dennhausen "Dennhausen"), [Dörnhagen](/wiki/D%C3%B6rnhagen "Dörnhagen")) * [Lohfelden](/wiki/Lohfelden "Lohfelden") – in the northwest (with [Vollmarshausen](/wiki/Vollmarshausen "Vollmarshausen"))	[ "Geography\n---------", "### Location and natural regions", "The Söhre is located on the boundary of the two counties of [Kassel](/wiki/Landkreis_Kassel \"Landkreis Kassel\") (west) and [Werra\\-Meißner](/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis \"Werra-Meißner-Kreis\") (east) and runs eastwards from a point roughly southeast of the city of [Kassel](/wiki/Kassel \"Kassel\"). The entire west of the Söhre (Stiftswald Kaufungen) is part of the [Frau\\-Holle\\-Land Nature Park](/wiki/Frau-Holle-Land_Nature_Park \"Frau-Holle-Land Nature Park\") (Werratal.Meißner.Kaufungen Forest), to the southwest the Söhre runs out into the county of [Schwalm\\-Eder\\-Kreis](/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis \"Schwalm-Eder-Kreis\").", "In the eastern north the Söhre transitions into the Southern [Kaufungen Forest](/wiki/Kaufungen_Forest \"Kaufungen Forest\") at the narrow Großalmerode Graben Zone, which follows, in the extreme east the uppermost reaches of the [Gelster](/wiki/Gelster \"Gelster\"), in a westerly direction, the Wedemann and, after its confluence, the lower reaches of the [Losse](/wiki/Losse_%28river%29 \"Losse (river)\").", "In the northwest and west the upland descends to the Kassel Basin (343\\.3\\), part of the [West Hesse Depression](/wiki/West_Hesse_Depression \"West Hesse Depression\") and valley of the [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda_%28river%29 \"Fulda (river)\").", "In the south the Söhre transitions into the [Melsungen Upland](/wiki/Melsungen_Upland \"Melsungen Upland\") beyond the valley of the [Mülmisch](/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch \"Mülmisch\") (southwest) and the Landesstraße 3228\\. This western part of the Söhre, which is bounded to the east by the upper Losse, is part of the aforementioned nature park and is what is colloquially called the Söhrewald – not to be confused with the municipality of [Söhrewald](/wiki/S%C3%B6hrewald \"Söhrewald\").", "East of the upper reaches of the Losse and outside the nature park, the natural region of the Söhre up to the Hirschberg reaches even greater heights, before descending relatively abruptly to the Hessian\\-Lichtenau Basin in the southeast and via the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills \"Rommerode Hills\") in the east to the Velmeder Tal, which separates the Kaufungen Forest from the Hoher Meißner, and along which the [Laudenbach](/wiki/Laudenbach_%28Gelster%29 \"Laudenbach (Gelster)\") which flows northwards to the Gelster. The last three natural regions are parts of the Witzenhausen\\-Altmorschen valley system.", "### Mountains and hills", "Among the mountains and hills of the Söhre are the following – with heights in [metres](/wiki/Metre \"Metre\") (m) above [sea level](/wiki/Normalh%C3%B6hennull \"Normalhöhennull\") (NHN):{{GeoQuelle\\\|DE\\\|BFN\\-Karten}}", "\| Mountain/hill \|", "Height / m \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| [Hirschberg](/wiki/Hirschberg_%28Kaufungen_Forest%29 \"Hirschberg (Kaufungen Forest)\")northwest top:soutyheast top: \| \| 643\\.4 \n643,4 \n637,8", "\| [Hohekopf](/wiki/Hohekopf_%28Rommerode_Hills%29 \"Hohekopf (Rommerode Hills)\") \| \| 539\\.4", "\| [Rohrberg](/wiki/Rohrberg_%28Kaufungen_Forest%29 \"Rohrberg (Kaufungen Forest)\") \| \| 535\\.6", "\| Rösberg \| \| 528,0", "\| [Bielstein](/wiki/Bielstein_%28Kaufungen_Forest%29 \"Bielstein (Kaufungen Forest)\") \| \| 527\\.8", "\| Gülsberg or Gulsberg \| \| 517\\.0", "\| Exberg \| \| 505\\.5", "\| [Großer Belgerkopf](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Belgerkopf \"Großer Belgerkopf\")east top:west top: \| \| 499\\.9 \n499\\.9 \n497\\.3", "\| [Kleiner Belgerkopf](/wiki/Kleiner_Belgerkopf \"Kleiner Belgerkopf\") \| \| 490", "\| Franzosentriesch \| \| 487\\.75", "\| [Michelskopf](/wiki/Michelskopf \"Michelskopf\") \| \| 485", "\| [Stellberg](/wiki/Stellberg_%28S%C3%B6hre%29 \"Stellberg (Söhre)\") \| \| 483,75", "\| Buchberg \| \| 482", "\| Trieschkopf \| \| 480\\.1", "\| Pfaffenberg \| \| 477\\.5", "\| Sankt Ottilienberg \| \| 462\\.5", "\| Ölberg \| \| 457\\.8", "\| Schorn \| \| 456\\.8", "\| Koppe \| \| 456\\.4", "\| Badenstein \| \| 441\\.5", "\| Mühlberg \| \| 441\\.3", "\| Warpel \| \| 439\\.4", "\| Steinkopf \| \| 427", "\| Königsberg \| \| 410", "\| Vockenberg \| \| 381\\.25", "", "", "### Waterbodies", "#### Rivers and streams", "Among the larger rivers in and around the Söhre are the following (each in upstream order, i.e. from north to south; length, catchment and drainage in brackets):{{GeoQuelle\\\|DE\\-HE\\\|WRRL\\\|REF\\-NAME\\=WRRL}}\n* [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda_%28river%29 \"Fulda (river)\") (west of the Söhre), right\\-hand tributaries (from north to south):\n\t+ [Losse](/wiki/Losse_%28river%29 \"Losse (river)\") (28\\.9 km, 120\\.6 km2, 1,418 L/s), \n\trises outside the Söhre near [Hessisch Lichtenau](/wiki/Hessisch_Lichtenau \"Hessisch Lichtenau\"), its upper courses flow through the natural region from south to north and form in its lower courses, together with the right\\-hand tributary\n\t\t- Wedemann (5\\.1 km, 14\\.5 km2, 213 L/s), \n\t\tthe western and central north boundary\n\t\t- [Setzebach](/wiki/Setzebach \"Setzebach\") (5\\.4 km, 8\\.208 km2),\n\t+ [Wahlebach](/wiki/Wahlebach \"Wahlebach\") (also called the Fahrenbach or Wahle; 16\\.6 km, 37\\.9 km2, 354 L/s), \n\trises in the western Söhre; with the Fahrenbachsteichen\n\t+ [Schwarzenbach](/wiki/Schwarzenbach_%28Fulda%29 \"Schwarzenbach (Fulda)\") (6\\.7 km, 12,029 km2), \n\trises in the centre of the Söhre\n\t+ [Mülmisch](/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch \"Mülmisch\") (13,8 km, 35,6 km2, 372 L/s), \n\tsouthern boundary stream rising in the [Melsungen Upland](/wiki/Melsungen_Upland \"Melsungen Upland\")\n* ([Werra](/wiki/Werra \"Werra\") – northeast outside the Söhre)\n\t+ [Gelster](/wiki/Gelster \"Gelster\") (18\\.2 km, 60\\.6 km2, 771 L/s), \n\trises north of the Hirschberg and forms the eastern north boundary in its upper reaches\n\t\t- [Laudenbach](/wiki/Laudenbach_%28Gelster%29 \"Laudenbach (Gelster)\") (5\\.4 km, 16\\.0 km2, 262 L/s), \n\t\tpasses the Söhre to the east\n\t+ [Wehre](/wiki/Wehre \"Wehre\") (36,8 km, 451,7 km2, 4\\.147 L/s), \n\trises southeast of the Hirschberg ([Exbergseen](/wiki/Exbergsee \"Exbergsee\")) and leaves the Söhre in a southerly direction", "#### Lakes", "The following [lakes](/wiki/Lake \"Lake\") and [reservoirs](/wiki/Reservoir \"Reservoir\") lie in or on the edge of the Söhre:\n* Christteich\n* [Exbergseen](/wiki/Exbergsee \"Exbergsee\") ([Wehre](/wiki/Wehre \"Wehre\")), north of the Exberg (in the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills \"Rommerode Hills\"))\n* Fahrenbachsteiche on the Fahrenbach, the upper course of the [Wahle](/wiki/Wahlebach \"Wahlebach\")\n* Hirschhagener Teiche, south of the Rohrberg, east of [Hirschhagen](/wiki/Hirschhagen \"Hirschhagen\")\n* Michelskopfseen, east of the [Michelskopf](/wiki/Michelskopf \"Michelskopf\")\n* [Stellbergsee](/wiki/Stellbergsee \"Stellbergsee\") (west; below the Stellberg near [Wollrode](/wiki/Wollrode \"Wollrode\"))", "### Towns and villages", "Among the [towns](/wiki/Town \"Town\") and [villages](/wiki/Village \"Village\") in the Söhre region and its fringes (excluding the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills \"Rommerode Hills\")) are the following − in clockwise order beginning in the centre and then roughly in the north):\n* [Söhrewald](/wiki/S%C3%B6hrewald \"Söhrewald\") – in the centre \n (with [Eiterhagen](/wiki/Eiterhagen \"Eiterhagen\"), [Wattenbach](/wiki/Wattenbach_%28S%C3%B6hrewald%29 \"Wattenbach (Söhrewald)\"), [Wellerode](/wiki/Wellerode \"Wellerode\"))\n* [Kaufungen](/wiki/Kaufungen \"Kaufungen\") – in the north to north\\-northwest \n (with [Oberkaufungen](/wiki/Oberkaufungen \"Oberkaufungen\"), [Niederkaufungen](/wiki/Niederkaufungen \"Niederkaufungen\"), [Papierfabrik](/wiki/Papierfabrik_%28Kaufungen%29 \"Papierfabrik (Kaufungen)\"))\n* [Helsa](/wiki/Helsa \"Helsa\") – in the northeast \n (with [Eschenstruth](/wiki/Eschenstruth \"Eschenstruth\"), Helsa, [St. Ottilien](/wiki/St._Ottilien_%28Helsa%29 \"St. Ottilien (Helsa)\"), Waldhof, [Wickenrode](/wiki/Wickenrode \"Wickenrode\"))\n* [Großalmerode](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Falmerode \"Großalmerode\") – in the east\\-northeast \n (with Großalmerode, [Rommerode](/wiki/Rommerode \"Rommerode\"))\n* [Hessisch Lichtenau](/wiki/Hessisch_Lichtenau \"Hessisch Lichtenau\") – in the southeast \n (with [Fürstenhagen](/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenhagen_%28Hessisch_Lichtenau%29 \"Fürstenhagen (Hessisch Lichtenau)\"), [Hirschhagen](/wiki/Hirschhagen \"Hirschhagen\"), [Quentel](/wiki/Quentel_%28Hessisch_Lichtenau%29 \"Quentel (Hessisch Lichtenau)\"))\n* [Körle](/wiki/K%C3%B6rle \"Körle\") – in the south to south\\-southwest \n (with [Empfershausen](/wiki/Empfershausen \"Empfershausen\"), Körle)\n* [Guxhagen](/wiki/Guxhagen \"Guxhagen\") – in the southwest \n (with [Albshausen](/wiki/Albshausen_%28Guxhagen%29 \"Albshausen (Guxhagen)\"), Guxhagen, [Wollrode](/wiki/Wollrode \"Wollrode\"))\n* [Fuldabrück](/wiki/Fuldabr%C3%BCck \"Fuldabrück\") – in the west \n (with [Bergshausen](/wiki/Bergshausen \"Bergshausen\"), [Dennhausen](/wiki/Dennhausen \"Dennhausen\"), [Dörnhagen](/wiki/D%C3%B6rnhagen \"Dörnhagen\"))\n* [Lohfelden](/wiki/Lohfelden \"Lohfelden\") – in the northwest \n (with [Vollmarshausen](/wiki/Vollmarshausen \"Vollmarshausen\"))", "" ]
### Location and natural regions The Söhre is located on the boundary of the two counties of [Kassel](/wiki/Landkreis_Kassel "Landkreis Kassel") (west) and [Werra\-Meißner](/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis "Werra-Meißner-Kreis") (east) and runs eastwards from a point roughly southeast of the city of [Kassel](/wiki/Kassel "Kassel"). The entire west of the Söhre (Stiftswald Kaufungen) is part of the [Frau\-Holle\-Land Nature Park](/wiki/Frau-Holle-Land_Nature_Park "Frau-Holle-Land Nature Park") (Werratal.Meißner.Kaufungen Forest), to the southwest the Söhre runs out into the county of [Schwalm\-Eder\-Kreis](/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis "Schwalm-Eder-Kreis"). In the eastern north the Söhre transitions into the Southern [Kaufungen Forest](/wiki/Kaufungen_Forest "Kaufungen Forest") at the narrow Großalmerode Graben Zone, which follows, in the extreme east the uppermost reaches of the [Gelster](/wiki/Gelster "Gelster"), in a westerly direction, the Wedemann and, after its confluence, the lower reaches of the [Losse](/wiki/Losse_%28river%29 "Losse (river)"). In the northwest and west the upland descends to the Kassel Basin (343\.3\), part of the [West Hesse Depression](/wiki/West_Hesse_Depression "West Hesse Depression") and valley of the [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda_%28river%29 "Fulda (river)"). In the south the Söhre transitions into the [Melsungen Upland](/wiki/Melsungen_Upland "Melsungen Upland") beyond the valley of the [Mülmisch](/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch "Mülmisch") (southwest) and the Landesstraße 3228\. This western part of the Söhre, which is bounded to the east by the upper Losse, is part of the aforementioned nature park and is what is colloquially called the Söhrewald – not to be confused with the municipality of [Söhrewald](/wiki/S%C3%B6hrewald "Söhrewald"). East of the upper reaches of the Losse and outside the nature park, the natural region of the Söhre up to the Hirschberg reaches even greater heights, before descending relatively abruptly to the Hessian\-Lichtenau Basin in the southeast and via the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills "Rommerode Hills") in the east to the Velmeder Tal, which separates the Kaufungen Forest from the Hoher Meißner, and along which the [Laudenbach](/wiki/Laudenbach_%28Gelster%29 "Laudenbach (Gelster)") which flows northwards to the Gelster. The last three natural regions are parts of the Witzenhausen\-Altmorschen valley system.	[ "### Location and natural regions", "The Söhre is located on the boundary of the two counties of [Kassel](/wiki/Landkreis_Kassel \"Landkreis Kassel\") (west) and [Werra\\-Meißner](/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis \"Werra-Meißner-Kreis\") (east) and runs eastwards from a point roughly southeast of the city of [Kassel](/wiki/Kassel \"Kassel\"). The entire west of the Söhre (Stiftswald Kaufungen) is part of the [Frau\\-Holle\\-Land Nature Park](/wiki/Frau-Holle-Land_Nature_Park \"Frau-Holle-Land Nature Park\") (Werratal.Meißner.Kaufungen Forest), to the southwest the Söhre runs out into the county of [Schwalm\\-Eder\\-Kreis](/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis \"Schwalm-Eder-Kreis\").", "In the eastern north the Söhre transitions into the Southern [Kaufungen Forest](/wiki/Kaufungen_Forest \"Kaufungen Forest\") at the narrow Großalmerode Graben Zone, which follows, in the extreme east the uppermost reaches of the [Gelster](/wiki/Gelster \"Gelster\"), in a westerly direction, the Wedemann and, after its confluence, the lower reaches of the [Losse](/wiki/Losse_%28river%29 \"Losse (river)\").", "In the northwest and west the upland descends to the Kassel Basin (343\\.3\\), part of the [West Hesse Depression](/wiki/West_Hesse_Depression \"West Hesse Depression\") and valley of the [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda_%28river%29 \"Fulda (river)\").", "In the south the Söhre transitions into the [Melsungen Upland](/wiki/Melsungen_Upland \"Melsungen Upland\") beyond the valley of the [Mülmisch](/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch \"Mülmisch\") (southwest) and the Landesstraße 3228\\. This western part of the Söhre, which is bounded to the east by the upper Losse, is part of the aforementioned nature park and is what is colloquially called the Söhrewald – not to be confused with the municipality of [Söhrewald](/wiki/S%C3%B6hrewald \"Söhrewald\").", "East of the upper reaches of the Losse and outside the nature park, the natural region of the Söhre up to the Hirschberg reaches even greater heights, before descending relatively abruptly to the Hessian\\-Lichtenau Basin in the southeast and via the [Rommerode Hills](/wiki/Rommerode_Hills \"Rommerode Hills\") in the east to the Velmeder Tal, which separates the Kaufungen Forest from the Hoher Meißner, and along which the [Laudenbach](/wiki/Laudenbach_%28Gelster%29 \"Laudenbach (Gelster)\") which flows northwards to the Gelster. The last three natural regions are parts of the Witzenhausen\\-Altmorschen valley system.", "" ]
State elections --------------- ### Executive #### Superintendent of Public Instruction {{Infobox election \\| election\_name \= 2013 Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction election \\| country \= Wisconsin \\| type \= presidential \\| ongoing \= No \\| previous\_election \= 2009 Wisconsin elections\#Superintendent of Public Instruction \\| previous\_year \= 2009 \\| next\_election \= 2017 Wisconsin elections\#State elections \\| next\_year \= 2017 \\| election\_date \= April 2, 2013 \\| image1 \= \[\[File:Tony Evers (cropped) (background blurred).jpg\\|x150px]] \\| image1\_size \= x150px \\| nominee1 \= '''\[\[Tony Evers]]''' \\| color1 \= c0c0c0 \\| popular\_vote1 \= '''487,030''' \\| percentage1 \= '''61\.15%''' \\| image2 \= \[\[File:No image.svg\\|x110px]] \\| image2\_size \= x150px \\| nominee2 \= \[\[Don Pridemore]] \\| color2 \= c0c0c0 \\| popular\_vote2 \= 308,050 \\| percentage2 \= 38\.67% \\| map\_image \= 2013 Wisconsin Superintendent Election.svg \\| map\_size \= 250px \\| map\_caption \= County results '''Evers:''' {{legend0\\|\#51C2C2\\|50–60%}} {{legend0\\|\#2AACAC\\|60–70%}} {{legend0\\|\#009696\\|70–80%}} A regularly scheduled election for [Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin](/wiki/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wisconsin "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin") was held at the Spring general election, April 2, 2013\. Incumbent superintendent [Tony Evers](/wiki/Tony_Evers "Tony Evers"), first elected in 2009, won his second four\-year term, defeating state representative [Don Pridemore](/wiki/Don_Pridemore "Don Pridemore") with 61% of the vote.{{cite report \\|url\=https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Percentage%2520Results\_4\.2\.13%2520Spring%2520Elec%2520and%2520Assm98%2520Special%2520pdf.pdf \\|title\=Canvass Results for 2013 Spring Election \- 4/2/2013 \\|date\=May 8, 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\|page\=1 \\|access\-date\=March 26, 2024 \\|via\=\[\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]]}} {{Election box begin \\| title\=Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction Election, 2013}} \\| colspan\="6" style\="text\-align:center;background\-color: \#e9e9e9;"\\| General Election, April 2, 2013 {{Election box winning candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Nonpartisan politician \\|candidate \= \[\[Tony Evers]] (incumbent) \\|votes \= 487,030 \\|percentage \= 61\.15% \\|change \= \+4\.01%}} {{Election box candidate with party link\\|\\|party\=Nonpartisan politician\\|candidate\=\[\[Don Pridemore]]\\|votes\=308,050\\|percentage\=38\.67%\\|change\=}} {{Election box candidate with party link\\|\\|party\=\\|candidate\=''Scattering''\\|votes\=1,431\\|percentage\=0\.18%\\|change\=\+0\.06%}} {{Election box plurality \\|votes \= 178,980 \\|percentage \= 22\.47% \\|change \= }} {{Election box total \\|votes \= 796,511 \\|percentage \= 100\.0% \\|change \= \+3\.62% }} {{Election box end}} ### Legislative #### State Assembly 98th district special election A special election was held concurrent with the regularly scheduled Spring election to fill the 98th district seat of the [Wisconsin State Assembly](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly "Wisconsin State Assembly"). The seat was vacated by Republican [Paul Farrow](/wiki/Paul_Farrow "Paul Farrow"), who had been elected to the [Wisconsin Senate](/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate "Wisconsin Senate") in the [2012 general election](/wiki/2012_Wisconsin_Senate_election "2012 Wisconsin Senate election"). At the time of the special election, the 98th district was located in central Waukesha County, containing the [city](/wiki/Pewaukee%2C_Wisconsin "Pewaukee, Wisconsin") and [village](/wiki/Pewaukee_%28village%29%2C_Wisconsin "Pewaukee (village), Wisconsin") of Pewaukee, the village of [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex%2C_Wisconsin "Sussex, Wisconsin"), and the north side of the city of [Waukesha](/wiki/Waukesha%2C_Wisconsin "Waukesha, Wisconsin"). It was considered a safe Republican district. No Democrat registered to run for this seat in the special election. In the Spring primary, Republican [Adam Neylon](/wiki/Adam_Neylon "Adam Neylon") defeated Ed Baumann, Jeanne Tarantino, Matt Morzy, and Todd A. Greenwald, receiving 38\.35% of the vote. He went on to win the special election without a formal opponent on the ballot.{{cite report\\|url\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\_book/2013\_2014/ \\|title\= State of Wisconsin 2013–2014 Blue Book \\|publisher\= \[\[Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau]] \\|year\= 2013 \\|editor\-last1\= Pohlman \\|editor\-first1\= Julie \\|editor\-last2\= Lemanski \\|editor\-first2\= Lynn \\|isbn\= 978\-0\-9752820\-6\-9 \\|chapter\-url\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\_book/2013\_2014/950\_elections.pdf \\|chapter\= Elections \\|pages\= 907, 910 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 }} #### State Assembly 21st district special election A special election was held November 19, 2013, to fill the 21st district seat of the Wisconsin State Assembly. The seat was vacated by Republican [Mark Honadel](/wiki/Mark_Honadel "Mark Honadel"), who resigned for a private sector job. At the time of the special election, the 21st Assembly district was located in southeast Milwaukee County, containing the cities of [Oak Creek](/wiki/Oak_Creek%2C_Wisconsin "Oak Creek, Wisconsin") and [South Milwaukee](/wiki/South_Milwaukee%2C_Wisconsin "South Milwaukee, Wisconsin"), and a small part of the city of [Franklin](/wiki/Franklin%2C_Milwaukee_County%2C_Wisconsin "Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin"). It was considered a moderately competitive Republican seat. In the October 22 Republican primary, [Jessie Rodriguez](/wiki/Jessie_Rodriguez "Jessie Rodriguez") defeated Chris Kujawa, Ken Gehl, Larry Gamble, and Jason Red Arnold, receiving 48% of the vote. She went on to defeat Democrat Elizabeth Coppola in the special election, receiving 56% of the vote.{{cite report\\|url\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\_book/2015\_2016/ \\|title\=State of Wisconsin 2015–2016 Blue Book \\|year\= 2015 \\|publisher\= \[\[Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau]] \\|editor\-last1\= Pohlman \\|editor\-first1\= Julie \\|editor\-last2\= Lemanski \\|editor\-first2\= Lynn \\|isbn\= 978\-0\-9752820\-7\-6 \\|chapter\-url\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\_book/2015\_2016/950\_elections.pdf \\|chapter\= Elections \\|pages\= 906 }}{{cite report\\|url\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Summary%2520Results\-11\.19\.13%2520Election\-Assm%252021\.pdf \\|title\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Election Assembly 21 \- 11/19/2013 \\|publisher\= \[\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\|date\= November 26, 2013 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 \\|via\= \[\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }} #### State Assembly 69th district special election A special election was held November 19, 2013, to fill the 69th district seat of the Wisconsin State Assembly. The seat was vacated by Republican [Scott Suder](/wiki/Scott_Suder "Scott Suder"), who resigned to accept a role at the Wisconsin Public Service Commission, though he ended up taking a lobbying job rather than the Public Service Commission appointment. At the time of the special election, the 69th Assembly district comprised the eastern half of Clark County, along with parts of southwest Marathon County and northwest Wood County, including most of the city of [Marshfield](/wiki/Marshfield%2C_Wisconsin "Marshfield, Wisconsin"). It was considered a safe Republican seat. In the October 22 Republican primary, [Bob Kulp](/wiki/Bob_Kulp "Bob Kulp") defeated Alanna Feddick, Tommy Dahlen, and Scott Kenneth Noble, receiving 44% of the vote. He went on to defeat Democrat Kenneth A. Slezak and independent Tim Swiggum in the special election, receiving 67% of the vote.{{cite report\\|url\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Summary%2520Results\-11\.19\.13%2520Special%2520Election\-Assm%252069\.pdf \\|title\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Election Assembly 69 \- 11/19/2013 \\|publisher\= \[\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\|date\= November 26, 2013 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 \\|via\= \[\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }} #### State Assembly 82nd district special election A special election was held December 18, 2013, to fill the 82nd district seat of the Wisconsin State Assembly. The seat was vacated by Republican [Jeff Stone](/wiki/Jeff_Stone_%28Wisconsin_politician%29 "Jeff Stone (Wisconsin politician)"), who resigned to accept a role at the Wisconsin Public Service Commission. At the time of the special election, the 82nd Assembly district was located in southwest Milwaukee County, comprising the village of [Greendale](/wiki/Greendale%2C_Wisconsin "Greendale, Wisconsin"), along with most of the city of Franklin and part of the city of [Greenfield](/wiki/Greenfield%2C_Wisconsin "Greenfield, Wisconsin"). It was considered a likely Republican seat. In the November 19 Republican primary, [Ken Skowronski](/wiki/Ken_Skowronski "Ken Skowronski") defeated Stephanie Mares, Shari Hanneman, and Steven C. Becker, receiving 50% of the vote.{{cite report\\|url\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Summary%2520Results\-11\.19\.13%2520Primary\-Assm%252082\.pdf \\|title\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Primary Assembly 82 \- 11/19/2013 \\|publisher\= \[\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\|date\= November 26, 2013 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 \\|via\= \[\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }} He went on to defeat Democrat John R. Hermes in the special election, receiving 64% of the vote.{{cite report\\|url\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Percentage%2520Summary%252012\.17\.13%2520Special%2520Election.Assembly%2520Dist.%252082\.pdf \\|title\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Election Assembly 82 \- 12/17/2013 \\|publisher\= \[\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\|date\= December 26, 2013 \\|page\= 1 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 \\|via\= \[\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }} ### Judicial #### State Supreme Court {{Infobox election \\| election\_name \= 2013 Wisconsin Supreme Court election \\| country \= Wisconsin \\| type \= presidential \\| ongoing \= No \\| previous\_election \= 2011 Wisconsin Supreme Court election \\| previous\_year \= 2011 \\| next\_election \= 2015 Wisconsin elections\#State Supreme Court \\| next\_year \= 2015 \\| election\_date \= April 2, 2013 \\| image1 \= \[\[File:Justice\_Patience\_Roggensack\_in\_2005\.jpg\\|x150px]] \\| image1\_size \= x150px \\| nominee1 \= '''\[\[Patience Roggensack]]''' \\| color1 \= c0c0c0 \\| popular\_vote1 \= '''491,261''' \\| percentage1 \= '''57\.5%''' \\| image2 \= \[\[File:No image.svg\\|x110px]] \\| image2\_size \= x120px \\| nominee2 \= Edward Fallone \\| color2 \= c0c0c0 \\| popular\_vote2 \= 362,969 \\| percentage2 \= 42\.5% \\| map\_image \= 2013 Wisconsin Supreme Court Election.svg \\| map\_size \= 250px \\| map\_caption \= County results '''Roggensack:''' {{legend0\\|\#faca80\\|50–60%}} {{legend0\\|\#f8b54d\\|60–70%}} {{legend0\\|\#dd9018\\|70–90%}} A regularly\-scheduled Wisconsin Supreme Court election was held at the Spring general election, April 2, 2013\. Incumbent justice [Patience Roggensack](/wiki/Patience_Roggensack "Patience Roggensack"), first elected in 2003, won her second ten\-year term, defeating attorney Edward Fallone with 57% of the vote. Attorney [Vince Megna](/wiki/Vince_Megna "Vince Megna") was eliminated in the February primary. {{Election box begin \\| title\=Wisconsin Supreme Court Election, 2013{{cite report\\|url\=https://elections.wi.gov/sites/electionsuat.wi.gov/files/Percentage%20Results\_4\.2\.13%20Spring%20Elec%20and%20Assm98%20Special%20pdf.pdf \\|title\=Canvass Results for 2013 Spring Election \\|publisher\= State of Wisconsin\\|date\= April 2, 2013 \\|access\-date\= April 22, 2019 \\|page\= 1}}}} \\| colspan\="6" style\="text\-align:center;background\-color: \#e9e9e9;"\\| Nonpartisan Primary, February 19, 2013 {{Election box winning candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Nonpartisan politician \\|candidate \= \[\[Patience Roggensack]] (incumbent) \\|votes \= 231,822 \\|percentage \= 63\.74% \\|change \= \+24\.38pp}} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Nonpartisan politician \\|candidate \= Edward Fallone \\|votes \= 108,490 \\|percentage \= 29\.83% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Nonpartisan politician \\|candidate \= \[\[Vince Megna]] \\|votes \= 22,391 \\|percentage \= 6\.16% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= \\|candidate \= Write\-ins \\|votes \= 972 \\|percentage \= 0\.27% \\|change \= }} {{Election box total \\|votes \= 363,675 \\|percentage \= 100\.0% \\|change \= \+30\.73% }} \\| colspan\="6" style\="text\-align:center;background\-color: \#e9e9e9;"\\| General Election, April 2, 2013 {{Election box winning candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Nonpartisan politician \\|candidate \= Patience Roggensack (incumbent) \\|votes \= 491,261 \\|percentage \= 57\.48% \\|change \= \+6\.35pp}} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= Nonpartisan politician \\|candidate \= Edward Fallone \\|votes \= 362,969 \\|percentage \= 42\.47% \\|change \= }} {{Election box candidate with party link\\| \\|party \= \\|candidate \= Write\-ins \\|votes \= 485 \\|percentage \= 0\.06% \\|change \= \-0\.09pp }} {{Election box plurality \\|votes \= 128,292 \\|percentage \= 15\.01% \\|change \= \+12\.61pp }} {{Election box total \\|votes \= 854,715 \\|percentage \= 100\.0% \\|change \= \+6\.73% }} {{Election box end}} #### State Court of Appeals Three seats on the [Wisconsin Court of Appeals](/wiki/Wisconsin_Court_of_Appeals "Wisconsin Court of Appeals") were up for election in 2013\. None were contested. * In District II, Judge [Mark Gundrum](/wiki/Mark_Gundrum "Mark Gundrum"), appointed by Governor [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 "Scott Walker (politician)") in 2011, won a full six\-year term without opposition. * In District III, Judge [Gregory A. Peterson](/wiki/Gregory_A._Peterson "Gregory A. Peterson") did not run for re\-election and resigned before the election. Eau Claire County circuit court judge [Lisa K. Stark](/wiki/Lisa_K._Stark "Lisa K. Stark") was elected to a six\-year term without opposition. * In district IV, Judge [Paul Lundsten](/wiki/Paul_Lundsten "Paul Lundsten"), appointed by Governor [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson "Tommy Thompson") in 2000, won his third six\-year term without opposition. #### State Circuit Courts Twenty nine of the state's 249 [circuit court](/wiki/Wisconsin_circuit_courts "Wisconsin circuit courts") seats were up for election in 2013\. Eight of those seats were contested, five incumbent judges faced a contested election and three were defeated. * In Dane County, attorney Rhonda L. Lanford defeated incumbent circuit judge Rebecca St. John.{{cite news\\|url\= https://madison.com/news/local/govt\-and\-politics/elections/rhonda\-lanford\-ousts\-walker\-appointed\-candidate\-in\-dane\-county\-court\-race/article\_e6f9441c\-9c0c\-11e2\-ad4b\-001a4bcf887a.html \\|title\= Rhonda Lanford ousts Walker\-appointed candidate in Dane County court race \\|first\= Ed \\|last\= Treleven \\|newspaper\= \[\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\|date\= April 3, 2013 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 }} * In Dodge County, court commissioner Joseph Sciasca defeated attorney Joseph Fischer for the seat being vacated by Judge Andrew Bissonnette.{{cite news\\|url\= https://www.hngnews.com/waterloo\_marshall/news/local/fischer\-sciascia\-face\-off\-for\-dodge\-county\-judge/article\_0dd9de24\-8b60\-11e2\-863a\-0019bb30f31a.html \\|title\= Fischer, Sciascia face off for Dodge County judge \\|first\= Diane \\|last\= Graff \\|date\= March 15, 2013 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 \\|work\= hngnews.com }} * In Lincoln County, attorney Robert Russell defeated incumbent circuit judge John Yackel.{{cite news\\|url\= https://merrillfotonews.com/2013/04/03/voters\-pick\-new\-judge\-school\-board\-members/ \\|title\= Voters pick new judge, school board members \\|date\= April 3, 2013 \\|newspaper\= Merrill Foto News \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 }} * In Manitowoc County, incumbent district attorney Mark R. Rohrer narrowly defeated attorney Steven R. Olson for the seat recently vacated by Judge [Patrick Willis](/wiki/Patrick_Willis_%28judge%29 "Patrick Willis (judge)"). * In Marinette County, incumbent judge James A. Morrison defeated a challenge from incumbent district attorney Allen R. Brey. * In Marquette County, attorney Bernard Ben Bult narrowly defeated attorney Donna Cacic Wissbaum for the seat being vacated by Judge Richard O. Wright. * In Milwaukee County, Branch 45, incumbent judge [Rebecca Bradley](/wiki/Rebecca_Bradley "Rebecca Bradley") defeated assistant district attorney [Janet Protasiewicz](/wiki/Janet_Protasiewicz "Janet Protasiewicz"). The two would later serve together on the Wisconsin Supreme Court. * In Ozaukee County, attorney Joe Voiland defeated incumbent circuit judge Tom Wolfgram. Wolfgram was damaged because he had signed the petition to recall Governor Scott Walker.{{cite news\\|url\= https://archive.jsonline.com/news/ozwash/ozaukee\-judge\-wolfgram\-appears\-to\-be\-ousted\-6e9cr5g\-201166271\.html/ \\|title\= Ozaukee Judge Wolfgram ousted over signature on Scott Walker recall petition \\|first\= Don \\|last\= Behm \\|newspaper\= \[\[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] \\|date\= April 2, 2013 \\|accessdate\= March 26, 2024 }} \| Circuit \| Branch \| Incumbent \| Elected \| \| \| Defeated \| \| \| Defeated in Primary \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Name \| Votes \| % \| Name \| Votes \| % \| Name(s) \| \| Brown \| 3 \| Tammy Jo Hock \| {{nowrap\\|Tammy Jo Hock}} \| 20,819 \| 99\.56% \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| Timothy A. Hinkfuss \| {{nowrap\\|Timothy A. Hinkfuss}} \| 21,858 \| 99\.50% \| \| Columbia \| 3 \| Alan J. White \| {{nowrap\\|Alan J. White}} \| 8,123 \| 99\.42% \| \| Dane \| 16 \| {{nowrap\\|Rebecca St. John}} \| {{nowrap\\|Rhonda L. Lanford}} \| 42,976 \| 52\.31% \| {{nowrap\\|Rebecca St. John}} \| 39,080 \| 47\.56% \| \| \| Dodge \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|John R. Storck}} \| {{nowrap\\|John R. Storck}} \| 10,312 \| 99\.68% \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| {{nowrap\\|Andrew P. Bissonnette}} \| {{nowrap\\|Joseph G. Sciascia}} \| 7,568 \| 59\.14% \| {{nowrap\\|Joseph F. Fischer}} \| 5,215 \| 40\.75% \| {{nowrap\\|Dawn N. Klockow}} \| \| Jefferson \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|William F. Hue}} \| {{nowrap\\|William F. Hue}} \| 9,410 \| 99\.37% \| \| \| \| \| \| La Crosse \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\|Ramona A. Gonzalez}} \| {{nowrap\\|Ramona A. Gonzalez}} \| 12,020 \| 99\.13% \| \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|Elliott Levine}} \| {{nowrap\\|Elliott Levine}} \| 11,875 \| 99\.71% \| \| 3 \| {{nowrap\\|Todd Bjerke}} \| {{nowrap\\|Todd Bjerke}} \| 12,053 \| 99\.69% \| \| 4 \| {{nowrap\\|Scott L. Horne}} \| {{nowrap\\|Scott L. Horne}} \| 12,507 \| 99\.68% \| \| Lincoln \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|John M. Yackel}} \| {{nowrap\\|Robert R. Russell}} \| 3,087 \| 51\.42% \| John M. Yackel \| 2,914 \| 48\.53% \| \| \| Manitowoc \| 1 \| \-\-Vacant\-\- \| {{nowrap\\|Mark R. Rohrer}} \| 8,153 \| 50\.01% \| Steven R. Olson \| 8,129 \| 49\.87% \| {{nowrap\\|Steven J. Weber}}{{nowrap\\|Bob Dewane}} \| \| Marathon \| 4 \| {{nowrap\\|Gregory Grau}} \| {{nowrap\\|Gregory Grau}} \| 14,166 \| 99\.60% \| \| \| \| \| \| Marinette \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|James A. Morrison}} \| {{nowrap\\|James A. Morrison}} \| 4,175 \| 56\.66% \| Allen R. Brey \| 3,192 \| 43\.32% \| \| \| Marquette \| \| {{nowrap\\|Richard O. Wright}} \| {{nowrap\\|Bernard Ben Bult}} \| 1,645 \| 51\.45% \| Donna Cacic Wissbaum \| 1,549 \| 48\.45% \| \| \| Milwaukee \| 11 \| {{nowrap\\|Dominic S. Amato}} \| {{nowrap\\|David C. Swanson}} \| 59,989 \| 98\.25% \| \| \| \| \| \| 26 \| {{nowrap\\|\[\[William Pocan]]}} \| {{nowrap\\|William Pocan}} \| 60,343 \| 98\.40% \| \| 45 \| {{nowrap\\|\[\[Rebecca Bradley]]}} \| {{nowrap\\|Rebecca Bradley}} \| 55,177 \| 53\.00% \| {{nowrap\\|\[\[Janet Protasiewicz]]}} \| 48,685 \| 46\.77% \| {{nowrap\\|Gil Urfer}} \| \| Monroe \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\|Todd L. Ziegler}} \| {{nowrap\\|Todd L. Ziegler}} \| 5,630 \| 99\.54% \| \| \| \| \| \| Ozaukee \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|Tom R. Wolfgram }} \| {{nowrap\\|Joe Voiland}} \| 13,009 \| 62\.72% \| Tom R. Wolfgram \| 7,729 \| 37\.26% \| \| \| Portage \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|John V. Finn}} \| {{nowrap\\|John V. Finn}} \| 8,032 \| 99\.52% \| \| \| \| \| \| Racine \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\|Gerald P. Ptacek}} \| {{nowrap\\|Gerald P. Ptacek}} \| 20,771 \| 99\.67% \| \| Rock \| 4 \| {{nowrap\\|Daniel T. Dillon}} \| {{nowrap\\|Daniel T. Dillon}} \| 13,284 \| 99\.42% \| \| {{nowrap\\|St. Croix}} \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|Edward F. Vlack III}} \| {{nowrap\\|Edward F. Vlack III}} \| 7,976 \| 99\.03% \| \| Sheboygan \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\|Timothy M. Van Akkeren}} \| {{nowrap\\|Timothy M. Van Akkeren}} \| 16,271 \| 99\.32% \| \| Trempealeau \| \| {{nowrap\\|John A. Damon}} \| {{nowrap\\|John A. Damon}} \| 4,246 \| 99\.65% \| \| Waukesha \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\|Michael O. Bohren}} \| {{nowrap\\|Michael O. Bohren}} \| 48,258 \| 99\.73% \| \| 9 \| {{nowrap\\|Donald J. Hassin Jr.}} \| {{nowrap\\|Donald J. Hassin Jr.}} \| 47,855 \| 99\.71% \|	[ "State elections\n---------------", "### Executive", "#### Superintendent of Public Instruction", "{{Infobox election\n\\\| election\\_name \\= 2013 Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction election\n\\\| country \\= Wisconsin\n\\\| type \\= presidential\n\\\| ongoing \\= No\n\\\| previous\\_election \\= 2009 Wisconsin elections\\#Superintendent of Public Instruction\n\\\| previous\\_year \\= 2009\n\\\| next\\_election \\= 2017 Wisconsin elections\\#State elections \n\\\| next\\_year \\= 2017\n\\\| election\\_date \\= April 2, 2013\n\\\| image1 \\= \\[\\[File:Tony Evers (cropped) (background blurred).jpg\\\|x150px]]\n\\\| image1\\_size \\= x150px\n\\\| nominee1 \\= '''\\[\\[Tony Evers]]'''\n\\\| color1 \\= c0c0c0\n\\\| popular\\_vote1 \\= '''487,030'''\n\\\| percentage1 \\= '''61\\.15%'''\n\\\| image2 \\= \\[\\[File:No image.svg\\\|x110px]]\n\\\| image2\\_size \\= x150px\n\\\| nominee2 \\= \\[\\[Don Pridemore]]\n\\\| color2 \\= c0c0c0\n\\\| popular\\_vote2 \\= 308,050\n\\\| percentage2 \\= 38\\.67%\n \\\| map\\_image \\= 2013 Wisconsin Superintendent Election.svg\n\\\| map\\_size \\= 250px\n\\\| map\\_caption \\= County results \n'''Evers:''' {{legend0\\\|\\#51C2C2\\\|50–60%}} {{legend0\\\|\\#2AACAC\\\|60–70%}} {{legend0\\\|\\#009696\\\|70–80%}}", "A regularly scheduled election for [Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin](/wiki/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wisconsin \"Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin\") was held at the Spring general election, April 2, 2013\\. Incumbent superintendent [Tony Evers](/wiki/Tony_Evers \"Tony Evers\"), first elected in 2009, won his second four\\-year term, defeating state representative [Don Pridemore](/wiki/Don_Pridemore \"Don Pridemore\") with 61% of the vote.{{cite report \\\|url\\=https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Percentage%2520Results\\_4\\.2\\.13%2520Spring%2520Elec%2520and%2520Assm98%2520Special%2520pdf.pdf \\\|title\\=Canvass Results for 2013 Spring Election \\- 4/2/2013 \\\|date\\=May 8, 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\\|page\\=1 \\\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2024 \\\|via\\=\\[\\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]]}}", "{{Election box begin \\\| title\\=Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction Election, 2013}}\n\\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\\| General Election, April 2, 2013\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Nonpartisan politician\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Tony Evers]] (incumbent)\n \\\|votes \\= 487,030\n \\\|percentage \\= 61\\.15%\n \\\|change \\= \\+4\\.01%}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\\\|party\\=Nonpartisan politician\\\|candidate\\=\\[\\[Don Pridemore]]\\\|votes\\=308,050\\\|percentage\\=38\\.67%\\\|change\\=}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\\\|party\\=\\\|candidate\\=''Scattering''\\\|votes\\=1,431\\\|percentage\\=0\\.18%\\\|change\\=\\+0\\.06%}}\n{{Election box plurality\n \\\|votes \\= 178,980\n \\\|percentage \\= 22\\.47%\n \\\|change \\=\n}}\n{{Election box total\n \\\|votes \\= 796,511\n \\\|percentage \\= 100\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \\+3\\.62%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "### Legislative", "#### State Assembly 98th district special election", "A special election was held concurrent with the regularly scheduled Spring election to fill the 98th district seat of the [Wisconsin State Assembly](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly \"Wisconsin State Assembly\"). The seat was vacated by Republican [Paul Farrow](/wiki/Paul_Farrow \"Paul Farrow\"), who had been elected to the [Wisconsin Senate](/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate \"Wisconsin Senate\") in the [2012 general election](/wiki/2012_Wisconsin_Senate_election \"2012 Wisconsin Senate election\"). At the time of the special election, the 98th district was located in central Waukesha County, containing the [city](/wiki/Pewaukee%2C_Wisconsin \"Pewaukee, Wisconsin\") and [village](/wiki/Pewaukee_%28village%29%2C_Wisconsin \"Pewaukee (village), Wisconsin\") of Pewaukee, the village of [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex%2C_Wisconsin \"Sussex, Wisconsin\"), and the north side of the city of [Waukesha](/wiki/Waukesha%2C_Wisconsin \"Waukesha, Wisconsin\"). It was considered a safe Republican district.", "No Democrat registered to run for this seat in the special election. In the Spring primary, Republican [Adam Neylon](/wiki/Adam_Neylon \"Adam Neylon\") defeated Ed Baumann, Jeanne Tarantino, Matt Morzy, and Todd A. Greenwald, receiving 38\\.35% of the vote. He went on to win the special election without a formal opponent on the ballot.{{cite report\\\|url\\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\\_book/2013\\_2014/ \\\|title\\= State of Wisconsin 2013–2014 Blue Book \\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau]] \\\|year\\= 2013 \\\|editor\\-last1\\= Pohlman \\\|editor\\-first1\\= Julie \\\|editor\\-last2\\= Lemanski \\\|editor\\-first2\\= Lynn \\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-9752820\\-6\\-9 \\\|chapter\\-url\\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\\_book/2013\\_2014/950\\_elections.pdf \\\|chapter\\= Elections \\\|pages\\= 907, 910 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 }}", "#### State Assembly 21st district special election", "A special election was held November 19, 2013, to fill the 21st district seat of the Wisconsin State Assembly. The seat was vacated by Republican [Mark Honadel](/wiki/Mark_Honadel \"Mark Honadel\"), who resigned for a private sector job. At the time of the special election, the 21st Assembly district was located in southeast Milwaukee County, containing the cities of [Oak Creek](/wiki/Oak_Creek%2C_Wisconsin \"Oak Creek, Wisconsin\") and [South Milwaukee](/wiki/South_Milwaukee%2C_Wisconsin \"South Milwaukee, Wisconsin\"), and a small part of the city of [Franklin](/wiki/Franklin%2C_Milwaukee_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin\"). It was considered a moderately competitive Republican seat.", "In the October 22 Republican primary, [Jessie Rodriguez](/wiki/Jessie_Rodriguez \"Jessie Rodriguez\") defeated Chris Kujawa, Ken Gehl, Larry Gamble, and Jason Red Arnold, receiving 48% of the vote. She went on to defeat Democrat Elizabeth Coppola in the special election, receiving 56% of the vote.{{cite report\\\|url\\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\\_book/2015\\_2016/ \\\|title\\=State of Wisconsin 2015–2016 Blue Book \\\|year\\= 2015 \\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau]] \\\|editor\\-last1\\= Pohlman \\\|editor\\-first1\\= Julie \\\|editor\\-last2\\= Lemanski \\\|editor\\-first2\\= Lynn \\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-9752820\\-7\\-6 \\\|chapter\\-url\\= https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue\\_book/2015\\_2016/950\\_elections.pdf \\\|chapter\\= Elections \\\|pages\\= 906 }}{{cite report\\\|url\\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Summary%2520Results\\-11\\.19\\.13%2520Election\\-Assm%252021\\.pdf \\\|title\\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Election Assembly 21 \\- 11/19/2013 \\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\\|date\\= November 26, 2013 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }}", "#### State Assembly 69th district special election", "A special election was held November 19, 2013, to fill the 69th district seat of the Wisconsin State Assembly. The seat was vacated by Republican [Scott Suder](/wiki/Scott_Suder \"Scott Suder\"), who resigned to accept a role at the Wisconsin Public Service Commission, though he ended up taking a lobbying job rather than the Public Service Commission appointment. At the time of the special election, the 69th Assembly district comprised the eastern half of Clark County, along with parts of southwest Marathon County and northwest Wood County, including most of the city of [Marshfield](/wiki/Marshfield%2C_Wisconsin \"Marshfield, Wisconsin\"). It was considered a safe Republican seat.", "In the October 22 Republican primary, [Bob Kulp](/wiki/Bob_Kulp \"Bob Kulp\") defeated Alanna Feddick, Tommy Dahlen, and Scott Kenneth Noble, receiving 44% of the vote. He went on to defeat Democrat Kenneth A. Slezak and independent Tim Swiggum in the special election, receiving 67% of the vote.{{cite report\\\|url\\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Summary%2520Results\\-11\\.19\\.13%2520Special%2520Election\\-Assm%252069\\.pdf \\\|title\\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Election Assembly 69 \\- 11/19/2013 \\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\\|date\\= November 26, 2013 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }}", "#### State Assembly 82nd district special election", "A special election was held December 18, 2013, to fill the 82nd district seat of the Wisconsin State Assembly. The seat was vacated by Republican [Jeff Stone](/wiki/Jeff_Stone_%28Wisconsin_politician%29 \"Jeff Stone (Wisconsin politician)\"), who resigned to accept a role at the Wisconsin Public Service Commission. At the time of the special election, the 82nd Assembly district was located in southwest Milwaukee County, comprising the village of [Greendale](/wiki/Greendale%2C_Wisconsin \"Greendale, Wisconsin\"), along with most of the city of Franklin and part of the city of [Greenfield](/wiki/Greenfield%2C_Wisconsin \"Greenfield, Wisconsin\"). It was considered a likely Republican seat.", "In the November 19 Republican primary, [Ken Skowronski](/wiki/Ken_Skowronski \"Ken Skowronski\") defeated Stephanie Mares, Shari Hanneman, and Steven C. Becker, receiving 50% of the vote.{{cite report\\\|url\\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Summary%2520Results\\-11\\.19\\.13%2520Primary\\-Assm%252082\\.pdf \\\|title\\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Primary Assembly 82 \\- 11/19/2013 \\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\\|date\\= November 26, 2013 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }} He went on to defeat Democrat John R. Hermes in the special election, receiving 64% of the vote.{{cite report\\\|url\\= https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Percentage%2520Summary%252012\\.17\\.13%2520Special%2520Election.Assembly%2520Dist.%252082\\.pdf \\\|title\\= Canvass Results for 2013 Special Election Assembly 82 \\- 12/17/2013 \\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Government Accountability Board]] \\\|date\\= December 26, 2013 \\\|page\\= 1 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 \\\|via\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Elections Commission]] }}", "### Judicial", "#### State Supreme Court", "{{Infobox election\n\\\| election\\_name \\= 2013 Wisconsin Supreme Court election\n\\\| country \\= Wisconsin\n\\\| type \\= presidential\n\\\| ongoing \\= No\n\\\| previous\\_election \\= 2011 Wisconsin Supreme Court election\n\\\| previous\\_year \\= 2011\n\\\| next\\_election \\= 2015 Wisconsin elections\\#State Supreme Court\n\\\| next\\_year \\= 2015\n\\\| election\\_date \\= April 2, 2013\n\\\| image1 \\= \\[\\[File:Justice\\_Patience\\_Roggensack\\_in\\_2005\\.jpg\\\|x150px]]\n\\\| image1\\_size \\= x150px\n\\\| nominee1 \\= '''\\[\\[Patience Roggensack]]'''\n\\\| color1 \\= c0c0c0\n\\\| popular\\_vote1 \\= '''491,261'''\n\\\| percentage1 \\= '''57\\.5%'''\n\\\| image2 \\= \\[\\[File:No image.svg\\\|x110px]]\n\\\| image2\\_size \\= x120px\n\\\| nominee2 \\= Edward Fallone\n\\\| color2 \\= c0c0c0\n\\\| popular\\_vote2 \\= 362,969\n\\\| percentage2 \\= 42\\.5%\n\\\| map\\_image \\= 2013 Wisconsin Supreme Court Election.svg\n\\\| map\\_size \\= 250px\n\\\| map\\_caption \\= County results \n'''Roggensack:''' {{legend0\\\|\\#faca80\\\|50–60%}} {{legend0\\\|\\#f8b54d\\\|60–70%}} {{legend0\\\|\\#dd9018\\\|70–90%}}", "A regularly\\-scheduled Wisconsin Supreme Court election was held at the Spring general election, April 2, 2013\\. Incumbent justice [Patience Roggensack](/wiki/Patience_Roggensack \"Patience Roggensack\"), first elected in 2003, won her second ten\\-year term, defeating attorney Edward Fallone with 57% of the vote. Attorney [Vince Megna](/wiki/Vince_Megna \"Vince Megna\") was eliminated in the February primary.", "{{Election box begin \\\| title\\=Wisconsin Supreme Court Election, 2013{{cite report\\\|url\\=https://elections.wi.gov/sites/electionsuat.wi.gov/files/Percentage%20Results\\_4\\.2\\.13%20Spring%20Elec%20and%20Assm98%20Special%20pdf.pdf \\\|title\\=Canvass Results for 2013 Spring Election \\\|publisher\\= State of Wisconsin\\\|date\\= April 2, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\= April 22, 2019 \\\|page\\= 1}}}}\n\\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\\| Nonpartisan Primary, February 19, 2013\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Nonpartisan politician\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Patience Roggensack]] (incumbent)\n \\\|votes \\= 231,822\n \\\|percentage \\= 63\\.74%\n \\\|change \\= \\+24\\.38pp}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Nonpartisan politician\n \\\|candidate \\= Edward Fallone\n \\\|votes \\= 108,490\n \\\|percentage \\= 29\\.83%\n \\\|change \\= }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Nonpartisan politician\n \\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Vince Megna]]\n \\\|votes \\= 22,391\n \\\|percentage \\= 6\\.16%\n \\\|change \\= }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= \n \\\|candidate \\= Write\\-ins\n \\\|votes \\= 972\n \\\|percentage \\= 0\\.27%\n \\\|change \\= }}\n{{Election box total\n \\\|votes \\= 363,675\n \\\|percentage \\= 100\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \\+30\\.73%\n}}\n\\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\\| General Election, April 2, 2013\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Nonpartisan politician\n \\\|candidate \\= Patience Roggensack (incumbent)\n \\\|votes \\= 491,261\n \\\|percentage \\= 57\\.48%\n \\\|change \\= \\+6\\.35pp}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= Nonpartisan politician\n \\\|candidate \\= Edward Fallone\n \\\|votes \\= 362,969\n \\\|percentage \\= 42\\.47%\n \\\|change \\= }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\\|\n \\\|party \\= \n \\\|candidate \\= Write\\-ins\n \\\|votes \\= 485\n \\\|percentage \\= 0\\.06%\n \\\|change \\= \\-0\\.09pp\n}}\n{{Election box plurality\n \\\|votes \\= 128,292\n \\\|percentage \\= 15\\.01%\n \\\|change \\= \\+12\\.61pp\n}}\n{{Election box total\n \\\|votes \\= 854,715\n \\\|percentage \\= 100\\.0%\n \\\|change \\= \\+6\\.73%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### State Court of Appeals", "Three seats on the [Wisconsin Court of Appeals](/wiki/Wisconsin_Court_of_Appeals \"Wisconsin Court of Appeals\") were up for election in 2013\\. None were contested.\n* In District II, Judge [Mark Gundrum](/wiki/Mark_Gundrum \"Mark Gundrum\"), appointed by Governor [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 \"Scott Walker (politician)\") in 2011, won a full six\\-year term without opposition.\n* In District III, Judge [Gregory A. Peterson](/wiki/Gregory_A._Peterson \"Gregory A. Peterson\") did not run for re\\-election and resigned before the election. Eau Claire County circuit court judge [Lisa K. Stark](/wiki/Lisa_K._Stark \"Lisa K. Stark\") was elected to a six\\-year term without opposition.\n* In district IV, Judge [Paul Lundsten](/wiki/Paul_Lundsten \"Paul Lundsten\"), appointed by Governor [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson \"Tommy Thompson\") in 2000, won his third six\\-year term without opposition.", "#### State Circuit Courts", "Twenty nine of the state's 249 [circuit court](/wiki/Wisconsin_circuit_courts \"Wisconsin circuit courts\") seats were up for election in 2013\\. Eight of those seats were contested, five incumbent judges faced a contested election and three were defeated.\n* In Dane County, attorney Rhonda L. Lanford defeated incumbent circuit judge Rebecca St. John.{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://madison.com/news/local/govt\\-and\\-politics/elections/rhonda\\-lanford\\-ousts\\-walker\\-appointed\\-candidate\\-in\\-dane\\-county\\-court\\-race/article\\_e6f9441c\\-9c0c\\-11e2\\-ad4b\\-001a4bcf887a.html \\\|title\\= Rhonda Lanford ousts Walker\\-appointed candidate in Dane County court race \\\|first\\= Ed \\\|last\\= Treleven \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Wisconsin State Journal]] \\\|date\\= April 3, 2013 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 }}\n* In Dodge County, court commissioner Joseph Sciasca defeated attorney Joseph Fischer for the seat being vacated by Judge Andrew Bissonnette.{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://www.hngnews.com/waterloo\\_marshall/news/local/fischer\\-sciascia\\-face\\-off\\-for\\-dodge\\-county\\-judge/article\\_0dd9de24\\-8b60\\-11e2\\-863a\\-0019bb30f31a.html \\\|title\\= Fischer, Sciascia face off for Dodge County judge \\\|first\\= Diane \\\|last\\= Graff \\\|date\\= March 15, 2013 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 \\\|work\\= hngnews.com }}\n* In Lincoln County, attorney Robert Russell defeated incumbent circuit judge John Yackel.{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://merrillfotonews.com/2013/04/03/voters\\-pick\\-new\\-judge\\-school\\-board\\-members/ \\\|title\\= Voters pick new judge, school board members \\\|date\\= April 3, 2013 \\\|newspaper\\= Merrill Foto News \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 }}\n* In Manitowoc County, incumbent district attorney Mark R. Rohrer narrowly defeated attorney Steven R. Olson for the seat recently vacated by Judge [Patrick Willis](/wiki/Patrick_Willis_%28judge%29 \"Patrick Willis (judge)\").\n* In Marinette County, incumbent judge James A. Morrison defeated a challenge from incumbent district attorney Allen R. Brey.\n* In Marquette County, attorney Bernard Ben Bult narrowly defeated attorney Donna Cacic Wissbaum for the seat being vacated by Judge Richard O. Wright.\n* In Milwaukee County, Branch 45, incumbent judge [Rebecca Bradley](/wiki/Rebecca_Bradley \"Rebecca Bradley\") defeated assistant district attorney [Janet Protasiewicz](/wiki/Janet_Protasiewicz \"Janet Protasiewicz\"). The two would later serve together on the Wisconsin Supreme Court.\n* In Ozaukee County, attorney Joe Voiland defeated incumbent circuit judge Tom Wolfgram. Wolfgram was damaged because he had signed the petition to recall Governor Scott Walker.{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://archive.jsonline.com/news/ozwash/ozaukee\\-judge\\-wolfgram\\-appears\\-to\\-be\\-ousted\\-6e9cr5g\\-201166271\\.html/ \\\|title\\= Ozaukee Judge Wolfgram ousted over signature on Scott Walker recall petition \\\|first\\= Don \\\|last\\= Behm \\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] \\\|date\\= April 2, 2013 \\\|accessdate\\= March 26, 2024 }}", "\| Circuit \| Branch \| Incumbent \| Elected \| \| \| Defeated \| \| \| Defeated in Primary \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Name \| Votes \| % \| Name \| Votes \| % \| Name(s) \|\n\| Brown \| 3 \| Tammy Jo Hock \| {{nowrap\\\|Tammy Jo Hock}} \| 20,819 \| 99\\.56% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| 7 \| Timothy A. Hinkfuss \| {{nowrap\\\|Timothy A. Hinkfuss}} \| 21,858 \| 99\\.50% \|\n\| Columbia \| 3 \| Alan J. White \| {{nowrap\\\|Alan J. White}} \| 8,123 \| 99\\.42% \|\n\| Dane \| 16 \| {{nowrap\\\|Rebecca St. John}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Rhonda L. Lanford}} \| 42,976 \| 52\\.31% \| {{nowrap\\\|Rebecca St. John}} \| 39,080 \| 47\\.56% \| \|\n\| Dodge \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|John R. Storck}} \| {{nowrap\\\|John R. Storck}} \| 10,312 \| 99\\.68% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| 3 \| {{nowrap\\\|Andrew P. Bissonnette}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Joseph G. Sciascia}} \| 7,568 \| 59\\.14% \| {{nowrap\\\|Joseph F. Fischer}} \| 5,215 \| 40\\.75% \| {{nowrap\\\|Dawn N. Klockow}} \|\n\| Jefferson \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|William F. Hue}} \| {{nowrap\\\|William F. Hue}} \| 9,410 \| 99\\.37% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| La Crosse \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\\|Ramona A. Gonzalez}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Ramona A. Gonzalez}} \| 12,020 \| 99\\.13% \|\n\| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|Elliott Levine}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Elliott Levine}} \| 11,875 \| 99\\.71% \|\n\| 3 \| {{nowrap\\\|Todd Bjerke}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Todd Bjerke}} \| 12,053 \| 99\\.69% \|\n\| 4 \| {{nowrap\\\|Scott L. Horne}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Scott L. Horne}} \| 12,507 \| 99\\.68% \|\n\| Lincoln \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|John M. Yackel}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Robert R. Russell}} \| 3,087 \| 51\\.42% \| John M. Yackel \| 2,914 \| 48\\.53% \| \|\n\| Manitowoc \| 1 \| \\-\\-Vacant\\-\\- \| {{nowrap\\\|Mark R. Rohrer}} \| 8,153 \| 50\\.01% \| Steven R. Olson \| 8,129 \| 49\\.87% \| {{nowrap\\\|Steven J. Weber}}{{nowrap\\\|Bob Dewane}} \|\n\| Marathon \| 4 \| {{nowrap\\\|Gregory Grau}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Gregory Grau}} \| 14,166 \| 99\\.60% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| Marinette \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|James A. Morrison}} \| {{nowrap\\\|James A. Morrison}} \| 4,175 \| 56\\.66% \| Allen R. Brey \| 3,192 \| 43\\.32% \| \|\n\| Marquette \| \| {{nowrap\\\|Richard O. Wright}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Bernard Ben Bult}} \| 1,645 \| 51\\.45% \| Donna Cacic Wissbaum \| 1,549 \| 48\\.45% \| \|\n\| Milwaukee \| 11 \| {{nowrap\\\|Dominic S. Amato}} \| {{nowrap\\\|David C. Swanson}} \| 59,989 \| 98\\.25% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| 26 \| {{nowrap\\\|\\[\\[William Pocan]]}} \| {{nowrap\\\|William Pocan}} \| 60,343 \| 98\\.40% \|\n\| 45 \| {{nowrap\\\|\\[\\[Rebecca Bradley]]}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Rebecca Bradley}} \| 55,177 \| 53\\.00% \| {{nowrap\\\|\\[\\[Janet Protasiewicz]]}} \| 48,685 \| 46\\.77% \| {{nowrap\\\|Gil Urfer}} \|\n\| Monroe \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\\|Todd L. Ziegler}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Todd L. Ziegler}} \| 5,630 \| 99\\.54% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| Ozaukee \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|Tom R. Wolfgram }} \| {{nowrap\\\|Joe Voiland}} \| 13,009 \| 62\\.72% \| Tom R. Wolfgram \| 7,729 \| 37\\.26% \| \|\n\| Portage \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|John V. Finn}} \| {{nowrap\\\|John V. Finn}} \| 8,032 \| 99\\.52% \| \| \| \| \|\n\| Racine \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\\|Gerald P. Ptacek}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Gerald P. Ptacek}} \| 20,771 \| 99\\.67% \|\n\| Rock \| 4 \| {{nowrap\\\|Daniel T. Dillon}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Daniel T. Dillon}} \| 13,284 \| 99\\.42% \|\n\| {{nowrap\\\|St. Croix}} \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|Edward F. Vlack III}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Edward F. Vlack III}} \| 7,976 \| 99\\.03% \|\n\| Sheboygan \| 2 \| {{nowrap\\\|Timothy M. Van Akkeren}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Timothy M. Van Akkeren}} \| 16,271 \| 99\\.32% \|\n\| Trempealeau \| \| {{nowrap\\\|John A. Damon}} \| {{nowrap\\\|John A. Damon}} \| 4,246 \| 99\\.65% \|\n\| Waukesha \| 1 \| {{nowrap\\\|Michael O. Bohren}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Michael O. Bohren}} \| 48,258 \| 99\\.73% \|\n\| 9 \| {{nowrap\\\|Donald J. Hassin Jr.}} \| {{nowrap\\\|Donald J. Hassin Jr.}} \| 47,855 \| 99\\.71% \|", "" ]
Development ----------- {{more citations needed section\\|date\=February 2023}} ### Kickstarter In late 2014 Elastic Games decided to open a Kickstarter to fund the game. The initial goal was 50,000 CA$ but they ended up receiving 114,711 CA$ ### 2016 In 2016 the first version of Last Year alpha came to live and it was the first design of the game. Most of the things of this build did not make up to the end of the game, such as: Barricades, light traps, and wire traps. ### 2017 In this version of the alpha not too many things changed compared to the live version of the game but here are some of the things that were changed: \-Fiends could actually interact with the environment, for example: You could break the generator from advancing or stop the bell tower escape gate from opening. \-A workbench was added as an alternative to craft without a crafting kit. \-In the final build of this alpha there was a progression build that allowed the classmates and fiends to gain exp. based in the actions that they made while playing the game. ### 2018 A trailer for Last Year: The Nightmare was released in September 2018\.{{Cite magazine \\|url\=https://www.gameinformer.com/preview/2018/09/28/horror\-in\-a\-small\-town \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808121553/https://www.gameinformer.com/preview/2018/09/28/horror\-in\-a\-small\-town \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=8 August 2019 \\|title\=Multiplayer Horror Game Last Year: The Nightmare Gets Its First Bloody Trailer \\|magazine\=Game Informer \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=6 November 2018}} ### Release Last Year: The Nightmare had a [closed beta](/wiki/Closed_beta "Closed beta") period on 2–5 November 2018\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://lastyearthegame.com/2018/11/02/closed\-beta\-begins\-today/\\|title\=Closed Beta Begins Today! – Last Year The Nightmare\\|publisher\=\\|access\-date\=18 November 2018\\|archive\-date\=5 August 2020\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805192938/https://lastyearthegame.com/2018/11/02/closed\-beta\-begins\-today/\\|url\-status\=dead}} The game was distributed "first on [Discord](/wiki/Discord_%28software%29 "Discord (software)")" for 90 days, after which the game could also be distributed via other Windows game vendors.{{cite web\\|url\=https://lastyearthegame.com/faq/\\|title\=FAQ – Last Year The Nightmare\\|publisher\=\\|access\-date\=18 November 2018\\|archive\-date\=22 June 2018\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622042305/http://www.lastyearthegame.com/faq/\\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2019 A re\-launch, Last Year: Afterdark, was released on 10 December 2019 via [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 "Steam (service)").{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.pcinvasion.com/last\-year\-afterdark\-dissed\-by\-discord\-set\-sights\-on\-steam\-release/ \\|title\=Last Year: Afterdark dissed by Discord, set sights on Steam release \\|date\=2019\-11\-30 \\|website\=PC Invasion \\|language\=en\-US \\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-20 \\|archive\-date\=20 December 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220042757/https://www.pcinvasion.com/last\-year\-afterdark\-dissed\-by\-discord\-set\-sights\-on\-steam\-release/ \\|url\-status\=live }} ### 2020 Last Year: The Nightmare was released on 26 October 2020 via [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 "Steam (service)").{{Cite web \\|url\=https://store.steampowered.com/app/511440/Last\_Year\_The\_Nightmare/ \\|title\=Last Year: The Nightmare was released on Steam \\|date\=2020\-10\-26 \\|website\=Steam \\|language\=en\-US \\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-26 \\|archive\-date\=5 February 2023 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205103433/https://store.steampowered.com/app/511440/Last\_Year\_The\_Nightmare/ \\|url\-status\=live }} ### Late 2021 Due to the bankruptcy of Elastic Games,{{Cite web \\|title\=Notice of Bankruptcy \\|url\=https://www.raymondchabot.com/app/uploads/2021/08/notice\-of\-bankruptcy\-to\-creditors\_elastic\-games\-inc.pdf \\|access\-date\=25 June 2023 \\|archive\-date\=5 April 2023 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025200/https://www.raymondchabot.com/app/uploads/2021/08/notice\-of\-bankruptcy\-to\-creditors\_elastic\-games\-inc.pdf \\|url\-status\=live }} the game is no longer available on any platform and owners of the game cannot launch it. ### 2022 Due to the fact that the owners of the game cannot launch it, the development of the modification of Last Year: Resurrected began on August 11, 2022\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Last Year: Resurrected\\|url\=https://discord.gg/F6rwVgaPcc}} The modification aims to bypass server checks as well as fixing up the code to be fully Peer to Peer without the reliance of game servers. The mod released as a public beta on March 24, 2023\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Last Year: Resurrected \- Official Trailer \\|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=YP\-JVynM6gw \\|access\-date\=25 June 2023 \\|archive\-date\=31 May 2023 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531235936/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=YP\-JVynM6gw \\|url\-status\=live }} ### 2023 On the April 1st the Official Twitter account of Last Year became active again with a tweet revealing that the game will be back. It went free\-to\-play on Steam with a new company, Undaunted Games, replacing Elastic Games. The game was re\-launched on May 4, 2023\. ### 2024 Undaunted Games announced in early 2024 that Last Year will relaunch as Forest Hills: The Last Year on Steam later the same year.{{Cite web \\|last\=Sheehan \\|first\=Gavin \\|date\=2024\-02\-29 \\|title\=Forest Hills: The Last Year Is Getting Relaunched This Year \\|url\=https://bleedingcool.com/games/forest\-hills\-the\-last\-year\-is\-getting\-relaunched\-this\-year/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-03\-19 \\|website\=bleedingcool.com \\|language\=en}} The relaunch will feature some new content, and the studio's creative team is joined by visual artist Andy Belanger, narrative writer [Frank Tieri](/wiki/Frank_Tieri_%28writer%29 "Frank Tieri (writer)"), and voice over director [Sean Schemmel](/wiki/Sean_Schemmel "Sean Schemmel").	[ "Development\n-----------", "{{more citations needed section\\\|date\\=February 2023}}", "### Kickstarter", "In late 2014 Elastic Games decided to open a Kickstarter to fund the game. The initial goal was 50,000 CA$ but they ended up receiving 114,711 CA$", "### 2016", "In 2016 the first version of Last Year alpha came to live and it was the first design of the game. Most of the things of this build did not make up to the end of the game, such as: Barricades, light traps, and wire traps.", "### 2017", "In this version of the alpha not too many things changed compared to the live version of the game but here are some of the things that were changed: \n\\-Fiends could actually interact with the environment, for example: You could break the generator from advancing or stop the bell tower escape gate from opening.\n\\-A workbench was added as an alternative to craft without a crafting kit.\n\\-In the final build of this alpha there was a progression build that allowed the classmates and fiends to gain exp. based in the actions that they made while playing the game.", "### 2018", "A trailer for Last Year: The Nightmare was released in September 2018\\.{{Cite magazine \\\|url\\=https://www.gameinformer.com/preview/2018/09/28/horror\\-in\\-a\\-small\\-town \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808121553/https://www.gameinformer.com/preview/2018/09/28/horror\\-in\\-a\\-small\\-town \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2019 \\\|title\\=Multiplayer Horror Game Last Year: The Nightmare Gets Its First Bloody Trailer \\\|magazine\\=Game Informer \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2018}}", "### Release", "Last Year: The Nightmare had a [closed beta](/wiki/Closed_beta \"Closed beta\") period on 2–5 November 2018\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://lastyearthegame.com/2018/11/02/closed\\-beta\\-begins\\-today/\\\|title\\=Closed Beta Begins Today! – Last Year The Nightmare\\\|publisher\\=\\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2020\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805192938/https://lastyearthegame.com/2018/11/02/closed\\-beta\\-begins\\-today/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The game was distributed \"first on [Discord](/wiki/Discord_%28software%29 \"Discord (software)\")\" for 90 days, after which the game could also be distributed via other Windows game vendors.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://lastyearthegame.com/faq/\\\|title\\=FAQ – Last Year The Nightmare\\\|publisher\\=\\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2018\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2018\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622042305/http://www.lastyearthegame.com/faq/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2019", "A re\\-launch, Last Year: Afterdark, was released on 10 December 2019 via [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 \"Steam (service)\").{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.pcinvasion.com/last\\-year\\-afterdark\\-dissed\\-by\\-discord\\-set\\-sights\\-on\\-steam\\-release/ \\\|title\\=Last Year: Afterdark dissed by Discord, set sights on Steam release \\\|date\\=2019\\-11\\-30 \\\|website\\=PC Invasion \\\|language\\=en\\-US \\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-20 \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220042757/https://www.pcinvasion.com/last\\-year\\-afterdark\\-dissed\\-by\\-discord\\-set\\-sights\\-on\\-steam\\-release/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### 2020", "Last Year: The Nightmare was released on 26 October 2020 via [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 \"Steam (service)\").{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://store.steampowered.com/app/511440/Last\\_Year\\_The\\_Nightmare/ \\\|title\\=Last Year: The Nightmare was released on Steam \\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-26 \\\|website\\=Steam \\\|language\\=en\\-US \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-26 \\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2023 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205103433/https://store.steampowered.com/app/511440/Last\\_Year\\_The\\_Nightmare/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Late 2021", "Due to the bankruptcy of Elastic Games,{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Notice of Bankruptcy \\\|url\\=https://www.raymondchabot.com/app/uploads/2021/08/notice\\-of\\-bankruptcy\\-to\\-creditors\\_elastic\\-games\\-inc.pdf \\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2023 \\\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2023 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025200/https://www.raymondchabot.com/app/uploads/2021/08/notice\\-of\\-bankruptcy\\-to\\-creditors\\_elastic\\-games\\-inc.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} the game is no longer available on any platform and owners of the game cannot launch it.", "### 2022", "Due to the fact that the owners of the game cannot launch it, the development of the modification of Last Year: Resurrected began on August 11, 2022\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Last Year: Resurrected\\\|url\\=https://discord.gg/F6rwVgaPcc}} The modification aims to bypass server checks as well as fixing up the code to be fully Peer to Peer without the reliance of game servers.\nThe mod released as a public beta on March 24, 2023\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Last Year: Resurrected \\- Official Trailer \\\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=YP\\-JVynM6gw \\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2023 \\\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2023 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531235936/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=YP\\-JVynM6gw \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### 2023", "On the April 1st the Official Twitter account of Last Year became active again with a tweet revealing that the game will be back. It went free\\-to\\-play on Steam with a new company, Undaunted Games, replacing Elastic Games. The game was re\\-launched on May 4, 2023\\.", "### 2024", "Undaunted Games announced in early 2024 that Last Year will relaunch as Forest Hills: The Last Year on Steam later the same year.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Sheehan \\\|first\\=Gavin \\\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-29 \\\|title\\=Forest Hills: The Last Year Is Getting Relaunched This Year \\\|url\\=https://bleedingcool.com/games/forest\\-hills\\-the\\-last\\-year\\-is\\-getting\\-relaunched\\-this\\-year/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-19 \\\|website\\=bleedingcool.com \\\|language\\=en}} The relaunch will feature some new content, and the studio's creative team is joined by visual artist Andy Belanger, narrative writer [Frank Tieri](/wiki/Frank_Tieri_%28writer%29 \"Frank Tieri (writer)\"), and voice over director [Sean Schemmel](/wiki/Sean_Schemmel \"Sean Schemmel\").", "" ]
Plot ---- A wild funeral and a storm presage an attempt on Li Kao's life by a man disguised as a gambler. Number Ten Ox dumps the body in a canal. A footnote remarks that volumes two through five of the Memoirs of Number Ten Ox were seized and burnt by the Imperial [Censors](/wiki/Censorship "Censorship"). Later in the Wineshop of One\-eyed Wong, a [low dive](/wiki/Dive_bar "Dive bar") where classes mix, they encounter Lady Hou, a poet whose poems have been "attributed" to [Yang Wan\-Li](/wiki/Yang_Wanli "Yang Wanli"). She attempts to murder a bureaucrat, but is knocked out by Wong. The trembling [abbot](/wiki/Bhikkhu "Bhikkhu") of a humble monastery in the Valley of Sorrows approaches and asks them to investigate the killing of a monk and the theft of a strange manuscript from its library. He also says that The Laughing Prince, who has been dead for about 750 years, has arisen from his grave. Later, they walk through the part of [Peking](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") known as Heaven's Bridge, a crime filled area. Master Li spots a robbery in progress and makes a detour to Fire Horse Park, specifically to the Eye of Tranquility, a small lake surrounded by old sinners hoping for salvation, following the tradition of [Chiang Taikung](/wiki/Chiang_Tai-Kung "Chiang Tai-Kung"), a Taoist who fished without worms. Li Kao wrings a confession about the mushrooms from a toadish fellow named Hsiang. He identifies the manuscript fragment as a [Ssu\-ma Ch'ien](/wiki/Sima_Qian "Sima Qian"), but an obvious forgery. It has also been traced recently. Three days later they arrive at the Valley of Sorrows. Li Kao tells the story of Prince [Liu Sheng](/wiki/Liu_Sheng%2C_Prince_of_Zhongshan "Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan"), younger brother of [Emperor Wu\-ti](/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han "Emperor Wu of Han"). He was appointed as lord of Dragon Head Valley. He had the [peasants](/wiki/Peasant "Peasant") plant gourds, and used the seeds to burn in horn lamps to light a salt mine. He used the brine and an area of shale that seeped an [odorless, easily ignited gas](/wiki/Shale_gas_in_China "Shale gas in China") to dry the salt. When the salt ran out, he had work started on mining a vein of iron ore. He set up an Iron Works that used a combination of acids to produce a less brittle form of iron. The suffering of the peasants sent him into gales of laughter. At that time he became known as The Laughing Prince. The acids had a queer effect on the water of the valley. It turned bright yellow and glowed violet at night and fish, birds and trees in the valley died. Protests were silenced when he showed that he had made quite a lot of money from it all. Then he lost all interest in making money and turned his interest to medicine. He [vivisected](/wiki/Vivisection "Vivisection") a large number of subjects (including those who protested) and gathered like\-minded people around him. He dubbed them his Monks of Mirth, and they helped him gather subjects. After a while, he fell ill and died, raving that he would return from the grave to finish the destruction of the valley. The autopsy of Brother Squint\-Eyes reveals a normal corpse that died of fright. It also reveals that he had feasted during a recent trip to [Ch'ang\-an](/wiki/Chang%27an "Chang'an"). They visit the devastated Princes' Path, a flowered path whose upkeep is paid for by the Laughing Prince's fortune. The abbot tells them that the prince's descendant Liu Pao wishes to meet them. The peasants also wish them to be certain that the Laughing Prince is still in his tomb. The estate is large but rundown, with a large garden and many birds. Oddly enough, the [Family Tablets](/wiki/Spirit_tablet "Spirit tablet") are not there as they enter, but instead a plaque containing an essay by [Chen Chiju](/wiki/Chen_Chiju "Chen Chiju"), titled "The Home Garden", one of the Four Pillars of Civilization. The prince proves to be a tall, skinny man with wild hair. They discuss the case so far and Liu Pao shows them his ancestor's tomb. The family tablets are within the grotto where the Laughing Prince conducted his experiments. It also contains a large slate board where curious experiments mention a Stone. A poem is carved over the tablets: {{Quotation\\|In darkness languishes the precious stone. When will its excellence enchant the world? When seeming is taken for being, being becomes seeming. When nothing is taken for something, something becomes nothing. The Stone dispels seeming and nothing, And climbs to the Gates of the Great Void.}} They enter the tomb. The tomb is a small, barren room with two stone coffins, containing also his principal wife [Tou Wan](/wiki/Dou_Wan "Dou Wan"). The expected mummies are in the coffins. In the village, the [Feast of the Hungry Ghosts](/wiki/Ghost_Festival "Ghost Festival") is beginning, it being the 15th day of the seventh moon. Despite the festivities, Master Li is worried. He speculates that the laughing of the Laughing Prince was due to [mercury poisoning](/wiki/Mercury_poisoning "Mercury poisoning"), likely due to experiments with the [Elixir of Life](/wiki/Elixir_of_life%23China "Elixir of life#China"). Suddenly a mysterious sound is heard by Number Ten Ox that Li Kao cannot hear. Master Li climbs onto Number Ten Ox's back and tells him to follow the sound. He does, running blindly into a thick mist, finally emerging on the Prince's estate, having somehow crossed a deep gorge without knowing. An alarm rings out in the monastery. The library has been ransacked and the room of Brother Squint\-Eyes has been trashed. The corpse of another monk is discovered in the library, Brother Wu Shang, also frightened to death. Another section of the path is found destroyed. Number Ten Ox sketches characters from [Great Seal script](/wiki/Large_Seal_Script "Large Seal Script") in the air and recounts an insight from a strange dream he had recently. The peasants begin to sing a [work song](/wiki/Work_song "Work song") from the [Book of Odes](/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry "Classic of Poetry"), indicating that they require the Prince to destroy his ancestor's remains in the Pre\-Confucian manner (punishable in the [Eighth Hell](/wiki/Diyu "Diyu"){{cite encyclopedia\\|title\=CHINESE MYTHOLOGY\\|encyclopedia\=New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology\\|page\=\\|url\=http://www.openbase.in.th/files/New%20Larousse%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Mythology%20part%207\.txt\\|quote\=\[..]the eighth punishes those who were lacking in filial piety\[..]}}). With the deed done and the mummy smashed to pieces, the Prince shows them his paintings. The Prince studied with [Three Incomparables](/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi "Gu Kaizhi"), master of the [p'o\-mo](/wiki/P%27o-mo "P'o-mo") (魄莫) style. Most of his paintings step outside those recommended in [Mustard Seed Garden](/wiki/Jieziyuan_Huazhuan "Jieziyuan Huazhuan"), an accumulated one and a half million years of exile. Master Li becomes suspicious about the fragment and discovers that it is actually real and that the 'mistakes' are actually clues, such as the number of a [dragon](/wiki/Chinese_dragon "Chinese dragon")'s scales (146, actually 153\), the number of [points](/wiki/Acupuncture_point "Acupuncture point") in [acupuncture](/wiki/Acupuncture "Acupuncture") (253, actually about 360\) and so on. The decoded message reveals the location of the Stone. Master Li also reveals the mummy in Liu Sheng's tomb had the wrong color wrappings, imperial yellow instead of mourning white, meaning that the mummy was not that of Liu Sheng. On the way to the cold room, they see a painting of Liu Sheng. His clothing contains all twelve [buttons](/wiki/Chinese_knotting "Chinese knotting") of rank and one other, commonly used to represent the Second Lord of Heaven, placing him in line with the [Jade Emperor](/wiki/Jade_Emperor "Jade Emperor"). Number Ten Ox deduces where the entrance to the tunnel is and after some hard work, break into Liu Sheng's real tomb. The first chamber contains the skeletons of the workers. An iron wall is the next obstacle, but Number Ten Ox manages to make a hole in it. The next chamber is of marble and is stacked with gold and jewels. Other rooms contain the skeletons of the rest of Liu Sheng's court, but the Monks of Mirth are nowhere to be found. Beyond the throne room is Liu Sheng's real coffins, and the [sacristy](/wiki/Sacristy "Sacristy"). The same mysterious inscription is there, but the Stone is not. The Laughing Prince's coffin is empty. Master Li deduces that there is another entrance to the tomb, since the air within was breathable. Since revealing the treasure would cause enormous problems, they decide to hide it again. Li Kao and Number Ten Ox leave for Ch'ang\-an. The capital is an overwhelming experience for Ox. While at the [Brush Forest Academy](/wiki/Hanlin_Academy "Hanlin Academy") (dropping off samples of the dead plants for analysis), Master Li tells the tale of [Hong Wong](/wiki/Hong_Wong "Hong Wong"), the young genius who was too smart for his own good. The [Neo\-Confucians](/wiki/Neo-Confucianism "Neo-Confucianism") are in power and innovation is anathema. Next he visits The Gate of the Beautiful Vista, headquarters of the [Secret Service](/wiki/Jinyiwei "Jinyiwei") and seeks an audience with the Captain of Prostitutes. They play a game of social shuttlecock, a quoting game. He wins and asks her to direct him to a soundmaster. She gives him the name of Moon Boy, who is presently at the court of [Shih Hu](/wiki/Shi_Hu "Shi Hu"), the King of [Chao](/wiki/Later_Zhao "Later Zhao"). She loans him Grief of Dawn, the one person who can control Moon Boy. In return she asks that he find a new patron deity for prostitutes. Golden Lotus was the best, and her successors have been poor substitutes. She asks that he recommend the late [Empress Wu](/wiki/Wu_Zetian "Wu Zetian"), which he takes umbrage at. Ox becomes entranced with Grief of Dawn. The group are given [postal service](/wiki/Mail%23China "Mail#China") horses and leave. During the long journey, they learn that Grief of Dawn has no memory of her life before she was about 18\. She was found covered in blood by an old woman who later raised her. Master Li gets in by pretending to be the Greatest Living Master of the [Wen\-Wu lute](/wiki/Pipa "Pipa"). The king sees through the imposture, but is pleased with the performance. He collects rare people, of which Moon Boy is the jewel. The group settle in and the king serenades Grief of Dawn, as he wants her to join his all\-female group of bodyguards, the Golden Girls. Ox and Grief of Dawn go off to be alone. The next morning, Ox and Grief of Dawn are interrupted in their love play by Moon Boy. Ox decides that Moon Boy is named after the [Rabbit in the Moon](/wiki/Moon_rabbit%23History "Moon rabbit#History"), a notorious pervert. Moon Boy leaves, but they are again interrupted by Master Li. They sneak away under cover of one of Moon Boy's performances. 100 toads glutted with [Chinese lantern\-flies](/wiki/Rhagophthalmidae "Rhagophthalmidae") clear out the stables and they make their escape through the kings secret exit. They dodge pursuit by boating to [Loshan](/wiki/Leshan "Leshan") down the [Min](/wiki/Min_River_%28Sichuan%29 "Min River (Sichuan)"), past the [Three Gorges](/wiki/Three_Gorges "Three Gorges") and over [Five Misery Rapids](/wiki/Five_Misery_Rapids "Five Misery Rapids"), past the [Leshan Giant Buddha](/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha "Leshan Giant Buddha"). They then travel back to [Ch'ang\-an](/wiki/Chang%27an "Chang'an"), past the village where Moon Boy was raised, resulting in some unusual scenes. Grief of Dawn's odd manners and knowledge, part peasant, part courtier are remarked on by Master Li. The samples show no traces of anything beyond natural decay. They make a visit to [Serpentine Park](/wiki/Chang%27an%23Southeastern_Chang%27an "Chang'an#Southeastern Chang'an"), where Master Li cleverly obtains rubbings of the Confucian Stones. He later alters them to appear to be forgeries (changing the old form of the character [且](/wiki/wikt:%E4%B8%94 "且") to its newer form) and trades them at the Pavilion of the Blessings of Heaven, a library, for the tracings sold by Brother Squint\-Eyes. Later, reclining under a tree, Master Li asks Ox to tell the story of Li Ling\-chi, about an emperor who wanted [tangerines](/wiki/Tangerine "Tangerine") in winter and was so expert in manipulating c\-hi that he was able to pull the tangerine trees from where they were growing in the south and cause them to grow in the north. Master Li then reads a story from a scroll containing the [frame story](/wiki/Frame_story "Frame story") of [Dream of the Red Chamber](/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber "Dream of the Red Chamber"), concerning a legend of [Nü Kua](/wiki/N%C3%BCwa "Nüwa"), a sentient Stone and an evil flower named Purple Pearl. The flawed stone gains an evil soul from the handling of the goddess. It wanders around heaven causing mischief, until the Jade Emperor brought it in contact with Purple Pearl. The stone brought water to nourish the flower, which exorcised the evil, causing the flower to fall in love with the stone. It vowed to do the same for the stone. Later the stone returned to earth. [Lao Tzu](/wiki/Laozi "Laozi") briefly possessed it, but hurled it away, crying "Evil!", as did [Chuang Tzu](/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou "Zhuang Zhou"). The deciphered text agrees, citing a tablet from the Cave of [Yu](/wiki/Yu_the_Great "Yu the Great") and gives a description of the appearance of the stone and that Ssu\-ma Ch'ien had attempted to destroy the stone with an axe, splitting it in three pieces. It asks scholars to destroy the stone, as soldiers could not. Master Li wonders about the sound and the destruction of Princes' Path. Moon Boy explains that the sound was likely related to the phenomenon of the [soul\-sound of stone](/wiki/Pien-chung "Pien-chung") ([Lithophone](/wiki/Lithophone "Lithophone")). Ox learns of the story of Wolf Boy and Fire Girl from the local boy's society. The plot deals with an attempt to kill the Laughing Prince, and includes a fragment of text similar to that found in the sacristy. A clue in the tale leads them to a hidden cave and the bodies of two gardeners who vanished 33 years ago. They explore the caves passages fruitlessly and emerge just as King Shih Hu and his Golden Girls catch up to them. Grief of Dawn is wounded in the struggle and the King and his Golden Girls depart sorrowfully. Grief of Dawn mutters in her fever, saying strange things that leave Master Li confused. To heal her, he requires the seeds of a [Bombay thorn apple](/wiki/Crataegus_cuneata "Crataegus cuneata"). They stop at the abandoned Unicorn Hall, to look at a portrait of Tou Wan, specifically her hairpin, which had a point fashioned from stone. They arrive at the Temple of Illusion. Master Li intends that they take a voyage inside his mind, to rediscover the location of the thorn apple, which he has forgotten in the 60 years since. The three sit in a room in the temple and have a meal of wine and [devil's ear mushrooms](/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom "Psilocybin mushroom"). A plaque has the story of the [Butterfly Dream](/wiki/Zhuangzi_%28book%29%23%22The_Butterfly_Dream%22 "Zhuangzi (book)#"). The mushrooms begin to take effect and they are directed to the garden. Master Li converses with a skull in a patch of reeds, which write in the air, communicating the thoughts of [Liu Ling](/wiki/Liu_Ling_%28poet%29 "Liu Ling (poet)"). The two talk of old times and Master Li tells it he wishes Moon Boy to look in a certain mirror. The skull is apprehensive since only three others ([Emperor T'ang](/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang"), Chou the Rouge and Crazy Ch'i) have returned from the trip. The trio enter [Hell](/wiki/Diyu "Diyu") and successfully bypass the first gate to the levels of Feng\-tu by impersonating an official inspector with his retinue, made possible by the [Neo\-Confucians](/wiki/Neo-Confucianism "Neo-Confucianism") having taken over the running of the place. Number Ten Ox's look in the mirror reveals this to be his first human incarnation. Moon Boy, however, is the most recent on an attempt to reform a seriously evil soul. Li also discovers that the Laughing prince has yet to arrive in Hell. Eventually, they trick their way out of Hell, arriving back in the garden where they started, with the location of the apple. The potion works and Grief of Dawn is restored to health. The things she mentioned in her fever seem to confirm that she was Tou Wan's maid in a previous incarnation almost 800 years ago. He also concludes that the story of Wolf Boy and Fire girl has some basis in fact. Li mesmerizes Grief of Dawn to bring up her buried memories of how she escaped from the caves. She stops at a large boulder, which has a hidden door. They descend steps to an underground river with large stone statues at intervals of death gods from various cultures, like [Yen\-wang\-yeh](/wiki/Yeng_Wang_Yeh "Yeng Wang Yeh"), [Emma\-hoo](/wiki/Yama_%28East_Asia%29%23Yama_in_Chinese.2C_Korean.2C_and_Japanese_mythology "Yama (East Asia)#Yama in Chinese.2C Korean.2C and Japanese mythology"), [Gilgamesh](/wiki/Gilgamesh "Gilgamesh"), [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris "Osiris") and others. They climb a steep flight of steps and emerge in an antechamber with four statues holding four [canopic jars](/wiki/Canopic_jar "Canopic jar") in Chinese style and four doors. The first door leads to the tomb, where they discover that Tou Wan's Hairpin, which had a piece of the Stone, is indeed missing. The next door leads to a room containing the Laughing Prince's medical research. He was using the Stone to chart the patterns of [ch'i](/wiki/Qi "Qi") and shih. The third door leads to a series of polished chutes that exit in the underground river. Lio Pau is not there and they find tassels from his robe leading up a flight of stairs to a side passage. Moon Boy produces the illusion that they have entered and the roof of the tunnel collapses. They climb the staircase and accidentally discover a secret door leading into the paymaster's office. The fourth door leads to a sloping tunnel and a cavern where the Monks of Mirth are celebrating the [Festival of Laughter](/wiki/Sanxing_%28deities%29%23Fuxing "Sanxing (deities)#Fuxing"). One is placed on Number Ten Ox's back and starts to squeeze his neck. The monks are revealed as [living corpses](/wiki/Chiang-shih "Chiang-shih") and the one on his back is the Laughing Prince. He manages to oil the corpse and squeeze it off. He hacks it to pieces with an axe, but the pieces continue to speak and move. Finally he lights it with a torch and the monks cease to move. Master Li recovers the Stone from the Laughing Prince, where it had revitalized his corpse after his death. They are approached by Girl of Fire, who claims to know the location of Prince Liu Pao, but she tricks them into entering a collapsing cave. Grief of Dawn is killed but Moon Boy refuses to leave her body, instead carrying her to safety. They are then reunited with Girl of Fire. Master Li realises that she is actually the Prince in disguise. Liu Pao had wanted the power of the Stone, which he kept hung around his neck. The stone is a natural [inkstone](/wiki/Inkstone "Inkstone"). They manage to kill Liu Pao by using the Kung Shang Chueh call, thus knocking him off the gorge. It is revealed Moon Boy is the stunningly beautiful reincarnated Purple Pearl. When the Stone stumbled upon Purple Pearl all those years ago, it washed away all the evil Purple Pearl had succumbed to. In return, Purple Pearl vowed to do the same to the Stone. After discovering this, Moon Boy fulfills the vow and commits suicide to be with Grief of Dawn.	[ "Plot\n----", "A wild funeral and a storm presage an attempt on Li Kao's life by a man disguised as a gambler. Number Ten Ox dumps the body in a canal. A footnote remarks that volumes two through five of the Memoirs of Number Ten Ox were seized and burnt by the Imperial [Censors](/wiki/Censorship \"Censorship\"). Later in the Wineshop of One\\-eyed Wong, a [low dive](/wiki/Dive_bar \"Dive bar\") where classes mix, they encounter Lady Hou, a poet whose poems have been \"attributed\" to [Yang Wan\\-Li](/wiki/Yang_Wanli \"Yang Wanli\"). She attempts to murder a bureaucrat, but is knocked out by Wong. The trembling [abbot](/wiki/Bhikkhu \"Bhikkhu\") of a humble monastery in the Valley of Sorrows approaches and asks them to investigate the killing of a monk and the theft of a strange manuscript from its library. He also says that The Laughing Prince, who has been dead for about 750 years, has arisen from his grave.", "Later, they walk through the part of [Peking](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") known as Heaven's Bridge, a crime filled area. Master Li spots a robbery in progress and makes a detour to Fire Horse Park, specifically to the Eye of Tranquility, a small lake surrounded by old sinners hoping for salvation, following the tradition of [Chiang Taikung](/wiki/Chiang_Tai-Kung \"Chiang Tai-Kung\"), a Taoist who fished without worms. Li Kao wrings a confession about the mushrooms from a toadish fellow named Hsiang. He identifies the manuscript fragment as a [Ssu\\-ma Ch'ien](/wiki/Sima_Qian \"Sima Qian\"), but an obvious forgery. It has also been traced recently.", "Three days later they arrive at the Valley of Sorrows. Li Kao tells the story of Prince [Liu Sheng](/wiki/Liu_Sheng%2C_Prince_of_Zhongshan \"Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan\"), younger brother of [Emperor Wu\\-ti](/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han \"Emperor Wu of Han\"). He was appointed as lord of Dragon Head Valley. He had the [peasants](/wiki/Peasant \"Peasant\") plant gourds, and used the seeds to burn in horn lamps to light a salt mine. He used the brine and an area of shale that seeped an [odorless, easily ignited gas](/wiki/Shale_gas_in_China \"Shale gas in China\") to dry the salt. When the salt ran out, he had work started on mining a vein of iron ore. He set up an Iron Works that used a combination of acids to produce a less brittle form of iron. The suffering of the peasants sent him into gales of laughter. At that time he became known as The Laughing Prince.", "The acids had a queer effect on the water of the valley. It turned bright yellow and glowed violet at night and fish, birds and trees in the valley died. Protests were silenced when he showed that he had made quite a lot of money from it all. Then he lost all interest in making money and turned his interest to medicine. He [vivisected](/wiki/Vivisection \"Vivisection\") a large number of subjects (including those who protested) and gathered like\\-minded people around him. He dubbed them his Monks of Mirth, and they helped him gather subjects. After a while, he fell ill and died, raving that he would return from the grave to finish the destruction of the valley.", "The autopsy of Brother Squint\\-Eyes reveals a normal corpse that died of fright. It also reveals that he had feasted during a recent trip to [Ch'ang\\-an](/wiki/Chang%27an \"Chang'an\"). They visit the devastated Princes' Path, a flowered path whose upkeep is paid for by the Laughing Prince's fortune. The abbot tells them that the prince's descendant Liu Pao wishes to meet them. The peasants also wish them to be certain that the Laughing Prince is still in his tomb.", "The estate is large but rundown, with a large garden and many birds. Oddly enough, the [Family Tablets](/wiki/Spirit_tablet \"Spirit tablet\") are not there as they enter, but instead a plaque containing an essay by [Chen Chiju](/wiki/Chen_Chiju \"Chen Chiju\"), titled \"The Home Garden\", one of the Four Pillars of Civilization. The prince proves to be a tall, skinny man with wild hair.", "They discuss the case so far and Liu Pao shows them his ancestor's tomb. The family tablets are within the grotto where the Laughing Prince conducted his experiments. It also contains a large slate board where curious experiments mention a Stone.", "A poem is carved over the tablets:", "{{Quotation\\\|In darkness languishes the precious stone. \nWhen will its excellence enchant the world?", "When seeming is taken for being, being becomes seeming.\nWhen nothing is taken for something, something becomes nothing.", "The Stone dispels seeming and nothing,\nAnd climbs to the Gates of the Great Void.}}", "They enter the tomb. The tomb is a small, barren room with two stone coffins, containing also his principal wife [Tou Wan](/wiki/Dou_Wan \"Dou Wan\"). The expected mummies are in the coffins.", "In the village, the [Feast of the Hungry Ghosts](/wiki/Ghost_Festival \"Ghost Festival\") is beginning, it being the 15th day of the seventh moon.\nDespite the festivities, Master Li is worried. He speculates that the laughing of the Laughing Prince was due to [mercury poisoning](/wiki/Mercury_poisoning \"Mercury poisoning\"), likely due to experiments with the [Elixir of Life](/wiki/Elixir_of_life%23China \"Elixir of life#China\"). Suddenly a mysterious sound is heard by Number Ten Ox that Li Kao cannot hear. Master Li climbs onto Number Ten Ox's back and tells him to follow the sound. He does, running blindly into a thick mist, finally emerging on the Prince's estate, having somehow crossed a deep gorge without knowing.", "An alarm rings out in the monastery. The library has been ransacked and the room of Brother Squint\\-Eyes has been trashed. The corpse of another monk is discovered in the library, Brother Wu Shang, also frightened to death. Another section of the path is found destroyed. Number Ten Ox sketches characters from [Great Seal script](/wiki/Large_Seal_Script \"Large Seal Script\") in the air and recounts an insight from a strange dream he had recently.", "The peasants begin to sing a [work song](/wiki/Work_song \"Work song\") from the [Book of Odes](/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry \"Classic of Poetry\"), indicating that they require the Prince to destroy his ancestor's remains in the Pre\\-Confucian manner (punishable in the [Eighth Hell](/wiki/Diyu \"Diyu\"){{cite encyclopedia\\\|title\\=CHINESE MYTHOLOGY\\\|encyclopedia\\=New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology\\\|page\\=\\\|url\\=http://www.openbase.in.th/files/New%20Larousse%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Mythology%20part%207\\.txt\\\|quote\\=\\[..]the eighth punishes those who were lacking in filial piety\\[..]}}).", "With the deed done and the mummy smashed to pieces, the Prince shows them his paintings. The Prince studied with [Three Incomparables](/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi \"Gu Kaizhi\"), master of the [p'o\\-mo](/wiki/P%27o-mo \"P'o-mo\") (魄莫) style. Most of his paintings step outside those recommended in [Mustard Seed Garden](/wiki/Jieziyuan_Huazhuan \"Jieziyuan Huazhuan\"), an accumulated one and a half million years of exile.", "Master Li becomes suspicious about the fragment and discovers that it is actually real and that the 'mistakes' are actually clues, such as the number of a [dragon](/wiki/Chinese_dragon \"Chinese dragon\")'s scales (146, actually 153\\), the number of [points](/wiki/Acupuncture_point \"Acupuncture point\") in [acupuncture](/wiki/Acupuncture \"Acupuncture\") (253, actually about 360\\) and so on. The decoded message reveals the location of the Stone. Master Li also reveals the mummy in Liu Sheng's tomb had the wrong color wrappings, imperial yellow instead of mourning white, meaning that the mummy was not that of Liu Sheng.", "On the way to the cold room, they see a painting of Liu Sheng. His clothing contains all twelve [buttons](/wiki/Chinese_knotting \"Chinese knotting\") of rank and one other, commonly used to represent the Second Lord of Heaven, placing him in line with the [Jade Emperor](/wiki/Jade_Emperor \"Jade Emperor\").", "Number Ten Ox deduces where the entrance to the tunnel is and after some hard work, break into Liu Sheng's real tomb. The first chamber contains the skeletons of the workers. An iron wall is the next obstacle, but Number Ten Ox manages to make a hole in it. The next chamber is of marble and is stacked with gold and jewels. Other rooms contain the skeletons of the rest of Liu Sheng's court, but the Monks of Mirth are nowhere to be found. Beyond the throne room is Liu Sheng's real coffins, and the [sacristy](/wiki/Sacristy \"Sacristy\"). The same mysterious inscription is there, but the Stone is not. The Laughing Prince's coffin is empty. Master Li deduces that there is another entrance to the tomb, since the air within was breathable.", "Since revealing the treasure would cause enormous problems, they decide to hide it again. Li Kao and Number Ten Ox leave for Ch'ang\\-an. The capital is an overwhelming experience for Ox. While at the [Brush Forest Academy](/wiki/Hanlin_Academy \"Hanlin Academy\") (dropping off samples of the dead plants for analysis), Master Li tells the tale of [Hong Wong](/wiki/Hong_Wong \"Hong Wong\"), the young genius who was too smart for his own good. The [Neo\\-Confucians](/wiki/Neo-Confucianism \"Neo-Confucianism\") are in power and innovation is anathema. Next he visits The Gate of the Beautiful Vista, headquarters of the [Secret Service](/wiki/Jinyiwei \"Jinyiwei\") and seeks an audience with the Captain of Prostitutes. They play a game of social shuttlecock, a quoting game. He wins and asks her to direct him to a soundmaster. She gives him the name of Moon Boy, who is presently at the court of [Shih Hu](/wiki/Shi_Hu \"Shi Hu\"), the King of [Chao](/wiki/Later_Zhao \"Later Zhao\"). She loans him Grief of Dawn, the one person who can control Moon Boy. In return she asks that he find a new patron deity for prostitutes. Golden Lotus was the best, and her successors have been poor substitutes. She asks that he recommend the late [Empress Wu](/wiki/Wu_Zetian \"Wu Zetian\"), which he takes umbrage at. Ox becomes entranced with Grief of Dawn. The group are given [postal service](/wiki/Mail%23China \"Mail#China\") horses and leave.", "During the long journey, they learn that Grief of Dawn has no memory of her life before she was about 18\\. She was found covered in blood by an old woman who later raised her. Master Li gets in by pretending to be the Greatest Living Master of the [Wen\\-Wu lute](/wiki/Pipa \"Pipa\"). The king sees through the imposture, but is pleased with the performance. He collects rare people, of which Moon Boy is the jewel.", "The group settle in and the king serenades Grief of Dawn, as he wants her to join his all\\-female group of bodyguards, the Golden Girls. Ox and Grief of Dawn go off to be alone.", "The next morning, Ox and Grief of Dawn are interrupted in their love play by Moon Boy. Ox decides that Moon Boy is named after the [Rabbit in the Moon](/wiki/Moon_rabbit%23History \"Moon rabbit#History\"), a notorious pervert. Moon Boy leaves, but they are again interrupted by Master Li.", "They sneak away under cover of one of Moon Boy's performances. 100 toads glutted with [Chinese lantern\\-flies](/wiki/Rhagophthalmidae \"Rhagophthalmidae\") clear out the stables and they make their escape through the kings secret exit. They dodge pursuit by boating to [Loshan](/wiki/Leshan \"Leshan\") down the [Min](/wiki/Min_River_%28Sichuan%29 \"Min River (Sichuan)\"), past the [Three Gorges](/wiki/Three_Gorges \"Three Gorges\") and over [Five Misery Rapids](/wiki/Five_Misery_Rapids \"Five Misery Rapids\"), past the [Leshan Giant Buddha](/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha \"Leshan Giant Buddha\").", "They then travel back to [Ch'ang\\-an](/wiki/Chang%27an \"Chang'an\"), past the village where Moon Boy was raised, resulting in some unusual scenes.\nGrief of Dawn's odd manners and knowledge, part peasant, part courtier are remarked on by Master Li. The samples show no traces of anything beyond natural decay. They make a visit to [Serpentine Park](/wiki/Chang%27an%23Southeastern_Chang%27an \"Chang'an#Southeastern Chang'an\"), where Master Li cleverly obtains rubbings of the Confucian Stones. He later alters them to appear to be forgeries (changing the old form of the character [且](/wiki/wikt:%E4%B8%94 \"且\") to its newer form) and trades them at the Pavilion of the Blessings of Heaven, a library, for the tracings sold by Brother Squint\\-Eyes.", "Later, reclining under a tree, Master Li asks Ox to tell the story of Li Ling\\-chi, about an emperor who wanted [tangerines](/wiki/Tangerine \"Tangerine\") in winter and was so expert in manipulating c\\-hi that he was able to pull the tangerine trees from where they were growing in the south and cause them to grow in the north. Master Li then reads a story from a scroll containing the [frame story](/wiki/Frame_story \"Frame story\") of [Dream of the Red Chamber](/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber \"Dream of the Red Chamber\"), concerning a legend of [Nü Kua](/wiki/N%C3%BCwa \"Nüwa\"), a sentient Stone and an evil flower named Purple Pearl. The flawed stone gains an evil soul from the handling of the goddess. It wanders around heaven causing mischief, until the Jade Emperor brought it in contact with Purple Pearl. The stone brought water to nourish the flower, which exorcised the evil, causing the flower to fall in love with the stone. It vowed to do the same for the stone. Later the stone returned to earth. [Lao Tzu](/wiki/Laozi \"Laozi\") briefly possessed it, but hurled it away, crying \"Evil!\", as did [Chuang Tzu](/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou \"Zhuang Zhou\").", "The deciphered text agrees, citing a tablet from the Cave of [Yu](/wiki/Yu_the_Great \"Yu the Great\") and gives a description of the appearance of the stone and that Ssu\\-ma Ch'ien had attempted to destroy the stone with an axe, splitting it in three pieces. It asks scholars to destroy the stone, as soldiers could not.", "Master Li wonders about the sound and the destruction of Princes' Path. Moon Boy explains that the sound was likely related to the phenomenon of the [soul\\-sound of stone](/wiki/Pien-chung \"Pien-chung\") ([Lithophone](/wiki/Lithophone \"Lithophone\")).", "Ox learns of the story of Wolf Boy and Fire Girl from the local boy's society. The plot deals with an attempt to kill the Laughing Prince, and includes a fragment of text similar to that found in the sacristy.", "A clue in the tale leads them to a hidden cave and the bodies of two gardeners who vanished 33 years ago. They explore the caves passages fruitlessly and emerge just as King Shih Hu and his Golden Girls catch up to them. Grief of Dawn is wounded in the struggle and the King and his Golden Girls depart sorrowfully.", "Grief of Dawn mutters in her fever, saying strange things that leave Master Li confused. To heal her, he requires the seeds of a [Bombay thorn apple](/wiki/Crataegus_cuneata \"Crataegus cuneata\"). They stop at the abandoned Unicorn Hall, to look at a portrait of Tou Wan, specifically her hairpin, which had a point fashioned from stone.", "They arrive at the Temple of Illusion. Master Li intends that they take a voyage inside his mind, to rediscover the location of the thorn apple, which he has forgotten in the 60 years since. The three sit in a room in the temple and have a meal of wine and [devil's ear mushrooms](/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom \"Psilocybin mushroom\"). A plaque has the story of the [Butterfly Dream](/wiki/Zhuangzi_%28book%29%23%22The_Butterfly_Dream%22 \"Zhuangzi (book)#\"). The mushrooms begin to take effect and they are directed to the garden.", "Master Li converses with a skull in a patch of reeds, which write in the air, communicating the thoughts of [Liu Ling](/wiki/Liu_Ling_%28poet%29 \"Liu Ling (poet)\"). The two talk of old times and Master Li tells it he wishes Moon Boy to look in a certain mirror. The skull is apprehensive since only three others ([Emperor T'ang](/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang \"Emperor Xuanzong of Tang\"), Chou the Rouge and Crazy Ch'i) have returned from the trip.", "The trio enter [Hell](/wiki/Diyu \"Diyu\") and successfully bypass the first gate to the levels of Feng\\-tu by impersonating an official inspector with his retinue, made possible by the [Neo\\-Confucians](/wiki/Neo-Confucianism \"Neo-Confucianism\") having taken over the running of the place. Number Ten Ox's look in the mirror reveals this to be his first human incarnation. Moon Boy, however, is the most recent on an attempt to reform a seriously evil soul. Li also discovers that the Laughing prince has yet to arrive in Hell. Eventually, they trick their way out of Hell, arriving back in the garden where they started, with the location of the apple.", "The potion works and Grief of Dawn is restored to health. The things she mentioned in her fever seem to confirm that she was Tou Wan's maid in a previous incarnation almost 800 years ago. He also concludes that the story of Wolf Boy and Fire girl has some basis in fact. Li mesmerizes Grief of Dawn to bring up her buried memories of how she escaped from the caves. She stops at a large boulder, which has a hidden door.", "They descend steps to an underground river with large stone statues at intervals of death gods from various cultures, like [Yen\\-wang\\-yeh](/wiki/Yeng_Wang_Yeh \"Yeng Wang Yeh\"), [Emma\\-hoo](/wiki/Yama_%28East_Asia%29%23Yama_in_Chinese.2C_Korean.2C_and_Japanese_mythology \"Yama (East Asia)#Yama in Chinese.2C Korean.2C and Japanese mythology\"), [Gilgamesh](/wiki/Gilgamesh \"Gilgamesh\"), [Osiris](/wiki/Osiris \"Osiris\") and others. They climb a steep flight of steps and emerge in an antechamber with four statues holding four [canopic jars](/wiki/Canopic_jar \"Canopic jar\") in Chinese style and four doors. The first door leads to the tomb, where they discover that Tou Wan's Hairpin, which had a piece of the Stone, is indeed missing. The next door leads to a room containing the Laughing Prince's medical research. He was using the Stone to chart the patterns of [ch'i](/wiki/Qi \"Qi\") and shih. The third door leads to a series of polished chutes that exit in the underground river. Lio Pau is not there and they find tassels from his robe leading up a flight of stairs to a side passage. Moon Boy produces the illusion that they have entered and the roof of the tunnel collapses.", "They climb the staircase and accidentally discover a secret door leading into the paymaster's office. The fourth door leads to a sloping tunnel and a cavern where the Monks of Mirth are celebrating the [Festival of Laughter](/wiki/Sanxing_%28deities%29%23Fuxing \"Sanxing (deities)#Fuxing\"). One is placed on Number Ten Ox's back and starts to squeeze his neck. The monks are revealed as [living corpses](/wiki/Chiang-shih \"Chiang-shih\") and the one on his back is the Laughing Prince. He manages to oil the corpse and squeeze it off. He hacks it to pieces with an axe, but the pieces continue to speak and move. Finally he lights it with a torch and the monks cease to move. Master Li recovers the Stone from the Laughing Prince, where it had revitalized his corpse after his death.", "They are approached by Girl of Fire, who claims to know the location of Prince Liu Pao, but she tricks them into entering a collapsing cave. Grief of Dawn is killed but Moon Boy refuses to leave her body, instead carrying her to safety. They are then reunited with Girl of Fire. Master Li realises that she is actually the Prince in disguise. Liu Pao had wanted the power of the Stone, which he kept hung around his neck. The stone is a natural [inkstone](/wiki/Inkstone \"Inkstone\").", "They manage to kill Liu Pao by using the Kung Shang Chueh call, thus knocking him off the gorge.", "It is revealed Moon Boy is the stunningly beautiful reincarnated Purple Pearl. When the Stone stumbled upon Purple Pearl all those years ago, it washed away all the evil Purple Pearl had succumbed to. In return, Purple Pearl vowed to do the same to the Stone. After discovering this, Moon Boy fulfills the vow and commits suicide to be with Grief of Dawn.", "" ]
Life ---- Candia\-Bailey was born in {{Birth based on age as of date\\|49\\|2024\\|1\\|8\\|noage\=1}} to Veronica Joyce Candia and Robert Bonner in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago").{{Cite web \\|last1\=Lawson \\|first1\=Jade \\|last2\=Alfonseca \\|first2\=Kiara \\|date\=January 19, 2024 \\|title\=HBCU administrator's death by suicide prompts calls for president's resignation \\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/hbcu\-administrators\-death\-suicide\-prompts\-calls\-presidents\-resignation/story?id\=106463624 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|language\=en}}{{Cite thesis \\|last\=Candia\-Bailey \\|first\=Antoinette Bonnie \\|title\=My Sister, Myself: The Identification of Sociocultural Factors That Affect the Advancement of African\-American Women into Senior\-Level Administrative Positions \\|date\=2016 \\|degree\=Ph.D. \\|publisher\=North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State \\|oclc\=7006886161}}{{Cite web \\|date\=January 2024 \\|title\=Obituary for Antoinette B. Candia\-Bailey \\|url\=https://www.minormorrisfuneralhome.com/obituary/Antoinette\-Candia\-Bailey \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=Minor \- Morris Funeral Home, Ltd. \\|language\=en}} Her paternal grandparents were Marion G. Candia and Myrtle F. Candia. She completed a B.S. in sociology at [Lincoln University](/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Missouri%29 "Lincoln University (Missouri)") in 1998\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-05\-01 \\|title\=Dr. Antoinette 'Bonnie' Candia\-Bailey named VP at Lincoln \\|url\=http://www.stlamerican.com/business/people\_on\_the\_move/dr\-antoinette\-bonnie\-candia\-bailey\-named\-vp\-at\-lincoln/article\_cacf3402\-e6cc\-11ed\-af4d\-bf68efd9eff4\.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=\[\[The St. Louis American]] \\|language\=en}} She joined [Alpha Kappa Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha "Alpha Kappa Alpha") in November 1995\. She earned an M.A. in [rehabilitation counseling](/wiki/Rehabilitation_counseling "Rehabilitation counseling")\-[disability studies](/wiki/Disability_studies "Disability studies") from [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_University "Michigan State University") in 2001\. Candia\-Bailey completed a Ph.D. in [leadership studies](/wiki/Leadership_studies "Leadership studies") from [North Carolina A\&T State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University "North Carolina A&T State University") in 2016\. Her dissertation was titled, My Sister, Myself: The Identification of Sociocultural Factors that Affect the Advancement of African\-American Women into Senior\-Level Administrative Positions.{{Cite web \\|last\=Adams \\|first\=Char \\|date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|title\=Supporters say Black academic's suicide was fueled by the very pressures she studied in her dissertation \\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/antoinette\-bonnie\-candida\-bailey\-lincoln\-university\-dissertation\-rcna134380 \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=\[\[NBC News]] \\|language\=en}} Comfort Okpala was her doctoral advisor. Candia\-Bailey was the assistant director of university housing at [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University").{{Cite web \\|title\=Lincoln University of Missouri Welcomes Dr. Antoinette 'Bonnie' Candia\-Bailey as New Vice President for Student Affairs \\|url\=https://www.lincolnu.edu/news/2023/04/candia\-bailey\-vp\-student\-affairs.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=Lincoln University \\|language\=en}} She served as the director of academic excellence at North Carolina A\&T State University. She was the assistant vice president of student affairs\-housing and residence life at [Towson University](/wiki/Towson_University "Towson University"). At the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison"), she was the associate dean of students and student life. Later she served as the senior project coordinator to the deputy vice chancellor for diversity and inclusion.{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-03\-30 \\|title\=Elms College Welcomes Antoinette Candia\-Bailey \\|url\=https://businesswest.com/blog/elms\-college\-welcomes\-antoinette\-bonnie\-candia\-bailey/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=BusinessWest \\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|title\=In Memoriam: Antoinette Candia\-Bailey, 1974\-2024 \\|url\=https://jbhe.com/2024/01/in\-memoriam\-antoinette\-candia\-bailey/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-20 \\|website\=\[\[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]] \\|language\=en\-US}} On April 1, 2020, Candia\-Bailey became the first vice president of student affairs and chief diversity officer at [Elms College](/wiki/Elms_College "Elms College"). On May 1, 2023, she returned to her alma mater, Lincoln University, as its vice president for student affairs.{{Cite web \\|last\=Pivoney \\|first\=Ryan \\|date\=2023\-04\-18 \\|title\=Lincoln University alum to oversee student affairs {{!}} Jefferson City News\-Tribune \\|url\=https://www.newstribune.com/news/2023/apr/18/lu\-alum\-to\-oversee\-student\-affairs/ \\|url\-access\=subscription \\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-19 \\|website\=\[\[News Tribune (Jefferson City)\\|News Tribune]] \\|language\=en}} On January 3, 2024, Candia\-Bailey received a termination letter. Candia\-Bailey had married Anthony R. Bailey on January 28, 2012, in [Greensboro, North Carolina](/wiki/Greensboro%2C_North_Carolina "Greensboro, North Carolina"). She had two stepdaughters.	[ "Life\n----", "Candia\\-Bailey was born in {{Birth based on age as of date\\\|49\\\|2024\\\|1\\\|8\\\|noage\\=1}} to Veronica Joyce Candia and Robert Bonner in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\").{{Cite web \\\|last1\\=Lawson \\\|first1\\=Jade \\\|last2\\=Alfonseca \\\|first2\\=Kiara \\\|date\\=January 19, 2024 \\\|title\\=HBCU administrator's death by suicide prompts calls for president's resignation \\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/hbcu\\-administrators\\-death\\-suicide\\-prompts\\-calls\\-presidents\\-resignation/story?id\\=106463624 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\\|ABC News]] \\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite thesis \\\|last\\=Candia\\-Bailey \\\|first\\=Antoinette Bonnie \\\|title\\=My Sister, Myself: The Identification of Sociocultural Factors That Affect the Advancement of African\\-American Women into Senior\\-Level Administrative Positions \\\|date\\=2016 \\\|degree\\=Ph.D. \\\|publisher\\=North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State \\\|oclc\\=7006886161}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=January 2024 \\\|title\\=Obituary for Antoinette B. Candia\\-Bailey \\\|url\\=https://www.minormorrisfuneralhome.com/obituary/Antoinette\\-Candia\\-Bailey \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=Minor \\- Morris Funeral Home, Ltd. \\\|language\\=en}} Her paternal grandparents were Marion G. Candia and Myrtle F. Candia.", "She completed a B.S. in sociology at [Lincoln University](/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Missouri%29 \"Lincoln University (Missouri)\") in 1998\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-01 \\\|title\\=Dr. Antoinette 'Bonnie' Candia\\-Bailey named VP at Lincoln \\\|url\\=http://www.stlamerican.com/business/people\\_on\\_the\\_move/dr\\-antoinette\\-bonnie\\-candia\\-bailey\\-named\\-vp\\-at\\-lincoln/article\\_cacf3402\\-e6cc\\-11ed\\-af4d\\-bf68efd9eff4\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[The St. Louis American]] \\\|language\\=en}} She joined [Alpha Kappa Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha \"Alpha Kappa Alpha\") in November 1995\\. She earned an M.A. in [rehabilitation counseling](/wiki/Rehabilitation_counseling \"Rehabilitation counseling\")\\-[disability studies](/wiki/Disability_studies \"Disability studies\") from [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_University \"Michigan State University\") in 2001\\. Candia\\-Bailey completed a Ph.D. in [leadership studies](/wiki/Leadership_studies \"Leadership studies\") from [North Carolina A\\&T State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University \"North Carolina A&T State University\") in 2016\\. Her dissertation was titled, My Sister, Myself: The Identification of Sociocultural Factors that Affect the Advancement of African\\-American Women into Senior\\-Level Administrative Positions.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Adams \\\|first\\=Char \\\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|title\\=Supporters say Black academic's suicide was fueled by the very pressures she studied in her dissertation \\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/antoinette\\-bonnie\\-candida\\-bailey\\-lincoln\\-university\\-dissertation\\-rcna134380 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]] \\\|language\\=en}} Comfort Okpala was her doctoral advisor.", "Candia\\-Bailey was the assistant director of university housing at [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Lincoln University of Missouri Welcomes Dr. Antoinette 'Bonnie' Candia\\-Bailey as New Vice President for Student Affairs \\\|url\\=https://www.lincolnu.edu/news/2023/04/candia\\-bailey\\-vp\\-student\\-affairs.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=Lincoln University \\\|language\\=en}} She served as the director of academic excellence at North Carolina A\\&T State University. She was the assistant vice president of student affairs\\-housing and residence life at [Towson University](/wiki/Towson_University \"Towson University\"). At the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\"), she was the associate dean of students and student life. Later she served as the senior project coordinator to the deputy vice chancellor for diversity and inclusion.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-03\\-30 \\\|title\\=Elms College Welcomes Antoinette Candia\\-Bailey \\\|url\\=https://businesswest.com/blog/elms\\-college\\-welcomes\\-antoinette\\-bonnie\\-candia\\-bailey/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=BusinessWest \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|title\\=In Memoriam: Antoinette Candia\\-Bailey, 1974\\-2024 \\\|url\\=https://jbhe.com/2024/01/in\\-memoriam\\-antoinette\\-candia\\-bailey/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-20 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]] \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} On April 1, 2020, Candia\\-Bailey became the first vice president of student affairs and chief diversity officer at [Elms College](/wiki/Elms_College \"Elms College\").", "On May 1, 2023, she returned to her alma mater, Lincoln University, as its vice president for student affairs.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Pivoney \\\|first\\=Ryan \\\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-18 \\\|title\\=Lincoln University alum to oversee student affairs {{!}} Jefferson City News\\-Tribune \\\|url\\=https://www.newstribune.com/news/2023/apr/18/lu\\-alum\\-to\\-oversee\\-student\\-affairs/ \\\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-19 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[News Tribune (Jefferson City)\\\|News Tribune]] \\\|language\\=en}} On January 3, 2024, Candia\\-Bailey received a termination letter.", "Candia\\-Bailey had married Anthony R. Bailey on January 28, 2012, in [Greensboro, North Carolina](/wiki/Greensboro%2C_North_Carolina \"Greensboro, North Carolina\"). She had two stepdaughters.", "" ]
Club career ----------- Thiago Galvão played in Brazil with [Paulista Futebol Clube](/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube "Paulista Futebol Clube") from 2007 to 2010\. In 2011, he joined Serbian side Sloboda Užice. ### Sloboda Užice Thiago Galvão and Paulista teammate Ricardinho came to Serbia in January 2011 and played 11 matches with newly promoted [FK Sloboda Point Sevojno](/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Point_Sevojno "FK Sloboda Point Sevojno") until the end of the season. He made his league debut coming on as a late substitute against [FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda](/wiki/FK_Spartak_Zlatibor_Voda "FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda") in April 2011\. #### 2010–11 season Upon joining Sloboda in 2011, Thiago Galvão spent the first season adjusting to the league in Serbia, during which he didn't score a single goal in the 11 games he appeared in.[Soccerway – Brazil – Thiago Galvao Player History](https://int.soccerway.com/players/tiago-galvao-da-silva/179538/) #### 2011–12 season His exhibitions from previous season satisfied the club management and during summer he was offered to stay, while Ricardinho returned to Brazil. He immediately responded by being named the best player of the main tournament his club played during summer pre\-season.[Triumfalno](http://www.fkslobodapointsevojno.rs/vesti/v81) at Sloboda official website During the summer Sloboda changed much of the squad. As a result, Thiago got more playing time and started 29 games out of 29 games he played. Even though he played as a striker at Paulista, coach [Ljubiša Stamenković](/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Stamenkovi%C4%87 "Ljubiša Stamenković") gave him the role of an attacking midfielder. In the first half of the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Serbian_SuperLiga "2011–12 Serbian SuperLiga"), he and [Filip Kasalica](/wiki/Filip_Kasalica "Filip Kasalica") (before he departed to join [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade")) were listed as the most formidable striker partnership in the entire league. Thiago scored 6 goals and had 8 assists that season and was one of the best players in the league, attracting interest from domestic clubs as well as clubs from the Western Europe. #### 2012–13 season During the 2013 winter transfer window, clubs such as [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan "FK Partizan"), [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade"), and [FC Rostov](/wiki/FC_Rostov "FC Rostov") were interested in Thiago Galvão. Rostov even made a bid of €450,000 for the player, but Sloboda rejected it. In March during a game against [FK Jagodina](/wiki/FK_Jagodina "FK Jagodina"), Thiago scored a beautiful overhead kick goal. He helped the club finish fifth for the second straight season with 8 goals and 8 assists. He played all 30 games. For the second season in a row Galvão was included in the league's most statistically effective strike partnership, this time with [Predrag Ranđelović](/wiki/Predrag_Ran%C4%91elovi%C4%87_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 "Predrag Ranđelović (footballer, born 1976)") who replaced Kasalica upon his departure to Red Star Belgrade. #### 2013–14 season The 2013 season started slowly with Thiago Galvão having a goalless drought for six straight games, due to still recovering from injury, and then he scored his first [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick "Hat-trick") for the club on 25 September, against [Teleoptik](/wiki/FK_Teleoptik "FK Teleoptik") in the Serbian Cup.[http://www.fksloboda.org/vest.php?id\=1244](http://www.fksloboda.org/vest.php?id=1244) Het\-trik za buđenje – Tiago Galvao – 25 September 2013 {{in lang\\|sr}} He scored his first league goal against [OFK Beograd](/wiki/OFK_Beograd "OFK Beograd") on 5 October 2013\.[http://www.24sata.rs/sport/vesti/vest/ofk\-beograd\-osvojio\-bod\-u\-uzicu/108584\.phtml](http://www.24sata.rs/sport/vesti/vest/ofk-beograd-osvojio-bod-u-uzicu/108584.phtml) 24sata.rs: OFK Beograd osvojio bod u Užicu – 5 October 2013 {{in lang\\|sr}} On 23 November Tiago scored another overhead kick, this time against [Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade") to give his team the lead, but Sloboda lost 4–1\.[http://www.butasport.rs/2013/11/da\-li\-je\-ovo\-najlepsi\-gol\-ove\-sezone\-u.html](http://www.butasport.rs/2013/11/da-li-je-ovo-najlepsi-gol-ove-sezone-u.html) Da li je ovo najlepši gol ove sezone u JSL? (Video) – 23 November {{in lang\\|sr}} On 22 April 2014, Tiago played his 100th game for Sloboda against Javor, providing the only goal of the game with an assist.[http://www.utakmica.rs/vesti/tijagova\-stotka](http://www.utakmica.rs/vesti/tijagova-stotka) Tijagova "stotka" – 23 April {{in lang\\|sr}} In what was a really poor season for Sloboda, finishing last and getting relegated, Tiago was by far the best player. ### Sheriff Tiraspol On 3 July 2014, Thiago Galvão signed for Moldovan side [FC Sheriff Tiraspol](/wiki/FC_Sheriff_Tiraspol "FC Sheriff Tiraspol").{{cite web\\|script\-title\=ru:Тиаго Гальвао стал новым игроком "Шерифа"\\|url\=http://www.fc\-sheriff.com/ru/vse/tiago\-galvao\-stal\-novyim\-igrokom\-sherifa/\\|website\=fc\-sheriff.com/\\|publisher\=FC Sheriff Tiraspol\\|accessdate\=23 December 2015\\|language\=Russian\\|date\=3 July 2014}} ### Pyunik On 17 January 2022, Galvão signed for [Pyunik](/wiki/FC_Pyunik "FC Pyunik").{{cite web \\|title\=Official statement: Thiago Galvao \\|url\=https://fcpyunik.am/en/article/1031 \\|website\=fcpyunik.am/ \\|publisher\=FC Pyunik \\|access\-date\=17 January 2022 \\|date\=17 January 2022}}	[ "Club career\n-----------", "Thiago Galvão played in Brazil with [Paulista Futebol Clube](/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube \"Paulista Futebol Clube\") from 2007 to 2010\\. In 2011, he joined Serbian side Sloboda Užice.", "### Sloboda Užice", "Thiago Galvão and Paulista teammate Ricardinho came to Serbia in January 2011 and played 11 matches with newly promoted [FK Sloboda Point Sevojno](/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Point_Sevojno \"FK Sloboda Point Sevojno\") until the end of the season. He made his league debut coming on as a late substitute against [FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda](/wiki/FK_Spartak_Zlatibor_Voda \"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda\") in April 2011\\.", "#### 2010–11 season", "Upon joining Sloboda in 2011, Thiago Galvão spent the first season adjusting to the league in Serbia, during which he didn't score a single goal in the 11 games he appeared in.[Soccerway – Brazil – Thiago Galvao Player History](https://int.soccerway.com/players/tiago-galvao-da-silva/179538/)", "#### 2011–12 season", "His exhibitions from previous season satisfied the club management and during summer he was offered to stay, while Ricardinho returned to Brazil. He immediately responded by being named the best player of the main tournament his club played during summer pre\\-season.[Triumfalno](http://www.fkslobodapointsevojno.rs/vesti/v81) at Sloboda official website\nDuring the summer Sloboda changed much of the squad. As a result, Thiago got more playing time and started 29 games out of 29 games he played. Even though he played as a striker at Paulista, coach [Ljubiša Stamenković](/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Stamenkovi%C4%87 \"Ljubiša Stamenković\") gave him the role of an attacking midfielder. In the first half of the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Serbian_SuperLiga \"2011–12 Serbian SuperLiga\"), he and [Filip Kasalica](/wiki/Filip_Kasalica \"Filip Kasalica\") (before he departed to join [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\")) were listed as the most formidable striker partnership in the entire league. Thiago scored 6 goals and had 8 assists that season and was one of the best players in the league, attracting interest from domestic clubs as well as clubs from the Western Europe.", "#### 2012–13 season", "During the 2013 winter transfer window, clubs such as [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan \"FK Partizan\"), [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\"), and [FC Rostov](/wiki/FC_Rostov \"FC Rostov\") were interested in Thiago Galvão. Rostov even made a bid of €450,000 for the player, but Sloboda rejected it. In March during a game against [FK Jagodina](/wiki/FK_Jagodina \"FK Jagodina\"), Thiago scored a beautiful overhead kick goal. He helped the club finish fifth for the second straight season with 8 goals and 8 assists. He played all 30 games. For the second season in a row Galvão was included in the league's most statistically effective strike partnership, this time with [Predrag Ranđelović](/wiki/Predrag_Ran%C4%91elovi%C4%87_%28footballer%2C_born_1976%29 \"Predrag Ranđelović (footballer, born 1976)\") who replaced Kasalica upon his departure to Red Star Belgrade.", "#### 2013–14 season", "The 2013 season started slowly with Thiago Galvão having a goalless drought for six straight games, due to still recovering from injury, and then he scored his first [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\") for the club on 25 September, against [Teleoptik](/wiki/FK_Teleoptik \"FK Teleoptik\") in the Serbian Cup.[http://www.fksloboda.org/vest.php?id\\=1244](http://www.fksloboda.org/vest.php?id=1244) Het\\-trik za buđenje – Tiago Galvao – 25 September 2013 {{in lang\\\|sr}} He scored his first league goal against [OFK Beograd](/wiki/OFK_Beograd \"OFK Beograd\") on 5 October 2013\\.[http://www.24sata.rs/sport/vesti/vest/ofk\\-beograd\\-osvojio\\-bod\\-u\\-uzicu/108584\\.phtml](http://www.24sata.rs/sport/vesti/vest/ofk-beograd-osvojio-bod-u-uzicu/108584.phtml) 24sata.rs: OFK Beograd osvojio bod u Užicu – 5 October 2013 {{in lang\\\|sr}} On 23 November Tiago scored another overhead kick, this time against [Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\") to give his team the lead, but Sloboda lost 4–1\\.[http://www.butasport.rs/2013/11/da\\-li\\-je\\-ovo\\-najlepsi\\-gol\\-ove\\-sezone\\-u.html](http://www.butasport.rs/2013/11/da-li-je-ovo-najlepsi-gol-ove-sezone-u.html) Da li je ovo najlepši gol ove sezone u JSL? (Video) – 23 November {{in lang\\\|sr}} On 22 April 2014, Tiago played his 100th game for Sloboda against Javor, providing the only goal of the game with an assist.[http://www.utakmica.rs/vesti/tijagova\\-stotka](http://www.utakmica.rs/vesti/tijagova-stotka) Tijagova \"stotka\" – 23 April {{in lang\\\|sr}} In what was a really poor season for Sloboda, finishing last and getting relegated, Tiago was by far the best player.", "### Sheriff Tiraspol", "On 3 July 2014, Thiago Galvão signed for Moldovan side [FC Sheriff Tiraspol](/wiki/FC_Sheriff_Tiraspol \"FC Sheriff Tiraspol\").{{cite web\\\|script\\-title\\=ru:Тиаго Гальвао стал новым игроком \"Шерифа\"\\\|url\\=http://www.fc\\-sheriff.com/ru/vse/tiago\\-galvao\\-stal\\-novyim\\-igrokom\\-sherifa/\\\|website\\=fc\\-sheriff.com/\\\|publisher\\=FC Sheriff Tiraspol\\\|accessdate\\=23 December 2015\\\|language\\=Russian\\\|date\\=3 July 2014}}", "### Pyunik", "On 17 January 2022, Galvão signed for [Pyunik](/wiki/FC_Pyunik \"FC Pyunik\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=Official statement: Thiago Galvao \\\|url\\=https://fcpyunik.am/en/article/1031 \\\|website\\=fcpyunik.am/ \\\|publisher\\=FC Pyunik \\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2022 \\\|date\\=17 January 2022}}", "" ]
History ------- ### The beginnings (1976\-1979\) Guitarist [Radovan Jovićević](/wiki/Radovan_Jovi%C4%87evi%C4%87 "Radovan Jovićević") and keyboardist Jovan Živanović "Kikamac" started to work together in 1976, playing in several high school bands.{{cite book\\|last\=Janjatović\\|first\=Petar\\|title\=Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960\-2023\\|year\=2024\\|publisher\=self\-released\\|location\=Belgrade\\|page\=327}} At the end of the 1970s, they were both members of the band Suton (Dusk). On a [school dance](/wiki/School_dance "School dance") in Saint Sava elementary school in Belgrade, on which Suton performed, Jovićević brought his girlfriend\-at\-the\-time [Zana Nimani](/wiki/Zana_Nimani "Zana Nimani"). She sang, having her first performance with Jovićević and Živanović. In 1979, Jovićević, Živanović and Nimani decided to start performing under the name Zana. The first lineup of Zana featured, beside Jovićević, Živanović and Nimani, guitarist Igor Jovanović, bass guitarist Bogdan Dragović and drummer Aleksandar Ivanov. The band soon managed to get a term to record some of their songs in [Radio Belgrade](/wiki/Radio_Belgrade "Radio Belgrade")'s Studio VI, where they were spotted by lyricist [Marina Tucaković](/wiki/Marina_Tucakovi%C4%87 "Marina Tucaković"), who had previously worked with [Srđan Marjanović](/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Marjanovi%C4%87 "Srđan Marjanović"), [DAG](/wiki/DAG_%28former_Yugoslav_band%29 "DAG (former Yugoslav band)"), [YU Grupa](/wiki/YU_Grupa "YU Grupa"), [Bisera Veletanlić](/wiki/Bisera_Veletanli%C4%87 "Bisera Veletanlić"), [Ambasadori](/wiki/Ambasadori "Ambasadori"), [Dado Topić](/wiki/Dado_Topi%C4%87 "Dado Topić"), [Slađana Milošević](/wiki/Sla%C4%91ana_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slađana Milošević") and other acts.[Marina Tucaković writing credits at Discogs](http://www.discogs.com/artist/564834-Marina-Tucaković?type=Credits&subtype=Writing-Arrangement) She got interested in the band, and soon became their lyricist and an official member. ### Zana Nimani years (1979\-1984\) In 1980, Zana recorded their first [7\-inch single](/wiki/7-inch_single "7-inch single"), featuring the songs "Nastavnice" ("Hey, Teacher"), recorded with a [children's choir](/wiki/Children%27s_choir "Children's choir"), and "Sveta". They were declined by Belgrade\-based record label [PGP\-RTB](/wiki/PGP-RTB "PGP-RTB"), but soon after signed for [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb")\-based [Jugoton](/wiki/Jugoton "Jugoton"), which released the single. The band promoted the single on their live performances, [alternative music](/wiki/Alternative_music "Alternative music") saxophonist Paul Pignon occasionally performing with them. Zana had their first public performance in Belgrade in November 1980, performing as an opening act on [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 "Generacija 5") concert in [Pionir Hall](/wiki/Pionir_Hall "Pionir Hall"). Their followup 7\-inch single was also suceessful, released as the [double\-A\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side%23Double_A-side "A-side and B-side#Double A-side") with the songs "Moj deda" ("My Grandfather") and "Pepito pantalone" ("[Pepito](/wiki/Houndstooth "Houndstooth") Pants"). In 1981, Jugoton refused to give Zana unlimited time in studio to record their debut album, so the band moved to PGP\-RTB, for which they released the [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae")\-influenced single "Leto" ("Summer"), intentionally releasing it in May, hoping it would become a [summer hit](/wiki/Summer_hit "Summer hit"). It was later revealed in the Yugoslav press that with "Leto" Zana plagiarized "Matador" by [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys "Garland Jeffreys"), but it did not influence the song's success on the charts. Due to the success of "Leto", Jugoton agreed to Zana's terms, so the band signed back to Jugoton. The band's debut album, Loše vesti uz rege za pivsku flašu (Bad News Accompanied by Reggae for a Beer Bottle) was released in 1981\. It was recorded in Jugoton's Studio VI, and produced by the band members themselves. On the album, Živanović was signed as "Kikamac" only in order to avoid being confused with Zoran Živanović "Hoze" of the band Mama Co Co, to whom Kikamac's fees were often mistakenly paid. The album brought the hits "Jutro me podseća na to" ("Morning Reminds Me of It"), "On" ("He"), "Miševi beli celu noć" ("White Mice All Night") and "Loše vesti" ("Bad News"), the latter featuring altered lyrics, because Jugoton editors demanded the original politically provocative lyrics to be changed. In their home city the band promoted the album with a concert in [Dadov Theatre](/wiki/Dadov_Theatre "Dadov Theatre"). On a fund\-raising concert in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") they performed as an opening act for [Bijelo Dugme](/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme "Bijelo Dugme"). The December 1981 mini\-tour across Serbia was ended when Aleksandar Ivanov left the band due to his mandatory stint in the [Yugoslav army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army "Yugoslav People's Army"). Ivanov was temporarily replaced by Pavle "Paja Banana" Nikolić, a former member of the band [Dragoljubov Taxi](/wiki/Point_Blank_%28Serbian_band%29 "Point Blank (Serbian band)"). The band's second album, Dodirni mi kolena (Touch My Knees) was recorded in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") during May 1982, with the help of saxophonist Goran Nillson, percussionist Byl Gunnar Byllin, and multi\-instrumentalist, recorder and producer [Tini Varga](/wiki/Tini_Varga "Tini Varga"), who also coauthored lyrics for two songs on the album. During the album recording, Tucaković stopped being the band's official member, but would continued to write lyrics for them. With Dodirni mi kolena the group moved to more commercial sound. The album brought [synth\-pop](/wiki/Synth-pop "Synth-pop")\-oriented hits "Dodirni mi kolena", "Majstor za poljupce" ("Kisses Maestro"), "13 je moj srećan broj" ("13 Is My Lucky Number"), and the album saw high number sales. In September, the same month when the album was released, Jovanović left the band due to his army stint, and was temporarily replaced by Aleksandar Radulović "Futa". At the end of 1982, the band went on a tour across Serbia, [Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia"), [Herzegovina](/wiki/Herzegovina "Herzegovina") and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia"), however, the concerts saw bad reviews in the Yugoslav music press, as the band's live performances failed to reach the standards of their studio recordings. In May 1983, Jovanović and Ivanov returned to the band, and Nikolić and Radulović left. Soon after, Bogdan Dragović left, forming the band Zamba with Aleksandar Radulović, guitarist [Nikola Čuturilo](/wiki/Nikola_%C4%8Cuturilo "Nikola Čuturilo") and drummer Predrag "Bata" Jakovljević, the group releasing their only studio album, Udarac nisko (Low Kick), in 1983\. Zana's new bass guitarist became Miloš Stojisavljević "Cajger", a former member of [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 "Generacija 5"). In August 1983, Zana recorded their third studio album, entitled Natrag na voz (Back to the Train). The album was, as the band's previous release, recorded in Sweden and produced by Tini Varga. The album's biggest hits were the duet "Jabuke i vino" ("Apples and Wine"), sung by Nimani and [Željko Bebek](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek "Željko Bebek") (the band initially considered [Daniel](/wiki/Daniel_%28Montenegrin_singer%29 "Daniel (Montenegrin singer)"), [Oliver Mandić](/wiki/Oliver_Mandi%C4%87 "Oliver Mandić"), [Jura Stublić](/wiki/Jura_Stubli%C4%87 "Jura Stublić"), or [Branimir "Džoni" Štulić](/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87 "Branimir Štulić") for the song) and "Mladiću moj" ("My Boy"). The title track also featured Bebek on vocals. At the time of album release, the end of 1983, Ivanov left the band, and was replaced by Predrag Jakovljević (formerly of Zamba). After leaving the band, Ivanov dedicated himself to a career in marketing. He has moved to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), where he hosted a music show on a local radio, played in [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") tribute band The Zeatles and in the band Melody Boys which performed covers of Yugoslav rock hits. In February 1984, Zana went on a promotional tour, but as the audience showed little interest in their concerts, they ended the tour in March. Soon after, Jovičić and Kikamac went to serve the army, the band went on hiatus, and Nimani decided to start a solo career. After the release of her only solo album Noćas pevam samo tebi (Tonight I Sing only for You) in 1986, she married, retired from music and eventually moved to [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"). ### Nataša Gajović and Nataša Živković years (1985\-1990\) [thumb\\|The logo used by the band on several of their releases, appearing for the first time on their 1988 self\-titled album\\|right](/wiki/File:Zana_logo.svg "Zana logo.svg") In 1985, Jovićević and Živanović reformed Zana with the new vocalist, Nataša Gajović. With the album Zana, unofficially known as Crvene lale (Red [Tulips](/wiki/Tulips "Tulips")) after the first track, released in 1985 and produced by [Saša Habić](/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Habi%C4%87 "Saša Habić"), they moved towards [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") and [pop rock](/wiki/Pop_rock "Pop rock") sound. The album brought the hits "Još ovaj dan" ("One More Day"), "Pahulje" ("Snowflakes") and "Nikad nedeljom" ("Never on Sunday"). Their next album, Otkinimo noćas zajedno (Let's Get Crazy Tonight Together) was released in 1987\. It was recorded with the new drummer Zoran "Babonja" Babović and produced by Dušan Petrović "Šane". The album brought [folk](/wiki/Folk_music "Folk music")\-influenced hit "Vejte snegovi" ("Fall Heavily, Snows"), which featured guest appearance by [Boki Milošević](/wiki/Boki_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Boki Milošević") on [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet"). The 1988 album Zana, produced by Tini Varga, featured [Mladen Vojičić Tifa](/wiki/Mladen_Voji%C4%8Di%C4%87_Tifa "Mladen Vojičić Tifa"), [Laza Ristovski](/wiki/Laza_Ristovski "Laza Ristovski") and Miroslav Sedak Benčić as guests. The album brought the hits "Oženićeš se ti, udaću se ja" ("You Will Get Married, I Will Get Married"), "Vojna pošta" ("Military Post") and "Vlak" ("Train"). In 1989, Gajović left the band, retiring from music and moving to [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia").{{Why\\|date\=November 2016}} Following her departure, other members also left the band, so Jovićević and Živanović reformed Zana with Nataša Živković (vocals), Zoran Jakšić (bass guitar) and Saša Al Hamed (drums). The new lineup recorded the album Zana, also known as Rukuju se, rukuju (They're Saying Goodbye, They're Saying Goodbye) after its biggest hit. The album was produced by Jovićević, Živanović and [Laza Ristovski](/wiki/Laza_Ristovski "Laza Ristovski") and released in 1989\. The track "E, moj doktore" ("Oh, Doctor") featured [folk](/wiki/Folk_music "Folk music") singer [Dragana Mirković](/wiki/Dragana_Mirkovi%C4%87 "Dragana Mirković") on vocals, and the song "Napravite mostove" ("Build Bridges") featured the [girl group](/wiki/Girl_group "Girl group") [Šarmerke](/wiki/%C5%A0armerke "Šarmerke") on vocals.{{cite book\\|last\=Janjatović\\|first\=Petar\\|title\=Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960\-2023\\|year\=2024\\|publisher\=self\-released\\|location\=Belgrade\\|page\=328}} After only two years spent with Zana, Živković joined [Hare Krishna](/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness "International Society for Krishna Consciousness") and withdrawn from the scene. In 1990, to celebrate ten years of activity, Jovićević and Živanović released the compilation album Najlepše pesme 1980\-1990 (Most Beautiful Songs 1980 \- 1990). ### Jelena Galonić years (1991\-1999\) With Zana's fourth singer, Jelena Galonić, Jovićević and Živanović recorded the albums Zana in 1991, featuring the pop\-oriented hit "Nisam, nisam (Devojka tvoga druga)" ("I'm Not, I'm Not (Your Friend's Girlfriend)"), and Tražim (I'm Searching), released in 1993, featuring the rock\-oriented hit "Priča se, priča (Da Rusi dolaze)" ("They're Saying, They're Saying (That the [Russians](/wiki/Russians "Russians") are Coming)"). At the beginning of 1996, the compilation album Zlatni hitovi 1980 \- 1995 (Golden Hits 1980 \- 1995) was released, featuring two new songs, "Modrice" ("Bruises") and "Gušti, gušti" (a cover of the song by [Istrian](/wiki/Istria "Istria") singer Alan Vitasović), the videos for which were recorded at [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"). The album Zanomanija (Zanomania), released in 1997 and featuring [dance\-pop](/wiki/Dance-pop "Dance-pop") elements, featured a remixed version of "Modirce" and "Gušti, gušti" and a cover of [Time](/wiki/Time_%28rock_band%29 "Time (rock band)") song "Da li znaš da te volim" ("Did You Know that I Love You"). The album's biggest hit was the ballad "Nije sve tako crno" ("Not Everything Is So Dark"). In the autumn of 1998, they released the live album Zana uživo (Zana Live), recorded on their concert held in [Sava Centar](/wiki/Sava_Centar "Sava Centar") on 1 November 1997\. The album featured singer Brankica Vasić as guest. ### Zana as a pop duo (1999\-2015\) At the beginning of 1999, Jovićević moved to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), leaving Živanović and Galonić as Zana's only official members. The two recorded the song "Balkanska" ("Balkan Song") for the various artists album Proleće na trgu – Moj Beograd srce ima (Spring on the Square – My Belgrade Has a Heart), featuring protest songs against the [NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia "NATO bombing of Yugoslavia"). In 1999, they released the album Prijatelji (Friends), which featured the sound resembling their earlier works. On the song "40", which deals with the life of a [middle aged](/wiki/Middle_age "Middle age") man, Živanović recorded lead vocals for the first time. Beside Zana members, the authors of the lyrics were Marina Tucaković and [Bora Đorđević](/wiki/Bora_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87 "Bora Đorđević"). In 2001, Živanović and Galonić released album 21, featuring songs composed by Živanović on the lyrics by Galonić and Marina Tucaković. The album was produced by Živanović, Galonić and Žika Filipović. In 2006, Zana released the album Kao nekad (Just like Before). The album featured dance\-pop remixes of "Vejte snegovi" and "Dodirni mi kolena", and the song "Znaš li šta je ljubav" ("Do You Know What Love Is") featured guest appearance by [tenor](/wiki/Tenor "Tenor") Goran Dime. In June 2008, Živanović and Galonić got married. On 29 April 2010, Zana celebrated thirty years of work with a concert in Sava Centar, Nataša Gajović and Nataša Živković making guest appearances on the concert.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.svet.rs/najnovije\-vesti/zana\-za\-natasama\-na\-sceni\-centra\-sava\\|title\="Zana" za Natašama na sceni Centra "Sava"\\|publisher\=Svet.rs\\|date\=20 March 2010\\|access\-date\=29 August 2012}} On 30 December 2013, the band's former drummer Pavle Nikolić, who spent last years of his life as the owner of the club Tropikana in [Accra](/wiki/Accra "Accra"), [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"), died in a car accident. ### Return to rock format (2015\-present) In 2015, after a five\-year hiatus in their work, the band, in the lineup consisting of Galonić, Živanović, Milica Rančić (drums), Dejan Trajković (guitar), Miljan Davidović (keyboards), Zoran Jakšić (bass guitar), released the single "Maco" ("Honey").["POSLE 15 GODINA Grupa "Zana" vraća se na muzičku scenu"](http://www.blic.rs/Zabava/Vesti/551174/POSLE-15-GODINA-Grupa-Zana-vraca-se-na-muzicku-scenu), blic.rs; accessed 8 January 2017\. In December 2016, Zana released the single "Stupido", a duet sung by Galonić and the group's former vocalist Nataša Gajović.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.svetplus.com/vesti/64306/premijera\-zana\-\-\-stupido\-pogledajte\-bajkovit\-spot\-popularne\-grupe\-\-video\\|title\=Svet Plus \- Najnovije vesti \- Muzika Showbiz Film \- Radio i Web Tv\\|first\=Svet\\|last\=Plus\\|website\=svetplus.com\\|access\-date\=13 March 2018}} In 2018, [Croatia Records](/wiki/Croatia_Records "Croatia Records") released the [box set](/wiki/Box_set "Box set") Original Album Collection, containing all of the band's albums with Nimani on vocals (the first three studio albums), as well as Zana Nimani's only solo album, Noćas pevam samo tebi. In 2022, in order to mark the band's 40th anniversary, [PGP\-RTS](/wiki/PGP-RTS "PGP-RTS") released the box set entitled Dijamantski box set 1980–2022 (Diamond Box Set 1980–2022) containing all 13 studio albums released by the band, the live album Zana uživo, as well as a disc with singles released during the 1980–2022 period. The release also contains a book with [press clippings](/wiki/Clipping_%28publications%29 "Clipping (publications)") and photographs from various phases of the group's career.{{Cite web \\|last\=Serbia \\|first\=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of \\|title\=За 40 година 13 албума – специјално комплет издање групе Зана \\|url\=http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/421/muzika/5072635/grupa\-zana\-pgp\-rts\-novo\-izdanje.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-01\-06 \\|website\=www.rts.rs}} The band's former bass guitarist Bogdan Dragović died in March 2016, and another former bass guitarist for Zana, Miloš Stojisavljević "Cajger" died on 29 January 2024\.["Preminuo Miloš Stojisavljević Cajger, član grupe 'Generacija 5'", Danas.rs](https://www.danas.rs/kultura/scena/preminuo-milos-stojisavljevic-cajger-clan-grupe-generacija-5/) Marina Tucaković died on 19 September 2021\.	[ "History\n-------", "### The beginnings (1976\\-1979\\)", "Guitarist [Radovan Jovićević](/wiki/Radovan_Jovi%C4%87evi%C4%87 \"Radovan Jovićević\") and keyboardist Jovan Živanović \"Kikamac\" started to work together in 1976, playing in several high school bands.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Janjatović\\\|first\\=Petar\\\|title\\=Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960\\-2023\\\|year\\=2024\\\|publisher\\=self\\-released\\\|location\\=Belgrade\\\|page\\=327}} At the end of the 1970s, they were both members of the band Suton (Dusk). On a [school dance](/wiki/School_dance \"School dance\") in Saint Sava elementary school in Belgrade, on which Suton performed, Jovićević brought his girlfriend\\-at\\-the\\-time [Zana Nimani](/wiki/Zana_Nimani \"Zana Nimani\"). She sang, having her first performance with Jovićević and Živanović. In 1979, Jovićević, Živanović and Nimani decided to start performing under the name Zana. The first lineup of Zana featured, beside Jovićević, Živanović and Nimani, guitarist Igor Jovanović, bass guitarist Bogdan Dragović and drummer Aleksandar Ivanov.", "The band soon managed to get a term to record some of their songs in [Radio Belgrade](/wiki/Radio_Belgrade \"Radio Belgrade\")'s Studio VI, where they were spotted by lyricist [Marina Tucaković](/wiki/Marina_Tucakovi%C4%87 \"Marina Tucaković\"), who had previously worked with [Srđan Marjanović](/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Marjanovi%C4%87 \"Srđan Marjanović\"), [DAG](/wiki/DAG_%28former_Yugoslav_band%29 \"DAG (former Yugoslav band)\"), [YU Grupa](/wiki/YU_Grupa \"YU Grupa\"), [Bisera Veletanlić](/wiki/Bisera_Veletanli%C4%87 \"Bisera Veletanlić\"), [Ambasadori](/wiki/Ambasadori \"Ambasadori\"), [Dado Topić](/wiki/Dado_Topi%C4%87 \"Dado Topić\"), [Slađana Milošević](/wiki/Sla%C4%91ana_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slađana Milošević\") and other acts.[Marina Tucaković writing credits at Discogs](http://www.discogs.com/artist/564834-Marina-Tucaković?type=Credits&subtype=Writing-Arrangement) She got interested in the band, and soon became their lyricist and an official member.", "### Zana Nimani years (1979\\-1984\\)", "In 1980, Zana recorded their first [7\\-inch single](/wiki/7-inch_single \"7-inch single\"), featuring the songs \"Nastavnice\" (\"Hey, Teacher\"), recorded with a [children's choir](/wiki/Children%27s_choir \"Children's choir\"), and \"Sveta\". They were declined by Belgrade\\-based record label [PGP\\-RTB](/wiki/PGP-RTB \"PGP-RTB\"), but soon after signed for [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\")\\-based [Jugoton](/wiki/Jugoton \"Jugoton\"), which released the single. The band promoted the single on their live performances, [alternative music](/wiki/Alternative_music \"Alternative music\") saxophonist Paul Pignon occasionally performing with them. Zana had their first public performance in Belgrade in November 1980, performing as an opening act on [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 \"Generacija 5\") concert in [Pionir Hall](/wiki/Pionir_Hall \"Pionir Hall\"). Their followup 7\\-inch single was also suceessful, released as the [double\\-A\\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side%23Double_A-side \"A-side and B-side#Double A-side\") with the songs \"Moj deda\" (\"My Grandfather\") and \"Pepito pantalone\" (\"[Pepito](/wiki/Houndstooth \"Houndstooth\") Pants\"). In 1981, Jugoton refused to give Zana unlimited time in studio to record their debut album, so the band moved to PGP\\-RTB, for which they released the [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\")\\-influenced single \"Leto\" (\"Summer\"), intentionally releasing it in May, hoping it would become a [summer hit](/wiki/Summer_hit \"Summer hit\"). It was later revealed in the Yugoslav press that with \"Leto\" Zana plagiarized \"Matador\" by [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys \"Garland Jeffreys\"), but it did not influence the song's success on the charts. Due to the success of \"Leto\", Jugoton agreed to Zana's terms, so the band signed back to Jugoton.", "The band's debut album, Loše vesti uz rege za pivsku flašu (Bad News Accompanied by Reggae for a Beer Bottle) was released in 1981\\. It was recorded in Jugoton's Studio VI, and produced by the band members themselves. On the album, Živanović was signed as \"Kikamac\" only in order to avoid being confused with Zoran Živanović \"Hoze\" of the band Mama Co Co, to whom Kikamac's fees were often mistakenly paid. The album brought the hits \"Jutro me podseća na to\" (\"Morning Reminds Me of It\"), \"On\" (\"He\"), \"Miševi beli celu noć\" (\"White Mice All Night\") and \"Loše vesti\" (\"Bad News\"), the latter featuring altered lyrics, because Jugoton editors demanded the original politically provocative lyrics to be changed. In their home city the band promoted the album with a concert in [Dadov Theatre](/wiki/Dadov_Theatre \"Dadov Theatre\"). On a fund\\-raising concert in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\") they performed as an opening act for [Bijelo Dugme](/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme \"Bijelo Dugme\"). The December 1981 mini\\-tour across Serbia was ended when Aleksandar Ivanov left the band due to his mandatory stint in the [Yugoslav army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army \"Yugoslav People's Army\"). Ivanov was temporarily replaced by Pavle \"Paja Banana\" Nikolić, a former member of the band [Dragoljubov Taxi](/wiki/Point_Blank_%28Serbian_band%29 \"Point Blank (Serbian band)\").", "The band's second album, Dodirni mi kolena (Touch My Knees) was recorded in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") during May 1982, with the help of saxophonist Goran Nillson, percussionist Byl Gunnar Byllin, and multi\\-instrumentalist, recorder and producer [Tini Varga](/wiki/Tini_Varga \"Tini Varga\"), who also coauthored lyrics for two songs on the album. During the album recording, Tucaković stopped being the band's official member, but would continued to write lyrics for them. With Dodirni mi kolena the group moved to more commercial sound. The album brought [synth\\-pop](/wiki/Synth-pop \"Synth-pop\")\\-oriented hits \"Dodirni mi kolena\", \"Majstor za poljupce\" (\"Kisses Maestro\"), \"13 je moj srećan broj\" (\"13 Is My Lucky Number\"), and the album saw high number sales. In September, the same month when the album was released, Jovanović left the band due to his army stint, and was temporarily replaced by Aleksandar Radulović \"Futa\".", "At the end of 1982, the band went on a tour across Serbia, [Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\"), [Herzegovina](/wiki/Herzegovina \"Herzegovina\") and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\"), however, the concerts saw bad reviews in the Yugoslav music press, as the band's live performances failed to reach the standards of their studio recordings. In May 1983, Jovanović and Ivanov returned to the band, and Nikolić and Radulović left. Soon after, Bogdan Dragović left, forming the band Zamba with Aleksandar Radulović, guitarist [Nikola Čuturilo](/wiki/Nikola_%C4%8Cuturilo \"Nikola Čuturilo\") and drummer Predrag \"Bata\" Jakovljević, the group releasing their only studio album, Udarac nisko (Low Kick), in 1983\\. Zana's new bass guitarist became Miloš Stojisavljević \"Cajger\", a former member of [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 \"Generacija 5\").", "In August 1983, Zana recorded their third studio album, entitled Natrag na voz (Back to the Train). The album was, as the band's previous release, recorded in Sweden and produced by Tini Varga. The album's biggest hits were the duet \"Jabuke i vino\" (\"Apples and Wine\"), sung by Nimani and [Željko Bebek](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek \"Željko Bebek\") (the band initially considered [Daniel](/wiki/Daniel_%28Montenegrin_singer%29 \"Daniel (Montenegrin singer)\"), [Oliver Mandić](/wiki/Oliver_Mandi%C4%87 \"Oliver Mandić\"), [Jura Stublić](/wiki/Jura_Stubli%C4%87 \"Jura Stublić\"), or [Branimir \"Džoni\" Štulić](/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87 \"Branimir Štulić\") for the song) and \"Mladiću moj\" (\"My Boy\"). The title track also featured Bebek on vocals. At the time of album release, the end of 1983, Ivanov left the band, and was replaced by Predrag Jakovljević (formerly of Zamba). After leaving the band, Ivanov dedicated himself to a career in marketing. He has moved to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), where he hosted a music show on a local radio, played in [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") tribute band The Zeatles and in the band Melody Boys which performed covers of Yugoslav rock hits.", "In February 1984, Zana went on a promotional tour, but as the audience showed little interest in their concerts, they ended the tour in March. Soon after, Jovičić and Kikamac went to serve the army, the band went on hiatus, and Nimani decided to start a solo career. After the release of her only solo album Noćas pevam samo tebi (Tonight I Sing only for You) in 1986, she married, retired from music and eventually moved to [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\").", "### Nataša Gajović and Nataša Živković years (1985\\-1990\\)", "[thumb\\\|The logo used by the band on several of their releases, appearing for the first time on their 1988 self\\-titled album\\\|right](/wiki/File:Zana_logo.svg \"Zana logo.svg\")\nIn 1985, Jovićević and Živanović reformed Zana with the new vocalist, Nataša Gajović. With the album Zana, unofficially known as Crvene lale (Red [Tulips](/wiki/Tulips \"Tulips\")) after the first track, released in 1985 and produced by [Saša Habić](/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Habi%C4%87 \"Saša Habić\"), they moved towards [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") and [pop rock](/wiki/Pop_rock \"Pop rock\") sound. The album brought the hits \"Još ovaj dan\" (\"One More Day\"), \"Pahulje\" (\"Snowflakes\") and \"Nikad nedeljom\" (\"Never on Sunday\"). Their next album, Otkinimo noćas zajedno (Let's Get Crazy Tonight Together) was released in 1987\\. It was recorded with the new drummer Zoran \"Babonja\" Babović and produced by Dušan Petrović \"Šane\". The album brought [folk](/wiki/Folk_music \"Folk music\")\\-influenced hit \"Vejte snegovi\" (\"Fall Heavily, Snows\"), which featured guest appearance by [Boki Milošević](/wiki/Boki_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Boki Milošević\") on [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\"). The 1988 album Zana, produced by Tini Varga, featured [Mladen Vojičić Tifa](/wiki/Mladen_Voji%C4%8Di%C4%87_Tifa \"Mladen Vojičić Tifa\"), [Laza Ristovski](/wiki/Laza_Ristovski \"Laza Ristovski\") and Miroslav Sedak Benčić as guests. The album brought the hits \"Oženićeš se ti, udaću se ja\" (\"You Will Get Married, I Will Get Married\"), \"Vojna pošta\" (\"Military Post\") and \"Vlak\" (\"Train\").", "In 1989, Gajović left the band, retiring from music and moving to [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\").{{Why\\\|date\\=November 2016}} Following her departure, other members also left the band, so Jovićević and Živanović reformed Zana with Nataša Živković (vocals), Zoran Jakšić (bass guitar) and Saša Al Hamed (drums). The new lineup recorded the album Zana, also known as Rukuju se, rukuju (They're Saying Goodbye, They're Saying Goodbye) after its biggest hit. The album was produced by Jovićević, Živanović and [Laza Ristovski](/wiki/Laza_Ristovski \"Laza Ristovski\") and released in 1989\\. The track \"E, moj doktore\" (\"Oh, Doctor\") featured [folk](/wiki/Folk_music \"Folk music\") singer [Dragana Mirković](/wiki/Dragana_Mirkovi%C4%87 \"Dragana Mirković\") on vocals, and the song \"Napravite mostove\" (\"Build Bridges\") featured the [girl group](/wiki/Girl_group \"Girl group\") [Šarmerke](/wiki/%C5%A0armerke \"Šarmerke\") on vocals.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Janjatović\\\|first\\=Petar\\\|title\\=Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960\\-2023\\\|year\\=2024\\\|publisher\\=self\\-released\\\|location\\=Belgrade\\\|page\\=328}} After only two years spent with Zana, Živković joined [Hare Krishna](/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness \"International Society for Krishna Consciousness\") and withdrawn from the scene. In 1990, to celebrate ten years of activity, Jovićević and Živanović released the compilation album Najlepše pesme 1980\\-1990 (Most Beautiful Songs 1980 \\- 1990).", "### Jelena Galonić years (1991\\-1999\\)", "With Zana's fourth singer, Jelena Galonić, Jovićević and Živanović recorded the albums Zana in 1991, featuring the pop\\-oriented hit \"Nisam, nisam (Devojka tvoga druga)\" (\"I'm Not, I'm Not (Your Friend's Girlfriend)\"), and Tražim (I'm Searching), released in 1993, featuring the rock\\-oriented hit \"Priča se, priča (Da Rusi dolaze)\" (\"They're Saying, They're Saying (That the [Russians](/wiki/Russians \"Russians\") are Coming)\").", "At the beginning of 1996, the compilation album Zlatni hitovi 1980 \\- 1995 (Golden Hits 1980 \\- 1995) was released, featuring two new songs, \"Modrice\" (\"Bruises\") and \"Gušti, gušti\" (a cover of the song by [Istrian](/wiki/Istria \"Istria\") singer Alan Vitasović), the videos for which were recorded at [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"). The album Zanomanija (Zanomania), released in 1997 and featuring [dance\\-pop](/wiki/Dance-pop \"Dance-pop\") elements, featured a remixed version of \"Modirce\" and \"Gušti, gušti\" and a cover of [Time](/wiki/Time_%28rock_band%29 \"Time (rock band)\") song \"Da li znaš da te volim\" (\"Did You Know that I Love You\"). The album's biggest hit was the ballad \"Nije sve tako crno\" (\"Not Everything Is So Dark\"). In the autumn of 1998, they released the live album Zana uživo (Zana Live), recorded on their concert held in [Sava Centar](/wiki/Sava_Centar \"Sava Centar\") on 1 November 1997\\. The album featured singer Brankica Vasić as guest.", "### Zana as a pop duo (1999\\-2015\\)", "At the beginning of 1999, Jovićević moved to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), leaving Živanović and Galonić as Zana's only official members. The two recorded the song \"Balkanska\" (\"Balkan Song\") for the various artists album Proleće na trgu – Moj Beograd srce ima (Spring on the Square – My Belgrade Has a Heart), featuring protest songs against the [NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia \"NATO bombing of Yugoslavia\"). In 1999, they released the album Prijatelji (Friends), which featured the sound resembling their earlier works. On the song \"40\", which deals with the life of a [middle aged](/wiki/Middle_age \"Middle age\") man, Živanović recorded lead vocals for the first time. Beside Zana members, the authors of the lyrics were Marina Tucaković and [Bora Đorđević](/wiki/Bora_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87 \"Bora Đorđević\"). In 2001, Živanović and Galonić released album 21, featuring songs composed by Živanović on the lyrics by Galonić and Marina Tucaković. The album was produced by Živanović, Galonić and Žika Filipović.", "In 2006, Zana released the album Kao nekad (Just like Before). The album featured dance\\-pop remixes of \"Vejte snegovi\" and \"Dodirni mi kolena\", and the song \"Znaš li šta je ljubav\" (\"Do You Know What Love Is\") featured guest appearance by [tenor](/wiki/Tenor \"Tenor\") Goran Dime. In June 2008, Živanović and Galonić got married. On 29 April 2010, Zana celebrated thirty years of work with a concert in Sava Centar, Nataša Gajović and Nataša Živković making guest appearances on the concert.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.svet.rs/najnovije\\-vesti/zana\\-za\\-natasama\\-na\\-sceni\\-centra\\-sava\\\|title\\=\"Zana\" za Natašama na sceni Centra \"Sava\"\\\|publisher\\=Svet.rs\\\|date\\=20 March 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=29 August 2012}}", "On 30 December 2013, the band's former drummer Pavle Nikolić, who spent last years of his life as the owner of the club Tropikana in [Accra](/wiki/Accra \"Accra\"), [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\"), died in a car accident.", "### Return to rock format (2015\\-present)", "In 2015, after a five\\-year hiatus in their work, the band, in the lineup consisting of Galonić, Živanović, Milica Rančić (drums), Dejan Trajković (guitar), Miljan Davidović (keyboards), Zoran Jakšić (bass guitar), released the single \"Maco\" (\"Honey\").[\"POSLE 15 GODINA Grupa \"Zana\" vraća se na muzičku scenu\"](http://www.blic.rs/Zabava/Vesti/551174/POSLE-15-GODINA-Grupa-Zana-vraca-se-na-muzicku-scenu), blic.rs; accessed 8 January 2017\\. In December 2016, Zana released the single \"Stupido\", a duet sung by Galonić and the group's former vocalist Nataša Gajović.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.svetplus.com/vesti/64306/premijera\\-zana\\-\\-\\-stupido\\-pogledajte\\-bajkovit\\-spot\\-popularne\\-grupe\\-\\-video\\\|title\\=Svet Plus \\- Najnovije vesti \\- Muzika Showbiz Film \\- Radio i Web Tv\\\|first\\=Svet\\\|last\\=Plus\\\|website\\=svetplus.com\\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2018}} In 2018, [Croatia Records](/wiki/Croatia_Records \"Croatia Records\") released the [box set](/wiki/Box_set \"Box set\") Original Album Collection, containing all of the band's albums with Nimani on vocals (the first three studio albums), as well as Zana Nimani's only solo album, Noćas pevam samo tebi. In 2022, in order to mark the band's 40th anniversary, [PGP\\-RTS](/wiki/PGP-RTS \"PGP-RTS\") released the box set entitled Dijamantski box set 1980–2022 (Diamond Box Set 1980–2022) containing all 13 studio albums released by the band, the live album Zana uživo, as well as a disc with singles released during the 1980–2022 period. The release also contains a book with [press clippings](/wiki/Clipping_%28publications%29 \"Clipping (publications)\") and photographs from various phases of the group's career.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Serbia \\\|first\\=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of \\\|title\\=За 40 година 13 албума – специјално комплет издање групе Зана \\\|url\\=http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/421/muzika/5072635/grupa\\-zana\\-pgp\\-rts\\-novo\\-izdanje.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-06 \\\|website\\=www.rts.rs}}", "The band's former bass guitarist Bogdan Dragović died in March 2016, and another former bass guitarist for Zana, Miloš Stojisavljević \"Cajger\" died on 29 January 2024\\.[\"Preminuo Miloš Stojisavljević Cajger, član grupe 'Generacija 5'\", Danas.rs](https://www.danas.rs/kultura/scena/preminuo-milos-stojisavljevic-cajger-clan-grupe-generacija-5/) Marina Tucaković died on 19 September 2021\\.", "" ]
### Zana Nimani years (1979\-1984\) In 1980, Zana recorded their first [7\-inch single](/wiki/7-inch_single "7-inch single"), featuring the songs "Nastavnice" ("Hey, Teacher"), recorded with a [children's choir](/wiki/Children%27s_choir "Children's choir"), and "Sveta". They were declined by Belgrade\-based record label [PGP\-RTB](/wiki/PGP-RTB "PGP-RTB"), but soon after signed for [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb")\-based [Jugoton](/wiki/Jugoton "Jugoton"), which released the single. The band promoted the single on their live performances, [alternative music](/wiki/Alternative_music "Alternative music") saxophonist Paul Pignon occasionally performing with them. Zana had their first public performance in Belgrade in November 1980, performing as an opening act on [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 "Generacija 5") concert in [Pionir Hall](/wiki/Pionir_Hall "Pionir Hall"). Their followup 7\-inch single was also suceessful, released as the [double\-A\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side%23Double_A-side "A-side and B-side#Double A-side") with the songs "Moj deda" ("My Grandfather") and "Pepito pantalone" ("[Pepito](/wiki/Houndstooth "Houndstooth") Pants"). In 1981, Jugoton refused to give Zana unlimited time in studio to record their debut album, so the band moved to PGP\-RTB, for which they released the [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae")\-influenced single "Leto" ("Summer"), intentionally releasing it in May, hoping it would become a [summer hit](/wiki/Summer_hit "Summer hit"). It was later revealed in the Yugoslav press that with "Leto" Zana plagiarized "Matador" by [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys "Garland Jeffreys"), but it did not influence the song's success on the charts. Due to the success of "Leto", Jugoton agreed to Zana's terms, so the band signed back to Jugoton. The band's debut album, Loše vesti uz rege za pivsku flašu (Bad News Accompanied by Reggae for a Beer Bottle) was released in 1981\. It was recorded in Jugoton's Studio VI, and produced by the band members themselves. On the album, Živanović was signed as "Kikamac" only in order to avoid being confused with Zoran Živanović "Hoze" of the band Mama Co Co, to whom Kikamac's fees were often mistakenly paid. The album brought the hits "Jutro me podseća na to" ("Morning Reminds Me of It"), "On" ("He"), "Miševi beli celu noć" ("White Mice All Night") and "Loše vesti" ("Bad News"), the latter featuring altered lyrics, because Jugoton editors demanded the original politically provocative lyrics to be changed. In their home city the band promoted the album with a concert in [Dadov Theatre](/wiki/Dadov_Theatre "Dadov Theatre"). On a fund\-raising concert in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") they performed as an opening act for [Bijelo Dugme](/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme "Bijelo Dugme"). The December 1981 mini\-tour across Serbia was ended when Aleksandar Ivanov left the band due to his mandatory stint in the [Yugoslav army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army "Yugoslav People's Army"). Ivanov was temporarily replaced by Pavle "Paja Banana" Nikolić, a former member of the band [Dragoljubov Taxi](/wiki/Point_Blank_%28Serbian_band%29 "Point Blank (Serbian band)"). The band's second album, Dodirni mi kolena (Touch My Knees) was recorded in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") during May 1982, with the help of saxophonist Goran Nillson, percussionist Byl Gunnar Byllin, and multi\-instrumentalist, recorder and producer [Tini Varga](/wiki/Tini_Varga "Tini Varga"), who also coauthored lyrics for two songs on the album. During the album recording, Tucaković stopped being the band's official member, but would continued to write lyrics for them. With Dodirni mi kolena the group moved to more commercial sound. The album brought [synth\-pop](/wiki/Synth-pop "Synth-pop")\-oriented hits "Dodirni mi kolena", "Majstor za poljupce" ("Kisses Maestro"), "13 je moj srećan broj" ("13 Is My Lucky Number"), and the album saw high number sales. In September, the same month when the album was released, Jovanović left the band due to his army stint, and was temporarily replaced by Aleksandar Radulović "Futa". At the end of 1982, the band went on a tour across Serbia, [Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia"), [Herzegovina](/wiki/Herzegovina "Herzegovina") and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia"), however, the concerts saw bad reviews in the Yugoslav music press, as the band's live performances failed to reach the standards of their studio recordings. In May 1983, Jovanović and Ivanov returned to the band, and Nikolić and Radulović left. Soon after, Bogdan Dragović left, forming the band Zamba with Aleksandar Radulović, guitarist [Nikola Čuturilo](/wiki/Nikola_%C4%8Cuturilo "Nikola Čuturilo") and drummer Predrag "Bata" Jakovljević, the group releasing their only studio album, Udarac nisko (Low Kick), in 1983\. Zana's new bass guitarist became Miloš Stojisavljević "Cajger", a former member of [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 "Generacija 5"). In August 1983, Zana recorded their third studio album, entitled Natrag na voz (Back to the Train). The album was, as the band's previous release, recorded in Sweden and produced by Tini Varga. The album's biggest hits were the duet "Jabuke i vino" ("Apples and Wine"), sung by Nimani and [Željko Bebek](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek "Željko Bebek") (the band initially considered [Daniel](/wiki/Daniel_%28Montenegrin_singer%29 "Daniel (Montenegrin singer)"), [Oliver Mandić](/wiki/Oliver_Mandi%C4%87 "Oliver Mandić"), [Jura Stublić](/wiki/Jura_Stubli%C4%87 "Jura Stublić"), or [Branimir "Džoni" Štulić](/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87 "Branimir Štulić") for the song) and "Mladiću moj" ("My Boy"). The title track also featured Bebek on vocals. At the time of album release, the end of 1983, Ivanov left the band, and was replaced by Predrag Jakovljević (formerly of Zamba). After leaving the band, Ivanov dedicated himself to a career in marketing. He has moved to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), where he hosted a music show on a local radio, played in [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") tribute band The Zeatles and in the band Melody Boys which performed covers of Yugoslav rock hits. In February 1984, Zana went on a promotional tour, but as the audience showed little interest in their concerts, they ended the tour in March. Soon after, Jovičić and Kikamac went to serve the army, the band went on hiatus, and Nimani decided to start a solo career. After the release of her only solo album Noćas pevam samo tebi (Tonight I Sing only for You) in 1986, she married, retired from music and eventually moved to [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada").	[ "### Zana Nimani years (1979\\-1984\\)", "In 1980, Zana recorded their first [7\\-inch single](/wiki/7-inch_single \"7-inch single\"), featuring the songs \"Nastavnice\" (\"Hey, Teacher\"), recorded with a [children's choir](/wiki/Children%27s_choir \"Children's choir\"), and \"Sveta\". They were declined by Belgrade\\-based record label [PGP\\-RTB](/wiki/PGP-RTB \"PGP-RTB\"), but soon after signed for [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\")\\-based [Jugoton](/wiki/Jugoton \"Jugoton\"), which released the single. The band promoted the single on their live performances, [alternative music](/wiki/Alternative_music \"Alternative music\") saxophonist Paul Pignon occasionally performing with them. Zana had their first public performance in Belgrade in November 1980, performing as an opening act on [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 \"Generacija 5\") concert in [Pionir Hall](/wiki/Pionir_Hall \"Pionir Hall\"). Their followup 7\\-inch single was also suceessful, released as the [double\\-A\\-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side%23Double_A-side \"A-side and B-side#Double A-side\") with the songs \"Moj deda\" (\"My Grandfather\") and \"Pepito pantalone\" (\"[Pepito](/wiki/Houndstooth \"Houndstooth\") Pants\"). In 1981, Jugoton refused to give Zana unlimited time in studio to record their debut album, so the band moved to PGP\\-RTB, for which they released the [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\")\\-influenced single \"Leto\" (\"Summer\"), intentionally releasing it in May, hoping it would become a [summer hit](/wiki/Summer_hit \"Summer hit\"). It was later revealed in the Yugoslav press that with \"Leto\" Zana plagiarized \"Matador\" by [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys \"Garland Jeffreys\"), but it did not influence the song's success on the charts. Due to the success of \"Leto\", Jugoton agreed to Zana's terms, so the band signed back to Jugoton.", "The band's debut album, Loše vesti uz rege za pivsku flašu (Bad News Accompanied by Reggae for a Beer Bottle) was released in 1981\\. It was recorded in Jugoton's Studio VI, and produced by the band members themselves. On the album, Živanović was signed as \"Kikamac\" only in order to avoid being confused with Zoran Živanović \"Hoze\" of the band Mama Co Co, to whom Kikamac's fees were often mistakenly paid. The album brought the hits \"Jutro me podseća na to\" (\"Morning Reminds Me of It\"), \"On\" (\"He\"), \"Miševi beli celu noć\" (\"White Mice All Night\") and \"Loše vesti\" (\"Bad News\"), the latter featuring altered lyrics, because Jugoton editors demanded the original politically provocative lyrics to be changed. In their home city the band promoted the album with a concert in [Dadov Theatre](/wiki/Dadov_Theatre \"Dadov Theatre\"). On a fund\\-raising concert in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\") they performed as an opening act for [Bijelo Dugme](/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme \"Bijelo Dugme\"). The December 1981 mini\\-tour across Serbia was ended when Aleksandar Ivanov left the band due to his mandatory stint in the [Yugoslav army](/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army \"Yugoslav People's Army\"). Ivanov was temporarily replaced by Pavle \"Paja Banana\" Nikolić, a former member of the band [Dragoljubov Taxi](/wiki/Point_Blank_%28Serbian_band%29 \"Point Blank (Serbian band)\").", "The band's second album, Dodirni mi kolena (Touch My Knees) was recorded in [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") during May 1982, with the help of saxophonist Goran Nillson, percussionist Byl Gunnar Byllin, and multi\\-instrumentalist, recorder and producer [Tini Varga](/wiki/Tini_Varga \"Tini Varga\"), who also coauthored lyrics for two songs on the album. During the album recording, Tucaković stopped being the band's official member, but would continued to write lyrics for them. With Dodirni mi kolena the group moved to more commercial sound. The album brought [synth\\-pop](/wiki/Synth-pop \"Synth-pop\")\\-oriented hits \"Dodirni mi kolena\", \"Majstor za poljupce\" (\"Kisses Maestro\"), \"13 je moj srećan broj\" (\"13 Is My Lucky Number\"), and the album saw high number sales. In September, the same month when the album was released, Jovanović left the band due to his army stint, and was temporarily replaced by Aleksandar Radulović \"Futa\".", "At the end of 1982, the band went on a tour across Serbia, [Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\"), [Herzegovina](/wiki/Herzegovina \"Herzegovina\") and [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\"), however, the concerts saw bad reviews in the Yugoslav music press, as the band's live performances failed to reach the standards of their studio recordings. In May 1983, Jovanović and Ivanov returned to the band, and Nikolić and Radulović left. Soon after, Bogdan Dragović left, forming the band Zamba with Aleksandar Radulović, guitarist [Nikola Čuturilo](/wiki/Nikola_%C4%8Cuturilo \"Nikola Čuturilo\") and drummer Predrag \"Bata\" Jakovljević, the group releasing their only studio album, Udarac nisko (Low Kick), in 1983\\. Zana's new bass guitarist became Miloš Stojisavljević \"Cajger\", a former member of [Generacija 5](/wiki/Generacija_5 \"Generacija 5\").", "In August 1983, Zana recorded their third studio album, entitled Natrag na voz (Back to the Train). The album was, as the band's previous release, recorded in Sweden and produced by Tini Varga. The album's biggest hits were the duet \"Jabuke i vino\" (\"Apples and Wine\"), sung by Nimani and [Željko Bebek](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek \"Željko Bebek\") (the band initially considered [Daniel](/wiki/Daniel_%28Montenegrin_singer%29 \"Daniel (Montenegrin singer)\"), [Oliver Mandić](/wiki/Oliver_Mandi%C4%87 \"Oliver Mandić\"), [Jura Stublić](/wiki/Jura_Stubli%C4%87 \"Jura Stublić\"), or [Branimir \"Džoni\" Štulić](/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87 \"Branimir Štulić\") for the song) and \"Mladiću moj\" (\"My Boy\"). The title track also featured Bebek on vocals. At the time of album release, the end of 1983, Ivanov left the band, and was replaced by Predrag Jakovljević (formerly of Zamba). After leaving the band, Ivanov dedicated himself to a career in marketing. He has moved to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), where he hosted a music show on a local radio, played in [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") tribute band The Zeatles and in the band Melody Boys which performed covers of Yugoslav rock hits.", "In February 1984, Zana went on a promotional tour, but as the audience showed little interest in their concerts, they ended the tour in March. Soon after, Jovičić and Kikamac went to serve the army, the band went on hiatus, and Nimani decided to start a solo career. After the release of her only solo album Noćas pevam samo tebi (Tonight I Sing only for You) in 1986, she married, retired from music and eventually moved to [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\").", "" ]
Shell description ----------------- [left\\|thumb\\|Two shells of Radix auricularia](/wiki/Image:Lymnaea_auricularia3pl.jpg "Lymnaea auricularia3pl.jpg") The [shell](/wiki/Gastropod_shell "Gastropod shell") is thin, roundly ovate and very inflated, such that the [last whorl](/wiki/Body_whorl "Body whorl") comprises 90% of its volume.Clarke, A.H. 1981\. The freshwater molluscs of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 447 pp. The shell has a rounded and broad [spire](/wiki/Spire_%28mollusc%29 "Spire (mollusc)") that pinches in steeply at the [apex](/wiki/Apex_%28mollusc%29 "Apex (mollusc)"). The spire short, conic, very small compared with the body whorl. There are 4–5 [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 "Whorl (mollusc)") with deep sutures between them. The whorls are convex, inflated, smooth and rapidly increasing. The body whorl is large and spreading. The surface is shining, lines of growth are fine, wavy, crowded, with occasionally a heavy ridge representing a rest period. Sutures are deeply impressed, channeled in some specimens. The color of the shell is yellow, beige or tan. The ear\-shaped [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 "Aperture (mollusc)"), which contains no operculum, is around 5 times higher than the spire.Jokinen, E. 1992\. The Freshwater Snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of New York State. The University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, The New York State Museum, Albany, New York 12230\. 112 pp.Peckarsky, B. L., P. R. Fraissinet, M. A. Penton and D. J. Conklin Jr. 1993\. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York State. 442 pp.Mackie, G. L., D. S. White and T. W. Zdeba. 1980\. A guide to freshwater mollusks of the Laurentian Great Lakes with special emphasis on the genus Pisidium. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804\. 144 pp. The aperture is very large, ovate, occupying four\-fifths of the length of the entire shell. It is rounded above and flaring in old specimens below. The peristome is thin and sharp. The [columella](/wiki/Columella_%28mollusc%29 "Columella (mollusc)") is sigmoid with a plait across the middle, which is reflected over the [umbilicus](/wiki/Umbilicus_%28mollusc%29 "Umbilicus (mollusc)"). The umbilicus is either wide or covered. Usually the umbilicus is narrow, deep, nearly closed. The epidermis is sometimes marked by light and dark lines of color, alternating. The shell of the species can grow to \~30 mm in height and 25 mm in width as a full grown adult. However, most individuals in a population only grow to approximately half the maximum size. The width of the shell is from 12 to 18 mm, and the height of the shell is 14–24 mm.Glöer, P. 2002 Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord\- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., {{ISBN\\|3\-925919\-60\-0}}, page 213\-214\. The shell of Radix auricularia has a width to length ratio greater than 0\.75\.	[ "Shell description\n-----------------", "[left\\\|thumb\\\|Two shells of Radix auricularia](/wiki/Image:Lymnaea_auricularia3pl.jpg \"Lymnaea auricularia3pl.jpg\")", "The [shell](/wiki/Gastropod_shell \"Gastropod shell\") is thin, roundly ovate and very inflated, such that the [last whorl](/wiki/Body_whorl \"Body whorl\") comprises 90% of its volume.Clarke, A.H. 1981\\. The freshwater molluscs of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 447 pp.", "The shell has a rounded and broad [spire](/wiki/Spire_%28mollusc%29 \"Spire (mollusc)\") that pinches in steeply at the [apex](/wiki/Apex_%28mollusc%29 \"Apex (mollusc)\"). The spire short, conic, very small compared with the body whorl.", "There are 4–5 [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 \"Whorl (mollusc)\") with deep sutures between them. The whorls are convex, inflated, smooth and rapidly increasing. The body whorl is large and spreading. The surface is shining, lines of growth are fine, wavy, crowded, with occasionally a heavy ridge representing a rest period. Sutures are deeply impressed, channeled in some specimens.", "The color of the shell is yellow, beige or tan.", "The ear\\-shaped [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 \"Aperture (mollusc)\"), which contains no operculum, is around 5 times higher than the spire.Jokinen, E. 1992\\. The Freshwater Snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of New York State. The University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, The New York State Museum, Albany, New York 12230\\. 112 pp.Peckarsky, B. L., P. R. Fraissinet, M. A. Penton and D. J. Conklin Jr. 1993\\. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York State. 442 pp.Mackie, G. L., D. S. White and T. W. Zdeba. 1980\\. A guide to freshwater mollusks of the Laurentian Great Lakes with special emphasis on the genus Pisidium. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804\\. 144 pp. The aperture is very large, ovate, occupying four\\-fifths of the length of the entire shell. It is rounded above and flaring in old specimens below. The peristome is thin and sharp. The [columella](/wiki/Columella_%28mollusc%29 \"Columella (mollusc)\") is sigmoid with a plait across the middle, which is reflected over the [umbilicus](/wiki/Umbilicus_%28mollusc%29 \"Umbilicus (mollusc)\").", "The umbilicus is either wide or covered. Usually the umbilicus is narrow, deep, nearly closed. The epidermis is sometimes marked by light and dark\nlines of color, alternating.", "The shell of the species can grow to \\~30 mm in height and 25 mm in width as a full grown adult. However, most individuals in a population only grow to approximately half the maximum size. The width of the shell is from 12 to 18 mm, and the height of the shell is 14–24 mm.Glöer, P. 2002 Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord\\- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., {{ISBN\\\|3\\-925919\\-60\\-0}}, page 213\\-214\\. The shell of Radix auricularia has a width to length ratio greater than 0\\.75\\.", "" ]
Ecology ------- ### Habitat This species is found in freshwater lakes, ponds, and slow\-moving rivers with mud bottoms. Radix auricularia can live on boulders or vegetation in low or high\-flow environments, and is capable of tolerating [anoxic](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29 "Hypoxia (environmental)") conditions, but it tends to prefer very lentic waters in lakes, bogs or slow rivers where there is a silt [substrate](/wiki/Substrate_%28biology%29 "Substrate (biology)").Sytsma, M. D., J. R. Cordell, J. W. Chapman and R. C. Draheim. 2004\. Lower Columbia River Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Survey 2001–2004. Final Technical Report: Appendices. Prepared for the United States Coast Guard and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 164 pp. It has been found in environments with a [pH](/wiki/PH "PH") from 6\.0 to 7\.1\.Maqbool, A., C. S. Hayat, T. Akhtar, A. D. Anjum and B. Hayat. 1998\. Prevalence and ecology of freshwater snails in Punjab. Malaysian Applied Biology 27(1–2\):69–72\. Its average thermal preference is \~19 °C, but there is great fluctuation around this mean, depending on the photoperiod for the time of year.Rossetti, Y., L. Rossetti and M. Cabanac. 1989\. Annual oscillation of preferred temperature in the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia; effect of light and temperature. Animal Behaviour 37(6\):897–907\. In Great Britain, the species is restricted to hard water.Adam, M. E. and J. W. Lewis. 1992\. The lack of co\-existence between Lymnaea peregra and Lymnaea auricularia (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). [Journal of Molluscan Studies](/wiki/Journal_of_Molluscan_Studies "Journal of Molluscan Studies") 58(2\):227–228\. It can tolerate [polysaprobic](/wiki/Polysaprobic "Polysaprobic") waters, or areas of major pollution and [anoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29 "Hypoxia (environmental)") with high concentrations of organic matter, [sulfides](/wiki/Sulfide "Sulfide") and [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria").Goodnight, C. J. 1973\. The use of aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators of stream pollution. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 92(1\):1–13\.Matuskova, M. 1985\. The significance of water mollusks in estimating the water pollution stage in the watershed of the Zitava River, Czechoslovakia. Biologia (Bratislava) 40(10\):1021–1030\. ### Feeding habits Radix auricularia is in the family Lymnaeidae, which consists of scrapers and collector\-gatherers. This species feeds on such items as [detritus](/wiki/Detritus "Detritus"), [Cladophora](/wiki/Cladophora "Cladophora") spp. (algae), and sand grains. ### Life cycle Like almost all pulmonate snails, it is a [hermaphrodite](/wiki/Hermaphrodite "Hermaphrodite"). It undergoes [oogenesis](/wiki/Oogenesis "Oogenesis") in spring as the daylight hours increase, and [spermatogenesis](/wiki/Spermatogenesis "Spermatogenesis") in late summer and early fall as the daylight hours decrease.Berezkina, G. V. 1981\. Seasonal changes in reproductive system of the Lymnaeidae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 60(7\):978–983\. It is [iteroparous](/wiki/Iteroparous "Iteroparous"), breeding biennially. It lays its eggs in clumps of 50 to 150 eggs.Piechocki A. 1979\. Ślimaki. Fauna Słodkowodna Polski, Warszawa 1979, {{ISBN\\|83\-01\-01143\-2}}. Eggs develop faster as temperature increases from 10 °C upward, but the eggs fail to survive and develop when the water temperature reaches 36 °C.Salish, T., O. Al\-Habbib, W. Al\-Habbib, S. Al\-Zako and T. Ali. 1981\. The effects of constant and changing temperatures of the development of eggs of the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia (L.). [Journal of Thermal Biology](/wiki/Journal_of_Thermal_Biology "Journal of Thermal Biology"). ### Parasites Various lymnaeid snails, including Radix auricularia, are [vectors](/wiki/Vector_%28epidemiology%29 "Vector (epidemiology)") for a diverse range of parasites, particularly [trematodes](/wiki/Trematode "Trematode").Boray, J. C. 1978\. The potential impact of exotic Lymnaea spp. on fascioliasis in Australia. [Veterinary Parasitology](/wiki/Veterinary_Parasitology_%28journal%29 "Veterinary Parasitology (journal)") 4(2\):127–142\. About 80% specimens of Radix auricularia from population near [Wielkopolska National Park](/wiki/Wielkopolska_National_Park "Wielkopolska National Park") were found to contain trematodes.Jackiewicz M. 2000\. Błotniarki Europy (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae). Wydawnicrwo Kontekst, Poznań, {{ISBN\\|83\-911523\-4\-0}}, 115 pp., page 45\. Radix auricularia serves as a [host](/wiki/Host_%28biology%29 "Host (biology)") to numerous parasites including: * As first and as second intermediate host for: + [Echinostoma revolutum](/wiki/Echinostoma_revolutum "Echinostoma revolutum"){{cite web \\|url\=http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Echi\_Echi\_Echinostoma/Echinostoma\_revolutum.htm \\|title\=Echinostomum revolutum (Parasite Species Summary) \\|accessdate\=22 October 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233925/http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Echi\_Echi\_Echinostoma/Echinostoma\_revolutum.htm \\|archivedate\=23 July 2011 }} accessed 22 October 2008 + [Echinoparyphium recurvatum](/wiki/Echinoparyphium_recurvatum "Echinoparyphium recurvatum")Sohn, W.\-M., H.\-C. Woo and S.\-J. Hong. "Tegumental ultrastructures of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages". [Korean Journal of Parasitology](/wiki/Korean_Journal_of_Parasitology "Korean Journal of Parasitology") 40(2\): 67–73\. + [Hypoderaeum conoideum](/wiki/Hypoderaeum_conoideum "Hypoderaeum conoideum")[http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Echi\_Echi\_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum\_conoideum.htm](http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat_Trematod/Echi_Echi_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum_conoideum.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094815/http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Echi\_Echi\_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum\_conoideum.htm \\|date\=25 October 2008 }} accessed 22 October 2008 * As first intermediate host for: + [Clinostomum complanatum](/wiki/Clinostomum_complanatum "Clinostomum complanatum")Chung, D.\-I., H.\-H. Kong and C.\-Y. Joo. 1998\. [Radix auricularia coreana: natural snail host of Clinostomum complanatum in Korea](http://society.kisti.re.kr/~kspa/kjp/abstracts/1998_1.html). Korean Journal of Parasitology 36(1\):1–6\. * As a second intermediate host for: + [Apatemon gracilis](/wiki/Apatemon_gracilis "Apatemon gracilis")[http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Stri\_Stri\_Apatemon/Apatemon\_gracilis.htm](http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat_Trematod/Stri_Stri_Apatemon/Apatemon_gracilis.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094825/http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Stri\_Stri\_Apatemon/Apatemon\_gracilis.htm \\|date\=25 October 2008 }} accessed 22 October 2008 * As an intermediate host for: + Radix auricularia is the most important intermediate host for [Fasciola gigantica](/wiki/Fasciola_gigantica "Fasciola gigantica"). + as an intermediate host for [Fasciola hepatica](/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica "Fasciola hepatica") in Oman. + [Notocotylus attenuatus](/wiki/Notocotylus_attenuatus "Notocotylus attenuatus"){{cite web \\|url\=http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Echi\_Noto\_Notocotylus/Notocotylus\_attenuatus.htm \\|title\=Notocotylus attenuatus (Parasite Species Summary) \\|accessdate\=22 October 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094820/http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Trematod/Echi\_Noto\_Notocotylus/Notocotylus\_attenuatus.htm \\|archivedate\=25 October 2008 }} 22 October 2008 * As a [paratenic host](/wiki/Paratenic_host "Paratenic host") for: + [Hymenolepis lanceolata](/wiki/Hymenolepis_lanceolata "Hymenolepis lanceolata"){{cite web \\|url\=http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Cestod/Cycl\_Hyme\_Hymenolepis/Hymenolepis\_lanceolata.htm \\|title\=Hymenolepis lanceolata (Parasite Species Summary) \\|accessdate\=22 October 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094805/http://wildlife1\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\_Cestod/Cycl\_Hyme\_Hymenolepis/Hymenolepis\_lanceolata.htm \\|archivedate\=25 October 2008 }} 22 October 2008 As a host for: * [Trichobilharzia franki](/wiki/Trichobilharzia_franki "Trichobilharzia franki")Ferte, H., J. Depaquit, S. Carre, I. Villena and N. Leger. (2005\). "Presence of Trichobilharzia szidati in Lymnaea stagnalis and T\-franki in Radix auricularia in northeastern France: molecular evidence". [Parasitology Research](/wiki/Parasitology_Research "Parasitology Research") 95(2\): 150–154\. * [Trichobilharzia ocellata](/wiki/Trichobilharzia_ocellata "Trichobilharzia ocellata")Zbikowska, E. 2004\. Infection of snails with bird schistosomes and the threat of swimmer’s itch in selected Polish lakes. Parasitology Research 92(1\):30–35\. * [Trichobilharzia szidati](/wiki/Trichobilharzia_szidati "Trichobilharzia szidati")Kolarova, L., P. Horak and J. Sitko. 1997\. Cercarial dermatitis in focus: schistosomes in the Czech Republic. [Helminthologia (Bratislava)](/wiki/Helminthologia_%28Bratislava%29 "Helminthologia (Bratislava)") 34(3\):127–139\. * [Mantoscyphidia {{not a typo\\|radixi}}](/wiki/Mantoscyphidia_%7B%7Bnot_a_typo%7Cradixi%7D%7D "Mantoscyphidia {{not a typo\|radixi}}")Boshko, E. G. 1993\. New species of ciliphoran infusoria genus Mantoscyphidia (Peritricha) from fresh water mollusks. [Vestnik Zoologii](/wiki/Vestnik_Zoologii "Vestnik Zoologii") 0(6\):14–19\. * [Orientobilharzia turkestanica](/wiki/Orientobilharzia_turkestanica "Orientobilharzia turkestanica")Tang, C., G. Cui, Y. Qian, S. Lu and H. Lu. 1990\. Structural changes in different aged worms of Orientobilharzia turkestanica of sheep in Horqin pasture of inner Mongolia and the hatching periodicity of the Miracidia. [Acta Zoologica Sinica](/wiki/Acta_Zoologica_Sinica "Acta Zoologica Sinica") 36(4\):366–376\. * [Diplostomum spathaceum](/wiki/Diplostomum_spathaceum "Diplostomum spathaceum")Soldanova M., Selbach C., Sures B., Kostadinova A. \& Perez\-del\-Olmo A. (2010\). "Larval trematode communities in Radix auricularia and Lymnaea stagnalis in a reservoir system of the Ruhr River". [Parasites \& Vectors](/wiki/Parasites_%26_Vectors "Parasites & Vectors") 2010, 3: 56\. {{doi\\|10\.1186/1756\-3305\-3\-56}}. * [Paryphostomum radiatum](/wiki/Paryphostomum_radiatum "Paryphostomum radiatum") * [Opisthioglyphe ranae](/wiki/Opisthioglyphe_ranae "Opisthioglyphe ranae") * [Plagiorchis elegans](/wiki/Plagiorchis_elegans "Plagiorchis elegans") * [Australapatemon burti](/wiki/Australapatemon_burti "Australapatemon burti") * [Hypoderaeum conoideum](/wiki/Hypoderaeum_conoideum "Hypoderaeum conoideum") * [Isthmiophora melis](/wiki/Isthmiophora_melis "Isthmiophora melis") * [Notocotylus attenuatus](/wiki/Notocotylus_attenuatus "Notocotylus attenuatus") * [Tylodelphis clavata](/wiki/Tylodelphis_clavata "Tylodelphis clavata") Some of these parasites may infect humans. One study found that average shell height and infection severity with [Trichobilharzia](/wiki/Trichobilharzia "Trichobilharzia") spp. are positively related.Allgoewer, R. 1990\. The trematode fauna of several Freiburg dredging pools with special regard to the pathogen of cercarial dermatitis in humans. [Mitteilungen des Badischen Landesvereins fuer Naturkunde und Naturschutz E V Freiburg im Breisgau](/wiki/Mitteilungen_des_Badischen_Landesvereins_fuer_Naturkunde_und_Naturschutz_E_V_Freiburg_im_Breisgau "Mitteilungen des Badischen Landesvereins fuer Naturkunde und Naturschutz E V Freiburg im Breisgau") 15(1\):59–80\. In its native habitat, this species preys on eggs of the parasite [Ascaris suum](/wiki/Ascaris_suum "Ascaris suum"), which survive and develop after passage through the [gut](/wiki/Gut_%28zoology%29 "Gut (zoology)"), and are dispersed widely, due to the activity of the snail.Asitinskaya, S. E. 1975\. The role of mollusks as benthos components in purification of water bodies from Ascaris suum eggs. [Paraziologiya](/wiki/Paraziologiya "Paraziologiya") 9(5\):432–433\.	[ "Ecology\n-------", "### Habitat", "This species is found in freshwater lakes, ponds, and slow\\-moving rivers with mud bottoms. Radix auricularia can live on boulders or vegetation in low or high\\-flow environments, and is capable of tolerating [anoxic](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29 \"Hypoxia (environmental)\") conditions, but it tends to prefer very lentic waters in lakes, bogs or slow rivers where there is a silt [substrate](/wiki/Substrate_%28biology%29 \"Substrate (biology)\").Sytsma, M. D., J. R. Cordell, J. W. Chapman and R. C. Draheim. 2004\\. Lower Columbia River Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Survey 2001–2004. Final Technical Report: Appendices. Prepared for the United States Coast Guard and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 164 pp.", "It has been found in environments with a [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\") from 6\\.0 to 7\\.1\\.Maqbool, A., C. S. Hayat, T. Akhtar, A. D. Anjum and B. Hayat. 1998\\. Prevalence and ecology of freshwater snails in Punjab. Malaysian Applied Biology 27(1–2\\):69–72\\. Its average thermal preference is \\~19 °C, but there is great fluctuation around this mean, depending on the photoperiod for the time of year.Rossetti, Y., L. Rossetti and M. Cabanac. 1989\\. Annual oscillation of preferred temperature in the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia; effect of light and temperature. Animal Behaviour 37(6\\):897–907\\. In Great Britain, the species is restricted to hard water.Adam, M. E. and J. W. Lewis. 1992\\. The lack of co\\-existence between Lymnaea peregra and Lymnaea auricularia (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). [Journal of Molluscan Studies](/wiki/Journal_of_Molluscan_Studies \"Journal of Molluscan Studies\") 58(2\\):227–228\\. It can tolerate [polysaprobic](/wiki/Polysaprobic \"Polysaprobic\") waters, or areas of major pollution and [anoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28environmental%29 \"Hypoxia (environmental)\") with high concentrations of organic matter, [sulfides](/wiki/Sulfide \"Sulfide\") and [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria \"Bacteria\").Goodnight, C. J. 1973\\. The use of aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators of stream pollution. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 92(1\\):1–13\\.Matuskova, M. 1985\\. The significance of water mollusks in estimating the water pollution stage in the watershed of the Zitava River, Czechoslovakia. Biologia (Bratislava) 40(10\\):1021–1030\\.", "### Feeding habits", "Radix auricularia is in the family Lymnaeidae, which consists of scrapers and collector\\-gatherers. This species feeds on such items as [detritus](/wiki/Detritus \"Detritus\"), [Cladophora](/wiki/Cladophora \"Cladophora\") spp. (algae), and sand grains.", "### Life cycle", "Like almost all pulmonate snails, it is a [hermaphrodite](/wiki/Hermaphrodite \"Hermaphrodite\"). It undergoes [oogenesis](/wiki/Oogenesis \"Oogenesis\") in spring as the daylight hours increase, and [spermatogenesis](/wiki/Spermatogenesis \"Spermatogenesis\") in late summer and early fall as the daylight hours decrease.Berezkina, G. V. 1981\\. Seasonal changes in reproductive system of the Lymnaeidae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 60(7\\):978–983\\. It is [iteroparous](/wiki/Iteroparous \"Iteroparous\"), breeding biennially. It lays its eggs in clumps of 50 to 150 eggs.Piechocki A. 1979\\. Ślimaki. Fauna Słodkowodna Polski, Warszawa 1979, {{ISBN\\\|83\\-01\\-01143\\-2}}. Eggs develop faster as temperature increases from 10 °C upward, but the eggs fail to survive and develop when the water temperature reaches 36 °C.Salish, T., O. Al\\-Habbib, W. Al\\-Habbib, S. Al\\-Zako and T. Ali. 1981\\. The effects of constant and changing temperatures of the development of eggs of the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia (L.). [Journal of Thermal Biology](/wiki/Journal_of_Thermal_Biology \"Journal of Thermal Biology\").", "### Parasites", "Various lymnaeid snails, including Radix auricularia, are [vectors](/wiki/Vector_%28epidemiology%29 \"Vector (epidemiology)\") for a diverse range of parasites, particularly [trematodes](/wiki/Trematode \"Trematode\").Boray, J. C. 1978\\. The potential impact of exotic Lymnaea spp. on fascioliasis in Australia. [Veterinary Parasitology](/wiki/Veterinary_Parasitology_%28journal%29 \"Veterinary Parasitology (journal)\") 4(2\\):127–142\\. About 80% specimens of Radix auricularia from population near [Wielkopolska National Park](/wiki/Wielkopolska_National_Park \"Wielkopolska National Park\") were found to contain trematodes.Jackiewicz M. 2000\\. Błotniarki Europy (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae). Wydawnicrwo Kontekst, Poznań, {{ISBN\\\|83\\-911523\\-4\\-0}}, 115 pp., page 45\\.", "Radix auricularia serves as a [host](/wiki/Host_%28biology%29 \"Host (biology)\") to numerous parasites including:", "* As first and as second intermediate host for:\n\t+ [Echinostoma revolutum](/wiki/Echinostoma_revolutum \"Echinostoma revolutum\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Echi\\_Echi\\_Echinostoma/Echinostoma\\_revolutum.htm \\\|title\\=Echinostomum revolutum (Parasite Species Summary) \\\|accessdate\\=22 October 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233925/http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Echi\\_Echi\\_Echinostoma/Echinostoma\\_revolutum.htm \\\|archivedate\\=23 July 2011 }} accessed 22 October 2008\n\t+ [Echinoparyphium recurvatum](/wiki/Echinoparyphium_recurvatum \"Echinoparyphium recurvatum\")Sohn, W.\\-M., H.\\-C. Woo and S.\\-J. Hong. \"Tegumental ultrastructures of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages\". [Korean Journal of Parasitology](/wiki/Korean_Journal_of_Parasitology \"Korean Journal of Parasitology\") 40(2\\): 67–73\\.\n\t+ [Hypoderaeum conoideum](/wiki/Hypoderaeum_conoideum \"Hypoderaeum conoideum\")[http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Echi\\_Echi\\_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum\\_conoideum.htm](http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat_Trematod/Echi_Echi_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum_conoideum.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094815/http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Echi\\_Echi\\_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum\\_conoideum.htm \\\|date\\=25 October 2008 }} accessed 22 October 2008\n* As first intermediate host for:\n\t+ [Clinostomum complanatum](/wiki/Clinostomum_complanatum \"Clinostomum complanatum\")Chung, D.\\-I., H.\\-H. Kong and C.\\-Y. Joo. 1998\\. [Radix auricularia coreana: natural snail host of Clinostomum complanatum in Korea](http://society.kisti.re.kr/~kspa/kjp/abstracts/1998_1.html). Korean Journal of Parasitology 36(1\\):1–6\\.\n* As a second intermediate host for:\n\t+ [Apatemon gracilis](/wiki/Apatemon_gracilis \"Apatemon gracilis\")[http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Stri\\_Stri\\_Apatemon/Apatemon\\_gracilis.htm](http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat_Trematod/Stri_Stri_Apatemon/Apatemon_gracilis.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094825/http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Stri\\_Stri\\_Apatemon/Apatemon\\_gracilis.htm \\\|date\\=25 October 2008 }} accessed 22 October 2008\n* As an intermediate host for:\n\t+ Radix auricularia is the most important intermediate host for [Fasciola gigantica](/wiki/Fasciola_gigantica \"Fasciola gigantica\").\n\t+ as an intermediate host for [Fasciola hepatica](/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica \"Fasciola hepatica\") in Oman.\n\t+ [Notocotylus attenuatus](/wiki/Notocotylus_attenuatus \"Notocotylus attenuatus\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Echi\\_Noto\\_Notocotylus/Notocotylus\\_attenuatus.htm \\\|title\\=Notocotylus attenuatus (Parasite Species Summary) \\\|accessdate\\=22 October 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094820/http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Trematod/Echi\\_Noto\\_Notocotylus/Notocotylus\\_attenuatus.htm \\\|archivedate\\=25 October 2008 }} 22 October 2008\n* As a [paratenic host](/wiki/Paratenic_host \"Paratenic host\") for:\n\t+ [Hymenolepis lanceolata](/wiki/Hymenolepis_lanceolata \"Hymenolepis lanceolata\"){{cite web \\\|url\\=http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Cestod/Cycl\\_Hyme\\_Hymenolepis/Hymenolepis\\_lanceolata.htm \\\|title\\=Hymenolepis lanceolata (Parasite Species Summary) \\\|accessdate\\=22 October 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094805/http://wildlife1\\.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat\\_Cestod/Cycl\\_Hyme\\_Hymenolepis/Hymenolepis\\_lanceolata.htm \\\|archivedate\\=25 October 2008 }} 22 October 2008", "As a host for:\n* [Trichobilharzia franki](/wiki/Trichobilharzia_franki \"Trichobilharzia franki\")Ferte, H., J. Depaquit, S. Carre, I. Villena and N. Leger. (2005\\). \"Presence of Trichobilharzia szidati in Lymnaea stagnalis and T\\-franki in Radix auricularia in northeastern France: molecular evidence\". [Parasitology Research](/wiki/Parasitology_Research \"Parasitology Research\") 95(2\\): 150–154\\.\n* [Trichobilharzia ocellata](/wiki/Trichobilharzia_ocellata \"Trichobilharzia ocellata\")Zbikowska, E. 2004\\. Infection of snails with bird schistosomes and the threat of swimmer’s itch in selected Polish lakes. Parasitology Research 92(1\\):30–35\\.\n* [Trichobilharzia szidati](/wiki/Trichobilharzia_szidati \"Trichobilharzia szidati\")Kolarova, L., P. Horak and J. Sitko. 1997\\. Cercarial dermatitis in focus: schistosomes in the Czech Republic. [Helminthologia (Bratislava)](/wiki/Helminthologia_%28Bratislava%29 \"Helminthologia (Bratislava)\") 34(3\\):127–139\\.\n* [Mantoscyphidia {{not a typo\\\|radixi}}](/wiki/Mantoscyphidia_%7B%7Bnot_a_typo%7Cradixi%7D%7D \"Mantoscyphidia {{not a typo\|radixi}}\")Boshko, E. G. 1993\\. New species of ciliphoran infusoria genus Mantoscyphidia (Peritricha) from fresh water mollusks. [Vestnik Zoologii](/wiki/Vestnik_Zoologii \"Vestnik Zoologii\") 0(6\\):14–19\\.\n* [Orientobilharzia turkestanica](/wiki/Orientobilharzia_turkestanica \"Orientobilharzia turkestanica\")Tang, C., G. Cui, Y. Qian, S. Lu and H. Lu. 1990\\. Structural changes in different aged worms of Orientobilharzia turkestanica of sheep in Horqin pasture of inner Mongolia and the hatching periodicity of the Miracidia. [Acta Zoologica Sinica](/wiki/Acta_Zoologica_Sinica \"Acta Zoologica Sinica\") 36(4\\):366–376\\.\n* [Diplostomum spathaceum](/wiki/Diplostomum_spathaceum \"Diplostomum spathaceum\")Soldanova M., Selbach C., Sures B., Kostadinova A. \\& Perez\\-del\\-Olmo A. (2010\\). \"Larval trematode communities in Radix auricularia and Lymnaea stagnalis in a reservoir system of the Ruhr River\". [Parasites \\& Vectors](/wiki/Parasites_%26_Vectors \"Parasites & Vectors\") 2010, 3: 56\\. {{doi\\\|10\\.1186/1756\\-3305\\-3\\-56}}.\n* [Paryphostomum radiatum](/wiki/Paryphostomum_radiatum \"Paryphostomum radiatum\")\n* [Opisthioglyphe ranae](/wiki/Opisthioglyphe_ranae \"Opisthioglyphe ranae\")\n* [Plagiorchis elegans](/wiki/Plagiorchis_elegans \"Plagiorchis elegans\")\n* [Australapatemon burti](/wiki/Australapatemon_burti \"Australapatemon burti\")\n* [Hypoderaeum conoideum](/wiki/Hypoderaeum_conoideum \"Hypoderaeum conoideum\")\n* [Isthmiophora melis](/wiki/Isthmiophora_melis \"Isthmiophora melis\")\n* [Notocotylus attenuatus](/wiki/Notocotylus_attenuatus \"Notocotylus attenuatus\")\n* [Tylodelphis clavata](/wiki/Tylodelphis_clavata \"Tylodelphis clavata\")", "Some of these parasites may infect humans.", "One study found that average shell height and infection severity with [Trichobilharzia](/wiki/Trichobilharzia \"Trichobilharzia\") spp. are positively related.Allgoewer, R. 1990\\. The trematode fauna of several Freiburg dredging pools with special regard to the pathogen of cercarial dermatitis in humans. [Mitteilungen des Badischen Landesvereins fuer Naturkunde und Naturschutz E V Freiburg im Breisgau](/wiki/Mitteilungen_des_Badischen_Landesvereins_fuer_Naturkunde_und_Naturschutz_E_V_Freiburg_im_Breisgau \"Mitteilungen des Badischen Landesvereins fuer Naturkunde und Naturschutz E V Freiburg im Breisgau\") 15(1\\):59–80\\.", "In its native habitat, this species preys on eggs of the parasite [Ascaris suum](/wiki/Ascaris_suum \"Ascaris suum\"), which survive and develop after passage through the [gut](/wiki/Gut_%28zoology%29 \"Gut (zoology)\"), and are dispersed widely, due to the activity of the snail.Asitinskaya, S. E. 1975\\. The role of mollusks as benthos components in purification of water bodies from Ascaris suum eggs. [Paraziologiya](/wiki/Paraziologiya \"Paraziologiya\") 9(5\\):432–433\\.", "" ]
Career ------ Ochoterena began his teaching career in [Tlatlauquitepec](/wiki/Tlatlauquitepec "Tlatlauquitepec") in the state of [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla "Puebla"). In 1905 he published Flora de la Sierra de Puebla, and in 1909 Influencia del fósforo en la germinación, based on his botanical explorations.{{cite web \\|title\=Isaac Ochoterena \\|url\=https://colnal.mx/integrantes/isaac\-ochoterena/ \\|website\=El Colegio Nacional \\|access\-date\=14 June 2024 \\|language\=es\-MX}} In 1907, {{ill\\|Pastor Rouaix\\|es}} invited Ochoterena to move to [Gómez Palacio, Durango](/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Palacio%2C_Durango "Gómez Palacio, Durango") to teach primary school. Ochoterena was later appointed as a school director in [Lerdo, Durango](/wiki/Lerdo%2C_Durango "Lerdo, Durango") and as a school inspector for the state of [Durango](/wiki/Durango "Durango"), holding the position of Inspector of Public Instruction until 1913\. He also became a professor of biology and botany in the Instituto Juárez in the capital of Durango, teaching classes in natural history and chemistry. In 1912 Ochoterena married Carmen Sarabia Castillón, sister of aviator {{ill\\|Francisco Sarabia Tinoco\\|es}}.{{cite web \\|title\=Jacobo Isaac Ochoterena \\|url\=https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/biodiversidad/curiosos/jacobo\-isaac\-ochoterena\-mendieta \\|website\=Biodiversidad Mexicana \\|language\=es}} In 1914 Ochoterena became Director General of Education for the state of [San Luis Potosí](/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD "San Luis Potosí"). The Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Veterinaria (National School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, ENAV) was the first veterinary school to be created on the American continent. It was established by [Antonio López de Santa Anna](/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna "Antonio López de Santa Anna"), President of the Republic of Mexico, as of August 17, 1853\.{{cite web \\|title\=170 years of Veterinary Education in the American Continent \\|url\=https://worldvet.org/news/170\-years\-of\-veterinary\-education\-in\-the\-american\-continent/ \\|website\=World Veterinary Association\\|date\=31 Mar 2023}} In 1915 Ochoterena began teaching histology classes there. Also in 1915, naturalist [Alfonso Luis Herrera](/wiki/Alfonso_Luis_Herrera "Alfonso Luis Herrera") became the director of the Museo de Historia Natural (National Museum of Natural History, MHN) in Mexico City. Herrera proposed the formation of a biological research center, the Dirección de Estudios Biológicos (Directorate of Biological Studies, DEB), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Development. The DEB became another key institution, with Herrera at its head.{{cite book \\|last1\=Galindo Mendoza \\|first1\=María Guadalupe \\|title\=La Sanidad Vegetal de México Memoria Historica \\|date\=2017 \\|publisher\=Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí \- UASLP \\|isbn\=978\-607\-9453\-82\-4 \\|edition\=2nd \\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324706754}} From 1916 to 1918, Ochoterena worked with the DEB, in charge of the Vegetable Biology Section. He was exposed to Herrera's ideas about biological evolution during this time, but later opposed them. In 1917, Ochoterena was invited to teach at the Escuela Médico Militar (Military Medical School) by Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa. Ochoterena taught courses in histology and embryology. Ochoterena and Ramírez also worked with [Fernando Ocaranza Carmona](/wiki/Fernando_Ocaranza_Carmona "Fernando Ocaranza Carmona") to form the Sociedad Mexicana de Biología (Mexican Biology Society) in 1920\. They published their own journal, Revista Mexicana de Biología (Mexican Journal of Biology) from 1920 to 1935\. By 1921 Ochoterena was head of the Biology Department at the school he had once attended, the [Escuela Nacional Preparatoria](/wiki/Escuela_Nacional_Preparatoria "Escuela Nacional Preparatoria") (National Preparatory School), and curator of its natural history collections. One of Ochoterena's students was [Helia Bravo Hollis](/wiki/Helia_Bravo_Hollis "Helia Bravo Hollis"). She assisted him in writing the first book on cacti in Mexico, Las Cactaceas de Mexico (1922\). His students also included Eduardo Caballero y Caballero, and José de Lille. In 1925, Ochoterena replaced Herrera as teacher of zoology after a reorganization of faculty at the national university. From this time, he became increasingly involved in the activities of the university council. In the field of [histology](/wiki/Histology "Histology"), Ochoterena made important discoveries relating to the disease [Onchocerciasis](/wiki/Onchocerciasis "Onchocerciasis"), identifying the parasite which causes it, [Onchocerca volvulus](/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus "Onchocerca volvulus"). In 1928 he showed that microfilaria were present in the eye and optic nerve, and in 1930, he identified Simulium ochraceum as the disease's main vector in the Americas. These discoveries laid the basis for public health initiatives and the eventual eradication of the disease.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Crump \\|first1\=Andy \\|last2\=Morel \\|first2\=Carlos M. \\|last3\=Omura \\|first3\=Satoshi \\|title\=The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end? \\|journal\=Trends in Parasitology \\|date\=July 2012 \\|volume\=28 \\|issue\=7 \\|pages\=280–288 \\|doi\=10\.1016/j.pt.2012\.04\.005 \\|pmid\=22633470 \\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1016/j.pt.2012\.04\.005 \\|language\=en}} In 1929, a major political and educational reorganization occurred, with control of departments shifting from the government to the [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México](/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_de_M%C3%A9xico "Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México") ([National Autonomous University of Mexico](/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico "National Autonomous University of Mexico"), UNAM). The Directorate of Biological Studies became part of UNAM. On October 16, 1929, Fernando Ocaranza proposed Ochoterena as a candidate for director of the Biological Institute, where he replaced Herrera.{{cite journal \\|title\=Scientific Institutions in Latin America: Institute of Biology \\|journal\=Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP) \\|date\=1941 \\|volume\=20 \\|issue\=3 \\|pages\=41–43 \\|url\=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665\.2/13832/v20n3p234\.pdf \\|language\=en}} Ochoterena also became head of the National Museum of Natural History in Mexico City, which was part of the Biological Institute.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Gunder \\|first1\=J. D. \\|title\=North American Institutions Featuring Lepidoptera. XIX. Entomological Institutions in Mexico \\|journal\=Entomological News \\|date\=1930 \\|volume\=XLI \\|issue\=10 \\|pages\=313–318 \\|url\=https://archive.org/details/entomologicalnew41amer/page/n395/mode/2up?q\=ochoterena\&view\=theater \\|publisher\=\[Philadelphia] American Entomological Society}} During the same reorganization, the National School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine became the National School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia) of UNAM.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Berruecos \\|first1\=José M. \\|last2\=Trigo \\|first2\=Francisco J. \\|last3\=Zarco \\|first3\=Luis A. \\|date\=June 2004 \\|title\=The Accreditation System for Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in Mexico and a Comparison with the AVMA System \\|url\=https://jvme.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10\.3138/jvme.31\.2\.111 \\|journal\=Journal of Veterinary Medical Education \\|language\=en \\|volume\=31 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=111–115 \\|doi\=10\.3138/jvme.31\.2\.111 \\|pmid\=15181591 \\|issn\=0748\-321X}}) The faculty at UNAM was the only veterinary school serving Mexico and other Latin American countries until 1957\.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Berruecos \\|first1\=J. M. \\|last2\=Zarco \\|first2\=L. \\|title\=Integrating the issues of global animal and public health into the veterinary education curriculum: a Latin American perspective \\|journal\=Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) \\|date\=August 2009 \\|volume\=28 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=739–744 \\|doi\=10\.20506/rst.28\.2\.1915 \\|pmid\=20128485 \\|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20128485/ \\|access\-date\=14 June 2024 \\|issn\=0253\-1933}} After taking charge of UNAM's newly created Institute of Biology, Ochoterena offered Bravo Hollis the leadership of the National Herbarium, where she specialized in the [Cactaceae](/wiki/Cactaceae "Cactaceae") family.{{cite journal \\|last1\=Jesús \\|first1\=Morales\-Sandoval J. \\|last2\=Berenice \\|first2\=Reyes\-Aguilar \\|last3\=Léia \\|first3\=Scheinvar \\|title\=Who is Helia Bravo\-Hollis? \\|journal\=The Cactus Explorer \\|date\=2019 \\|volume\=March \\|issue\=24 \\|pages\=16–19 \\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334316889 \\|access\-date\=7 June 2024}}{{Cite web \\|author\-first\=Monica \\|author\-last\=Aguilar\-Rocha\\|date\=2019\-03\-22 \\|title\=A lifetime among Cacti: Helia Bravo\-Hollis \\|url\=https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2019/03/helia\-bravo\-hollis.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-06\-15 \\|website\=Biodiversity Heritage Library \\|language\=en\-US}} Ochoterena continued to teach at the National Preparatory School. In 1939, when UNAM's Faculty of Sciences was founded, he became head of the Departamento de Biología of the Facultad de Ciencias at UNAM. From 1941 to 1943, Ochoterena held the government appointment of General Director of Educación Superior e Investigación Científica (Higher Education and Scientific Research). The National Autonomous University of Mexico awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1940\.{{cite web \\|title\=DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA 2017 Semblanzas \\|url\=https://secretariageneral.unam.mx/wp\-content/uploads/2017/11/SEMBLANZAS\_HC2017\.pdf \\|website\=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México \\|access\-date\=15 June 2024}} In 1946 he was named researcher emeritus and honorary director of the Institute of Biology of UNAM. As of May 15, 1943, Ochoterena became a founding member of Mexico's [National College](/wiki/El_Colegio_Nacional_%28Mexico%29 "El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)"), along with others including [José Clemente Orozco](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco "José Clemente Orozco"), [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera "Diego Rivera"), [Ignacio Chávez Sánchez](/wiki/Ignacio_Ch%C3%A1vez_S%C3%A1nchez "Ignacio Chávez Sánchez"), [Antonio Caso Andrade](/wiki/Antonio_Caso_Andrade "Antonio Caso Andrade"), [Alfonso Reyes](/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes "Alfonso Reyes"), [Carlos Chávez](/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez "Carlos Chávez"), [Manuel Uribe Troncoso](/wiki/Manuel_Uribe_Troncoso "Manuel Uribe Troncoso"), [Manuel Sandoval Vallarta](/wiki/Manuel_Sandoval_Vallarta "Manuel Sandoval Vallarta"), and [José Vasconcelos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos "José Vasconcelos").{{Cite web \\|title\=Isaac Ochoterena \\|url\=https://colnal.mx/integrantes/isaac\-ochoterena/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \\|website\=El Colegio Nacional \\|language\=es\-MX}}{{cite web \\|title\=Diego Rivera and the founding members of the Colegio Nacional (National College). Standing, from left to right: José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, Isaac Ochoterena, Ignacio Chávez, Antonio Caso, Alfonso Reyes, and Carlos Chávez. Seated, from left to right: Manuel Uribe Troncoso, Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, and José Vasconcelos. \- Autor no identificado \\|url\=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/diego\-rivera\-and\-the\-founding\-members\-of\-the\-colegio\-nacional\-national\-college\-standing\-from\-left\-to\-right\-jos%C3%A9\-clemente\-orozco\-diego\-rivera\-isaac\-ochoterena\-ignacio\-ch%C3%A1vez\-antonio\-caso\-alfonso\-reyes\-and\-carlos\-ch%C3%A1vez\-seated\-from\-left\-to\-right\-manuel\-uribe\-troncoso\-manuel\-sandoval\-vallarta\-and\-jos%C3%A9\-vasconcelos\-autor\-no\-identificado/VQGXFXDOJwMN1Q?hl\=en \\|website\=Google Arts \& Culture \\|language\=en}}	[ "Career\n------", "Ochoterena began his teaching career in [Tlatlauquitepec](/wiki/Tlatlauquitepec \"Tlatlauquitepec\") in the state of [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla \"Puebla\"). In 1905 he published Flora de la Sierra de Puebla, and in 1909 Influencia del fósforo en la germinación, based on his botanical explorations.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Isaac Ochoterena \\\|url\\=https://colnal.mx/integrantes/isaac\\-ochoterena/ \\\|website\\=El Colegio Nacional \\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2024 \\\|language\\=es\\-MX}}", "In 1907, {{ill\\\|Pastor Rouaix\\\|es}} invited Ochoterena to move to [Gómez Palacio, Durango](/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Palacio%2C_Durango \"Gómez Palacio, Durango\") to teach primary school. Ochoterena was later appointed as a school director in [Lerdo, Durango](/wiki/Lerdo%2C_Durango \"Lerdo, Durango\") and as a school inspector for the state of [Durango](/wiki/Durango \"Durango\"), holding the position of Inspector of Public Instruction until 1913\\. He also became a professor of biology and botany in the Instituto Juárez in the capital of Durango, teaching classes in natural history and chemistry. In 1912 Ochoterena married Carmen Sarabia Castillón, sister of aviator {{ill\\\|Francisco Sarabia Tinoco\\\|es}}.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Jacobo Isaac Ochoterena \\\|url\\=https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/biodiversidad/curiosos/jacobo\\-isaac\\-ochoterena\\-mendieta \\\|website\\=Biodiversidad Mexicana \\\|language\\=es}} In 1914 Ochoterena became Director General of Education for the state of [San Luis Potosí](/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD \"San Luis Potosí\").", "The Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Veterinaria (National School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, ENAV) was the first veterinary school to be created on the American continent. It was established by [Antonio López de Santa Anna](/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna \"Antonio López de Santa Anna\"), President of the Republic of Mexico, as of August 17, 1853\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=170 years of Veterinary Education in the American Continent \\\|url\\=https://worldvet.org/news/170\\-years\\-of\\-veterinary\\-education\\-in\\-the\\-american\\-continent/ \\\|website\\=World Veterinary Association\\\|date\\=31 Mar 2023}} In 1915 Ochoterena began teaching histology classes there.", "Also in 1915, naturalist [Alfonso Luis Herrera](/wiki/Alfonso_Luis_Herrera \"Alfonso Luis Herrera\") became the director of the Museo de Historia Natural (National Museum of Natural History, MHN) in Mexico City. Herrera proposed the formation of a biological research center, the Dirección de Estudios Biológicos (Directorate of Biological Studies, DEB), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Development. The DEB became another key institution, with Herrera at its head.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Galindo Mendoza \\\|first1\\=María Guadalupe \\\|title\\=La Sanidad Vegetal de México Memoria Historica \\\|date\\=2017 \\\|publisher\\=Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí \\- UASLP \\\|isbn\\=978\\-607\\-9453\\-82\\-4 \\\|edition\\=2nd \\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324706754}}\nFrom 1916 to 1918, Ochoterena worked with the DEB, in charge of the Vegetable Biology Section. He was exposed to Herrera's ideas about biological evolution during this time, but later opposed them.", "In 1917, Ochoterena was invited to teach at the Escuela Médico Militar (Military Medical School) by Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa. Ochoterena taught courses in histology and embryology. Ochoterena and Ramírez also worked with [Fernando Ocaranza Carmona](/wiki/Fernando_Ocaranza_Carmona \"Fernando Ocaranza Carmona\") to form the Sociedad Mexicana de Biología (Mexican Biology Society) in 1920\\. They published their own journal, Revista Mexicana de Biología (Mexican Journal of Biology) from 1920 to 1935\\. By 1921 Ochoterena was head of the Biology Department at the school he had once attended, the [Escuela Nacional Preparatoria](/wiki/Escuela_Nacional_Preparatoria \"Escuela Nacional Preparatoria\") (National Preparatory School), and curator of its natural history collections.", "One of Ochoterena's students was [Helia Bravo Hollis](/wiki/Helia_Bravo_Hollis \"Helia Bravo Hollis\"). She assisted him in writing the first book on cacti in Mexico, Las Cactaceas de Mexico (1922\\). His students also included Eduardo Caballero y Caballero, and José de Lille. In 1925, Ochoterena replaced Herrera as teacher of zoology after a reorganization of faculty at the national university. From this time, he became increasingly involved in the activities of the university council.", "In the field of [histology](/wiki/Histology \"Histology\"), Ochoterena made important discoveries relating to the disease [Onchocerciasis](/wiki/Onchocerciasis \"Onchocerciasis\"), identifying the parasite which causes it, [Onchocerca volvulus](/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus \"Onchocerca volvulus\"). In 1928 he showed that microfilaria were present in the eye and optic nerve, and in 1930, he identified Simulium ochraceum as the disease's main vector in the Americas. These discoveries laid the basis for public health initiatives and the eventual eradication of the disease.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Crump \\\|first1\\=Andy \\\|last2\\=Morel \\\|first2\\=Carlos M. \\\|last3\\=Omura \\\|first3\\=Satoshi \\\|title\\=The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end? \\\|journal\\=Trends in Parasitology \\\|date\\=July 2012 \\\|volume\\=28 \\\|issue\\=7 \\\|pages\\=280–288 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.pt.2012\\.04\\.005 \\\|pmid\\=22633470 \\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1016/j.pt.2012\\.04\\.005 \\\|language\\=en}}", "In 1929, a major political and educational reorganization occurred, with control of departments shifting from the government to the [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México](/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México\") ([National Autonomous University of Mexico](/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico \"National Autonomous University of Mexico\"), UNAM). The Directorate of Biological Studies became part of UNAM. On October 16, 1929, Fernando Ocaranza proposed Ochoterena as a candidate for director of the Biological Institute, where he replaced Herrera.{{cite journal \\\|title\\=Scientific Institutions in Latin America: Institute of Biology \\\|journal\\=Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP) \\\|date\\=1941 \\\|volume\\=20 \\\|issue\\=3 \\\|pages\\=41–43 \\\|url\\=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665\\.2/13832/v20n3p234\\.pdf \\\|language\\=en}} Ochoterena also became head of the National Museum of Natural History in Mexico City, which was part of the Biological Institute.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Gunder \\\|first1\\=J. D. \\\|title\\=North American Institutions Featuring Lepidoptera. XIX. Entomological Institutions in Mexico \\\|journal\\=Entomological News \\\|date\\=1930 \\\|volume\\=XLI \\\|issue\\=10 \\\|pages\\=313–318 \\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/entomologicalnew41amer/page/n395/mode/2up?q\\=ochoterena\\&view\\=theater \\\|publisher\\=\\[Philadelphia] American Entomological Society}}", "During the same reorganization, the National School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine became the National School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia) of UNAM.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Berruecos \\\|first1\\=José M. \\\|last2\\=Trigo \\\|first2\\=Francisco J. \\\|last3\\=Zarco \\\|first3\\=Luis A. \\\|date\\=June 2004 \\\|title\\=The Accreditation System for Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in Mexico and a Comparison with the AVMA System \\\|url\\=https://jvme.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10\\.3138/jvme.31\\.2\\.111 \\\|journal\\=Journal of Veterinary Medical Education \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=31 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=111–115 \\\|doi\\=10\\.3138/jvme.31\\.2\\.111 \\\|pmid\\=15181591 \\\|issn\\=0748\\-321X}}) The faculty at UNAM was the only veterinary school serving Mexico and other Latin American countries until 1957\\.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Berruecos \\\|first1\\=J. M. \\\|last2\\=Zarco \\\|first2\\=L. \\\|title\\=Integrating the issues of global animal and public health into the veterinary education curriculum: a Latin American perspective \\\|journal\\=Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) \\\|date\\=August 2009 \\\|volume\\=28 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=739–744 \\\|doi\\=10\\.20506/rst.28\\.2\\.1915 \\\|pmid\\=20128485 \\\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20128485/ \\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2024 \\\|issn\\=0253\\-1933}}", "After taking charge of UNAM's newly created Institute of Biology, Ochoterena offered Bravo Hollis the leadership of the National Herbarium, where she specialized in the [Cactaceae](/wiki/Cactaceae \"Cactaceae\") family.{{cite journal \\\|last1\\=Jesús \\\|first1\\=Morales\\-Sandoval J. \\\|last2\\=Berenice \\\|first2\\=Reyes\\-Aguilar \\\|last3\\=Léia \\\|first3\\=Scheinvar \\\|title\\=Who is Helia Bravo\\-Hollis? \\\|journal\\=The Cactus Explorer \\\|date\\=2019 \\\|volume\\=March \\\|issue\\=24 \\\|pages\\=16–19 \\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334316889 \\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2024}}{{Cite web \\\|author\\-first\\=Monica \\\|author\\-last\\=Aguilar\\-Rocha\\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-22 \\\|title\\=A lifetime among Cacti: Helia Bravo\\-Hollis \\\|url\\=https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2019/03/helia\\-bravo\\-hollis.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-15 \\\|website\\=Biodiversity Heritage Library \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Ochoterena continued to teach at the National Preparatory School. In 1939, when UNAM's Faculty of Sciences was founded, he became head of the Departamento de Biología of the Facultad de Ciencias at UNAM. From 1941 to 1943, Ochoterena held the government appointment of General Director of Educación Superior e Investigación Científica (Higher Education and Scientific Research). \nThe National Autonomous University of Mexico awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1940\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA 2017 Semblanzas \\\|url\\=https://secretariageneral.unam.mx/wp\\-content/uploads/2017/11/SEMBLANZAS\\_HC2017\\.pdf \\\|website\\=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2024}} In 1946 he was named researcher emeritus and honorary director of the Institute of Biology of UNAM.", "As of May 15, 1943, Ochoterena became a founding member of Mexico's [National College](/wiki/El_Colegio_Nacional_%28Mexico%29 \"El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)\"), along with others including [José Clemente Orozco](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco \"José Clemente Orozco\"), [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera \"Diego Rivera\"), [Ignacio Chávez Sánchez](/wiki/Ignacio_Ch%C3%A1vez_S%C3%A1nchez \"Ignacio Chávez Sánchez\"), [Antonio Caso Andrade](/wiki/Antonio_Caso_Andrade \"Antonio Caso Andrade\"), [Alfonso Reyes](/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes \"Alfonso Reyes\"), [Carlos Chávez](/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Carlos Chávez\"), [Manuel Uribe Troncoso](/wiki/Manuel_Uribe_Troncoso \"Manuel Uribe Troncoso\"), [Manuel Sandoval Vallarta](/wiki/Manuel_Sandoval_Vallarta \"Manuel Sandoval Vallarta\"), and [José Vasconcelos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos \"José Vasconcelos\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Isaac Ochoterena \\\|url\\=https://colnal.mx/integrantes/isaac\\-ochoterena/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\\|website\\=El Colegio Nacional \\\|language\\=es\\-MX}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Diego Rivera and the founding members of the Colegio Nacional (National College). Standing, from left to right: José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, Isaac Ochoterena, Ignacio Chávez, Antonio Caso, Alfonso Reyes, and Carlos Chávez. Seated, from left to right: Manuel Uribe Troncoso, Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, and José Vasconcelos. \\- Autor no identificado \\\|url\\=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/diego\\-rivera\\-and\\-the\\-founding\\-members\\-of\\-the\\-colegio\\-nacional\\-national\\-college\\-standing\\-from\\-left\\-to\\-right\\-jos%C3%A9\\-clemente\\-orozco\\-diego\\-rivera\\-isaac\\-ochoterena\\-ignacio\\-ch%C3%A1vez\\-antonio\\-caso\\-alfonso\\-reyes\\-and\\-carlos\\-ch%C3%A1vez\\-seated\\-from\\-left\\-to\\-right\\-manuel\\-uribe\\-troncoso\\-manuel\\-sandoval\\-vallarta\\-and\\-jos%C3%A9\\-vasconcelos\\-autor\\-no\\-identificado/VQGXFXDOJwMN1Q?hl\\=en \\\|website\\=Google Arts \\& Culture \\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Charles O'Neill's "Foggy Dew" ----------------------------- {{listen\\|filename\=Dancing Willow \- Demo\-CD 2007 02 \- The foggy dew.ogg\\|title\=Foggy Dew\\|description\=Instrumental version performed by Dancing Willow, featuring the viola da gamba and the low whistle\\|format\=\[\[Ogg]]}} Another song called "Foggy Dew" was written by Charles O’Neill (1887–1963\) from Portglenone, County Antrim, a priest of the [Diocese of Down and Connor](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Down_and_Connor "Roman Catholic Diocese of Down and Connor") who was at the time of wrting the lyrics a curate at [St. Peter's Cathedral, Belfast](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Belfast "St. Peter's Cathedral, Belfast"), and later in life was [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_priest "Parish priest") of [Kilcoo](/wiki/Kilcoo%2C_County_Down "Kilcoo, County Down") and later still [Newcastle, County Down](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_County_Down "Newcastle, County Down").{{cite book\\|last\=O'Boyle\\|first\= Cathal \\|year\=1973\\|title\=Songs of the County Down\\|location\=Skerries, Co. Dublin\\|publisher\= Gilbert Dalton\\|isbn\=0\-86233\-012\-2}}Down \& Connor Diocesan Archives in Belfast, record for Father Charles O'Neill O'Neill was ordained in [St. Patrick's College, Maynooth](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College%2C_Maynooth "St. Patrick's College, Maynooth") in 1912\.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002318/19630520/025/0002 \\|title\= Unknown \\|newspaper\= \\|location\= \\|page\= \\|issue\= \\|date\= \\|url\-access\=subscription \\|via\=\[\[British Newspaper Archive]]}} The music is from a manuscript that was in possession of Kathleen Dallat, sister of [Michael Dallat](/wiki/Michael_Dallat "Michael Dallat") of [Ballycastle](/wiki/Ballycastle%2C_County_Antrim "Ballycastle, County Antrim"). That manuscript gives [Carl Hardebeck](/wiki/Carl_Hardebeck "Carl Hardebeck") as the arranger.{{cite book\\|last\=Harte\\|first\= Frank \\|year\=1978\\|title\=Songs of Dublin\\|location\=Skerries, Co. Dublin\\|publisher\= Gilbert Dalton\\|isbn\=0\-946005\-51\-6}} It is the same air as the traditional love song [The Moorlough Shore](/wiki/The_Moorlough_Shore "The Moorlough Shore"). "The Foggy Dew" is a product of the political situation in Ireland in the aftermath of the Easter Rising and [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). Approximately 210,000 Irishmen joined up and served in the British forces during the war.Keith Jeffery. Ireland and the Great War. (Cambridge University Press, 2000\) This created mixed feelings for many Irish people, particularly for those with nationalist sympathies. While they broadly supported the British war effort, they also felt that one of the moral justifications for the war, "the freedom of small nations" like [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and [Serbia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia "Kingdom of Serbia"), should also be applied to Ireland, which at that time was under British rule. The [1915 Battle of Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign "Gallipoli campaign"), in which many young and mainly middle\-class Irishmen who had joined up in response to [John Redmond](/wiki/John_Redmond "John Redmond")'s call were killed, turned many people against the war. In 1916, Irish patriots led by [James Connolly](/wiki/James_Connolly "James Connolly") and [Patrick Pearse](/wiki/Patrick_Pearse "Patrick Pearse"), taking advantage of Britain being preoccupied by [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), seized some of the major buildings in Dublin including the [General Post Office](/wiki/General_Post_Office%2C_Dublin "General Post Office, Dublin"), while others came out in [Ashbourne](/wiki/Ashbourne%2C_County_Meath "Ashbourne, County Meath") and [Galway](/wiki/Galway "Galway") in the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising "Easter Rising"). The brutal response to the Rising, and the execution of its leaders that followed, marked a turning point for many Irish people. The public revulsion at the executions added to the growing sense of alienation from the British government.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain\_wwone/ireland\_wwone\_01\.shtml \\|title\=History – British History in depth: Ireland and World War One \\|publisher\=BBC \\|access\-date\=11 August 2012}} Canon O'Neill reflected this alienation when he wrote The Foggy Dew commemorating the few hundred brave men who had risen out against what was then the most powerful empire in the world. In 1919, he attended the first sitting of the new Irish Parliament, [Dáil](/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann "Dáil Éireann").{{Cite news \\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/songs/rs04\.shtml\\|title\=History – 1916 Easter Rising – Rebel Songs (Part 4\)\\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] }} The names of the elected members were called out, but many were absent. Their names were answered by the reply faoi ghlas ag na Gaill – "locked up by the English".{{cite web \\|title\="na Gaill" \\|url\=https://www.tearma.ie/q/na%20Gaill/ \\|website\=The National Terminology Database for Irish \\|publisher\=Foras na Gaeilge \\|access\-date\=20 April 2024 \\|location\=Ireland}} These events had a profound effect on O'Neill and some time after this he wrote The Foggy Dew telling the story of the Easter Rising and reflecting the thoughts of many Irish people at the time who now believed that the Irishmen who fought for Britain during the war should have stayed home and fought for Irish independence instead. O'Neill sums up this feeling in the line, "Twas far better to die ‘neath an Irish sky / Than at [Suvla](/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay "Landing at Suvla Bay") or [Sud el Bar](/wiki/Sedd_el_Bahr "Sedd el Bahr")".	[ "Charles O'Neill's \"Foggy Dew\"\n-----------------------------", "{{listen\\\|filename\\=Dancing Willow \\- Demo\\-CD 2007 02 \\- The foggy dew.ogg\\\|title\\=Foggy Dew\\\|description\\=Instrumental version performed by Dancing Willow, featuring the viola da gamba and the low whistle\\\|format\\=\\[\\[Ogg]]}}\nAnother song called \"Foggy Dew\" was written by Charles O’Neill (1887–1963\\) from Portglenone, County Antrim, a priest of the [Diocese of Down and Connor](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Down_and_Connor \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Down and Connor\") who was at the time of wrting the lyrics a curate at [St. Peter's Cathedral, Belfast](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Belfast \"St. Peter's Cathedral, Belfast\"), and later in life was [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_priest \"Parish priest\") of [Kilcoo](/wiki/Kilcoo%2C_County_Down \"Kilcoo, County Down\") and later still [Newcastle, County Down](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_County_Down \"Newcastle, County Down\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=O'Boyle\\\|first\\= Cathal \\\|year\\=1973\\\|title\\=Songs of the County Down\\\|location\\=Skerries, Co. Dublin\\\|publisher\\= Gilbert Dalton\\\|isbn\\=0\\-86233\\-012\\-2}}Down \\& Connor Diocesan Archives in Belfast, record for Father Charles O'Neill O'Neill was ordained in [St. Patrick's College, Maynooth](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College%2C_Maynooth \"St. Patrick's College, Maynooth\") in 1912\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002318/19630520/025/0002 \\\|title\\= Unknown \\\|newspaper\\= \\\|location\\= \\\|page\\= \\\|issue\\= \\\|date\\= \\\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\\|via\\=\\[\\[British Newspaper Archive]]}}", "The music is from a manuscript that was in possession of Kathleen Dallat, sister of [Michael Dallat](/wiki/Michael_Dallat \"Michael Dallat\") of [Ballycastle](/wiki/Ballycastle%2C_County_Antrim \"Ballycastle, County Antrim\"). That manuscript gives [Carl Hardebeck](/wiki/Carl_Hardebeck \"Carl Hardebeck\") as the arranger.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Harte\\\|first\\= Frank \\\|year\\=1978\\\|title\\=Songs of Dublin\\\|location\\=Skerries, Co. Dublin\\\|publisher\\= Gilbert Dalton\\\|isbn\\=0\\-946005\\-51\\-6}} It is the same air as the traditional love song [The Moorlough Shore](/wiki/The_Moorlough_Shore \"The Moorlough Shore\").", "\"The Foggy Dew\" is a product of the political situation in Ireland in the aftermath of the Easter Rising and [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").", "Approximately 210,000 Irishmen joined up and served in the British forces during the war.Keith Jeffery. Ireland and the Great War. (Cambridge University Press, 2000\\) This created mixed feelings for many Irish people, particularly for those with nationalist sympathies. While they broadly supported the British war effort, they also felt that one of the moral justifications for the war, \"the freedom of small nations\" like [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") and [Serbia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia \"Kingdom of Serbia\"), should also be applied to Ireland, which at that time was under British rule. The [1915 Battle of Gallipoli](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign \"Gallipoli campaign\"), in which many young and mainly middle\\-class Irishmen who had joined up in response to [John Redmond](/wiki/John_Redmond \"John Redmond\")'s call were killed, turned many people against the war.", "In 1916, Irish patriots led by [James Connolly](/wiki/James_Connolly \"James Connolly\") and [Patrick Pearse](/wiki/Patrick_Pearse \"Patrick Pearse\"), taking advantage of Britain being preoccupied by [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), seized some of the major buildings in Dublin including the [General Post Office](/wiki/General_Post_Office%2C_Dublin \"General Post Office, Dublin\"), while others came out in [Ashbourne](/wiki/Ashbourne%2C_County_Meath \"Ashbourne, County Meath\") and [Galway](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\") in the [Easter Rising](/wiki/Easter_Rising \"Easter Rising\").", "The brutal response to the Rising, and the execution of its leaders that followed, marked a turning point for many Irish people. The public revulsion at the executions added to the growing sense of alienation from the British government.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain\\_wwone/ireland\\_wwone\\_01\\.shtml \\\|title\\=History – British History in depth: Ireland and World War One \\\|publisher\\=BBC \\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2012}}", "Canon O'Neill reflected this alienation when he wrote The Foggy Dew commemorating the few hundred brave men who had risen out against what was then the most powerful empire in the world. In 1919, he attended the first sitting of the new Irish Parliament, [Dáil](/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann \"Dáil Éireann\").{{Cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/songs/rs04\\.shtml\\\|title\\=History – 1916 Easter Rising – Rebel Songs (Part 4\\)\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] }} The names of the elected members were called out, but many were absent. Their names were answered by the reply faoi ghlas ag na Gaill – \"locked up by the English\".{{cite web \\\|title\\=\"na Gaill\" \\\|url\\=https://www.tearma.ie/q/na%20Gaill/ \\\|website\\=The National Terminology Database for Irish \\\|publisher\\=Foras na Gaeilge \\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\\|location\\=Ireland}}", "These events had a profound effect on O'Neill and some time after this he wrote The Foggy Dew telling the story of the Easter Rising and reflecting the thoughts of many Irish people at the time who now believed that the Irishmen who fought for Britain during the war should have stayed home and fought for Irish independence instead.", "O'Neill sums up this feeling in the line, \"Twas far better to die ‘neath an Irish sky / Than at [Suvla](/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay \"Landing at Suvla Bay\") or [Sud el Bar](/wiki/Sedd_el_Bahr \"Sedd el Bahr\")\".", "" ]
Baseball career --------------- Rothfuss started his professional baseball career in 1896 with the [Atlantic League](/wiki/Atlantic_League_%281896%E2%80%931900%29 "Atlantic League (1896–1900)")'s [Newark Colts](/wiki/Newark_Colts "Newark Colts").["Jack Rothfuss Minor League Statistics \& History"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=rothfu001jac). baseball\-reference.com. Accessed October 24, 2011\. That season, he was one of the best hitters in the league, leading the circuit with 26 [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)"), 13 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"), and 87 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base").["1896 Atlantic League Batting Leaders"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/leader.cgi?type=bat&id=d3d2ae5e). baseball\-reference.com. Accessed October 24, 2011\. His [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") of .351 would end up being his career\-high. Rothfuss continued his good play in 1897\. He had batted .323 through 89 games when his release was bought by the Pittsburgh Pirates for $2,000 in July.["Newark Nuggets"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1897/VOL_29_NO_20/SL2920013.pdf). Sporting Life. August 7, 1897\. p. 13\. According to one [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey"), sportswriter: > No more popular player ever left Newark than our "Jack" and the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") scores will be eagerly scanned daily to note his work. With a little experienced coaching at the bat he should be a fixture, as he is fast in every other department of the game. Rothfuss made his major league debut on August 2, 1897\. He batted .313 during the season's final two months and earned a job as the Pirates' starting first baseman.Voigt, David Quentin (1998\). [The League That Failed](https://books.google.com/books?id=m3gTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22jack+rothfuss%22). Scarecrow Press. p. 131\. On August 22, the Newark Sunday Call wrote, "National League papers are unanimous in the opinion that 'Jack' Rothfuss is one of the 'comers' of the big league. Some of them say Newark should feel proud of him. Well, she does."["Atlantic League Notes"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ACVDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z6wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1376,739270&dq=jack-rothfuss&hl=en). Newark Sunday Call. August 22, 1897\. However, Rothfuss never played in the majors after 1897\. He had contracted [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery "Dysentery") late in the season.["Newark News"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_01/SL3101011.pdf). Sporting Life. March 26, 1898\. p. 14\. The following March, [Sporting Life](/wiki/Sporting_Life_%28American_newspaper%29 "Sporting Life (American newspaper)") reported that "'Jack' has not been himself all winter. He says the water in Pittsburgh is atrocious." In April 1898, Rothfuss' contract was sold to the [Western League](/wiki/Western_League_%28original%29 "Western League (original)")'s [Kansas City Blues](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins").["Heavy Weeding\-Out"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_06/SL3106012.pdf). Sporting Life. April 30, 1898\. p. 12\.["Kansas City News"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_12/SL3112008.pdf). Sporting Life. June 11, 1898\. p. 8\.["1898 Kansas City Blues Statistics"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?id=825a9f5f). baseball\-reference.com. Accessed October 24, 2011\. He was still suffering from dysentery in May, and in early June, a sportswriter in Kansas City wrote:["Newark Nuggets"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_07/SL3107005.pdf). Sporting Life. May 7, 1898\. p. 5\. > Johnny Rothfuss ... has shown himself to be the worst type of ingrate. He was sick when he came in the spring, and he was placed in the care of physicians at an expense of $175 per month. As soon as the Blues left for the East and Rothfuss was pronounced cured by his physicians he took French leave and nothing has been heard from him since. The United States Government is warned against accepting this man Rothfuss as a volunteer, for he has certainly shown himself to be the rankest kind of a deserter in the face of duty. Rothfuss had returned to Newark in late May, and he played for [semi\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional "Semi-professional") teams in New Jersey later that summer.["Newark Nuggets"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_10/SL3110004.pdf). Sporting Life. May 28, 1898\. p. 4\.["News and Comment"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_22/SL3122005.pdf). Sporting Life. August 20, 1898\. p. 5\. Rothfuss did join the Kansas City team in 1899\. He then played one season in the Eastern League, batting .218 there, and one season in the Western Association, batting .305\. He went back to Kansas City for 1902 to play for the [Blues](/wiki/Kansas_City_Blues_%28American_Association%29 "Kansas City Blues (American Association)") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%2820th_century%29 "American Association (20th century)"). In three seasons with the Blues, he batted .309, .285, and .214\. In 1905, Rothfuss played for the Eastern League's Rochester Bronchos. He batted .240 in 27 games, and when Rochester tried to send him to a club in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"), Rothfuss jumped the team.["The Eastern League"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1907/VOL_48_NO_23/SL4823006.pdf). Sporting Life. February 16, 1907\. p. 6\. He played 19 games in the independent [Tri\-State League](/wiki/Tri-State_League "Tri-State League") in 1906 before applying to the National Board for reinstatement in early 1907\. Rothfuss finished his professional baseball career that year with the [Connecticut State League](/wiki/Connecticut_League "Connecticut League")'s [Hartford Senators](/wiki/Hartford_Senators "Hartford Senators").	[ "Baseball career\n---------------", "Rothfuss started his professional baseball career in 1896 with the [Atlantic League](/wiki/Atlantic_League_%281896%E2%80%931900%29 \"Atlantic League (1896–1900)\")'s [Newark Colts](/wiki/Newark_Colts \"Newark Colts\").[\"Jack Rothfuss Minor League Statistics \\& History\"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=rothfu001jac). baseball\\-reference.com. Accessed October 24, 2011\\. That season, he was one of the best hitters in the league, leading the circuit with 26 [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\"), 13 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"), and 87 [stolen bases](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\").[\"1896 Atlantic League Batting Leaders\"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/leader.cgi?type=bat&id=d3d2ae5e). baseball\\-reference.com. Accessed October 24, 2011\\. His [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") of .351 would end up being his career\\-high.", "Rothfuss continued his good play in 1897\\. He had batted .323 through 89 games when his release was bought by the Pittsburgh Pirates for $2,000 in July.[\"Newark Nuggets\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1897/VOL_29_NO_20/SL2920013.pdf). Sporting Life. August 7, 1897\\. p. 13\\. According to one [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey \"Newark, New Jersey\"), sportswriter:\n> No more popular player ever left Newark than our \"Jack\" and the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") scores will be eagerly scanned daily to note his work. With a little experienced coaching at the bat he should be a fixture, as he is fast in every other department of the game.", "", "Rothfuss made his major league debut on August 2, 1897\\. He batted .313 during the season's final two months and earned a job as the Pirates' starting first baseman.Voigt, David Quentin (1998\\). [The League That Failed](https://books.google.com/books?id=m3gTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22jack+rothfuss%22). Scarecrow Press. p. 131\\. On August 22, the Newark Sunday Call wrote, \"National League papers are unanimous in the opinion that 'Jack' Rothfuss is one of the 'comers' of the big league. Some of them say Newark should feel proud of him. Well, she does.\"[\"Atlantic League Notes\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ACVDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z6wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1376,739270&dq=jack-rothfuss&hl=en). Newark Sunday Call. August 22, 1897\\.", "However, Rothfuss never played in the majors after 1897\\. He had contracted [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery \"Dysentery\") late in the season.[\"Newark News\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_01/SL3101011.pdf). Sporting Life. March 26, 1898\\. p. 14\\. The following March, [Sporting Life](/wiki/Sporting_Life_%28American_newspaper%29 \"Sporting Life (American newspaper)\") reported that \"'Jack' has not been himself all winter. He says the water in Pittsburgh is atrocious.\" In April 1898, Rothfuss' contract was sold to the [Western League](/wiki/Western_League_%28original%29 \"Western League (original)\")'s [Kansas City Blues](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\").[\"Heavy Weeding\\-Out\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_06/SL3106012.pdf). Sporting Life. April 30, 1898\\. p. 12\\.[\"Kansas City News\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_12/SL3112008.pdf). Sporting Life. June 11, 1898\\. p. 8\\.[\"1898 Kansas City Blues Statistics\"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?id=825a9f5f). baseball\\-reference.com. Accessed October 24, 2011\\. He was still suffering from dysentery in May, and in early June, a sportswriter in Kansas City wrote:[\"Newark Nuggets\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_07/SL3107005.pdf). Sporting Life. May 7, 1898\\. p. 5\\.\n> Johnny Rothfuss ... has shown himself to be the worst type of ingrate. He was sick when he came in the spring, and he was placed in the care of physicians at an expense of $175 per month. As soon as the Blues left for the East and Rothfuss was pronounced cured by his physicians he took French leave and nothing has been heard from him since. The United States Government is warned against accepting this man Rothfuss as a volunteer, for he has certainly shown himself to be the rankest kind of a deserter in the face of duty.", "", "Rothfuss had returned to Newark in late May, and he played for [semi\\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional \"Semi-professional\") teams in New Jersey later that summer.[\"Newark Nuggets\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_10/SL3110004.pdf). Sporting Life. May 28, 1898\\. p. 4\\.[\"News and Comment\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1898/VOL_31_NO_22/SL3122005.pdf). Sporting Life. August 20, 1898\\. p. 5\\.", "Rothfuss did join the Kansas City team in 1899\\. He then played one season in the Eastern League, batting .218 there, and one season in the Western Association, batting .305\\. He went back to Kansas City for 1902 to play for the [Blues](/wiki/Kansas_City_Blues_%28American_Association%29 \"Kansas City Blues (American Association)\") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%2820th_century%29 \"American Association (20th century)\"). In three seasons with the Blues, he batted .309, .285, and .214\\.", "In 1905, Rothfuss played for the Eastern League's Rochester Bronchos. He batted .240 in 27 games, and when Rochester tried to send him to a club in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"), Rothfuss jumped the team.[\"The Eastern League\"](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1907/VOL_48_NO_23/SL4823006.pdf). Sporting Life. February 16, 1907\\. p. 6\\. He played 19 games in the independent [Tri\\-State League](/wiki/Tri-State_League \"Tri-State League\") in 1906 before applying to the National Board for reinstatement in early 1907\\. Rothfuss finished his professional baseball career that year with the [Connecticut State League](/wiki/Connecticut_League \"Connecticut League\")'s [Hartford Senators](/wiki/Hartford_Senators \"Hartford Senators\").", "" ]
Operational history ------------------- The submarine was built between 1964 and 1967 and was commissioned into the [Soviet navy](/wiki/Soviet_navy "Soviet navy") on 5 November 1967\. After returning to the Soviet Union after its lease to India, it continued to be in service with the Soviet Navy and was finally decommissioned on 30 July 1992 and sold for scrap. ### Service in the Indian Navy {{other ships\\|INS Chakra}} The submarine left for India on 5 January 1988 from [Vladivostok](/wiki/Vladivostok "Vladivostok") and was commissioned into the Indian Navy on the same day. It passed through the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") and [Malacca Strait](/wiki/Malacca_Strait "Malacca Strait") where it was escorted by an Indian [frigate](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate"), {{INS\\|Dunagiri\\|F36\\|6}}.{{cite book\\|last\=G. M. Hiranandani\\|title\=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976–1990\\|year\=2005\\|publisher\=Lancer Publications\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1WxI9TlAxIQC\&dq\=INS\+Chakra\&pg\=PA114\-IA5\\|isbn\=9788170622666}} It was constantly tracked by American and Australian [P\-3 Orion](/wiki/P-3_Orion "P-3 Orion") aircraft throughout the journey. It arrived at [Visakhapatnam](/wiki/Visakhapatnam "Visakhapatnam") on 3 February 1988\. The submarine was welcomed by the Indian Prime Minister, [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi "Rajiv Gandhi"), the Defence Minister, [K. C. Pant](/wiki/K._C._Pant "K. C. Pant"), the [Chief of Naval Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_of_the_Indian_Navy "Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy"), G. J. Nadkami, and the commander of [Eastern Naval Command](/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command "Eastern Naval Command"), Vice Admiral S. C. Chopra, who sailed in the submarine into the sea. Chakra took part in the Presidential Fleet Review of 15 February 1989 at [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") when it was watched by millions of Indians on television. Transfer of the submarine gained widespread coverage in the international media with [Time Magazine](/wiki/Time_Magazine "Time Magazine") calling India an "Awakening Power", while the [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post "Washington Post") called it an "Oriental Bully". Contrary to popular perception, the Chakra was partially manned and control by the Soviet crew, who reportedly did not allow Indians into the missile room and into the reactor compartment despite repeated Indian requests and efforts, and this is believed to be a reason for the termination of the contract after 3 years by India. The Chakra served in both the eastern and [western fronts](/wiki/Western_Naval_Command "Western Naval Command") during her service. As the lease agreement ended, Chakra departed to the Soviet Union from Visakhapatnam on 16 December 1990 and was escorted by {{INS\\|Savitri\\|P53\\|6}} throughout its journey. It was decommissioned in January 1991\. For the longer term, the lease of Chakra reportedly helped India gain first\-hand experience in handling a nuclear submarine that helped them build the {{sclass\\|Arihant\\|submarine\\|4}} of nuclear submarines in 2010s.	[ "Operational history\n-------------------", "The submarine was built between 1964 and 1967 and was commissioned into the [Soviet navy](/wiki/Soviet_navy \"Soviet navy\") on 5 November 1967\\. After returning to the Soviet Union after its lease to India, it continued to be in service with the Soviet Navy and was finally decommissioned on 30 July 1992 and sold for scrap.", "### Service in the Indian Navy", "{{other ships\\\|INS Chakra}}", "The submarine left for India on 5 January 1988 from [Vladivostok](/wiki/Vladivostok \"Vladivostok\") and was commissioned into the Indian Navy on the same day. It passed through the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") and [Malacca Strait](/wiki/Malacca_Strait \"Malacca Strait\") where it was escorted by an Indian [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\"), {{INS\\\|Dunagiri\\\|F36\\\|6}}.{{cite book\\\|last\\=G. M. Hiranandani\\\|title\\=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976–1990\\\|year\\=2005\\\|publisher\\=Lancer Publications\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1WxI9TlAxIQC\\&dq\\=INS\\+Chakra\\&pg\\=PA114\\-IA5\\\|isbn\\=9788170622666}} It was constantly tracked by American and Australian [P\\-3 Orion](/wiki/P-3_Orion \"P-3 Orion\") aircraft throughout the journey. It arrived at [Visakhapatnam](/wiki/Visakhapatnam \"Visakhapatnam\") on 3 February 1988\\. The submarine was welcomed by the Indian Prime Minister, [Rajiv Gandhi](/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi \"Rajiv Gandhi\"), the Defence Minister, [K. C. Pant](/wiki/K._C._Pant \"K. C. Pant\"), the [Chief of Naval Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_of_the_Indian_Navy \"Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy\"), G. J. Nadkami, and the commander of [Eastern Naval Command](/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command \"Eastern Naval Command\"), Vice Admiral S. C. Chopra, who sailed in the submarine into the sea.", "Chakra took part in the Presidential Fleet Review of 15 February 1989 at [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\") when it was watched by millions of Indians on television. Transfer of the submarine gained widespread coverage in the international media with [Time Magazine](/wiki/Time_Magazine \"Time Magazine\") calling India an \"Awakening Power\", while the [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\") called it an \"Oriental Bully\".", "Contrary to popular perception, the Chakra was partially manned and control by the Soviet crew, who reportedly did not allow Indians into the missile room and into the reactor compartment despite repeated Indian requests and efforts, and this is believed to be a reason for the termination of the contract after 3 years by India.", "The Chakra served in both the eastern and [western fronts](/wiki/Western_Naval_Command \"Western Naval Command\") during her service. As the lease agreement ended, Chakra departed to the Soviet Union from Visakhapatnam on 16 December 1990 and was escorted by {{INS\\\|Savitri\\\|P53\\\|6}} throughout its journey. It was decommissioned in January 1991\\.", "For the longer term, the lease of Chakra reportedly helped India gain first\\-hand experience in handling a nuclear submarine that helped them build the {{sclass\\\|Arihant\\\|submarine\\\|4}} of nuclear submarines in 2010s.", "" ]
Benefits -------- ### Corrosion resistance As an architectural metal, copper provides excellent [corrosion resistance](/wiki/Corrosion_resistance "Corrosion resistance").Preventing corrosion on copper roof systems, Professional Roofing, October 2004, www.professionalroofing.net Copper surfaces form tough oxide\-sulfate [patina](/wiki/Patina "Patina") coatings that protect underlying copper surfaces and resist corrosion for a very long time. Copper corrodes at negligible rates in unpolluted air, water, de\-aerated non\-oxidizing acids, and when exposed to [saline](/wiki/Salinity "Salinity") solutions, [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline "Alkaline") solutions, and [organic chemicals](/wiki/Organic_chemical "Organic chemical"). Copper roofing in rural atmospheres corrodes at rates of less than {{cvt\\|0\.4\\|mm\\|in\\|frac\=128}} in 200 years.Corrosion of copper and copper alloys; Key to Metals: The world's most comprehensive metals database; [http://www.keytometals.com/Article16\.htm](http://www.keytometals.com/Article16.htm) Unlike most other metals, copper does not suffer from underside corrosion that can cause premature failures in roofing. With a copper roof, supporting substrates and structures usually fail long before the copper on the roof. Architectural copper is, however, susceptible to corrosive attack under certain conditions. [Oxidizing acids](/wiki/Oxidizing_acid "Oxidizing acid"), oxidizing heavy\-metal salts, [alkalis](/wiki/Alkali "Alkali"), [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur "Sulfur") and [nitrogen oxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide "Nitrogen oxide"), [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia"), and some sulfur and ammonium compounds can expedite copper corrosion. Precipitation in areas with a [pH](/wiki/PH "PH") less than 5\.5 may corrode copper, possibly before a patina or protective oxide film has the time to form. Acidic precipitation, known as [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain "Acid rain"), is due to emissions from [fossil fuel](/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") combustion, [chemical manufacturing](/wiki/Chemical_manufacturing "Chemical manufacturing"), or other processes that release [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur "Sulfur") and [nitrogen oxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide "Nitrogen oxide") into the [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere "Atmosphere").Peters, Larry E. (2004\). Preventing corrosion on copper roofing systems; Professional Roofing, October 2004, www.professionalroofing.net [Erosion corrosion](/wiki/Erosion_corrosion "Erosion corrosion") may occur when acidic water from a non\-copper roof that does not neutralise the acidity, such as tile, slate, wood, or asphalt, falls on a small area of copper. Line corrosion can occur if the drip edge of an inert roofing material rests directly on copper. A solution to this may be to raise the lower edge of the shingles with a cant strip, or to provide a replaceable reinforcing strip between the shingles and the copper. Proper water\-shedding design and detailing, which reduces the dwell time of acidic water on metal surfaces, can prevent the majority of atmospheric corrosion problems. [thumb\\| A copper [weather vane](/wiki/Weather_vane "Weather vane") as an architectural element](/wiki/File:Chickenvane.jpg "Chickenvane.jpg") [Brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass"), an alloy of copper and zinc, has good resistance to atmospheric corrosion, alkalis, and organic acids. In some potable waters and in seawater, however, brass alloys with 20% or more [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc") may suffer corrosive attack.Houska, Catherine, 2002; Architectural metals have many capabilities, but also limitations, Snips; Nov 2002; 71, pgs. 12\-24; www.snipsmag.com [thumb\\|left\\|Detail of roofline at [Kresge Auditorium](/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium "Kresge Auditorium"), [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), in the U.S.](/wiki/File:Kresge_Auditorium%2C_MIT_%28roof_detail%29.JPG "Kresge Auditorium, MIT (roof detail).JPG") ### Durability/long\-life Copper roofs are extremely durable in most environments. They have performed well for over 700 years, primarily because of the protective patina that forms on copper surfaces. Tests conducted on 18th Century copper roofs in Europe showed that, in theory, they could last for one thousand years. ### Low thermal movement Properly designed copper roofs minimize movements due to thermal changes. Copper's low [thermal expansion](/wiki/Thermal_expansion "Thermal expansion"), 40% less than zinc and lead,{{Citation\\|last\=Nedoseka\\|first\=A.\\|title\=2 \- Welding stresses and strains\\|date\=2012\-01\-01\\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857095312500023\\|work\=Fundamentals of Evaluation and Diagnostics of Welded Structures\\|pages\=72–182\\|editor\-last\=Nedoseka\\|editor\-first\=A.\\|series\=Woodhead Publishing Series in Welding and Other Joining Technologies\\|publisher\=Woodhead Publishing\\|language\=en\\|isbn\=978\-0\-85709\-531\-2\\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-27}} helps to prevent deterioration and failure. Also, copper's high [melting point](/wiki/Melting_point "Melting point") ensures that it will not [creep](/wiki/Creep_%28deformation%29 "Creep (deformation)") or stretch as some other metals do. [thumb](/wiki/File:D-NW-Bad_Salzuflen_-_Leopoldsprudel.jpg "D-NW-Bad Salzuflen - Leopoldsprudel.jpg") On small [gable roofs](/wiki/Gable_roof "Gable roof"), thermal movement is relatively minor and usually is not an issue. On wide\-span buildings over {{cvt\\|60\\|m\\|ft}} and when long panels are used, an allowance for thermal expansion may be necessary. This enables the roof to "float" over supporting substructures while remaining secure.Metal roofing basics: corrosion, strength and thermal movement are important issues to consider in specifying metal roofs; The Canadian Architect, Vol. 40, Issue 2 (Feb 1995\), pp. 31\-37 ### Low maintenance Copper does not require cleaning or maintenance. It is particularly suited for areas that are difficult or dangerous to access after installation. ### Lightweight When used as a fully supported roof covering, copper is half the weight (including substrate) of lead and only a quarter of tiled roofs. This generally provides savings in supporting structure and materials costs. Copper cladding offers additional opportunities to reduce the weight of copper structures (For more details, see: [Copper cladding](/wiki/Copper_cladding "Copper cladding") and [Wall cladding](/wiki/%23Applications%23Wall_cladding "#Applications#Wall cladding")). ### Ventilation Copper does not require complex [ventilation](/wiki/Ventilation_%28architecture%29 "Ventilation (architecture)") measures. It is suitable for both unventilated 'warm' and ventilated 'cold' roof constructions. ### Radio frequency shielding Sensitive electronic equipment are vulnerable to interference and unauthorized [surveillance](/wiki/Surveillance "Surveillance"). These products also require protection from [high voltages](/wiki/High_voltage "High voltage"). [Radio frequency (RF) shielding](/wiki/RF_shielding "RF shielding") can address these issues by reducing the transmission of [electric](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field") or [magnetic fields](/wiki/Magnetic_field "Magnetic field") from one space to another. Copper is an excellent material for RF shielding because it absorbs [radio](/wiki/Radio_wave "Radio wave") and [magnetic waves](/wiki/Magnetic_wave "Magnetic wave"). Other useful properties for RF shielding is that copper has a high electrical conductivity, is ductile, malleable, and solders easily.Radio frequency shielding: Fundamentals; Copper Development Association; <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/radio_shielding.html> {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807111854/https://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch\_dhb/technical\-discussion/fundamentals/radio\_shielding.html \\|date\=2020\-08\-07 }} RF shielding enclosures filter a range of frequencies for specific conditions. Properly designed and constructed copper enclosures satisfy most RF shielding needs, from computer and electrical switching rooms to hospital [CAT\-scan](/wiki/CAT-scan "CAT-scan") and [MRI](/wiki/MRI_RF_shielding "MRI RF shielding") facilities. Special attention needs to be addressed regarding potential shield penetrations, such as doors, vents, and cables. A shield can be effective against one type of electromagnetic field but not against another. For example, a copper foil or screen RF shield will be minimally effective against power frequency magnetic fields. A power frequency magnetic shield could offer little reduction of radio frequency fields. The same is true for different RF frequencies. A simple large\-mesh screen shield can work well for lower frequencies, but can be ineffective for microwaves.EMF shielding and mitigation alternatives; EMF Services Inc; [http://www.emfservices.com/emf\-shielding.htm](http://www.emfservices.com/emf-shielding.htm) [thumb\\|left\\|Copper galleon [finial](/wiki/Finial "Finial").](/wiki/File:Bradbury_Buildings%2C_Belfast_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586003.jpg "Bradbury Buildings, Belfast (1) - geograph.org.uk - 586003.jpg") Sheet copper for RF shielding can be formed into essentially any shape and size. Electrical connection to a grounding system provides an effective RF enclosure. ### Lightning protection [Lightning strike](/wiki/Lightning_strike "Lightning strike") protection minimizes damage to buildings during lightning terminations. This is usually accomplished by providing multiple interconnected pathways of low electrical impedance to the ground. Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in residential lightning protections, however in industrial, chemically corrosive environments, the copper may need to be clad in tin.Copper lightning protection systems save lives, billions; Building and Architectural News, \#80, Winter 1995; {{cite web \\|url\=http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/cutopics/ct80/lightning.html \\|title\=Copper.org: Copper Lightning Protection Systems Save Lives \- Winter 1995 \\|accessdate\=2012\-09\-11 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315110652/http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/cutopics/Ct80/lightning.html \\|archivedate\=2013\-03\-15 }} Copper effectively facilitates the transmission of lightning energy to the ground because of its excellent [electrical conductivity](/wiki/Electrical_conductivity "Electrical conductivity"). Also, it bends easily compared to other conductor materials. When copper roofing, gutters, and rain leaders are electrically bonded to an earth termination facility, a pathway of low electrical impedance to ground is provided, however without dedicated conduction pathways to concentrate the discharge channel, a disperse energized surface may not be the most desirable.Lightning protection; in Copper in Architecture Design Handbook; Copper Development Association Inc., <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/lightning.html> {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122131849/http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch\_dhb/fundamentals/lightning.html \\|date\=2012\-11\-22 }} Because copper has a higher electrical conductivity than aluminium and its impedance during a lightning termination is less, copper allows for the use of less cross\-sectional surface area per linear length, in its woven wires pathway than does aluminum. Also, aluminium cannot be used in poured concrete or for any component underground due to its [galvanic properties](/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion "Galvanic corrosion").Lightning Protection Institute, FAQ: Is the aluminum and copper combination as durable and safe as the copper\-only? And will it give us the same type and amount of protection? [http://www.lightning.org/faq?page\=11](http://www.lightning.org/faq?page=11) To be effective, lightning protection systems generally maximize the surface area contact between the conductors and the earth through a ground grid of varying designs. To supplement grounding grids in low\-conductivity earth, such as sand or rock, long, hollow copper tubes filled with metallic salts are available. These salts leach through holes in the tube, making the surrounding soil more conductive as well as increasing the overall surface area which decreases effective resistance. Copper roofs may be used as part of a lightning protection scheme where the copper [skin](/wiki/Skin_effect "Skin effect"), gutters and rainwater pipes can be linked and bonded to an earth termination facility. The thickness of copper specified for roofing materials is usually adequate for lightning protection.Design considerations: European Copper in Architecture Campaign; [http://copperalliance.org.uk/docs/librariesprovider5/resources/pub\-154\-guide\-to\-copper\-in\-architecture\-pdf.pdf?Status\=Master](http://copperalliance.org.uk/docs/librariesprovider5/resources/pub-154-guide-to-copper-in-architecture-pdf.pdf?Status=Master) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235605/http://copperalliance.org.uk/docs/librariesprovider5/resources/pub\-154\-guide\-to\-copper\-in\-architecture\-pdf.pdf?Status\=Master \\|date\=2017\-01\-05 }} A dedicated lightning protection system may be recommended to adequate lightning protection with an installed copper roof system. The system would include air terminals and intercepting conductors on the roof, a system of ground electrodes, and a system of down\-conductors connecting the roof and ground components. It is recommended that the copper roof be bonded to the system of conductors. Bonding ensures that the conductors and roof remain at equipotential and reduce side flashing and possible roof damage. ### Wide range of finishes [thumb\\|Green dome on the roof of the building County Fire Office in London](/wiki/File:County_Fire_Office_roof.jpg "County Fire Office roof.jpg") It is sometimes desirable to chemically alter the surface of copper or copper alloys to create a different color. The most common colors produced are brown or [statuary](/wiki/Statuary "Statuary") finishes for [brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass") or [bronze](/wiki/Bronze "Bronze") and green or patina finishes for [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper").How to apply statuary and patina finishes, Application Data Sheet for Copper, Brass and Bronze, Copper Development Association Inc. Mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings are described elsewhere in this article at: [Finishes](/wiki/%23Finishes "#Finishes"). ### Design continuity Architects often look to architectural copper for continuity in design elements. For example, a copper roofing system may be designed with copper flashings, weatherings, vents, gutters, and downpipes. Cover details may include [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice"), [moldings](/wiki/Molding_%28decorative%29 "Molding (decorative)"), [finials](/wiki/Finial "Finial") and [sculptures](/wiki/Sculpture "Sculpture"). With the growing use of vertical cladding, vertical and roofing surfaces can run into each other so that complete continuity of material and performance is maintained. [Rain screens](/wiki/Rain_screen "Rain screen") and [curtain walling](/wiki/Curtain_wall_%28architecture%29 "Curtain wall (architecture)") (often linked with [transoms](/wiki/Transom_%28architectural%29 "Transom (architectural)") and [mullions](/wiki/Mullion "Mullion")) are also gaining popularity in modern architectural design.The guide to copper in architecture; European Copper in Architecture Campaign; [http://www.copperconcept.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2011/pubpdf145\.pdf](http://www.copperconcept.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2011/pubpdf145.pdf) ### Antimicrobial {{Main\\|Antimicrobial copper\-alloy touch surfaces}} Extensive worldwide tests have proved that uncoated copper and copper alloys (e.g., brass, bronze, copper nickel, copper\-nickel\-zinc) have strong intrinsic antimicrobial properties with efficacies against a wide range of disease\-resistant [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria"), [molds](/wiki/Mold_%28fungus%29 "Mold (fungus)"), [fungi](/wiki/Fungi "Fungi") and [viruses](/wiki/Virus "Virus").Copper touch surfaces, <http://www.coppertouchsurfaces.org/program/index.html> After years of testing, the U.S. approved the registration of over 300 different copper alloys (copper, brasses, bronzes, copper\-nickels, and nickel\-silvers) as antimicrobial materials. These developments are creating markets for antimicrobial copper and copper alloys in interior architecture. To meet the design needs for building surfaces, structures, fixtures, and components, antimicrobial copper\-based products are available in a wide range of colors, finishes, and mechanical properties.Antimicrobial Copper, www.antimicrobialcopper.com Copper handrails, counter tops, hallways, doors, push plates, kitchens, and bathrooms are just some of the antimicrobial products approved for hospitals, airports, offices, schools, and army barracks to kill harmful bacteria. See: [a list of products approved in the U.S](/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces%23Approved_products "Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products"). ### Sustainability While a universally accepted definition of [sustainability](/wiki/Sustainability "Sustainability") remains elusive, the [Brundtland Commission](/wiki/Brundtland_Commission "Brundtland Commission") of the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability, the long\-term maintenance of responsibility, requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands. These "three pillars" of sustainability encompass the responsible management of resource use. Also, it can mean that we can use a resource which won't cease to be abundant despite increasing intake. Copper is a sustainable material. Its durability offers long service with little maintenance. Its high electrical and thermal energy efficiencies reduce the waste of electrical energy. Its antimicrobial properties destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. And its high scrap value and ability to be continuously recycled without any loss in performance ensure its responsible management as a valuable resource. [Life cycle inventory](/wiki/Life_cycle_inventory "Life cycle inventory") (LCI) information on copper tube, sheet, and wire products, using [ISO standards](/wiki/ISO_standards "ISO standards") and covering the mining and primary copper production sectors (i.e., smelting and refining) is available.Life Cycle Center, Deutsches Kupferinstitut, [http://www.kupfer\-institut.de/lifecycle/](http://www.kupfer-institut.de/lifecycle/) (Life cycle analysis for copper products, Deutsches Kupferinstitut, [http://www.kupfer\-institut.de/lifecycle/media/pdf/LCI\-1\.pdf](http://www.kupfer-institut.de/lifecycle/media/pdf/LCI-1.pdf) Used in [life cycle assessments](/wiki/Life_cycle_assessments "Life cycle assessments") (LCAs), particularly in the building and construction sector, LCI datasets assist manufacturers of copper\-containing products with compliance and voluntary improvement initiatives. They also support policy makers in the development of environmental guidelines and regulations with the aim of fostering [sustainable development](/wiki/Sustainable_development "Sustainable development"). The long lifetime of copper roofing and cladding has a significant positive effect on whole life assessments of copper versus other materials in terms of [embodied energy](/wiki/Embodied_energy "Embodied energy") consumption (i.e., the total energy consumed during every phase of each lifecycle in MJ/m2), CO2 generation, and cost. \| \+Comparison of lifespan, embodied energy, and embodied CO2 emissions of copper, stainless steel, and aluminium in roofing and cladding materials. (Source: German Ministry for Environmental Affairs, 2004\)Study by the Fraunhofer Societywith the participation of PE Europe GMBH Life Cycle Engineering \| \| Copper \| Stainless steel \| Aluminium \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Typical thicknesses (mm) \| 0\.6 \| 0\.4 \| 0\.7 \| \| Lifespan (years) \| 200 \| 100 \| 100 \| \| Embodied Energy (MJ/m2) \| 103\.3 \| 157\.2 \| 115\.4 \| \| CO2 equivalent emissions (kg/m2) \| 6\.6 \| 10\.9 \| 7\.5 \| ### Recyclability [thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Copper paneling in the [Canadian War Museum](/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum "Canadian War Museum") was recycled from the old roof of the Parliament in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa").](/wiki/File:Greener_pastures.jpg "Greener pastures.jpg") Recyclability is a key factor of a [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainable "Sustainable") material. It reduces the need to mine new [resources](/wiki/Resources "Resources") and requires less energy than [mining](/wiki/Mining "Mining"). Copper and its alloys are virtually 100% [recyclable](/wiki/Recyclable "Recyclable") and can be recycled infinitely without any loss of quality (i.e., copper does not degrade (i.e., [downcycle](/wiki/Downcycle "Downcycle")) after each recycling loop as do most non\-metallic materials, if they are recyclable at all). Copper retains much of its primary metal value: premium\-grade scrap normally contains at least 95% of the value of primary metal from newly mined [ore](/wiki/Ore "Ore"). Scrap values for competing materials range from about 60% down to 0%. And copper recycling requires only around 20% of the energy needed to extract and process primary metal. Currently, around 40% of Europe's annual copper demandVoutilainen, Pia and Schonenberger, John 2010\. Is copper in architecture sustainable? Copper Forum: The Magazine of Copper in Architecture; 28/2010 and about 55% of copper used in architecture come from recycled sources. New copper coil and sheet often have 75%\-100% recycled content. By 1985, more copper was recycled than the total amount of copper that was consumed in 1950\. This is due to the relative ease of reusing processing waste and salvaging copper from products after their useful life. [thumb\\|upright\\|Six\-sided copper [cupola](/wiki/Cupola "Cupola") with copper [finial](/wiki/Finial "Finial") and copper [rooster](/wiki/Rooster "Rooster") [weather vane](/wiki/Weather_vane "Weather vane") mounted on top](/wiki/File:Copper-cupola.png "Copper-cupola.png"). ### Cost effectiveness Performance, maintenance, service life, and recovery costs from recycling are factors that determine the cost effectiveness of building components. While copper's initial cost is higher than some other architectural metals, it usually does not need to be replaced during the life of a building. Due to its durability, low maintenance, and ultimate [salvage value](/wiki/Salvage_value "Salvage value"), the additional cost for copper may be insignificant over the life of a roofing system.Sternthal, Daniel 2000\. Copper flashings in contemporary construction; The Construction Specifier, Magazine of the Construction Specifications Institute, October 2000 Copper roofing is considerably less expensive than [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead"), [slate](/wiki/Slate "Slate"), or hand\-made [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") tiles. Its costs are comparable with [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc"), [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel"), [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium") and even some clay and [concrete](/wiki/Concrete "Concrete") tiles when considering overall roofing costs (including structure). Some studies indicate that copper is a more cost\-effective material on a life cycle basis than other roof materials with a lifetime of 30 years or more.Goto, Shihoko 2012\. Copper in architecture, Business Insider, as published in Resource Investing News, March 14, 2012; [http://www.businessinsider.com/copper\-in\-architecture\-2012\-3](http://www.businessinsider.com/copper-in-architecture-2012-3){{Cite web \\|url\=http://resourceinvestingnews.com/33195\-copper\-in\-architecture.html\#ixzz1t46XnzFz \\|title\=Copper in Architecture {{pipe}} Resource Investing News \\|access\-date\=2012\-05\-17 \\|archive\-date\=2013\-08\-29 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829012652/http://resourceinvestingnews.com/33195\-copper\-in\-architecture.html\#ixzz1t46XnzFz \\|url\-status\=dead }} A European study comparing roofing costs of copper with other metals, concrete and clay tiles, slate, and [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen "Bitumen") found that in the medium to long\-term (for lives of 60 to 80 years and 100 years and over), copper and stainless steel were the most cost effective roofing materials of all materials examined. Installation techniques such as prefabrication, in\-situ machine forming, mechanized seaming, and the long\-strip system help to reduce the installation costs of copper roofing. By lowering installation costs, these techniques permit designers to specify copper into a wider array of building types, not just large prestigious projects as had been common in the past. Since scrap copper retains much of its primary value, copper's life cycle costs are reduced when accounting for its salvage value. For more information, see [Recyclability](/wiki/%23Benefits%23Recyclability "#Benefits#Recyclability") section in this article.	[ "Benefits\n--------", "### Corrosion resistance", "As an architectural metal, copper provides excellent [corrosion resistance](/wiki/Corrosion_resistance \"Corrosion resistance\").Preventing corrosion on copper roof systems, Professional Roofing, October 2004, www.professionalroofing.net Copper surfaces form tough oxide\\-sulfate [patina](/wiki/Patina \"Patina\") coatings that protect underlying copper surfaces and resist corrosion for a very long time.", "Copper corrodes at negligible rates in unpolluted air, water, de\\-aerated non\\-oxidizing acids, and when exposed to [saline](/wiki/Salinity \"Salinity\") solutions, [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline \"Alkaline\") solutions, and [organic chemicals](/wiki/Organic_chemical \"Organic chemical\"). Copper roofing in rural atmospheres corrodes at rates of less than {{cvt\\\|0\\.4\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|frac\\=128}} in 200 years.Corrosion of copper and copper alloys; Key to Metals: The world's most comprehensive metals database; [http://www.keytometals.com/Article16\\.htm](http://www.keytometals.com/Article16.htm)", "Unlike most other metals, copper does not suffer from underside corrosion that can cause premature failures in roofing. With a copper roof, supporting substrates and structures usually fail long before the copper on the roof.", "Architectural copper is, however, susceptible to corrosive attack under certain conditions. [Oxidizing acids](/wiki/Oxidizing_acid \"Oxidizing acid\"), oxidizing heavy\\-metal salts, [alkalis](/wiki/Alkali \"Alkali\"), [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur \"Sulfur\") and [nitrogen oxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide \"Nitrogen oxide\"), [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\"), and some sulfur and ammonium compounds can expedite copper corrosion. Precipitation in areas with a [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\") less than 5\\.5 may corrode copper, possibly before a patina or protective oxide film has the time to form. Acidic precipitation, known as [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain \"Acid rain\"), is due to emissions from [fossil fuel](/wiki/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\") combustion, [chemical manufacturing](/wiki/Chemical_manufacturing \"Chemical manufacturing\"), or other processes that release [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur \"Sulfur\") and [nitrogen oxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide \"Nitrogen oxide\") into the [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere \"Atmosphere\").Peters, Larry E. (2004\\). Preventing corrosion on copper roofing systems; Professional Roofing, October 2004, www.professionalroofing.net [Erosion corrosion](/wiki/Erosion_corrosion \"Erosion corrosion\") may occur when acidic water from a non\\-copper roof that does not neutralise the acidity, such as tile, slate, wood, or asphalt, falls on a small area of copper. Line corrosion can occur if the drip edge of an inert roofing material rests directly on copper. A solution to this may be to raise the lower edge of the shingles with a cant strip, or to provide a replaceable reinforcing strip between the shingles and the copper. Proper water\\-shedding design and detailing, which reduces the dwell time of acidic water on metal surfaces, can prevent the majority of atmospheric corrosion problems.\n[thumb\\\| A copper [weather vane](/wiki/Weather_vane \"Weather vane\") as an architectural element](/wiki/File:Chickenvane.jpg \"Chickenvane.jpg\")", "[Brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\"), an alloy of copper and zinc, has good resistance to atmospheric corrosion, alkalis, and organic acids. In some potable waters and in seawater, however, brass alloys with 20% or more [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\") may suffer corrosive attack.Houska, Catherine, 2002; Architectural metals have many capabilities, but also limitations, Snips; Nov 2002; 71, pgs. 12\\-24; www.snipsmag.com", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Detail of roofline at [Kresge Auditorium](/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium \"Kresge Auditorium\"), [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\"), in the U.S.](/wiki/File:Kresge_Auditorium%2C_MIT_%28roof_detail%29.JPG \"Kresge Auditorium, MIT (roof detail).JPG\")", "### Durability/long\\-life", "Copper roofs are extremely durable in most environments. They have performed well for over 700 years, primarily because of the protective patina that forms on copper surfaces. Tests conducted on 18th Century copper roofs in Europe showed that, in theory, they could last for one thousand years.", "### Low thermal movement", "Properly designed copper roofs minimize movements due to thermal changes. Copper's low [thermal expansion](/wiki/Thermal_expansion \"Thermal expansion\"), 40% less than zinc and lead,{{Citation\\\|last\\=Nedoseka\\\|first\\=A.\\\|title\\=2 \\- Welding stresses and strains\\\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-01\\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857095312500023\\\|work\\=Fundamentals of Evaluation and Diagnostics of Welded Structures\\\|pages\\=72–182\\\|editor\\-last\\=Nedoseka\\\|editor\\-first\\=A.\\\|series\\=Woodhead Publishing Series in Welding and Other Joining Technologies\\\|publisher\\=Woodhead Publishing\\\|language\\=en\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85709\\-531\\-2\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-27}} helps to prevent deterioration and failure. Also, copper's high [melting point](/wiki/Melting_point \"Melting point\") ensures that it will not [creep](/wiki/Creep_%28deformation%29 \"Creep (deformation)\") or stretch as some other metals do.", "[thumb](/wiki/File:D-NW-Bad_Salzuflen_-_Leopoldsprudel.jpg \"D-NW-Bad Salzuflen - Leopoldsprudel.jpg\")", "On small [gable roofs](/wiki/Gable_roof \"Gable roof\"), thermal movement is relatively minor and usually is not an issue. On wide\\-span buildings over {{cvt\\\|60\\\|m\\\|ft}} and when long panels are used, an allowance for thermal expansion may be necessary. This enables the roof to \"float\" over supporting substructures while remaining secure.Metal roofing basics: corrosion, strength and thermal movement are important issues to consider in specifying metal roofs; The Canadian Architect, Vol. 40, Issue 2 (Feb 1995\\), pp. 31\\-37", "### Low maintenance", "Copper does not require cleaning or maintenance. It is particularly suited for areas that are difficult or dangerous to access after installation.", "### Lightweight", "When used as a fully supported roof covering, copper is half the weight (including substrate) of lead and only a quarter of tiled roofs. This generally provides savings in supporting structure and materials costs. Copper cladding offers additional opportunities to reduce the weight of copper structures (For more details, see: [Copper cladding](/wiki/Copper_cladding \"Copper cladding\") and [Wall cladding](/wiki/%23Applications%23Wall_cladding \"#Applications#Wall cladding\")).", "### Ventilation", "Copper does not require complex [ventilation](/wiki/Ventilation_%28architecture%29 \"Ventilation (architecture)\") measures. It is suitable for both unventilated 'warm' and ventilated 'cold' roof constructions.", "### Radio frequency shielding", "Sensitive electronic equipment are vulnerable to interference and unauthorized [surveillance](/wiki/Surveillance \"Surveillance\"). These products also require protection from [high voltages](/wiki/High_voltage \"High voltage\"). [Radio frequency (RF) shielding](/wiki/RF_shielding \"RF shielding\") can address these issues by reducing the transmission of [electric](/wiki/Electric_field \"Electric field\") or [magnetic fields](/wiki/Magnetic_field \"Magnetic field\") from one space to another.", "Copper is an excellent material for RF shielding because it absorbs [radio](/wiki/Radio_wave \"Radio wave\") and [magnetic waves](/wiki/Magnetic_wave \"Magnetic wave\"). Other useful properties for RF shielding is that copper has a high electrical conductivity, is ductile, malleable, and solders easily.Radio frequency shielding: Fundamentals; Copper Development Association; <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/radio_shielding.html> {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807111854/https://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch\\_dhb/technical\\-discussion/fundamentals/radio\\_shielding.html \\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 }}", "RF shielding enclosures filter a range of frequencies for specific conditions. Properly designed and constructed copper enclosures satisfy most RF shielding needs, from computer and electrical switching rooms to hospital [CAT\\-scan](/wiki/CAT-scan \"CAT-scan\") and [MRI](/wiki/MRI_RF_shielding \"MRI RF shielding\") facilities. Special attention needs to be addressed regarding potential shield penetrations, such as doors, vents, and cables.", "A shield can be effective against one type of electromagnetic field but not against another. For example, a copper foil or screen RF shield will be minimally effective against power frequency magnetic fields. A power frequency magnetic shield could offer little reduction of radio frequency fields. The same is true for different RF frequencies. A simple large\\-mesh screen shield can work well for lower frequencies, but can be ineffective for microwaves.EMF shielding and mitigation alternatives; EMF Services Inc; [http://www.emfservices.com/emf\\-shielding.htm](http://www.emfservices.com/emf-shielding.htm)", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Copper galleon [finial](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\").](/wiki/File:Bradbury_Buildings%2C_Belfast_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586003.jpg \"Bradbury Buildings, Belfast (1) - geograph.org.uk - 586003.jpg\")", "Sheet copper for RF shielding can be formed into essentially any shape and size. Electrical connection to a grounding system provides an effective RF enclosure.", "### Lightning protection", "[Lightning strike](/wiki/Lightning_strike \"Lightning strike\") protection minimizes damage to buildings during lightning terminations. This is usually accomplished by providing multiple interconnected pathways of low electrical impedance to the ground.", "Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in residential lightning protections, however in industrial, chemically corrosive environments, the copper may need to be clad in tin.Copper lightning protection systems save lives, billions; Building and Architectural News, \\#80, Winter 1995; {{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/cutopics/ct80/lightning.html \\\|title\\=Copper.org: Copper Lightning Protection Systems Save Lives \\- Winter 1995 \\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-09\\-11 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315110652/http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/cutopics/Ct80/lightning.html \\\|archivedate\\=2013\\-03\\-15 }} Copper effectively facilitates the transmission of lightning energy to the ground because of its excellent [electrical conductivity](/wiki/Electrical_conductivity \"Electrical conductivity\"). Also, it bends easily compared to other conductor materials.", "When copper roofing, gutters, and rain leaders are electrically bonded to an earth termination facility, a pathway of low electrical impedance to ground is provided, however without dedicated conduction pathways to concentrate the discharge channel, a disperse energized surface may not be the most desirable.Lightning protection; in Copper in Architecture Design Handbook; Copper Development Association Inc., <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/lightning.html> {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122131849/http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch\\_dhb/fundamentals/lightning.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-22 }}", "Because copper has a higher electrical conductivity than aluminium and its impedance during a lightning termination is less, copper allows for the use of less cross\\-sectional surface area per linear length, in its woven wires pathway than does aluminum. Also, aluminium cannot be used in poured concrete or for any component underground due to its [galvanic properties](/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion \"Galvanic corrosion\").Lightning Protection Institute, FAQ: Is the aluminum and copper combination as durable and safe as the copper\\-only? And will it give us the same type and amount of protection? [http://www.lightning.org/faq?page\\=11](http://www.lightning.org/faq?page=11)", "To be effective, lightning protection systems generally maximize the surface area contact between the conductors and the earth through a ground grid of varying designs. To supplement grounding grids in low\\-conductivity earth, such as sand or rock, long, hollow copper tubes filled with metallic salts are available. These salts leach through holes in the tube, making the surrounding soil more conductive as well as increasing the overall surface area which decreases effective resistance.", "Copper roofs may be used as part of a lightning protection scheme where the copper [skin](/wiki/Skin_effect \"Skin effect\"), gutters and rainwater pipes can be linked and bonded to an earth termination facility. The thickness of copper specified for roofing materials is usually adequate for lightning protection.Design considerations: European Copper in Architecture Campaign; [http://copperalliance.org.uk/docs/librariesprovider5/resources/pub\\-154\\-guide\\-to\\-copper\\-in\\-architecture\\-pdf.pdf?Status\\=Master](http://copperalliance.org.uk/docs/librariesprovider5/resources/pub-154-guide-to-copper-in-architecture-pdf.pdf?Status=Master) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235605/http://copperalliance.org.uk/docs/librariesprovider5/resources/pub\\-154\\-guide\\-to\\-copper\\-in\\-architecture\\-pdf.pdf?Status\\=Master \\\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-05 }} A dedicated lightning protection system may be recommended to adequate lightning protection with an installed copper roof system. The system would include air terminals and intercepting conductors on the roof, a system of ground electrodes, and a system of down\\-conductors connecting the roof and ground components. It is recommended that the copper roof be bonded to the system of conductors. Bonding ensures that the conductors and roof remain at equipotential and reduce side flashing and possible roof damage.", "### Wide range of finishes", "[thumb\\\|Green dome on the roof of the building County Fire Office in London](/wiki/File:County_Fire_Office_roof.jpg \"County Fire Office roof.jpg\")\nIt is sometimes desirable to chemically alter the surface of copper or copper alloys to create a different color. The most common colors produced are brown or [statuary](/wiki/Statuary \"Statuary\") finishes for [brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\") or [bronze](/wiki/Bronze \"Bronze\") and green or patina finishes for [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\").How to apply statuary and patina finishes, Application Data Sheet for Copper, Brass and Bronze, Copper Development Association Inc. Mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings are described elsewhere in this article at: [Finishes](/wiki/%23Finishes \"#Finishes\").", "### Design continuity", "Architects often look to architectural copper for continuity in design elements. For example, a copper roofing system may be designed with copper flashings, weatherings, vents, gutters, and downpipes. Cover details may include [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\"), [moldings](/wiki/Molding_%28decorative%29 \"Molding (decorative)\"), [finials](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\") and [sculptures](/wiki/Sculpture \"Sculpture\").", "With the growing use of vertical cladding, vertical and roofing surfaces can run into each other so that complete continuity of material and performance is maintained. [Rain screens](/wiki/Rain_screen \"Rain screen\") and [curtain walling](/wiki/Curtain_wall_%28architecture%29 \"Curtain wall (architecture)\") (often linked with [transoms](/wiki/Transom_%28architectural%29 \"Transom (architectural)\") and [mullions](/wiki/Mullion \"Mullion\")) are also gaining popularity in modern architectural design.The guide to copper in architecture; European Copper in Architecture Campaign; [http://www.copperconcept.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2011/pubpdf145\\.pdf](http://www.copperconcept.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2011/pubpdf145.pdf)", "### Antimicrobial", "{{Main\\\|Antimicrobial copper\\-alloy touch surfaces}}", "Extensive worldwide tests have proved that uncoated copper and copper alloys (e.g., brass, bronze, copper nickel, copper\\-nickel\\-zinc) have strong intrinsic antimicrobial properties with efficacies against a wide range of disease\\-resistant [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria \"Bacteria\"), [molds](/wiki/Mold_%28fungus%29 \"Mold (fungus)\"), [fungi](/wiki/Fungi \"Fungi\") and [viruses](/wiki/Virus \"Virus\").Copper touch surfaces, <http://www.coppertouchsurfaces.org/program/index.html> After years of testing, the U.S. approved the registration of over 300 different copper alloys (copper, brasses, bronzes, copper\\-nickels, and nickel\\-silvers) as antimicrobial materials. These developments are creating markets for antimicrobial copper and copper alloys in interior architecture. To meet the design needs for building surfaces, structures, fixtures, and components, antimicrobial copper\\-based products are available in a wide range of colors, finishes, and mechanical properties.Antimicrobial Copper, www.antimicrobialcopper.com Copper handrails, counter tops, hallways, doors, push plates, kitchens, and bathrooms are just some of the antimicrobial products approved for hospitals, airports, offices, schools, and army barracks to kill harmful bacteria. See: [a list of products approved in the U.S](/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces%23Approved_products \"Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products\").", "### Sustainability", "While a universally accepted definition of [sustainability](/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") remains elusive, the [Brundtland Commission](/wiki/Brundtland_Commission \"Brundtland Commission\") of the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability, the long\\-term maintenance of responsibility, requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands. These \"three pillars\" of sustainability encompass the responsible management of resource use. Also, it can mean that we can use a resource which won't cease to be abundant despite increasing intake.", "Copper is a sustainable material. Its durability offers long service with little maintenance. Its high electrical and thermal energy efficiencies reduce the waste of electrical energy. Its antimicrobial properties destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. And its high scrap value and ability to be continuously recycled without any loss in performance ensure its responsible management as a valuable resource.", "[Life cycle inventory](/wiki/Life_cycle_inventory \"Life cycle inventory\") (LCI) information on copper tube, sheet, and wire products, using [ISO standards](/wiki/ISO_standards \"ISO standards\") and covering the mining and primary copper production sectors (i.e., smelting and refining) is available.Life Cycle Center, Deutsches Kupferinstitut, [http://www.kupfer\\-institut.de/lifecycle/](http://www.kupfer-institut.de/lifecycle/) (Life cycle analysis for copper products, Deutsches Kupferinstitut, [http://www.kupfer\\-institut.de/lifecycle/media/pdf/LCI\\-1\\.pdf](http://www.kupfer-institut.de/lifecycle/media/pdf/LCI-1.pdf) Used in [life cycle assessments](/wiki/Life_cycle_assessments \"Life cycle assessments\") (LCAs), particularly in the building and construction sector, LCI datasets assist manufacturers of copper\\-containing products with compliance and voluntary improvement initiatives. They also support policy makers in the development of environmental guidelines and regulations with the aim of fostering [sustainable development](/wiki/Sustainable_development \"Sustainable development\").", "The long lifetime of copper roofing and cladding has a significant positive effect on whole life assessments of copper versus other materials in terms of [embodied energy](/wiki/Embodied_energy \"Embodied energy\") consumption (i.e., the total energy consumed during every phase of each lifecycle in MJ/m2), CO2 generation, and cost.", "", "\| \\+Comparison of lifespan, embodied energy, and embodied CO2 emissions of copper, stainless steel, and aluminium in roofing and cladding materials. (Source: German Ministry for Environmental Affairs, 2004\\)Study by the Fraunhofer Societywith the participation of PE Europe GMBH Life Cycle Engineering \| \| Copper \| Stainless steel \| Aluminium \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Typical thicknesses (mm) \| 0\\.6 \| 0\\.4 \| 0\\.7 \|\n\| Lifespan (years) \| 200 \| 100 \| 100 \|\n\| Embodied Energy (MJ/m2) \| 103\\.3 \| 157\\.2 \| 115\\.4 \|\n\| CO2 equivalent emissions (kg/m2) \| 6\\.6 \| 10\\.9 \| 7\\.5 \|", "### Recyclability", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|left\\\|Copper paneling in the [Canadian War Museum](/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum \"Canadian War Museum\") was recycled from the old roof of the Parliament in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\").](/wiki/File:Greener_pastures.jpg \"Greener pastures.jpg\")", "Recyclability is a key factor of a [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainable \"Sustainable\") material. It reduces the need to mine new [resources](/wiki/Resources \"Resources\") and requires less energy than [mining](/wiki/Mining \"Mining\"). Copper and its alloys are virtually 100% [recyclable](/wiki/Recyclable \"Recyclable\") and can be recycled infinitely without any loss of quality (i.e., copper does not degrade (i.e., [downcycle](/wiki/Downcycle \"Downcycle\")) after each recycling loop as do most non\\-metallic materials, if they are recyclable at all). Copper retains much of its primary metal value: premium\\-grade scrap normally contains at least 95% of the value of primary metal from newly mined [ore](/wiki/Ore \"Ore\"). Scrap values for competing materials range from about 60% down to 0%. And copper recycling requires only around 20% of the energy needed to extract and process primary metal.", "Currently, around 40% of Europe's annual copper demandVoutilainen, Pia and Schonenberger, John 2010\\. Is copper in architecture sustainable? Copper Forum: The Magazine of Copper in Architecture; 28/2010 and about 55% of copper used in architecture come from recycled sources. New copper coil and sheet often have 75%\\-100% recycled content.", "By 1985, more copper was recycled than the total amount of copper that was consumed in 1950\\. This is due to the relative ease of reusing processing waste and salvaging copper from products after their useful life.", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|Six\\-sided copper [cupola](/wiki/Cupola \"Cupola\") with copper [finial](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\") and copper [rooster](/wiki/Rooster \"Rooster\") [weather vane](/wiki/Weather_vane \"Weather vane\") mounted on top](/wiki/File:Copper-cupola.png \"Copper-cupola.png\").", "### Cost effectiveness", "Performance, maintenance, service life, and recovery costs from recycling are factors that determine the cost effectiveness of building components. While copper's initial cost is higher than some other architectural metals, it usually does not need to be replaced during the life of a building. Due to its durability, low maintenance, and ultimate [salvage value](/wiki/Salvage_value \"Salvage value\"), the additional cost for copper may be insignificant over the life of a roofing system.Sternthal, Daniel 2000\\. Copper flashings in contemporary construction; The Construction Specifier, Magazine of the Construction Specifications Institute, October 2000", "Copper roofing is considerably less expensive than [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\"), [slate](/wiki/Slate \"Slate\"), or hand\\-made [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") tiles. Its costs are comparable with [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\"), [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\"), [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") and even some clay and [concrete](/wiki/Concrete \"Concrete\") tiles when considering overall roofing costs (including structure).", "Some studies indicate that copper is a more cost\\-effective material on a life cycle basis than other roof materials with a lifetime of 30 years or more.Goto, Shihoko 2012\\. Copper in architecture, Business Insider, as published in Resource Investing News, March 14, 2012; [http://www.businessinsider.com/copper\\-in\\-architecture\\-2012\\-3](http://www.businessinsider.com/copper-in-architecture-2012-3){{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://resourceinvestingnews.com/33195\\-copper\\-in\\-architecture.html\\#ixzz1t46XnzFz \\\|title\\=Copper in Architecture {{pipe}} Resource Investing News \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-17 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-29 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829012652/http://resourceinvestingnews.com/33195\\-copper\\-in\\-architecture.html\\#ixzz1t46XnzFz \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} A European study comparing roofing costs of copper with other metals, concrete and clay tiles, slate, and [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen \"Bitumen\") found that in the medium to long\\-term (for lives of 60 to 80 years and 100 years and over), copper and stainless steel were the most cost effective roofing materials of all materials examined.", "Installation techniques such as prefabrication, in\\-situ machine forming, mechanized seaming, and the long\\-strip system help to reduce the installation costs of copper roofing. By lowering installation costs, these techniques permit designers to specify copper into a wider array of building types, not just large prestigious projects as had been common in the past.", "Since scrap copper retains much of its primary value, copper's life cycle costs are reduced when accounting for its salvage value. For more information, see [Recyclability](/wiki/%23Benefits%23Recyclability \"#Benefits#Recyclability\") section in this article.", "" ]
Pure vs. alloyed copper ----------------------- Pure copper. Unlike other metals, copper is frequently used in its pure (99\.9% Cu) unalloyed form for sheet and strip applications in roofing, exterior cladding, and flashing. [Tempering](/wiki/Tempering_%28metallurgy%29 "Tempering (metallurgy)") is a heat treatment technique used to increase the toughness of metals. Tempers determine the [ductility](/wiki/Ductility "Ductility") of the metal, and therefore how well it forms and will hold its shape without additional support. In the U.S., copper is available in six tempers: 060 soft, {{frac\\|1\\|8}} hard cold rolled, {{frac\\|1\\|4}} cold rolled high yield, half hard, three quarter hard, and hard.Standard specification for copper sheet and strip for building construction, ASTM International, ASTM B370\-03, [http://www.astm.org/Standards/B370\.htm](http://www.astm.org/Standards/B370.htm)Standard classification for temper designations for copper and copper alloys—wrought and cast, ASTM International, ASTM B601\-09; [http://www.astm.org/Standards/B601\.htm](http://www.astm.org/Standards/B601.htm) In the U.K., only three designations exist: soft, half\-hard, and hard. Copper and its alloys are defined in the U.S. in Standard Designations for Copper and Copper Alloys by ASTM; in Europe by BS EN 1172: 1997 \- 'Copper and Copper Alloys in Europe'; and in the U.K. by the British Standard Code of Practice CP143: Part12: 1970\. Cold rolled copper temper is by far the most popular in building construction in the U.S. It is less malleable than soft copper but is far stronger. Cold rolled {{frac\\|1\\|8}} hard tempered copper is often recommended for roofing and flashing installations. Roof sheets with higher tempers may be specified for certain applications.Types of Copper and Properties, Copper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc., <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/intro.html> {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102140037/http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch\_dhb/fundamentals/intro.html \\|date\=2012\-11\-02 }} Soft tempered copper is extremely malleable and offers far less resistance than cold rolled copper to the stresses induced by expansion and contraction. It is used for intricate ornamental work and where extreme forming is required, such as in complicated thru\-wall flashing conditions. The major use for high\-yield copper is in flashing products, where malleability and strength are both important. The thickness of sheet and strip copper is measured in the U.S. by its weight in ounces per square foot. Thicknesses commonly used in construction in the U.S. are between {{convert\\|12\\|oz}} and {{convert\\|48\\|oz}}. Since the industry often uses gauge numbers or actual thicknesses for sheet metal or other building materials, it is necessary to convert between the different measurement systems. In Europe, phosphorus de\-oxidized non\-arsenical copper is used with the designation C106\. The copper is rolled to thicknesses ranging between {{cvt\\|0\.5\\|and\\|1\.0\\|mm\\|in\\|frac\=64}} ({{cvt\\|1\.5\\|\-\\|3\.0\\|mm\\|in\\|frac\=64\\|disp\=or}} for curtain walling) but a {{cvt\\|0\.6\\|\-\\|0\.7\\|mm\\|in\\|frac\=128}} thickness is usually used for roofing. Alloyed copper. Copper alloys, such as brass and bronze, are also used in residential and commercial building structures. Variations in color stem primarily from differences in the alloy chemical composition. Some of the more popular copper alloys and their associated Unified Numbering System (UNS) numbers developed by ASTM{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.astm.org/ \\|title\=ASTM International \- Standards Worldwide \\|access\-date\=18 May 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512230025/http://www.astm.org/ \\|archive\-date\=12 May 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead }} and SAE[SAE International](http://www.sae.org) are as follows: [thumb\\|Colors of copper and various copper alloys used in building structures.](/wiki/File:Cu-alloy-colours.svg "Cu-alloy-colours.svg") \| Copper alloy \| Common term \| Composition \| Natural color \| Weathered color \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| C11000 / C12500 \| Copper \| 99\.90% copper \| Salmon red \| Reddish\-brown to gray\-green patina \| \| C12200 \| Copper \| 99\.90% copper; 0\.02% phosphorus \| Salmon red \| Reddish\-brown to gray\-green patina \| \| C22000 \| [Commercial bronze](/wiki/Commercial_bronze "Commercial bronze") \| 90% copper; 10% zinc \| Red gold \| Brown to gray\-green patina in six years \| \| C23000 \| [Red brass](/wiki/Red_brass "Red brass") \| 85% copper; 15% zinc \| Reddish yellow \| Chocolate brown to gray\-green patina \| \| C26000 \| [Cartridge brass](/wiki/Cartridge_brass "Cartridge brass") \| 70% copper; 30% zinc \| Yellow \| Yellowish, gray\-green \| \| C28000 \| [Muntz metal](/wiki/Muntz_metal "Muntz metal") \| 60% copper; 40% zinc \| Reddish yellow \| Red\-brown to gray\-brown \| \| C38500 \| Architectural bronze \| 57% copper; 3% lead; 40% zinc \| Reddish yellow \| Russet brown to dark brown \| \| C65500 \| Silicon bronze \| 97% copper; 3% silicon \| Reddish old gold \| Russet brown to finely mottled gray\-brown \| \| C74500 \| [Nickel silver](/wiki/Nickel_silver "Nickel silver") \| 65% copper; 25% zinc; 10% nickel \| Warm silver \| Gray\-brown to finely mottled gray\-green \| \| C79600 \| Leaded nickel silver \| 45% copper; 42% zinc; 10% nickel; 2% manganese; 1% lead \| Warm silver \| Gray\-brown to finely mottled gray\-green \| In practice, the term 'bronze' may be used for a variety of copper alloys with little or no tin if they resemble true bronzes in color. Further information on architectural copper alloys is available.Copper brass bronze \- Architectural Applications, published by the Copper Development Association, www.buildingconstruction@cda.copper.orgCopper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Alloys, Copper Development Association Inc., <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/copper_alloys/intro.html>	[ "Pure vs. alloyed copper\n-----------------------", "Pure copper. Unlike other metals, copper is frequently used in its pure (99\\.9% Cu) unalloyed form for sheet and strip applications in roofing, exterior cladding, and flashing.", "[Tempering](/wiki/Tempering_%28metallurgy%29 \"Tempering (metallurgy)\") is a heat treatment technique used to increase the toughness of metals. Tempers determine the [ductility](/wiki/Ductility \"Ductility\") of the metal, and therefore how well it forms and will hold its shape without additional support. In the U.S., copper is available in six tempers: 060 soft, {{frac\\\|1\\\|8}} hard cold rolled, {{frac\\\|1\\\|4}} cold rolled high yield, half hard, three quarter hard, and hard.Standard specification for copper sheet and strip for building construction, ASTM International, ASTM B370\\-03, [http://www.astm.org/Standards/B370\\.htm](http://www.astm.org/Standards/B370.htm)Standard classification for temper designations for copper and copper alloys—wrought and cast, ASTM International, ASTM B601\\-09; [http://www.astm.org/Standards/B601\\.htm](http://www.astm.org/Standards/B601.htm) In the U.K., only three designations exist: soft, half\\-hard, and hard. Copper and its alloys are defined in the U.S. in Standard Designations for Copper and Copper Alloys by ASTM; in Europe by BS EN 1172: 1997 \\- 'Copper and Copper Alloys in Europe'; and in the U.K. by the British Standard Code of Practice CP143: Part12: 1970\\.", "Cold rolled copper temper is by far the most popular in building construction in the U.S. It is less malleable than soft copper but is far stronger. Cold rolled {{frac\\\|1\\\|8}} hard tempered copper is often recommended for roofing and flashing installations. Roof sheets with higher tempers may be specified for certain applications.Types of Copper and Properties, Copper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc., <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/intro.html> {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102140037/http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch\\_dhb/fundamentals/intro.html \\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-02 }}", "Soft tempered copper is extremely malleable and offers far less resistance than cold rolled copper to the stresses induced by expansion and contraction. It is used for intricate ornamental work and where extreme forming is required, such as in complicated thru\\-wall flashing conditions.", "The major use for high\\-yield copper is in flashing products, where malleability and strength are both important.", "The thickness of sheet and strip copper is measured in the U.S. by its weight in ounces per square foot. Thicknesses commonly used in construction in the U.S. are between {{convert\\\|12\\\|oz}} and {{convert\\\|48\\\|oz}}. Since the industry often uses gauge numbers or actual thicknesses for sheet metal or other building materials, it is necessary to convert between the different measurement systems.", "In Europe, phosphorus de\\-oxidized non\\-arsenical copper is used with the designation C106\\. The copper is rolled to thicknesses ranging between {{cvt\\\|0\\.5\\\|and\\\|1\\.0\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|frac\\=64}} ({{cvt\\\|1\\.5\\\|\\-\\\|3\\.0\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|frac\\=64\\\|disp\\=or}} for curtain walling) but a {{cvt\\\|0\\.6\\\|\\-\\\|0\\.7\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|frac\\=128}} thickness is usually used for roofing.", "Alloyed copper. Copper alloys, such as brass and bronze, are also used in residential and commercial building structures. Variations in color stem primarily from differences in the alloy chemical composition.", "Some of the more popular copper alloys and their associated Unified Numbering System (UNS) numbers developed by ASTM{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.astm.org/ \\\|title\\=ASTM International \\- Standards Worldwide \\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512230025/http://www.astm.org/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and SAE[SAE International](http://www.sae.org) are as follows:", "[thumb\\\|Colors of copper and various copper alloys used in building structures.](/wiki/File:Cu-alloy-colours.svg \"Cu-alloy-colours.svg\")", "", "\| Copper alloy \| Common term \| Composition \| Natural color \| Weathered color \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| C11000 / C12500 \| Copper \| 99\\.90% copper \| Salmon red \| Reddish\\-brown to gray\\-green patina \|\n\| C12200 \| Copper \| 99\\.90% copper; 0\\.02% phosphorus \| Salmon red \| Reddish\\-brown to gray\\-green patina \|\n\| C22000 \| [Commercial bronze](/wiki/Commercial_bronze \"Commercial bronze\") \| 90% copper; 10% zinc \| Red gold \| Brown to gray\\-green patina in six years \|\n\| C23000 \| [Red brass](/wiki/Red_brass \"Red brass\") \| 85% copper; 15% zinc \| Reddish yellow \| Chocolate brown to gray\\-green patina \|\n\| C26000 \| [Cartridge brass](/wiki/Cartridge_brass \"Cartridge brass\") \| 70% copper; 30% zinc \| Yellow \| Yellowish, gray\\-green \|\n\| C28000 \| [Muntz metal](/wiki/Muntz_metal \"Muntz metal\") \| 60% copper; 40% zinc \| Reddish yellow \| Red\\-brown to gray\\-brown \|\n\| C38500 \| Architectural bronze \| 57% copper; 3% lead; 40% zinc \| Reddish yellow \| Russet brown to dark brown \|\n\| C65500 \| Silicon bronze \| 97% copper; 3% silicon \| Reddish old gold \| Russet brown to finely mottled gray\\-brown \|\n\| C74500 \| [Nickel silver](/wiki/Nickel_silver \"Nickel silver\") \| 65% copper; 25% zinc; 10% nickel \| Warm silver \| Gray\\-brown to finely mottled gray\\-green \|\n\| C79600 \| Leaded nickel silver \| 45% copper; 42% zinc; 10% nickel; 2% manganese; 1% lead \| Warm silver \| Gray\\-brown to finely mottled gray\\-green \|", "In practice, the term 'bronze' may be used for a variety of copper alloys with little or no tin if they resemble true bronzes in color.", "Further information on architectural copper alloys is available.Copper brass bronze \\- Architectural Applications, published by the Copper Development Association, www.buildingconstruction@cda.copper.orgCopper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Alloys, Copper Development Association Inc., <http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/copper_alloys/intro.html>", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\\|left\\|The Metropolitan Railway's second Farringdon station, 1866\.](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station%2C_1866.png "Farringdon station, 1866.png") The station was opened on 10 January 1863 as the terminus of the original [Metropolitan Railway](/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway "Metropolitan Railway"), the world's first underground [metro](/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") line. The station, initially named Farringdon Street, was originally a short distance from the present station building. The line ran from the [Farringdon](/wiki/Farringdon%2C_London "Farringdon, London") area to {{stl\\|London Underground\\|Paddington}}, a distance of {{cvt\\|4\\|mi\\|0}}. The station was relocated on 23 December 1865 when the Metropolitan Railway opened an extension to [Moorgate](/wiki/Moorgate_station "Moorgate station"). It was renamed Farringdon \& High Holborn on 26 January 1922 when the new building by the architect [Charles Walter Clark](/wiki/Charles_Walter_Clark "Charles Walter Clark") facing Cowcross Street was opened, and its present name was adopted on 21 April 1936\.{{cite book \\|last\=Rose \\|first\=Douglas \\|title\=The London Underground: A diagrammatic history \\|publisher\=Capital Transport Publishing \\|year\=1999 \\|isbn\=1\-85414\-219\-4}} It was built in conjunction with a freight station to take [livestock](/wiki/Livestock "Livestock") to a slaughterhouse to its south\-east to supply [Smithfield Market](/wiki/Smithfield_Market "Smithfield Market"); remains of cattle ramps on a street outside the market, West Smithfield. Smithfield was redesignated as a wholesale 'deadmeat' market in the 19th century and the freight station was last used in the 1920s. [thumb\\|left\\|The station frontage carrying the name Farringdon \& High Holborn, 1989\.](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_829480.jpg "Farringdon station - geograph.org.uk - 829480.jpg") The lines from Farringdon towards [King's Cross St. Pancras](/wiki/King%27s_Cross_St_Pancras_tube_station "King's Cross St Pancras tube station") run alongside the [Fleet ditch](/wiki/River_Fleet "River Fleet"), [culverted](/wiki/Culvert "Culvert") since 1734\."The Farringdon Wards of the City of London ... some notes on their history" p5: T Sharp 2000 The station building is unusually well\-preserved early 20th\-century London Underground architecture. It retains indications of the Metropolitan Railway's main\-line style operation such as a sign for a parcel office on the outer wall and some original signage, with the 1922–1936 name on the facade. After the bay platforms at {{stl\\|London Underground\\|Blackfriars}} closed on 21 March 2009, [Southeastern](/wiki/Southeastern_%28train_operating_company%29 "Southeastern (train operating company)") services that previously terminated at Blackfriars were extended to {{stl\\|London Underground\\|Kentish Town}}, [St. Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_City_railway_station "St Albans City railway station"), [Luton](/wiki/Luton_railway_station "Luton railway station") or [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_railway_station "Bedford railway station"), calling at this station.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/content/doc/timetables/tttl\_book\_pdf\_ontime\_final\_ver.pdf \\|title\=Train times 22 March – 16 May 2009 Thameslink route \\|work\=First Capital Connect \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419152425/http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/content/doc/timetables/tttl\_book\_pdf\_ontime\_final\_ver.pdf \\|archive\-date\=19 April 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead}} [Thameslink](/wiki/Thameslink_%28route%29 "Thameslink (route)") trains to Moorgate ceased at the same time. ### Recent and current developments Farringdon has recently received significant upgrades to allow it to meet the needs of a series of major rail upgrade projects: The [Thameslink Programme](/wiki/Thameslink_Programme "Thameslink Programme") was a major upgrade to the existing north\-south Thameslink route, enabling longer and more frequent trains, completed in 2018; and the Four Lines Modernisation involves the wholesale resignalling of the London Underground's sub\-surface lines bringing a major boost in capacity to Circle, Hammersmith \& City and Metropolitan line services calling at Farringdon.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://tfl.gov.uk/travel\-information/improvements\-and\-projects/four\-lines\-modernisation \\|title\=Four Lines Modernisation \\|website\=Transport for London \\|language\=en \\|access\-date\=21 March 2017}} In addition the station has been significantly expanded to serve as a stop on the new east\-west [Elizabeth line](/wiki/Elizabeth_line "Elizabeth line") providing interchange between Thameslink and the Elizabeth line. Once all these projects have been completed, Farringdon will be one of the country's busiest stations with approximately 200 {{abbr\\|tph\\|trains per hour}}, an average of one departure every 20 seconds.{{Citation \\|last\=Londonist Ltd \\|title\=New Thameslink Trains Revealed \\|date\=9 April 2015 \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Z7WJHmwb1ms \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Z7WJHmwb1ms \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|url\-status\=live \\|access\-date\=21 March 2017}}{{cbignore}} A new building, housing a dedicated ticket hall, has been constructed to serve these extra passengers. The new building is to the immediate south of the original station, which itself has been upgraded as part of the programme. An additional entrance has also been built at the north end of the original station, onto [Turnmill Street](/wiki/Turnmill_Street "Turnmill Street"). #### Thameslink upgrade [thumb\\|left\\|A [Class 319](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_319 "British Rail Class 319") heads south from Farringdon. On the left is the blocked\-off [City Widened Line](/wiki/Widened_Lines "Widened Lines") branch to {{rws\\|Moorgate}}, closed as part of the [Thameslink Programme](/wiki/Thameslink_Programme "Thameslink Programme").](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station_MMB_03_319447.jpg "Farringdon station MMB 03 319447.jpg") Farringdon Station has been rebuilt{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6282\.aspx \\|publisher\=Network Rail \\|title\=Whats happening at Farringdon? \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623185556/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6282\.aspx \\|archive\-date\=23 June 2011 \\|url\-status\=live}} to accommodate longer Thameslink trains and to make other improvements to the station.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6270\.aspx \\|title\=The new Farringdon station \\|publisher\=Network Rail \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008010656/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6270\.aspx \\|archive\-date\=8 October 2012 \\|url\-status\=live}} The existing station building has been refurbished with a new roof canopy covering the north end of all four platforms and a new entrance and concourse facing Turnmill Street. An additional ticket hall has been built on the south side of [Cowcross Street](/wiki/Cowcross_Street "Cowcross Street") providing access to the Thameslink platforms, which have been extended southwards underneath this building, allowing the station to handle 240 m (12\-carriage) trains. Platforms have been widened to accommodate increased passenger numbers. This process required the bridge that formed Cowcross Street to be demolished and rebuilt.Network Rail (2004a) – pg.27, paragraph 2\.6\.5 Cowcross Street is now pedestrianised.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.tl2000inquiry.org.uk/documents/cd202\.pdf \\|publisher\=Network Rail \\|quote\=See page 15, paragraph 2\.2\.1 \\|date\=1 July 2005 \\|title\=Thameslink 2000 Environmental Statement: Addendum \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925232421/http://www.tl2000inquiry.org.uk/documents/cd202\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=25 September 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=dmy\-all}} Lifts have been provided throughout. The existing listed ticket hall and concourse have been remodelled, for use by London Underground and Thameslink passengers.Network Rail (2004a) – page 27, paragraph 2\.6\.3 Interchange within the station has been improved by removing the interchange bridge and installing new stairs and lifts with access to all four platforms, allowing passengers with impaired mobility to use the station.Network Rail (2004a) – pg.27, paragraph 2\.6\.4 It was necessary to build the Thameslink platform extensions to the south, since there is a sharp gradient to the immediate north of the station. This resulted in the two\-station branch to [Moorgate](/wiki/Moorgate_station "Moorgate station") being permanently closed.Network Rail (2005a) – pg.9, paragraph 2\.1\.1 The platform extensions cross the former Moorgate line and reach within a few metres of the entrance of the [Snow Hill Tunnel](/wiki/Snow_Hill_Tunnel_%28London%29 "Snow Hill Tunnel (London)").Network Rail (2005a) – pg.9, paragraph 2\.1\.5 The alternative of realigning both the Thameslink and Circle/Hammersmith \& City/Metropolitan lines was impractical as the latter crosses over the former on a bridge almost immediately to the north of the station. #### Elizabeth line [thumb\\|left\\|Eastbound Elizabeth line platform at Farringdon](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station_Elizabeth_Line_26th_May_2022_02.jpg "Farringdon station Elizabeth Line 26th May 2022 02.jpg") [thumb\\|With the opening of the Elizabeth line, Farringdon became the interchange between the north–south Thameslink and the west–east Elizabeth line.](/wiki/File:Railway_stations%2C_lines_and_termini_in_central_London.png "Railway stations, lines and termini in central London.png") The Farringdon [Elizabeth line](/wiki/Elizabeth_line "Elizabeth line") station was built as part of the [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail "Crossrail") project. It lies between Farringdon and {{stl\\|London Underground\\|Barbican}} Underground stations and has interchanges with both of them.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/80256B090053AF4C/Files/stationinformation\-central/$FILE/5393\_c20\.r3\.1\_farringdon.pdf \\|publisher\=Crossrail \\|title\=Farringdon \\|date\=28 October 2006 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073358/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/80256B090053AF4C/Files/stationinformation\-central/$FILE/5393\_c20\.r3\.1\_farringdon.pdf \\|archive\-date\=28 September 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=dmy\-all}} Access at the Farringdon end is via the new Thameslink ticket hall. Work was anticipated to be completed in 2018,{{cite web \\|date\=11 May 2016 \\|title\=Crossrail project: New Elizabeth line stations revealed \\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-london\-36262197 \\|access\-date\=26 May 2022 \\|website\=BBC News}} but the scheduled opening date was delayed.{{cite news \\|title\=Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens \\|language\=en\-gb \\|work\=BBC News \\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk\-england\-london\-61507125 \\|access\-date\=24 May 2022}} From 24 May 2022 the new railway line linked Farringdon to [Abbey Wood](/wiki/Abbey_Wood_railway_station "Abbey Wood railway station") via [Canary Wharf](/wiki/Canary_Wharf_railway_station "Canary Wharf railway station") in the east and [Paddington](/wiki/London_Paddington_station "London Paddington station"), in the west. The station is also a hub for cross\-London travel, being the only station to be on both the north\-south Thameslink service and the east\-west Elizabeth line service.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/farringdon/ \\|title\=Farringdon Station \\|publisher\=Crossrail \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430151246/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/farringdon/ \\|archive\-date\=30 April 2011 \\|url\-status\=dead}} Direct Elizabeth line services between Reading/Heathrow in the west and Shenfield (via Whitechapel and Stratford) started in late 2022\.{{cite web \\|last\=Aplin \\|first\=Lucy \\|date\=24 May 2022 \\|title\=Why you need to switch Crossrail trains and when Elizabeth line opens in full \\|url\=https://inews.co.uk/inews\-lifestyle/travel/where\-change\-elizabeth\-line\-why\-switch\-crossrail\-trains\-when\-opens\-paddington\-liverpool\-street\-1647738 \\|access\-date\=26 May 2022 \\|website\=inews.co.uk}}	[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The Metropolitan Railway's second Farringdon station, 1866\\.](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station%2C_1866.png \"Farringdon station, 1866.png\")\nThe station was opened on 10 January 1863 as the terminus of the original [Metropolitan Railway](/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway \"Metropolitan Railway\"), the world's first underground [metro](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") line. The station, initially named Farringdon Street, was originally a short distance from the present station building. The line ran from the [Farringdon](/wiki/Farringdon%2C_London \"Farringdon, London\") area to {{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Paddington}}, a distance of {{cvt\\\|4\\\|mi\\\|0}}.", "The station was relocated on 23 December 1865 when the Metropolitan Railway opened an extension to [Moorgate](/wiki/Moorgate_station \"Moorgate station\"). It was renamed Farringdon \\& High Holborn on 26 January 1922 when the new building by the architect [Charles Walter Clark](/wiki/Charles_Walter_Clark \"Charles Walter Clark\") facing Cowcross Street was opened, and its present name was adopted on 21 April 1936\\.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Rose \\\|first\\=Douglas \\\|title\\=The London Underground: A diagrammatic history \\\|publisher\\=Capital Transport Publishing \\\|year\\=1999 \\\|isbn\\=1\\-85414\\-219\\-4}} It was built in conjunction with a freight station to take [livestock](/wiki/Livestock \"Livestock\") to a slaughterhouse to its south\\-east to supply [Smithfield Market](/wiki/Smithfield_Market \"Smithfield Market\"); remains of cattle ramps on a street outside the market, West Smithfield. Smithfield was redesignated as a wholesale 'deadmeat' market in the 19th century and the freight station was last used in the 1920s.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The station frontage carrying the name Farringdon \\& High Holborn, 1989\\.](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_829480.jpg \"Farringdon station - geograph.org.uk - 829480.jpg\")\nThe lines from Farringdon towards [King's Cross St. Pancras](/wiki/King%27s_Cross_St_Pancras_tube_station \"King's Cross St Pancras tube station\") run alongside the [Fleet ditch](/wiki/River_Fleet \"River Fleet\"), [culverted](/wiki/Culvert \"Culvert\") since 1734\\.\"The Farringdon Wards of the City of London ... some notes on their history\" p5: T Sharp 2000 The station building is unusually well\\-preserved early 20th\\-century London Underground architecture. It retains indications of the Metropolitan Railway's main\\-line style operation such as a sign for a parcel office on the outer wall and some original signage, with the 1922–1936 name on the facade.", "After the bay platforms at {{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Blackfriars}} closed on 21 March 2009, [Southeastern](/wiki/Southeastern_%28train_operating_company%29 \"Southeastern (train operating company)\") services that previously terminated at Blackfriars were extended to {{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Kentish Town}}, [St. Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_City_railway_station \"St Albans City railway station\"), [Luton](/wiki/Luton_railway_station \"Luton railway station\") or [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_railway_station \"Bedford railway station\"), calling at this station.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/content/doc/timetables/tttl\\_book\\_pdf\\_ontime\\_final\\_ver.pdf \\\|title\\=Train times 22 March – 16 May 2009 Thameslink route \\\|work\\=First Capital Connect \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419152425/http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/content/doc/timetables/tttl\\_book\\_pdf\\_ontime\\_final\\_ver.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Thameslink](/wiki/Thameslink_%28route%29 \"Thameslink (route)\") trains to Moorgate ceased at the same time.", "### Recent and current developments", "Farringdon has recently received significant upgrades to allow it to meet the needs of a series of major rail upgrade projects: The [Thameslink Programme](/wiki/Thameslink_Programme \"Thameslink Programme\") was a major upgrade to the existing north\\-south Thameslink route, enabling longer and more frequent trains, completed in 2018; and the Four Lines Modernisation involves the wholesale resignalling of the London Underground's sub\\-surface lines bringing a major boost in capacity to Circle, Hammersmith \\& City and Metropolitan line services calling at Farringdon.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://tfl.gov.uk/travel\\-information/improvements\\-and\\-projects/four\\-lines\\-modernisation \\\|title\\=Four Lines Modernisation \\\|website\\=Transport for London \\\|language\\=en \\\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2017}} In addition the station has been significantly expanded to serve as a stop on the new east\\-west [Elizabeth line](/wiki/Elizabeth_line \"Elizabeth line\") providing interchange between Thameslink and the Elizabeth line.", "Once all these projects have been completed, Farringdon will be one of the country's busiest stations with approximately 200 {{abbr\\\|tph\\\|trains per hour}}, an average of one departure every 20 seconds.{{Citation \\\|last\\=Londonist Ltd \\\|title\\=New Thameslink Trains Revealed \\\|date\\=9 April 2015 \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Z7WJHmwb1ms \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Z7WJHmwb1ms \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2017}}{{cbignore}} A new building, housing a dedicated ticket hall, has been constructed to serve these extra passengers. The new building is to the immediate south of the original station, which itself has been upgraded as part of the programme.", "An additional entrance has also been built at the north end of the original station, onto [Turnmill Street](/wiki/Turnmill_Street \"Turnmill Street\").", "#### Thameslink upgrade", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|A [Class 319](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_319 \"British Rail Class 319\") heads south from Farringdon. On the left is the blocked\\-off [City Widened Line](/wiki/Widened_Lines \"Widened Lines\") branch to {{rws\\\|Moorgate}}, closed as part of the [Thameslink Programme](/wiki/Thameslink_Programme \"Thameslink Programme\").](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station_MMB_03_319447.jpg \"Farringdon station MMB 03 319447.jpg\")\nFarringdon Station has been rebuilt{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6282\\.aspx \\\|publisher\\=Network Rail \\\|title\\=Whats happening at Farringdon? \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623185556/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6282\\.aspx \\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2011 \\\|url\\-status\\=live}} to accommodate longer Thameslink trains and to make other improvements to the station.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6270\\.aspx \\\|title\\=The new Farringdon station \\\|publisher\\=Network Rail \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008010656/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/6270\\.aspx \\\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The existing station building has been refurbished with a new roof canopy covering the north end of all four platforms and a new entrance and concourse facing Turnmill Street. An additional ticket hall has been built on the south side of [Cowcross Street](/wiki/Cowcross_Street \"Cowcross Street\") providing access to the Thameslink platforms, which have been extended southwards underneath this building, allowing the station to handle 240 m (12\\-carriage) trains. Platforms have been widened to accommodate increased passenger numbers. This process required the bridge that formed Cowcross Street to be demolished and rebuilt.Network Rail (2004a) – pg.27, paragraph 2\\.6\\.5 Cowcross Street is now pedestrianised.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.tl2000inquiry.org.uk/documents/cd202\\.pdf \\\|publisher\\=Network Rail \\\|quote\\=See page 15, paragraph 2\\.2\\.1 \\\|date\\=1 July 2005 \\\|title\\=Thameslink 2000 Environmental Statement: Addendum \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925232421/http://www.tl2000inquiry.org.uk/documents/cd202\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Lifts have been provided throughout.", "The existing listed ticket hall and concourse have been remodelled, for use by London Underground and Thameslink passengers.Network Rail (2004a) – page 27, paragraph 2\\.6\\.3 Interchange within the station has been improved by removing the interchange bridge and installing new stairs and lifts with access to all four platforms, allowing passengers with impaired mobility to use the station.Network Rail (2004a) – pg.27, paragraph 2\\.6\\.4", "It was necessary to build the Thameslink platform extensions to the south, since there is a sharp gradient to the immediate north of the station. This resulted in the two\\-station branch to [Moorgate](/wiki/Moorgate_station \"Moorgate station\") being permanently closed.Network Rail (2005a) – pg.9, paragraph 2\\.1\\.1 The platform extensions cross the former Moorgate line and reach within a few metres of the entrance of the [Snow Hill Tunnel](/wiki/Snow_Hill_Tunnel_%28London%29 \"Snow Hill Tunnel (London)\").Network Rail (2005a) – pg.9, paragraph 2\\.1\\.5 The alternative of realigning both the Thameslink and Circle/Hammersmith \\& City/Metropolitan lines was impractical as the latter crosses over the former on a bridge almost immediately to the north of the station.", "#### Elizabeth line", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Eastbound Elizabeth line platform at Farringdon](/wiki/File:Farringdon_station_Elizabeth_Line_26th_May_2022_02.jpg \"Farringdon station Elizabeth Line 26th May 2022 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|With the opening of the Elizabeth line, Farringdon became the interchange between the north–south Thameslink and the west–east Elizabeth line.](/wiki/File:Railway_stations%2C_lines_and_termini_in_central_London.png \"Railway stations, lines and termini in central London.png\")\nThe Farringdon [Elizabeth line](/wiki/Elizabeth_line \"Elizabeth line\") station was built as part of the [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail \"Crossrail\") project. It lies between Farringdon and {{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Barbican}} Underground stations and has interchanges with both of them.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/80256B090053AF4C/Files/stationinformation\\-central/$FILE/5393\\_c20\\.r3\\.1\\_farringdon.pdf \\\|publisher\\=Crossrail \\\|title\\=Farringdon \\\|date\\=28 October 2006 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073358/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/80256B090053AF4C/Files/stationinformation\\-central/$FILE/5393\\_c20\\.r3\\.1\\_farringdon.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Access at the Farringdon end is via the new Thameslink ticket hall. Work was anticipated to be completed in 2018,{{cite web \\\|date\\=11 May 2016 \\\|title\\=Crossrail project: New Elizabeth line stations revealed \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-london\\-36262197 \\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\\|website\\=BBC News}} but the scheduled opening date was delayed.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens \\\|language\\=en\\-gb \\\|work\\=BBC News \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk\\-england\\-london\\-61507125 \\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2022}}", "From 24 May 2022 the new railway line linked Farringdon to [Abbey Wood](/wiki/Abbey_Wood_railway_station \"Abbey Wood railway station\") via [Canary Wharf](/wiki/Canary_Wharf_railway_station \"Canary Wharf railway station\") in the east and [Paddington](/wiki/London_Paddington_station \"London Paddington station\"), in the west. The station is also a hub for cross\\-London travel, being the only station to be on both the north\\-south Thameslink service and the east\\-west Elizabeth line service.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/farringdon/ \\\|title\\=Farringdon Station \\\|publisher\\=Crossrail \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430151246/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/farringdon/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2011 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Direct Elizabeth line services between Reading/Heathrow in the west and Shenfield (via Whitechapel and Stratford) started in late 2022\\.{{cite web \\\|last\\=Aplin \\\|first\\=Lucy \\\|date\\=24 May 2022 \\\|title\\=Why you need to switch Crossrail trains and when Elizabeth line opens in full \\\|url\\=https://inews.co.uk/inews\\-lifestyle/travel/where\\-change\\-elizabeth\\-line\\-why\\-switch\\-crossrail\\-trains\\-when\\-opens\\-paddington\\-liverpool\\-street\\-1647738 \\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\\|website\\=inews.co.uk}}", "" ]
Services -------- ### London Underground [thumb\\|Underground trains at Farringdon Station](/wiki/File:Farringdon_Railway_Station.jpg "Farringdon Railway Station.jpg") The London Underground part of the station is directly next to the Thameslink platforms and is served by the [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_line "Metropolitan line"), [Hammersmith \& City](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City_line "Hammersmith & City line") and [Circle](/wiki/Circle_line_%28London_Underground%29 "Circle line (London Underground)") lines, between {{stl\\|London Underground\\|King's Cross St Pancras}} and {{stl\\|London Underground\\|Barbican}}. All three lines share the same pair of tracks from [Baker Street](/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station "Baker Street tube station") Junction to [Aldgate](/wiki/Aldgate_tube_station "Aldgate tube station") Junction making this section of track one of the most intensely used on the London Underground network. #### Circle line The typical service in trains per hour (tph) is:{{Cite web \\|url\=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\-34\-circle\-and\-hammersmith\-and\-city.pdf \\|title\=Circle and Hammersmith \& City line WTT \\|website\=Transport for London \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061516/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\-34\-circle\-and\-hammersmith\-and\-city.pdf \\|archive\-date\=11 November 2016}} * 6 tph Clockwise via Liverpool Street and Tower Hill * 6 tph To Hammersmith via King's Cross St Pancras and Paddington #### Hammersmith \& City line The typical service in trains per hour (tph) is: * 6 tph Eastbound to Barking * 6 tph Westbound to Hammersmith via Paddington #### Metropolitan line The Metropolitan line is the only line to operate express services, though this is only during peak times (Westbound 06:30–09:30 / Eastbound 16:00–19:00\). Fast services run non\-stop between [Wembley Park](/wiki/Wembley_Park_tube_station "Wembley Park tube station"), [Harrow\-on\-the\-Hill](/wiki/Harrow-on-the-Hill_station "Harrow-on-the-Hill station") and [Moor Park](/wiki/Moor_Park_tube_station "Moor Park tube station"). Semi\-fast services run non\-stop between Wembley Park and Harrow\-on\-the\-Hill.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/metropolitan.html\#services \\|title\=CULG – Metropolitan Line \\|website\=www.davros.org \\|access\-date\=19 March 2017}} The typical off\-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:{{Cite web \\|url\=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\-339\-metropolitan.pdf \\|title\=Metropolitan line WTT \\|website\=Transport for London \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701094033/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\-339\-metropolitan.pdf \\|archive\-date\=1 July 2016}} * 12 tph Eastbound to Aldgate * 2 tph Westbound to Amersham (all stations) * 2 tph Westbound to Chesham (all stations) * 8 tph Westbound to Uxbridge (all stations) Off\-peak services to/from Watford terminate at Baker Street The typical peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is: * 14 tph Eastbound to Aldgate * 2 tph Westbound to Amersham (fast in the evening peak only) * 2 tph Westbound to Chesham (fast in the evening peak only) * 4 tph Westbound to Watford (semi\-fast in the evening peak only) * 6 tph Westbound to Uxbridge (all stations) Farringdon is in [Transport for London](/wiki/Transport_for_London "Transport for London")'s [Travelcard Zone 1](/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_1 "Travelcard Zone 1"). ### Thameslink All Thameslink services at Farringdon serve between [St Pancras International](/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station "St Pancras railway station") and [City Thameslink](/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station "City Thameslink railway station") using part of the [City Widened Lines](/wiki/Widened_Lines "Widened Lines") and [Snow Hill Tunnel](/wiki/Snow_Hill_Tunnel_%28London%29 "Snow Hill Tunnel (London)") respectively. Services are operated using {{brc\\|700}} [EMUs](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit"). The typical off\-peak service in trains per hour is:{{NRtimes\\|May 2022\\|24, 25, 26, 52, 173, 175, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 195, 196, 201}} * 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Brighton}} via {{stnlnk\\|Gatwick Airport}} * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Horsham}} via {{stnlnk\\|Redhill}} and Gatwick Airport * 2 tph to [Three Bridges](/wiki/Three_Bridges_railway_station "Three Bridges railway station") via Redhill * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Rainham\\|Kent}} via {{stn\\|Greenwich}}, {{stn\\|Woolwich Arsenal}}, {{stnlnk\\|Dartford}} and {{stnlnk\\|Gravesend}} * 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Sutton\\|London}} (2 of these run via {{stnlnk\\|Mitcham Junction}} and 2 run via {{stn\\|Wimbledon}}) * 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\|St Albans City}} (all stations) * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Luton}} (all stations except {{stn\\|Kentish Town}}, {{stnlnk\\|Cricklewood}} and {{stnlnk\\|Hendon}}) * 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Bedford}} (semi\-fast) * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Cambridge}} via {{stnlnk\\|Stevenage}} * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Peterborough}} via Stevenage The station is also served by a half\-hourly night service between Bedford and Three Bridges.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/plan\-your\-journey/timetables/show\-all/ \\|title\=First Capital Connect timetables \\|access\-date\=25 May 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804175154/http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/plan\-your\-journey/timetables/show\-all/ \\|archive\-date\=4 August 2014 \\|df\=dmy\-all}} Prior to 2009, Thameslink services also ran to [Moorgate](/wiki/Moorgate_station "Moorgate station") via [Barbican](/wiki/Barbican_tube_station "Barbican tube station") with trains diverging from the core route east of the platforms at Farringdon. This section of line was closed as part of the [Thameslink Programme](/wiki/Thameslink_Programme "Thameslink Programme") which involved the construction of a new ticket hall and the lengthening of platforms at Farringdon to enable platform extensions to accommodate longer 12 carriage trains which covered over the junction in the process. Farringdon is in [Transport for London](/wiki/Transport_for_London "Transport for London")'s [Travelcard Zone 1](/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_1 "Travelcard Zone 1"). ### Elizabeth line [Elizabeth line](/wiki/Elizabeth_line "Elizabeth line") services began calling at Farringdon on 24 May 2022 and all services are operated using {{brc\\|345}} [EMUs](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit"). The typical off\-peak service in trains per hour is:{{cite web\\|url\=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/elizabeth\-line\-timetable\-may\-2023\.pdf\\|title\=Elizabeth Line Timetable\\|work\=Transport for London\\|access\-date\=28 May 2023\\|archive\-date\=26 May 2023\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526055814/https://content.tfl.gov.uk/elizabeth\-line\-timetable\-may\-2023\.pdf\\|url\-status\=dead}} * 8 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Abbey Wood}} * 8 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Shenfield}} * 6 tph to {{stn\\|London Paddington}} * 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Heathrow Terminal 4}} * 2 tph to {{stn\\|Heathrow Terminal 5}} * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Maidenhead}} * 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\|Reading}} These services combine to give a service of 16 tph in each direction. During the peak hours, the service is increased to 20 tph in each direction. On Sundays, the services between Shenfield and London Paddington are reduced to 4 tph, with another 4 tph terminating instead at Gidea Park. {{Adjacent stations\\|system1\=London Underground \\|line1\=Circle\\|left1\=King's Cross St Pancras\\|right1\=Barbican\\|type1\=section 1 \\|line2\=Hammersmith \& City\\|left2\=King's Cross St Pancras\\|right2\=Barbican \\|line3\=Metropolitan\\|left3\=King's Cross St Pancras\\|right3\=Barbican\\|to\-right3\=Aldgate \\|system4\=National Rail \\|note\-row4\= {{s\-rail\-national\\|previous\=St Pancras International\\|next\=City Thameslink\\|toc\=Thameslink\\|route\=\[\[Thameslink (route)\\|Thameslink]]}} \\|system5\=Elizabeth Line \\|line5\=Elizabeth\\|left5\=Tottenham Court Road\\|right5\=Liverpool Street\\|to\-left5\=Reading or Heathrow\\|to\-right5\=Abbey Wood or Shenfield \\|header6\=Former services \\|system7\=London Underground \\|line7\=Metropolitan\\|left7\=King's Cross St Pancras\\|right7\=Barbican\\|to\-left7\=Hammersmith\\|to\-right7\=Barking\\|note\-mid7\=\[\[Metropolitan Railway\#Hammersmith \& City Railway\\|Hammersmith branch]] (1864–1990\) \\|header8\=Abandoned plans \\|system9\=London Underground \\|note\-row9\= {{Rail line\\|previous\=\[\[Clerkenwell tube station\\|Clerkenwell]] ''towards \[\[Hammersmith tube station (Circle and Hammersmith \& City lines)\\|Hammersmith]], \[\[Kensington (Olympia) station\\|Kensington (Addison Road)]], \[\[Uxbridge tube station\\|Uxbridge]], \[\[Chesham tube station\\|Chesham]], \[\[Verney Junction railway station\\|Verney Junction]] or \[\[Brill railway station\\|Brill]]'' \\|next\=\[\[Barbican tube station\\|Aldersgate]] ''\[\[Whitechapel station\\|Whitechapel]]'' \\|route\=\[\[Metropolitan Railway]] \\|col\={{rcr\\|London Underground\\|Metropolitan Railway}}}} \\|header10\=Disused railways \\|system11\=National Rail \\|note\-row11\= {{rail line\\|previous\={{Stnlnk\\|King's Cross Thameslink}} (before December 2007\) {{Stnlnk\\|St. Pancras International}} (December 2007 – March 2009\)\\|route\=\[\[First Capital Connect]] \[\[Widened Lines\\|City Widened Lines]] \\|col\={{FCC colour}} \\|next\={{stl\\|London Underground\\|Barbican}}}} {{rail line\\|previous\=\[\[King's Cross Thameslink railway station\\|King's Cross Metropolitan]] or \[\[London King's Cross railway station\\|King's Cross York Road]]\\|next\={{stl\\|London Underground\\|Barbican}}\\|route\=\[\[Eastern Region of British Railways\\|British Rail Eastern Region]] \[\[Widened Lines\\|City Widened Lines]] \\|col\={{BR(E) colour}} }} }}	[ "Services\n--------", "### London Underground", "[thumb\\\|Underground trains at Farringdon Station](/wiki/File:Farringdon_Railway_Station.jpg \"Farringdon Railway Station.jpg\")\nThe London Underground part of the station is directly next to the Thameslink platforms and is served by the [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_line \"Metropolitan line\"), [Hammersmith \\& City](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City_line \"Hammersmith & City line\") and [Circle](/wiki/Circle_line_%28London_Underground%29 \"Circle line (London Underground)\") lines, between {{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|King's Cross St Pancras}} and {{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Barbican}}. All three lines share the same pair of tracks from [Baker Street](/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station \"Baker Street tube station\") Junction to [Aldgate](/wiki/Aldgate_tube_station \"Aldgate tube station\") Junction making this section of track one of the most intensely used on the London Underground network.", "#### Circle line", "The typical service in trains per hour (tph) is:{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\\-34\\-circle\\-and\\-hammersmith\\-and\\-city.pdf \\\|title\\=Circle and Hammersmith \\& City line WTT \\\|website\\=Transport for London \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061516/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\\-34\\-circle\\-and\\-hammersmith\\-and\\-city.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2016}}\n* 6 tph Clockwise via Liverpool Street and Tower Hill\n* 6 tph To Hammersmith via King's Cross St Pancras and Paddington", "#### Hammersmith \\& City line", "The typical service in trains per hour (tph) is:\n* 6 tph Eastbound to Barking\n* 6 tph Westbound to Hammersmith via Paddington", "#### Metropolitan line", "The Metropolitan line is the only line to operate express services, though this is only during peak times (Westbound 06:30–09:30 / Eastbound 16:00–19:00\\). Fast services run non\\-stop between [Wembley Park](/wiki/Wembley_Park_tube_station \"Wembley Park tube station\"), [Harrow\\-on\\-the\\-Hill](/wiki/Harrow-on-the-Hill_station \"Harrow-on-the-Hill station\") and [Moor Park](/wiki/Moor_Park_tube_station \"Moor Park tube station\"). Semi\\-fast services run non\\-stop between Wembley Park and Harrow\\-on\\-the\\-Hill.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/metropolitan.html\\#services \\\|title\\=CULG – Metropolitan Line \\\|website\\=www.davros.org \\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2017}}", "The typical off\\-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\\-339\\-metropolitan.pdf \\\|title\\=Metropolitan line WTT \\\|website\\=Transport for London \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701094033/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt\\-339\\-metropolitan.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2016}}\n* 12 tph Eastbound to Aldgate\n* 2 tph Westbound to Amersham (all stations)\n* 2 tph Westbound to Chesham (all stations)\n* 8 tph Westbound to Uxbridge (all stations)\nOff\\-peak services to/from Watford terminate at Baker Street", "The typical peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is:\n* 14 tph Eastbound to Aldgate\n* 2 tph Westbound to Amersham (fast in the evening peak only)\n* 2 tph Westbound to Chesham (fast in the evening peak only)\n* 4 tph Westbound to Watford (semi\\-fast in the evening peak only)\n* 6 tph Westbound to Uxbridge (all stations)\nFarringdon is in [Transport for London](/wiki/Transport_for_London \"Transport for London\")'s [Travelcard Zone 1](/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_1 \"Travelcard Zone 1\").", "### Thameslink", "All Thameslink services at Farringdon serve between [St Pancras International](/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station \"St Pancras railway station\") and [City Thameslink](/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station \"City Thameslink railway station\") using part of the [City Widened Lines](/wiki/Widened_Lines \"Widened Lines\") and [Snow Hill Tunnel](/wiki/Snow_Hill_Tunnel_%28London%29 \"Snow Hill Tunnel (London)\") respectively. Services are operated using {{brc\\\|700}} [EMUs](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\").", "The typical off\\-peak service in trains per hour is:{{NRtimes\\\|May 2022\\\|24, 25, 26, 52, 173, 175, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 195, 196, 201}}\n* 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Brighton}} via {{stnlnk\\\|Gatwick Airport}}\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Horsham}} via {{stnlnk\\\|Redhill}} and Gatwick Airport\n* 2 tph to [Three Bridges](/wiki/Three_Bridges_railway_station \"Three Bridges railway station\") via Redhill\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Rainham\\\|Kent}} via {{stn\\\|Greenwich}}, {{stn\\\|Woolwich Arsenal}}, {{stnlnk\\\|Dartford}} and {{stnlnk\\\|Gravesend}}\n* 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Sutton\\\|London}} (2 of these run via {{stnlnk\\\|Mitcham Junction}} and 2 run via {{stn\\\|Wimbledon}})\n* 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|St Albans City}} (all stations)\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Luton}} (all stations except {{stn\\\|Kentish Town}}, {{stnlnk\\\|Cricklewood}} and {{stnlnk\\\|Hendon}})\n* 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Bedford}} (semi\\-fast)\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Cambridge}} via {{stnlnk\\\|Stevenage}}\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Peterborough}} via Stevenage", "The station is also served by a half\\-hourly night service between Bedford and Three Bridges.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/plan\\-your\\-journey/timetables/show\\-all/ \\\|title\\=First Capital Connect timetables \\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804175154/http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/plan\\-your\\-journey/timetables/show\\-all/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2014 \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "Prior to 2009, Thameslink services also ran to [Moorgate](/wiki/Moorgate_station \"Moorgate station\") via [Barbican](/wiki/Barbican_tube_station \"Barbican tube station\") with trains diverging from the core route east of the platforms at Farringdon. This section of line was closed as part of the [Thameslink Programme](/wiki/Thameslink_Programme \"Thameslink Programme\") which involved the construction of a new ticket hall and the lengthening of platforms at Farringdon to enable platform extensions to accommodate longer 12 carriage trains which covered over the junction in the process.", "Farringdon is in [Transport for London](/wiki/Transport_for_London \"Transport for London\")'s [Travelcard Zone 1](/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_1 \"Travelcard Zone 1\").", "### Elizabeth line", "[Elizabeth line](/wiki/Elizabeth_line \"Elizabeth line\") services began calling at Farringdon on 24 May 2022 and all services are operated using {{brc\\\|345}} [EMUs](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\").", "The typical off\\-peak service in trains per hour is:{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/elizabeth\\-line\\-timetable\\-may\\-2023\\.pdf\\\|title\\=Elizabeth Line Timetable\\\|work\\=Transport for London\\\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2023\\\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2023\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526055814/https://content.tfl.gov.uk/elizabeth\\-line\\-timetable\\-may\\-2023\\.pdf\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* 8 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Abbey Wood}}\n* 8 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Shenfield}}\n* 6 tph to {{stn\\\|London Paddington}}\n* 4 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Heathrow Terminal 4}}\n* 2 tph to {{stn\\\|Heathrow Terminal 5}}\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Maidenhead}}\n* 2 tph to {{stnlnk\\\|Reading}}", "These services combine to give a service of 16 tph in each direction. During the peak hours, the service is increased to 20 tph in each direction.", "On Sundays, the services between Shenfield and London Paddington are reduced to 4 tph, with another 4 tph terminating instead at Gidea Park.", "{{Adjacent stations\\\|system1\\=London Underground\n\\\|line1\\=Circle\\\|left1\\=King's Cross St Pancras\\\|right1\\=Barbican\\\|type1\\=section 1\n\\\|line2\\=Hammersmith \\& City\\\|left2\\=King's Cross St Pancras\\\|right2\\=Barbican\n\\\|line3\\=Metropolitan\\\|left3\\=King's Cross St Pancras\\\|right3\\=Barbican\\\|to\\-right3\\=Aldgate\n\\\|system4\\=National Rail\n\\\|note\\-row4\\=\n{{s\\-rail\\-national\\\|previous\\=St Pancras International\\\|next\\=City Thameslink\\\|toc\\=Thameslink\\\|route\\=\\[\\[Thameslink (route)\\\|Thameslink]]}}\n\\\|system5\\=Elizabeth Line\n\\\|line5\\=Elizabeth\\\|left5\\=Tottenham Court Road\\\|right5\\=Liverpool Street\\\|to\\-left5\\=Reading or Heathrow\\\|to\\-right5\\=Abbey Wood or Shenfield\n\\\|header6\\=Former services\n\\\|system7\\=London Underground\n\\\|line7\\=Metropolitan\\\|left7\\=King's Cross St Pancras\\\|right7\\=Barbican\\\|to\\-left7\\=Hammersmith\\\|to\\-right7\\=Barking\\\|note\\-mid7\\=\\[\\[Metropolitan Railway\\#Hammersmith \\& City Railway\\\|Hammersmith branch]] (1864–1990\\)\n\\\|header8\\=Abandoned plans\n\\\|system9\\=London Underground\n\\\|note\\-row9\\=\n{{Rail line\\\|previous\\=\\[\\[Clerkenwell tube station\\\|Clerkenwell]] \n''towards \\[\\[Hammersmith tube station (Circle and Hammersmith \\& City lines)\\\|Hammersmith]], \\[\\[Kensington (Olympia) station\\\|Kensington (Addison Road)]], \n\\[\\[Uxbridge tube station\\\|Uxbridge]], \\[\\[Chesham tube station\\\|Chesham]], \\[\\[Verney Junction railway station\\\|Verney Junction]] or \\[\\[Brill railway station\\\|Brill]]'' \\\|next\\=\\[\\[Barbican tube station\\\|Aldersgate]] \n''\\[\\[Whitechapel station\\\|Whitechapel]]'' \\\|route\\=\\[\\[Metropolitan Railway]] \\\|col\\={{rcr\\\|London Underground\\\|Metropolitan Railway}}}}\n\\\|header10\\=Disused railways\n\\\|system11\\=National Rail\n\\\|note\\-row11\\=\n{{rail line\\\|previous\\={{Stnlnk\\\|King's Cross Thameslink}} \n(before December 2007\\) \n{{Stnlnk\\\|St. Pancras International}} \n(December 2007 – March 2009\\)\\\|route\\=\\[\\[First Capital Connect]] \n\\[\\[Widened Lines\\\|City Widened Lines]] \\\|col\\={{FCC colour}} \\\|next\\={{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Barbican}}}}\n{{rail line\\\|previous\\=\\[\\[King's Cross Thameslink railway station\\\|King's Cross Metropolitan]] \nor \n\\[\\[London King's Cross railway station\\\|King's Cross York Road]]\\\|next\\={{stl\\\|London Underground\\\|Barbican}}\\\|route\\=\\[\\[Eastern Region of British Railways\\\|British Rail \nEastern Region]] \n\\[\\[Widened Lines\\\|City Widened Lines]] \\\|col\\={{BR(E) colour}} }}\n}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Born Verley Trenton Tubbs Jr. in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), Texas, on September 25, 1915, he later became known as Vincent Trenton Tubbs Jr.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ftuxj \\|title\=Vincent Tubbs \\|first\=Kharen \\|last\=Monsho \\|publisher\=Texas State Historical Association }} While a student at [Morehouse College](/wiki/Morehouse_College "Morehouse College"), Tubbs was one of the founders of the [Delta Phi Delta](/wiki/Delta_Phi_Delta "Delta Phi Delta") journalism fraternity. In March 1938, he launched National Negro Newspaper Week with [Moss Hyles Kendrix](/wiki/Moss_Hyles_Kendrix "Moss Hyles Kendrix") and Bernard Milton Jones while they were newspaper editors of the Maroon Tiger at Morehouse.{{cite journal \\|editor1\-first\=John H. \\|editor1\-last\=Johnson \\|date\=March 21, 1974 \\|title\=This week in black history \\|journal\=Jet \\|volume\=45 \\|issue\=26 \\|page\=10 }}{{cite journal \\|date\=February 13, 1989 \\|title\=Vincent Tubbs, 72, founder of negro newspaper week, dies \\|journal\=Jet \\|volume\=75 \\|issue\=19 \\|page\=52 }} While at Morehouse Tubbs was initiated into Pi Chapter of [Kappa Alpha Psi](/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi "Kappa Alpha Psi") fraternity. By the time Tubbs turned 26 years old, he had risen rapidly within the world of African American newspapers. While serving as bureau chief of the [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia") edition of the Norfolk Journal and Guide, P. B. Young, the paper's publisher, heard that Tubbs was talking to the Richmond Bureau chief of the [Baltimore Afro\-American](/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American "Baltimore Afro-American") and fired him. Tubbs was quickly hired by the Afro\-American at a substantial pay increase. While there, Tubbs was given the challenging assignment of covering [lynchings](/wiki/Lynching "Lynching").{{cite book \\|last1\=Roberts \\|first1\=Gene \\|last2\=Elibanoff \\|first2\=Hank \\|title\=The race beat:the press, the civil rights struggle, and the awakening of a nation\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/racebeatpressciv00gene \\|url\-access\=limited \\|edition\=First \\|year\=2006 \\|publisher\=Knopf \\|location\=New York, New York \\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/racebeatpressciv00gene/page/18 18]–19 \\|chapter\=A Fighting Press \\|isbn\=978\-0\-679\-40381\-4 }} As a "lynch reporter," Tubbs could be called at a moment's notice to go to a remote location in the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), never sure if he would be able to find local transportation, lodging or anything resembling a hospitable environment. He would usually arrive by bus one town early to remove his city clothes and try his best to blend in with the local community. It didn't always work. In the early 1940s, Tubbs was spotted by a sheriff in the border town of [Texarkana, Arkansas](/wiki/Texarkana%2C_Arkansas "Texarkana, Arkansas"), who ordered him into his patrol car and took him to the chief of police. After being interrogated for several minutes, Tubbs was ordered to leave the state in five minutes. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he was one of the few black war correspondents. Tubbs covered [North Africa](/wiki/North_African_Campaign "North African Campaign") and the [South Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theatre_of_World_War_II "Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II") from 1943 to 1945 for the Afro\-American. After the war, he became the paper's assistant managing editor.{{cite journal \\|editor1\-first\=John H. \\|editor1\-last\=Johnson \\|date\=September 2, 1954 \\|title\=Chicago socialite reveals marriage to newsman \\|journal\=Jet \\|volume\=6 \\|issue\=17 \\|page\=25 }} While in Baltimore, Tubbs was the Polemarch of the Baltimore (MD) Alumni Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi. In April 1954, he married [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") socialite Mamie Louise Hansberry, daughter of wealthy apartment house owner [Carl Augustus Hansberry](/wiki/Carl_Augustus_Hansberry "Carl Augustus Hansberry"). This union produced a daughter, Nantille Hansberry Tubbs. His granddaughter is actress Taye Hansberry. From 1955 to 1959, he served as managing editor of [Jet magazine](/wiki/Jet_%28magazine%29 "Jet (magazine)"). After leaving Jet, he moved to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), where he worked for the publicity department at [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers "Warner Brothers") Studios. After [A. S. "Doc" Young](/wiki/A._S._%22Doc%22_Young "A. S. "), he became one of the first African American [publicists](/wiki/Publicist "Publicist") in Hollywood.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Reynolds \\|first\=J. R. \\|date\=February 18, 1995 \\|title\=The rhythm and the blues: Boyz II Men are top soul train nominees; BET special spotlights pioneer publicist \\|magazine\=Billboard \\|page\=20 }} In 1967, he was elected as president of the Hollywood Publicists Guild. It was the first time that an African American had headed a motion picture guild. Also in the 1960s, Tubbs helped found the United Television Movie Equity Guild to help minorities in motion picture technical fields. Tubbs was elected president of the [Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame](/wiki/Black_Filmmakers_Hall_of_Fame "Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame") in 1979\.{{cite journal \\|editor1\-first\=John H. \\|editor1\-last\=Johnson \\|date\=January 3, 1980 \\|title\=People \\|journal\=Jet \\|volume\=57 \\|issue\=16 \\|page\=21 }} He died of a heart attack in his Los Angeles home on January 15, 1989\.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Born Verley Trenton Tubbs Jr. in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\"), Texas, on September 25, 1915, he later became known as Vincent Trenton Tubbs Jr.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ftuxj \\\|title\\=Vincent Tubbs \\\|first\\=Kharen \\\|last\\=Monsho \\\|publisher\\=Texas State Historical Association }}", "", "While a student at [Morehouse College](/wiki/Morehouse_College \"Morehouse College\"), Tubbs was one of the founders of the [Delta Phi Delta](/wiki/Delta_Phi_Delta \"Delta Phi Delta\") journalism fraternity. In March 1938, he launched National Negro Newspaper Week with [Moss Hyles Kendrix](/wiki/Moss_Hyles_Kendrix \"Moss Hyles Kendrix\") and Bernard Milton Jones while they were newspaper editors of the Maroon Tiger at Morehouse.{{cite journal \\\|editor1\\-first\\=John H. \\\|editor1\\-last\\=Johnson \\\|date\\=March 21, 1974 \\\|title\\=This week in black history \\\|journal\\=Jet \\\|volume\\=45 \\\|issue\\=26 \\\|page\\=10 }}{{cite journal \\\|date\\=February 13, 1989 \\\|title\\=Vincent Tubbs, 72, founder of negro newspaper week, dies \\\|journal\\=Jet \\\|volume\\=75 \\\|issue\\=19 \\\|page\\=52 }} While at Morehouse Tubbs was initiated into Pi Chapter of [Kappa Alpha Psi](/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi \"Kappa Alpha Psi\") fraternity.", "By the time Tubbs turned 26 years old, he had risen rapidly within the world of African American newspapers. While serving as bureau chief of the [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\") edition of the Norfolk Journal and Guide, P. B. Young, the paper's publisher, heard that Tubbs was talking to the Richmond Bureau chief of the [Baltimore Afro\\-American](/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American \"Baltimore Afro-American\") and fired him. Tubbs was quickly hired by the Afro\\-American at a substantial pay increase. While there, Tubbs was given the challenging assignment of covering [lynchings](/wiki/Lynching \"Lynching\").{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Roberts \\\|first1\\=Gene \\\|last2\\=Elibanoff \\\|first2\\=Hank \\\|title\\=The race beat:the press, the civil rights struggle, and the awakening of a nation\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/racebeatpressciv00gene \\\|url\\-access\\=limited \\\|edition\\=First \\\|year\\=2006 \\\|publisher\\=Knopf \\\|location\\=New York, New York \\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/racebeatpressciv00gene/page/18 18]–19 \\\|chapter\\=A Fighting Press \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-679\\-40381\\-4 }}", "As a \"lynch reporter,\" Tubbs could be called at a moment's notice to go to a remote location in the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), never sure if he would be able to find local transportation, lodging or anything resembling a hospitable environment. He would usually arrive by bus one town early to remove his city clothes and try his best to blend in with the local community. It didn't always work. In the early 1940s, Tubbs was spotted by a sheriff in the border town of [Texarkana, Arkansas](/wiki/Texarkana%2C_Arkansas \"Texarkana, Arkansas\"), who ordered him into his patrol car and took him to the chief of police. After being interrogated for several minutes, Tubbs was ordered to leave the state in five minutes.", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he was one of the few black war correspondents. Tubbs covered [North Africa](/wiki/North_African_Campaign \"North African Campaign\") and the [South Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theatre_of_World_War_II \"Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II\") from 1943 to 1945 for the Afro\\-American. After the war, he became the paper's assistant managing editor.{{cite journal \\\|editor1\\-first\\=John H. \\\|editor1\\-last\\=Johnson \\\|date\\=September 2, 1954 \\\|title\\=Chicago socialite reveals marriage to newsman \\\|journal\\=Jet \\\|volume\\=6 \\\|issue\\=17 \\\|page\\=25 }} While in Baltimore, Tubbs was the Polemarch of the Baltimore (MD) Alumni Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi.", "In April 1954, he married [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") socialite Mamie Louise Hansberry, daughter of wealthy apartment house owner [Carl Augustus Hansberry](/wiki/Carl_Augustus_Hansberry \"Carl Augustus Hansberry\"). This union produced a daughter, Nantille Hansberry Tubbs. His granddaughter is actress Taye Hansberry.", "From 1955 to 1959, he served as managing editor of [Jet magazine](/wiki/Jet_%28magazine%29 \"Jet (magazine)\"). After leaving Jet, he moved to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), where he worked for the publicity department at [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers \"Warner Brothers\") Studios. After [A. S. \"Doc\" Young](/wiki/A._S._%22Doc%22_Young \"A. S. \"), he became one of the first African American [publicists](/wiki/Publicist \"Publicist\") in Hollywood.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Reynolds \\\|first\\=J. R. \\\|date\\=February 18, 1995 \\\|title\\=The rhythm and the blues: Boyz II Men are top soul train nominees; BET special spotlights pioneer publicist \\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\\|page\\=20 }}", "In 1967, he was elected as president of the Hollywood Publicists Guild. It was the first time that an African American had headed a motion picture guild. Also in the 1960s, Tubbs helped found the United Television Movie Equity Guild to help minorities in motion picture technical fields.", "Tubbs was elected president of the [Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame](/wiki/Black_Filmmakers_Hall_of_Fame \"Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame\") in 1979\\.{{cite journal \\\|editor1\\-first\\=John H. \\\|editor1\\-last\\=Johnson \\\|date\\=January 3, 1980 \\\|title\\=People \\\|journal\\=Jet \\\|volume\\=57 \\\|issue\\=16 \\\|page\\=21 }}", "He died of a heart attack in his Los Angeles home on January 15, 1989\\.", "" ]
Restaurants ----------- In October 2011 Alejandro Saravia opened his first restaurant, MORENA, situated in Sydney's Surry Hills and recently appeared alongside compatriot celebrity chef, Gaston Acurio at (the) Sydney Magazine's World Chefs Showcase Gala Dinner for the Crave Sydney International Food Festival. In 2014, Alejandro opened Pastuso in Melbourne's AC/DC lane as part of the San Telmo group. In October 2021, Alejandro announced{{Cite web\\|last\=Grundy\\|first\=Roslyn\\|date\=2021\-10\-14\\|title\=Peruvian chef Alejandro Saravia leaving CBD restaurant Pastuso\\|url\=https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat\-out/news/peruvian\-chef\-alejandro\-saravia\-leaving\-cbd\-restaurant\-pastuso\-20211014\-h1z6rh\\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-14\\|website\=Good Food\\|language\=en\-au}} that he would be leaving Pastuso to pursue other projects including his three\-storey venue Farmer's Daughters in Melbourne's CBD. Alejandro has also opened the Peruvian restaurant Uma by Alejandro Saravia at Perth's [Pan Pacific Hotel](/wiki/Pan_Pacific_Hotels_and_Resorts "Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts") as well as a vegan restaurant 10 Acre Block. In January 2021, Alejandro Saravia launched [Farmer's Daughters](https://www.farmersdaughters.com.au) a three storey farm\-to\-table concept in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne")'s prestigious [80 Collins](/wiki/80_Collins "80 Collins") Precinct. Designed to showcase the abundant food bowl of [Gippsland](/wiki/Gippsland "Gippsland") and tell the stories of its producers, people and places. In July 2022, Alejandro Saravia opened Victoria by Farmer's Daughters in [Fed Square](/wiki/Fed_Square "Fed Square"). The groundbreaking culinary experience overlooks the [Yarra River](/wiki/Yarra_River "Yarra River") and is focused on unearthing ingredients, produce, wine and drink exclusively from within the state of [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28state%29 "Victoria (state)").	[ "Restaurants\n-----------", "In October 2011 Alejandro Saravia opened his first restaurant, MORENA, situated in Sydney's Surry Hills and recently appeared alongside compatriot celebrity chef, Gaston Acurio at (the) Sydney Magazine's World Chefs Showcase Gala Dinner for the Crave Sydney International Food Festival.", "In 2014, Alejandro opened Pastuso in Melbourne's AC/DC lane as part of the San Telmo group.", "In October 2021, Alejandro announced{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Grundy\\\|first\\=Roslyn\\\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-14\\\|title\\=Peruvian chef Alejandro Saravia leaving CBD restaurant Pastuso\\\|url\\=https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat\\-out/news/peruvian\\-chef\\-alejandro\\-saravia\\-leaving\\-cbd\\-restaurant\\-pastuso\\-20211014\\-h1z6rh\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-14\\\|website\\=Good Food\\\|language\\=en\\-au}} that he would be leaving Pastuso to pursue other projects including his three\\-storey venue Farmer's Daughters in Melbourne's CBD.", "Alejandro has also opened the Peruvian restaurant Uma by Alejandro Saravia at Perth's [Pan Pacific Hotel](/wiki/Pan_Pacific_Hotels_and_Resorts \"Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts\") as well as a vegan restaurant 10 Acre Block.", "In January 2021, Alejandro Saravia launched [Farmer's Daughters](https://www.farmersdaughters.com.au) a three storey farm\\-to\\-table concept in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\")'s prestigious [80 Collins](/wiki/80_Collins \"80 Collins\") Precinct. Designed to showcase the abundant food bowl of [Gippsland](/wiki/Gippsland \"Gippsland\") and tell the stories of its producers, people and places.", "In July 2022, Alejandro Saravia opened Victoria by Farmer's Daughters in [Fed Square](/wiki/Fed_Square \"Fed Square\"). The groundbreaking culinary experience overlooks the [Yarra River](/wiki/Yarra_River \"Yarra River\") and is focused on unearthing ingredients, produce, wine and drink exclusively from within the state of [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28state%29 \"Victoria (state)\").", "" ]
Career ------ Jang started his musical career as a trainee at various major Korean music labels for 2 years, including the same agency as [IU](/wiki/IU_%28singer%29 "IU (singer)") at [LOEN Entertainment](/wiki/Kakao_M "Kakao M"), before making his debut as the frontman of the K\-pop band, [Led Apple](/wiki/Led_Apple "Led Apple"). While he was with the band, Jang found international success with his Music Note song covers on his [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") channel, most of his covers reaching millions of views. His channel reached almost 1 million subscribers but was deleted in 2015 following a legal dispute with his previous label. He was a prominent host of many Korean television talk\-shows and music programs and rose to worldwide fame among K\-pop fans as the host of [After School Club](/wiki/After_School_Club "After School Club") alongside co\-host, [Eric Nam](/wiki/Eric_Nam "Eric Nam"), interviewing global K\-pop groups such as [BTS](/wiki/BTS "BTS"), [EXO](/wiki/Exo "Exo") and [Miss A](/wiki/Miss_A "Miss A"). Largely due to Jang's global popularity, Led Apple embarked on several international and European tours. In Japan, Led Apple found huge success selling out concerts in Tokyo and Osaka for several years. Their Japanese debut album, Kiss Tour, debuted at number 12 on the [Oricon Album Charts.](/wiki/Oricon_Charts "Oricon Charts") Their second Japanese album charted in at number 9 on the Top 10 [Oricon Album Charts](/wiki/Oricon "Oricon") and the album's single, "Greatest World", reached number 10 on the Oricon Singles Charts. In 2011, Jang's band Led Apple was named one of the most anticipated K\-pop acts of 2011 by WaveK. In 2012, Jang was named one of the best vocalists in K\-pop as well as one of the most beautiful faces in K\-pop in the same year. Led Apple was also awarded best new artist at the 20th Korean Culture Entertainment Awards in this year. He appeared on several episodes of [Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend](/wiki/Immortal_Songs:Singing_the_Legend "Singing the Legend") from 2012 to 2013, receiving standing ovations for his unique renditions of original songs and became well known as a powerful and versatile vocalist often being compared to [Lee Hong\-gi](/wiki/Lee_Hong-gi "Lee Hong-gi") of [F.T. Island](/wiki/F.T._Island "F.T. Island"). His rendition of "Invisible Love" by [Shin Seung\-hun](/wiki/Shin_Seung-hun "Shin Seung-hun") was particularly praised. In 2015, Jang left the band due to mistreatment from his previous label and went on to pursue a solo career. In addition to his singing and acting career, he has also worked as a songwriter and vocal trainer for other K\-pop artists. His solo soundtrack "Winter Wind" for the South Korean drama, [Remember](/wiki/Remember_%28TV_series%29 "Remember (TV series)"), reached the Top 10 QQ Music Charts in China in 2016\. in 2019, Jang participated in a popular Malaysian singing reality competition television series, Big Stage Season 2 and made history by becoming the first and only champion from a foreign country in Malaysian reality television to date. He was awarded "Best New Artist" at the 2020 MeleTOP Era Awards in his first year in Malaysia but could not attend the award ceremony because he was residing in South Korea due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Jang was a contestant on [The Masked Singer Malaysia Season 3](/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_Malaysia_%28musim_3%29 "The Masked Singer Malaysia (musim 3)") as Piza Panas where he finished in third place overall. There was much controversy surrounding the results of the show with many netizens and audience disputing that Jang should have rightfully been the champion of the show. He placed first in six of the 11 weeks of the show including the semi\-final, making Jang the only contestant to have won in 6 weeks of competition in the history of [The Masked Singer Malaysia](/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_Malaysia "The Masked Singer Malaysia"). Jang has been the face and brand ambassador of major brands and products during his career including skin care brand IOPE, hair care house Foresta, fashion house Greedilous, [Coway](/wiki/Coway_%28company%29 "Coway (company)"), beverage company [Power Root](/wiki/Power_Root "Power Root") and [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's"). Currently, he is active between South Korea and Malaysia.	[ "Career\n------", "Jang started his musical career as a trainee at various major Korean music labels for 2 years, including the same agency as [IU](/wiki/IU_%28singer%29 \"IU (singer)\") at [LOEN Entertainment](/wiki/Kakao_M \"Kakao M\"), before making his debut as the frontman of the K\\-pop band, [Led Apple](/wiki/Led_Apple \"Led Apple\"). While he was with the band, Jang found international success with his Music Note song covers on his [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") channel, most of his covers reaching millions of views. His channel reached almost 1 million subscribers but was deleted in 2015 following a legal dispute with his previous label.", "He was a prominent host of many Korean television talk\\-shows and music programs and rose to worldwide fame among K\\-pop fans as the host of [After School Club](/wiki/After_School_Club \"After School Club\") alongside co\\-host, [Eric Nam](/wiki/Eric_Nam \"Eric Nam\"), interviewing global K\\-pop groups such as [BTS](/wiki/BTS \"BTS\"), [EXO](/wiki/Exo \"Exo\") and [Miss A](/wiki/Miss_A \"Miss A\"). Largely due to Jang's global popularity, Led Apple embarked on several international and European tours. In Japan, Led Apple found huge success selling out concerts in Tokyo and Osaka for several years. Their Japanese debut album, Kiss Tour, debuted at number 12 on the [Oricon Album Charts.](/wiki/Oricon_Charts \"Oricon Charts\") Their second Japanese album charted in at number 9 on the Top 10 [Oricon Album Charts](/wiki/Oricon \"Oricon\") and the album's single, \"Greatest World\", reached number 10 on the Oricon Singles Charts.", "In 2011, Jang's band Led Apple was named one of the most anticipated K\\-pop acts of 2011 by WaveK. In 2012, Jang was named one of the best vocalists in K\\-pop as well as one of the most beautiful faces in K\\-pop in the same year. Led Apple was also awarded best new artist at the 20th Korean Culture Entertainment Awards in this year.", "He appeared on several episodes of [Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend](/wiki/Immortal_Songs:Singing_the_Legend \"Singing the Legend\") from 2012 to 2013, receiving standing ovations for his unique renditions of original songs and became well known as a powerful and versatile vocalist often being compared to [Lee Hong\\-gi](/wiki/Lee_Hong-gi \"Lee Hong-gi\") of [F.T. Island](/wiki/F.T._Island \"F.T. Island\"). His rendition of \"Invisible Love\" by [Shin Seung\\-hun](/wiki/Shin_Seung-hun \"Shin Seung-hun\") was particularly praised.", "In 2015, Jang left the band due to mistreatment from his previous label and went on to pursue a solo career. In addition to his singing and acting career, he has also worked as a songwriter and vocal trainer for other K\\-pop artists.", "His solo soundtrack \"Winter Wind\" for the South Korean drama, [Remember](/wiki/Remember_%28TV_series%29 \"Remember (TV series)\"), reached the Top 10 QQ Music Charts in China in 2016\\.", "in 2019, Jang participated in a popular Malaysian singing reality competition television series, Big Stage Season 2 and made history by becoming the first and only champion from a foreign country in Malaysian reality television to date.", "He was awarded \"Best New Artist\" at the 2020 MeleTOP Era Awards in his first year in Malaysia but could not attend the award ceremony because he was residing in South Korea due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").", "Jang was a contestant on [The Masked Singer Malaysia Season 3](/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_Malaysia_%28musim_3%29 \"The Masked Singer Malaysia (musim 3)\") as Piza Panas where he finished in third place overall. There was much controversy surrounding the results of the show with many netizens and audience disputing that Jang should have rightfully been the champion of the show. He placed first in six of the 11 weeks of the show including the semi\\-final, making Jang the only contestant to have won in 6 weeks of competition in the history of [The Masked Singer Malaysia](/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_Malaysia \"The Masked Singer Malaysia\").", "Jang has been the face and brand ambassador of major brands and products during his career including skin care brand IOPE, hair care house Foresta, fashion house Greedilous, [Coway](/wiki/Coway_%28company%29 \"Coway (company)\"), beverage company [Power Root](/wiki/Power_Root \"Power Root\") and [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\").", "Currently, he is active between South Korea and Malaysia.", "" ]
Control structures ------------------ The basic control structures include all of the standard [dBase](/wiki/DBase "DBase"), and [Clipper](/wiki/Clipper_%28programming_language%29 "Clipper (programming language)") control structures as well as additional ones inspired by the [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 "C (programming language)") or [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") programming languages: ### Loops ``` [DO] WHILE ``` ConditionExp ... ``` [LOOP] [EXIT] END[DO] ``` ``` FOR ``` Var :\= InitExp TO EndExp \[STEP StepExp] ... ``` [LOOP] [EXIT] NEXT ``` ``` FOR EACH ``` Var IN CollectionExp ... ``` [HB_EnumIndex()] [LOOP] [EXIT] NEXT ``` * The ... is a sequence of one of more xHarbour statements, and square bracketes {{mono\\|\[]}} denote optional syntax. * The HB\_EnumIndex() may be optionally used to retrieve the current iteration index (1 based). * The LOOP statement restarts the current iteration of the enclosing loop structure, and if the enclosing loop is a FOR or FOR EACH loop, it increases the iterator, moving to the next iteration of the loop. * The EXIT statement immediately terminates execution of the enclosing loop structure. * The NEXT statement closes the control structure and moves to the next iteration of loop structure. In the FOR statement, the assignment expression is evaluated prior to the first loop iteration. The TO expression is evaluated and compared against the value of the control variable, prior to each iteration, and the loop is terminated if it evaluates to a numeric value greater than the numeric value of the control variable. The optional STEP expression is evaluated after each iteration, prior to deciding whether to perform the next iteration. In FOR EACH, the Var variable will have the value (scalar, or complex) of the respective element in the collection value. The collection expression, may be an Array (of any type or combinations of types), an Hash Table, or an Object type. ### IF statements ``` IF ``` CondExp ... ``` [ELSEIF] ``` CondExp ... ``` [ELSE] ``` ... ``` END[IF] ``` ... represents 0 or more statement(s). The condition expression(s) has to evaluate to a LOGICAL value. ### DO CASE statements ``` DO CASE CASE ``` CondExp ... ``` [CASE ``` CondExp] ... ``` [OTHERWISE] ``` ... ``` END[CASE ] ``` Above construct is logically equivalent to: ``` IF ``` CondExp ... ``` ELSEIF ``` CondExp ... ``` [ELSEIF ``` CondExp] ... ``` [ELSE] ``` ... ``` END[IF] ``` ### SWITCH statements xHarbour supports a SWITCH construct inspired by the C implementation of switch(). ``` SWITCH ``` SwitchExp ``` CASE ``` LiteralExp ... ``` [EXIT] ``` ``` [CASE ``` LiteralExp] ... ``` [EXIT] [DEFAULT] ``` ... ``` END ``` * The LiteralExp must be a compiled time resolvable numeric expression, and may involve operators, as long as such operators involve compile time static value. * The EXIT optional statement is the equivalent of the C statement break, and if present, execution of the SWITCH structure will end when the EXIT statement is reached, otherwise it will continue with the first statement below the next CASE statement (fall through). ### BEGIN SEQUENCE statements ``` BEGIN SEQUENCE ``` ... ``` [BREAK] [Break([ ``` Exp])] ``` RECOVER [USING ``` Var] ... ``` END[SEQUENCE] ``` or: ``` BEGIN SEQUENCE ``` ... ``` [BREAK] [Break()] END[SEQUENCE] ``` The BEGIN SEQUENCE structure allows for a well behaved abortion of any sequence, even when crossing nested procedures/functions. This means that a called procedure/function, may issue a BREAK statement, or a Break() expression, to force unfolding of any nested procedure/functions, all the way back to the first outer BEGIN SEQUENCE structure, either after its respective END statement, or a RECOVER clause if present. The Break statement may optionally pass any type of expression, which may be accepted by the RECOVER statement to allow further recovery handing. Additionally the xHarbour [Error Object](/wiki/Error_Object "Error Object") supports `canDefault`, `canRetry` and `canSubstitute` properties, which allows error handlers to perform some preparations, and then request a [Retry Operation](/wiki/Retry_Operation "Retry Operation"), a [Resume](/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9 "Résumé"), or return a [Value](/wiki/Value_%28computer_science%29 "Value (computer science)") to replace the expression triggering the error condition. ### TRY \[CATCH] \[FINALLY] statements ``` TRY ``` ... ``` [BREAK] [Break([ ``` Exp])] ``` [Throw([ ``` Exp])] ``` CATCH [ ``` Var] ... ``` END ``` ``` TRY ``` ... ``` [BREAK] [Break([ ``` Exp])] ``` [Throw([ ``` Exp])] ``` CATCH [ ``` Var] ... ``` FINALLY ``` ... ``` END ``` or: ``` TRY ``` ... ``` [BREAK] [Break([ ``` Exp])] ``` [Throw([ ``` Exp])] ``` FINALLY ``` ... ``` END ``` The TRY construct is very similar to the BEGIN SEQUENCE construct, except it automatically integrates error handling, so that any error will be intercepted, and recovered by means of the CATCH statement or forwarded to an outer CATCH handler otherwise. The FINALLY section is guaranteed to be executed before the TRY or CATCH sections forward flow control by means of RETURN, BREAK, or THROW.	[ "Control structures\n------------------", "The basic control structures include all of the standard [dBase](/wiki/DBase \"DBase\"), and [Clipper](/wiki/Clipper_%28programming_language%29 \"Clipper (programming language)\") control structures as well as additional ones inspired by the [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 \"C (programming language)\") or [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") programming languages:", "### Loops", "", "```\n[DO] WHILE \n```", "ConditionExp\n...", "```\n [LOOP]\n [EXIT]\nEND[DO]", "```", "```\nFOR \n```", "Var :\\= InitExp TO EndExp \\[STEP StepExp]\n ...", "```\n [LOOP]\n [EXIT]\nNEXT", "```", "```\nFOR EACH \n```", "Var IN CollectionExp\n...", "```\n [HB_EnumIndex()]\n [LOOP]\n [EXIT]\nNEXT", "```", "* The ... is a sequence of one of more xHarbour statements, and square bracketes {{mono\\\|\\[]}} denote optional syntax.\n* The HB\\_EnumIndex() may be optionally used to retrieve the current iteration index (1 based).\n* The LOOP statement restarts the current iteration of the enclosing loop structure, and if the enclosing loop is a FOR or FOR EACH loop, it increases the iterator, moving to the next iteration of the loop.\n* The EXIT statement immediately terminates execution of the enclosing loop structure.\n* The NEXT statement closes the control structure and moves to the next iteration of loop structure.", "In the FOR statement, the assignment expression is evaluated prior to the first loop iteration. The TO expression is evaluated and compared against the value of the control variable, prior to each iteration, and the loop is terminated if it evaluates to a numeric value greater than the numeric value of the control variable. The optional STEP expression is evaluated after each iteration, prior to deciding whether to perform the next iteration.", "In FOR EACH, the Var variable will have the value (scalar, or complex) of the respective element in the collection value. The collection expression, may be an Array (of any type or combinations of types), an Hash Table, or an Object type.", "### IF statements", "", "```\nIF \n```", "CondExp\n...", "```\n[ELSEIF] \n```", "CondExp\n...", "```\n[ELSE]\n \n```", "...", "```\nEND[IF]", "```", "... represents 0 or more statement(s).", "The condition expression(s) has to evaluate to a LOGICAL value.", "### DO CASE statements", "", "```\nDO CASE\n CASE \n```", "CondExp\n...", "```\n [CASE \n```", "CondExp]\n ...", "```\n [OTHERWISE]\n \n```", "...", "```\nEND[CASE ]", "```", "Above construct is logically equivalent to:", "", "```\nIF \n```", "CondExp\n...", "```\nELSEIF \n```", "CondExp\n...", "```\n[ELSEIF \n```", "CondExp]\n ...", "```\n[ELSE]\n \n```", "...", "```\nEND[IF]", "```", "### SWITCH statements", "xHarbour supports a SWITCH construct inspired by the C implementation of switch().", "", "```\nSWITCH \n```", "SwitchExp", "```\n CASE \n```", "LiteralExp\n...", "```\n [EXIT]", "```", "```\n [CASE \n```", "LiteralExp]\n ...", "```\n [EXIT]", "[DEFAULT]\n \n```", "...", "```\nEND", "```", "* The LiteralExp must be a compiled time resolvable numeric expression, and may involve operators, as long as such operators involve compile time static value.\n* The EXIT optional statement is the equivalent of the C statement break, and if present, execution of the SWITCH structure will end when the EXIT statement is reached, otherwise it will continue with the first statement below the next CASE statement (fall through).", "### BEGIN SEQUENCE statements", "", "```\nBEGIN SEQUENCE\n \n```", "...", "```\n [BREAK]\n [Break([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\nRECOVER [USING \n```", "Var]\n ...", "```\nEND[SEQUENCE]", "```", "or:", "", "```\nBEGIN SEQUENCE\n \n```", "...", "```\n [BREAK]\n [Break()]\nEND[SEQUENCE]", "```", "The BEGIN SEQUENCE structure allows for a well behaved abortion of any sequence, even when crossing nested procedures/functions. This means that a called procedure/function, may issue a BREAK statement, or a Break() expression, to force unfolding of any nested procedure/functions, all the way back to the first outer BEGIN SEQUENCE structure, either after its respective END statement, or a RECOVER clause if present. The Break statement may optionally pass any type of expression, which may be accepted by the RECOVER statement to allow further recovery handing.", "Additionally the xHarbour [Error Object](/wiki/Error_Object \"Error Object\") supports `canDefault`, `canRetry` and `canSubstitute` properties, which allows error handlers to perform some preparations, and then request a [Retry Operation](/wiki/Retry_Operation \"Retry Operation\"), a [Resume](/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9 \"Résumé\"), or return a [Value](/wiki/Value_%28computer_science%29 \"Value (computer science)\") to replace the expression triggering the error condition.", "### TRY \\[CATCH] \\[FINALLY] statements", "", "```\nTRY\n \n```", "...", "```\n [BREAK]\n [Break([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\n [Throw([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\nCATCH [\n```", "Var]\n ...", "```\nEND", "```", "```\nTRY\n \n```", "...", "```\n [BREAK]\n [Break([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\n [Throw([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\nCATCH [\n```", "Var]\n ...", "```\nFINALLY\n \n```", "...", "```\nEND", "```", "or:", "", "```\nTRY\n \n```", "...", "```\n [BREAK]\n [Break([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\n [Throw([\n```", "Exp])]", "```\nFINALLY\n \n```", "...", "```\nEND", "```", "The TRY construct is very similar to the BEGIN SEQUENCE construct, except it automatically integrates error handling, so that any error will be intercepted, and recovered by means of the CATCH statement or forwarded to an outer CATCH handler otherwise. The FINALLY section is guaranteed to be executed before the TRY or CATCH sections forward flow control by means of RETURN, BREAK, or THROW.", "" ]
Science Shops and the EU ------------------------ The European Commission (EC), which initiates and implements EU policies and spends EU funds, has been an important factor behind the international interest and progress of the Science Shop movement. The EC has financed studies and projects, such as SCIPAS, InterActs, ISSNET and TRAMS which contributed to the development of new Science Shops. The most recent projects, namely PERARES (Public Engagement in Research and Researchers Engaging with Society), EnRRICH (Enhancing Responsible Research and Innovation through Curricula in Higher Education), SciShops and InSPIRES received funding from the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme and the [Horizon 2020](/wiki/Horizon_2020 "Horizon 2020") research and innovation programme. ### PERARES Project The Public Engagement with Research And Research Engagement with Society (PERARES) project was a four years project funded by the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme. The project started in 2010 and aimed to strengthen public engagement in research (PER) by involving researchers and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in the formulation of research agendas and the research process. It used various debates (or dialogues) on Science to actively articulate research request of civil society. These are forwarded to research institutes and results are used in the next phase of the debate. Thus, these debates move ‘upstream’ into agenda settings. For this, partners linked existing debate formats – such as science café’s, science festivals, online\-forums – with the Science Shop network \- already linking civil society and research institutes. To be able to answer to research requests, it was necessary to enlarge and strengthen the network of research bodies doing research for/with CSOs. Thus, ten new Science Shop like facilities throughout Europe are started, mentored by experienced partners. Guidelines to evaluate the impact of engagement activities are developed and tested. ### EnRRICH Project The Enhancing Responsible Research and Innovation through Curricula in Higher Education (EnRRICH) project will run from July 2015 – December 2017\. It will improve the capacity of students and staff in higher education to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes to support the embedding of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in curricula by responding to the research needs of society as expressed by civil society organisations (CSOs). To reach this aim, the project will identify, develop, pilot and disseminate good practice and relevant resources to embed the 5 RRI policy agendas ’Public Engagement’, ‘Science Education’, ‘Open Access’, ‘Ethics’ and ‘Gender’ in academic curricula across Europe. Through sharing learning and initiating discussion and debates at institutional, national and international levels both within the project consortium and beyond it, the EnRRICH project will create a better awareness of, and enhance the policy context for, RRI in curricula and thereby produce more responsible and responsive graduates and researchers. ### SciShops Project The SciShops project will run from September 2017 to February 2020\. Its aim is to build on and expand the capacity of the Science Shops ecosystem in Europe and beyond. As part of the SciShops project, at least ten new university\- and non\-university\-based Science Shops will be established in Europe by project partners. The SciShops team aims to demonstrate the benefits of starting a Science Shop for different kinds of organisation, as well as to show how civil society gains from collaborating with Science Shops in community\-based participatory research. ### InSPIRES Project The Ingenious Science Shops to Promote Participatory Innovation, Research and Equity in Science (InSPIRES project) brings together civil society, practitioners and other stakeholders in Europe, Africa and Latin America, to co\-design, jointly pilot and implement innovative Science Shops models. InSPIRES seeks to support Science Shops that approach vulnerable sectors and unorganized groups of civil society, both in urban and rural areas. Working principally but not exclusively in health and environmental issues, InSPIRES models aim to integrate Responsible Research and Innovation, Open Science and Impact Evaluation in order to promote inclusive and culturally adaptable Science Shop projects to be accurate and responsive to civil society needs and concerns. From April 2017 until March 2021, InSPIRES partners have proposed to conduct 76 projects.	[ "Science Shops and the EU\n------------------------", "The European Commission (EC), which initiates and implements EU policies and spends EU funds, has been an important factor behind the international interest and progress of the Science Shop movement. The EC has financed studies and projects, such as SCIPAS, InterActs, ISSNET and TRAMS which contributed to the development of new Science Shops.", "The most recent projects, namely PERARES (Public Engagement in Research and Researchers Engaging with Society), EnRRICH (Enhancing Responsible Research and Innovation through Curricula in Higher Education), SciShops and InSPIRES received funding from the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme and the [Horizon 2020](/wiki/Horizon_2020 \"Horizon 2020\") research and innovation programme.", "### PERARES Project", "The Public Engagement with Research And Research Engagement with Society (PERARES) project was a four years project funded by the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme. The project started in 2010 and aimed to strengthen public engagement in research (PER) by involving researchers and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in the formulation of research agendas and the research process. It used various debates (or dialogues) on Science to actively articulate research request of civil society. These are forwarded to research institutes and results are used in the next phase of the debate. Thus, these debates move ‘upstream’ into agenda settings. For this, partners linked existing debate formats – such as science café’s, science festivals, online\\-forums – with the Science Shop network \\- already linking civil society and research institutes. To be able to answer to research requests, it was necessary to enlarge and strengthen the network of research bodies doing research for/with CSOs. Thus, ten new Science Shop like facilities throughout Europe are started, mentored by experienced partners. Guidelines to evaluate the impact of engagement activities are developed and tested.", "### EnRRICH Project", "The Enhancing Responsible Research and Innovation through Curricula in Higher Education (EnRRICH) project will run from July 2015 – December 2017\\. It will improve the capacity of students and staff in higher education to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes to support the embedding of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in curricula by responding to the research needs of society as expressed by civil society organisations (CSOs). To reach this aim, the project will identify, develop, pilot and disseminate good practice and relevant resources to embed the 5 RRI policy agendas ’Public Engagement’, ‘Science Education’, ‘Open Access’, ‘Ethics’ and ‘Gender’ in academic curricula across Europe. Through sharing learning and initiating discussion and debates at institutional, national and international levels both within the project consortium and beyond it, the EnRRICH project will create a better awareness of, and enhance the policy context for, RRI in curricula and thereby produce more responsible and responsive graduates and researchers.", "### SciShops Project", "The SciShops project will run from September 2017 to February 2020\\. Its aim is to build on and expand the capacity of the Science Shops ecosystem in Europe and beyond. As part of the SciShops project, at least ten new university\\- and non\\-university\\-based Science Shops will be established in Europe by project partners. The SciShops team aims to demonstrate the benefits of starting a Science Shop for different kinds of organisation, as well as to show how civil society gains from collaborating with Science Shops in community\\-based participatory research.", "### InSPIRES Project", "The Ingenious Science Shops to Promote Participatory Innovation, Research and Equity in Science (InSPIRES project) brings together civil society, practitioners and other stakeholders in Europe, Africa and Latin America, to co\\-design, jointly pilot and implement innovative Science Shops models. InSPIRES seeks to support Science Shops that approach vulnerable sectors and unorganized groups of civil society, both in urban and rural areas.", "Working principally but not exclusively in health and environmental issues, InSPIRES models aim to integrate Responsible Research and Innovation, Open Science and Impact Evaluation in order to promote inclusive and culturally adaptable Science Shop projects to be accurate and responsive to civil society needs and concerns. From April 2017 until March 2021, InSPIRES partners have proposed to conduct 76 projects.", "" ]
Tactics developed ----------------- ### Notes on WW2 submarine warfare Submarines of this era were powered by diesel engines and batteries. They could only use their diesel engines when surfaced, as these needed to breathe air to work. When submerged, the submarine used lead\-acid batteries. The batteries were less powerful than the engine, so the submarine was reduced to about half\-speed: e.g. a [Type VIIC U\-boat](/wiki/Type_VII_submarine "Type VII submarine") could travel at {{convert\\|17\.7\\|kn\\|kph}} on the surface but only {{convert\\|7\.6\\|kn\\|kph}} underwater. The batteries could be exhausted after an hour or so of maximum speed underwater. When the batteries were exhausted, the [U\-boat](/wiki/U-boat "U-boat") would be forced to surface for air and recharge the batteries with the diesel engine. The British were the first to equip their warships with [sonar](/wiki/Sonar "Sonar") to hunt enemy submarines. They called this technology "[ASDIC](/wiki/ASDIC "ASDIC")"; the term "sonar" was later coined by the Americans (this article will prefer the more general term "sonar" as it is more widely known). This technology sent loud pings into the water and located a submerged submarine by the echoes. The U\-boats could hear these pings, of course, so they would know they were being hunted. In practice, ASDIC had an average detection range of {{convert\\|1300\\|yd}}.[Akermann (2002\). Encyclopedia of British Submarines 1901\-1955, p. 47](/wiki/%23refAkermann2002 "#refAkermann2002") ASDIC could be ineffective if there was too much ambient noise in the water. The maximum speed at which a ship could travel while using its ASDIC was about {{convert\\|15\\|kn\\|kph}}, beyond which the noise of its own propeller and engine would drown out the echoes.[Brown (2000\). Nelson to Vanguard](/wiki/%23refBrown2000 "#refBrown2000") Both the U\-boats and the warships also had [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone "Hydrophone") with which they could passively listen for sound in the water. Merchant ships travelled in convoys, surrounded by a ring of escort warships. They were either slow or fast convoys. The slow ones travelled at about {{convert\\|7\\|kn\\|kph}}{{snd}}a speed at which tactical re\-routing was not practical.{{cite book \\|last1\=Milner \\|first1\=Marc \\|title\=Battle of the Atlantic \\|date\=2011 \\|publisher\=The History Press \\|location\=Stroud \\|isbn\=978 0 7524 6646 0}}{{rp\\|80}} U\-boats usually attacked at night. The cover of darkness allowed them to travel at surface depth with less risk of being spotted by look\-outs. Escort ships were equipped with [star shells](/wiki/Star_shell "Star shell"), which when fired in the air would release a burning flare held aloft by a small parachute. This would illuminate the surface of the water, making it easy to spot a surfaced U\-boat. Warships initially used solely [depth charges](/wiki/Depth_charge "Depth charge") to sink submarines. These are explosive charges on a depth sensitive fuse that were dropped into the water around the U\-boat. The hydraulic shockwave produced by the explosion would seriously damage if not sink any submarine within 10 metres.{{cn\\|date\=December 2023}} Later, [ahead\-throwing anti\-submarine weapons](/wiki/Hedgehog_%28weapon%29 "Hedgehog (weapon)") were also used, which had contact fuses. ### Raspberry {{multiple image \\| total\_width \= 500 \\| image1 \= ACI raspberry ne six.jpg \\| caption1 \= This variation of the ''Raspberry'' maneuver was designed for a six\-escort formation with no forward escort. \\| image2 \= Raspberry (NE Eight).jpg \\| caption2 \= This variation of the ''Raspberry'' maneuver was designed for an eight\-escort formation with one forward escort. }} During World War I, the U\-boats typically attacked convoys from outside the formation, striking ships at the perimeter. But reports from convoys in 1942 showed that U\-boats were sinking ships at the center of the formation. Roberts surmised that the U\-boats were somehow sneaking into the formation undetected before firing their torpedoes.[Parkin (2019\). A Game of Birds and Wolves, chpt. 11](/wiki/%23refParkin2019 "#refParkin2019"): "If the U\-boats were firing from outside the perimeter of the convoy, how had Annavore, which was in the centre of the convoy, been sunk? Might it be possible, he wondered, that the U\-boat had attacked the ship from inside the columns of the convoy?" Roberts and his team tested various ways by which a U\-boat might sneak into a convoy, sink a ship, and escape undetected. Only one tactic worked on the game board: The U\-boat snuck into the convoy from the rear, on the surface so that it could use its diesel engine to outpace the convoy. Since these attacks happened at night and the look\-outs tended to focus on the front, the U\-boat was not easily spotted, and once inside the convoy it was indistinguishable from the other ships on radar. The U\-boat would then sink a merchant ship with a torpedo at close range, then submerge to make its escape.[Parkin (2019\). A Game of Birds and Wolves, chpt. 11](/wiki/%23refParkin2019 "#refParkin2019"): "Between them, Roberts and the two Wrens began to plot different scenarios that might have enabled the U\-boat to sneak into the convoy without being detected. Only one checked out: the U\-boat had entered the columns of the convoy from behind. And it must have done so on the surface, where it was able to travel at a faster speed than the ships. By approaching from astern, where the lookouts rarely checked, the U\-boat would be able to slip inside the convoy undetected, fire at close range, then submerge in order to get away." Roberts and his team developed the Raspberry maneuver. Upon seeing a convoy vessel being torpedoed, any escort was to fire two white rockets or Roman candles, then say the word "raspberry" over the radio to commence the maneuver. Any forward escorts maintain course, firing star shells. The escorts to the rear and flanks of the convoy converge towards the convoy at a speed of 15 knots. One rear escort sweeps the stern of the convoy. The other escorts, upon nearing the edge of the convoy, turn around and sweep away from the convoy firing star shells for 10 to 12 minutes. Then they turn and sweep back to their starting position. While doing this, all the ships fire star shells outwards to light up the surface of the water.Article 120, Atlantic Convoy Instructions Raspberry is likely a development of an earlier maneuver known as Buttercup, which was developed by Frederic J. Walker, an escort commander. Buttercup was criticized by the Admiralty for not having all the escorts sweep for the U\-boat in all directions. In Buttercup, the escorts would only sweep to the side of the convoy where the attack was thought to have come from, which meant the U\-boat could escape if the escort commander made the wrong call. Additionally, only the escort commander could order the maneuver, which could have caused a fatal delay. By contrast, Raspberry has all the escorts sweep the entire perimeter, and any of the escorts could order the maneuver.{{Cite web \\|title\=Buttercup vs Raspberry Connections Online 2022 \\|url\=http://www.admiraltytrilogy.com/pdf/Buttercup\_vs\_Raspberry\_Connections\_Online\_2022\.pdf \\|access\-date\= \\|website\=www.admiraltytrilogy.com}} It was Jean Laidlaw who proposed the name Raspberry, as in "[blowing a raspberry](/wiki/Blowing_a_raspberry "Blowing a raspberry") at Hitler". Raspberry was cancelled in May 1943\.Admiralty order P. 197/43 {{\-}} ### Pineapple {{multiple image \\| total\_width \= 500 \\| image1 \= Pineapple (NE Six).jpg \\| caption1 \= The ''Pineapple'' maneuver, adapted for a six\-escort formation when a second attack is expected to come from ahead. \\| image2 \= ACI pineapple 2\.jpg \\| caption2 \= The ''Pineapple'' maneuver, adapted for a seven\-escort formation when a second attack is expected to come from astern. }} Pineapple was designed to be an alternative to Raspberry and Banana. It was to be used when more than one U\-boat was attacking the convoy, and was designed to do four things: (1\) Force a second U\-boat to dive before being able to attack; (2\) Give a chance of detecting a U\-boat which has already fired torpedoes; (3\) Prevent another U\-boat from sighting the convoy in any illumination used to detect the U\-boat which has already attacked; and (4\) Increase chance of detection of any submerged U\-boat which is about to attack and to form a greater physical obstruction in the submarine attacking area. Upon noticing a ship getting torpedoed, any escort fires two white rockets and then says the word "pineapple" over the radio to commence the maneuver. Depth charges are to be set to ten\-charge shallow pattern. The escorts keep moving forward in zigzag patterns that are 2 miles wide, searching for the U\-boats using sonar, radar, and star shells. The escorts facing the expected direction of the second U\-boat fire star shells away from the convoy to search for the second U\-boat. They were not to fire star shells into the convoy, and the escorts on the opposite side of the convoy were not to fire star shells at all — this was probably to avoid lighting up the convoy, which would have made it easy for the second U\-boat to spot.Article 134, Atlantic Convoy Instructions {{\-}} ### Banana {{multiple image \\| total\_width \= 500 \\| image1 \= ACI Banana 1\.jpg \\| caption1 \= ''Banana'' variant for a six\-escort formation. \\| image2 \= ACI banana 2\.jpg \\| caption2 \= ''Banana'' variant for a nine\-escort formation. }} Banana was intended for when a single U\-boat attacked the convoy (unlike Pineapple which was intended for pack attacks). Along with Pineapple, it supplanted Raspberry. Upon seeing a merchant ship being torpedoed, the escort was to fire two white rockets or Roman candles and signal "banana" over the radio, then begin sweeping with sonar and radar at maximum viable speed. The rear escorts fire star shells outwards, then move into the convoy to sweep with sonar in a zigzag pattern. The first of these escorts to reach the wreck of the torpedoed vessel carries out Operation Observant in the area. The escorts to the flanks of the convoy sweep towards the rear of the convoy until they were abreast of the rear escorts, after which they turn around and sweep forward in a zigzag pattern. The forward escorts were to sweep forward in a zigzag pattern.Article 136, Atlantic Convoy Instructions {{\-}} ### Beta Search [right\\|thumb\\|Alpha Search, developed by Frederic Walker.](/wiki/File:Alpha_Search.jpg "Alpha Search.jpg") [right\\|thumb\\|Beta Search, developed by Roberts' team at WATU.](/wiki/File:Beta_Search.jpg "Beta Search.jpg") Beta Search was a maneuver by which an escort might be able to locate a U\-Boat that it had spotted shadowing a convoy. The manual for escort commanders (Atlantic Convoy Instructions) noted that a single escort had a poor chance of finding and destroying a U\-boat, but by assuming the most likely course the U\-Boat would take and searching within that vicinity, the odds of success could be raised somewhat. Beta Search was a development of an earlier maneuver developed by Commander Frederic Walker called Alpha Search. The advantage of Beta Search over Alpha Search is that Beta Search persuades the U\-boat to move in a specific direction. The disadvantage of Beta Search is that the escort must be fitted with "special plotting equipment" to use it.Article 106, Atlantic Convoy Instructions In Alpha Search, the escort turns to head straight for the U\-boat, which will prompt the U\-boat to dive. The escort then turns 20 degrees. When the escort reaches the U\-boat's "furthest towards" circle, it alters course towards the position the U\-boat dived, moving in a zigzag with short legs{{efn\\|Make turns at short intervals (3 to 7 minutes) as opposed to long\-leg zigzags of 10 to 30 minutes.}} pattern. Upon passing the location where the U\-boat dived, the escort drops a marker in the water, then proceeds for the same distanced zigzagging. Then it turns 90 degrees towards the convoy and begins a search pattern known as Operation Observant. In Beta Search, the escort turns towards the U\-boat, but not directly towards it. The U\-boat would likely react by submerging and following a course parallel to the convoy. The escort then moves towards the U\-boat's predicted position along that course (this would be on a roughly 15 degree angle from the bearing on which the U\-boat was spotted). When the escort reaches the U\-boat's "furthest towards" circle, it starts "zigzagging with short legs". When the escort passes over the U\-boat's predicted line of escape, it was to drop a sea marker in the water. When the escort reached the U\-boat's "furthest away" circle, it was to turn 90 degrees towards the position where the U\-boat dived and begin Operation Observant. {{\-}} ### Step Aside [right\\|thumb](/wiki/File:WATU_Step-Aside_diagram_2.svg "WATU Step-Aside diagram 2.svg") Step Aside was a maneuver by which a warship could attack a U\-boat armed with [acoustic torpedoes](/wiki/Acoustic_torpedo "Acoustic torpedo"), specifically the [T5 Zaunkönig](/wiki/G7es_torpedo "G7es torpedo") torpedo, which the Royal Navy referred to as the GNAT (German Navy Acoustic Torpedo). This torpedo used built\-in [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone "Hydrophone") to guide itself to its target by sound. The first use of this torpedo was on 20 September 1943 against convoy ON 202\. The Royal Navy was already aware that the Germans had developed an acoustic torpedo through interrogations of captured Germans and decrypted communications.[Polmar \& Allen (2012\). World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941\-1945](/wiki/%23refPolmarAllen2012 "#refPolmarAllen2012"), p. 343 In the attack on ON 202, a frigate was hit in the rear while it was bearing down on the U\-boat, something which could only have been done by a homing torpedo. The torpedo was drawn to the sound of the frigate's propeller. Roberts and his team at WATU developed a maneuver known as Step Aside, in which the warship made sharp turns to dodge the acoustic torpedoes the U\-boat might fire as the warship maneuvered into attack range. Step Aside was communicated by radio to escort commanders at sea on 23 September 1943\.[Williams (1979\)](/wiki/%23refWilliams1979 "#refWilliams1979") writes that the captain of [HMS Orchis](/wiki/HMS_Orchis_%28K76%29 "HMS Orchis (K76)") received Step\-Aside over radio "a few hours" after his convoy had been attacked by U\-boats, during which [HMS Itchen](/wiki/HMS_Itchen_%28K227%29 "HMS Itchen (K227)") was sunk. Itchen was lost in the early morning of 23 September 1943\. Upon sighting a U\-boat within 6,000 yards, the ship heads straight for the U\-boat at best speed for 2 minutes. It was expected that the U\-boat would fire its acoustic torpedo when it saw the ship heading straight for it.[Williams (1979\). Captain Gilbert Roberts](/wiki/%23refWilliams1979 "#refWilliams1979"), p. 129: "It was obvious that the U\-boat did not fire its acoustic torpedo until it was sure the escort was attacking." After 2 minutes, the ship turns 60 degrees left or right and holds this divergent course for 3 minutes, thereby putting itself outside the acoustic torpedo's detection range.{{efn\\|The T5 acoustic torpedo had a speed of 24 knots and a range of 5,000 yards, though these exact details were likely unknown to WATU. The fastest torpedo in the German arsenal was the (non\-acoustic) \[\[G7a torpedo\\|G7a]], which could travel at 40 knots.}} Then the ship turns to head straight for the U\-boat again. If the U\-boat has not yet dived, the ship repeats the maneuver: sail towards the U\-boat for 2 minutes, then turn 60 degrees, etc. The warship repeats this process until the U\-boat dives. When the U\-boat dives, the ship rushes to the U\-boat's diving position, then slows down to do a sonar search.{{Cite web \\|title\=ADM 239\-298 C4P381 Step\-Aside.pdf \\|url\=https://www.dropbox.com/s/9mpke0gth81zzkb/ADM%20239\-298%20C4P381%20Step\-Aside.pdf?dl\=0 \\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \\|website\=Dropbox \\|language\=en}} Step Aside was intended for warships that could not go faster than {{convert\\|24\\|kn\\|kph}} and which were not equipped with [Foxer](/wiki/Foxer "Foxer") decoys. Most convoy escorts were frigates and corvettes, with a maximum speed of 16 to 20 knots. 24 knots was the speed at which the T5 torpedo moved, so ships which could go faster than that (destroyers) could just outrun the torpedo. {{\-}}	[ "Tactics developed\n-----------------", "### Notes on WW2 submarine warfare", "Submarines of this era were powered by diesel engines and batteries. They could only use their diesel engines when surfaced, as these needed to breathe air to work. When submerged, the submarine used lead\\-acid batteries. The batteries were less powerful than the engine, so the submarine was reduced to about half\\-speed: e.g. a [Type VIIC U\\-boat](/wiki/Type_VII_submarine \"Type VII submarine\") could travel at {{convert\\\|17\\.7\\\|kn\\\|kph}} on the surface but only {{convert\\\|7\\.6\\\|kn\\\|kph}} underwater. The batteries could be exhausted after an hour or so of maximum speed underwater. When the batteries were exhausted, the [U\\-boat](/wiki/U-boat \"U-boat\") would be forced to surface for air and recharge the batteries with the diesel engine.", "The British were the first to equip their warships with [sonar](/wiki/Sonar \"Sonar\") to hunt enemy submarines. They called this technology \"[ASDIC](/wiki/ASDIC \"ASDIC\")\"; the term \"sonar\" was later coined by the Americans (this article will prefer the more general term \"sonar\" as it is more widely known). This technology sent loud pings into the water and located a submerged submarine by the echoes. The U\\-boats could hear these pings, of course, so they would know they were being hunted. In practice, ASDIC had an average detection range of {{convert\\\|1300\\\|yd}}.[Akermann (2002\\). Encyclopedia of British Submarines 1901\\-1955, p. 47](/wiki/%23refAkermann2002 \"#refAkermann2002\") ASDIC could be ineffective if there was too much ambient noise in the water. The maximum speed at which a ship could travel while using its ASDIC was about {{convert\\\|15\\\|kn\\\|kph}}, beyond which the noise of its own propeller and engine would drown out the echoes.[Brown (2000\\). Nelson to Vanguard](/wiki/%23refBrown2000 \"#refBrown2000\") Both the U\\-boats and the warships also had [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone \"Hydrophone\") with which they could passively listen for sound in the water.", "Merchant ships travelled in convoys, surrounded by a ring of escort warships. They were either slow or fast convoys. The slow ones travelled at about {{convert\\\|7\\\|kn\\\|kph}}{{snd}}a speed at which tactical re\\-routing was not practical.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Milner \\\|first1\\=Marc \\\|title\\=Battle of the Atlantic \\\|date\\=2011 \\\|publisher\\=The History Press \\\|location\\=Stroud \\\|isbn\\=978 0 7524 6646 0}}{{rp\\\|80}}", "U\\-boats usually attacked at night. The cover of darkness allowed them to travel at surface depth with less risk of being spotted by look\\-outs. Escort ships were equipped with [star shells](/wiki/Star_shell \"Star shell\"), which when fired in the air would release a burning flare held aloft by a small parachute. This would illuminate the surface of the water, making it easy to spot a surfaced U\\-boat.", "Warships initially used solely [depth charges](/wiki/Depth_charge \"Depth charge\") to sink submarines. These are explosive charges on a depth sensitive fuse that were dropped into the water around the U\\-boat. The hydraulic shockwave produced by the explosion would seriously damage if not sink any submarine within 10 metres.{{cn\\\|date\\=December 2023}} Later, [ahead\\-throwing anti\\-submarine weapons](/wiki/Hedgehog_%28weapon%29 \"Hedgehog (weapon)\") were also used, which had contact fuses.", "### Raspberry", "{{multiple image\n \\\| total\\_width \\= 500\n \\\| image1 \\= ACI raspberry ne six.jpg\n \\\| caption1 \\= This variation of the ''Raspberry'' maneuver was designed for a six\\-escort formation with no forward escort.\n \\\| image2 \\= Raspberry (NE Eight).jpg\n \\\| caption2 \\= This variation of the ''Raspberry'' maneuver was designed for an eight\\-escort formation with one forward escort.\n}}", "During World War I, the U\\-boats typically attacked convoys from outside the formation, striking ships at the perimeter. But reports from convoys in 1942 showed that U\\-boats were sinking ships at the center of the formation. Roberts surmised that the U\\-boats were somehow sneaking into the formation undetected before firing their torpedoes.[Parkin (2019\\). A Game of Birds and Wolves, chpt. 11](/wiki/%23refParkin2019 \"#refParkin2019\"): \"If the U\\-boats were firing from outside the perimeter of the convoy, how had Annavore, which was in the centre of the convoy, been sunk? Might it be possible, he wondered, that the U\\-boat had attacked the ship from inside the columns of the convoy?\" Roberts and his team tested various ways by which a U\\-boat might sneak into a convoy, sink a ship, and escape undetected. Only one tactic worked on the game board: The U\\-boat snuck into the convoy from the rear, on the surface so that it could use its diesel engine to outpace the convoy. Since these attacks happened at night and the look\\-outs tended to focus on the front, the U\\-boat was not easily spotted, and once inside the convoy it was indistinguishable from the other ships on radar. The U\\-boat would then sink a merchant ship with a torpedo at close range, then submerge to make its escape.[Parkin (2019\\). A Game of Birds and Wolves, chpt. 11](/wiki/%23refParkin2019 \"#refParkin2019\"): \"Between them, Roberts and the two Wrens began to plot different scenarios that might have enabled the U\\-boat to sneak into the convoy without being detected. Only one checked out: the U\\-boat had entered the columns of the convoy from behind. And it must have done so on the surface, where it was able to travel at a faster speed than the ships. By approaching from astern, where the lookouts rarely checked, the U\\-boat would be able to slip inside the convoy undetected, fire at close range, then submerge in order to get away.\"", "Roberts and his team developed the Raspberry maneuver. Upon seeing a convoy vessel being torpedoed, any escort was to fire two white rockets or Roman candles, then say the word \"raspberry\" over the radio to commence the maneuver. Any forward escorts maintain course, firing star shells. The escorts to the rear and flanks of the convoy converge towards the convoy at a speed of 15 knots. One rear escort sweeps the stern of the convoy. The other escorts, upon nearing the edge of the convoy, turn around and sweep away from the convoy firing star shells for 10 to 12 minutes. Then they turn and sweep back to their starting position. While doing this, all the ships fire star shells outwards to light up the surface of the water.Article 120, Atlantic Convoy Instructions", "Raspberry is likely a development of an earlier maneuver known as Buttercup, which was developed by Frederic J. Walker, an escort commander. Buttercup was criticized by the Admiralty for not having all the escorts sweep for the U\\-boat in all directions. In Buttercup, the escorts would only sweep to the side of the convoy where the attack was thought to have come from, which meant the U\\-boat could escape if the escort commander made the wrong call. Additionally, only the escort commander could order the maneuver, which could have caused a fatal delay. By contrast, Raspberry has all the escorts sweep the entire perimeter, and any of the escorts could order the maneuver.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Buttercup vs Raspberry Connections Online 2022 \\\|url\\=http://www.admiraltytrilogy.com/pdf/Buttercup\\_vs\\_Raspberry\\_Connections\\_Online\\_2022\\.pdf \\\|access\\-date\\= \\\|website\\=www.admiraltytrilogy.com}}", "It was Jean Laidlaw who proposed the name Raspberry, as in \"[blowing a raspberry](/wiki/Blowing_a_raspberry \"Blowing a raspberry\") at Hitler\".", "Raspberry was cancelled in May 1943\\.Admiralty order P. 197/43\n{{\\-}}", "### Pineapple", "{{multiple image\n \\\| total\\_width \\= 500\n \\\| image1 \\= Pineapple (NE Six).jpg\n \\\| caption1 \\= The ''Pineapple'' maneuver, adapted for a six\\-escort formation when a second attack is expected to come from ahead.\n \\\| image2 \\= ACI pineapple 2\\.jpg\n \\\| caption2 \\= The ''Pineapple'' maneuver, adapted for a seven\\-escort formation when a second attack is expected to come from astern.\n}}", "Pineapple was designed to be an alternative to Raspberry and Banana. It was to be used when more than one U\\-boat was attacking the convoy, and was designed to do four things: (1\\) Force a second U\\-boat to dive before being able to attack; (2\\) Give a chance of detecting a U\\-boat which has already fired torpedoes; (3\\) Prevent another U\\-boat from sighting the convoy in any illumination used to detect the U\\-boat which has already attacked; and (4\\) Increase chance of detection of any submerged U\\-boat which is about to attack and to form a greater physical obstruction in the submarine attacking area.", "Upon noticing a ship getting torpedoed, any escort fires two white rockets and then says the word \"pineapple\" over the radio to commence the maneuver. Depth charges are to be set to ten\\-charge shallow pattern. The escorts keep moving forward in zigzag patterns that are 2 miles wide, searching for the U\\-boats using sonar, radar, and star shells. The escorts facing the expected direction of the second U\\-boat fire star shells away from the convoy to search for the second U\\-boat. They were not to fire star shells into the convoy, and the escorts on the opposite side of the convoy were not to fire star shells at all — this was probably to avoid lighting up the convoy, which would have made it easy for the second U\\-boat to spot.Article 134, Atlantic Convoy Instructions\n{{\\-}}", "### Banana", "{{multiple image\n \\\| total\\_width \\= 500\n \\\| image1 \\= ACI Banana 1\\.jpg\n \\\| caption1 \\= ''Banana'' variant for a six\\-escort formation.\n \\\| image2 \\= ACI banana 2\\.jpg\n \\\| caption2 \\= ''Banana'' variant for a nine\\-escort formation.\n}}", "Banana was intended for when a single U\\-boat attacked the convoy (unlike Pineapple which was intended for pack attacks). Along with Pineapple, it supplanted Raspberry.", "Upon seeing a merchant ship being torpedoed, the escort was to fire two white rockets or Roman candles and signal \"banana\" over the radio, then begin sweeping with sonar and radar at maximum viable speed. The rear escorts fire star shells outwards, then move into the convoy to sweep with sonar in a zigzag pattern. The first of these escorts to reach the wreck of the torpedoed vessel carries out Operation Observant in the area. The escorts to the flanks of the convoy sweep towards the rear of the convoy until they were abreast of the rear escorts, after which they turn around and sweep forward in a zigzag pattern. The forward escorts were to sweep forward in a zigzag pattern.Article 136, Atlantic Convoy Instructions\n{{\\-}}", "### Beta Search", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|Alpha Search, developed by Frederic Walker.](/wiki/File:Alpha_Search.jpg \"Alpha Search.jpg\")\n[right\\\|thumb\\\|Beta Search, developed by Roberts' team at WATU.](/wiki/File:Beta_Search.jpg \"Beta Search.jpg\")\nBeta Search was a maneuver by which an escort might be able to locate a U\\-Boat that it had spotted shadowing a convoy. The manual for escort commanders (Atlantic Convoy Instructions) noted that a single escort had a poor chance of finding and destroying a U\\-boat, but by assuming the most likely course the U\\-Boat would take and searching within that vicinity, the odds of success could be raised somewhat. Beta Search was a development of an earlier maneuver developed by Commander Frederic Walker called Alpha Search. The advantage of Beta Search over Alpha Search is that Beta Search persuades the U\\-boat to move in a specific direction. The disadvantage of Beta Search is that the escort must be fitted with \"special plotting equipment\" to use it.Article 106, Atlantic Convoy Instructions", "In Alpha Search, the escort turns to head straight for the U\\-boat, which will prompt the U\\-boat to dive. The escort then turns 20 degrees. When the escort reaches the U\\-boat's \"furthest towards\" circle, it alters course towards the position the U\\-boat dived, moving in a zigzag with short legs{{efn\\\|Make turns at short intervals (3 to 7 minutes) as opposed to long\\-leg zigzags of 10 to 30 minutes.}} pattern. Upon passing the location where the U\\-boat dived, the escort drops a marker in the water, then proceeds for the same distanced zigzagging. Then it turns 90 degrees towards the convoy and begins a search pattern known as Operation Observant.", "In Beta Search, the escort turns towards the U\\-boat, but not directly towards it. The U\\-boat would likely react by submerging and following a course parallel to the convoy. The escort then moves towards the U\\-boat's predicted position along that course (this would be on a roughly 15 degree angle from the bearing on which the U\\-boat was spotted). When the escort reaches the U\\-boat's \"furthest towards\" circle, it starts \"zigzagging with short legs\". When the escort passes over the U\\-boat's predicted line of escape, it was to drop a sea marker in the water. When the escort reached the U\\-boat's \"furthest away\" circle, it was to turn 90 degrees towards the position where the U\\-boat dived and begin Operation Observant.\n{{\\-}}", "### Step Aside", "[right\\\|thumb](/wiki/File:WATU_Step-Aside_diagram_2.svg \"WATU Step-Aside diagram 2.svg\")\nStep Aside was a maneuver by which a warship could attack a U\\-boat armed with [acoustic torpedoes](/wiki/Acoustic_torpedo \"Acoustic torpedo\"), specifically the [T5 Zaunkönig](/wiki/G7es_torpedo \"G7es torpedo\") torpedo, which the Royal Navy referred to as the GNAT (German Navy Acoustic Torpedo). This torpedo used built\\-in [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone \"Hydrophone\") to guide itself to its target by sound. The first use of this torpedo was on 20 September 1943 against convoy ON 202\\. The Royal Navy was already aware that the Germans had developed an acoustic torpedo through interrogations of captured Germans and decrypted communications.[Polmar \\& Allen (2012\\). World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941\\-1945](/wiki/%23refPolmarAllen2012 \"#refPolmarAllen2012\"), p. 343 In the attack on ON 202, a frigate was hit in the rear while it was bearing down on the U\\-boat, something which could only have been done by a homing torpedo. The torpedo was drawn to the sound of the frigate's propeller. Roberts and his team at WATU developed a maneuver known as Step Aside, in which the warship made sharp turns to dodge the acoustic torpedoes the U\\-boat might fire as the warship maneuvered into attack range. Step Aside was communicated by radio to escort commanders at sea on 23 September 1943\\.[Williams (1979\\)](/wiki/%23refWilliams1979 \"#refWilliams1979\") writes that the captain of [HMS Orchis](/wiki/HMS_Orchis_%28K76%29 \"HMS Orchis (K76)\") received Step\\-Aside over radio \"a few hours\" after his convoy had been attacked by U\\-boats, during which [HMS Itchen](/wiki/HMS_Itchen_%28K227%29 \"HMS Itchen (K227)\") was sunk. Itchen was lost in the early morning of 23 September 1943\\.", "Upon sighting a U\\-boat within 6,000 yards, the ship heads straight for the U\\-boat at best speed for 2 minutes. It was expected that the U\\-boat would fire its acoustic torpedo when it saw the ship heading straight for it.[Williams (1979\\). Captain Gilbert Roberts](/wiki/%23refWilliams1979 \"#refWilliams1979\"), p. 129: \"It was obvious that the U\\-boat did not fire its acoustic torpedo until it was sure the escort was attacking.\" After 2 minutes, the ship turns 60 degrees left or right and holds this divergent course for 3 minutes, thereby putting itself outside the acoustic torpedo's detection range.{{efn\\\|The T5 acoustic torpedo had a speed of 24 knots and a range of 5,000 yards, though these exact details were likely unknown to WATU. The fastest torpedo in the German arsenal was the (non\\-acoustic) \\[\\[G7a torpedo\\\|G7a]], which could travel at 40 knots.}} Then the ship turns to head straight for the U\\-boat again. If the U\\-boat has not yet dived, the ship repeats the maneuver: sail towards the U\\-boat for 2 minutes, then turn 60 degrees, etc. The warship repeats this process until the U\\-boat dives. When the U\\-boat dives, the ship rushes to the U\\-boat's diving position, then slows down to do a sonar search.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=ADM 239\\-298 C4P381 Step\\-Aside.pdf \\\|url\\=https://www.dropbox.com/s/9mpke0gth81zzkb/ADM%20239\\-298%20C4P381%20Step\\-Aside.pdf?dl\\=0 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\\|website\\=Dropbox \\\|language\\=en}}", "Step Aside was intended for warships that could not go faster than {{convert\\\|24\\\|kn\\\|kph}} and which were not equipped with [Foxer](/wiki/Foxer \"Foxer\") decoys. Most convoy escorts were frigates and corvettes, with a maximum speed of 16 to 20 knots. 24 knots was the speed at which the T5 torpedo moved, so ships which could go faster than that (destroyers) could just outrun the torpedo.\n{{\\-}}", "" ]
Game and rules -------------- Jereed is a means of improving equestrian skills, and involves two teams of horsemen, each armed with dried [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak") or [poplar](/wiki/Populus "Populus") sticks. The sticks with rubber\-tipped, blunt ends are 70–100 cm in length and 2–3 cm in diameter. Originally, the sticks were heavier and thicker, however in order to reduce the risk of injury, players came to prefer sticks made of poplar, which become lighter when dried. The teams are formed by six, eight or twelve players, standing on opposite sides of a field marked within a square of 70 to 130 meters. There are three "end zones" of about six meters deep at each end of the field, being a team's waiting area, thus meaning a neutral zone and the opposing team's throwing area. Each team has its own flag. The horses should not be younger than four years of age. A medium height horse is preferred because tall horses are not quick to maneuver, therefore most suitable ones are [Arabian](/wiki/Arabian_horse "Arabian horse") and [Turkoman horses](/wiki/Turkoman_horse "Turkoman horse"). The Jereed game begins with introduction of the players to the spectators with words of praise, followed by handshakes at center field and a parade of each team with its flag. Meanwhile, drums and [zurnas](/wiki/Zurna "Zurna") (reed pipes) play [Ottoman military marches](/wiki/Ottoman_military_band "Ottoman military band") and [Köroğlu folk music](/wiki/Epic_of_K%C3%B6ro%C4%9Flu "Epic of Köroğlu"). Riders test the field and their horses, than go back to their section. Jereed players in traditional regional costumes, a remembrance of the [Sipahis](/wiki/Sipahi "Sipahi") (Ottoman cavalrymen), mount their local breed horses, specially trained for this sport. The teams line up facing one another on the field, each player at a distance of about 10 meters from the next. With their right hand, they hold the first jereed that they will throw while holding other jereed in their left hand. At the beginning of the game, it is traditional for the youngest rider to trot towards the opposing team, shout the name of a player and at a distance of 30 to 40 meters toss his jereed at that player challenging him to enter the game. Then, he gallops back to his side, meanwhile the challenged player pursues him and throws a jereed at the fleeing player. Another player from the first team comes out and meets the retreating rider. The player from the second team starts riding quickly to his corner and takes his former place. This time, his rival chases him and throws a jereed at him. The fast\-charging chase game goes on in two 45\-minute periods. This process of chasing and fleeing, while trying to hit an opponent with a stick, is the essence of the game, which requires skill and sportsmanship. To hit the horse instead of the rider, which is regarded as a sign of inexperience, is against the rules, and causes the offender to be sent off the field. The referees, who are former jereed players with standing in the community, count the number of hits and at the end of the game announce the winning team. Experienced jereed players rarely miss hitting an opponent, and are skilled at avoiding hits themselves by performing [acrobatics](/wiki/Acrobatics "Acrobatics") on horseback. Part of the skill lies in training the horses so that they play a significant role in the outcome of the game. The formation of the two teams has its traditional etiquette. Care is taken not to put players, who are on bad terms in opposing teams, and players, who display deliberately hostile behavior during a match are blacklisted. A player wins points when he manages to hit his rival with the stick, or ride him out, or catch an incoming jereed in mid\-air. He will get negative points for actions that might endanger the horse, such as riding out of bounds or striking a horse intentionally; falling off his horse; throwing the stick from inside the neutral zone; or throwing from closer than five meters during pursuit. Referees posted at the center line and at each end of the field award both positive and negative points with their flags. The players make several different defensive maneuvers in order to avoid being hit by leaning towards either side of the horse, under the horse's stomach or even its neck. Some players score more points by hitting his opponent three or four times before that player manages to escape and take his place back in his row. Jereed boys run across the field to retrieve errant throws and deliver them to the end zones of both sides. Even though today jereed tips are rounded rubber and light, sometimes players might be injured if they are hit on the head, eyes or ears. With today's sticks it is very rare but these injuries might even result in death. If a player dies in the field, he is considered to have lost his life in battle as a [martyr](/wiki/Martyr "Martyr") and his relatives do not sue against other player, except that a public case is opened by the court and a legal trial is done anyway. Therefore, if there are any known hostilities amongst players they can be left out of the tournament or put in the same team by the elder people of the locality, or by the referees, before the game starts. At the end of the game, the winner is announced by a council of former jereed players depending on points collected by two teams. Organizers give awards to the winning team and a [banquet](/wiki/Banquet%23Sports_Banquets "Banquet#Sports Banquets") is held.	[ "Game and rules\n--------------", "Jereed is a means of improving equestrian skills, and involves two teams of horsemen, each armed with dried [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\") or [poplar](/wiki/Populus \"Populus\") sticks. The sticks with rubber\\-tipped, blunt ends are 70–100 cm in length and 2–3 cm in diameter. Originally, the sticks were heavier and thicker, however in order to reduce the risk of injury, players came to prefer sticks made of poplar, which become lighter when dried.", "The teams are formed by six, eight or twelve players, standing on opposite sides of a field marked within a square of 70 to 130 meters. There are three \"end zones\" of about six meters deep at each end of the field, being a team's waiting area, thus meaning a neutral zone and the opposing team's throwing area. Each team has its own flag. The horses should not be younger than four years of age. A medium height horse is preferred because tall horses are not quick to maneuver, therefore most suitable ones are [Arabian](/wiki/Arabian_horse \"Arabian horse\") and [Turkoman horses](/wiki/Turkoman_horse \"Turkoman horse\").", "The Jereed game begins with introduction of the players to the spectators with words of praise, followed by handshakes at center field and a parade of each team with its flag. Meanwhile, drums and [zurnas](/wiki/Zurna \"Zurna\") (reed pipes) play [Ottoman military marches](/wiki/Ottoman_military_band \"Ottoman military band\") and [Köroğlu folk music](/wiki/Epic_of_K%C3%B6ro%C4%9Flu \"Epic of Köroğlu\").", "Riders test the field and their horses, than go back to their section. Jereed players in traditional regional costumes, a remembrance of the [Sipahis](/wiki/Sipahi \"Sipahi\") (Ottoman cavalrymen), mount their local breed horses, specially trained for this sport. The teams line up facing one another on the field, each player at a distance of about 10 meters from the next. With their right hand, they hold the first jereed that they will throw while holding other jereed in their left hand.", "At the beginning of the game, it is traditional for the youngest rider to trot towards the opposing team, shout the name of a player and at a distance of 30 to 40 meters toss his jereed at that player challenging him to enter the game. Then, he gallops back to his side, meanwhile the challenged player pursues him and throws a jereed at the fleeing player. Another player from the first team comes out and meets the retreating rider. The player from the second team starts riding quickly to his corner and takes his former place. This time, his rival chases him and throws a jereed at him. The fast\\-charging chase game goes on in two 45\\-minute periods.", "This process of chasing and fleeing, while trying to hit an opponent with a stick, is the essence of the game, which requires skill and sportsmanship. To hit the horse instead of the rider, which is regarded as a sign of inexperience, is against the rules, and causes the offender to be sent off the field.", "The referees, who are former jereed players with standing in the community, count the number of hits and at the end of the game announce the winning team. Experienced jereed players rarely miss hitting an opponent, and are skilled at avoiding hits themselves by performing [acrobatics](/wiki/Acrobatics \"Acrobatics\") on horseback. Part of the skill lies in training the horses so that they play a significant role in the outcome of the game. The formation of the two teams has its traditional etiquette. Care is taken not to put players, who are on bad terms in opposing teams, and players, who display deliberately hostile behavior during a match are blacklisted.", "A player wins points when he manages to hit his rival with the stick, or ride him out, or catch an incoming jereed in mid\\-air. He will get negative points for actions that might endanger the horse, such as riding out of bounds or striking a horse intentionally; falling off his horse; throwing the stick from inside the neutral zone; or throwing from closer than five meters during pursuit. Referees posted at the center line and at each end of the field award both positive and negative points with their flags.", "The players make several different defensive maneuvers in order to avoid being hit by leaning towards either side of the horse, under the horse's stomach or even its neck. Some players score more points by hitting his opponent three or four times before that player manages to escape and take his place back in his row. Jereed boys run across the field to retrieve errant throws and deliver them to the end zones of both sides. Even though today jereed tips are rounded rubber and light, sometimes players might be injured if they are hit on the head, eyes or ears. With today's sticks it is very rare but these injuries might even result in death. If a player dies in the field, he is considered to have lost his life in battle as a [martyr](/wiki/Martyr \"Martyr\") and his relatives do not sue against other player, except that a public case is opened by the court and a legal trial is done anyway. Therefore, if there are any known hostilities amongst players they can be left out of the tournament or put in the same team by the elder people of the locality, or by the referees, before the game starts.", "At the end of the game, the winner is announced by a council of former jereed players depending on points collected by two teams. Organizers give awards to the winning team and a [banquet](/wiki/Banquet%23Sports_Banquets \"Banquet#Sports Banquets\") is held.", "" ]
Career and education -------------------- Lawton has served as the Principal Conductor of the [Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg](/wiki/Deutsches_Filmorchester_Babelsberg "Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg") in [Potsdam](/wiki/Potsdam "Potsdam") since 1999\. His activities with the Filmorchester include performances of silent films, studio recordings for film and television productions and orchestral concerts. Since 2005 he has served as conductor of the Landespolizeiorchester Nordrhein\-Westfalen, a professional symphonic wind orchestra based in Wuppertal. From 2004 to 2009 he also served as music director of the summer festival in [Bad Gandersheim](/wiki/Bad_Gandersheim "Bad Gandersheim"). During his high school years, Lawton attended programs of the [Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Arts](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Governor%27s_Schools_of_Excellence "Pennsylvania Governor's Schools of Excellence") and the summer program of the [Berklee School of Music](/wiki/Berklee_School_of_Music "Berklee School of Music"). His university studies led to degrees from the [Oberlin Conservatory](/wiki/Oberlin_Conservatory "Oberlin Conservatory") and the [University of Cincinnati](/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati"). For several summers in the mid\-80s, he conducted at the [Ohio Light Opera](/wiki/Ohio_Light_Opera "Ohio Light Opera"), assisting [James Paul](/wiki/James_Paul_%28conductor%29 "James Paul (conductor)") with [Gilbert and Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan "Gilbert and Sullivan") and other productions and recordings. Following his Cincinnati studies, he worked with [Vincent Persichetti](/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti "Vincent Persichetti") in preparing the world premiere in Philadelphia of the opera "The Sibyl". During a subsequent year of graduate studies at the [Louisiana State University](/wiki/Louisiana_State_University "Louisiana State University"), he assisted opera singer [Martina Arroyo](/wiki/Martina_Arroyo "Martina Arroyo") as she began her teaching career. Prior to working with the Filmorchester in the late '90s he was staff conductor at the opera houses in Saarbrücken, Bielefeld and Trier. He also led major musical productions of [The Phantom of the Opera](/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_%281986_musical%29 "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)"), [Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%28musical%29 "Les Misérables (musical)") and [42nd Street](/wiki/42nd_Street_%28musical%29 "42nd Street (musical)") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Miss Saigon](/wiki/Miss_Saigon "Miss Saigon") in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart "Stuttgart"), [Cyrano](/wiki/Cyrano:The_Musical "The Musical") in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") and [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28musical%29 "Chicago (musical)") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), [Basel](/wiki/Basel "Basel") and [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf"). At the Wiener Kammeroper he conducted productions of [The Marriage of Figaro](/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro "The Marriage of Figaro") and [Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto "Rigoletto"). He conducted in 2007 a new production of Les Misérables for the opera house in [Meiningen](/wiki/Meiningen "Meiningen"), Germany. An advocate of genre\-crossing symphonic projects, he has worked closely together with [Omara Portuondo](/wiki/Omara_Portuondo "Omara Portuondo") and the [Buena Vista Social Club](/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club "Buena Vista Social Club"), [Udo Lindenberg](/wiki/Udo_Lindenberg "Udo Lindenberg"), [Karat](/wiki/Karat_%28band%29 "Karat (band)"), [Jon Lord](/wiki/Jon_Lord "Jon Lord") and [Joy Denalane](/wiki/Joy_Denalane "Joy Denalane"). With [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28band%29 "Scorpions (band)")' "[Moment of Glory](/wiki/Moment_of_Glory "Moment of Glory")" symphonic program he has toured Russia and the Baltic countries. In 2005 he led a tour of symphonic film music with [UFA](/wiki/Universum_Film_AG "Universum Film AG") film star [Johannes Heesters](/wiki/Johannes_Heesters "Johannes Heesters"). He has conducted the annual televised [José Carreras](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras "José Carreras") Benefit Gala in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig") since 2000\. A series of crossover concerts in Potsdam's Nikolaisaal recently featured projects with the [Motion Trio](/wiki/Motion_Trio "Motion Trio"), [Mísia](/wiki/M%C3%ADsia "Mísia"), [Besh O Drom](/wiki/Besh_O_Drom "Besh O Drom") and [Mousse T.](/wiki/Mousse_T. "Mousse T.") He led the final concert of the 2007 Potsdam [Sanssouci](/wiki/Sanssouci "Sanssouci") Music Festival, which was subsequently broadcast on [3sat](/wiki/3sat "3sat") throughout Europe. As a guest conductor he has led the [Kölner Rundfunkorchester](/wiki/WDR_Rundfunkorchester_K%C3%B6ln "WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln"), [Gürzenich Orchestra](/wiki/G%C3%BCrzenich_Orchestra "Gürzenich Orchestra") Köln, Wuppertal Sinfonie Orchester, Saarländisches Staatsorchester, the Meininger Hofkapelle, the Orchester of the Ludwigsburger Schlossfestspiele and the Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester. He has led premiere performances of orchestral works by [Franz Waxman](/wiki/Franz_Waxman "Franz Waxman") (reconstruction of the original music to the film "Liliom"), Sir [Malcolm Arnold](/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold "Malcolm Arnold") ("Ballade for Piano and Orchestra" from "Stolen Face") und Ashley Irwin (new live soundtrack to Hitchcock's "[The Lodger](/wiki/The_Lodger:A_Story_of_the_London_Fog "A Story of the London Fog")"). He has composed the music for several productions at the summer festival in [Bad Gandersheim](/wiki/Bad_Gandersheim "Bad Gandersheim"): 1\) "Mozart in Manhattan", a chamber opera about Mozart's librettist [Lorenzo da Ponte](/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Ponte "Lorenzo da Ponte") after he became a resident of [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), 2\) "Wenn Ärzte lieben", a musical theater parody of the [Romance novel](/wiki/Romance_novel "Romance novel") in a medical milieu, and 3\) incidental music to a new productions of [Astrid Lindgren](/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren "Astrid Lindgren")'s [Emil i Lönneberga](/wiki/Emil_i_L%C3%B6nneberga "Emil i Lönneberga") and [L. Frank Baum](/wiki/L._Frank_Baum "L. Frank Baum")'s [The Wonderful Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz").	[ "Career and education\n--------------------", "Lawton has served as the Principal Conductor of the [Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg](/wiki/Deutsches_Filmorchester_Babelsberg \"Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg\") in [Potsdam](/wiki/Potsdam \"Potsdam\") since 1999\\. His activities with the Filmorchester include performances of silent films, studio recordings for film and television productions and orchestral concerts. Since 2005 he has served as conductor of the Landespolizeiorchester Nordrhein\\-Westfalen, a professional symphonic wind orchestra based in Wuppertal. From 2004 to 2009 he also served as music director of the summer festival in [Bad Gandersheim](/wiki/Bad_Gandersheim \"Bad Gandersheim\").", "During his high school years, Lawton attended programs of the [Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Arts](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Governor%27s_Schools_of_Excellence \"Pennsylvania Governor's Schools of Excellence\") and the summer program of the [Berklee School of Music](/wiki/Berklee_School_of_Music \"Berklee School of Music\"). His university studies led to degrees from the [Oberlin Conservatory](/wiki/Oberlin_Conservatory \"Oberlin Conservatory\") and the [University of Cincinnati](/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati \"University of Cincinnati\"). For several summers in the mid\\-80s, he conducted at the [Ohio Light Opera](/wiki/Ohio_Light_Opera \"Ohio Light Opera\"), assisting [James Paul](/wiki/James_Paul_%28conductor%29 \"James Paul (conductor)\") with [Gilbert and Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan \"Gilbert and Sullivan\") and other productions and recordings. Following his Cincinnati studies, he worked with [Vincent Persichetti](/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti \"Vincent Persichetti\") in preparing the world premiere in Philadelphia of the opera \"The Sibyl\". During a subsequent year of graduate studies at the [Louisiana State University](/wiki/Louisiana_State_University \"Louisiana State University\"), he assisted opera singer [Martina Arroyo](/wiki/Martina_Arroyo \"Martina Arroyo\") as she began her teaching career.", "Prior to working with the Filmorchester in the late '90s he was staff conductor at the opera houses in Saarbrücken, Bielefeld and Trier. He also led major musical productions of [The Phantom of the Opera](/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_%281986_musical%29 \"The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)\"), [Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%28musical%29 \"Les Misérables (musical)\") and [42nd Street](/wiki/42nd_Street_%28musical%29 \"42nd Street (musical)\") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Miss Saigon](/wiki/Miss_Saigon \"Miss Saigon\") in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\"), [Cyrano](/wiki/Cyrano:The_Musical \"The Musical\") in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") and [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28musical%29 \"Chicago (musical)\") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), [Basel](/wiki/Basel \"Basel\") and [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\"). At the Wiener Kammeroper he conducted productions of [The Marriage of Figaro](/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro \"The Marriage of Figaro\") and [Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\"). He conducted in 2007 a new production of Les Misérables for the opera house in [Meiningen](/wiki/Meiningen \"Meiningen\"), Germany.", "An advocate of genre\\-crossing symphonic projects, he has worked closely together with [Omara Portuondo](/wiki/Omara_Portuondo \"Omara Portuondo\") and the [Buena Vista Social Club](/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club \"Buena Vista Social Club\"), [Udo Lindenberg](/wiki/Udo_Lindenberg \"Udo Lindenberg\"), [Karat](/wiki/Karat_%28band%29 \"Karat (band)\"), [Jon Lord](/wiki/Jon_Lord \"Jon Lord\") and [Joy Denalane](/wiki/Joy_Denalane \"Joy Denalane\"). With [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28band%29 \"Scorpions (band)\")' \"[Moment of Glory](/wiki/Moment_of_Glory \"Moment of Glory\")\" symphonic program he has toured Russia and the Baltic countries. In 2005 he led a tour of symphonic film music with [UFA](/wiki/Universum_Film_AG \"Universum Film AG\") film star [Johannes Heesters](/wiki/Johannes_Heesters \"Johannes Heesters\"). He has conducted the annual televised [José Carreras](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras \"José Carreras\") Benefit Gala in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") since 2000\\. A series of crossover concerts in Potsdam's Nikolaisaal recently featured projects with the [Motion Trio](/wiki/Motion_Trio \"Motion Trio\"), [Mísia](/wiki/M%C3%ADsia \"Mísia\"), [Besh O Drom](/wiki/Besh_O_Drom \"Besh O Drom\") and [Mousse T.](/wiki/Mousse_T. \"Mousse T.\") He led the final concert of the 2007 Potsdam [Sanssouci](/wiki/Sanssouci \"Sanssouci\") Music Festival, which was subsequently broadcast on [3sat](/wiki/3sat \"3sat\") throughout Europe.", "As a guest conductor he has led the [Kölner Rundfunkorchester](/wiki/WDR_Rundfunkorchester_K%C3%B6ln \"WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln\"), [Gürzenich Orchestra](/wiki/G%C3%BCrzenich_Orchestra \"Gürzenich Orchestra\") Köln, Wuppertal Sinfonie Orchester, Saarländisches Staatsorchester, the Meininger Hofkapelle, the Orchester of the Ludwigsburger Schlossfestspiele and the Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester.", "He has led premiere performances of orchestral works by [Franz Waxman](/wiki/Franz_Waxman \"Franz Waxman\") (reconstruction of the original music to the film \"Liliom\"), Sir [Malcolm Arnold](/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold \"Malcolm Arnold\") (\"Ballade for Piano and Orchestra\" from \"Stolen Face\") und Ashley Irwin (new live soundtrack to Hitchcock's \"[The Lodger](/wiki/The_Lodger:A_Story_of_the_London_Fog \"A Story of the London Fog\")\").", "He has composed the music for several productions at the summer festival in [Bad Gandersheim](/wiki/Bad_Gandersheim \"Bad Gandersheim\"): 1\\) \"Mozart in Manhattan\", a chamber opera about Mozart's librettist [Lorenzo da Ponte](/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Ponte \"Lorenzo da Ponte\") after he became a resident of [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), 2\\) \"Wenn Ärzte lieben\", a musical theater parody of the [Romance novel](/wiki/Romance_novel \"Romance novel\") in a medical milieu, and 3\\) incidental music to a new productions of [Astrid Lindgren](/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren \"Astrid Lindgren\")'s [Emil i Lönneberga](/wiki/Emil_i_L%C3%B6nneberga \"Emil i Lönneberga\") and [L. Frank Baum](/wiki/L._Frank_Baum \"L. Frank Baum\")'s [The Wonderful Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\").", "" ]
Composition and Safety ---------------------- Dishwashing liquid may contain [bleach](/wiki/Bleach "Bleach"), [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme "Enzyme"), and rinsing aids. The main ingredient is water; the main active ingredients is detergent. Dishwashing liquid has detergent rather than soap because the soaps would react with any minerals in the water to form [soap scum](/wiki/Soap_scum "Soap scum"). There are other thickening and stabilizing agents in the dishwashing liquid as well.{{Cite web \\|date\=2015\-01\-10 \\|title\=Dishwashing Detergent, Household Floor \& Bleach Cleaner {{!}} Colgate\-Palmolive, Murphy \& Ajax Home Care Products \\|url\=http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/HC/Products/Dishwashing/Ajax/Product\-Ingredients/Antibacterial\-Orange.cvsp \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110191326/http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/HC/Products/Dishwashing/Ajax/Product\-Ingredients/Antibacterial\-Orange.cvsp \\|archive\-date\=10 January 2015}} Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. The reduced [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension "Surface tension") of water and increased solubility of modern surfactant mixtures allow water to run off dishes very quickly. Additionally, surfactants remove grease and food particles to aid in cleaning dishes. They may also provide foam. Other ingredients may include [hydrotrope](/wiki/Hydrotrope "Hydrotrope"), salts, preservatives, fragrances, antibacterial ingredients, and dyes. Preservatives prevent micro\-organisms' proliferation within the liquid. Antibacterial ingredients make it difficult for bacteria to survive on surfaces. In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over [triclosan](/wiki/Triclosan "Triclosan"), an [antibacterial](/wiki/Antibacterial "Antibacterial") substance used in some dish liquids.*{{Cite news \\|date\=2015\-01\-10 \\|title\=FDA says studies on triclosan, used in sanitizers and soaps, raise concerns \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2010/04/07/AR2010040704621\.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110182256/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2010/04/07/AR2010040704621\.html \\|archive\-date\=10 January 2015}}* Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can "sabotage some [sludge\-processing](/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment%23Digestion "Sewage sludge treatment#Digestion") microbes and promote drug resistance in others."*{{Cite web \\|date\=2015\-01\-10 \\|title\=Another Reason To Avoid Triclosan And Anti\-Bacterial Soaps – It's Messing Up Sewage Treatment Systems \\|url\=http://www.inquisitr.com/1314977/another\-reason\-to\-avoid\-triclosan\-and\-anti\-bacterial\-soaps\-its\-messing\-up\-sewage\-treatment\-systems/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110203326/http://www.inquisitr.com/1314977/another\-reason\-to\-avoid\-triclosan\-and\-anti\-bacterial\-soaps\-its\-messing\-up\-sewage\-treatment\-systems/ \\|archive\-date\=10 January 2015}}* As of 2014, at least one US state has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids.*{{Cite web \\|date\=2014\-12\-25 \\|title\=Minnesota bans triclosan, an ingredient in antibacterial soaps \- LA Times \\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/home/la\-lh\-minnesota\-becomes\-first\-state\-to\-ban\-triclosan\-20140521\-story.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225184948/http://www.latimes.com/home/la\-lh\-minnesota\-becomes\-first\-state\-to\-ban\-triclosan\-20140521\-story.html \\|archive\-date\=25 December 2014}}* Some dishwashing products contain [phosphates](/wiki/Phosphates_in_detergent "Phosphates in detergent"). Phosphates make dishes cleaner but can also cause [harmful algal bloom](/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom "Harmful algal bloom") as the [wastewater](/wiki/Wastewater "Wastewater") goes back to the natural environment.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Kogawa \\|first1\=Ana Carolina \\|last2\=Cernic \\|first2\=Beatriz Gamberini \\|last3\=do Couto \\|first3\=Leandro Giovanni Domingos \\|last4\=Salgado \\|first4\=Hérida Regina Nunes \\|date\=September 2017 \\|title\=Synthetic detergents: 100 years of history \\|journal\=Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal \\|volume\=25 \\|issue\=6 \\|pages\=934–938 \\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jsps.2017\.02\.006 \\|pmc\=5605839 \\|pmid\=28951681}} Because of this, many places have banned this component. Phosphates can also cause harmful health effects upon skin contact. Many dishwashing liquids contain [perfume](/wiki/Perfume "Perfume") which can cause [irritant](/wiki/Irritation "Irritation") or [allergic contact dermatitis](/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis "Allergic contact dermatitis").{{Cite web \\|date\=2015\-07\-06 \\|title\=Contact Dermatitis. What is contact dermatitis? Treatment {{!}} Patient \\|url\=http://patient.info/health/contact\-dermatitis \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706234330/http://patient.info/health/contact\-dermatitis \\|archive\-date\=6 July 2015}} It can also cause [hand eczema](/wiki/Hand_eczema "Hand eczema"). Those with sensitive skin should persuade someone else to do the washing up.{{cite web \\| url\=http://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient\-guide/leaflets/files%5C110117handeczema.pdf \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211173651/http://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient\-guide/leaflets/files%5C110117handeczema.pdf \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-date\=11 February 2014 \\| title\=Protection for hand eczema \\| publisher\=Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals \\| date\=October 2009 \\| access\-date\=10 January 2015 }} Recent research has found that [Blackcurrant](/wiki/Blackcurrant "Blackcurrant") seeds are helpful for lessening the effects of allergies, due to its [hydrophobicity](/wiki/Hydrophobe "Hydrophobe").{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Wasilewski \\|first1\=Tomasz \\|last2\=Seweryn \\|first2\=Artur \\|last3\=Bujak \\|first3\=Tomasz \\|date\=2016\-04\-02 \\|title\=Supercritical carbon dioxide blackcurrant seed extract as an anti\-irritant additive for hand dishwashing liquids \\|journal\=Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews \\|volume\=9 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=114–121 \\|doi\=10\.1080/17518253\.2016\.1180432 \\|bibcode\=2016GCLR....9\..114W \\|issn\=1751\-8253\\|doi\-access\=free}} Surfactants that are anionic also showed promising results in preventing skin irritation.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Seweryn \\|first1\=Artur \\|last2\=Klimaszewska \\|first2\=Emilia \\|last3\=Ogorzałek \\|first3\=Marta \\|date\=July 2019 \\|title\=Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids through the Addition of Sulfonic Derivatives of Alkyl Polyglucosides \\|url\=https://aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1002/jsde.12299 \\|journal\=Journal of Surfactants and Detergents \\|volume\=22 \\|issue\=4 \\|pages\=743–750 \\|doi\=10\.1002/jsde.12299 \\|issn\=1097\-3958}} Accidental ingestion of rinse aids (components within dishwashing tablets) can lead to vomiting.**{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Day \\|first1\=Rachael C. \\|last2\=Bradberry \\|first2\=Sally M. \\|last3\=Sandilands \\|first3\=Euan A. \\|last4\=Thomas \\|first4\=Simon H. L. \\|last5\=Thompson \\|first5\=John P. \\|last6\=Vale \\|first6\=Allister \\|date\=2018\-06\-03 \\|title\=Exposures to automatic dishwashing rinse aids reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service 2008–2016 \\|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.1080/15563650\.2017\.1393083 \\|journal\=Clinical Toxicology \\|volume\=56 \\|issue\=6 \\|pages\=427–432 \\|doi\=10\.1080/15563650\.2017\.1393083 \\|pmid\=29156998 \\|issn\=1556\-3650}}** Some alternatives for dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as [borax](/wiki/Borax "Borax"), [essential oil](/wiki/Essential_oil "Essential oil"), [eucalyptus oil](/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil "Eucalyptus oil"), leftover cooking oil, and bar soap, among others.{{Cite web \\|date\=2016\-01\-13 \\|title\=Essential Oils Guide: Reference for Living Young, Healing, Weight Loss ... \- Grace Masters \- Google Books \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Mw9qBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT139 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06 \\|last1\=Masters \\|first1\=Grace}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Evelyn \\|first1\=Evelyn \\|last2\=Saputra \\|first2\=Edy \\|last3\=Komalasari \\|first3\=Komalasari \\|last4\=Utami \\|first4\=Syelvia Putri \\|date\=2018\-12\-28 \\|title\=Community training in dishwashing\-liquid soap making from waste cooking oil \\|url\=http://raje.unri.ac.id/index.php/raje/article/view/9 \\|journal\=Riau Journal of Empowerment \\|volume\=1 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=67–74 \\|doi\=10\.31258/raje.1\.2\.9 \\|issn\=2623\-1549}} ### Surfactant design There has been comparisons of different surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water to determine the most efficient dishwashing liquid.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Jadidi \\|first1\=Nazanin \\|last2\=Adib \\|first2\=Behrooz \\|last3\=Malihi \\|first3\=Farrokh B. \\|date\=January 2013 \\|title\=Synergism and Performance Optimization in Liquid Detergents Containing Binary Mixtures of Anionic–Nonionic, and Anionic–Cationic Surfactants \\|url\=https://aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1007/s11743\-012\-1371\-y \\|journal\=Journal of Surfactants and Detergents \\|volume\=16 \\|issue\=1 \\|pages\=115–121 \\|doi\=10\.1007/s11743\-012\-1371\-y \\|issn\=1097\-3958}} Lowering of surface tension helps with the cleaning processes.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Blagojević \\|first1\=Stevan N. \\|last2\=Blagojević \\|first2\=Slavica M. \\|last3\=Pejić \\|first3\=Nataša D. \\|date\=2016\-03\-01 \\|title\=Performance and Efficiency of Anionic Dishwashing Liquids with Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants \\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/s11743\-015\-1784\-5 \\|journal\=Journal of Surfactants and Detergents \\|volume\=19 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=363–372 \\|doi\=10\.1007/s11743\-015\-1784\-5 \\|issn\=1558\-9293}} A study showed that anionic surfactant combined with non\-ionic surfactant worked better than anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined. Another study found that cationic and anionic surfactants combined worked better than non\-ionic and anionic surfactants combined. Anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined are the least effective out of the three. Primary uses ------------ Dishwashing liquid is primarily for removing food from dirty dishes and tableware. Consumers usually scrape heavy soil (large food particles) from the dishes before using dishwashing liquid. ### Hand dishwashing [thumbnail\\|Dishwashing processConsumers](/wiki/File:Hand_wash_dishes.jpeg "Hand wash dishes.jpeg") handwash dishes in the absence of a dishwashing machine when large "hard\-to\-clean" items are present, or through preference. Some dishwashing liquids can harm [household silvers](/wiki/Household_silver "Household silver"), fine glassware, anything with [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf "Gold leaf"), disposable plastics, and objects that are brass, bronze, [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron "Cast iron"), [pewter](/wiki/Pewter "Pewter"), tin, or wood, especially under hot water and the action of a [dishwasher](/wiki/Dishwasher "Dishwasher"). Dishwashing liquid components are also harder to rinse off from rough surfaces than smooth surfaces, increasing the chance of accidental ingestion.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Bavcon Kralj \\|first1\=Mojca \\|last2\=Fortuna \\|first2\=Anja \\|last3\=Abram \\|first3\=Anže \\|last4\=Trebše \\|first4\=Polonca \\|date\=2019\-07\-31 \\|title\=Dish handwashing: an overlooked source of contamination \\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1007/s10311\-019\-00918\-5 \\|journal\=Environmental Chemistry Letters \\|volume\=18 \\|issue\=1 \\|pages\=181–185 \\|doi\=10\.1007/s10311\-019\-00918\-5 \\|issn\=1610\-3653}} ### Automatic dishwashing Automatic dishwashing is when consumers use a dishwashing machine or other apparatus. It is generally for convenience, sanitation, or personal preference. The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants and more so on the machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes. Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine.	[ "Composition and Safety\n----------------------", "Dishwashing liquid may contain [bleach](/wiki/Bleach \"Bleach\"), [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\"), and rinsing aids. The main ingredient is water; the main active ingredients is detergent. Dishwashing liquid has detergent rather than soap because the soaps would react with any minerals in the water to form [soap scum](/wiki/Soap_scum \"Soap scum\"). There are other thickening and stabilizing agents in the dishwashing liquid as well.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-10 \\\|title\\=Dishwashing Detergent, Household Floor \\& Bleach Cleaner {{!}} Colgate\\-Palmolive, Murphy \\& Ajax Home Care Products \\\|url\\=http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/HC/Products/Dishwashing/Ajax/Product\\-Ingredients/Antibacterial\\-Orange.cvsp \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110191326/http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/HC/Products/Dishwashing/Ajax/Product\\-Ingredients/Antibacterial\\-Orange.cvsp \\\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2015}}", "Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. The reduced [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension \"Surface tension\") of water and increased solubility of modern surfactant mixtures allow water to run off dishes very quickly. Additionally, surfactants remove grease and food particles to aid in cleaning dishes. They may also provide foam.", "Other ingredients may include [hydrotrope](/wiki/Hydrotrope \"Hydrotrope\"), salts, preservatives, fragrances, antibacterial ingredients, and dyes. Preservatives prevent micro\\-organisms' proliferation within the liquid. Antibacterial ingredients make it difficult for bacteria to survive on surfaces.", "In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over [triclosan](/wiki/Triclosan \"Triclosan\"), an [antibacterial](/wiki/Antibacterial \"Antibacterial\") substance used in some dish liquids.*{{Cite news \\\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-10 \\\|title\\=FDA says studies on triclosan, used in sanitizers and soaps, raise concerns \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\\|url\\=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2010/04/07/AR2010040704621\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110182256/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2010/04/07/AR2010040704621\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2015}}* Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can \"sabotage some [sludge\\-processing](/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment%23Digestion \"Sewage sludge treatment#Digestion\") microbes and promote drug resistance in others.\"*{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-10 \\\|title\\=Another Reason To Avoid Triclosan And Anti\\-Bacterial Soaps – It's Messing Up Sewage Treatment Systems \\\|url\\=http://www.inquisitr.com/1314977/another\\-reason\\-to\\-avoid\\-triclosan\\-and\\-anti\\-bacterial\\-soaps\\-its\\-messing\\-up\\-sewage\\-treatment\\-systems/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110203326/http://www.inquisitr.com/1314977/another\\-reason\\-to\\-avoid\\-triclosan\\-and\\-anti\\-bacterial\\-soaps\\-its\\-messing\\-up\\-sewage\\-treatment\\-systems/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2015}}* As of 2014, at least one US state has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids.*{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-25 \\\|title\\=Minnesota bans triclosan, an ingredient in antibacterial soaps \\- LA Times \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/home/la\\-lh\\-minnesota\\-becomes\\-first\\-state\\-to\\-ban\\-triclosan\\-20140521\\-story.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225184948/http://www.latimes.com/home/la\\-lh\\-minnesota\\-becomes\\-first\\-state\\-to\\-ban\\-triclosan\\-20140521\\-story.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2014}}", "Some dishwashing products contain [phosphates](/wiki/Phosphates_in_detergent \"Phosphates in detergent\"). Phosphates make dishes cleaner but can also cause [harmful algal bloom](/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom \"Harmful algal bloom\") as the [wastewater](/wiki/Wastewater \"Wastewater\") goes back to the natural environment.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Kogawa \\\|first1\\=Ana Carolina \\\|last2\\=Cernic \\\|first2\\=Beatriz Gamberini \\\|last3\\=do Couto \\\|first3\\=Leandro Giovanni Domingos \\\|last4\\=Salgado \\\|first4\\=Hérida Regina Nunes \\\|date\\=September 2017 \\\|title\\=Synthetic detergents: 100 years of history \\\|journal\\=Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal \\\|volume\\=25 \\\|issue\\=6 \\\|pages\\=934–938 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jsps.2017\\.02\\.006 \\\|pmc\\=5605839 \\\|pmid\\=28951681}} Because of this, many places have banned this component. Phosphates can also cause harmful health effects upon skin contact.", "Many dishwashing liquids contain [perfume](/wiki/Perfume \"Perfume\") which can cause [irritant](/wiki/Irritation \"Irritation\") or [allergic contact dermatitis](/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis \"Allergic contact dermatitis\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-06 \\\|title\\=Contact Dermatitis. What is contact dermatitis? Treatment {{!}} Patient \\\|url\\=http://patient.info/health/contact\\-dermatitis \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706234330/http://patient.info/health/contact\\-dermatitis \\\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2015}} It can also cause [hand eczema](/wiki/Hand_eczema \"Hand eczema\"). Those with sensitive skin should persuade someone else to do the washing up.{{cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient\\-guide/leaflets/files%5C110117handeczema.pdf \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211173651/http://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient\\-guide/leaflets/files%5C110117handeczema.pdf \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-date\\=11 February 2014 \\\| title\\=Protection for hand eczema \\\| publisher\\=Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals \\\| date\\=October 2009 \\\| access\\-date\\=10 January 2015 }} Recent research has found that [Blackcurrant](/wiki/Blackcurrant \"Blackcurrant\") seeds are helpful for lessening the effects of allergies, due to its [hydrophobicity](/wiki/Hydrophobe \"Hydrophobe\").{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Wasilewski \\\|first1\\=Tomasz \\\|last2\\=Seweryn \\\|first2\\=Artur \\\|last3\\=Bujak \\\|first3\\=Tomasz \\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-02 \\\|title\\=Supercritical carbon dioxide blackcurrant seed extract as an anti\\-irritant additive for hand dishwashing liquids \\\|journal\\=Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews \\\|volume\\=9 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=114–121 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17518253\\.2016\\.1180432 \\\|bibcode\\=2016GCLR....9\\..114W \\\|issn\\=1751\\-8253\\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Surfactants that are anionic also showed promising results in preventing skin irritation.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Seweryn \\\|first1\\=Artur \\\|last2\\=Klimaszewska \\\|first2\\=Emilia \\\|last3\\=Ogorzałek \\\|first3\\=Marta \\\|date\\=July 2019 \\\|title\\=Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids through the Addition of Sulfonic Derivatives of Alkyl Polyglucosides \\\|url\\=https://aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1002/jsde.12299 \\\|journal\\=Journal of Surfactants and Detergents \\\|volume\\=22 \\\|issue\\=4 \\\|pages\\=743–750 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/jsde.12299 \\\|issn\\=1097\\-3958}}", "Accidental ingestion of rinse aids (components within dishwashing tablets) can lead to vomiting.*{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Day \\\|first1\\=Rachael C. \\\|last2\\=Bradberry \\\|first2\\=Sally M. \\\|last3\\=Sandilands \\\|first3\\=Euan A. \\\|last4\\=Thomas \\\|first4\\=Simon H. L. \\\|last5\\=Thompson \\\|first5\\=John P. \\\|last6\\=Vale \\\|first6\\=Allister \\\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-03 \\\|title\\=Exposures to automatic dishwashing rinse aids reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service 2008–2016 \\\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.1080/15563650\\.2017\\.1393083 \\\|journal\\=Clinical Toxicology \\\|volume\\=56 \\\|issue\\=6 \\\|pages\\=427–432 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/15563650\\.2017\\.1393083 \\\|pmid\\=29156998 \\\|issn\\=1556\\-3650}}*", "Some alternatives for dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as [borax](/wiki/Borax \"Borax\"), [essential oil](/wiki/Essential_oil \"Essential oil\"), [eucalyptus oil](/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil \"Eucalyptus oil\"), leftover cooking oil, and bar soap, among others.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-13 \\\|title\\=Essential Oils Guide: Reference for Living Young, Healing, Weight Loss ... \\- Grace Masters \\- Google Books \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Mw9qBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT139 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\\|last1\\=Masters \\\|first1\\=Grace}}{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Evelyn \\\|first1\\=Evelyn \\\|last2\\=Saputra \\\|first2\\=Edy \\\|last3\\=Komalasari \\\|first3\\=Komalasari \\\|last4\\=Utami \\\|first4\\=Syelvia Putri \\\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-28 \\\|title\\=Community training in dishwashing\\-liquid soap making from waste cooking oil \\\|url\\=http://raje.unri.ac.id/index.php/raje/article/view/9 \\\|journal\\=Riau Journal of Empowerment \\\|volume\\=1 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=67–74 \\\|doi\\=10\\.31258/raje.1\\.2\\.9 \\\|issn\\=2623\\-1549}}\n### Surfactant design", "There has been comparisons of different surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water to determine the most efficient dishwashing liquid.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Jadidi \\\|first1\\=Nazanin \\\|last2\\=Adib \\\|first2\\=Behrooz \\\|last3\\=Malihi \\\|first3\\=Farrokh B. \\\|date\\=January 2013 \\\|title\\=Synergism and Performance Optimization in Liquid Detergents Containing Binary Mixtures of Anionic–Nonionic, and Anionic–Cationic Surfactants \\\|url\\=https://aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1007/s11743\\-012\\-1371\\-y \\\|journal\\=Journal of Surfactants and Detergents \\\|volume\\=16 \\\|issue\\=1 \\\|pages\\=115–121 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11743\\-012\\-1371\\-y \\\|issn\\=1097\\-3958}} Lowering of surface tension helps with the cleaning processes.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Blagojević \\\|first1\\=Stevan N. \\\|last2\\=Blagojević \\\|first2\\=Slavica M. \\\|last3\\=Pejić \\\|first3\\=Nataša D. \\\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-01 \\\|title\\=Performance and Efficiency of Anionic Dishwashing Liquids with Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants \\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/s11743\\-015\\-1784\\-5 \\\|journal\\=Journal of Surfactants and Detergents \\\|volume\\=19 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=363–372 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11743\\-015\\-1784\\-5 \\\|issn\\=1558\\-9293}} A study showed that anionic surfactant combined with non\\-ionic surfactant worked better than anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined. Another study found that cationic and anionic surfactants combined worked better than non\\-ionic and anionic surfactants combined. Anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined are the least effective out of the three.\nPrimary uses\n------------", "Dishwashing liquid is primarily for removing food from dirty dishes and tableware. Consumers usually scrape heavy soil (large food particles) from the dishes before using dishwashing liquid.", "### Hand dishwashing", "[thumbnail\\\|Dishwashing processConsumers](/wiki/File:Hand_wash_dishes.jpeg \"Hand wash dishes.jpeg\") handwash dishes in the absence of a dishwashing machine when large \"hard\\-to\\-clean\" items are present, or through preference. Some dishwashing liquids can harm [household silvers](/wiki/Household_silver \"Household silver\"), fine glassware, anything with [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf \"Gold leaf\"), disposable plastics, and objects that are brass, bronze, [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron \"Cast iron\"), [pewter](/wiki/Pewter \"Pewter\"), tin, or wood, especially under hot water and the action of a [dishwasher](/wiki/Dishwasher \"Dishwasher\"). Dishwashing liquid components are also harder to rinse off from rough surfaces than smooth surfaces, increasing the chance of accidental ingestion.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Bavcon Kralj \\\|first1\\=Mojca \\\|last2\\=Fortuna \\\|first2\\=Anja \\\|last3\\=Abram \\\|first3\\=Anže \\\|last4\\=Trebše \\\|first4\\=Polonca \\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-31 \\\|title\\=Dish handwashing: an overlooked source of contamination \\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1007/s10311\\-019\\-00918\\-5 \\\|journal\\=Environmental Chemistry Letters \\\|volume\\=18 \\\|issue\\=1 \\\|pages\\=181–185 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10311\\-019\\-00918\\-5 \\\|issn\\=1610\\-3653}}*", "### Automatic dishwashing", "Automatic dishwashing is when consumers use a dishwashing machine or other apparatus. It is generally for convenience, sanitation, or personal preference. The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants and more so on the machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes. Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine.", "" ]
London 2 North West Honours --------------------------- ### London 3 North West (1987–1993\) Originally known as London 3 North West, this division was a tier 7 league with promotion up to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North "London 1 North") and relegation down to either [Hertfordshire 1](/wiki/Hertfordshire_1 "Hertfordshire 1") or [Middlesex 1](/wiki/Middlesex_1 "Middlesex 1"). \| \| \| London 3 North West \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \| \| 1987–88 \| 11 \| [Bishop's Stortford](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford_RFC "Bishop's Stortford RFC") \| [Hendon](/wiki/Hendon_RFC "Hendon RFC") \| [Old Paulines](/wiki/Old_Paulines_RFC "Old Paulines RFC"), [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC "Twickenham RFC") \| \| 1988–89 \| 11 \| [Finchley](/wiki/Finchley_RFC "Finchley RFC") \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC "Tabard RFC") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC "Letchworth Garden City RUFC"), [Hendon](/wiki/Hendon_RFC "Hendon RFC"), [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow_RFC "Harrow RFC") \| \| 1989–90 \| 11 \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC "Tabard RFC") \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC "Fullerians RFC") \| [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC "Twickenham RFC"), [Bacavians](/wiki/Bacavians_RFC "Bacavians RFC") \| \| 1990–91 \| 11 \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC "Letchworth Garden City RUFC") \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club "Hertford Rugby Football Club") \| [Mill Hill](/wiki/Mill_Hill_RFC "Mill Hill RFC"), [Uxbridge](/wiki/Uxbridge_RFC "Uxbridge RFC") \| \| 1991–92 \| 11 \| [Upper Clapton](/wiki/Upper_Clapton_RFC "Upper Clapton RFC") \| [Lensbury](/wiki/Lensbury_RFC "Lensbury RFC") \| [St. Mary's Hospital](/wiki/Imperial_Medicals_Rugby_Club "Imperial Medicals Rugby Club"), [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_RFC "Hemel Hempstead RFC") \| \| 1992–93 \| 13 \| [Verulamians](/wiki/Verulamians_RFC "Verulamians RFC") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC "Letchworth Garden City RUFC") \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC "Harpenden RFC"), [Old Millhillians](/wiki/Old_Millhillians_RFC "Old Millhillians RFC") \| \| \| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### London 3 North West (1993–1996\) At the end of the 1992–93 season, the top six teams from [London 1](/wiki/London_%26_South_East_Premier "London & South East Premier") and the top six from [South West 1](/wiki/South_West_Premier "South West Premier") were combined to create [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 "Courage League Division 5"). This meant that London 3 North West dropped from a tier 7 league to a tier 8 league for the years that National 5 South was active. Promotion continued to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North "London 1 North"), while relegation was to the newly introduced [Herts/Middlesex](/wiki/Herts/Middlesex_1 "Herts/Middlesex 1"). \| \| \| London 3 North West Honours \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \| \| 1993–94 \| 13 \| [Staines](/wiki/Staines_Rugby_Football_Club "Staines Rugby Football Club") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC "Letchworth Garden City RUFC") \| [Old Meadonians](/wiki/Old_Meadonians_RFC "Old Meadonians RFC"), [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC "Fullerians RFC") \| \| 1994–95 \| 13 \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club "Hertford Rugby Football Club") \| [Grasshoppers](/wiki/Grasshoppers_RFC "Grasshoppers RFC") \| [London New Zealand](/wiki/London_New_Zealand_RFC "London New Zealand RFC"), [Upper Clapton](/wiki/Upper_Clapton_RFC "Upper Clapton RFC") \| \| 1995–96 \| 13 \| [Old Albanian](/wiki/Old_Albanian_RFC "Old Albanian RFC") \| [Old Gaytonians](/wiki/West_London_RFC "West London RFC") \| [Mill Hill](/wiki/Mill_Hill_RFC "Mill Hill RFC"), [Old Elizabethans](/wiki/Barnet_Elizabethans_RFC "Barnet Elizabethans RFC") \| \| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### London 3 North East (1996–2000\) The cancellation of [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 "Courage League Division 5") at the end of the 1995–96 season meant that London 3 North West reverted to being a tier 7 league. Promotion continued to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North "London 1 North"), while relegation was to [Herts/Middlesex 1](/wiki/Herts/Middlesex_1 "Herts/Middlesex 1") (formerly Herts/Middlesex). \| \| \| London 3 North West Honours \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \| \| 1996–97 \| 13 \| [Old Merchant Taylors'](/wiki/Old_Merchant_Taylors%27_RFC "Old Merchant Taylors' RFC") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC "Welwyn RFC"){{efn\\|3rd place \[\[Barnet Elizabethans RFC\\|Barnet]] also promoted.}} \| No relegation{{efn\\|No relegation as league was set to expand from 13 to 17 teams for the following season.}} \| \| 1997–98 \| 17 \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC "Harpenden RFC") \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club "Hertford Rugby Football Club") \| [Hackney](/wiki/Hackney_RFC "Hackney RFC"), [Haringey Rhinos](/wiki/Haringey_Rhinos "Haringey Rhinos") \| \| 1998–99{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/1998\-1999/group/9002\\|title\=1998\-1999 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 17 \| [London Nigerian](/wiki/London_Nigerian_RFC "London Nigerian RFC") \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club "Hertford Rugby Football Club") \| [Harlequin Amateurs](/wiki/Harlequin_Amateurs "Harlequin Amateurs") \| \| 1999–00{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/1999\-2000/group/9299\\|title\=1999\-2000 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 17 \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club "Hertford Rugby Football Club") \| [Ealing Trailfinders](/wiki/Ealing_Trailfinders_Rugby_Club "Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club") \| Multiple teams{{efn\\|The creation of \[\[London 3 North West\\|London 4 North West]] for the following season meant that twelve teams would be relegated. \[\[Uxbridge RFC\\|Uxbridge]] and \[\[Mill Hill RFC\\|Mill Hill]] dropped two divisions to \[\[Herts/Middlesex 1]], while \[\[Tring Rugby\\|Tring]], \[\[St Albans RFC\\|St Albans]], \[\[Old Millhillians RFC\\|Old Millhillians]], \[\[Hampstead Rugby Club\\|Hampstead]], \[\[Letchworth Garden City RUFC\\|Letchworth Garden City]], \[\[Chiswick RFC\\|Chiswick]] and \[\[Hemel Hempstead RUFC\\|Hemel Hempstead]] went into the new London 4 North West division. 11th place \[\[West London RFC\\|Kingsburians]] were also supposed to be relegated into the new division but would fold at the end of the season and become amalgamated into \[\[West London RFC]].}} \| \| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### London 3 North West (2000–2009\) London 3 North West continued to be a tier 7 league with promotion up to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North "London 1 North"). However, the introduction of [London 4 North West](/wiki/London_3_North_West "London 3 North West") ahead of the 2000–01 season meant that clubs were now relegated into this new division instead of into [Herts/Middlesex 1](/wiki/Herts/Middlesex_1 "Herts/Middlesex 1"). \| \| \| London 3 North West Honours \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \| \| 2000–01{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2000\-2001/group/9624\\|title\=2000\-2001 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 10 \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club "Hertford Rugby Football Club") \| [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC "Twickenham RFC") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC "Welwyn RFC") \| \| 2001–02{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2001\-2002/group/9958\\|title\=2001\-2002 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 10 \| [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England_RFC "Bank of England RFC") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC "Letchworth Garden City RUFC") \| [Old Merchant Taylors' Lambs](/wiki/Old_Merchant_Taylors%27_FC "Old Merchant Taylors' FC"),{{efn\\|The Lambs were \[\[Old Merchant Taylors' FC\\|Old Merchant Taylors']] 2nd team.}} [Finchley](/wiki/Finchley_RFC "Finchley RFC") \| \| 2002–03{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2002\-2003/group/10293\\|title\=2002\-2003 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 10 \| [London Scottish](/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C. "London Scottish F.C.") \| [Ealing Trailfinders](/wiki/Ealing_Trailfinders_Rugby_Club "Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club") \| [Ruislip](/wiki/Ruislip_RFC "Ruislip RFC"), [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_RFC "Metropolitan Police RFC") \| \| 2003–04{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2003\-2004/group/10678\\|title\=2003\-2004 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 9 \| [Civil Service](/wiki/CS_Rugby_1863 "CS Rugby 1863") \| [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_RFC "St Albans RFC") \| [West London](/wiki/West_London_RFC "West London RFC") \| \| 2004–05{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2004\-2005/group/11078\\|title\=2004\-2005 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_RFC "St Albans RFC") \| [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England_RFC "Bank of England RFC") \| [Cheshunt](/wiki/Cheshunt_RFC "Cheshunt RFC"), [Verulamians](/wiki/Verulamians_RFC "Verulamians RFC") \| \| 2005–06{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2005\-2006/group/11434\\|title\=2005\-2006 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Woodford](/wiki/Woodford_RFC "Woodford RFC") \| [Tring](/wiki/Tring_Rugby "Tring Rugby") \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC "Fullerians RFC"), [Barnet Elizabethans](/wiki/Barnet_Elizabethans_RFC "Barnet Elizabethans RFC") \| \| 2006–07{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2006\-2007/group/11793\\|title\=2006\-2007 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Ruislip](/wiki/Ruislip_RFC "Ruislip RFC") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC "Welwyn RFC") \| [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England_RFC "Bank of England RFC"), [Haringey Rhinos](/wiki/Haringey_Rhinos "Haringey Rhinos") \| \| 2007–08{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2007\-2008/group/12201\\|title\=2007\-2008 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Stevenage Town](/wiki/Stevenage_Town_RFC "Stevenage Town RFC") \| [Imperial Medicals](/wiki/Imperial_Medicals_Rugby_Club "Imperial Medicals Rugby Club") \| [Vauxhall Motors](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors_RFC "Vauxhall Motors RFC"), [Datchworth](/wiki/Datchworth_Rugby_Club "Datchworth Rugby Club") \| \| 2008–09{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2008\-2009/group/12685\\|title\=2008\-2009 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC "Harpenden RFC") \| [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead_Rugby_Club "Hampstead Rugby Club") \| No relegation due to league restructure{{efn\\|The division would be renamed London Division 2 North West for the next season and along with the whole national restructure of the league system by the RFU lead to mass changes at all levels.}} \| \| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### London 2 North East (2009–present) Nationwide league restructuring by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union "Rugby Football Union") ahead of the 2009–10 season saw London 3 North West renamed as London 2 North West. It remained at level 7 with promotion to [London 1 North](/wiki/London_1_North "London 1 North") (formerly London 2 North) and relegation to [London 3 North West](/wiki/London_3_North_West "London 3 North West") (formerly London 4 North West). \| \| \| London 2 North West Honours \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \| \| 2009–10{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2009\-2010/group/13660\\|title\=2009\-2010 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC "Tabard RFC") \| [Hammersmith \& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC "Hammersmith & Fulham RFC") \| [Finchley](/wiki/Finchley_RFC "Finchley RFC"), [London Nigerian](/wiki/London_Nigerian_RFC "London Nigerian RFC") \| \| 2010–11{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2010\-2011/group/14527\\|title\=2010\-2011 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Hammersmith \& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC "Hammersmith & Fulham RFC") \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC "Harpenden RFC") \| [West London](/wiki/West_London_RFC "West London RFC"), [London New Zealand](/wiki/London_New_Zealand_Rugby_Club "London New Zealand Rugby Club") \| \| 2011–12{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2011\-2012/group/15544\\|title\=2011\-2012 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Old Haberdashers](/wiki/Old_Haberdashers_RFC "Old Haberdashers RFC") \| [Stevenage Town](/wiki/Stevenage_Town_RFC "Stevenage Town RFC") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC "Welwyn RFC"), [Imperial Medicals](/wiki/Imperial_Medicals_Rugby_Club "Imperial Medicals Rugby Club") \| \| 2012–13{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2012\-2013/group/16245\\|title\=2012\-2013 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC "Tabard RFC") \| [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_RUFC "Hemel Hempstead RUFC") \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC "Fullerians RFC"), [Grasshoppers](/wiki/Grasshoppers_Rugby_Football_Club_%28Isleworth%29 "Grasshoppers Rugby Football Club (Isleworth)") \| \| 2013–14{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2013\-2014/group/17262\\|title\=2013\-2014 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Old Priorians](/wiki/Old_Priorians_RFC "Old Priorians RFC") \| [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC "Twickenham RFC") \| [London Nigerian](/wiki/London_Nigerian_RFC "London Nigerian RFC"), [UCS Old Boys](/wiki/UCS_Old_Boys_RFC "UCS Old Boys RFC") \| \| 2014–15{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2014\-2015/group/18350\\|title\=2014\-2015 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=3 May 2015}} \| 12 \| [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow_RFC "Harrow RFC") \| [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick_RFC "Chiswick RFC") \| [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_RFC "Hemel Hempstead RFC"), [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_RFC "St Albans RFC") \| \| 2015–16{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2015\-2016/group/19825\\|title\=2015\-2016 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=25 April 2016}} \| 12 \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC "Fullerians RFC") \| [Hammersmith \& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC "Hammersmith & Fulham RFC") \| [Old Merchant Taylors'](/wiki/Old_Merchant_Taylors%27_FC "Old Merchant Taylors' FC"), [Staines](/wiki/Staines_Rugby_Football_Club "Staines Rugby Football Club") \| \| 2016–17{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2016\-2017/group/21309\\|title\=2016\-2017 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=22 April 2017}} \| 12 \| [Old Haberdashers](/wiki/Old_Haberdashers_RFC "Old Haberdashers RFC") \| [H.A.C.](/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_RFC "Honourable Artillery Company RFC") \| [Stockwood Park](/wiki/Stockwood_Park_RFC "Stockwood Park RFC"), [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC "Welwyn RFC") \| \| 2017–18{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2017\-2018/group/23024\\|title\=2017\-2018 London South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=21 April 2018}} \| 12 \| [H.A.C.](/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_RFC "Honourable Artillery Company RFC") \| [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead_RFC "Hampstead RFC") \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC "Tabard RFC"), [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow_RFC "Harrow RFC") \| \| 2018–19{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2018\-2019/group/26573 \\|title\=2018\-2019 London \& South\-East Division\\|website\=England Rugby\\|publisher\=RFU \\|access\-date\=13 April 2019}} \| 11{{efn\\|League reduced from 12 to 11 after \[\[London Nigerian RFC\\|London Nigerian]] withdraw from RFU leagues.}} \| [Belsize Park](/wiki/Belsize_Park_Rugby_Football_Club "Belsize Park Rugby Football Club") \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC "Harpenden RFC") \| [Enfield Ignatians](/wiki/Enfield_Ignatians "Enfield Ignatians") \| \| 2019–20{{cite web\\|title\=Men's level 5 \- 7 leagues 2019–20\\|url\=https://www.englandrugby.com/dxdam/1d/1d602337\-7f0c\-401d\-89b3\-4ea9b38fecb6/Levels%205%20\-%207\.pdf\\|website\=England Rugby\\|access\-date\=25 April 2020}} \| 12 \| [London Welsh](/wiki/London_Welsh_Amateur "London Welsh Amateur") \| [Hammersmith \& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC "Hammersmith & Fulham RFC") \| [Luton](/wiki/Luton_Rugby_Club "Luton Rugby Club"), [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC "Welwyn RFC") \| \| 2020–21 \| 12 \| \| \| \| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	[ "London 2 North West Honours\n---------------------------", "### London 3 North West (1987–1993\\)", "Originally known as London 3 North West, this division was a tier 7 league with promotion up to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North \"London 1 North\") and relegation down to either [Hertfordshire 1](/wiki/Hertfordshire_1 \"Hertfordshire 1\") or [Middlesex 1](/wiki/Middlesex_1 \"Middlesex 1\").", "", "\|", "\| \| London 3 North West \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "", "\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \|\n\| 1987–88 \| 11 \| [Bishop's Stortford](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford_RFC \"Bishop's Stortford RFC\") \| [Hendon](/wiki/Hendon_RFC \"Hendon RFC\") \| [Old Paulines](/wiki/Old_Paulines_RFC \"Old Paulines RFC\"), [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC \"Twickenham RFC\") \|\n\| 1988–89 \| 11 \| [Finchley](/wiki/Finchley_RFC \"Finchley RFC\") \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC \"Tabard RFC\") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC \"Letchworth Garden City RUFC\"), [Hendon](/wiki/Hendon_RFC \"Hendon RFC\"), [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow_RFC \"Harrow RFC\") \|\n\| 1989–90 \| 11 \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC \"Tabard RFC\") \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC \"Fullerians RFC\") \| [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC \"Twickenham RFC\"), [Bacavians](/wiki/Bacavians_RFC \"Bacavians RFC\") \|\n\| 1990–91 \| 11 \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC \"Letchworth Garden City RUFC\") \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club \"Hertford Rugby Football Club\") \| [Mill Hill](/wiki/Mill_Hill_RFC \"Mill Hill RFC\"), [Uxbridge](/wiki/Uxbridge_RFC \"Uxbridge RFC\") \|\n\| 1991–92 \| 11 \| [Upper Clapton](/wiki/Upper_Clapton_RFC \"Upper Clapton RFC\") \| [Lensbury](/wiki/Lensbury_RFC \"Lensbury RFC\") \| [St. Mary's Hospital](/wiki/Imperial_Medicals_Rugby_Club \"Imperial Medicals Rugby Club\"), [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_RFC \"Hemel Hempstead RFC\") \|\n\| 1992–93 \| 13 \| [Verulamians](/wiki/Verulamians_RFC \"Verulamians RFC\") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC \"Letchworth Garden City RUFC\") \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC \"Harpenden RFC\"), [Old Millhillians](/wiki/Old_Millhillians_RFC \"Old Millhillians RFC\") \|\n\|\n\| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "### London 3 North West (1993–1996\\)", "At the end of the 1992–93 season, the top six teams from [London 1](/wiki/London_%26_South_East_Premier \"London & South East Premier\") and the top six from [South West 1](/wiki/South_West_Premier \"South West Premier\") were combined to create [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 \"Courage League Division 5\"). This meant that London 3 North West dropped from a tier 7 league to a tier 8 league for the years that National 5 South was active. Promotion continued to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North \"London 1 North\"), while relegation was to the newly introduced [Herts/Middlesex](/wiki/Herts/Middlesex_1 \"Herts/Middlesex 1\").", "", "\|", "\| \| London 3 North West Honours \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "", "\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \|\n\| 1993–94 \| 13 \| [Staines](/wiki/Staines_Rugby_Football_Club \"Staines Rugby Football Club\") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC \"Letchworth Garden City RUFC\") \| [Old Meadonians](/wiki/Old_Meadonians_RFC \"Old Meadonians RFC\"), [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC \"Fullerians RFC\") \|\n\| 1994–95 \| 13 \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club \"Hertford Rugby Football Club\") \| [Grasshoppers](/wiki/Grasshoppers_RFC \"Grasshoppers RFC\") \| [London New Zealand](/wiki/London_New_Zealand_RFC \"London New Zealand RFC\"), [Upper Clapton](/wiki/Upper_Clapton_RFC \"Upper Clapton RFC\") \|\n\| 1995–96 \| 13 \| [Old Albanian](/wiki/Old_Albanian_RFC \"Old Albanian RFC\") \| [Old Gaytonians](/wiki/West_London_RFC \"West London RFC\") \| [Mill Hill](/wiki/Mill_Hill_RFC \"Mill Hill RFC\"), [Old Elizabethans](/wiki/Barnet_Elizabethans_RFC \"Barnet Elizabethans RFC\") \|\n\| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "### London 3 North East (1996–2000\\)", "The cancellation of [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 \"Courage League Division 5\") at the end of the 1995–96 season meant that London 3 North West reverted to being a tier 7 league. Promotion continued to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North \"London 1 North\"), while relegation was to [Herts/Middlesex 1](/wiki/Herts/Middlesex_1 \"Herts/Middlesex 1\") (formerly Herts/Middlesex).", "", "\|", "\| \| London 3 North West Honours \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "", "\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \|\n\| 1996–97 \| 13 \| [Old Merchant Taylors'](/wiki/Old_Merchant_Taylors%27_RFC \"Old Merchant Taylors' RFC\") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC \"Welwyn RFC\"){{efn\\\|3rd place \\[\\[Barnet Elizabethans RFC\\\|Barnet]] also promoted.}} \| No relegation{{efn\\\|No relegation as league was set to expand from 13 to 17 teams for the following season.}} \|\n\| 1997–98 \| 17 \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC \"Harpenden RFC\") \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club \"Hertford Rugby Football Club\") \| [Hackney](/wiki/Hackney_RFC \"Hackney RFC\"), [Haringey Rhinos](/wiki/Haringey_Rhinos \"Haringey Rhinos\") \|\n\| 1998–99{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/1998\\-1999/group/9002\\\|title\\=1998\\-1999 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 17 \| [London Nigerian](/wiki/London_Nigerian_RFC \"London Nigerian RFC\") \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club \"Hertford Rugby Football Club\") \| [Harlequin Amateurs](/wiki/Harlequin_Amateurs \"Harlequin Amateurs\") \|\n\| 1999–00{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/1999\\-2000/group/9299\\\|title\\=1999\\-2000 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 17 \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club \"Hertford Rugby Football Club\") \| [Ealing Trailfinders](/wiki/Ealing_Trailfinders_Rugby_Club \"Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club\") \| Multiple teams{{efn\\\|The creation of \\[\\[London 3 North West\\\|London 4 North West]] for the following season meant that twelve teams would be relegated. \\[\\[Uxbridge RFC\\\|Uxbridge]] and \\[\\[Mill Hill RFC\\\|Mill Hill]] dropped two divisions to \\[\\[Herts/Middlesex 1]], while \\[\\[Tring Rugby\\\|Tring]], \\[\\[St Albans RFC\\\|St Albans]], \\[\\[Old Millhillians RFC\\\|Old Millhillians]], \\[\\[Hampstead Rugby Club\\\|Hampstead]], \\[\\[Letchworth Garden City RUFC\\\|Letchworth Garden City]], \\[\\[Chiswick RFC\\\|Chiswick]] and \\[\\[Hemel Hempstead RUFC\\\|Hemel Hempstead]] went into the new London 4 North West division. 11th place \\[\\[West London RFC\\\|Kingsburians]] were also supposed to be relegated into the new division but would fold at the end of the season and become amalgamated into \\[\\[West London RFC]].}} \|\n\| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "### London 3 North West (2000–2009\\)", "London 3 North West continued to be a tier 7 league with promotion up to [London 2 North](/wiki/London_1_North \"London 1 North\"). However, the introduction of [London 4 North West](/wiki/London_3_North_West \"London 3 North West\") ahead of the 2000–01 season meant that clubs were now relegated into this new division instead of into [Herts/Middlesex 1](/wiki/Herts/Middlesex_1 \"Herts/Middlesex 1\").", "", "\|", "\| \| London 3 North West Honours \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "", "\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \|\n\| 2000–01{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2000\\-2001/group/9624\\\|title\\=2000\\-2001 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 10 \| [Hertford](/wiki/Hertford_Rugby_Football_Club \"Hertford Rugby Football Club\") \| [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC \"Twickenham RFC\") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC \"Welwyn RFC\") \|\n\| 2001–02{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2001\\-2002/group/9958\\\|title\\=2001\\-2002 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 10 \| [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England_RFC \"Bank of England RFC\") \| [Letchworth Garden City](/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City_RUFC \"Letchworth Garden City RUFC\") \| [Old Merchant Taylors' Lambs](/wiki/Old_Merchant_Taylors%27_FC \"Old Merchant Taylors' FC\"),{{efn\\\|The Lambs were \\[\\[Old Merchant Taylors' FC\\\|Old Merchant Taylors']] 2nd team.}} [Finchley](/wiki/Finchley_RFC \"Finchley RFC\") \|\n\| 2002–03{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2002\\-2003/group/10293\\\|title\\=2002\\-2003 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 10 \| [London Scottish](/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C. \"London Scottish F.C.\") \| [Ealing Trailfinders](/wiki/Ealing_Trailfinders_Rugby_Club \"Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club\") \| [Ruislip](/wiki/Ruislip_RFC \"Ruislip RFC\"), [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_RFC \"Metropolitan Police RFC\") \|\n\| 2003–04{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2003\\-2004/group/10678\\\|title\\=2003\\-2004 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 9 \| [Civil Service](/wiki/CS_Rugby_1863 \"CS Rugby 1863\") \| [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_RFC \"St Albans RFC\") \| [West London](/wiki/West_London_RFC \"West London RFC\") \|\n\| 2004–05{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2004\\-2005/group/11078\\\|title\\=2004\\-2005 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_RFC \"St Albans RFC\") \| [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England_RFC \"Bank of England RFC\") \| [Cheshunt](/wiki/Cheshunt_RFC \"Cheshunt RFC\"), [Verulamians](/wiki/Verulamians_RFC \"Verulamians RFC\") \|\n\| 2005–06{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2005\\-2006/group/11434\\\|title\\=2005\\-2006 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Woodford](/wiki/Woodford_RFC \"Woodford RFC\") \| [Tring](/wiki/Tring_Rugby \"Tring Rugby\") \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC \"Fullerians RFC\"), [Barnet Elizabethans](/wiki/Barnet_Elizabethans_RFC \"Barnet Elizabethans RFC\") \|\n\| 2006–07{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2006\\-2007/group/11793\\\|title\\=2006\\-2007 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Ruislip](/wiki/Ruislip_RFC \"Ruislip RFC\") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC \"Welwyn RFC\") \| [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England_RFC \"Bank of England RFC\"), [Haringey Rhinos](/wiki/Haringey_Rhinos \"Haringey Rhinos\") \|\n\| 2007–08{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2007\\-2008/group/12201\\\|title\\=2007\\-2008 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Stevenage Town](/wiki/Stevenage_Town_RFC \"Stevenage Town RFC\") \| [Imperial Medicals](/wiki/Imperial_Medicals_Rugby_Club \"Imperial Medicals Rugby Club\") \| [Vauxhall Motors](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors_RFC \"Vauxhall Motors RFC\"), [Datchworth](/wiki/Datchworth_Rugby_Club \"Datchworth Rugby Club\") \|\n\| 2008–09{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2008\\-2009/group/12685\\\|title\\=2008\\-2009 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC \"Harpenden RFC\") \| [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead_Rugby_Club \"Hampstead Rugby Club\") \| No relegation due to league restructure{{efn\\\|The division would be renamed London Division 2 North West for the next season and along with the whole national restructure of the league system by the RFU lead to mass changes at all levels.}} \|\n\| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "### London 2 North East (2009–present)", "Nationwide league restructuring by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union \"Rugby Football Union\") ahead of the 2009–10 season saw London 3 North West renamed as London 2 North West. It remained at level 7 with promotion to [London 1 North](/wiki/London_1_North \"London 1 North\") (formerly London 2 North) and relegation to [London 3 North West](/wiki/London_3_North_West \"London 3 North West\") (formerly London 4 North West).", "", "\|", "\| \| London 2 North West Honours \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "", "\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Season \| No of teams \| Champions \| Runners–up \| Relegated Teams \|\n\| 2009–10{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2009\\-2010/group/13660\\\|title\\=2009\\-2010 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC \"Tabard RFC\") \| [Hammersmith \\& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC \"Hammersmith & Fulham RFC\") \| [Finchley](/wiki/Finchley_RFC \"Finchley RFC\"), [London Nigerian](/wiki/London_Nigerian_RFC \"London Nigerian RFC\") \|\n\| 2010–11{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2010\\-2011/group/14527\\\|title\\=2010\\-2011 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Hammersmith \\& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC \"Hammersmith & Fulham RFC\") \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC \"Harpenden RFC\") \| [West London](/wiki/West_London_RFC \"West London RFC\"), [London New Zealand](/wiki/London_New_Zealand_Rugby_Club \"London New Zealand Rugby Club\") \|\n\| 2011–12{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2011\\-2012/group/15544\\\|title\\=2011\\-2012 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Old Haberdashers](/wiki/Old_Haberdashers_RFC \"Old Haberdashers RFC\") \| [Stevenage Town](/wiki/Stevenage_Town_RFC \"Stevenage Town RFC\") \| [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC \"Welwyn RFC\"), [Imperial Medicals](/wiki/Imperial_Medicals_Rugby_Club \"Imperial Medicals Rugby Club\") \|\n\| 2012–13{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2012\\-2013/group/16245\\\|title\\=2012\\-2013 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC \"Tabard RFC\") \| [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_RUFC \"Hemel Hempstead RUFC\") \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC \"Fullerians RFC\"), [Grasshoppers](/wiki/Grasshoppers_Rugby_Football_Club_%28Isleworth%29 \"Grasshoppers Rugby Football Club (Isleworth)\") \|\n\| 2013–14{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2013\\-2014/group/17262\\\|title\\=2013\\-2014 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2014}} \| 12 \| [Old Priorians](/wiki/Old_Priorians_RFC \"Old Priorians RFC\") \| [Twickenham](/wiki/Twickenham_RFC \"Twickenham RFC\") \| [London Nigerian](/wiki/London_Nigerian_RFC \"London Nigerian RFC\"), [UCS Old Boys](/wiki/UCS_Old_Boys_RFC \"UCS Old Boys RFC\") \|\n\| 2014–15{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2014\\-2015/group/18350\\\|title\\=2014\\-2015 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2015}} \| 12 \| [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow_RFC \"Harrow RFC\") \| [Chiswick](/wiki/Chiswick_RFC \"Chiswick RFC\") \| [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_RFC \"Hemel Hempstead RFC\"), [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans_RFC \"St Albans RFC\") \|\n\| 2015–16{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2015\\-2016/group/19825\\\|title\\=2015\\-2016 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2016}} \| 12 \| [Fullerians](/wiki/Fullerians_RFC \"Fullerians RFC\") \| [Hammersmith \\& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC \"Hammersmith & Fulham RFC\") \| [Old Merchant Taylors'](/wiki/Old_Merchant_Taylors%27_FC \"Old Merchant Taylors' FC\"), [Staines](/wiki/Staines_Rugby_Football_Club \"Staines Rugby Football Club\") \|\n\| 2016–17{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2016\\-2017/group/21309\\\|title\\=2016\\-2017 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2017}} \| 12 \| [Old Haberdashers](/wiki/Old_Haberdashers_RFC \"Old Haberdashers RFC\") \| [H.A.C.](/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_RFC \"Honourable Artillery Company RFC\") \| [Stockwood Park](/wiki/Stockwood_Park_RFC \"Stockwood Park RFC\"), [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC \"Welwyn RFC\") \|\n\| 2017–18{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2017\\-2018/group/23024\\\|title\\=2017\\-2018 London South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2018}} \| 12 \| [H.A.C.](/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_RFC \"Honourable Artillery Company RFC\") \| [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead_RFC \"Hampstead RFC\") \| [Tabard](/wiki/Tabard_RFC \"Tabard RFC\"), [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow_RFC \"Harrow RFC\") \|\n\| 2018–19{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2018\\-2019/group/26573 \\\|title\\=2018\\-2019 London \\& South\\-East Division\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|publisher\\=RFU \\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2019}} \| 11{{efn\\\|League reduced from 12 to 11 after \\[\\[London Nigerian RFC\\\|London Nigerian]] withdraw from RFU leagues.}} \| [Belsize Park](/wiki/Belsize_Park_Rugby_Football_Club \"Belsize Park Rugby Football Club\") \| [Harpenden](/wiki/Harpenden_RFC \"Harpenden RFC\") \| [Enfield Ignatians](/wiki/Enfield_Ignatians \"Enfield Ignatians\") \|\n\| 2019–20{{cite web\\\|title\\=Men's level 5 \\- 7 leagues 2019–20\\\|url\\=https://www.englandrugby.com/dxdam/1d/1d602337\\-7f0c\\-401d\\-89b3\\-4ea9b38fecb6/Levels%205%20\\-%207\\.pdf\\\|website\\=England Rugby\\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2020}} \| 12 \| [London Welsh](/wiki/London_Welsh_Amateur \"London Welsh Amateur\") \| [Hammersmith \\& Fulham](/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_Fulham_RFC \"Hammersmith & Fulham RFC\") \| [Luton](/wiki/Luton_Rugby_Club \"Luton Rugby Club\"), [Welwyn](/wiki/Welwyn_RFC \"Welwyn RFC\") \|\n\| 2020–21 \| 12 \| \| \|\n\| Green backgrounds are promotion places. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "" ]
Early life ---------- Downes was born in [West Roxbury, Massachusetts](/wiki/West_Roxbury%2C_Massachusetts "West Roxbury, Massachusetts"). He was the son of Marian Davenport and [Olin Downes](/wiki/Olin_Downes "Olin Downes"), a pianist and chief music critic for [The Boston Post](/wiki/The_Boston_Post "The Boston Post"). His mother was from a prominent Boston family and received a patent for her invention that combined a child’s toy with a record changer. His father's original surname was Quigley, but this was changed after Downes' grandfather, Edwin Quigley, was sentenced to sixteen years in prison in band fraud in 1895\. Music was a daily topic when Downes was a child.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Duffie \\|first\=Bruce \\|date\=1986 \\|title\=Conversation Piece: Quizmaster Edward Downes \\|url\=http://www.bruceduffie.com/downes.html \\|journal\=The Opera Journal \\|volume\=29 \\|issue\=3 \\|access\-date\=May 25, 2022}} He attended operas with his father as a young child in Boston, becoming an "ardent Wagnerite with a passion for [Siegfried](/wiki/Siegfried_%28opera%29 "Siegfried (opera)")" by the time he was nine years old.Tommasini, Anthony (December 14, 1996\), "[Opera Buffs Bid Adieu to a Voice that Doesn't Sing](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1996/12/14/734187.html?pageNumber=20)", The New York Times., p. 20, retrieved May 25, 2022 However, his father resigned his position with [The Boston Post](/wiki/The_Boston_Post "The Boston Post") over boredom and issues such as being asked to write a positive review for the girlfriend of the paper's manager. Fortunately, a letter came in the mail, with the offer of a new job ten days later. Downes was twelve\-years\-old when his family moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") in 1925 for his father's new job as the chief music critic for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times").{{Citation \\|last\=Tommasini \\|first\=Anthony \\|title\=An Operatic Voice That Doesn't Sing \\|date\=December 14, 1996 \\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1996/12/14/issue.html \\|work\=The New York Times. \\|pages\=15 \\|location\= \\|access\-date\=May 25, 2022}} They lived in [The Dakota](/wiki/The_Dakota "The Dakota") apartment building near [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"). In New York, his father became the most influential music critic in the United States for thirty years. His father was also the quizmaster for the [Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts "Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts"), from 1940 until his death in 1955\. Downes attended [Trinity School](/wiki/Trinity_School_%28New_York_City%29 "Trinity School (New York City)") and the [Dalton School](/wiki/Dalton_School "Dalton School") in New York City.{{Cite news \\|date\=October 27, 1943 \\|title\=Mrs. Finkle is Wed to Edward Downes \\|pages\=18 \\|work\=The New York Times \\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/10/27/85129397\.pdf?pdf\_redirect\=true\&ip\=0 \\|access\-date\=May 25, 2022}} The summer of 1930 before graduating from high school, he traveled to [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") to hear family friend [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini")'s debut at the annual [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and to visit the [Bayreuth Festspielhaus](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus "Bayreuth Festspielhaus") which was designed by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"). Although the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") was coming into power, and [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews") were starting to be arrested, Downes felt safe in Germany because he was an American and his father wrote for The New York Times. He would return to Germany for the festival in 1932 through 1936 with his father. Downes said, "The last pre\-war memory I have of [Bayreuth](/wiki/Bayreuth "Bayreuth") was in 1936, fairly late in the day when [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") was a regular visitor. I did see him there... If I had wanted to meet Hitler, it would have been possible with my father’s connections. The authorities were well aware of the advantages The New York Times could bring them." Rather than completing high school, he enrolled in [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") in 1930\.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Shaw \\|first\=John A. \\|date\=2011 \\|title\=Passings \\|url\=http://digital.watkinsprinting.com/publication/?i\=90150\&article\_id\=899166\&view\=articleBrowser\&ver\=html5 \\|journal\=The Review \\|publisher\=St. Anthony Hall \\|issue\=Fall \\|via\=Watkins Printing}} While there, he was a member of the fraternity of [St. Anthony Hall](/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall "St. Anthony Hall"). After a year, he transferred to the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music "Manhattan School of Music"). Then, he studied languages at the [University of Paris](/wiki/University_of_Paris "University of Paris") for a year, followed by the [University of Munich](/wiki/University_of_Munich "University of Munich") for four years of art, theatrical history, and romance languages—however, he never completed a degree. Downes said, "I didn't see why I needed one. I wound up working as a journalist and teaching in colleges, and I didn't even have a high school diploma." However, he was also ordered home by his father because [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Downes enlisted in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), but was "opted out" in 1942 because of poor eyesight. He worked for [Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.](/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr. "Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr."), preparing briefing books for the [Office of Strategic Services](/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services "Office of Strategic Services"). Downes said, "They needed someone who could write fast, who knew languages, and could scan quickly a large amount of intelligence material and newspapers." He ultimately left what would become the [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA") with an honorable discharge because he felt he lacked knowledge of international politics, history, and economics which were also essential in the long term. He decided to attend [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") in 1947\. In 1958, he received his first degree, a [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy") in musicology from [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), when he was 47 years old. His dissertation was on The Operas of Johann Christian Bach as a Reflection of the Dominant Trends in Opera Serial: 1750\-1780.Downes, Edward. 1958\. [The operas of Johann Christian Bach as a reflection of the dominant trends in opera seria 1750\-1780 Vol. 2](http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249667764) Vol. 2. 2\. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ., Diss., 1958\.	[ "Early life\n----------", "Downes was born in [West Roxbury, Massachusetts](/wiki/West_Roxbury%2C_Massachusetts \"West Roxbury, Massachusetts\"). He was the son of Marian Davenport and [Olin Downes](/wiki/Olin_Downes \"Olin Downes\"), a pianist and chief music critic for [The Boston Post](/wiki/The_Boston_Post \"The Boston Post\"). His mother was from a prominent Boston family and received a patent for her invention that combined a child’s toy with a record changer. His father's original surname was Quigley, but this was changed after Downes' grandfather, Edwin Quigley, was sentenced to sixteen years in prison in band fraud in 1895\\.", "Music was a daily topic when Downes was a child.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Duffie \\\|first\\=Bruce \\\|date\\=1986 \\\|title\\=Conversation Piece: Quizmaster Edward Downes \\\|url\\=http://www.bruceduffie.com/downes.html \\\|journal\\=The Opera Journal \\\|volume\\=29 \\\|issue\\=3 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2022}} He attended operas with his father as a young child in Boston, becoming an \"ardent Wagnerite with a passion for [Siegfried](/wiki/Siegfried_%28opera%29 \"Siegfried (opera)\")\" by the time he was nine years old.Tommasini, Anthony (December 14, 1996\\), \"[Opera Buffs Bid Adieu to a Voice that Doesn't Sing](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1996/12/14/734187.html?pageNumber=20)\", The New York Times., p. 20, retrieved May 25, 2022 However, his father resigned his position with [The Boston Post](/wiki/The_Boston_Post \"The Boston Post\") over boredom and issues such as being asked to write a positive review for the girlfriend of the paper's manager. Fortunately, a letter came in the mail, with the offer of a new job ten days later.", "Downes was twelve\\-years\\-old when his family moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") in 1925 for his father's new job as the chief music critic for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\").{{Citation \\\|last\\=Tommasini \\\|first\\=Anthony \\\|title\\=An Operatic Voice That Doesn't Sing \\\|date\\=December 14, 1996 \\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1996/12/14/issue.html \\\|work\\=The New York Times. \\\|pages\\=15 \\\|location\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2022}} They lived in [The Dakota](/wiki/The_Dakota \"The Dakota\") apartment building near [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"). In New York, his father became the most influential music critic in the United States for thirty years. His father was also the quizmaster for the [Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts \"Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts\"), from 1940 until his death in 1955\\.", "Downes attended [Trinity School](/wiki/Trinity_School_%28New_York_City%29 \"Trinity School (New York City)\") and the [Dalton School](/wiki/Dalton_School \"Dalton School\") in New York City.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=October 27, 1943 \\\|title\\=Mrs. Finkle is Wed to Edward Downes \\\|pages\\=18 \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/10/27/85129397\\.pdf?pdf\\_redirect\\=true\\&ip\\=0 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2022}} The summer of 1930 before graduating from high school, he traveled to [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") to hear family friend [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\")'s debut at the annual [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and to visit the [Bayreuth Festspielhaus](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus \"Bayreuth Festspielhaus\") which was designed by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"). Although the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") was coming into power, and [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") were starting to be arrested, Downes felt safe in Germany because he was an American and his father wrote for The New York Times. He would return to Germany for the festival in 1932 through 1936 with his father. Downes said, \"The last pre\\-war memory I have of [Bayreuth](/wiki/Bayreuth \"Bayreuth\") was in 1936, fairly late in the day when [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") was a regular visitor. I did see him there... If I had wanted to meet Hitler, it would have been possible with my father’s connections. The authorities were well aware of the advantages The New York Times could bring them.\"", "Rather than completing high school, he enrolled in [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") in 1930\\.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Shaw \\\|first\\=John A. \\\|date\\=2011 \\\|title\\=Passings \\\|url\\=http://digital.watkinsprinting.com/publication/?i\\=90150\\&article\\_id\\=899166\\&view\\=articleBrowser\\&ver\\=html5 \\\|journal\\=The Review \\\|publisher\\=St. Anthony Hall \\\|issue\\=Fall \\\|via\\=Watkins Printing}} While there, he was a member of the fraternity of [St. Anthony Hall](/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall \"St. Anthony Hall\"). After a year, he transferred to the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music \"Manhattan School of Music\"). Then, he studied languages at the [University of Paris](/wiki/University_of_Paris \"University of Paris\") for a year, followed by the [University of Munich](/wiki/University_of_Munich \"University of Munich\") for four years of art, theatrical history, and romance languages—however, he never completed a degree. Downes said, \"I didn't see why I needed one. I wound up working as a journalist and teaching in colleges, and I didn't even have a high school diploma.\" However, he was also ordered home by his father because [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "Downes enlisted in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), but was \"opted out\" in 1942 because of poor eyesight. He worked for [Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.](/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger%2C_Jr. \"Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.\"), preparing briefing books for the [Office of Strategic Services](/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services \"Office of Strategic Services\"). Downes said, \"They needed someone who could write fast, who knew languages, and could scan quickly a large amount of intelligence material and newspapers.\" He ultimately left what would become the [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\") with an honorable discharge because he felt he lacked knowledge of international politics, history, and economics which were also essential in the long term.", "He decided to attend [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") in 1947\\. In 1958, he received his first degree, a [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") in musicology from [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), when he was 47 years old. His dissertation was on The Operas of Johann Christian Bach as a Reflection of the Dominant Trends in Opera Serial: 1750\\-1780.Downes, Edward. 1958\\. [The operas of Johann Christian Bach as a reflection of the dominant trends in opera seria 1750\\-1780 Vol. 2](http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249667764) Vol. 2. 2\\. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ., Diss., 1958\\.", "" ]
Career ------ Downes began his career in music as the assistant music critic of [The New York Post](/wiki/The_New_York_Post "The New York Post"), covering music festivals in [Bayreuth](/wiki/Bayreuth "Bayreuth") and [Salzburg](/wiki/Salzburg "Salzburg") for a year. While living in Europe, he also was a foreign music correspondent for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). On September 30, 1939, he became the music critic of The [Boston Evening Transcript](/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript "Boston Evening Transcript"), working there until the paper ceased publication in 1941.{{Cite news \\|date\=November 26, 1941 \\|title\=Edward Downes in CBS Post \\|pages\=28 \\|work\=The New York Times \\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/11/26/99261117\.pdf?pdf\_redirect\=true\&ip\=0 \\|access\-date\=May 25, 2022}} His salary was $2,300 a year for a weekly Sunday "think piece" and reviews of all concerts. He was also an assistant musical director for the [National Broadcasting Company](/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company "National Broadcasting Company") (NBC). In 1941, he joined the staff of the [Columbia Broadcasting System](/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System "Columbia Broadcasting System") (CBS) affiliate W67NY. In 1952, Downes taught at the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") for five years. In 1955, after his father died, Downes took his slot as the music critic for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). After he left Minnesota, he moved back to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and was also a researcher at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College%2C_City_University_of_New_York "Queens College, City University of New York"). In 1958, Downes received an offer from the Metropolitan Opera International Radio Network to become the quizmaster of the [Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts "Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts") for twenty weeks a year, for the same salary that he received as a newspaper music critic for an entire year's work. He left The New York Times and became the host of the Texaco Opera Quiz from 1958 to 1996, overseeing some 800 live broadcasts. Downes said, “The quiz was decidedly a side issue when I took it up. We used to call it 'sugar\-coated education.'" His job was not just quizzing the guest panelists, but also researching and preparing the answers to questions submitted by listeners. These broadcasts were heard through 325 radio stations in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America") and 26 countries in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). Michael Bronson, a producer of the broadcasts said, "I sometimes think Edward doesn't realize how well he accomplished the mission of the intermission features: to be informative and entertaining. His avuncular style, his way of putting the panelists and audiences at ease demystified opera." On a few occasions, Downes served as a panelist and answered questions supplied by a guest host. He also hosted a weekly radio show called First Hearing. He retired from broadcasting after the 1997–98 season. Starting in 1959, he taught master classes for [Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner "Friedelind Wagner") at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival"). However, in 1965 he "resigned over Friedelind’s lack of organizational skills, poor resources, lost luggage and sluggish paychecks." Nevertheless, he was known as the musicologist\-in\-residence for the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival"). From 1960 to 1978, he wrote the program notes for the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic "New York Philharmonic"). He also lectured at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art") on cultural history. Downes taught at [Wellesley College](/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College"), the [Longy School of Music](/wiki/Longy_School_of_Music "Longy School of Music"), [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School") and [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"). He was a professor at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College "Queens College") from 1966 to 1983, teaching the history of music. His papers are housed at the Howard Gottlieb Research Library at [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University").	[ "Career\n------", "Downes began his career in music as the assistant music critic of [The New York Post](/wiki/The_New_York_Post \"The New York Post\"), covering music festivals in [Bayreuth](/wiki/Bayreuth \"Bayreuth\") and [Salzburg](/wiki/Salzburg \"Salzburg\") for a year. While living in Europe, he also was a foreign music correspondent for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). On September 30, 1939, he became the music critic of The [Boston Evening Transcript](/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript \"Boston Evening Transcript\"), working there until the paper ceased publication in 1941.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=November 26, 1941 \\\|title\\=Edward Downes in CBS Post \\\|pages\\=28 \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/11/26/99261117\\.pdf?pdf\\_redirect\\=true\\&ip\\=0 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2022}} His salary was $2,300 a year for a weekly Sunday \"think piece\" and reviews of all concerts. He was also an assistant musical director for the [National Broadcasting Company](/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company \"National Broadcasting Company\") (NBC). In 1941, he joined the staff of the [Columbia Broadcasting System](/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System \"Columbia Broadcasting System\") (CBS) affiliate W67NY.", "In 1952, Downes taught at the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\") for five years. In 1955, after his father died, Downes took his slot as the music critic for [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). After he left Minnesota, he moved back to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and was also a researcher at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College%2C_City_University_of_New_York \"Queens College, City University of New York\").", "In 1958, Downes received an offer from the Metropolitan Opera International Radio Network to become the quizmaster of the [Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts \"Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts\") for twenty weeks a year, for the same salary that he received as a newspaper music critic for an entire year's work. He left The New York Times and became the host of the Texaco Opera Quiz from 1958 to 1996, overseeing some 800 live broadcasts. Downes said, “The quiz was decidedly a side issue when I took it up. We used to call it 'sugar\\-coated education.'\" His job was not just quizzing the guest panelists, but also researching and preparing the answers to questions submitted by listeners. These broadcasts were heard through 325 radio stations in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") and 26 countries in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). Michael Bronson, a producer of the broadcasts said, \"I sometimes think Edward doesn't realize how well he accomplished the mission of the intermission features: to be informative and entertaining. His avuncular style, his way of putting the panelists and audiences at ease demystified opera.\" On a few occasions, Downes served as a panelist and answered questions supplied by a guest host. He also hosted a weekly radio show called First Hearing. He retired from broadcasting after the 1997–98 season.", "Starting in 1959, he taught master classes for [Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner \"Friedelind Wagner\") at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\"). However, in 1965 he \"resigned over Friedelind’s lack of organizational skills, poor resources, lost luggage and sluggish paychecks.\" Nevertheless, he was known as the musicologist\\-in\\-residence for the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\").", "From 1960 to 1978, he wrote the program notes for the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\"). He also lectured at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\") on cultural history.", "Downes taught at [Wellesley College](/wiki/Wellesley_College \"Wellesley College\"), the [Longy School of Music](/wiki/Longy_School_of_Music \"Longy School of Music\"), [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\") and [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"). He was a professor at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College \"Queens College\") from 1966 to 1983, teaching the history of music.", "His papers are housed at the Howard Gottlieb Research Library at [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\").", "" ]
Plot ---- In the opening sequence, four airmen from Clark Air Base in Washington, D.C., frantically attempt to escape the base. A contingent of soldiers soon blocks their path. Most of the escapees are shot, but one sees a flying saucer which burns him to a crisp with its energy weapon. Frank Mccall ([Hans Bachmann](/wiki/Hans_Bachmann "Hans Bachmann")) is an overqualified [photojournalist](/wiki/Photojournalist "Photojournalist") writing about two\-headed dogs and alien abductions for the sleazy National Scandal tabloid. When the airman's charred corpse is found, he is assigned to the story. When government agents try to keep him out, he resolves to sneak into the airbase, where a top\-secret [fighter plane](/wiki/Fighter_plane "Fighter plane") is to be demoed that night. The plane is equipped with an experimental software system called A.S.M.O.D.S, which suddenly malfunctions mid\-demo, crashing the plane. As the disappointed top brass go home, Mccall is intercepted by Captain Anders (A. Thomas Smith), who orders him taken into custody and his camera seized. Sinister [men in black](/wiki/Men_in_black "Men in black") wrench Mccall away, taking him to a storage compartment to be injected with a glowing green substance and brainwashed with an electronic apparatus. Anders and Colonel Faraday (Rick Foucheux) arrive in time to stop them, and the men shoot themselves. Anders takes Mccall into custody himself, while Faraday returns to the base. Suddenly, the flying saucer from the opening appears. Anders shoots it, to no effect, while Mccall photographs it with his backup [disc camera](/wiki/Disc_film "Disc film"). Powerless against the invader, they drive away, dodging more men in black on the way, and lock themselves in the base. Mccall's camera is again confiscated, its photos to be developed as evidence. Mccall manages to secure the prints, and also spies on Anders conversing with the General. He thus finds out that the A.S.M.O.D.S. system uses alien technology recovered from a crashed spaceship in the New Mexico desert, and this technology seems to have a mind of its own. The men in black break their way in, so Mccall escapes with Anders in the [F\-117 stealth fighter](/wiki/F-117 "F-117"). They have a brief dogfight with some [F\-16s](/wiki/F-16 "F-16") out of Clark, which ends when they manage to secure air support from the Pentagon. Mccall and Anders are questioned, and eventually manage to convince General Anheiser (John Cook) that A.S.M.O.D.S. has taken over the base computers using the intranet, and brainwashed all of the soldiers into its control. They agree to go investigate the next day. In between time, Mccall quits his job at the Scandal, realizing he is onto the story of the century. At the airbase, the trio is greeted by a now\-brainwashed Faraday. His troops destroy their helicopter escort, and he takes them down to the subbasement, which has been excavated into a gaping cavern. There Faraday reveals the alien's plan: it cannibalized the base hardware to build a giant robot, HARV, with which to conquer the world after [nuking](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon") China and Russia. Mccall realizes that just as the alien programming seeped into A.S.M.O.D.S., so A.S.M.O.D.S. has seeped into the alien, arming it with a nationalistic impulse to destroy America's enemies. The protagonists manage to shoot Faraday's guards. HARV tries to stop them, but only succeeds in killing Faraday. They search the basement for weapons with which to destroy HARV and avert [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III "World War III"). They find a rocket launcher and two rockets; their first attempt misses, but the second is a direct hit, with one second to spare before HARV would launch the missiles. The ending sequence shows several newspapers honoring Mccall for his heroics, while the National Scandal claims the alien invasion was a hoax.	[ "Plot\n----", "In the opening sequence, four airmen from Clark Air Base in Washington, D.C., frantically attempt to escape the base. A contingent of soldiers soon blocks their path. Most of the escapees are shot, but one sees a flying saucer which burns him to a crisp with its energy weapon.", "Frank Mccall ([Hans Bachmann](/wiki/Hans_Bachmann \"Hans Bachmann\")) is an overqualified [photojournalist](/wiki/Photojournalist \"Photojournalist\") writing about two\\-headed dogs and alien abductions for the sleazy National Scandal tabloid. When the airman's charred corpse is found, he is assigned to the story. When government agents try to keep him out, he resolves to sneak into the airbase, where a top\\-secret [fighter plane](/wiki/Fighter_plane \"Fighter plane\") is to be demoed that night. The plane is equipped with an experimental software system called A.S.M.O.D.S, which suddenly malfunctions mid\\-demo, crashing the plane. As the disappointed top brass go home, Mccall is intercepted by Captain Anders (A. Thomas Smith), who orders him taken into custody and his camera seized.", "Sinister [men in black](/wiki/Men_in_black \"Men in black\") wrench Mccall away, taking him to a storage compartment to be injected with a glowing green substance and brainwashed with an electronic apparatus. Anders and Colonel Faraday (Rick Foucheux) arrive in time to stop them, and the men shoot themselves. Anders takes Mccall into custody himself, while Faraday returns to the base. Suddenly, the flying saucer from the opening appears. Anders shoots it, to no effect, while Mccall photographs it with his backup [disc camera](/wiki/Disc_film \"Disc film\"). Powerless against the invader, they drive away, dodging more men in black on the way, and lock themselves in the base.", "Mccall's camera is again confiscated, its photos to be developed as evidence. Mccall manages to secure the prints, and also spies on Anders conversing with the General. He thus finds out that the A.S.M.O.D.S. system uses alien technology recovered from a crashed spaceship in the New Mexico desert, and this technology seems to have a mind of its own. The men in black break their way in, so Mccall escapes with Anders in the [F\\-117 stealth fighter](/wiki/F-117 \"F-117\"). They have a brief dogfight with some [F\\-16s](/wiki/F-16 \"F-16\") out of Clark, which ends when they manage to secure air support from the Pentagon.", "Mccall and Anders are questioned, and eventually manage to convince General Anheiser (John Cook) that A.S.M.O.D.S. has taken over the base computers using the intranet, and brainwashed all of the soldiers into its control. They agree to go investigate the next day. In between time, Mccall quits his job at the Scandal, realizing he is onto the story of the century.", "At the airbase, the trio is greeted by a now\\-brainwashed Faraday. His troops destroy their helicopter escort, and he takes them down to the subbasement, which has been excavated into a gaping cavern. There Faraday reveals the alien's plan: it cannibalized the base hardware to build a giant robot, HARV, with which to conquer the world after [nuking](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\") China and Russia. Mccall realizes that just as the alien programming seeped into A.S.M.O.D.S., so A.S.M.O.D.S. has seeped into the alien, arming it with a nationalistic impulse to destroy America's enemies.", "The protagonists manage to shoot Faraday's guards. HARV tries to stop them, but only succeeds in killing Faraday. They search the basement for weapons with which to destroy HARV and avert [World War III](/wiki/World_War_III \"World War III\"). They find a rocket launcher and two rockets; their first attempt misses, but the second is a direct hit, with one second to spare before HARV would launch the missiles. The ending sequence shows several newspapers honoring Mccall for his heroics, while the National Scandal claims the alien invasion was a hoax.", "" ]