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Collaborative albums (1997–2006\)
---------------------------------
### 1997–2001: *I Believe You Are a Star*
Carter moved to Auckland in 1997 and, inspired by "new music \[including] avant\-electronica and whatever else was fresh and non\-mainstream", switched from playing rock music to producing tracks on [Pro Tools](/wiki/Pro_Tools "Pro Tools").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/shayne\-carter\|website\=Audioculture\|title\=Shayne Carter profile\|accessdate\=9 September 2016}} "For the next few years, Shayne Carter would regularly seek the sanctity of my venue for late\-night listening sessions of new music. I would set him up with piles of avant\-electronica and whatever else was fresh and non\-mainstream, and he would invariably go nuts over the most extreme choices: The fidgety hi\-res experimental techno of Monolake, the distorted power electronics of Pansonic. Shayne particularly loved the bizarre four\-CD set of shortwave "numbers stations" broadcasting coded messages, The Conet Project. In short, he was up for almost anything, clearly looking for an escape from the expectations of the fans of the incredible alt\-rock he made with Straitjacket Fits." – Gary Steel
> "After I put out the first album, there’s all this 'it doesn't sound like Straitjacket Fits'. Well, no, it doesn't. That's why I quit the band – because I didn't want to be doing that. \[...It] actually took me five or six years to put together. That came on the back of the Straitjackets, and I think I was disillusioned with the whole music thing at the time. I wanted to figure out a lot of things in my head."
>
> \- Shayne Carter, 2009
Most of the writing and recording that eventually became Dimmer's first album ("\[the song] "Smoke"...took about four years to write") took place at Carter's homes over a number of years, with drummer Gary Sullivan ([JPSE](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre_Experience "Jean-Paul Sartre Experience"), Chug, [The Stereo Bus](/wiki/The_Stereo_Bus "The Stereo Bus")) the other main participant.{{cite web\|title\=Chug bio\|url\=http://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/646/chug\|website\=Muzic.net.nz\|accessdate\=17 September 2016}}{{cite web\|title\=Jean Paul Sartre Experience bio\|url\=http://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/705/jean\-paul\-sartre\-experience\|website\=Muzic.net.nz\|accessdate\=17 September 2016}} At least one song, "Seed", predated Carter's move to Auckland, an early version of it having been one of the tracks recorded in the mainly\-abandoned Dunedin sessions of 1995\.
Locations for Carter and Sullivan's sessions included the former Ponsonby Road premises of the store Beautiful Music, then later Norfolk Street, where Carter spent an advance from Sony Records to have either a shipping container or Portacom building (depending on which recollection of Carter's you trust) installed in his backyard by crane.
In 1999 the first release from these sessions, "Evolution", came out as a CD single with "Sad Guy" and the Tryhard Remix of "Evolution" as b\-sides.{{cite web\|title\=Dimmer – Evolution\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Dimmer\-Evolution/release/775521\|publisher\=discogs\|accessdate\=9 September 2016}} The song's video featured Carter's father playing an older version of Shayne. It was directed by Darryl Ward and funded by NZ On Air.{{cite web\|title\=Evolution Dimmer, Music Video – 1999\|url\=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/evolution\-1999/overview\|website\=NZ On Screen\|accessdate\=9 September 2016}}
It was two years before Dimmer's debut album, *[I Believe You Are A Star](/wiki/I_Believe_You_Are_A_Star "I Believe You Are A Star")*, which included "Evolution" and a reworked "Seed", was released in 2001\. The writing and production of all but one track ("Sad Guy") are solely credited to Carter. Five other musicians (including [Bic Runga](/wiki/Bic_Runga "Bic Runga")) appear in what The Listener called "hardly essential cameos".Dimmer, *I Believe You Are A Star* liner notes, Columbia 5024222000, 2001{{cite web\|last1\=Bollinger\|first1\=Nick\|title\=Dimmer: I Believe You Are A Star (originally published in The Listener, 9 July 2001\)\|url\=http://www.nickbollinger.co.nz/album\-reviews/1053/dimmer\-i\-believe\-you\-are\-a\-star/\|website\=Nick Bollinger's Album Reviews\|accessdate\=5 October 2015}} The album had a seven\-week run in the New Zealand album charts, starting at \#17 and getting as high as \#13\.{{cite web\|title\=Dimmer – I Believe You Are a Star (album)\|url\=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret\=Dimmer\&titel\=I\+Believe\+You\+Are\+A\+Star\&cat\=a\|website\=charts.nz\|accessdate\=18 September 2016}}
Videos were made for "Seed", "I Believe You Are a Star", and "Drop You Off". In 2018, *I Believe You Are A Star* was released on vinyl for the first time. At the time Carter said he still considered it the best album he'd ever made.
#### Critical reception
*I Believe You Are a Star* received high critical acclaim, including a 5\-star review from the [New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald "New Zealand Herald") that called it "a dark wonder", "a great album", and "one to which all other New Zealand albums in 2001 will be compared".{{cite news\|last1\=Baillie\|first1\=Russell\|title\=Dimmer: I Believe You Are A Star (review)\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=6\&objectid\=189625\|accessdate\=5 October 2015\|work\=The New Zealand Herald\|date\=18 May 2001}} It was especially noted for its electronic feel, "introverted minimalism" and its contrast to the rock music Carter had made before. As reviewer Nick Bollinger put it in The Listener, "Carter could have ridden the momentum they \[Straitjacket Fits] created by promptly launching another axe\-wielding line\-up. Instead he cleared the decks, and began a long process of finding, and then refining, a whole other concept. ... The computer is the primary compositional tool here. Harmonic figures circle repetitively, vocal lines are spare and dislocated in an electronic landscape. Like hip\-hop, the music seems to be led by the rhythms." Gary Steel's review in Metro magazine called it "possibly one of the most original, daring, and outrageously well\-defined pieces of musical art to have emanated from this country".
Released seven years after the last Straitjacket Fits record, *I Believe You Are A Star* is described by music historian [John Dix](/wiki/John_Dix_%28music_historian%29 "John Dix (music historian)") as "one of the great New Zealand 'comeback' albums", and by music critic Gary Steel (writing in 2016\) as Carter's "masterpiece".{{cite web\|last1\=Steel\|first1\=Gary\|title\=Gobsmacked wonder: Shayne Carter's "piano album" is a triumph\|url\=http://www.metromag.co.nz/culture/music/gobsmacked\-wonder/\|website\=Metro\|accessdate\=9 September 2016}} At the [2002 New Zealand Music Awards](/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_Music_Awards "2002 New Zealand Music Awards") Dimmer was nominated for Best Music Video (for "Seed") and Best Album Art.
At the 2001 [bNet NZ Music Awards](/wiki/BNet_NZ_Music_Awards "BNet NZ Music Awards") the album won Best Rock Release and Carter was named Most Outstanding Musician, although that trophy was lost at the ceremony.{{rp\|316}}
### 2003–2006: *You've Got to Hear the Music* and *All Looks the Same at Night*
While working on the next Dimmer album, Carter listened to "heaps of [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") and [Thelonious Monk](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk "Thelonious Monk")", which became a point of contention with his record label, Sony. In an interview with Pavement magazine, Carter said "I went up there \[to Sony] one day and I got to raid the closets \[...] I grabbed Thelonious Monk because they had a lot of Monk records. One of the people who is quite highly powered in that company was quite upset by the fact I was grabbing Thelonious Monk instead of [Creed](/wiki/Creed_%28band%29 "Creed (band)") records because that's what I should be aiming for. To me, that pretty much summed up the whole opposites mentality."
Sony dropped Dimmer before the second album, leaving Carter feeling "like a failure".{{rp\|316}} He shifted to [Festival Mushroom Records](/wiki/Festival_Mushroom_Records "Festival Mushroom Records").
Inspired by jazz musicians like Monk and Davis, Carter decided that on his next album he "wanted to hear mistakes and fumbly human stuff. I wanted it to sound like a bunch of tunes that people could sit around and clap their hands to". Not wanting this album to take as long as the first, he had written most of the songs "in a month last year \[2003]". The release was delayed while Dimmer changed record companies.{{cite magazine
\| author \= Andrew Clifford
\| title \= Second Coming
\| url \= https://www.facebook.com/groups/426751804632831/?multi\_permalinks\=591835561457787%2C591356894838987%2C590637921577551%2C589093135065363
\| magazine \= Pavement
\| location \= New Zealand
\| issue \= 63
\| date \=Autumn 2004
\| access\-date\= 2 June 2020
}}
*[You've Got to Hear the Music](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_to_Hear_the_Music "You've Got to Hear the Music")* was released in 2004\. Stylistic differences with *I Believe You Are a Star* included instrumentation – Carter recorded himself on acoustic guitar and used "real drums on all the tracks" – and the number (and range) of players included. This album featured 19 musicians other than Carter, included backing vocals from [Anika Moa](/wiki/Anika_Moa "Anika Moa") and a returning Bic Runga, strings arranged by [Graeme Downes](/wiki/Graeme_Downes "Graeme Downes"), and (on "Getting What You Give") the [Fat Freddy's Drop](/wiki/Fat_Freddy%27s_Drop "Fat Freddy's Drop") horn section.Dimmer, *You've Got To Hear The Music* liner notes, Mushroom Records catalogue 337892, 2004
The album name came from a conversation Carter and Gary Sullivan had about *[The Third Man](/wiki/The_Third_Man "The Third Man")*.{{cite web\|last1\=Carter\|first1\=Shayne\|title\=You've got to hear the music\|url\=http://publicaddress.net/speaker/youve\-got\-to\-hear\-the\-music/\|website\=Public Address\|accessdate\=9 September 2016}}
Music videos were made for "Getting What You Give", "Come Here", and "Case". NZ On Screen calls "Case"'s video a "piece of stop motion cleverness" for which "at least 3,080 Polaroid photographs appear to have been taken".{{cite web\|title\=Come Here Dimmer, Music Video – 2004\|url\=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/come\-here\-2004\|website\=NZ On Screen\|accessdate\=30 January 2018}}
By this time, Dimmer had seen Carter collaborate with more than two dozen other musicians but he still described it as "essentially \[...] a solo project. \[...] It doesn't seem cool if it just has your name there. It seems cooler to have some sort of umbrella, something that makes it a bit more enigmatic."{{cite web\|last1\=Campbell\|first1\=Gordon\|title\=Shayne Carter (Listener interview)\|url\=http://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener\-nz\-2004/shayne\-carter/\|website\=Noted\|publisher\=The Listener\|accessdate\=26 January 2018\|date\=4 September 2004}} *You've Got to Hear the Music* was the last Dimmer recording project to fit this description.
A live Dimmer performance broadcast on Radio New Zealand in 2004 featured Carter, Anika Moa (guitar/vocals), Willy Scott (drums), Ned Ngatae (guitar), Mike Hall (bass), Andy Morton (keyboards), and Heather Mansfield (glockenspiel). Mansfield was the only one not to have played on the album, although she would appear on 2006's *There My Dear*. They played songs from *You've Got to Hear the Music* and *I Believe You Are a Star*.{{cite web \|title\=Dimmer live at RNZ's Helen Young Studio \|url\=https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/2018662400/dimmer\-live\-at\-rnz\-s\-helen\-young\-studio \|website\=Radio New Zealand \|accessdate\=17 September 2018 \|date\=14 September 2018}}
#### *You've Got to Hear the Music*: Critical reception and awards
Music critics met *You've Got to Hear the Music* positively. Common themes included positive comparisons to *I Believe You Are A Star* and praise for Carter continuing to produce styles of music different to his previous work.
[John Dix](/wiki/John_Dix_%28music_historian%29 "John Dix (music historian)") describes *You've Got to Hear the Music* as "another evolutionary step – as different to its predecessor as Dimmer is to Straitjacket Fits." In a four\-star [New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald "New Zealand Herald") review Russell Baillie called the album "not quite as gripping or experimental as its predecessor", but said that "with its bent grooves and odd wiring, *You've Got to Hear the Music* is an album that stays intriguing on repeat listens."{{cite news\|last1\=Baillie\|first1\=Russell\|title\=Dimmer: You've Got To Hear The Music\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=6\&objectid\=3555732\|accessdate\=18 September 2016\|work\=The New Zealand Herald\|date\=22 March 2004}} Writing for The Listener, Nick Bollinger declared the album Carter's "masterpiece". Compared to *I Believe You Are A Star*, he saw it as "more generous, both melodically and emotionally". He noted the influence of black American music, as well as Carter's increased mastery of electronic music production and return to "real" songwriting. In sum, Bollinger wrote, "Dimmer's second album has a depth and soul that others don't come near".{{cite web\|last1\=Bollinger\|first1\=Nick\|title\=Shayne Carter makes his masterpiece\|url\=http://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener\-nz\-2004/shayne\-carter\-makes\-his\-masterpiece/\|website\=Noted\|publisher\=The Listener\|accessdate\=8 February 2018\|date\=27 March 2004}}
Audioculture notes its "pronounced soul and groove influences", while in MZ Musician magazine, Jacob Connor noted that "Dimmer's electro\-folk musings simmer to a laconic groove", and said that "a restrained elegance makes the music replayable". He concluded that the album is "a rewarding recording from a national treasure."{{cite web\|last1\=Connor\|first1\=Jacob\|title\=Dimmer – You've Got To Hear The Music\|url\=http://www.amplifier.co.nz/review/18274/dimmer\-youve\-got\-to\-hear\-the\-music\-.html\|website\=Amplifier\|publisher\=NZ Musician\|accessdate\=18 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140007/http://www.amplifier.co.nz/review/18274/dimmer\-youve\-got\-to\-hear\-the\-music\-.html\|archive\-date\=20 September 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
At [that year's New Zealand Music Awards](/wiki/2004_New_Zealand_Music_Awards "2004 New Zealand Music Awards") it won Best Rock Album, and Dimmer was named Best Group (as well as being nominated for Album of the Year, Single of the Year ("Getting What You Give"), Best Cover Art, and Best Music Video).{{cite news\|last1\=Baillie\|first1\=Russell\|title\=Scribe dominates NZ Music Awards\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=3593730\|accessdate\=6 October 2015\|work\=The New Zealand Herald\|date\=22 September 2004}} The album spent five weeks in the New Zealand top 40 album charts, peaking at \#19, and earned Gold certification.{{cite web\|title\=Dimmer – You've Got to Hear the Music\|url\=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret\=Dimmer\&titel\=You%27ve\+Got\+To\+Hear\+The\+Music\&cat\=a\|website\=charts.nz\|accessdate\=18 September 2016}}
### *All Looks the Same at Night* compilation
In 2006 a compilation of tracks selected from Dimmer's first two albums was released internationally by [Rogue Records](/wiki/Rogue_Records "Rogue Records"). *All Looks the Same at Night* included one disc of 13 songs, and one of seven music videos.{{cite web\|title\=Dimmer – All Looks The Same at Night\|url\=http://www.discogs.com/Dimmer\-All\-Looks\-The\-Same\-At\-Night/release/3242212\|publisher\=discogs\|accessdate\=6 October 2015}}
|
[
"Collaborative albums (1997–2006\\)\n---------------------------------",
"### 1997–2001: *I Believe You Are a Star*",
"Carter moved to Auckland in 1997 and, inspired by \"new music \\[including] avant\\-electronica and whatever else was fresh and non\\-mainstream\", switched from playing rock music to producing tracks on [Pro Tools](/wiki/Pro_Tools \"Pro Tools\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/shayne\\-carter\\|website\\=Audioculture\\|title\\=Shayne Carter profile\\|accessdate\\=9 September 2016}} \"For the next few years, Shayne Carter would regularly seek the sanctity of my venue for late\\-night listening sessions of new music. I would set him up with piles of avant\\-electronica and whatever else was fresh and non\\-mainstream, and he would invariably go nuts over the most extreme choices: The fidgety hi\\-res experimental techno of Monolake, the distorted power electronics of Pansonic. Shayne particularly loved the bizarre four\\-CD set of shortwave \"numbers stations\" broadcasting coded messages, The Conet Project. In short, he was up for almost anything, clearly looking for an escape from the expectations of the fans of the incredible alt\\-rock he made with Straitjacket Fits.\" – Gary Steel",
"",
"> \"After I put out the first album, there’s all this 'it doesn't sound like Straitjacket Fits'. Well, no, it doesn't. That's why I quit the band – because I didn't want to be doing that. \\[...It] actually took me five or six years to put together. That came on the back of the Straitjackets, and I think I was disillusioned with the whole music thing at the time. I wanted to figure out a lot of things in my head.\"\n> \n> \\- Shayne Carter, 2009",
"Most of the writing and recording that eventually became Dimmer's first album (\"\\[the song] \"Smoke\"...took about four years to write\") took place at Carter's homes over a number of years, with drummer Gary Sullivan ([JPSE](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre_Experience \"Jean-Paul Sartre Experience\"), Chug, [The Stereo Bus](/wiki/The_Stereo_Bus \"The Stereo Bus\")) the other main participant.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chug bio\\|url\\=http://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/646/chug\\|website\\=Muzic.net.nz\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2016}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Jean Paul Sartre Experience bio\\|url\\=http://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/705/jean\\-paul\\-sartre\\-experience\\|website\\=Muzic.net.nz\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2016}} At least one song, \"Seed\", predated Carter's move to Auckland, an early version of it having been one of the tracks recorded in the mainly\\-abandoned Dunedin sessions of 1995\\.",
"Locations for Carter and Sullivan's sessions included the former Ponsonby Road premises of the store Beautiful Music, then later Norfolk Street, where Carter spent an advance from Sony Records to have either a shipping container or Portacom building (depending on which recollection of Carter's you trust) installed in his backyard by crane.",
"In 1999 the first release from these sessions, \"Evolution\", came out as a CD single with \"Sad Guy\" and the Tryhard Remix of \"Evolution\" as b\\-sides.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dimmer – Evolution\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Dimmer\\-Evolution/release/775521\\|publisher\\=discogs\\|accessdate\\=9 September 2016}} The song's video featured Carter's father playing an older version of Shayne. It was directed by Darryl Ward and funded by NZ On Air.{{cite web\\|title\\=Evolution Dimmer, Music Video – 1999\\|url\\=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/evolution\\-1999/overview\\|website\\=NZ On Screen\\|accessdate\\=9 September 2016}}",
"It was two years before Dimmer's debut album, *[I Believe You Are A Star](/wiki/I_Believe_You_Are_A_Star \"I Believe You Are A Star\")*, which included \"Evolution\" and a reworked \"Seed\", was released in 2001\\. The writing and production of all but one track (\"Sad Guy\") are solely credited to Carter. Five other musicians (including [Bic Runga](/wiki/Bic_Runga \"Bic Runga\")) appear in what The Listener called \"hardly essential cameos\".Dimmer, *I Believe You Are A Star* liner notes, Columbia 5024222000, 2001{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bollinger\\|first1\\=Nick\\|title\\=Dimmer: I Believe You Are A Star (originally published in The Listener, 9 July 2001\\)\\|url\\=http://www.nickbollinger.co.nz/album\\-reviews/1053/dimmer\\-i\\-believe\\-you\\-are\\-a\\-star/\\|website\\=Nick Bollinger's Album Reviews\\|accessdate\\=5 October 2015}} The album had a seven\\-week run in the New Zealand album charts, starting at \\#17 and getting as high as \\#13\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dimmer – I Believe You Are a Star (album)\\|url\\=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Dimmer\\&titel\\=I\\+Believe\\+You\\+Are\\+A\\+Star\\&cat\\=a\\|website\\=charts.nz\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2016}}",
"Videos were made for \"Seed\", \"I Believe You Are a Star\", and \"Drop You Off\". In 2018, *I Believe You Are A Star* was released on vinyl for the first time. At the time Carter said he still considered it the best album he'd ever made.",
"#### Critical reception",
"*I Believe You Are a Star* received high critical acclaim, including a 5\\-star review from the [New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald \"New Zealand Herald\") that called it \"a dark wonder\", \"a great album\", and \"one to which all other New Zealand albums in 2001 will be compared\".{{cite news\\|last1\\=Baillie\\|first1\\=Russell\\|title\\=Dimmer: I Believe You Are A Star (review)\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=6\\&objectid\\=189625\\|accessdate\\=5 October 2015\\|work\\=The New Zealand Herald\\|date\\=18 May 2001}} It was especially noted for its electronic feel, \"introverted minimalism\" and its contrast to the rock music Carter had made before. As reviewer Nick Bollinger put it in The Listener, \"Carter could have ridden the momentum they \\[Straitjacket Fits] created by promptly launching another axe\\-wielding line\\-up. Instead he cleared the decks, and began a long process of finding, and then refining, a whole other concept. ... The computer is the primary compositional tool here. Harmonic figures circle repetitively, vocal lines are spare and dislocated in an electronic landscape. Like hip\\-hop, the music seems to be led by the rhythms.\" Gary Steel's review in Metro magazine called it \"possibly one of the most original, daring, and outrageously well\\-defined pieces of musical art to have emanated from this country\".",
"Released seven years after the last Straitjacket Fits record, *I Believe You Are A Star* is described by music historian [John Dix](/wiki/John_Dix_%28music_historian%29 \"John Dix (music historian)\") as \"one of the great New Zealand 'comeback' albums\", and by music critic Gary Steel (writing in 2016\\) as Carter's \"masterpiece\".{{cite web\\|last1\\=Steel\\|first1\\=Gary\\|title\\=Gobsmacked wonder: Shayne Carter's \"piano album\" is a triumph\\|url\\=http://www.metromag.co.nz/culture/music/gobsmacked\\-wonder/\\|website\\=Metro\\|accessdate\\=9 September 2016}} At the [2002 New Zealand Music Awards](/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_Music_Awards \"2002 New Zealand Music Awards\") Dimmer was nominated for Best Music Video (for \"Seed\") and Best Album Art.",
"At the 2001 [bNet NZ Music Awards](/wiki/BNet_NZ_Music_Awards \"BNet NZ Music Awards\") the album won Best Rock Release and Carter was named Most Outstanding Musician, although that trophy was lost at the ceremony.{{rp\\|316}}",
"### 2003–2006: *You've Got to Hear the Music* and *All Looks the Same at Night*",
"While working on the next Dimmer album, Carter listened to \"heaps of [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") and [Thelonious Monk](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk \"Thelonious Monk\")\", which became a point of contention with his record label, Sony. In an interview with Pavement magazine, Carter said \"I went up there \\[to Sony] one day and I got to raid the closets \\[...] I grabbed Thelonious Monk because they had a lot of Monk records. One of the people who is quite highly powered in that company was quite upset by the fact I was grabbing Thelonious Monk instead of [Creed](/wiki/Creed_%28band%29 \"Creed (band)\") records because that's what I should be aiming for. To me, that pretty much summed up the whole opposites mentality.\"",
"Sony dropped Dimmer before the second album, leaving Carter feeling \"like a failure\".{{rp\\|316}} He shifted to [Festival Mushroom Records](/wiki/Festival_Mushroom_Records \"Festival Mushroom Records\").",
"Inspired by jazz musicians like Monk and Davis, Carter decided that on his next album he \"wanted to hear mistakes and fumbly human stuff. I wanted it to sound like a bunch of tunes that people could sit around and clap their hands to\". Not wanting this album to take as long as the first, he had written most of the songs \"in a month last year \\[2003]\". The release was delayed while Dimmer changed record companies.{{cite magazine\n\\| author \\= Andrew Clifford\n\\| title \\= Second Coming\n\\| url \\= https://www.facebook.com/groups/426751804632831/?multi\\_permalinks\\=591835561457787%2C591356894838987%2C590637921577551%2C589093135065363\n\\| magazine \\= Pavement\n\\| location \\= New Zealand\n\\| issue \\= 63 \n\\| date \\=Autumn 2004\n\\| access\\-date\\= 2 June 2020\n}}",
"*[You've Got to Hear the Music](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_to_Hear_the_Music \"You've Got to Hear the Music\")* was released in 2004\\. Stylistic differences with *I Believe You Are a Star* included instrumentation – Carter recorded himself on acoustic guitar and used \"real drums on all the tracks\" – and the number (and range) of players included. This album featured 19 musicians other than Carter, included backing vocals from [Anika Moa](/wiki/Anika_Moa \"Anika Moa\") and a returning Bic Runga, strings arranged by [Graeme Downes](/wiki/Graeme_Downes \"Graeme Downes\"), and (on \"Getting What You Give\") the [Fat Freddy's Drop](/wiki/Fat_Freddy%27s_Drop \"Fat Freddy's Drop\") horn section.Dimmer, *You've Got To Hear The Music* liner notes, Mushroom Records catalogue 337892, 2004",
"The album name came from a conversation Carter and Gary Sullivan had about *[The Third Man](/wiki/The_Third_Man \"The Third Man\")*.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Carter\\|first1\\=Shayne\\|title\\=You've got to hear the music\\|url\\=http://publicaddress.net/speaker/youve\\-got\\-to\\-hear\\-the\\-music/\\|website\\=Public Address\\|accessdate\\=9 September 2016}}",
"Music videos were made for \"Getting What You Give\", \"Come Here\", and \"Case\". NZ On Screen calls \"Case\"'s video a \"piece of stop motion cleverness\" for which \"at least 3,080 Polaroid photographs appear to have been taken\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Come Here Dimmer, Music Video – 2004\\|url\\=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/come\\-here\\-2004\\|website\\=NZ On Screen\\|accessdate\\=30 January 2018}}",
"By this time, Dimmer had seen Carter collaborate with more than two dozen other musicians but he still described it as \"essentially \\[...] a solo project. \\[...] It doesn't seem cool if it just has your name there. It seems cooler to have some sort of umbrella, something that makes it a bit more enigmatic.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Campbell\\|first1\\=Gordon\\|title\\=Shayne Carter (Listener interview)\\|url\\=http://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener\\-nz\\-2004/shayne\\-carter/\\|website\\=Noted\\|publisher\\=The Listener\\|accessdate\\=26 January 2018\\|date\\=4 September 2004}} *You've Got to Hear the Music* was the last Dimmer recording project to fit this description.",
"A live Dimmer performance broadcast on Radio New Zealand in 2004 featured Carter, Anika Moa (guitar/vocals), Willy Scott (drums), Ned Ngatae (guitar), Mike Hall (bass), Andy Morton (keyboards), and Heather Mansfield (glockenspiel). Mansfield was the only one not to have played on the album, although she would appear on 2006's *There My Dear*. They played songs from *You've Got to Hear the Music* and *I Believe You Are a Star*.{{cite web \\|title\\=Dimmer live at RNZ's Helen Young Studio \\|url\\=https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/2018662400/dimmer\\-live\\-at\\-rnz\\-s\\-helen\\-young\\-studio \\|website\\=Radio New Zealand \\|accessdate\\=17 September 2018 \\|date\\=14 September 2018}}",
"#### *You've Got to Hear the Music*: Critical reception and awards",
"Music critics met *You've Got to Hear the Music* positively. Common themes included positive comparisons to *I Believe You Are A Star* and praise for Carter continuing to produce styles of music different to his previous work.",
"[John Dix](/wiki/John_Dix_%28music_historian%29 \"John Dix (music historian)\") describes *You've Got to Hear the Music* as \"another evolutionary step – as different to its predecessor as Dimmer is to Straitjacket Fits.\" In a four\\-star [New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald \"New Zealand Herald\") review Russell Baillie called the album \"not quite as gripping or experimental as its predecessor\", but said that \"with its bent grooves and odd wiring, *You've Got to Hear the Music* is an album that stays intriguing on repeat listens.\"{{cite news\\|last1\\=Baillie\\|first1\\=Russell\\|title\\=Dimmer: You've Got To Hear The Music\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=6\\&objectid\\=3555732\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2016\\|work\\=The New Zealand Herald\\|date\\=22 March 2004}} Writing for The Listener, Nick Bollinger declared the album Carter's \"masterpiece\". Compared to *I Believe You Are A Star*, he saw it as \"more generous, both melodically and emotionally\". He noted the influence of black American music, as well as Carter's increased mastery of electronic music production and return to \"real\" songwriting. In sum, Bollinger wrote, \"Dimmer's second album has a depth and soul that others don't come near\".{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bollinger\\|first1\\=Nick\\|title\\=Shayne Carter makes his masterpiece\\|url\\=http://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener\\-nz\\-2004/shayne\\-carter\\-makes\\-his\\-masterpiece/\\|website\\=Noted\\|publisher\\=The Listener\\|accessdate\\=8 February 2018\\|date\\=27 March 2004}}",
"Audioculture notes its \"pronounced soul and groove influences\", while in MZ Musician magazine, Jacob Connor noted that \"Dimmer's electro\\-folk musings simmer to a laconic groove\", and said that \"a restrained elegance makes the music replayable\". He concluded that the album is \"a rewarding recording from a national treasure.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Connor\\|first1\\=Jacob\\|title\\=Dimmer – You've Got To Hear The Music\\|url\\=http://www.amplifier.co.nz/review/18274/dimmer\\-youve\\-got\\-to\\-hear\\-the\\-music\\-.html\\|website\\=Amplifier\\|publisher\\=NZ Musician\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140007/http://www.amplifier.co.nz/review/18274/dimmer\\-youve\\-got\\-to\\-hear\\-the\\-music\\-.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"At [that year's New Zealand Music Awards](/wiki/2004_New_Zealand_Music_Awards \"2004 New Zealand Music Awards\") it won Best Rock Album, and Dimmer was named Best Group (as well as being nominated for Album of the Year, Single of the Year (\"Getting What You Give\"), Best Cover Art, and Best Music Video).{{cite news\\|last1\\=Baillie\\|first1\\=Russell\\|title\\=Scribe dominates NZ Music Awards\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=3593730\\|accessdate\\=6 October 2015\\|work\\=The New Zealand Herald\\|date\\=22 September 2004}} The album spent five weeks in the New Zealand top 40 album charts, peaking at \\#19, and earned Gold certification.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dimmer – You've Got to Hear the Music\\|url\\=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Dimmer\\&titel\\=You%27ve\\+Got\\+To\\+Hear\\+The\\+Music\\&cat\\=a\\|website\\=charts.nz\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2016}}",
"### *All Looks the Same at Night* compilation",
"In 2006 a compilation of tracks selected from Dimmer's first two albums was released internationally by [Rogue Records](/wiki/Rogue_Records \"Rogue Records\"). *All Looks the Same at Night* included one disc of 13 songs, and one of seven music videos.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dimmer – All Looks The Same at Night\\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/Dimmer\\-All\\-Looks\\-The\\-Same\\-At\\-Night/release/3242212\\|publisher\\=discogs\\|accessdate\\=6 October 2015}}",
""
] |
Background
----------
**The Constitution**
Following the [February 1848 revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848 "French Revolution of 1848"), the French replaced the [July Monarchy](/wiki/July_Monarchy "July Monarchy") of [Louis\-Philippe](/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I "Louis-Philippe I") with a constitutional republic. The revolution came as a surprise to most.{{Cite book \|last\=Marx \|first\=Karl \|title\=The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte \|publisher\=Charles H. Kerr \& Company \|year\=1913 \|edition\=3rd \|pages\=13–75 \|translator\-last\=De Leon \|translator\-first\=Daniel}} The new Second Republic was led by a provisional government and then an executive commission, which held [democratic elections](/wiki/1848_French_Constituent_Assembly_election "1848 French Constituent Assembly election") for a National Constituent Assembly. The National Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting a new Constitution for the Second Republic, including the definition of a new head of state to replace the overthrown monarchy.
Constitutional debates took place during the period known as the [June Days Uprising](/wiki/June_days_uprising "June days uprising"). The Second Republic had initiated National Workshops to alleviate urban unemployment. These workshops were paid for by high taxes, but these were ultimately unable to financially maintain them. The closing of the workshops sparked the June Days Uprising. The countryside was broadly opposed to the uprising. Karl Marx argues peasants, specifically conservative farmers, desired government protection, meaning a strong autocratic executive.{{Cite book \|last\=Marx \|first\=Karl \|title\=The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte \|publisher\=Charles H. Kerr \& Company \|year\=1913 \|edition\=3rd \|pages\=145–147 \|translator\-last\=De Leon \|translator\-first\=Daniel}} Louis\-Napoléon Bonaparte was the only prominent political figure not to be associated with the June uprising in any manner due to him being in England at the time.{{Cite book \|last\=De Luna \|first\=Frederick A. \|title\=The French Republic Under Cavaignac, 1848\. \|publisher\=Princeton University Press \|year\=1969 \|publication\-place\=Princeton, New Jersey \|pages\=365–395}}
The presidency was defined by the terms of the constitution. Rather than the model of the executive committee given by the First Republic, the constitutional committee preferred to entrust executive power in a single individual. The office was given extensive powers to propose legislation, appoint ministers and high\-ranking officials, engage in diplomacy, and command the military, though all decisions were subject to approval by the ministers.
**General Political Climate**
Alexis de Tocqueville commented that “the collapse of commerce, ubiquitous hostility, and fear of socialism increasingly aroused hatred of the Republic” and that “everyone wanted to get rid of the constitution.”{{Cite book \|last\=Tocqueville \|first\=Alexis de \|title\=Recollections : the French Revolution of 1848 and Its Aftermath \|publisher\=University of Virginia Press \|year\=2016 \|editor\-last\=Zunz \|editor\-first\=Olivier \|location\=Charlottesville \|pages\=94–135 \|translator\-last\=Goldhammer \|translator\-first\=Arthur}} The April elections already signaled hostility to the Republic: only about a third of seats went to pre\-revolution republicans. After the June uprising, politics became divided between a frightened conservative majority no longer interested in compromise and a bitter republican minority.{{Cite book \|last\=McMillan \|first\=James F. \|title\=Napoleon III \|publisher\=Longman \|year\=1991 \|location\=London \|pages\=8–33}}
Napoleon I remained widely popular. There had been a cult dedicated to him ever since the empire fell, which was especially strong in the countryside, and the countryside was the majority of the population. Napoleon I became associated with national pride, a legend that the July Monarchy added to by trying to lean on it for credibility. Some republicans even saw Napoleon I as having furthered the Revolution and did not see Bonapartism as opposed to their cause. Louis Napoleon had attempted to seize power in 1836 and 1840, which, though total failures, had established him as the “Bonapartist pretender.” {{Cite book \|last\=Price \|first\=Roger \|title\=Napoleon III and the Second Empire \|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=1997 \|location\=London \|pages\=1–15}}
Workers and socialists saw the National Workshops as the first step to restructuring society and the abolition of capitalism, and thus attached to them a great deal of symbolic importance. To everyone else, the June uprising made a strong executive seem essential. Notables like Alexis de Tocqueville and [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx") saw the June Uprising as an instance of [class warfare](/wiki/Class_conflict "Class conflict"). The left was concerned almost exclusively with urban poverty, and neglected the conditions of the countryside.
The French peasantry faced numerous economic hardships during the Second Republic. Most hated of all was the 45 centime (a centime equivalent to 1/100 of a Franc) tax to pay for the National Workshops. Mortgage rates were also sky\-high. The lenders, perhaps not a coincidence, happened to often be government officials. Harvests had begun improving, which drove prices down, and smaller farmers were especially impacted.{{Cite journal \|last\=Fasel \|first\=George \|date\=1974 \|title\=The Wrong Revolution: French Republicanism in 1848 \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.2307/285857 \|journal\=French Historical Studies \|volume\=8 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=654–77 \|doi\=10\.2307/285857 \|jstor\=285857 \|via\=JSTOR}}
**Strengths and Weaknesses of Candidates**
Two monarchist factions, Orleanists and Legitimists, could not agree on a potential candidate and thus both ended up supporting Louis Napoleon. The conservative [Party of Order](/wiki/Party_of_Order "Party of Order"), a coalition of monarchists, stayed neutral, which benefitted Louis Napoleon as it does not split the conservative vote with a third\-party candidate. The only other conservative candidate in the race, Changarnier, never gained much traction. The Party of Order would go on to oppose Bonaparte's presidency. The urban working class were not a coherent voting bloc and numerous candidates courted their votes.
Bonaparte's Extinction of Pauperism/Poverty (depending on translation) was not unique, but did establish Louis Napoleon as a friend of the worker. The main difference he presented from utopian socialism was the militaristic government intervention to carry out the social plans and advocacy for agricultural colonies. Bonapartism also appealed to the left in its egalitarianism and resentment of “the rich.” Louis Napoleon was not seen as an enemy by rank\-and\-file republicans due to him attaching the republican universal suffrage and active foreign policy to his platform. His proclaimed social aims include meritocracy, cheap credit, less taxation, property for all men, and public works especially communication. Workers did not as a whole identify Bonaparte as in the pockets of Big Business, and his advocacy for public works meant employment and lowered cost of transportation. Newly enfranchised peasants saw the centralized state Louis Napoleon advocated for as their liberation from noble rulers.{{Cite book \|last\=Zeldin \|first\=Theodore \|title\=France, 1848\-1945 \|publisher\=Clarendon Press \|year\=1973 \|location\=Oxford \|pages\=508–554}}
Cavaignac remained widely resented by Parisian workers as the Butcher of June in his role suppressing the June Days Uprising as the Minister of War. He and the Second Republic was also widely resented for imposing high taxes. Rumors had begun circulating before the election that Cavaignac was planning a coup.
Cavaignac enjoyed the support of Protestants as well as liberal Catholics. As Louis Napoleon carried the Napoleonic legacy, Cavaignac also overperformed in areas where Napoleon I was not as popular, such as port cities that suffered British blockade during the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars").
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"**The Constitution**",
"Following the [February 1848 revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848 \"French Revolution of 1848\"), the French replaced the [July Monarchy](/wiki/July_Monarchy \"July Monarchy\") of [Louis\\-Philippe](/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I \"Louis-Philippe I\") with a constitutional republic. The revolution came as a surprise to most.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Marx \\|first\\=Karl \\|title\\=The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte \\|publisher\\=Charles H. Kerr \\& Company \\|year\\=1913 \\|edition\\=3rd \\|pages\\=13–75 \\|translator\\-last\\=De Leon \\|translator\\-first\\=Daniel}} The new Second Republic was led by a provisional government and then an executive commission, which held [democratic elections](/wiki/1848_French_Constituent_Assembly_election \"1848 French Constituent Assembly election\") for a National Constituent Assembly. The National Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting a new Constitution for the Second Republic, including the definition of a new head of state to replace the overthrown monarchy.",
"Constitutional debates took place during the period known as the [June Days Uprising](/wiki/June_days_uprising \"June days uprising\"). The Second Republic had initiated National Workshops to alleviate urban unemployment. These workshops were paid for by high taxes, but these were ultimately unable to financially maintain them. The closing of the workshops sparked the June Days Uprising. The countryside was broadly opposed to the uprising. Karl Marx argues peasants, specifically conservative farmers, desired government protection, meaning a strong autocratic executive.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Marx \\|first\\=Karl \\|title\\=The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte \\|publisher\\=Charles H. Kerr \\& Company \\|year\\=1913 \\|edition\\=3rd \\|pages\\=145–147 \\|translator\\-last\\=De Leon \\|translator\\-first\\=Daniel}} Louis\\-Napoléon Bonaparte was the only prominent political figure not to be associated with the June uprising in any manner due to him being in England at the time.{{Cite book \\|last\\=De Luna \\|first\\=Frederick A. \\|title\\=The French Republic Under Cavaignac, 1848\\. \\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press \\|year\\=1969 \\|publication\\-place\\=Princeton, New Jersey \\|pages\\=365–395}}",
"The presidency was defined by the terms of the constitution. Rather than the model of the executive committee given by the First Republic, the constitutional committee preferred to entrust executive power in a single individual. The office was given extensive powers to propose legislation, appoint ministers and high\\-ranking officials, engage in diplomacy, and command the military, though all decisions were subject to approval by the ministers.",
"**General Political Climate**",
"Alexis de Tocqueville commented that “the collapse of commerce, ubiquitous hostility, and fear of socialism increasingly aroused hatred of the Republic” and that “everyone wanted to get rid of the constitution.”{{Cite book \\|last\\=Tocqueville \\|first\\=Alexis de \\|title\\=Recollections : the French Revolution of 1848 and Its Aftermath \\|publisher\\=University of Virginia Press \\|year\\=2016 \\|editor\\-last\\=Zunz \\|editor\\-first\\=Olivier \\|location\\=Charlottesville \\|pages\\=94–135 \\|translator\\-last\\=Goldhammer \\|translator\\-first\\=Arthur}} The April elections already signaled hostility to the Republic: only about a third of seats went to pre\\-revolution republicans. After the June uprising, politics became divided between a frightened conservative majority no longer interested in compromise and a bitter republican minority.{{Cite book \\|last\\=McMillan \\|first\\=James F. \\|title\\=Napoleon III \\|publisher\\=Longman \\|year\\=1991 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=8–33}}",
"Napoleon I remained widely popular. There had been a cult dedicated to him ever since the empire fell, which was especially strong in the countryside, and the countryside was the majority of the population. Napoleon I became associated with national pride, a legend that the July Monarchy added to by trying to lean on it for credibility. Some republicans even saw Napoleon I as having furthered the Revolution and did not see Bonapartism as opposed to their cause. Louis Napoleon had attempted to seize power in 1836 and 1840, which, though total failures, had established him as the “Bonapartist pretender.” {{Cite book \\|last\\=Price \\|first\\=Roger \\|title\\=Napoleon III and the Second Empire \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=1997 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=1–15}}",
"Workers and socialists saw the National Workshops as the first step to restructuring society and the abolition of capitalism, and thus attached to them a great deal of symbolic importance. To everyone else, the June uprising made a strong executive seem essential. Notables like Alexis de Tocqueville and [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\") saw the June Uprising as an instance of [class warfare](/wiki/Class_conflict \"Class conflict\"). The left was concerned almost exclusively with urban poverty, and neglected the conditions of the countryside.",
"The French peasantry faced numerous economic hardships during the Second Republic. Most hated of all was the 45 centime (a centime equivalent to 1/100 of a Franc) tax to pay for the National Workshops. Mortgage rates were also sky\\-high. The lenders, perhaps not a coincidence, happened to often be government officials. Harvests had begun improving, which drove prices down, and smaller farmers were especially impacted.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Fasel \\|first\\=George \\|date\\=1974 \\|title\\=The Wrong Revolution: French Republicanism in 1848 \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.2307/285857 \\|journal\\=French Historical Studies \\|volume\\=8 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=654–77 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/285857 \\|jstor\\=285857 \\|via\\=JSTOR}}",
"**Strengths and Weaknesses of Candidates**",
"Two monarchist factions, Orleanists and Legitimists, could not agree on a potential candidate and thus both ended up supporting Louis Napoleon. The conservative [Party of Order](/wiki/Party_of_Order \"Party of Order\"), a coalition of monarchists, stayed neutral, which benefitted Louis Napoleon as it does not split the conservative vote with a third\\-party candidate. The only other conservative candidate in the race, Changarnier, never gained much traction. The Party of Order would go on to oppose Bonaparte's presidency. The urban working class were not a coherent voting bloc and numerous candidates courted their votes.",
"Bonaparte's Extinction of Pauperism/Poverty (depending on translation) was not unique, but did establish Louis Napoleon as a friend of the worker. The main difference he presented from utopian socialism was the militaristic government intervention to carry out the social plans and advocacy for agricultural colonies. Bonapartism also appealed to the left in its egalitarianism and resentment of “the rich.” Louis Napoleon was not seen as an enemy by rank\\-and\\-file republicans due to him attaching the republican universal suffrage and active foreign policy to his platform. His proclaimed social aims include meritocracy, cheap credit, less taxation, property for all men, and public works especially communication. Workers did not as a whole identify Bonaparte as in the pockets of Big Business, and his advocacy for public works meant employment and lowered cost of transportation. Newly enfranchised peasants saw the centralized state Louis Napoleon advocated for as their liberation from noble rulers.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Zeldin \\|first\\=Theodore \\|title\\=France, 1848\\-1945 \\|publisher\\=Clarendon Press \\|year\\=1973 \\|location\\=Oxford \\|pages\\=508–554}}",
"Cavaignac remained widely resented by Parisian workers as the Butcher of June in his role suppressing the June Days Uprising as the Minister of War. He and the Second Republic was also widely resented for imposing high taxes. Rumors had begun circulating before the election that Cavaignac was planning a coup.",
"Cavaignac enjoyed the support of Protestants as well as liberal Catholics. As Louis Napoleon carried the Napoleonic legacy, Cavaignac also overperformed in areas where Napoleon I was not as popular, such as port cities that suffered British blockade during the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\").",
""
] |
Fictional character biography
-----------------------------
### Delbert Billings
Spellbinder (**Delbert Billings**) first appeared in *[Detective Comics](/wiki/Detective_Comics "Detective Comics")* \#358 (December 1966\), and was created by [John Broome](/wiki/John_Broome_%28writer%29 "John Broome (writer)") and [Sheldon Moldoff](/wiki/Sheldon_Moldoff "Sheldon Moldoff").{{cite book \|last1\=Cowsill \|first1\=Alan \|last2\=Irvine \|first2\=Alex \|last3\=Korte \|first3\=Steve \|last4\=Manning \|first4\=Matt \|last5\=Wiacek \|first5\=Win \|last6\=Wilson \|first6\=Sven \|title\=The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=DK Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1\-4654\-5357\-0 \|page\=279}} He was a painter who used [optical illusions](/wiki/Optical_illusions "Optical illusions") and [hypnotic](/wiki/Hypnosis "Hypnosis") weapons to commit crimes.{{cite book \|last1\=Cowsill \|first1\=Alan \|last2\=Irvine \|first2\=Alex \|last3\=Manning \|first3\=Matthew K. \|last4\=McAvennie \|first4\=Michael \|last5\=Wallace \|first5\=Daniel \|title\=DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle \|date\=2019 \|publisher\=DK Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1\-4654\-8578\-6 \|page\=113}}
Delbert was a forger of [pop art](/wiki/Pop_art "Pop art") who decided to put his talents to use as a supervillain. He created the Spellbinder identity, designed hypnotic weapons, and assembled a team of henchmen. He ran into [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") during his first robbery, but hypnotized the crimefighter into believing he was involved in an entirely different situation, as his gang made their getaway.{{cite book \|last \=Rovin \|first \=Jeff \|title \=The Encyclopedia of Supervillains \|publisher \=Facts on File \|date \=1987 \|location \=New York \|isbn \= 0\-8160\-1356\-X \|page\=324}} This ploy worked twice, but on his third robbery, Batman was able to overcome it and send him to jail.{{cite book \|last1\=Greenberger \|first1\=Robert \|title\=The Essential Batman Encyclopedia \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Del Rey \|isbn\=9780345501066 \|pages\=329–330}}
After leaving prison, the Spellbinder faced off with [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman") in *[Superman](/wiki/Superman_%28comic_book%29 "Superman (comic book)")* \#330 (1978\). Using a miniature turntable, he was able to create sonic blasts that would make targets more susceptible to his hypnotic suggestions. The addition of a shock absorbing chin\-guard to his helmet protected him from being knocked out by Superman, and special lenses protected him from hypnosis by the Man of Steel. He was finally defeated when his own sonic blasts were echoed back on him (rendering him unconscious). This issue also revealed how Superman uses sub\-conscious hypnosis (heightened by the Kryptonian lenses in his glasses) to successfully disguise himself as Clark Kent.
The Spellbinder joined a loosely knit conglomerate of crime organized by the Monarch of Menace. He was the first member of the group to be captured by Batman, who later disguised himself as the Spellbinder to infiltrate the group and capture the Monarch.*Batman* \#336
Later, the Spellbinder was on the run from the law with his new girlfriend, Fay Moffit, when he was confronted by the demon\-lord [Neron](/wiki/Neron_%28character%29 "Neron (character)"). Neron offered power in exchange for the Spellbinder's soul, but he rejected it. Fay, however, thought it sounded like a great idea, so she killed the Spellbinder by shooting him in the head and took the deal for herself. Neron was not surprised and explained that he had never actually been addressing the Spellbinder with the deal; he had been addressing *her* all along.
### Real name unknown
A second Spellbinder (real name unknown) appeared in *[Justice League International](/wiki/Justice_League_International "Justice League International")* (vol. 2\) \#65 (June 1994\) as a member of the government\-sanctioned "League\-Busters".*Justice League International* (vol. 2\) \#65 *Justice League America* \#90
### Fay Moffit
During the *[Underworld Unleashed](/wiki/Underworld_Unleashed "Underworld Unleashed")* crossover event, Delbert Billings (the original Spellbinder) rejected Neron's deal of immense power in exchange for his soul and was shot in the head and killed by his girlfriend, **Fay Moffit**, who then took the deal for herself and became the third Spellbinder (also known as **Lady Spellbinder**) as a result.*Detective Comics* \#691\-692
Neron granted her the ability to induce genuine [hallucinations](/wiki/Hallucinations "Hallucinations"). She was followed by [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") and [Robin](/wiki/Tim_Drake "Tim Drake"), but they did not know the scale of her illusion\-casting abilities, which extended to making absolutely everything disappear. She escaped from the heroes due to her ability to create a total illusion in her immediate vicinity, which remained even if they closed their eyes. They realized that the only way to be able to approach her safely is if the approach is controlled by someone outside her immediate area of influence. Robin acts as Batman's eyes once the Spellbinder is tracked down by the police, guiding him using a version of virtual reality technology. Once captured, the Spellbinder discovers that her deal with Neron was not all she had hoped — if her eyes are covered or closed, her illusion\-casting abilities no longer function.
She subsequently appeared in *[Birds of Prey](/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_%28comics%29 "Birds of Prey (comics)")*, where she created an illusory world in which [Barbara Gordon](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon "Barbara Gordon") was [Batgirl](/wiki/Batgirl "Batgirl") (although she did not realize this had once been true). She had been hired by the [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29%23Roland_Desmond "Blockbuster (DC Comics)#Roland Desmond") to kidnap Barbara. Barbara was able to defeat the Spellbinder when she attacked Moffit with a fire extinguisher (to blind her and prevent her from casting illusions) and a club, and then tied her up and left her for the police.*Birds of Prey: Batgirl*
The Spellbinder returned to *Birds of Prey* when [Black Canary](/wiki/Black_Canary "Black Canary") and [Catwoman](/wiki/Catwoman "Catwoman") were kidnapped by the rogue [Parademon](/wiki/Parademon "Parademon") Pharzoof. She was being transported with several other villains when their train was hijacked and taken to [Apokolips](/wiki/Apokolips "Apokolips"). The villains battled the Parademons and eventually were returned to Earth, where they were taken to the Slab.*Birds of Prey* \#12\-14
The Spellbinder returned again in the miniseries *[Joker: Last Laugh](/wiki/Joker:Last_Laugh "Last Laugh")*. In *Birds of Prey* \#36, she battles the Black Canary, who is trapped inside Slabside Penitentiary along with a host of villains infected by the [Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 "Joker (character)")'s Joker venom, making them even more crazed than ever. The Black Canary's sonic cry is able to give most of them pause, but the Joker sends the [Copperhead](/wiki/Copperhead_%28DC_Comics%29 "Copperhead (DC Comics)") and the [Hellgrammite](/wiki/Hellgrammite_%28comics%29 "Hellgrammite (comics)") after her, as neither one of them have ears. After dealing with them, she is briefly confronted by the [Shadow Thief](/wiki/Shadow_Thief "Shadow Thief") before meeting, to her great relief, the Batman, [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"), and [Mary Marvel](/wiki/Mary_Marvel "Mary Marvel"). However, the Black Canary soon notices that Marvel's lightning bolt is backwards, and the heroes are revealed to be an illusion created by the Spellbinder, who was the first of the female villains infected by the Joker's Joker venom.
The Spellbinder was apparently killed alongside the Trigger Twins by a group of gun\-toting superheroes during *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis "Infinite Crisis")*.
### *The New 52*
A fourth Spellbinder appears in *[The New 52](/wiki/The_New_52 "The New 52")* under the name of **Viktor Mironov**.*Constantine* \#13 Mironov, as the Spellbinder, was a [Russian](/wiki/Russian_people "Russian people") magician known for his ability to use magic to attack a person's psyche. When [John Constantine](/wiki/John_Constantine "John Constantine") contacted him to recruit him in a plan to fight the *Cult of the Cold Flame*, the Spellbinder initially reacted by attacking Constantine and rummaging through his mind. When the Spellbinder discovered that Constantine was sincerer, he agreed to the plan.
However, a spell gone wrong by [Papa Midnite](/wiki/Papa_Midnite "Papa Midnite") sent the entire plan into a shambles. Constantine was sent to the wrong time period to fight the Cult and, not knowing their leader was not there to guide them, the Spellbinder and another mage were killed fighting the Cold Flame.*Constantine* \#16\-17
### Infinite Frontier
During *[Infinite Frontier](/wiki/Infinite_Frontier "Infinite Frontier")* and after *[Fear State](/wiki/Fear_State "Fear State")*, a classmate of [Barbara Gordon](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon "Barbara Gordon") named **Charles Dante** became Spellbinder. *Batgirls* Vol 1 3
|
[
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------",
"### Delbert Billings",
"Spellbinder (**Delbert Billings**) first appeared in *[Detective Comics](/wiki/Detective_Comics \"Detective Comics\")* \\#358 (December 1966\\), and was created by [John Broome](/wiki/John_Broome_%28writer%29 \"John Broome (writer)\") and [Sheldon Moldoff](/wiki/Sheldon_Moldoff \"Sheldon Moldoff\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cowsill \\|first1\\=Alan \\|last2\\=Irvine \\|first2\\=Alex \\|last3\\=Korte \\|first3\\=Steve \\|last4\\=Manning \\|first4\\=Matt \\|last5\\=Wiacek \\|first5\\=Win \\|last6\\=Wilson \\|first6\\=Sven \\|title\\=The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=DK Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4654\\-5357\\-0 \\|page\\=279}} He was a painter who used [optical illusions](/wiki/Optical_illusions \"Optical illusions\") and [hypnotic](/wiki/Hypnosis \"Hypnosis\") weapons to commit crimes.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cowsill \\|first1\\=Alan \\|last2\\=Irvine \\|first2\\=Alex \\|last3\\=Manning \\|first3\\=Matthew K. \\|last4\\=McAvennie \\|first4\\=Michael \\|last5\\=Wallace \\|first5\\=Daniel \\|title\\=DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle \\|date\\=2019 \\|publisher\\=DK Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4654\\-8578\\-6 \\|page\\=113}}",
"Delbert was a forger of [pop art](/wiki/Pop_art \"Pop art\") who decided to put his talents to use as a supervillain. He created the Spellbinder identity, designed hypnotic weapons, and assembled a team of henchmen. He ran into [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") during his first robbery, but hypnotized the crimefighter into believing he was involved in an entirely different situation, as his gang made their getaway.{{cite book \\|last \\=Rovin \\|first \\=Jeff \\|title \\=The Encyclopedia of Supervillains \\|publisher \\=Facts on File \\|date \\=1987 \\|location \\=New York \\|isbn \\= 0\\-8160\\-1356\\-X \\|page\\=324}} This ploy worked twice, but on his third robbery, Batman was able to overcome it and send him to jail.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Greenberger \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=The Essential Batman Encyclopedia \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Del Rey \\|isbn\\=9780345501066 \\|pages\\=329–330}}",
"After leaving prison, the Spellbinder faced off with [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\") in *[Superman](/wiki/Superman_%28comic_book%29 \"Superman (comic book)\")* \\#330 (1978\\). Using a miniature turntable, he was able to create sonic blasts that would make targets more susceptible to his hypnotic suggestions. The addition of a shock absorbing chin\\-guard to his helmet protected him from being knocked out by Superman, and special lenses protected him from hypnosis by the Man of Steel. He was finally defeated when his own sonic blasts were echoed back on him (rendering him unconscious). This issue also revealed how Superman uses sub\\-conscious hypnosis (heightened by the Kryptonian lenses in his glasses) to successfully disguise himself as Clark Kent.",
"The Spellbinder joined a loosely knit conglomerate of crime organized by the Monarch of Menace. He was the first member of the group to be captured by Batman, who later disguised himself as the Spellbinder to infiltrate the group and capture the Monarch.*Batman* \\#336",
"Later, the Spellbinder was on the run from the law with his new girlfriend, Fay Moffit, when he was confronted by the demon\\-lord [Neron](/wiki/Neron_%28character%29 \"Neron (character)\"). Neron offered power in exchange for the Spellbinder's soul, but he rejected it. Fay, however, thought it sounded like a great idea, so she killed the Spellbinder by shooting him in the head and took the deal for herself. Neron was not surprised and explained that he had never actually been addressing the Spellbinder with the deal; he had been addressing *her* all along.",
"### Real name unknown",
"A second Spellbinder (real name unknown) appeared in *[Justice League International](/wiki/Justice_League_International \"Justice League International\")* (vol. 2\\) \\#65 (June 1994\\) as a member of the government\\-sanctioned \"League\\-Busters\".*Justice League International* (vol. 2\\) \\#65 *Justice League America* \\#90",
"### Fay Moffit",
"During the *[Underworld Unleashed](/wiki/Underworld_Unleashed \"Underworld Unleashed\")* crossover event, Delbert Billings (the original Spellbinder) rejected Neron's deal of immense power in exchange for his soul and was shot in the head and killed by his girlfriend, **Fay Moffit**, who then took the deal for herself and became the third Spellbinder (also known as **Lady Spellbinder**) as a result.*Detective Comics* \\#691\\-692",
"Neron granted her the ability to induce genuine [hallucinations](/wiki/Hallucinations \"Hallucinations\"). She was followed by [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") and [Robin](/wiki/Tim_Drake \"Tim Drake\"), but they did not know the scale of her illusion\\-casting abilities, which extended to making absolutely everything disappear. She escaped from the heroes due to her ability to create a total illusion in her immediate vicinity, which remained even if they closed their eyes. They realized that the only way to be able to approach her safely is if the approach is controlled by someone outside her immediate area of influence. Robin acts as Batman's eyes once the Spellbinder is tracked down by the police, guiding him using a version of virtual reality technology. Once captured, the Spellbinder discovers that her deal with Neron was not all she had hoped — if her eyes are covered or closed, her illusion\\-casting abilities no longer function.",
"She subsequently appeared in *[Birds of Prey](/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_%28comics%29 \"Birds of Prey (comics)\")*, where she created an illusory world in which [Barbara Gordon](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon \"Barbara Gordon\") was [Batgirl](/wiki/Batgirl \"Batgirl\") (although she did not realize this had once been true). She had been hired by the [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29%23Roland_Desmond \"Blockbuster (DC Comics)#Roland Desmond\") to kidnap Barbara. Barbara was able to defeat the Spellbinder when she attacked Moffit with a fire extinguisher (to blind her and prevent her from casting illusions) and a club, and then tied her up and left her for the police.*Birds of Prey: Batgirl*",
"The Spellbinder returned to *Birds of Prey* when [Black Canary](/wiki/Black_Canary \"Black Canary\") and [Catwoman](/wiki/Catwoman \"Catwoman\") were kidnapped by the rogue [Parademon](/wiki/Parademon \"Parademon\") Pharzoof. She was being transported with several other villains when their train was hijacked and taken to [Apokolips](/wiki/Apokolips \"Apokolips\"). The villains battled the Parademons and eventually were returned to Earth, where they were taken to the Slab.*Birds of Prey* \\#12\\-14",
"The Spellbinder returned again in the miniseries *[Joker: Last Laugh](/wiki/Joker:Last_Laugh \"Last Laugh\")*. In *Birds of Prey* \\#36, she battles the Black Canary, who is trapped inside Slabside Penitentiary along with a host of villains infected by the [Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 \"Joker (character)\")'s Joker venom, making them even more crazed than ever. The Black Canary's sonic cry is able to give most of them pause, but the Joker sends the [Copperhead](/wiki/Copperhead_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Copperhead (DC Comics)\") and the [Hellgrammite](/wiki/Hellgrammite_%28comics%29 \"Hellgrammite (comics)\") after her, as neither one of them have ears. After dealing with them, she is briefly confronted by the [Shadow Thief](/wiki/Shadow_Thief \"Shadow Thief\") before meeting, to her great relief, the Batman, [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"), and [Mary Marvel](/wiki/Mary_Marvel \"Mary Marvel\"). However, the Black Canary soon notices that Marvel's lightning bolt is backwards, and the heroes are revealed to be an illusion created by the Spellbinder, who was the first of the female villains infected by the Joker's Joker venom.",
"The Spellbinder was apparently killed alongside the Trigger Twins by a group of gun\\-toting superheroes during *[Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis \"Infinite Crisis\")*.",
"### *The New 52*",
"A fourth Spellbinder appears in *[The New 52](/wiki/The_New_52 \"The New 52\")* under the name of **Viktor Mironov**.*Constantine* \\#13 Mironov, as the Spellbinder, was a [Russian](/wiki/Russian_people \"Russian people\") magician known for his ability to use magic to attack a person's psyche. When [John Constantine](/wiki/John_Constantine \"John Constantine\") contacted him to recruit him in a plan to fight the *Cult of the Cold Flame*, the Spellbinder initially reacted by attacking Constantine and rummaging through his mind. When the Spellbinder discovered that Constantine was sincerer, he agreed to the plan.",
"However, a spell gone wrong by [Papa Midnite](/wiki/Papa_Midnite \"Papa Midnite\") sent the entire plan into a shambles. Constantine was sent to the wrong time period to fight the Cult and, not knowing their leader was not there to guide them, the Spellbinder and another mage were killed fighting the Cold Flame.*Constantine* \\#16\\-17",
"### Infinite Frontier",
"During *[Infinite Frontier](/wiki/Infinite_Frontier \"Infinite Frontier\")* and after *[Fear State](/wiki/Fear_State \"Fear State\")*, a classmate of [Barbara Gordon](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon \"Barbara Gordon\") named **Charles Dante** became Spellbinder. *Batgirls* Vol 1 3",
""
] |
Segments
--------
*The Late Show* featured a number of popular, recurring segments.
### Introduction: Stand\-up
The show opened with a [stand\-up](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy "Stand-up comedy") routine, usually by Martin and/or Molloy, but was sometimes opened by another of the hosts instead. The stand\-up was often topical, usually focusing on the week's news, or it was about a topic of the host's choosing; for example, in one show Santo talked about his family's highly ethnically styled home — which was eccentric even by their community's standards — with the sequence in question complete with video clips of the house's odd exterior and interior.
### The Late Show News Headlines
*The Late Show News Headlines*, presented by Gleisner, would blend the week's real news headlines with fake information and footage. For example, when covering the replacement of Japanese [Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa](/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa "Kiichi Miyazawa"), footage from an Asian bodybuilding competition was shown. The News Headlines would also feature interviews with newsmakers, most often played by Sitch in [costume](/wiki/Stage_clothes "Stage clothes") and [prosthetics](/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup "Prosthetic makeup"), and sometimes in [blackface](/wiki/Blackface "Blackface") or brownface. Some of the better\-known impersonations included [H. Ross Perot](/wiki/H._Ross_Perot "H. Ross Perot"), [Jeff Kennett](/wiki/Jeff_Kennett "Jeff Kennett"), [John Hewson](/wiki/John_Hewson "John Hewson"), [Paul Keating](/wiki/Paul_Keating "Paul Keating"), [Imran Khan](/wiki/Imran_Khan "Imran Khan"), [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat"), [Gareth Evans](/wiki/Gareth_Evans_%28politician%29 "Gareth Evans (politician)") and [Desmond Tutu](/wiki/Desmond_Tutu "Desmond Tutu") (Sitch also appeared in other segments as [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John "Elton John") among others).
### Mick's Serve
This would accompany the News Headlines, [Molloy](/wiki/Mick_Molloy "Mick Molloy") joining [Gleisner](/wiki/Tom_Gleisner "Tom Gleisner") at the News Desk as Gleisner would get Molloy to comment on a topical issue. This slowly escalated from discussing the issue with an ever calm Gleisner, to an irritated Molloy showing signs of annoyance with the issue, eventually Molloy would rant over the issue while becoming increasingly enraged. The skit would always end with Gleisner calling in [Men in White Coats](/wiki/White_coat%23Psychiatry "White coat#Psychiatry") to douse Molloy and the News Desk with [fire extinguishers](/wiki/Fire_extinguisher "Fire extinguisher").
### Street Talk
In *Street Talk*, Martin and Molloy would take to the streets of Melbourne and interview passers\-by on issues of the day. These [vox\-pop](/wiki/Vox-pop "Vox-pop") interviews often proved more of an opportunity for the pair to ridicule their interviewees, especially their dress sense.
### The Oz Brothers
This segment saw Cilauro and Sitch as two siblings obsessed with the Australian cricketer David Boon. The segment featured catchphrases such as 'I've had a gut full', 'This country's stuffed', and 'I can't burrleevet' (believe it). Their worship of all things Boon included praying to a small golden statue of Boon, playing Scrabble (only the word 'Boon' was used by both brothers), posters of Boon adorning the walls of their home, and playing a Boon video\-game in which the player could select the size of Boon's moustache and gut. David Boon himself appeared in one episode in which he read the brothers a bedtime story.
### Celebrity interviews
Martin went through hours to apply prosthetic make\-up to be [interviewed](/wiki/Interview "Interview") in\-character as [Paul Keating](/wiki/Paul_Keating "Paul Keating"), [Prince Charles](/wiki/Prince_Charles "Prince Charles"), [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") and [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson").
* In [the interview with "Schwarzenegger" hosted by Molloy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3ENQT3le7k&t=17s), the two discuss "Arnie"'s films. "Schwarzenegger" talks happily about his latest project, and despite Molloy's warnings to the crowd before "Arnold" came out on stage to **not** mention *[Last Action Hero](/wiki/Last_Action_Hero "Last Action Hero")* (a film which at the time was [a bomb](/wiki/Box_office_bomb "Box office bomb") and a sore spot for the real Arnold), a crowd member mentions he didn't like it, and "Schwarzenegger" shoots him dead on the spot, quipping *"Opinion noted."*. "Arnie" proceeds to show off his latest movie trailer, a remake of *[Citizen Kane](/wiki/Citizen_Kane "Citizen Kane")*, updated and "*improved on*", directed by *[Twins](/wiki/Twins_%281988_film%29 "Twins (1988 film)")* director [Ivan Reitman](/wiki/Ivan_Reitman "Ivan Reitman"), whom he comically and continually refers to as a "*genius*".
* The interview with Prince Charles was a to\-camera interview as he tours his home, talking about the features interspersed with jabs about how much he loathes things like sex with his wife [Diana](/wiki/Princess_Diana "Princess Diana").
* The interview with Paul Keating was a satire of both journalism and politics during the era of Prime Minister Paul Keating going head to head with Opposition Leader Dr. [John Hewson](/wiki/John_Hewson "John Hewson") ([seen in another episode as played by Sitch in prosthetic makeup](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOQzp7BAF48)).
### The Toilet Break
*The Toilet Break*, as the name suggests, was designed to allow viewers time to use the [toilet](/wiki/Toilet "Toilet") during the commercial\-free show (the ABC, being a [public broadcaster](/wiki/Public_broadcasting "Public broadcasting"), has no adverts during shows and minimal amounts of commercials between them, usually only for the [ABC Shop](/wiki/ABC_Shop "ABC Shop")).
The 2\-minute\-long segment was played in the middle of every show, featuring old music clips, with a [countdown](/wiki/Countdown "Countdown") displayed on the top left\-hand corner of the screen. During the first season, the toilet break consisted mostly of clips from The Natural 7 from *The Saturday Show*. The second season exclusively used clips from [*Pot Luck*](/wiki/Pot_Luck_%28TV_series%29 "Pot Luck (TV series)"), which were judged by [Bernard King](/wiki/Bernard_King_%28television%29 "Bernard King (television)").
### Shitscared
*Shitscared* starred Rob Sitch as a stuntman combining [Evel Knievel](/wiki/Evel_Knievel "Evel Knievel") and [Ed Wood](/wiki/Ed_Wood "Ed Wood") (in that he was similarly unable to grasp his own sheer incompetence and lack of aptitude in his chosen field) compounded by the 'spanner in the works', Mick Molloy as his half\-witted assistant and Tom Gleisner as the interviewer. Sitch played the arrogant expert, who loved to pontificate about "the stunt game". He would fashion detailed plans for each stunt, with an emphasis on "safety". He would boast about his own significance, mumbling and glossing over any questions relating to poorly funded, rundown buildings and stunt apparatus variously referred to as 'Stunt HQ'. Mick would always manage to ruin Rob's planning, inevitably resulting in physical injury for Rob, which would get him a slap on the back of his head from Rob (although Mick was always wearing a crash helmet). The first two *Shitscared* sketches were shot at Channel Nine for the unaired pilots of *The Late, Late Show*.
### Pissweak World
Several\-minute advertisements for mediocre theme parks with the 'Pissweak' brand name.
These included :
* Pissweak World
* Ye Olde Pissweeke Worlde (a parody of Renaissance Fairs)
* Pissweak Movie World (a parody of *[WB Movie World](/wiki/WB_Movie_World "WB Movie World")*)
* Pissweak Aero World
* Pissweak Marine World
* Pissweak World Fun Park
Each would feature a guided tour with examples of the many low\-quality attractions. Featuring The Pissweak Kids and Tom Gleisner as the Park Guide, with narration by Tony Martin.
Park highlight narration examples (from Pissweak Town):
* "Ride a bucking bronco!" – clip showing a child sitting on a golden retriever (a.k.a. Charlie The Wonderdog).
* "See a bush printing press!" – clip of a man holding a child's head on top of a photocopier printing out a copy.
* "Ride a stage coach!" – clip shows dejected children inside a trailer being driven down a road.
### Graham and the Colonel
Similar to [Roy and HG](/wiki/Roy_and_HG "Roy and HG"), *Graham and the Colonel* were two satirical sports commentators, played respectively by Sitch and Cilauro dressed in green ABC sports jackets. Whilst the characters often forgot lines and used many corny and humourless jokes, the segment was much loved. This segment aired just before the end of each episode.
The intro music for the segment was "Light and Tuneful" by [Keith Mansfield](/wiki/Keith_Mansfield "Keith Mansfield"), the same music used by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") to introduce its Wimbledon coverage.
### The Olden Days
*The Olden Days* was a segment where the cast overdubbed *[Rush](/wiki/Rush_%281974_TV_series%29 "Rush (1974 TV series)")*, a black\-and\-white historical drama series produced by the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Australian Broadcasting Corporation") in the 1970s. It was aired during the first series of the show.
Martin did the voice of the star of the show, Governor Frontbottom (as well as Judge Muttonchops). Molloy supplied the voice for the [John Waters'](/wiki/John_Waters_%28actor%29 "John Waters (actor)") character Sergeant Olden. Other characters were used intermittently.
*The Olden Days* was released by the ABC as a VHS video containing all the segments in order, although it has been out of publication for a number of years. On 15 August 2007, it was released on DVD in *The Late Show Presents Bargearse and The Olden Days* collection.
Actors Brendon Lunney and John Waters appeared as surprise guests on *The Late Show* after the last episode of *The Olden Days*.
### Bargearse
Replacing *The Olden Days* in the second series of the show, *Bargearse* was an overdubbed version of *[Bluey](/wiki/Bluey_%281976_TV_series%29 "Bluey (1976 TV series)")*, a 70s police drama set in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Australia. The segment was originally to be an overdubbing of an Australian soap opera, *[The Young Doctors](/wiki/The_Young_Doctors "The Young Doctors")*, titled "Medical Hospital", but the rights to the footage were pulled at the last minute. The ABC series *Truckies* was considered for overdubbing in a segment intended to be titled "Truck Wits", before the writers settled on *Bluey*. This change left the writers with very little time, and as a result the planned 20 short episodes was cut down to 10, which aired in the second half of series two.Cilauro, Santo and Martin, Tony (2007\). Bargearse DVD commentary. *The Late Show Presents: Bargearse and The Olden Days*. ABC DVD.
Bargearse was named after its protagonist, Detective Sergeant Bargearse, an overweight, moustache\-sporting "rough\-and\-tumble" cop. The sketches exploited Bluey's weight with plentiful fat jokes, as well as many fart noises.
Bargearse was voiced by Martin, while his sidekicks, Ann Bourke and Detective Glen Twenty ("Glen 20" is a household disinfectant spray in Australia), were voiced by Lucy and Sitch respectively. Other minor characters were revoiced by Cilauro, Molloy and Kennedy.
[Lucky Grills](/wiki/Lucky_Grills "Lucky Grills"), who played Bluey, appeared on *The Late Show* two times: as a guest in the mock press conference for the Biodome participants, and in the musical appearance as noted above.
On 15 August 2007 a *Bargearse* and *The Olden Days* double\-feature DVD was released.
The music used for the *Bargearse* theme music is the 1970 [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") track "Brass in Action" by Keith Mansfield.[Keith Mansfield \- Brass In Action \- KPM Music \- YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mwM1abu2DY) *Keith Mansfield \- Brass in Action, YouTube.com*
### Shirty: The Slightly Aggressive Bear
*Shirty: The Slightly Aggressive Bear* was a parody of children's TV shows. The twist was that the main character, Shirty, would react harshly to even the smallest insult. Many episodes ended with a destroyed set, a firearm being shot, or injury to the other characters. In the last episode of the first series, a sketch revealed that Shirty was played by the "Hando" character from *[Romper Stomper](/wiki/Romper_Stomper "Romper Stomper")* as played by [Russell Crowe](/wiki/Russell_Crowe "Russell Crowe"). Although in a "best\-of" episode two weeks prior, it was suggested that Shirty was routinely played by Mick. It was stated on *The Best Bits of The Late Show* DVD commentary by Jane (who played the segment's other recurring character, Miss Tammy) that Rob Sitch was in the suit. The Shirty costume was actually that of Percy Panda, a character played by Jack Manuel in the ABC children's show *[Adventure Island](/wiki/Adventure_Island_%28TV_series%29 "Adventure Island (TV series)")*.
### Charlie the Wonderdog
*Charlie the Wonderdog* was a series of (7\) short episodes which first aired during *The Late Show's* second series. The segment was created after last\-minute changes led to *Bargearse*{{'}}s planned twenty episodes being cut down to ten. Starring [Charles 'Bud' Tingwell](/wiki/Bud_Tingwell "Bud Tingwell") and the "Pissweak Kids" (a group of children who also starred in the Pissweak World sketches), *Charlie* was a parody of fictional animal shows, such as *[Lassie](/wiki/Lassie_%281954_TV_series%29 "Lassie (1954 TV series)")* and *[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo](/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo "Skippy the Bush Kangaroo")* in which the animal regularly ends up saving the day. Charlie was a Golden Retriever owned in real\-life by Gleisner.
The sketch featured purposely bad overacting from the children and usually involved an unimposing villain or disaster (such as a "smuggler" stealing "native fauna"—sticks and twigs—from the bush) that had to be prevented. The actors would constantly praise Charlie as a highly intelligent "wonder dog", in contradiction of the behaviour of Charlie himself, who regularly had to be dragged around by a visible rope to perform stunts. When the dog was required to bark to alert the others of danger, obvious overdubbing was used over footage of Charlie with his mouth closed or looking distracted.
As the series went on, the problems and situations that Charlie faced became more and more over the top. Charlie was eventually assassinated in one of the sketches, only to come back in the *Charlie the Wonderdog* Christmas Episode.
### Geoff and Terry
Geoff and Terry (Sitch and Cilauro, respectively) were two [conman](/wiki/Conman "Conman") entrepreneurs, who would appear regularly with a "new exciting product" or scheme. Sitch and Cilauro primarily used the segment to make Kennedy, who played the interviewer, laugh and forget her lines. Kennedy also admitted in the *Best of the Late Show* DVD commentary that she was in fact drunk during one of the live sketches.
After a particularly bad performance Sitch and Cilauro vowed never to do "Geoff and Terry" again and the pair were reborn as "The Oz Brothers".
### Music video parodies
Parodies of real songs, complete with highly accurate recreations of music video sets, costumes and wigs.
The parodies included:
* [Frente!](/wiki/Frente%21 "Frente!") — "[Accidently Kelly Street](/wiki/Accidently_Kelly_Street "Accidently Kelly Street")" (redone as "[Accidentally Was Released](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Hf3XvAVqNg)")
* [The Sharp](/wiki/The_Sharp "The Sharp") — "Scratch My Back" (redone as "[Skivvies Are Back](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCSIF1nU-k0)")
* [Things of Stone and Wood](/wiki/Things_of_Stone_and_Wood "Things of Stone and Wood") — "[Happy Birthday Helen](/wiki/Happy_Birthday_Helen "Happy Birthday Helen")" (redone as "[(Got No More) Melbourne Cliches](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ap-t46_Sy3A&t=6s)")
* [Cameron Daddo](/wiki/Cameron_Daddo "Cameron Daddo") \- "Fifteen Minutes of Fame" (redone as "Four and a Half Minutes of Shit")
### Other segments
* **Muckraking**, a kind of celebrity gossip segment hosted by Molloy and Stephens, which often degenerated into irrelevant ranting.
* **Commercial Crimestoppers**, where amateurish commercials from regional Australia were mocked.
* **Countdown Classics**, a segment where footage from the Australian TV series *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Countdown (Australian TV series)")* was presented by Gleisner and Kennedy, who were dressed in '70s\-era clothing, sitting on beanbags (one episode included a live performance of "[My Little Angel](/wiki/My_Little_Angel_%28William_Shakespeare_song%29 "My Little Angel (William Shakespeare song)")" by [William Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare_%28singer%29 "William Shakespeare (singer)")).
* **Masterpieces of Modern Cinema**, where Martin would criticise substandard cinema, for example *[Jaws: The Revenge](/wiki/Jaws:The_Revenge "The Revenge")*, *[Armour of God](/wiki/Armour_of_God_%28film%29 "Armour of God (film)")* and *[Houseboat Horror](/wiki/Houseboat_Horror "Houseboat Horror")*.
* **Sink the Slipper**, a segment where Martin and Molloy would identify and criticise a noted personality who had done or said something outrageous during the preceding week, and would then proceed, with each complaint they vocalised, to kick a fake pair of buttocks poking through part of the set which represented the personality.
* Original comedic musical numbers were also on the show, which included:
+ A completely original number, Martin and Molloy performing *"[What's All That About?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqL1dqIyYwc)"*, the title reused in Molloy's future work.
+ Another included a stand up piece asking the audience what the baffling lyrics to "[Stand](/wiki/Stand_%28R.E.M._song%29 "Stand (R.E.M. song)")" by [R.E.M.](/wiki/R.E.M. "R.E.M.") meant before Martin performed his own live version of the song, showing that you could substitute any collection of bizarre statements for the actual lyrics.
*The Late Show* was also able to get many well loved Australian TV personalities on as guests. [Charles "Bud" Tingwell](/wiki/Charles_Tingwell "Charles Tingwell") played the grandfather in *Charlie the Wonder Dog*, and popular TV and radio voice\-over man [Pete Smith](/wiki/Pete_Smith_%28announcer%29 "Pete Smith (announcer)") was also a regular. Many guests had cameos of only a few seconds, brought in for throwaway gags. One memorable joke had [John Farnham](/wiki/John_Farnham "John Farnham") offering wine, producing a bottle of water and smiling to himself.
### Musical finale
All episodes in the second series ended with a musical performance. Martin would announce that Molloy had organised for a major celebrity to perform, only for Molloy to sheepishly admit he had booked a minor celebrity of a similar name usually possessing no musical ability. The humour in Molloy's recurring "errors" in booking the performers may have run dry if not for the hilarity of having well\-known Australian non\-musical celebrities and politicians performing.
The performances included:
* [Pete Smith](/wiki/Pete_Smith_%28announcer%29 "Pete Smith (announcer)") performing [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith "Aerosmith")'s "[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)](/wiki/Dude_%28Looks_Like_a_Lady%29 "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)")"
* [Norman Yemm](/wiki/Norman_Yemm "Norman Yemm") singing [R.E.M.](/wiki/R.E.M. "R.E.M.")'s "[Losing My Religion](/wiki/Losing_My_Religion "Losing My Religion")"
* [Mike Whitney](/wiki/Mike_Whitney "Mike Whitney") as [Whitney Houston](/wiki/Whitney_Houston "Whitney Houston") performing "[I Will Always Love You](/wiki/I_Will_Always_Love_You "I Will Always Love You")"
* Australian [Test cricketer](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket") [Max Walker](/wiki/Max_Walker "Max Walker") performing [Cyndi Lauper](/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper "Cyndi Lauper")'s "[Girls Just Wanna Have Fun](/wiki/Girls_Just_Wanna_Have_Fun "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun")"
* Australian swimmer [Hayley Lewis](/wiki/Hayley_Lewis "Hayley Lewis") with "[Hip to Be Square](/wiki/Hip_to_Be_Square "Hip to Be Square")" by [Huey Lewis](/wiki/Huey_Lewis "Huey Lewis")
* French\-Australian chef [Gabriel Gaté](/wiki/Gabriel_Gat%C3%A9 "Gabriel Gaté") performing "[{{notatypo\|Accidently}} Kelly Street](/wiki/Accidently_Kelly_Street "Accidently Kelly Street")" by [Frente!](/wiki/Frente%21 "Frente!")
* [Ron Barassi](/wiki/Ron_Barassi "Ron Barassi") as [Shirley Bassey](/wiki/Shirley_Bassey "Shirley Bassey") singing the theme from the [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond_%28film_series%29 "James Bond (film series)") film *[Thunderball](/wiki/Thunderball_%28film%29 "Thunderball (film)")* (actually a [Tom Jones](/wiki/Tom_Jones_%28singer%29 "Tom Jones (singer)") song)
* Game show host ["Baby" John Burgess](/wiki/John_Burgess_%28TV_host%29 "John Burgess (TV host)") performing "One Word" by [Baby Animals](/wiki/Baby_Animals "Baby Animals")
* Children's television host [Simon Townsend](/wiki/Simon_Townsend "Simon Townsend") performing "[Who Are You](/wiki/Who_Are_You_%28The_Who_song%29 "Who Are You (The Who song)")" by [The Who](/wiki/The_Who "The Who") (instead of [The Who](/wiki/The_Who "The Who")'s lead guitarist [Pete Townshend](/wiki/Pete_Townshend "Pete Townshend"))
* TV fisherman and football commentator [Rex Hunt](/wiki/Rex_Hunt "Rex Hunt") in a spangly costume covering [T. Rex's](/wiki/T.Rex_%28band%29 "T.Rex (band)") "[Get It On](/wiki/Get_It_On_%28T.Rex_song%29 "Get It On (T.Rex song)")"
* Actor [Syd Heylen](/wiki/Syd_Heylen "Syd Heylen") covering the [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen "Van Halen") tune "[Jump](/wiki/Jump_%28Van_Halen_song%29 "Jump (Van Halen song)")"
* Actor [Donnie Sutherland](/wiki/Donnie_Sutherland "Donnie Sutherland") as [Dame Joan Sutherland](/wiki/Joan_Sutherland "Joan Sutherland")
* TV weatherman Brian Bury singing [Ian Dury](/wiki/Ian_Dury "Ian Dury")'s "[Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick](/wiki/Hit_Me_With_Your_Rhythm_Stick "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick")"
* Television vet [Dr. Harry Cooper](/wiki/Harry_Cooper_%28veterinarian%29 "Harry Cooper (veterinarian)") as [Alice Cooper](/wiki/Alice_Cooper "Alice Cooper") performing "[Department of Youth](/wiki/Department_of_Youth_%28song%29 "Department of Youth (song)")"
* Grassby, Grills, Nudge \& Plumb as [Crosby, Stills, Nash \& Young](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills%2C_Nash_%26_Young "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young"). The "group" was composed of [Al Grassby](/wiki/Al_Grassby "Al Grassby") (former Australian Immigration Minister); [Lucky Grills](/wiki/Lucky_Grills "Lucky Grills") (from '70s cop show *[Bluey](/wiki/Bluey_%281976_TV_series%29 "Bluey (1976 TV series)")*); [Christopher Truswell](/wiki/Christopher_Truswell "Christopher Truswell") (who played the character of "Nudge" in the Australian [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom") *[Hey Dad](/wiki/Hey_Dad "Hey Dad")*); and veteran Australian actress [Gwen Plumb](/wiki/Gwen_Plumb "Gwen Plumb")
* Australian cricketer [David Boon](/wiki/David_Boon "David Boon") performing "[Once in a Lifetime](/wiki/Once_in_a_Lifetime_%28Talking_Heads_song%29 "Once in a Lifetime (Talking Heads song)")" as [Talking Heads](/wiki/Talking_Heads "Talking Heads") frontman [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne_%28musician%29 "David Byrne (musician)")
* [Premier of Victoria](/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria "Premier of Victoria") [Joan Kirner](/wiki/Joan_Kirner "Joan Kirner") covering [Joan Jett](/wiki/Joan_Jett "Joan Jett")'s "[I Love Rock 'n' Roll](/wiki/I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll "I Love Rock 'n' Roll")", accompanied on guitar by her former Health Minister [David White](/wiki/David_White_%28Australian_politician%29 "David White (Australian politician)") who actually did play the guitar for the segment
* Australian variety show host, singer and entertainer [Jimmy Hannan](/wiki/Jimmy_Hannan "Jimmy Hannan") standing in for [Jimmy Barnes](/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes "Jimmy Barnes"), singing "[Working Class Man](/wiki/Working_Class_Man "Working Class Man")"
* Boxing champion [Lester Ellis](/wiki/Lester_Ellis "Lester Ellis") as [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis "Vangelis") playing the theme from *[Chariots of Fire](/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire "Chariots of Fire")* on piano (not included on the DVD)
*The Late Show* finale in 1993 had a 'real' guest on to sing at the finale: [Don Lane](/wiki/Don_Lane "Don Lane"), who was notably appearing on a competing network during the show's Saturday night timeslot.
Famous non\-guests were [Robert Gottliebsen](/wiki/Robert_Gottliebsen "Robert Gottliebsen") ("[Addicted to Love](/wiki/Addicted_to_Love_%28song%29 "Addicted to Love (song)")" by [Robert Palmer](/wiki/Robert_Palmer_%28singer%29 "Robert Palmer (singer)")) and [Tony Bonner](/wiki/Tony_Bonner "Tony Bonner") ("[This Used to Be My Playground](/wiki/This_Used_to_Be_My_Playground "This Used to Be My Playground")" by Madonna).
### Specials
* *Backchat* Highlights Special (26 September 1992\).
* *The Late Show* by Request (28 November 1992\).
* *The Best Bits of The Late Show* (1 May 1993\).
* *The Olden Days* Special (14 August 1993\).
* *The Best of the D\-Generation* (21 August 1993\).
* *The Devil at Your Heels* Special (16 October 1993\).
|
[
"Segments\n--------",
"*The Late Show* featured a number of popular, recurring segments.",
"### Introduction: Stand\\-up",
"The show opened with a [stand\\-up](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy \"Stand-up comedy\") routine, usually by Martin and/or Molloy, but was sometimes opened by another of the hosts instead. The stand\\-up was often topical, usually focusing on the week's news, or it was about a topic of the host's choosing; for example, in one show Santo talked about his family's highly ethnically styled home — which was eccentric even by their community's standards — with the sequence in question complete with video clips of the house's odd exterior and interior.",
"### The Late Show News Headlines",
"*The Late Show News Headlines*, presented by Gleisner, would blend the week's real news headlines with fake information and footage. For example, when covering the replacement of Japanese [Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa](/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa \"Kiichi Miyazawa\"), footage from an Asian bodybuilding competition was shown. The News Headlines would also feature interviews with newsmakers, most often played by Sitch in [costume](/wiki/Stage_clothes \"Stage clothes\") and [prosthetics](/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup \"Prosthetic makeup\"), and sometimes in [blackface](/wiki/Blackface \"Blackface\") or brownface. Some of the better\\-known impersonations included [H. Ross Perot](/wiki/H._Ross_Perot \"H. Ross Perot\"), [Jeff Kennett](/wiki/Jeff_Kennett \"Jeff Kennett\"), [John Hewson](/wiki/John_Hewson \"John Hewson\"), [Paul Keating](/wiki/Paul_Keating \"Paul Keating\"), [Imran Khan](/wiki/Imran_Khan \"Imran Khan\"), [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\"), [Gareth Evans](/wiki/Gareth_Evans_%28politician%29 \"Gareth Evans (politician)\") and [Desmond Tutu](/wiki/Desmond_Tutu \"Desmond Tutu\") (Sitch also appeared in other segments as [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John \"Elton John\") among others).",
"### Mick's Serve",
"This would accompany the News Headlines, [Molloy](/wiki/Mick_Molloy \"Mick Molloy\") joining [Gleisner](/wiki/Tom_Gleisner \"Tom Gleisner\") at the News Desk as Gleisner would get Molloy to comment on a topical issue. This slowly escalated from discussing the issue with an ever calm Gleisner, to an irritated Molloy showing signs of annoyance with the issue, eventually Molloy would rant over the issue while becoming increasingly enraged. The skit would always end with Gleisner calling in [Men in White Coats](/wiki/White_coat%23Psychiatry \"White coat#Psychiatry\") to douse Molloy and the News Desk with [fire extinguishers](/wiki/Fire_extinguisher \"Fire extinguisher\").",
"### Street Talk",
"In *Street Talk*, Martin and Molloy would take to the streets of Melbourne and interview passers\\-by on issues of the day. These [vox\\-pop](/wiki/Vox-pop \"Vox-pop\") interviews often proved more of an opportunity for the pair to ridicule their interviewees, especially their dress sense.",
"### The Oz Brothers",
"This segment saw Cilauro and Sitch as two siblings obsessed with the Australian cricketer David Boon. The segment featured catchphrases such as 'I've had a gut full', 'This country's stuffed', and 'I can't burrleevet' (believe it). Their worship of all things Boon included praying to a small golden statue of Boon, playing Scrabble (only the word 'Boon' was used by both brothers), posters of Boon adorning the walls of their home, and playing a Boon video\\-game in which the player could select the size of Boon's moustache and gut. David Boon himself appeared in one episode in which he read the brothers a bedtime story.",
"### Celebrity interviews",
"Martin went through hours to apply prosthetic make\\-up to be [interviewed](/wiki/Interview \"Interview\") in\\-character as [Paul Keating](/wiki/Paul_Keating \"Paul Keating\"), [Prince Charles](/wiki/Prince_Charles \"Prince Charles\"), [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger \"Arnold Schwarzenegger\") and [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\").",
"* In [the interview with \"Schwarzenegger\" hosted by Molloy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3ENQT3le7k&t=17s), the two discuss \"Arnie\"'s films. \"Schwarzenegger\" talks happily about his latest project, and despite Molloy's warnings to the crowd before \"Arnold\" came out on stage to **not** mention *[Last Action Hero](/wiki/Last_Action_Hero \"Last Action Hero\")* (a film which at the time was [a bomb](/wiki/Box_office_bomb \"Box office bomb\") and a sore spot for the real Arnold), a crowd member mentions he didn't like it, and \"Schwarzenegger\" shoots him dead on the spot, quipping *\"Opinion noted.\"*. \"Arnie\" proceeds to show off his latest movie trailer, a remake of *[Citizen Kane](/wiki/Citizen_Kane \"Citizen Kane\")*, updated and \"*improved on*\", directed by *[Twins](/wiki/Twins_%281988_film%29 \"Twins (1988 film)\")* director [Ivan Reitman](/wiki/Ivan_Reitman \"Ivan Reitman\"), whom he comically and continually refers to as a \"*genius*\".\n* The interview with Prince Charles was a to\\-camera interview as he tours his home, talking about the features interspersed with jabs about how much he loathes things like sex with his wife [Diana](/wiki/Princess_Diana \"Princess Diana\").\n* The interview with Paul Keating was a satire of both journalism and politics during the era of Prime Minister Paul Keating going head to head with Opposition Leader Dr. [John Hewson](/wiki/John_Hewson \"John Hewson\") ([seen in another episode as played by Sitch in prosthetic makeup](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOQzp7BAF48)).",
"### The Toilet Break",
"*The Toilet Break*, as the name suggests, was designed to allow viewers time to use the [toilet](/wiki/Toilet \"Toilet\") during the commercial\\-free show (the ABC, being a [public broadcaster](/wiki/Public_broadcasting \"Public broadcasting\"), has no adverts during shows and minimal amounts of commercials between them, usually only for the [ABC Shop](/wiki/ABC_Shop \"ABC Shop\")).",
"The 2\\-minute\\-long segment was played in the middle of every show, featuring old music clips, with a [countdown](/wiki/Countdown \"Countdown\") displayed on the top left\\-hand corner of the screen. During the first season, the toilet break consisted mostly of clips from The Natural 7 from *The Saturday Show*. The second season exclusively used clips from [*Pot Luck*](/wiki/Pot_Luck_%28TV_series%29 \"Pot Luck (TV series)\"), which were judged by [Bernard King](/wiki/Bernard_King_%28television%29 \"Bernard King (television)\").",
"### Shitscared",
"*Shitscared* starred Rob Sitch as a stuntman combining [Evel Knievel](/wiki/Evel_Knievel \"Evel Knievel\") and [Ed Wood](/wiki/Ed_Wood \"Ed Wood\") (in that he was similarly unable to grasp his own sheer incompetence and lack of aptitude in his chosen field) compounded by the 'spanner in the works', Mick Molloy as his half\\-witted assistant and Tom Gleisner as the interviewer. Sitch played the arrogant expert, who loved to pontificate about \"the stunt game\". He would fashion detailed plans for each stunt, with an emphasis on \"safety\". He would boast about his own significance, mumbling and glossing over any questions relating to poorly funded, rundown buildings and stunt apparatus variously referred to as 'Stunt HQ'. Mick would always manage to ruin Rob's planning, inevitably resulting in physical injury for Rob, which would get him a slap on the back of his head from Rob (although Mick was always wearing a crash helmet). The first two *Shitscared* sketches were shot at Channel Nine for the unaired pilots of *The Late, Late Show*.",
"### Pissweak World",
"Several\\-minute advertisements for mediocre theme parks with the 'Pissweak' brand name.\nThese included :\n* Pissweak World\n* Ye Olde Pissweeke Worlde (a parody of Renaissance Fairs)\n* Pissweak Movie World (a parody of *[WB Movie World](/wiki/WB_Movie_World \"WB Movie World\")*)\n* Pissweak Aero World\n* Pissweak Marine World\n* Pissweak World Fun Park",
"Each would feature a guided tour with examples of the many low\\-quality attractions. Featuring The Pissweak Kids and Tom Gleisner as the Park Guide, with narration by Tony Martin.",
"Park highlight narration examples (from Pissweak Town):\n* \"Ride a bucking bronco!\" – clip showing a child sitting on a golden retriever (a.k.a. Charlie The Wonderdog).\n* \"See a bush printing press!\" – clip of a man holding a child's head on top of a photocopier printing out a copy.\n* \"Ride a stage coach!\" – clip shows dejected children inside a trailer being driven down a road.",
"### Graham and the Colonel",
"Similar to [Roy and HG](/wiki/Roy_and_HG \"Roy and HG\"), *Graham and the Colonel* were two satirical sports commentators, played respectively by Sitch and Cilauro dressed in green ABC sports jackets. Whilst the characters often forgot lines and used many corny and humourless jokes, the segment was much loved. This segment aired just before the end of each episode.",
"The intro music for the segment was \"Light and Tuneful\" by [Keith Mansfield](/wiki/Keith_Mansfield \"Keith Mansfield\"), the same music used by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") to introduce its Wimbledon coverage.",
"### The Olden Days",
"*The Olden Days* was a segment where the cast overdubbed *[Rush](/wiki/Rush_%281974_TV_series%29 \"Rush (1974 TV series)\")*, a black\\-and\\-white historical drama series produced by the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\") in the 1970s. It was aired during the first series of the show.",
"Martin did the voice of the star of the show, Governor Frontbottom (as well as Judge Muttonchops). Molloy supplied the voice for the [John Waters'](/wiki/John_Waters_%28actor%29 \"John Waters (actor)\") character Sergeant Olden. Other characters were used intermittently.",
"*The Olden Days* was released by the ABC as a VHS video containing all the segments in order, although it has been out of publication for a number of years. On 15 August 2007, it was released on DVD in *The Late Show Presents Bargearse and The Olden Days* collection.",
"Actors Brendon Lunney and John Waters appeared as surprise guests on *The Late Show* after the last episode of *The Olden Days*.",
"### Bargearse",
"Replacing *The Olden Days* in the second series of the show, *Bargearse* was an overdubbed version of *[Bluey](/wiki/Bluey_%281976_TV_series%29 \"Bluey (1976 TV series)\")*, a 70s police drama set in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), Australia. The segment was originally to be an overdubbing of an Australian soap opera, *[The Young Doctors](/wiki/The_Young_Doctors \"The Young Doctors\")*, titled \"Medical Hospital\", but the rights to the footage were pulled at the last minute. The ABC series *Truckies* was considered for overdubbing in a segment intended to be titled \"Truck Wits\", before the writers settled on *Bluey*. This change left the writers with very little time, and as a result the planned 20 short episodes was cut down to 10, which aired in the second half of series two.Cilauro, Santo and Martin, Tony (2007\\). Bargearse DVD commentary. *The Late Show Presents: Bargearse and The Olden Days*. ABC DVD.",
"Bargearse was named after its protagonist, Detective Sergeant Bargearse, an overweight, moustache\\-sporting \"rough\\-and\\-tumble\" cop. The sketches exploited Bluey's weight with plentiful fat jokes, as well as many fart noises.",
"Bargearse was voiced by Martin, while his sidekicks, Ann Bourke and Detective Glen Twenty (\"Glen 20\" is a household disinfectant spray in Australia), were voiced by Lucy and Sitch respectively. Other minor characters were revoiced by Cilauro, Molloy and Kennedy.",
"[Lucky Grills](/wiki/Lucky_Grills \"Lucky Grills\"), who played Bluey, appeared on *The Late Show* two times: as a guest in the mock press conference for the Biodome participants, and in the musical appearance as noted above.",
"On 15 August 2007 a *Bargearse* and *The Olden Days* double\\-feature DVD was released.",
"The music used for the *Bargearse* theme music is the 1970 [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") track \"Brass in Action\" by Keith Mansfield.[Keith Mansfield \\- Brass In Action \\- KPM Music \\- YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mwM1abu2DY) *Keith Mansfield \\- Brass in Action, YouTube.com*",
"### Shirty: The Slightly Aggressive Bear",
"*Shirty: The Slightly Aggressive Bear* was a parody of children's TV shows. The twist was that the main character, Shirty, would react harshly to even the smallest insult. Many episodes ended with a destroyed set, a firearm being shot, or injury to the other characters. In the last episode of the first series, a sketch revealed that Shirty was played by the \"Hando\" character from *[Romper Stomper](/wiki/Romper_Stomper \"Romper Stomper\")* as played by [Russell Crowe](/wiki/Russell_Crowe \"Russell Crowe\"). Although in a \"best\\-of\" episode two weeks prior, it was suggested that Shirty was routinely played by Mick. It was stated on *The Best Bits of The Late Show* DVD commentary by Jane (who played the segment's other recurring character, Miss Tammy) that Rob Sitch was in the suit. The Shirty costume was actually that of Percy Panda, a character played by Jack Manuel in the ABC children's show *[Adventure Island](/wiki/Adventure_Island_%28TV_series%29 \"Adventure Island (TV series)\")*.",
"### Charlie the Wonderdog",
"*Charlie the Wonderdog* was a series of (7\\) short episodes which first aired during *The Late Show's* second series. The segment was created after last\\-minute changes led to *Bargearse*{{'}}s planned twenty episodes being cut down to ten. Starring [Charles 'Bud' Tingwell](/wiki/Bud_Tingwell \"Bud Tingwell\") and the \"Pissweak Kids\" (a group of children who also starred in the Pissweak World sketches), *Charlie* was a parody of fictional animal shows, such as *[Lassie](/wiki/Lassie_%281954_TV_series%29 \"Lassie (1954 TV series)\")* and *[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo](/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo \"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo\")* in which the animal regularly ends up saving the day. Charlie was a Golden Retriever owned in real\\-life by Gleisner.",
"The sketch featured purposely bad overacting from the children and usually involved an unimposing villain or disaster (such as a \"smuggler\" stealing \"native fauna\"—sticks and twigs—from the bush) that had to be prevented. The actors would constantly praise Charlie as a highly intelligent \"wonder dog\", in contradiction of the behaviour of Charlie himself, who regularly had to be dragged around by a visible rope to perform stunts. When the dog was required to bark to alert the others of danger, obvious overdubbing was used over footage of Charlie with his mouth closed or looking distracted.",
"As the series went on, the problems and situations that Charlie faced became more and more over the top. Charlie was eventually assassinated in one of the sketches, only to come back in the *Charlie the Wonderdog* Christmas Episode.",
"### Geoff and Terry",
"Geoff and Terry (Sitch and Cilauro, respectively) were two [conman](/wiki/Conman \"Conman\") entrepreneurs, who would appear regularly with a \"new exciting product\" or scheme. Sitch and Cilauro primarily used the segment to make Kennedy, who played the interviewer, laugh and forget her lines. Kennedy also admitted in the *Best of the Late Show* DVD commentary that she was in fact drunk during one of the live sketches.",
"After a particularly bad performance Sitch and Cilauro vowed never to do \"Geoff and Terry\" again and the pair were reborn as \"The Oz Brothers\".",
"### Music video parodies",
"Parodies of real songs, complete with highly accurate recreations of music video sets, costumes and wigs.",
"The parodies included:",
"* [Frente!](/wiki/Frente%21 \"Frente!\") — \"[Accidently Kelly Street](/wiki/Accidently_Kelly_Street \"Accidently Kelly Street\")\" (redone as \"[Accidentally Was Released](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Hf3XvAVqNg)\")\n* [The Sharp](/wiki/The_Sharp \"The Sharp\") — \"Scratch My Back\" (redone as \"[Skivvies Are Back](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCSIF1nU-k0)\")\n* [Things of Stone and Wood](/wiki/Things_of_Stone_and_Wood \"Things of Stone and Wood\") — \"[Happy Birthday Helen](/wiki/Happy_Birthday_Helen \"Happy Birthday Helen\")\" (redone as \"[(Got No More) Melbourne Cliches](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ap-t46_Sy3A&t=6s)\")\n* [Cameron Daddo](/wiki/Cameron_Daddo \"Cameron Daddo\") \\- \"Fifteen Minutes of Fame\" (redone as \"Four and a Half Minutes of Shit\")",
"### Other segments",
"* **Muckraking**, a kind of celebrity gossip segment hosted by Molloy and Stephens, which often degenerated into irrelevant ranting.\n* **Commercial Crimestoppers**, where amateurish commercials from regional Australia were mocked.\n* **Countdown Classics**, a segment where footage from the Australian TV series *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Countdown (Australian TV series)\")* was presented by Gleisner and Kennedy, who were dressed in '70s\\-era clothing, sitting on beanbags (one episode included a live performance of \"[My Little Angel](/wiki/My_Little_Angel_%28William_Shakespeare_song%29 \"My Little Angel (William Shakespeare song)\")\" by [William Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare_%28singer%29 \"William Shakespeare (singer)\")).\n* **Masterpieces of Modern Cinema**, where Martin would criticise substandard cinema, for example *[Jaws: The Revenge](/wiki/Jaws:The_Revenge \"The Revenge\")*, *[Armour of God](/wiki/Armour_of_God_%28film%29 \"Armour of God (film)\")* and *[Houseboat Horror](/wiki/Houseboat_Horror \"Houseboat Horror\")*.\n* **Sink the Slipper**, a segment where Martin and Molloy would identify and criticise a noted personality who had done or said something outrageous during the preceding week, and would then proceed, with each complaint they vocalised, to kick a fake pair of buttocks poking through part of the set which represented the personality.\n* Original comedic musical numbers were also on the show, which included:\n\t+ A completely original number, Martin and Molloy performing *\"[What's All That About?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqL1dqIyYwc)\"*, the title reused in Molloy's future work.\n\t+ Another included a stand up piece asking the audience what the baffling lyrics to \"[Stand](/wiki/Stand_%28R.E.M._song%29 \"Stand (R.E.M. song)\")\" by [R.E.M.](/wiki/R.E.M. \"R.E.M.\") meant before Martin performed his own live version of the song, showing that you could substitute any collection of bizarre statements for the actual lyrics.",
"*The Late Show* was also able to get many well loved Australian TV personalities on as guests. [Charles \"Bud\" Tingwell](/wiki/Charles_Tingwell \"Charles Tingwell\") played the grandfather in *Charlie the Wonder Dog*, and popular TV and radio voice\\-over man [Pete Smith](/wiki/Pete_Smith_%28announcer%29 \"Pete Smith (announcer)\") was also a regular. Many guests had cameos of only a few seconds, brought in for throwaway gags. One memorable joke had [John Farnham](/wiki/John_Farnham \"John Farnham\") offering wine, producing a bottle of water and smiling to himself.",
"### Musical finale",
"All episodes in the second series ended with a musical performance. Martin would announce that Molloy had organised for a major celebrity to perform, only for Molloy to sheepishly admit he had booked a minor celebrity of a similar name usually possessing no musical ability. The humour in Molloy's recurring \"errors\" in booking the performers may have run dry if not for the hilarity of having well\\-known Australian non\\-musical celebrities and politicians performing.",
"The performances included:\n* [Pete Smith](/wiki/Pete_Smith_%28announcer%29 \"Pete Smith (announcer)\") performing [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith \"Aerosmith\")'s \"[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)](/wiki/Dude_%28Looks_Like_a_Lady%29 \"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\")\"\n* [Norman Yemm](/wiki/Norman_Yemm \"Norman Yemm\") singing [R.E.M.](/wiki/R.E.M. \"R.E.M.\")'s \"[Losing My Religion](/wiki/Losing_My_Religion \"Losing My Religion\")\"\n* [Mike Whitney](/wiki/Mike_Whitney \"Mike Whitney\") as [Whitney Houston](/wiki/Whitney_Houston \"Whitney Houston\") performing \"[I Will Always Love You](/wiki/I_Will_Always_Love_You \"I Will Always Love You\")\"\n* Australian [Test cricketer](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\") [Max Walker](/wiki/Max_Walker \"Max Walker\") performing [Cyndi Lauper](/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper \"Cyndi Lauper\")'s \"[Girls Just Wanna Have Fun](/wiki/Girls_Just_Wanna_Have_Fun \"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun\")\"\n* Australian swimmer [Hayley Lewis](/wiki/Hayley_Lewis \"Hayley Lewis\") with \"[Hip to Be Square](/wiki/Hip_to_Be_Square \"Hip to Be Square\")\" by [Huey Lewis](/wiki/Huey_Lewis \"Huey Lewis\")\n* French\\-Australian chef [Gabriel Gaté](/wiki/Gabriel_Gat%C3%A9 \"Gabriel Gaté\") performing \"[{{notatypo\\|Accidently}} Kelly Street](/wiki/Accidently_Kelly_Street \"Accidently Kelly Street\")\" by [Frente!](/wiki/Frente%21 \"Frente!\")\n* [Ron Barassi](/wiki/Ron_Barassi \"Ron Barassi\") as [Shirley Bassey](/wiki/Shirley_Bassey \"Shirley Bassey\") singing the theme from the [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond_%28film_series%29 \"James Bond (film series)\") film *[Thunderball](/wiki/Thunderball_%28film%29 \"Thunderball (film)\")* (actually a [Tom Jones](/wiki/Tom_Jones_%28singer%29 \"Tom Jones (singer)\") song)\n* Game show host [\"Baby\" John Burgess](/wiki/John_Burgess_%28TV_host%29 \"John Burgess (TV host)\") performing \"One Word\" by [Baby Animals](/wiki/Baby_Animals \"Baby Animals\")\n* Children's television host [Simon Townsend](/wiki/Simon_Townsend \"Simon Townsend\") performing \"[Who Are You](/wiki/Who_Are_You_%28The_Who_song%29 \"Who Are You (The Who song)\")\" by [The Who](/wiki/The_Who \"The Who\") (instead of [The Who](/wiki/The_Who \"The Who\")'s lead guitarist [Pete Townshend](/wiki/Pete_Townshend \"Pete Townshend\"))\n* TV fisherman and football commentator [Rex Hunt](/wiki/Rex_Hunt \"Rex Hunt\") in a spangly costume covering [T. Rex's](/wiki/T.Rex_%28band%29 \"T.Rex (band)\") \"[Get It On](/wiki/Get_It_On_%28T.Rex_song%29 \"Get It On (T.Rex song)\")\"\n* Actor [Syd Heylen](/wiki/Syd_Heylen \"Syd Heylen\") covering the [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen \"Van Halen\") tune \"[Jump](/wiki/Jump_%28Van_Halen_song%29 \"Jump (Van Halen song)\")\"\n* Actor [Donnie Sutherland](/wiki/Donnie_Sutherland \"Donnie Sutherland\") as [Dame Joan Sutherland](/wiki/Joan_Sutherland \"Joan Sutherland\")\n* TV weatherman Brian Bury singing [Ian Dury](/wiki/Ian_Dury \"Ian Dury\")'s \"[Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick](/wiki/Hit_Me_With_Your_Rhythm_Stick \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\")\"\n* Television vet [Dr. Harry Cooper](/wiki/Harry_Cooper_%28veterinarian%29 \"Harry Cooper (veterinarian)\") as [Alice Cooper](/wiki/Alice_Cooper \"Alice Cooper\") performing \"[Department of Youth](/wiki/Department_of_Youth_%28song%29 \"Department of Youth (song)\")\"\n* Grassby, Grills, Nudge \\& Plumb as [Crosby, Stills, Nash \\& Young](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills%2C_Nash_%26_Young \"Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young\"). The \"group\" was composed of [Al Grassby](/wiki/Al_Grassby \"Al Grassby\") (former Australian Immigration Minister); [Lucky Grills](/wiki/Lucky_Grills \"Lucky Grills\") (from '70s cop show *[Bluey](/wiki/Bluey_%281976_TV_series%29 \"Bluey (1976 TV series)\")*); [Christopher Truswell](/wiki/Christopher_Truswell \"Christopher Truswell\") (who played the character of \"Nudge\" in the Australian [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\") *[Hey Dad](/wiki/Hey_Dad \"Hey Dad\")*); and veteran Australian actress [Gwen Plumb](/wiki/Gwen_Plumb \"Gwen Plumb\")\n* Australian cricketer [David Boon](/wiki/David_Boon \"David Boon\") performing \"[Once in a Lifetime](/wiki/Once_in_a_Lifetime_%28Talking_Heads_song%29 \"Once in a Lifetime (Talking Heads song)\")\" as [Talking Heads](/wiki/Talking_Heads \"Talking Heads\") frontman [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne_%28musician%29 \"David Byrne (musician)\")\n* [Premier of Victoria](/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria \"Premier of Victoria\") [Joan Kirner](/wiki/Joan_Kirner \"Joan Kirner\") covering [Joan Jett](/wiki/Joan_Jett \"Joan Jett\")'s \"[I Love Rock 'n' Roll](/wiki/I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\")\", accompanied on guitar by her former Health Minister [David White](/wiki/David_White_%28Australian_politician%29 \"David White (Australian politician)\") who actually did play the guitar for the segment\n* Australian variety show host, singer and entertainer [Jimmy Hannan](/wiki/Jimmy_Hannan \"Jimmy Hannan\") standing in for [Jimmy Barnes](/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes \"Jimmy Barnes\"), singing \"[Working Class Man](/wiki/Working_Class_Man \"Working Class Man\")\"\n* Boxing champion [Lester Ellis](/wiki/Lester_Ellis \"Lester Ellis\") as [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis \"Vangelis\") playing the theme from *[Chariots of Fire](/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire \"Chariots of Fire\")* on piano (not included on the DVD)",
"*The Late Show* finale in 1993 had a 'real' guest on to sing at the finale: [Don Lane](/wiki/Don_Lane \"Don Lane\"), who was notably appearing on a competing network during the show's Saturday night timeslot.",
"Famous non\\-guests were [Robert Gottliebsen](/wiki/Robert_Gottliebsen \"Robert Gottliebsen\") (\"[Addicted to Love](/wiki/Addicted_to_Love_%28song%29 \"Addicted to Love (song)\")\" by [Robert Palmer](/wiki/Robert_Palmer_%28singer%29 \"Robert Palmer (singer)\")) and [Tony Bonner](/wiki/Tony_Bonner \"Tony Bonner\") (\"[This Used to Be My Playground](/wiki/This_Used_to_Be_My_Playground \"This Used to Be My Playground\")\" by Madonna).",
"### Specials",
"* *Backchat* Highlights Special (26 September 1992\\).\n* *The Late Show* by Request (28 November 1992\\).\n* *The Best Bits of The Late Show* (1 May 1993\\).\n* *The Olden Days* Special (14 August 1993\\).\n* *The Best of the D\\-Generation* (21 August 1993\\).\n* *The Devil at Your Heels* Special (16 October 1993\\)."
] |
Diverse meanings
----------------
While the term was created to designate a linguistic area, there are other issues in question:
* The ecclesiastical sense
* The linguistic sense
* The political sense
* The socioeconomic sense
### Ecclesiastical sense
Many parishes of what is now called *la Franja* had been historically part of the Diocese of [Lleida](/wiki/Lleida "Lleida"), along with other, non\-Catalan\-speaking Aragonese towns. In 1995, Catholic church authorities, through the Papal [Nuncio](/wiki/Nuncio "Nuncio") to Spain, informed the president of the Spanish Episcopal Conference –[Archbishop of Saragossa](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Saragossa "Archbishop of Saragossa"), [Elías Yanes](/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Yanes "Elías Yanes")– of the decision of the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") to align the [diocesan](/wiki/Diocese "Diocese") boundaries with the political and historical ones.
This meant that 111 parishes and a population of 68,089 were transferred from the [Diocese of Lleida](/wiki/Diocese_of_Lleida "Diocese of Lleida") to the enlarged Diocese of Barbastro, whose name was then changed to [Diocese of Barbastro\-Monzón](/wiki/Diocese_of_Barbastro-Monz%C3%B3n "Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.cortesaragon.es/bases/original.nsf/(BOCA1\)/D4ABBF706B7D64F64125687B0028F049/$File/Boca179\-3\.pdf \| title \= Sobre la transferencia de diversas parroquias procedentes de la Diócesis de Lérida a la Diócesis de Barbastro\-Monzón \| author \= Justicia de Aragón \| date \= 1998\-04\-22 \| work \= Boletín Oficial de las Cortes de Aragón, number 179}} As for the reasons of the transfer, some Catalan ecclesiastical ranks considered that it was a result of the opposition of these Aragonese parishes to a short\-lived debate on the convenience of creating a distinct Catalan [Episcopal Conference](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference "Episcopal Conference"), which would have been detached from the Spanish one.{{cite web\|url\=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.es/preview/1995/07/29/pagina\-23/34437288/pdf.html?search\=La\+Franja\|title\=Edición del sábado, 29 julio 1995, página 23 : Hemeroteca\|website\=Hemeroteca.lavanguardia.es\|accessdate\=15 May 2018}} Other sources claim that the diocese of Barbastro—birthplace of the founder of [Opus Dei](/wiki/Opus_Dei "Opus Dei"), [Josepmaria Escrivà de Balaguer](/wiki/Josepmaria_Escriv%C3%A0_de_Balaguer "Josepmaria Escrivà de Balaguer")—was losing population and needed to acquire neighbouring parishes from another diocese to be able to continue to exist.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.laxarxa.cat/documents/originals/EugeniCasanova.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2011\-05\-17 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723085617/http://www.laxarxa.cat/documents/originals/EugeniCasanova.pdf \|archivedate\=2011\-07\-23 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/3682252/20100127/eugeni\-casanova\-lopus\-dei\-nomes\-parts\-daquest\-complot.html\|title\=Eugeni Casanova: 'L'Opus Dei només és una de les parts d'aquest complot'\|website\=Vilaweb.cat\|accessdate\=15 May 2018}}
The transfer of the parishes, specifically the ownership of the [medieval](/wiki/Medieval "Medieval") artistic objects or sacred art comprised, originated an intricate series of lawsuits involving both dioceses (Barbastro\-Monzón and Lleida), both autonomous governments (Aragón and Catalonia) and both legal systems [canon](/wiki/Canon_law_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Canon law (Catholic Church)") and [administrative law](/wiki/Administrative_law "Administrative law").
It was finally decided by the ecclesiastic canon judges in 2005 that the 113 works of art belong to the Barbastro\-Monzón diocese. The Lleida diocese released a statement accepting this decision but, at the same time, announced that then the administrative process would be opened,{{cite news \| url \= http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2005/10/07/catalunya/1871329\.html \| title \= El Obispado de Lleida no devolverá el arte sacro a Barbastro sin el permiso del Govern \| work \= \[\[El Mundo (Spain)\|El Mundo]] \| author \= M. J. SANGENIS \| date \= 2005\-10\-07 \|accessdate \= 2008\-06\-05 \|language\=es}} later on, it stated that talks should be opened to reach an agreement,{{cite news \| url \= http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20080513/53462786913\.html \| title \= El Vaticano ordena a Lleida entregar las piezas de arte sacro a Aragón \| author \= sourced from \[\[EFE]] \| work \= \[\[La Vanguardia]] \| date \= 2008\-05\-13 \| accessdate \= 2008\-06\-05 \| language \= es \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://archive.today/20080514043737/http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20080513/53462786913\.html \| archivedate \= 2008\-05\-14 }} in the end effectively protracting the end of the dispute. In the meantime, the works of art remain located in the Diocese Museum of Lleida. The lawsuit is known as the *conflicto del patrimonio eclesiástico de la Franja* (the conflict of the ecclesiastical heritage of the Franja) or *del Aragón Oriental* (of Eastern Aragon), and though it began as a local debate, it has become a national press story, especially due to the confrontation between the political forces of [Aragon](/wiki/Aragon "Aragon") and [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia").
On July 1, 2008 an agreement between the two dioceses was announced, again stating that the art pieces would return to the Barbastro\-Monzón diocese.{{cite news\|url\=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2008/07/01/actualidad/1214863208\_850215\.html\|title\=El obispado de Lleida devolverá al de Barbastro las obras de arte religioso reclamadas desde 1995\|date\=1 July 2008\|newspaper\=El País\|accessdate\=15 May 2018}} However, the situation remained stalled due to the continued refusal of the Catalan administration to issue an exit permit, something which eventually led to the Aragonese region president to open a [criminal procedure](/wiki/Criminal_procedure "Criminal procedure") in February 2009, thus effectively giving up on the resolved yet stalled [civil procedure](/wiki/Civil_procedure "Civil procedure").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090212/53638741292/iglesias\-ordena\-acciones\-penales\-contra\-el\-museu\-de\-lleida\-por\-las\-obras\-de\-la\-franja\-reclamadas.html\|title\=Iglesias ordena acciones penales contra el Museu de Lleida por las obras de la Franja reclamadas\|website\=Lavanguardia.es\|accessdate\=15 May 2018\|archive\-date\=15 February 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215210809/http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090212/53638741292/iglesias\-ordena\-acciones\-penales\-contra\-el\-museu\-de\-lleida\-por\-las\-obras\-de\-la\-franja\-reclamadas.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Then the [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") itself urged the return of the pieces to Aragon, to no avail.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090227/53649044781/el\-vaticano\-pide\-a\-lleida\-que\-entregue\-las\-obras\-de\-la\-franja\-a\-aragon.html\|title\=El Vaticano pide a Lleida que entregue las obras de la Franja a Aragón\|website\=Lavanguardia.es\|accessdate\=15 May 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302070235/http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090227/53649044781/el\-vaticano\-pide\-a\-lleida\-que\-entregue\-las\-obras\-de\-la\-franja\-a\-aragon.html\|archive\-date\=2 March 2009\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Linguistic sense
The [Catalan language](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") is spoken by a significant proportion of the population of La Franja (47\.1% of the population uses it as their usual language according to a survey by the [Aragonese Institute of Statistics](/wiki/Aragonese_Institute_of_Statistics "Aragonese Institute of Statistics") in 2013;{{citation\|url\=http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\_LINGUISTICOS\_COMARCAS\_ORIENTALES\_ARAGON\_03\.pdf\|title\=Departamento Encuesta de usos lingüísticos en las comarcas orientales de Aragón. Año 2003\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-07\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004210051/http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\_LINGUISTICOS\_COMARCAS\_ORIENTALES\_ARAGON\_03\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} percentage that rises to 73\.6%\-90% according to two surveys carried out with a smaller territorial scope also in 2013 by the [Generalitat of Catalonia](/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia "Generalitat of Catalonia"))[Statistics about languages in Catalan\-Speaking Aragon](http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920000405/http://www6\.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004\.pdf \|date\=2009\-09\-20 }} [Generalitat de Catalunya](/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya "Generalitat de Catalunya") {{in lang\|ca}} This despite the fact that it is not an official language and has a very limited presence in education (where it is only available as an elective) and in administration and or public acts, resulting in severe deficiencies in writing skills of this language.
#### Territorial basis
The exact territorial limits of the *Franja de Aragón* differ depending on the source, since there are some municipalities of [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") where there are doubts over whether or not to include them as Catalan\-speaking or as Aragonese\-speaking. The proportion of speakers of the two languages varies over time and with immigration according to the municipality, something which leads to different sources drawing slightly different linguistic borders.
#### According to the draft of the Aragonese Language Law
During the fourth session of the *Cortes de Aragón* (the parliament of Aragon) (1995–1999\) under the [PP](/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29 "People's Party (Spain)")\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party "Aragonese Party") coalition government the [Special Commission Report on the Language Policy of Aragon](http://www.cortesaragon.es/bases/boca2.nsf/0/D0C730CC9E93696A41256823003A21EB?OpenDocument) was published. The report would be the basis for the [Draft of the Language Law of Aragon](http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423123804/http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm \|date\=2007\-04\-23 }} published the following session (1999–2003\) under the [PSOE](/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party "Spanish Socialist Workers' Party")\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party "Aragonese Party") coalition, where for the first time from the *Cortes de Aragón* would detail those municipalities which formed part of a Catalan\-speaking community, with the aim of recognising co\-officiality and encouraging the use of Catalan in public life and especially in education.
The law was never approved due to protests and petitions in Aragon opposed to the co\-officiality of Catalan, promoted mainly by the *Federación de Asociaciones Culturales del Aragón Oriental* (FACAO), a conservative{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}} organisation which maintained that the local 'linguistic modalities' were languages and not dialects of Catalan, and there was lack of consensus on the issue among the Aragonese political parties. There are other civic associations staunchly rejecting the Catalan affiliation of the language{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\_plataforma\_no\_hablemos\_en\_catalan\_convoca\_un\_acte\_de\_rebuig\_al\_catala\_37970\.php\|title\=Crónica Global: última hora Cataluña; Arrimadas; Colau; Torra\|website\=Cronica global\|accessdate\=15 May 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305083445/http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\_plataforma\_no\_hablemos\_en\_catalan\_convoca\_un\_acte\_de\_rebuig\_al\_catala\_37970\.php\|archive\-date\=5 March 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}
According to the *list of municipalities which could be considered to be areas of predominant use of its own language or linguistic modality or areas of predominant use of normalised Catalan* in the *Second annex of the Second Final Disposition of the Avant\-project of the Language Law*, La Franja would be composed of:
| Municipality | Area(km2) | Population(2006\) | Comarca | Province |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva "Aguaviva")** | 42\.2 | 691 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda "Albelda")** | 51\.9 | 892 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell "Alcampell")** | 58\.0 | 827 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n "Altorricón")** | 32\.4 | 1,469 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n "Arén")** | 119\.3 | 337 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 "Arens de Lledó")** | 34\.3 | 227 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Azanuy\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins "Azanuy-Alins")** | 51\.2 | 173 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls "Baélls")** | 39\.8 | 125 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou "Baldellou")** | 30\.4 | 115 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite "Beceite")** | 96\.7 | 598 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 "Belmonte de San José")** | 34\.0 | 144 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre "Benabarre")** | 157\.1 | 1,160 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa "Bonansa")** | 37\.3 | 101 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite "Calaceite")** | 81\.3 | 1,143 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls "Camporrélls")** | 26\.7 | 217 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu "Castigaleu")** | 26\.5 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy "Castillonroy")** | 37\.6 | 391 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas "Cretas")** | 52\.7 | 630 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo "Estopiñán del Castillo")** | 88\.7 | 199 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara "Fabara")** | 101\.6 | 1,221 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n "Fayón")** | 67\.2 | 427 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles "Fórnoles")** | 32\.6 | 105 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga "Fraga")** | 437\.6 | 13,191 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda "Fuentespalda")** | 39\.0 | 347 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena "Isábena")** | 118\.5 | 302 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich "La Cañada de Verich")** | 10\.9 | 104 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera "La Cerollera")** | 33\.7 | 121 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era "La Codoñera")** | 21\.0 | 351 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda "La Fresneda")** | 39\.5 | 462 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa "La Ginebrosa")** | 80\.1 | 239 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada "La Portellada")** | 21\.4 | 274 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre "Lascuarre")** | 31\.9 | 147 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles "Laspaúles")** | 81\.6 | 281 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 "Lledó")** | 15\.6 | 181 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella "Maella")** | 174\.9 | 2,089 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n "Mazaleón")** | 86\.2 | 589 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza "Mequinenza")** | 307\.2 | 2,533 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar "Monesma y Cajigar")** | 62\.6 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo "Monroyo")** | 79\.2 | 307 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy "Montanuy")** | 174\.1 | 311 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe "Nonaspe")** | 111\.4 | 1,055 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins "Peñarroya de Tastavins")** | 83\.3 | 488 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz "Peralta de Calasanz")** | 114\.9 | 261 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana "Puente de Montañana")** | 48\.6 | 88 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales "Ráfales")** | 35\.6 | 156 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera "San Esteban de Litera")** | 71\.9 | 512 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira "Sopeira")** | 44\.1 | 102 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera "Tamarite de Litera")** | 110\.6 | 3,678 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva "Tolva")** | 59\.0 | 176 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas "Torre de Arcas")** | 34\.3 | 93 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte "Torre del Compte")** | 19\.5 | 168 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera "Torre la Ribera")** | 32\.1 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca "Torrente de Cinca")** | 56\.8 | 1,084 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla "Torrevelilla")** | 33\.4 | 204 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo "Valdeltormo")** | 16\.0 | 349 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres "Valderrobres")** | 124\.0 | 2,142 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera "Valjunquera")** | 41\.8 | 414 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca "Velilla de Cinca")** | 16\.5 | 469 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n "Vencillón")** | 10\.4 | 471 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Beranuy](/wiki/Beranuy "Beranuy")** | 63\.8 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera "Viacamp y Litera")** | 107\.7 | 25 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn "Zaidín")** | 92\.6 | 1,822 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **62 municipalities of Aragon** | **4,442\.8** | **47,236** | | |
|
#### According to the Institut d'Estudis Catalans
From the point of view of the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans "Institut d'Estudis Catalans") the territory is smaller, due to the fact that the municipality of Torre la Ribera is not considered Catalan\-speaking, and the municipalities of Azanuy\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre and San Esteban de Litera are classified as transitional dialects. The Catalan\-speaking lands are thus reduced to a total of 57 municipalities with an area of **4,137\.2 km2** with a population of **45,984**.
#### According to the Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa
The situation is reversed according to the [Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa](/wiki/Gran_Enciclopedia_Aragonesa "Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa") (GEA) with the Franja having an area of **5,370 km2** and with a population of **70,000**. It should be mentioned that the GEA does not recognise the denomination *Franja* but discusses its situation under *Catalan in Aragon*, nor does it specify in how many or which municipalities Catalan is definitively spoken nor the date of the census on which its figures are based.
#### According to the *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the GREC
| Municipality/Urban nucleus | Area(km2) | Population(2006\) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque "Benasque")** | 233\.6 | 2,045 |
| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri "Bisaurri")** | 62\.9 | 247 |
| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos "Castejón de Sos")** | 31\.8 | 733 |
| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon "Chía, Aragon")** | 26\.1 | 113 |
| **[Güell](/wiki/G%C3%BCell "Güell") (1\)** | 28\.0 | 29 |
| **[Laguarres](/wiki/Laguarres "Laguarres") (2\)** | 33\.0 | 71 |
| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn "Sahún")** | 72\.9 | 331 |
| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 "Sesué")** | 5\.2 | 125 |
| **[Torres del Obispo](/wiki/Torres_del_Obispo "Torres del Obispo") (3\)** | 32\.0 | 163 |
| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp "Valle de Lierp")** | 32\.8 | 47 |
| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza "Villanova, Ribagorza")** | 6,9 | 154 |
| **8 municipalities and 3 nuclei** | **565\.2** | **4,058** |
| Franja de Aragon according to the Commission report | 4\.442,8 | 47,236 |
| **Total 70 municipalities y 3 nuclei according to the GREC** | **5\.008,0** | **51,294** |
|
The *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the [Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana (GREC)](http://www.grec.cat) {{Webarchive\|url\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \|date\=2016\-05\-15 }} classes the territorial area of the **Franja de Aragon** as larger than that defined by the Commission report although not as large as the GEA definition. All the municipalities which it adds to those of the Avant\-project and of Ribagorza and therefore belong to the Province of Huesca. It adds a total of eight municipalities and three population nuclei; Güell, Laguarres y Torres del Obispo, which form part of two municipalities; Graus in the case of the first and the third, and Capella the case of the second. The table to the right details the population nuclei and official area and population figures.
* **(1\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus "Graus")**. Population figures according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.
* **(2\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Capella](/wiki/Capella%2C_Aragon "Capella, Aragon")**. Population 2004, area according to GREC.net.
* **(3\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus "Graus")**. Population according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.
{{Clear}}
#### Comparative table and map according to sources
| Source | Nºmunici\-palities | % ofAragon | Area (km2) | % ofAragon | Population(2006\) | % ofAragon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Avant\-project of theLanguage Law** | 62 | 8\.5 | 4,442\.8 | 9\.3 | 47,236 | 3\.7 |
| **Institut d'EstudisCatalans (IEC)** | 57 | 7\.8 | 4,137\.2 | 8\.3 | 45,984 | 3\.6 |
| **Gran EnciclopediaAragonesa (GEA)** | ? | \- | 5,370\.0 | 11\.3 | 70,000 | 5\.5 |
| **Grupo EnciclopediaCatalana (GREC)** | 70 | 9\.6 | 5,008\.0 | 10\.5 | 51,294 | 4\.0 |
| **Total Aragon** | 730 | 100\.0 | 47,719\.2 | 100\.0 | 1,277,471 | 100\.0 |
|
#### Toponymy
[right\|300px\|thumb\|Variations in the Catalan\-speaking municipalities of [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_province "Huesca province")](/wiki/Image:Catal%C3%A0_a_Osca.png "Català a Osca.png")
There is no unitary policy on official toponymy in the Franja, leading to great variations between the local *comarcalización* laws as compared to those proposed by the IEC. The following table details the translation of the toponymy in Spanish to the official version in the local vernacular and that proposed by the IEC. At the bottom are the municipalities which the GREC includes in its definition of the Franja and the proposed names which it offers opposed to the official names:
| Spanish (1\) | Local variety or linguistic vernacularaccording to the *comarcalización* law (1\) | Catalanaccording to the IEC (2\) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva "Aguaviva")** | Aiguaviva de Bergantes | Aiguaviva de Bergantes |
| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda "Albelda")** | Albelda | Albelda |
| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell "Alcampell")** | El Campell | El Campell |
| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n "Altorricón")** | El Torricó | El Torricó |
| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n "Arén")** | Areny | Areny de Noguera |
| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 "Arens de Lledó")** | Arenys de Lledó | Arenys de Lledó |
| **[Azanuy\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins "Azanuy-Alins")** | Azanúy\-Alins | Sanui i Alins |
| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls "Baélls")** | Baells | Baells |
| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou "Baldellou")** | Valdellou | Valdellou |
| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite "Beceite")** | Beseit | Beseit |
| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 "Belmonte de San José")** | Bellmunt de Mesquí | Bellmunt de Mesquí |
| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre "Benabarre")** | Benavarri | Benavarri |
| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa "Bonansa")** | Bonansa | Bonansa |
| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite "Calaceite")** | Calaceit | Calaceit |
| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls "Camporrélls")** | Camporrells | Camporrells |
| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu "Castigaleu")** | Castigaleu | Castigaleu |
| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy "Castillonroy")** | Castellonroi | Castellonroi |
| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas "Cretas")** | Queretes | Cretes |
| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo "Estopiñán del Castillo")** | Estopanyà | Estopanyà |
| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara "Fabara")** | Favara | Favara de Matarranya |
| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n "Fayón")** | Faió | Faió |
| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles "Fórnoles")** | Fórnols | Fórnols de Matarranya |
| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga "Fraga")** | Fraga | Fraga |
| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda "Fuentespalda")** | Fontdespatla | Fondespatla |
| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena "Isábena")** | Isàvena | Isàvena |
| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich "La Cañada de Verich")** | La Canyada de Beric | La Canyada de Beric |
| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera "La Cerollera")** | La Cerollera | La Sorollera |
| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era "La Codoñera")** | La Codonyera | La Codonyera |
| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda "La Fresneda")** | La Freixneda | La Freixneda |
| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa "La Ginebrosa")** | La Ginebrosa | La Ginebrosa |
| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada "La Portellada")** | La Portellada | La Portellada |
| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre "Lascuarre")** | Lascuarre | Lasquarri |
| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles "Laspaúles")** | Laspaúls | Les Paüls |
| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 "Lledó")** | Lledó | Lledó d'Algars |
| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella "Maella")** | Maella | Maella |
| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n "Mazaleón")** | Massalió | Massalió |
| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza "Mequinenza")** | Mequinensa | Mequinensa |
| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar "Monesma y Cajigar")** | Monesma i Caixigar | Monesma i Queixigar |
| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo "Monroyo")** | Montroig | Mont\-roig de Tastavins |
| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy "Montanuy")** | Montanui | Montanui |
| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe "Nonaspe")** | Nonasp | Nonasp |
| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins "Peñarroya de Tastavins")** | Pena\-roja de Tastavins | Pena\-roja |
| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz "Peralta de Calasanz")** | Peralta de Calassanç | Peralta de Calassanç |
| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana "Puente de Montañana")** | El Pont de Montanyana | El Pont de Montanyana |
| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales "Ráfales")** | Ràfels | Ràfels |
| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera "San Esteban de Litera")** | San Esteban de Litera | Sant Esteve de Llitera |
| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira "Sopeira")** | Sopeira | Sopeira |
| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera "Tamarite de Litera")** | Tamarit de Llitera | Tamarit de Llitera |
| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva "Tolva")** | Tolba | Tolba |
| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas "Torre de Arcas")** | Torredarques | Torredarques |
| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte "Torre del Compte")** | La Torre del Comte | La Torre del Comte |
| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera "Torre la Ribera")** | Torre la Ribera | Tor\-la\-ribera |
| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca "Torrente de Cinca")** | Torrent de Cinca | Torrent de Cinca |
| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla "Torrevelilla")** | La Torre de Vilella | La Torre de Vilella |
| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo "Valdeltormo")** | La Vall del Tormo | La Vall de Tormo |
| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres "Valderrobres")** | Vall de Roures | Vall\-de\-roures |
| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera "Valjunquera")** | Valljunquera | Valljunquera |
| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca "Velilla de Cinca")** | Villella de Cinca | Vilella de Cinca |
| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n "Vencillón")** | Vensilló | Vensilló |
| **[Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz%2C_Ribagorza "Veracruz, Ribagorza")** | Veracruz | Beranui |
| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera "Viacamp y Litera")** | Viacamp i Lliterà | Viacamp |
| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn "Zaidín")** | Saidí | Saidí |
| | | Catalanaccording to the GREC (3\) |
| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque "Benasque")** | Benás | Benasc |
| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri "Bisaurri")** | Bisaurri | Bissaürri |
| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos "Castejón de Sos")** | Castilló de Sos | Castilló de Sos |
| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon "Chía, Aragon")** | Chía | Gia |
| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn "Sahún")** | Sahún | Saünc |
| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 "Sesué")** | Sesué | Sessué |
| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp "Valle de Lierp")** | Valle de Lierp | La Vall de Lierp |
| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza "Villanova, Ribagorza")** | Billanoba | Vilanova d'Éssera |
|
* **(1\) Sources of the official denominations in Spanish and local vernacular**:
Boletín Oficial de Aragón (BOA): Ley 10/2002, de 03 de mayo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón / Ley 12/2003, de 24 de marzo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón\-Caspe /
Ley 20/2002, de 07 de octubre, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Cinca / Ley 25/2002, de 12 de noviembre, de creación de la comarca de La Litera / Ley 07/2002, de 15 de abril, de creación de la comarca del Matarraña / Ley 12/2002, de 28 de mayo, de creación de la comarca de la Ribagorza.
* **(2\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans "Institut d'Estudis Catalans") (IEC):**
Lista de denominaciones en catalán aprobada por la Sección Filológica del IEC en reunión del día 15 de diciembre de de 1995, en la reunión de la Sección Filológica de 15 de enero de 1999 se decidió incluir en la lista el topónimo "Vensilló" al ser un municipio de nueva creación. En la primera reunión los municipios de Azanuy\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre y San Esteban de Litera se excluyeron de la lista oficial de municipios de lengua catalana de la Franja de Aragón, listándose a parte como municipios pertenecientes a un área de transición lingüística.
* **(3\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the Grupo Enciclopedia Catalana**: <http://www.grec.cat> {{Webarchive\|url\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \|date\=2016\-05\-15 }}
### Political sense
{{See also\|Democratic Convergence of La Franja}}
[thumb\|right\|A graffiti on a road sign in [Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri "Bisaurri"). The road sign is written in Spanish and the graffiti says "*En català*" (In Catalan)](/wiki/Image:Franja_en_catala_graffiti.JPG "Franja en catala graffiti.JPG")
The political significance of La Franja goes hand in hand with the [Catalan nationalist political movement](/wiki/Catalan_nationalism "Catalan nationalism"), which considers this part of Aragon (and even all other Catalan\-speaking territories) to be part of the Catalan nation, because of its language.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
This new interpretation as part of the political connotation ascribed to the [Catalan Countries](/wiki/Catalan_Countries "Catalan Countries") emerged throughout the 20th century—and especially after the 1960s—encouraged in the main part by the Valencian [Joan Fuster](/wiki/Joan_Fuster "Joan Fuster"). Pan\-Catalanism demands the creation of a nation\-state for the Catalan Countries in which the cultural unity is based on the Catalan linguistic community.
In the Franja itself, there has never been a political movement promoting union with Catalonia or separation from Aragon. On the other hand, Catalan political parties do not participate in municipal or regional elections in the area.
### Socioeconomic sense
The socioeconomic meaning of the Franja relates to the economic region surrounding the Catalan city of [Lleida](/wiki/Lleida "Lleida"), which encompasses Catalan\-speaking Huescan and Zaragozan municipalities and excludes those in the region of Teruel and includes Spanish\-speaking municipalities such as [Alcolea de Cinca](/wiki/Alcolea_de_Cinca "Alcolea de Cinca"), [Binéfar](/wiki/Bin%C3%A9far "Binéfar"), and [Monzón](/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n "Monzón").The area of influence of Lleida is especially reflected in editions of the local Lleida press for example [La Mañana\-Franja de Ponent](http://www.lamanyana.es/web/html/franja.html) and also of Aragon as shown by the digital publication [Franja Digital](http://www.franjadigital.com).
|
[
"Diverse meanings\n----------------",
"While the term was created to designate a linguistic area, there are other issues in question:",
"* The ecclesiastical sense\n* The linguistic sense\n* The political sense\n* The socioeconomic sense",
"### Ecclesiastical sense",
"Many parishes of what is now called *la Franja* had been historically part of the Diocese of [Lleida](/wiki/Lleida \"Lleida\"), along with other, non\\-Catalan\\-speaking Aragonese towns. In 1995, Catholic church authorities, through the Papal [Nuncio](/wiki/Nuncio \"Nuncio\") to Spain, informed the president of the Spanish Episcopal Conference –[Archbishop of Saragossa](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Saragossa \"Archbishop of Saragossa\"), [Elías Yanes](/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Yanes \"Elías Yanes\")– of the decision of the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") to align the [diocesan](/wiki/Diocese \"Diocese\") boundaries with the political and historical ones.",
"This meant that 111 parishes and a population of 68,089 were transferred from the [Diocese of Lleida](/wiki/Diocese_of_Lleida \"Diocese of Lleida\") to the enlarged Diocese of Barbastro, whose name was then changed to [Diocese of Barbastro\\-Monzón](/wiki/Diocese_of_Barbastro-Monz%C3%B3n \"Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cortesaragon.es/bases/original.nsf/(BOCA1\\)/D4ABBF706B7D64F64125687B0028F049/$File/Boca179\\-3\\.pdf \\| title \\= Sobre la transferencia de diversas parroquias procedentes de la Diócesis de Lérida a la Diócesis de Barbastro\\-Monzón \\| author \\= Justicia de Aragón \\| date \\= 1998\\-04\\-22 \\| work \\= Boletín Oficial de las Cortes de Aragón, number 179}} As for the reasons of the transfer, some Catalan ecclesiastical ranks considered that it was a result of the opposition of these Aragonese parishes to a short\\-lived debate on the convenience of creating a distinct Catalan [Episcopal Conference](/wiki/Episcopal_Conference \"Episcopal Conference\"), which would have been detached from the Spanish one.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.es/preview/1995/07/29/pagina\\-23/34437288/pdf.html?search\\=La\\+Franja\\|title\\=Edición del sábado, 29 julio 1995, página 23 : Hemeroteca\\|website\\=Hemeroteca.lavanguardia.es\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018}} Other sources claim that the diocese of Barbastro—birthplace of the founder of [Opus Dei](/wiki/Opus_Dei \"Opus Dei\"), [Josepmaria Escrivà de Balaguer](/wiki/Josepmaria_Escriv%C3%A0_de_Balaguer \"Josepmaria Escrivà de Balaguer\")—was losing population and needed to acquire neighbouring parishes from another diocese to be able to continue to exist.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.laxarxa.cat/documents/originals/EugeniCasanova.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723085617/http://www.laxarxa.cat/documents/originals/EugeniCasanova.pdf \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-07\\-23 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/3682252/20100127/eugeni\\-casanova\\-lopus\\-dei\\-nomes\\-parts\\-daquest\\-complot.html\\|title\\=Eugeni Casanova: 'L'Opus Dei només és una de les parts d'aquest complot'\\|website\\=Vilaweb.cat\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018}}",
"The transfer of the parishes, specifically the ownership of the [medieval](/wiki/Medieval \"Medieval\") artistic objects or sacred art comprised, originated an intricate series of lawsuits involving both dioceses (Barbastro\\-Monzón and Lleida), both autonomous governments (Aragón and Catalonia) and both legal systems [canon](/wiki/Canon_law_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Canon law (Catholic Church)\") and [administrative law](/wiki/Administrative_law \"Administrative law\").",
"It was finally decided by the ecclesiastic canon judges in 2005 that the 113 works of art belong to the Barbastro\\-Monzón diocese. The Lleida diocese released a statement accepting this decision but, at the same time, announced that then the administrative process would be opened,{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2005/10/07/catalunya/1871329\\.html \\| title \\= El Obispado de Lleida no devolverá el arte sacro a Barbastro sin el permiso del Govern \\| work \\= \\[\\[El Mundo (Spain)\\|El Mundo]] \\| author \\= M. J. SANGENIS \\| date \\= 2005\\-10\\-07 \\|accessdate \\= 2008\\-06\\-05 \\|language\\=es}} later on, it stated that talks should be opened to reach an agreement,{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20080513/53462786913\\.html \\| title \\= El Vaticano ordena a Lleida entregar las piezas de arte sacro a Aragón \\| author \\= sourced from \\[\\[EFE]] \\| work \\= \\[\\[La Vanguardia]] \\| date \\= 2008\\-05\\-13 \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-06\\-05 \\| language \\= es \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://archive.today/20080514043737/http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20080513/53462786913\\.html \\| archivedate \\= 2008\\-05\\-14 }} in the end effectively protracting the end of the dispute. In the meantime, the works of art remain located in the Diocese Museum of Lleida. The lawsuit is known as the *conflicto del patrimonio eclesiástico de la Franja* (the conflict of the ecclesiastical heritage of the Franja) or *del Aragón Oriental* (of Eastern Aragon), and though it began as a local debate, it has become a national press story, especially due to the confrontation between the political forces of [Aragon](/wiki/Aragon \"Aragon\") and [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\").",
"On July 1, 2008 an agreement between the two dioceses was announced, again stating that the art pieces would return to the Barbastro\\-Monzón diocese.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2008/07/01/actualidad/1214863208\\_850215\\.html\\|title\\=El obispado de Lleida devolverá al de Barbastro las obras de arte religioso reclamadas desde 1995\\|date\\=1 July 2008\\|newspaper\\=El País\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018}} However, the situation remained stalled due to the continued refusal of the Catalan administration to issue an exit permit, something which eventually led to the Aragonese region president to open a [criminal procedure](/wiki/Criminal_procedure \"Criminal procedure\") in February 2009, thus effectively giving up on the resolved yet stalled [civil procedure](/wiki/Civil_procedure \"Civil procedure\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090212/53638741292/iglesias\\-ordena\\-acciones\\-penales\\-contra\\-el\\-museu\\-de\\-lleida\\-por\\-las\\-obras\\-de\\-la\\-franja\\-reclamadas.html\\|title\\=Iglesias ordena acciones penales contra el Museu de Lleida por las obras de la Franja reclamadas\\|website\\=Lavanguardia.es\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215210809/http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090212/53638741292/iglesias\\-ordena\\-acciones\\-penales\\-contra\\-el\\-museu\\-de\\-lleida\\-por\\-las\\-obras\\-de\\-la\\-franja\\-reclamadas.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Then the [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") itself urged the return of the pieces to Aragon, to no avail.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090227/53649044781/el\\-vaticano\\-pide\\-a\\-lleida\\-que\\-entregue\\-las\\-obras\\-de\\-la\\-franja\\-a\\-aragon.html\\|title\\=El Vaticano pide a Lleida que entregue las obras de la Franja a Aragón\\|website\\=Lavanguardia.es\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302070235/http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20090227/53649044781/el\\-vaticano\\-pide\\-a\\-lleida\\-que\\-entregue\\-las\\-obras\\-de\\-la\\-franja\\-a\\-aragon.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2 March 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Linguistic sense",
"The [Catalan language](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") is spoken by a significant proportion of the population of La Franja (47\\.1% of the population uses it as their usual language according to a survey by the [Aragonese Institute of Statistics](/wiki/Aragonese_Institute_of_Statistics \"Aragonese Institute of Statistics\") in 2013;{{citation\\|url\\=http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\\_LINGUISTICOS\\_COMARCAS\\_ORIENTALES\\_ARAGON\\_03\\.pdf\\|title\\=Departamento Encuesta de usos lingüísticos en las comarcas orientales de Aragón. Año 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-07\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004210051/http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\\_LINGUISTICOS\\_COMARCAS\\_ORIENTALES\\_ARAGON\\_03\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} percentage that rises to 73\\.6%\\-90% according to two surveys carried out with a smaller territorial scope also in 2013 by the [Generalitat of Catalonia](/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia \"Generalitat of Catalonia\"))[Statistics about languages in Catalan\\-Speaking Aragon](http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920000405/http://www6\\.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004\\.pdf \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-20 }} [Generalitat de Catalunya](/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya \"Generalitat de Catalunya\") {{in lang\\|ca}} This despite the fact that it is not an official language and has a very limited presence in education (where it is only available as an elective) and in administration and or public acts, resulting in severe deficiencies in writing skills of this language.",
"#### Territorial basis",
"The exact territorial limits of the *Franja de Aragón* differ depending on the source, since there are some municipalities of [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") where there are doubts over whether or not to include them as Catalan\\-speaking or as Aragonese\\-speaking. The proportion of speakers of the two languages varies over time and with immigration according to the municipality, something which leads to different sources drawing slightly different linguistic borders.",
"#### According to the draft of the Aragonese Language Law",
"During the fourth session of the *Cortes de Aragón* (the parliament of Aragon) (1995–1999\\) under the [PP](/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29 \"People's Party (Spain)\")\\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party \"Aragonese Party\") coalition government the [Special Commission Report on the Language Policy of Aragon](http://www.cortesaragon.es/bases/boca2.nsf/0/D0C730CC9E93696A41256823003A21EB?OpenDocument) was published. The report would be the basis for the [Draft of the Language Law of Aragon](http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423123804/http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-23 }} published the following session (1999–2003\\) under the [PSOE](/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party \"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party\")\\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party \"Aragonese Party\") coalition, where for the first time from the *Cortes de Aragón* would detail those municipalities which formed part of a Catalan\\-speaking community, with the aim of recognising co\\-officiality and encouraging the use of Catalan in public life and especially in education.",
"The law was never approved due to protests and petitions in Aragon opposed to the co\\-officiality of Catalan, promoted mainly by the *Federación de Asociaciones Culturales del Aragón Oriental* (FACAO), a conservative{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}} organisation which maintained that the local 'linguistic modalities' were languages and not dialects of Catalan, and there was lack of consensus on the issue among the Aragonese political parties. There are other civic associations staunchly rejecting the Catalan affiliation of the language{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\\_plataforma\\_no\\_hablemos\\_en\\_catalan\\_convoca\\_un\\_acte\\_de\\_rebuig\\_al\\_catala\\_37970\\.php\\|title\\=Crónica Global: última hora Cataluña; Arrimadas; Colau; Torra\\|website\\=Cronica global\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305083445/http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\\_plataforma\\_no\\_hablemos\\_en\\_catalan\\_convoca\\_un\\_acte\\_de\\_rebuig\\_al\\_catala\\_37970\\.php\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"According to the *list of municipalities which could be considered to be areas of predominant use of its own language or linguistic modality or areas of predominant use of normalised Catalan* in the *Second annex of the Second Final Disposition of the Avant\\-project of the Language Law*, La Franja would be composed of:",
"",
"| Municipality | Area(km2) | Population(2006\\) | Comarca | Province |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva \"Aguaviva\")** | 42\\.2 | 691 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda \"Albelda\")** | 51\\.9 | 892 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell \"Alcampell\")** | 58\\.0 | 827 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n \"Altorricón\")** | 32\\.4 | 1,469 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n \"Arén\")** | 119\\.3 | 337 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 \"Arens de Lledó\")** | 34\\.3 | 227 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Azanuy\\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins \"Azanuy-Alins\")** | 51\\.2 | 173 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls \"Baélls\")** | 39\\.8 | 125 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou \"Baldellou\")** | 30\\.4 | 115 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite \"Beceite\")** | 96\\.7 | 598 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 \"Belmonte de San José\")** | 34\\.0 | 144 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre \"Benabarre\")** | 157\\.1 | 1,160 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa \"Bonansa\")** | 37\\.3 | 101 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite \"Calaceite\")** | 81\\.3 | 1,143 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls \"Camporrélls\")** | 26\\.7 | 217 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu \"Castigaleu\")** | 26\\.5 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy \"Castillonroy\")** | 37\\.6 | 391 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas \"Cretas\")** | 52\\.7 | 630 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo \"Estopiñán del Castillo\")** | 88\\.7 | 199 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara \"Fabara\")** | 101\\.6 | 1,221 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n \"Fayón\")** | 67\\.2 | 427 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles \"Fórnoles\")** | 32\\.6 | 105 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga \"Fraga\")** | 437\\.6 | 13,191 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda \"Fuentespalda\")** | 39\\.0 | 347 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena \"Isábena\")** | 118\\.5 | 302 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich \"La Cañada de Verich\")** | 10\\.9 | 104 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera \"La Cerollera\")** | 33\\.7 | 121 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era \"La Codoñera\")** | 21\\.0 | 351 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda \"La Fresneda\")** | 39\\.5 | 462 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa \"La Ginebrosa\")** | 80\\.1 | 239 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada \"La Portellada\")** | 21\\.4 | 274 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre \"Lascuarre\")** | 31\\.9 | 147 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles \"Laspaúles\")** | 81\\.6 | 281 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 \"Lledó\")** | 15\\.6 | 181 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella \"Maella\")** | 174\\.9 | 2,089 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n \"Mazaleón\")** | 86\\.2 | 589 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza \"Mequinenza\")** | 307\\.2 | 2,533 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar \"Monesma y Cajigar\")** | 62\\.6 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo \"Monroyo\")** | 79\\.2 | 307 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy \"Montanuy\")** | 174\\.1 | 311 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe \"Nonaspe\")** | 111\\.4 | 1,055 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins \"Peñarroya de Tastavins\")** | 83\\.3 | 488 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz \"Peralta de Calasanz\")** | 114\\.9 | 261 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana \"Puente de Montañana\")** | 48\\.6 | 88 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales \"Ráfales\")** | 35\\.6 | 156 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera \"San Esteban de Litera\")** | 71\\.9 | 512 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira \"Sopeira\")** | 44\\.1 | 102 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera \"Tamarite de Litera\")** | 110\\.6 | 3,678 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva \"Tolva\")** | 59\\.0 | 176 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas \"Torre de Arcas\")** | 34\\.3 | 93 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte \"Torre del Compte\")** | 19\\.5 | 168 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera \"Torre la Ribera\")** | 32\\.1 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca \"Torrente de Cinca\")** | 56\\.8 | 1,084 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla \"Torrevelilla\")** | 33\\.4 | 204 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo \"Valdeltormo\")** | 16\\.0 | 349 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres \"Valderrobres\")** | 124\\.0 | 2,142 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera \"Valjunquera\")** | 41\\.8 | 414 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca \"Velilla de Cinca\")** | 16\\.5 | 469 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n \"Vencillón\")** | 10\\.4 | 471 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Beranuy](/wiki/Beranuy \"Beranuy\")** | 63\\.8 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera \"Viacamp y Litera\")** | 107\\.7 | 25 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn \"Zaidín\")** | 92\\.6 | 1,822 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **62 municipalities of Aragon** | **4,442\\.8** | **47,236** | | |\n|",
"#### According to the Institut d'Estudis Catalans",
"From the point of view of the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans \"Institut d'Estudis Catalans\") the territory is smaller, due to the fact that the municipality of Torre la Ribera is not considered Catalan\\-speaking, and the municipalities of Azanuy\\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre and San Esteban de Litera are classified as transitional dialects. The Catalan\\-speaking lands are thus reduced to a total of 57 municipalities with an area of **4,137\\.2 km2** with a population of **45,984**.",
"#### According to the Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa",
"The situation is reversed according to the [Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa](/wiki/Gran_Enciclopedia_Aragonesa \"Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa\") (GEA) with the Franja having an area of **5,370 km2** and with a population of **70,000**. It should be mentioned that the GEA does not recognise the denomination *Franja* but discusses its situation under *Catalan in Aragon*, nor does it specify in how many or which municipalities Catalan is definitively spoken nor the date of the census on which its figures are based.",
"#### According to the *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the GREC",
"",
"| Municipality/Urban nucleus | Area(km2) | Population(2006\\) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque \"Benasque\")** | 233\\.6 | 2,045 |\n| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri \"Bisaurri\")** | 62\\.9 | 247 |\n| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos \"Castejón de Sos\")** | 31\\.8 | 733 |\n| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon \"Chía, Aragon\")** | 26\\.1 | 113 |\n| **[Güell](/wiki/G%C3%BCell \"Güell\") (1\\)** | 28\\.0 | 29 |\n| **[Laguarres](/wiki/Laguarres \"Laguarres\") (2\\)** | 33\\.0 | 71 |\n| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn \"Sahún\")** | 72\\.9 | 331 |\n| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 \"Sesué\")** | 5\\.2 | 125 |\n| **[Torres del Obispo](/wiki/Torres_del_Obispo \"Torres del Obispo\") (3\\)** | 32\\.0 | 163 |\n| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp \"Valle de Lierp\")** | 32\\.8 | 47 |\n| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza \"Villanova, Ribagorza\")** | 6,9 | 154 |\n| **8 municipalities and 3 nuclei** | **565\\.2** | **4,058** |\n| Franja de Aragon according to the Commission report | 4\\.442,8 | 47,236 |\n| **Total 70 municipalities y 3 nuclei according to the GREC** | **5\\.008,0** | **51,294** |\n|",
"The *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the [Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana (GREC)](http://www.grec.cat) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-15 }} classes the territorial area of the **Franja de Aragon** as larger than that defined by the Commission report although not as large as the GEA definition. All the municipalities which it adds to those of the Avant\\-project and of Ribagorza and therefore belong to the Province of Huesca. It adds a total of eight municipalities and three population nuclei; Güell, Laguarres y Torres del Obispo, which form part of two municipalities; Graus in the case of the first and the third, and Capella the case of the second. The table to the right details the population nuclei and official area and population figures.",
"* **(1\\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus \"Graus\")**. Population figures according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.\n* **(2\\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Capella](/wiki/Capella%2C_Aragon \"Capella, Aragon\")**. Population 2004, area according to GREC.net.\n* **(3\\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus \"Graus\")**. Population according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.\n{{Clear}}",
"#### Comparative table and map according to sources",
"",
"| Source | Nºmunici\\-palities | % ofAragon | Area (km2) | % ofAragon | Population(2006\\) | % ofAragon |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Avant\\-project of theLanguage Law** | 62 | 8\\.5 | 4,442\\.8 | 9\\.3 | 47,236 | 3\\.7 |\n| **Institut d'EstudisCatalans (IEC)** | 57 | 7\\.8 | 4,137\\.2 | 8\\.3 | 45,984 | 3\\.6 |\n| **Gran EnciclopediaAragonesa (GEA)** | ? | \\- | 5,370\\.0 | 11\\.3 | 70,000 | 5\\.5 |\n| **Grupo EnciclopediaCatalana (GREC)** | 70 | 9\\.6 | 5,008\\.0 | 10\\.5 | 51,294 | 4\\.0 |\n| **Total Aragon** | 730 | 100\\.0 | 47,719\\.2 | 100\\.0 | 1,277,471 | 100\\.0 |\n|",
"#### Toponymy",
"[right\\|300px\\|thumb\\|Variations in the Catalan\\-speaking municipalities of [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_province \"Huesca province\")](/wiki/Image:Catal%C3%A0_a_Osca.png \"Català a Osca.png\")\nThere is no unitary policy on official toponymy in the Franja, leading to great variations between the local *comarcalización* laws as compared to those proposed by the IEC. The following table details the translation of the toponymy in Spanish to the official version in the local vernacular and that proposed by the IEC. At the bottom are the municipalities which the GREC includes in its definition of the Franja and the proposed names which it offers opposed to the official names:",
"",
"| Spanish (1\\) | Local variety or linguistic vernacularaccording to the *comarcalización* law (1\\) | Catalanaccording to the IEC (2\\) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva \"Aguaviva\")** | Aiguaviva de Bergantes | Aiguaviva de Bergantes |\n| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda \"Albelda\")** | Albelda | Albelda |\n| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell \"Alcampell\")** | El Campell | El Campell |\n| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n \"Altorricón\")** | El Torricó | El Torricó |\n| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n \"Arén\")** | Areny | Areny de Noguera |\n| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 \"Arens de Lledó\")** | Arenys de Lledó | Arenys de Lledó |\n| **[Azanuy\\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins \"Azanuy-Alins\")** | Azanúy\\-Alins | Sanui i Alins |\n| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls \"Baélls\")** | Baells | Baells |\n| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou \"Baldellou\")** | Valdellou | Valdellou |\n| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite \"Beceite\")** | Beseit | Beseit |\n| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 \"Belmonte de San José\")** | Bellmunt de Mesquí | Bellmunt de Mesquí |\n| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre \"Benabarre\")** | Benavarri | Benavarri |\n| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa \"Bonansa\")** | Bonansa | Bonansa |\n| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite \"Calaceite\")** | Calaceit | Calaceit |\n| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls \"Camporrélls\")** | Camporrells | Camporrells |\n| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu \"Castigaleu\")** | Castigaleu | Castigaleu |\n| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy \"Castillonroy\")** | Castellonroi | Castellonroi |\n| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas \"Cretas\")** | Queretes | Cretes |\n| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo \"Estopiñán del Castillo\")** | Estopanyà | Estopanyà |\n| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara \"Fabara\")** | Favara | Favara de Matarranya |\n| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n \"Fayón\")** | Faió | Faió |\n| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles \"Fórnoles\")** | Fórnols | Fórnols de Matarranya |\n| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga \"Fraga\")** | Fraga | Fraga |\n| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda \"Fuentespalda\")** | Fontdespatla | Fondespatla |\n| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena \"Isábena\")** | Isàvena | Isàvena |\n| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich \"La Cañada de Verich\")** | La Canyada de Beric | La Canyada de Beric |\n| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera \"La Cerollera\")** | La Cerollera | La Sorollera |\n| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era \"La Codoñera\")** | La Codonyera | La Codonyera |\n| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda \"La Fresneda\")** | La Freixneda | La Freixneda |\n| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa \"La Ginebrosa\")** | La Ginebrosa | La Ginebrosa |\n| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada \"La Portellada\")** | La Portellada | La Portellada |\n| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre \"Lascuarre\")** | Lascuarre | Lasquarri |\n| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles \"Laspaúles\")** | Laspaúls | Les Paüls |\n| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 \"Lledó\")** | Lledó | Lledó d'Algars |\n| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella \"Maella\")** | Maella | Maella |\n| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n \"Mazaleón\")** | Massalió | Massalió |\n| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza \"Mequinenza\")** | Mequinensa | Mequinensa |\n| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar \"Monesma y Cajigar\")** | Monesma i Caixigar | Monesma i Queixigar |\n| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo \"Monroyo\")** | Montroig | Mont\\-roig de Tastavins |\n| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy \"Montanuy\")** | Montanui | Montanui |\n| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe \"Nonaspe\")** | Nonasp | Nonasp |\n| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins \"Peñarroya de Tastavins\")** | Pena\\-roja de Tastavins | Pena\\-roja |\n| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz \"Peralta de Calasanz\")** | Peralta de Calassanç | Peralta de Calassanç |\n| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana \"Puente de Montañana\")** | El Pont de Montanyana | El Pont de Montanyana |\n| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales \"Ráfales\")** | Ràfels | Ràfels |\n| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera \"San Esteban de Litera\")** | San Esteban de Litera | Sant Esteve de Llitera |\n| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira \"Sopeira\")** | Sopeira | Sopeira |\n| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera \"Tamarite de Litera\")** | Tamarit de Llitera | Tamarit de Llitera |\n| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva \"Tolva\")** | Tolba | Tolba |\n| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas \"Torre de Arcas\")** | Torredarques | Torredarques |\n| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte \"Torre del Compte\")** | La Torre del Comte | La Torre del Comte |\n| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera \"Torre la Ribera\")** | Torre la Ribera | Tor\\-la\\-ribera |\n| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca \"Torrente de Cinca\")** | Torrent de Cinca | Torrent de Cinca |\n| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla \"Torrevelilla\")** | La Torre de Vilella | La Torre de Vilella |\n| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo \"Valdeltormo\")** | La Vall del Tormo | La Vall de Tormo |\n| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres \"Valderrobres\")** | Vall de Roures | Vall\\-de\\-roures |\n| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera \"Valjunquera\")** | Valljunquera | Valljunquera |\n| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca \"Velilla de Cinca\")** | Villella de Cinca | Vilella de Cinca |\n| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n \"Vencillón\")** | Vensilló | Vensilló |\n| **[Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz%2C_Ribagorza \"Veracruz, Ribagorza\")** | Veracruz | Beranui |\n| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera \"Viacamp y Litera\")** | Viacamp i Lliterà | Viacamp |\n| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn \"Zaidín\")** | Saidí | Saidí |\n| | | Catalanaccording to the GREC (3\\) |\n| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque \"Benasque\")** | Benás | Benasc |\n| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri \"Bisaurri\")** | Bisaurri | Bissaürri |\n| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos \"Castejón de Sos\")** | Castilló de Sos | Castilló de Sos |\n| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon \"Chía, Aragon\")** | Chía | Gia |\n| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn \"Sahún\")** | Sahún | Saünc |\n| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 \"Sesué\")** | Sesué | Sessué |\n| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp \"Valle de Lierp\")** | Valle de Lierp | La Vall de Lierp |\n| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza \"Villanova, Ribagorza\")** | Billanoba | Vilanova d'Éssera |\n|",
"* **(1\\) Sources of the official denominations in Spanish and local vernacular**:",
"Boletín Oficial de Aragón (BOA): Ley 10/2002, de 03 de mayo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón / Ley 12/2003, de 24 de marzo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe /\nLey 20/2002, de 07 de octubre, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Cinca / Ley 25/2002, de 12 de noviembre, de creación de la comarca de La Litera / Ley 07/2002, de 15 de abril, de creación de la comarca del Matarraña / Ley 12/2002, de 28 de mayo, de creación de la comarca de la Ribagorza.",
"* **(2\\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans \"Institut d'Estudis Catalans\") (IEC):**",
"Lista de denominaciones en catalán aprobada por la Sección Filológica del IEC en reunión del día 15 de diciembre de de 1995, en la reunión de la Sección Filológica de 15 de enero de 1999 se decidió incluir en la lista el topónimo \"Vensilló\" al ser un municipio de nueva creación. En la primera reunión los municipios de Azanuy\\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre y San Esteban de Litera se excluyeron de la lista oficial de municipios de lengua catalana de la Franja de Aragón, listándose a parte como municipios pertenecientes a un área de transición lingüística.",
"* **(3\\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the Grupo Enciclopedia Catalana**: <http://www.grec.cat> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-15 }}",
"### Political sense",
"{{See also\\|Democratic Convergence of La Franja}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|A graffiti on a road sign in [Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri \"Bisaurri\"). The road sign is written in Spanish and the graffiti says \"*En català*\" (In Catalan)](/wiki/Image:Franja_en_catala_graffiti.JPG \"Franja en catala graffiti.JPG\")\nThe political significance of La Franja goes hand in hand with the [Catalan nationalist political movement](/wiki/Catalan_nationalism \"Catalan nationalism\"), which considers this part of Aragon (and even all other Catalan\\-speaking territories) to be part of the Catalan nation, because of its language.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"This new interpretation as part of the political connotation ascribed to the [Catalan Countries](/wiki/Catalan_Countries \"Catalan Countries\") emerged throughout the 20th century—and especially after the 1960s—encouraged in the main part by the Valencian [Joan Fuster](/wiki/Joan_Fuster \"Joan Fuster\"). Pan\\-Catalanism demands the creation of a nation\\-state for the Catalan Countries in which the cultural unity is based on the Catalan linguistic community.",
"In the Franja itself, there has never been a political movement promoting union with Catalonia or separation from Aragon. On the other hand, Catalan political parties do not participate in municipal or regional elections in the area.",
"### Socioeconomic sense",
"The socioeconomic meaning of the Franja relates to the economic region surrounding the Catalan city of [Lleida](/wiki/Lleida \"Lleida\"), which encompasses Catalan\\-speaking Huescan and Zaragozan municipalities and excludes those in the region of Teruel and includes Spanish\\-speaking municipalities such as [Alcolea de Cinca](/wiki/Alcolea_de_Cinca \"Alcolea de Cinca\"), [Binéfar](/wiki/Bin%C3%A9far \"Binéfar\"), and [Monzón](/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n \"Monzón\").The area of influence of Lleida is especially reflected in editions of the local Lleida press for example [La Mañana\\-Franja de Ponent](http://www.lamanyana.es/web/html/franja.html) and also of Aragon as shown by the digital publication [Franja Digital](http://www.franjadigital.com).",
""
] |
### Linguistic sense
The [Catalan language](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") is spoken by a significant proportion of the population of La Franja (47\.1% of the population uses it as their usual language according to a survey by the [Aragonese Institute of Statistics](/wiki/Aragonese_Institute_of_Statistics "Aragonese Institute of Statistics") in 2013;{{citation\|url\=http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\_LINGUISTICOS\_COMARCAS\_ORIENTALES\_ARAGON\_03\.pdf\|title\=Departamento Encuesta de usos lingüísticos en las comarcas orientales de Aragón. Año 2003\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-07\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004210051/http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\_LINGUISTICOS\_COMARCAS\_ORIENTALES\_ARAGON\_03\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} percentage that rises to 73\.6%\-90% according to two surveys carried out with a smaller territorial scope also in 2013 by the [Generalitat of Catalonia](/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia "Generalitat of Catalonia"))[Statistics about languages in Catalan\-Speaking Aragon](http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920000405/http://www6\.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004\.pdf \|date\=2009\-09\-20 }} [Generalitat de Catalunya](/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya "Generalitat de Catalunya") {{in lang\|ca}} This despite the fact that it is not an official language and has a very limited presence in education (where it is only available as an elective) and in administration and or public acts, resulting in severe deficiencies in writing skills of this language.
#### Territorial basis
The exact territorial limits of the *Franja de Aragón* differ depending on the source, since there are some municipalities of [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") where there are doubts over whether or not to include them as Catalan\-speaking or as Aragonese\-speaking. The proportion of speakers of the two languages varies over time and with immigration according to the municipality, something which leads to different sources drawing slightly different linguistic borders.
#### According to the draft of the Aragonese Language Law
During the fourth session of the *Cortes de Aragón* (the parliament of Aragon) (1995–1999\) under the [PP](/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29 "People's Party (Spain)")\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party "Aragonese Party") coalition government the [Special Commission Report on the Language Policy of Aragon](http://www.cortesaragon.es/bases/boca2.nsf/0/D0C730CC9E93696A41256823003A21EB?OpenDocument) was published. The report would be the basis for the [Draft of the Language Law of Aragon](http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423123804/http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm \|date\=2007\-04\-23 }} published the following session (1999–2003\) under the [PSOE](/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party "Spanish Socialist Workers' Party")\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party "Aragonese Party") coalition, where for the first time from the *Cortes de Aragón* would detail those municipalities which formed part of a Catalan\-speaking community, with the aim of recognising co\-officiality and encouraging the use of Catalan in public life and especially in education.
The law was never approved due to protests and petitions in Aragon opposed to the co\-officiality of Catalan, promoted mainly by the *Federación de Asociaciones Culturales del Aragón Oriental* (FACAO), a conservative{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}} organisation which maintained that the local 'linguistic modalities' were languages and not dialects of Catalan, and there was lack of consensus on the issue among the Aragonese political parties. There are other civic associations staunchly rejecting the Catalan affiliation of the language{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\_plataforma\_no\_hablemos\_en\_catalan\_convoca\_un\_acte\_de\_rebuig\_al\_catala\_37970\.php\|title\=Crónica Global: última hora Cataluña; Arrimadas; Colau; Torra\|website\=Cronica global\|accessdate\=15 May 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305083445/http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\_plataforma\_no\_hablemos\_en\_catalan\_convoca\_un\_acte\_de\_rebuig\_al\_catala\_37970\.php\|archive\-date\=5 March 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}
According to the *list of municipalities which could be considered to be areas of predominant use of its own language or linguistic modality or areas of predominant use of normalised Catalan* in the *Second annex of the Second Final Disposition of the Avant\-project of the Language Law*, La Franja would be composed of:
| Municipality | Area(km2) | Population(2006\) | Comarca | Province |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva "Aguaviva")** | 42\.2 | 691 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda "Albelda")** | 51\.9 | 892 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell "Alcampell")** | 58\.0 | 827 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n "Altorricón")** | 32\.4 | 1,469 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n "Arén")** | 119\.3 | 337 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 "Arens de Lledó")** | 34\.3 | 227 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Azanuy\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins "Azanuy-Alins")** | 51\.2 | 173 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls "Baélls")** | 39\.8 | 125 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou "Baldellou")** | 30\.4 | 115 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite "Beceite")** | 96\.7 | 598 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 "Belmonte de San José")** | 34\.0 | 144 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre "Benabarre")** | 157\.1 | 1,160 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa "Bonansa")** | 37\.3 | 101 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite "Calaceite")** | 81\.3 | 1,143 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls "Camporrélls")** | 26\.7 | 217 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu "Castigaleu")** | 26\.5 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy "Castillonroy")** | 37\.6 | 391 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas "Cretas")** | 52\.7 | 630 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo "Estopiñán del Castillo")** | 88\.7 | 199 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara "Fabara")** | 101\.6 | 1,221 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n "Fayón")** | 67\.2 | 427 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles "Fórnoles")** | 32\.6 | 105 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga "Fraga")** | 437\.6 | 13,191 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda "Fuentespalda")** | 39\.0 | 347 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena "Isábena")** | 118\.5 | 302 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich "La Cañada de Verich")** | 10\.9 | 104 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera "La Cerollera")** | 33\.7 | 121 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era "La Codoñera")** | 21\.0 | 351 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda "La Fresneda")** | 39\.5 | 462 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa "La Ginebrosa")** | 80\.1 | 239 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada "La Portellada")** | 21\.4 | 274 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre "Lascuarre")** | 31\.9 | 147 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles "Laspaúles")** | 81\.6 | 281 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 "Lledó")** | 15\.6 | 181 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella "Maella")** | 174\.9 | 2,089 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n "Mazaleón")** | 86\.2 | 589 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza "Mequinenza")** | 307\.2 | 2,533 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar "Monesma y Cajigar")** | 62\.6 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo "Monroyo")** | 79\.2 | 307 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy "Montanuy")** | 174\.1 | 311 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe "Nonaspe")** | 111\.4 | 1,055 | [Bajo Aragón\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe "Bajo Aragón-Caspe") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 "Zaragoza (province)") |
| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins "Peñarroya de Tastavins")** | 83\.3 | 488 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz "Peralta de Calasanz")** | 114\.9 | 261 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana "Puente de Montañana")** | 48\.6 | 88 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales "Ráfales")** | 35\.6 | 156 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera "San Esteban de Litera")** | 71\.9 | 512 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira "Sopeira")** | 44\.1 | 102 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera "Tamarite de Litera")** | 110\.6 | 3,678 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva "Tolva")** | 59\.0 | 176 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas "Torre de Arcas")** | 34\.3 | 93 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte "Torre del Compte")** | 19\.5 | 168 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera "Torre la Ribera")** | 32\.1 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca "Torrente de Cinca")** | 56\.8 | 1,084 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla "Torrevelilla")** | 33\.4 | 204 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n "Bajo Aragón") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo "Valdeltormo")** | 16\.0 | 349 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres "Valderrobres")** | 124\.0 | 2,142 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera "Valjunquera")** | 41\.8 | 414 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a "Matarraña") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 "Teruel (province)") |
| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca "Velilla de Cinca")** | 16\.5 | 469 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n "Vencillón")** | 10\.4 | 471 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera "La Litera") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Beranuy](/wiki/Beranuy "Beranuy")** | 63\.8 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera "Viacamp y Litera")** | 107\.7 | 25 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 "Ribagorza (comarca)") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn "Zaidín")** | 92\.6 | 1,822 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca "Bajo Cinca") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 "Huesca (province)") |
| **62 municipalities of Aragon** | **4,442\.8** | **47,236** | | |
|
#### According to the Institut d'Estudis Catalans
From the point of view of the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans "Institut d'Estudis Catalans") the territory is smaller, due to the fact that the municipality of Torre la Ribera is not considered Catalan\-speaking, and the municipalities of Azanuy\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre and San Esteban de Litera are classified as transitional dialects. The Catalan\-speaking lands are thus reduced to a total of 57 municipalities with an area of **4,137\.2 km2** with a population of **45,984**.
#### According to the Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa
The situation is reversed according to the [Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa](/wiki/Gran_Enciclopedia_Aragonesa "Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa") (GEA) with the Franja having an area of **5,370 km2** and with a population of **70,000**. It should be mentioned that the GEA does not recognise the denomination *Franja* but discusses its situation under *Catalan in Aragon*, nor does it specify in how many or which municipalities Catalan is definitively spoken nor the date of the census on which its figures are based.
#### According to the *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the GREC
| Municipality/Urban nucleus | Area(km2) | Population(2006\) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque "Benasque")** | 233\.6 | 2,045 |
| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri "Bisaurri")** | 62\.9 | 247 |
| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos "Castejón de Sos")** | 31\.8 | 733 |
| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon "Chía, Aragon")** | 26\.1 | 113 |
| **[Güell](/wiki/G%C3%BCell "Güell") (1\)** | 28\.0 | 29 |
| **[Laguarres](/wiki/Laguarres "Laguarres") (2\)** | 33\.0 | 71 |
| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn "Sahún")** | 72\.9 | 331 |
| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 "Sesué")** | 5\.2 | 125 |
| **[Torres del Obispo](/wiki/Torres_del_Obispo "Torres del Obispo") (3\)** | 32\.0 | 163 |
| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp "Valle de Lierp")** | 32\.8 | 47 |
| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza "Villanova, Ribagorza")** | 6,9 | 154 |
| **8 municipalities and 3 nuclei** | **565\.2** | **4,058** |
| Franja de Aragon according to the Commission report | 4\.442,8 | 47,236 |
| **Total 70 municipalities y 3 nuclei according to the GREC** | **5\.008,0** | **51,294** |
|
The *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the [Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana (GREC)](http://www.grec.cat) {{Webarchive\|url\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \|date\=2016\-05\-15 }} classes the territorial area of the **Franja de Aragon** as larger than that defined by the Commission report although not as large as the GEA definition. All the municipalities which it adds to those of the Avant\-project and of Ribagorza and therefore belong to the Province of Huesca. It adds a total of eight municipalities and three population nuclei; Güell, Laguarres y Torres del Obispo, which form part of two municipalities; Graus in the case of the first and the third, and Capella the case of the second. The table to the right details the population nuclei and official area and population figures.
* **(1\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus "Graus")**. Population figures according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.
* **(2\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Capella](/wiki/Capella%2C_Aragon "Capella, Aragon")**. Population 2004, area according to GREC.net.
* **(3\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus "Graus")**. Population according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.
{{Clear}}
#### Comparative table and map according to sources
| Source | Nºmunici\-palities | % ofAragon | Area (km2) | % ofAragon | Population(2006\) | % ofAragon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Avant\-project of theLanguage Law** | 62 | 8\.5 | 4,442\.8 | 9\.3 | 47,236 | 3\.7 |
| **Institut d'EstudisCatalans (IEC)** | 57 | 7\.8 | 4,137\.2 | 8\.3 | 45,984 | 3\.6 |
| **Gran EnciclopediaAragonesa (GEA)** | ? | \- | 5,370\.0 | 11\.3 | 70,000 | 5\.5 |
| **Grupo EnciclopediaCatalana (GREC)** | 70 | 9\.6 | 5,008\.0 | 10\.5 | 51,294 | 4\.0 |
| **Total Aragon** | 730 | 100\.0 | 47,719\.2 | 100\.0 | 1,277,471 | 100\.0 |
|
#### Toponymy
[right\|300px\|thumb\|Variations in the Catalan\-speaking municipalities of [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_province "Huesca province")](/wiki/Image:Catal%C3%A0_a_Osca.png "Català a Osca.png")
There is no unitary policy on official toponymy in the Franja, leading to great variations between the local *comarcalización* laws as compared to those proposed by the IEC. The following table details the translation of the toponymy in Spanish to the official version in the local vernacular and that proposed by the IEC. At the bottom are the municipalities which the GREC includes in its definition of the Franja and the proposed names which it offers opposed to the official names:
| Spanish (1\) | Local variety or linguistic vernacularaccording to the *comarcalización* law (1\) | Catalanaccording to the IEC (2\) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva "Aguaviva")** | Aiguaviva de Bergantes | Aiguaviva de Bergantes |
| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda "Albelda")** | Albelda | Albelda |
| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell "Alcampell")** | El Campell | El Campell |
| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n "Altorricón")** | El Torricó | El Torricó |
| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n "Arén")** | Areny | Areny de Noguera |
| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 "Arens de Lledó")** | Arenys de Lledó | Arenys de Lledó |
| **[Azanuy\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins "Azanuy-Alins")** | Azanúy\-Alins | Sanui i Alins |
| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls "Baélls")** | Baells | Baells |
| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou "Baldellou")** | Valdellou | Valdellou |
| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite "Beceite")** | Beseit | Beseit |
| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 "Belmonte de San José")** | Bellmunt de Mesquí | Bellmunt de Mesquí |
| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre "Benabarre")** | Benavarri | Benavarri |
| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa "Bonansa")** | Bonansa | Bonansa |
| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite "Calaceite")** | Calaceit | Calaceit |
| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls "Camporrélls")** | Camporrells | Camporrells |
| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu "Castigaleu")** | Castigaleu | Castigaleu |
| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy "Castillonroy")** | Castellonroi | Castellonroi |
| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas "Cretas")** | Queretes | Cretes |
| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo "Estopiñán del Castillo")** | Estopanyà | Estopanyà |
| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara "Fabara")** | Favara | Favara de Matarranya |
| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n "Fayón")** | Faió | Faió |
| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles "Fórnoles")** | Fórnols | Fórnols de Matarranya |
| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga "Fraga")** | Fraga | Fraga |
| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda "Fuentespalda")** | Fontdespatla | Fondespatla |
| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena "Isábena")** | Isàvena | Isàvena |
| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich "La Cañada de Verich")** | La Canyada de Beric | La Canyada de Beric |
| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera "La Cerollera")** | La Cerollera | La Sorollera |
| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era "La Codoñera")** | La Codonyera | La Codonyera |
| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda "La Fresneda")** | La Freixneda | La Freixneda |
| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa "La Ginebrosa")** | La Ginebrosa | La Ginebrosa |
| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada "La Portellada")** | La Portellada | La Portellada |
| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre "Lascuarre")** | Lascuarre | Lasquarri |
| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles "Laspaúles")** | Laspaúls | Les Paüls |
| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 "Lledó")** | Lledó | Lledó d'Algars |
| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella "Maella")** | Maella | Maella |
| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n "Mazaleón")** | Massalió | Massalió |
| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza "Mequinenza")** | Mequinensa | Mequinensa |
| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar "Monesma y Cajigar")** | Monesma i Caixigar | Monesma i Queixigar |
| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo "Monroyo")** | Montroig | Mont\-roig de Tastavins |
| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy "Montanuy")** | Montanui | Montanui |
| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe "Nonaspe")** | Nonasp | Nonasp |
| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins "Peñarroya de Tastavins")** | Pena\-roja de Tastavins | Pena\-roja |
| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz "Peralta de Calasanz")** | Peralta de Calassanç | Peralta de Calassanç |
| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana "Puente de Montañana")** | El Pont de Montanyana | El Pont de Montanyana |
| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales "Ráfales")** | Ràfels | Ràfels |
| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera "San Esteban de Litera")** | San Esteban de Litera | Sant Esteve de Llitera |
| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira "Sopeira")** | Sopeira | Sopeira |
| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera "Tamarite de Litera")** | Tamarit de Llitera | Tamarit de Llitera |
| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva "Tolva")** | Tolba | Tolba |
| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas "Torre de Arcas")** | Torredarques | Torredarques |
| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte "Torre del Compte")** | La Torre del Comte | La Torre del Comte |
| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera "Torre la Ribera")** | Torre la Ribera | Tor\-la\-ribera |
| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca "Torrente de Cinca")** | Torrent de Cinca | Torrent de Cinca |
| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla "Torrevelilla")** | La Torre de Vilella | La Torre de Vilella |
| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo "Valdeltormo")** | La Vall del Tormo | La Vall de Tormo |
| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres "Valderrobres")** | Vall de Roures | Vall\-de\-roures |
| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera "Valjunquera")** | Valljunquera | Valljunquera |
| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca "Velilla de Cinca")** | Villella de Cinca | Vilella de Cinca |
| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n "Vencillón")** | Vensilló | Vensilló |
| **[Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz%2C_Ribagorza "Veracruz, Ribagorza")** | Veracruz | Beranui |
| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera "Viacamp y Litera")** | Viacamp i Lliterà | Viacamp |
| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn "Zaidín")** | Saidí | Saidí |
| | | Catalanaccording to the GREC (3\) |
| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque "Benasque")** | Benás | Benasc |
| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri "Bisaurri")** | Bisaurri | Bissaürri |
| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos "Castejón de Sos")** | Castilló de Sos | Castilló de Sos |
| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon "Chía, Aragon")** | Chía | Gia |
| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn "Sahún")** | Sahún | Saünc |
| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 "Sesué")** | Sesué | Sessué |
| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp "Valle de Lierp")** | Valle de Lierp | La Vall de Lierp |
| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza "Villanova, Ribagorza")** | Billanoba | Vilanova d'Éssera |
|
* **(1\) Sources of the official denominations in Spanish and local vernacular**:
Boletín Oficial de Aragón (BOA): Ley 10/2002, de 03 de mayo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón / Ley 12/2003, de 24 de marzo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón\-Caspe /
Ley 20/2002, de 07 de octubre, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Cinca / Ley 25/2002, de 12 de noviembre, de creación de la comarca de La Litera / Ley 07/2002, de 15 de abril, de creación de la comarca del Matarraña / Ley 12/2002, de 28 de mayo, de creación de la comarca de la Ribagorza.
* **(2\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans "Institut d'Estudis Catalans") (IEC):**
Lista de denominaciones en catalán aprobada por la Sección Filológica del IEC en reunión del día 15 de diciembre de de 1995, en la reunión de la Sección Filológica de 15 de enero de 1999 se decidió incluir en la lista el topónimo "Vensilló" al ser un municipio de nueva creación. En la primera reunión los municipios de Azanuy\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre y San Esteban de Litera se excluyeron de la lista oficial de municipios de lengua catalana de la Franja de Aragón, listándose a parte como municipios pertenecientes a un área de transición lingüística.
* **(3\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the Grupo Enciclopedia Catalana**: <http://www.grec.cat> {{Webarchive\|url\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \|date\=2016\-05\-15 }}
|
[
"### Linguistic sense",
"The [Catalan language](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") is spoken by a significant proportion of the population of La Franja (47\\.1% of the population uses it as their usual language according to a survey by the [Aragonese Institute of Statistics](/wiki/Aragonese_Institute_of_Statistics \"Aragonese Institute of Statistics\") in 2013;{{citation\\|url\\=http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\\_LINGUISTICOS\\_COMARCAS\\_ORIENTALES\\_ARAGON\\_03\\.pdf\\|title\\=Departamento Encuesta de usos lingüísticos en las comarcas orientales de Aragón. Año 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-07\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004210051/http://www.aragon.es/estaticos/ImportFiles/11/docs/Areas/EstadSocial/EncUsoLing/USOS\\_LINGUISTICOS\\_COMARCAS\\_ORIENTALES\\_ARAGON\\_03\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} percentage that rises to 73\\.6%\\-90% according to two surveys carried out with a smaller territorial scope also in 2013 by the [Generalitat of Catalonia](/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia \"Generalitat of Catalonia\"))[Statistics about languages in Catalan\\-Speaking Aragon](http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920000405/http://www6\\.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004\\.pdf \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-20 }} [Generalitat de Catalunya](/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya \"Generalitat de Catalunya\") {{in lang\\|ca}} This despite the fact that it is not an official language and has a very limited presence in education (where it is only available as an elective) and in administration and or public acts, resulting in severe deficiencies in writing skills of this language.",
"#### Territorial basis",
"The exact territorial limits of the *Franja de Aragón* differ depending on the source, since there are some municipalities of [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") where there are doubts over whether or not to include them as Catalan\\-speaking or as Aragonese\\-speaking. The proportion of speakers of the two languages varies over time and with immigration according to the municipality, something which leads to different sources drawing slightly different linguistic borders.",
"#### According to the draft of the Aragonese Language Law",
"During the fourth session of the *Cortes de Aragón* (the parliament of Aragon) (1995–1999\\) under the [PP](/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29 \"People's Party (Spain)\")\\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party \"Aragonese Party\") coalition government the [Special Commission Report on the Language Policy of Aragon](http://www.cortesaragon.es/bases/boca2.nsf/0/D0C730CC9E93696A41256823003A21EB?OpenDocument) was published. The report would be the basis for the [Draft of the Language Law of Aragon](http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423123804/http://www.unizar.es/colla/abamproyeutoleideluengas.htm \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-23 }} published the following session (1999–2003\\) under the [PSOE](/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party \"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party\")\\-[PAR](/wiki/Aragonese_Party \"Aragonese Party\") coalition, where for the first time from the *Cortes de Aragón* would detail those municipalities which formed part of a Catalan\\-speaking community, with the aim of recognising co\\-officiality and encouraging the use of Catalan in public life and especially in education.",
"The law was never approved due to protests and petitions in Aragon opposed to the co\\-officiality of Catalan, promoted mainly by the *Federación de Asociaciones Culturales del Aragón Oriental* (FACAO), a conservative{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}} organisation which maintained that the local 'linguistic modalities' were languages and not dialects of Catalan, and there was lack of consensus on the issue among the Aragonese political parties. There are other civic associations staunchly rejecting the Catalan affiliation of the language{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\\_plataforma\\_no\\_hablemos\\_en\\_catalan\\_convoca\\_un\\_acte\\_de\\_rebuig\\_al\\_catala\\_37970\\.php\\|title\\=Crónica Global: última hora Cataluña; Arrimadas; Colau; Torra\\|website\\=Cronica global\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305083445/http://www.eldebat.cat/cat/notices/la\\_plataforma\\_no\\_hablemos\\_en\\_catalan\\_convoca\\_un\\_acte\\_de\\_rebuig\\_al\\_catala\\_37970\\.php\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"According to the *list of municipalities which could be considered to be areas of predominant use of its own language or linguistic modality or areas of predominant use of normalised Catalan* in the *Second annex of the Second Final Disposition of the Avant\\-project of the Language Law*, La Franja would be composed of:",
"",
"| Municipality | Area(km2) | Population(2006\\) | Comarca | Province |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva \"Aguaviva\")** | 42\\.2 | 691 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda \"Albelda\")** | 51\\.9 | 892 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell \"Alcampell\")** | 58\\.0 | 827 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n \"Altorricón\")** | 32\\.4 | 1,469 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n \"Arén\")** | 119\\.3 | 337 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 \"Arens de Lledó\")** | 34\\.3 | 227 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Azanuy\\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins \"Azanuy-Alins\")** | 51\\.2 | 173 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls \"Baélls\")** | 39\\.8 | 125 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou \"Baldellou\")** | 30\\.4 | 115 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite \"Beceite\")** | 96\\.7 | 598 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 \"Belmonte de San José\")** | 34\\.0 | 144 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre \"Benabarre\")** | 157\\.1 | 1,160 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa \"Bonansa\")** | 37\\.3 | 101 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite \"Calaceite\")** | 81\\.3 | 1,143 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls \"Camporrélls\")** | 26\\.7 | 217 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu \"Castigaleu\")** | 26\\.5 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy \"Castillonroy\")** | 37\\.6 | 391 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas \"Cretas\")** | 52\\.7 | 630 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo \"Estopiñán del Castillo\")** | 88\\.7 | 199 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara \"Fabara\")** | 101\\.6 | 1,221 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n \"Fayón\")** | 67\\.2 | 427 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles \"Fórnoles\")** | 32\\.6 | 105 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga \"Fraga\")** | 437\\.6 | 13,191 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda \"Fuentespalda\")** | 39\\.0 | 347 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena \"Isábena\")** | 118\\.5 | 302 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich \"La Cañada de Verich\")** | 10\\.9 | 104 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera \"La Cerollera\")** | 33\\.7 | 121 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era \"La Codoñera\")** | 21\\.0 | 351 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda \"La Fresneda\")** | 39\\.5 | 462 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa \"La Ginebrosa\")** | 80\\.1 | 239 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada \"La Portellada\")** | 21\\.4 | 274 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre \"Lascuarre\")** | 31\\.9 | 147 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles \"Laspaúles\")** | 81\\.6 | 281 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 \"Lledó\")** | 15\\.6 | 181 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella \"Maella\")** | 174\\.9 | 2,089 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n \"Mazaleón\")** | 86\\.2 | 589 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza \"Mequinenza\")** | 307\\.2 | 2,533 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar \"Monesma y Cajigar\")** | 62\\.6 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo \"Monroyo\")** | 79\\.2 | 307 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy \"Montanuy\")** | 174\\.1 | 311 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe \"Nonaspe\")** | 111\\.4 | 1,055 | [Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n-Caspe \"Bajo Aragón-Caspe\") | [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza_%28province%29 \"Zaragoza (province)\") |\n| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins \"Peñarroya de Tastavins\")** | 83\\.3 | 488 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz \"Peralta de Calasanz\")** | 114\\.9 | 261 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana \"Puente de Montañana\")** | 48\\.6 | 88 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales \"Ráfales\")** | 35\\.6 | 156 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera \"San Esteban de Litera\")** | 71\\.9 | 512 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira \"Sopeira\")** | 44\\.1 | 102 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera \"Tamarite de Litera\")** | 110\\.6 | 3,678 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva \"Tolva\")** | 59\\.0 | 176 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas \"Torre de Arcas\")** | 34\\.3 | 93 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte \"Torre del Compte\")** | 19\\.5 | 168 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera \"Torre la Ribera\")** | 32\\.1 | 118 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca \"Torrente de Cinca\")** | 56\\.8 | 1,084 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla \"Torrevelilla\")** | 33\\.4 | 204 | [Bajo Aragón](/wiki/Bajo_Arag%C3%B3n \"Bajo Aragón\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo \"Valdeltormo\")** | 16\\.0 | 349 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres \"Valderrobres\")** | 124\\.0 | 2,142 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera \"Valjunquera\")** | 41\\.8 | 414 | [Matarraña](/wiki/Matarra%C3%B1a \"Matarraña\") | [Teruel](/wiki/Teruel_%28province%29 \"Teruel (province)\") |\n| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca \"Velilla de Cinca\")** | 16\\.5 | 469 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n \"Vencillón\")** | 10\\.4 | 471 | [La Litera](/wiki/La_Litera \"La Litera\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Beranuy](/wiki/Beranuy \"Beranuy\")** | 63\\.8 | 111 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera \"Viacamp y Litera\")** | 107\\.7 | 25 | [Ribagorza](/wiki/Ribagorza_%28comarca%29 \"Ribagorza (comarca)\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn \"Zaidín\")** | 92\\.6 | 1,822 | [Bajo Cinca](/wiki/Bajo_Cinca \"Bajo Cinca\") | [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_%28province%29 \"Huesca (province)\") |\n| **62 municipalities of Aragon** | **4,442\\.8** | **47,236** | | |\n|",
"#### According to the Institut d'Estudis Catalans",
"From the point of view of the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans \"Institut d'Estudis Catalans\") the territory is smaller, due to the fact that the municipality of Torre la Ribera is not considered Catalan\\-speaking, and the municipalities of Azanuy\\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre and San Esteban de Litera are classified as transitional dialects. The Catalan\\-speaking lands are thus reduced to a total of 57 municipalities with an area of **4,137\\.2 km2** with a population of **45,984**.",
"#### According to the Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa",
"The situation is reversed according to the [Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa](/wiki/Gran_Enciclopedia_Aragonesa \"Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa\") (GEA) with the Franja having an area of **5,370 km2** and with a population of **70,000**. It should be mentioned that the GEA does not recognise the denomination *Franja* but discusses its situation under *Catalan in Aragon*, nor does it specify in how many or which municipalities Catalan is definitively spoken nor the date of the census on which its figures are based.",
"#### According to the *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the GREC",
"",
"| Municipality/Urban nucleus | Area(km2) | Population(2006\\) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque \"Benasque\")** | 233\\.6 | 2,045 |\n| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri \"Bisaurri\")** | 62\\.9 | 247 |\n| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos \"Castejón de Sos\")** | 31\\.8 | 733 |\n| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon \"Chía, Aragon\")** | 26\\.1 | 113 |\n| **[Güell](/wiki/G%C3%BCell \"Güell\") (1\\)** | 28\\.0 | 29 |\n| **[Laguarres](/wiki/Laguarres \"Laguarres\") (2\\)** | 33\\.0 | 71 |\n| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn \"Sahún\")** | 72\\.9 | 331 |\n| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 \"Sesué\")** | 5\\.2 | 125 |\n| **[Torres del Obispo](/wiki/Torres_del_Obispo \"Torres del Obispo\") (3\\)** | 32\\.0 | 163 |\n| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp \"Valle de Lierp\")** | 32\\.8 | 47 |\n| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza \"Villanova, Ribagorza\")** | 6,9 | 154 |\n| **8 municipalities and 3 nuclei** | **565\\.2** | **4,058** |\n| Franja de Aragon according to the Commission report | 4\\.442,8 | 47,236 |\n| **Total 70 municipalities y 3 nuclei according to the GREC** | **5\\.008,0** | **51,294** |\n|",
"The *Gran Geografia Comarcal* of the [Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana (GREC)](http://www.grec.cat) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-15 }} classes the territorial area of the **Franja de Aragon** as larger than that defined by the Commission report although not as large as the GEA definition. All the municipalities which it adds to those of the Avant\\-project and of Ribagorza and therefore belong to the Province of Huesca. It adds a total of eight municipalities and three population nuclei; Güell, Laguarres y Torres del Obispo, which form part of two municipalities; Graus in the case of the first and the third, and Capella the case of the second. The table to the right details the population nuclei and official area and population figures.",
"* **(1\\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus \"Graus\")**. Population figures according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.\n* **(2\\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Capella](/wiki/Capella%2C_Aragon \"Capella, Aragon\")**. Population 2004, area according to GREC.net.\n* **(3\\) Population centres belonging to the municipality of [Graus](/wiki/Graus \"Graus\")**. Population according to [Ayuntamiento](http://www.graus.es/) (no date given), area according to GREC.net.\n{{Clear}}",
"#### Comparative table and map according to sources",
"",
"| Source | Nºmunici\\-palities | % ofAragon | Area (km2) | % ofAragon | Population(2006\\) | % ofAragon |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Avant\\-project of theLanguage Law** | 62 | 8\\.5 | 4,442\\.8 | 9\\.3 | 47,236 | 3\\.7 |\n| **Institut d'EstudisCatalans (IEC)** | 57 | 7\\.8 | 4,137\\.2 | 8\\.3 | 45,984 | 3\\.6 |\n| **Gran EnciclopediaAragonesa (GEA)** | ? | \\- | 5,370\\.0 | 11\\.3 | 70,000 | 5\\.5 |\n| **Grupo EnciclopediaCatalana (GREC)** | 70 | 9\\.6 | 5,008\\.0 | 10\\.5 | 51,294 | 4\\.0 |\n| **Total Aragon** | 730 | 100\\.0 | 47,719\\.2 | 100\\.0 | 1,277,471 | 100\\.0 |\n|",
"#### Toponymy",
"[right\\|300px\\|thumb\\|Variations in the Catalan\\-speaking municipalities of [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca_province \"Huesca province\")](/wiki/Image:Catal%C3%A0_a_Osca.png \"Català a Osca.png\")\nThere is no unitary policy on official toponymy in the Franja, leading to great variations between the local *comarcalización* laws as compared to those proposed by the IEC. The following table details the translation of the toponymy in Spanish to the official version in the local vernacular and that proposed by the IEC. At the bottom are the municipalities which the GREC includes in its definition of the Franja and the proposed names which it offers opposed to the official names:",
"",
"| Spanish (1\\) | Local variety or linguistic vernacularaccording to the *comarcalización* law (1\\) | Catalanaccording to the IEC (2\\) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **[Aguaviva](/wiki/Aguaviva \"Aguaviva\")** | Aiguaviva de Bergantes | Aiguaviva de Bergantes |\n| **[Albelda](/wiki/Albelda \"Albelda\")** | Albelda | Albelda |\n| **[Alcampell](/wiki/Alcampell \"Alcampell\")** | El Campell | El Campell |\n| **[Altorricón](/wiki/Altorric%C3%B3n \"Altorricón\")** | El Torricó | El Torricó |\n| **[Arén](/wiki/Ar%C3%A9n \"Arén\")** | Areny | Areny de Noguera |\n| **[Arens de Lledó](/wiki/Arens_de_Lled%C3%B3 \"Arens de Lledó\")** | Arenys de Lledó | Arenys de Lledó |\n| **[Azanuy\\-Alins](/wiki/Azanuy-Alins \"Azanuy-Alins\")** | Azanúy\\-Alins | Sanui i Alins |\n| **[Baélls](/wiki/Ba%C3%A9lls \"Baélls\")** | Baells | Baells |\n| **[Baldellou](/wiki/Baldellou \"Baldellou\")** | Valdellou | Valdellou |\n| **[Beceite](/wiki/Beceite \"Beceite\")** | Beseit | Beseit |\n| **[Belmonte de San José](/wiki/Belmonte_de_San_Jos%C3%A9 \"Belmonte de San José\")** | Bellmunt de Mesquí | Bellmunt de Mesquí |\n| **[Benabarre](/wiki/Benabarre \"Benabarre\")** | Benavarri | Benavarri |\n| **[Bonansa](/wiki/Bonansa \"Bonansa\")** | Bonansa | Bonansa |\n| **[Calaceite](/wiki/Calaceite \"Calaceite\")** | Calaceit | Calaceit |\n| **[Camporrélls](/wiki/Camporr%C3%A9lls \"Camporrélls\")** | Camporrells | Camporrells |\n| **[Castigaleu](/wiki/Castigaleu \"Castigaleu\")** | Castigaleu | Castigaleu |\n| **[Castillonroy](/wiki/Castillonroy \"Castillonroy\")** | Castellonroi | Castellonroi |\n| **[Cretas](/wiki/Cretas \"Cretas\")** | Queretes | Cretes |\n| **[Estopiñán del Castillo](/wiki/Estopi%C3%B1%C3%A1n_del_Castillo \"Estopiñán del Castillo\")** | Estopanyà | Estopanyà |\n| **[Fabara](/wiki/Fabara \"Fabara\")** | Favara | Favara de Matarranya |\n| **[Fayón](/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n \"Fayón\")** | Faió | Faió |\n| **[Fórnoles](/wiki/F%C3%B3rnoles \"Fórnoles\")** | Fórnols | Fórnols de Matarranya |\n| **[Fraga](/wiki/Fraga \"Fraga\")** | Fraga | Fraga |\n| **[Fuentespalda](/wiki/Fuentespalda \"Fuentespalda\")** | Fontdespatla | Fondespatla |\n| **[Isábena](/wiki/Is%C3%A1bena \"Isábena\")** | Isàvena | Isàvena |\n| **[La Cañada de Verich](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_de_Verich \"La Cañada de Verich\")** | La Canyada de Beric | La Canyada de Beric |\n| **[La Cerollera](/wiki/La_Cerollera \"La Cerollera\")** | La Cerollera | La Sorollera |\n| **[La Codoñera](/wiki/La_Codo%C3%B1era \"La Codoñera\")** | La Codonyera | La Codonyera |\n| **[La Fresneda](/wiki/La_Fresneda \"La Fresneda\")** | La Freixneda | La Freixneda |\n| **[La Ginebrosa](/wiki/La_Ginebrosa \"La Ginebrosa\")** | La Ginebrosa | La Ginebrosa |\n| **[La Portellada](/wiki/La_Portellada \"La Portellada\")** | La Portellada | La Portellada |\n| **[Lascuarre](/wiki/Lascuarre \"Lascuarre\")** | Lascuarre | Lasquarri |\n| **[Laspaúles](/wiki/Laspa%C3%BAles \"Laspaúles\")** | Laspaúls | Les Paüls |\n| **[Lledó](/wiki/Lled%C3%B3 \"Lledó\")** | Lledó | Lledó d'Algars |\n| **[Maella](/wiki/Maella \"Maella\")** | Maella | Maella |\n| **[Mazaleón](/wiki/Mazale%C3%B3n \"Mazaleón\")** | Massalió | Massalió |\n| **[Mequinenza](/wiki/Mequinenza \"Mequinenza\")** | Mequinensa | Mequinensa |\n| **[Monesma y Cajigar](/wiki/Monesma_y_Cajigar \"Monesma y Cajigar\")** | Monesma i Caixigar | Monesma i Queixigar |\n| **[Monroyo](/wiki/Monroyo \"Monroyo\")** | Montroig | Mont\\-roig de Tastavins |\n| **[Montanuy](/wiki/Montanuy \"Montanuy\")** | Montanui | Montanui |\n| **[Nonaspe](/wiki/Nonaspe \"Nonaspe\")** | Nonasp | Nonasp |\n| **[Peñarroya de Tastavins](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya_de_Tastavins \"Peñarroya de Tastavins\")** | Pena\\-roja de Tastavins | Pena\\-roja |\n| **[Peralta de Calasanz](/wiki/Peralta_de_Calasanz \"Peralta de Calasanz\")** | Peralta de Calassanç | Peralta de Calassanç |\n| **[Puente de Montañana](/wiki/Puente_de_Monta%C3%B1ana \"Puente de Montañana\")** | El Pont de Montanyana | El Pont de Montanyana |\n| **[Ráfales](/wiki/R%C3%A1fales \"Ráfales\")** | Ràfels | Ràfels |\n| **[San Esteban de Litera](/wiki/San_Esteban_de_Litera \"San Esteban de Litera\")** | San Esteban de Litera | Sant Esteve de Llitera |\n| **[Sopeira](/wiki/Sopeira \"Sopeira\")** | Sopeira | Sopeira |\n| **[Tamarite de Litera](/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera \"Tamarite de Litera\")** | Tamarit de Llitera | Tamarit de Llitera |\n| **[Tolva](/wiki/Tolva \"Tolva\")** | Tolba | Tolba |\n| **[Torre de Arcas](/wiki/Torre_de_Arcas \"Torre de Arcas\")** | Torredarques | Torredarques |\n| **[Torre del Compte](/wiki/Torre_del_Compte \"Torre del Compte\")** | La Torre del Comte | La Torre del Comte |\n| **[Torre la Ribera](/wiki/Torre_la_Ribera \"Torre la Ribera\")** | Torre la Ribera | Tor\\-la\\-ribera |\n| **[Torrente de Cinca](/wiki/Torrente_de_Cinca \"Torrente de Cinca\")** | Torrent de Cinca | Torrent de Cinca |\n| **[Torrevelilla](/wiki/Torrevelilla \"Torrevelilla\")** | La Torre de Vilella | La Torre de Vilella |\n| **[Valdeltormo](/wiki/Valdeltormo \"Valdeltormo\")** | La Vall del Tormo | La Vall de Tormo |\n| **[Valderrobres](/wiki/Valderrobres \"Valderrobres\")** | Vall de Roures | Vall\\-de\\-roures |\n| **[Valjunquera](/wiki/Valjunquera \"Valjunquera\")** | Valljunquera | Valljunquera |\n| **[Velilla de Cinca](/wiki/Velilla_de_Cinca \"Velilla de Cinca\")** | Villella de Cinca | Vilella de Cinca |\n| **[Vencillón](/wiki/Vencill%C3%B3n \"Vencillón\")** | Vensilló | Vensilló |\n| **[Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz%2C_Ribagorza \"Veracruz, Ribagorza\")** | Veracruz | Beranui |\n| **[Viacamp y Litera](/wiki/Viacamp_y_Litera \"Viacamp y Litera\")** | Viacamp i Lliterà | Viacamp |\n| **[Zaidín](/wiki/Zaid%C3%ADn \"Zaidín\")** | Saidí | Saidí |\n| | | Catalanaccording to the GREC (3\\) |\n| **[Benasque](/wiki/Benasque \"Benasque\")** | Benás | Benasc |\n| **[Bisaurri](/wiki/Bisaurri \"Bisaurri\")** | Bisaurri | Bissaürri |\n| **[Castejón de Sos](/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n_de_Sos \"Castejón de Sos\")** | Castilló de Sos | Castilló de Sos |\n| **[Chía](/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa%2C_Aragon \"Chía, Aragon\")** | Chía | Gia |\n| **[Sahún](/wiki/Sah%C3%BAn \"Sahún\")** | Sahún | Saünc |\n| **[Sesué](/wiki/Sesu%C3%A9 \"Sesué\")** | Sesué | Sessué |\n| **[Valle de Lierp](/wiki/Valle_de_Lierp \"Valle de Lierp\")** | Valle de Lierp | La Vall de Lierp |\n| **[Villanova](/wiki/Villanova%2C_Ribagorza \"Villanova, Ribagorza\")** | Billanoba | Vilanova d'Éssera |\n|",
"* **(1\\) Sources of the official denominations in Spanish and local vernacular**:",
"Boletín Oficial de Aragón (BOA): Ley 10/2002, de 03 de mayo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón / Ley 12/2003, de 24 de marzo, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Aragón\\-Caspe /\nLey 20/2002, de 07 de octubre, de creación de la comarca del Bajo Cinca / Ley 25/2002, de 12 de noviembre, de creación de la comarca de La Litera / Ley 07/2002, de 15 de abril, de creación de la comarca del Matarraña / Ley 12/2002, de 28 de mayo, de creación de la comarca de la Ribagorza.",
"* **(2\\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the [Institut d'Estudis Catalans](/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans \"Institut d'Estudis Catalans\") (IEC):**",
"Lista de denominaciones en catalán aprobada por la Sección Filológica del IEC en reunión del día 15 de diciembre de de 1995, en la reunión de la Sección Filológica de 15 de enero de 1999 se decidió incluir en la lista el topónimo \"Vensilló\" al ser un municipio de nueva creación. En la primera reunión los municipios de Azanuy\\-Alins, Isábena, Lascuarre y San Esteban de Litera se excluyeron de la lista oficial de municipios de lengua catalana de la Franja de Aragón, listándose a parte como municipios pertenecientes a un área de transición lingüística.",
"* **(3\\) Source of the denominations in Catalan according to the Grupo Enciclopedia Catalana**: <http://www.grec.cat> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-15 }}"
] |
Extracurricular activities
--------------------------
Marquette has a wide variety of different clubs and organizations. There are Explorers for Life (Pro\-Life), Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), Cultural Awareness Club, Spanish Club, Ambassadors, Breast Cancer Awareness Club (BCA), the Newspaper Staff, Students for Soldiers, Veterans Heritage Project (VHP), Peer Leadership, Yearbook, Diversity Club, Support Other Students (SOS), Scholar Bowl, WYSE, Campus Ministry, and Student Council.
### Sports
Assistant Principal Greg DeCourcey was the varsity baseball coach from 1977 to 2009 and had a 641\-351\-2 record, finishing eighth all\-time on the IHSA baseball coach wins list. Under DeCourcey's helm, the baseball team won 15 regional titles and 7 sectional titles. They beat Mount Carmel in 1980 and Aurora Central Catholic in 1984 to capture the Class A State Championship twice during the 1980s. The 1988 team finished as State Runner\-Up, losing to Peru St. Bede. In 2012 DeCourcey was elected into the Illinois High School Baseball Coaches Hall of Fame. Also in 2012, under Coach Joe Silkwood, the team won the Springfield 1A Super\-Sectional on a walk\-off single by Austin {{proper name\|Siener}}, qualifying them for the state tournament. They lost the semi\-final to St. Anthony Catholic High. However, they beat Lena\-Winslow in the Third Place game.
The girls' soccer team won the 2011 IHSA Class 1A State Championship with a 19\-5\-1 record in the 13th season under head coach Robert Moginot. It was the second appearance in the state championship game for the team under Moginot, which finished second in 2010\.
In 2011, softball pitcher Alexis Silkwood set the state single\-season record for strikeouts. In 2012, she set the state single\-season record for no\-hitters. In 2010, Alexis lead the team to a fourth\-place finish in the state tournament. The team followed up with a third\-place finish in 2011\.
The football team has made the IHSA 3A playoffs for the past 7 years. The 1982 team was State Runner\-Up, the only time the football team has made it to the Finals. In 2012, the boys' soccer team clinched their first trip to the state tournament in team history. They would go on to win their first state championship. The boys soccer team would again win state in 2017\.
|
[
"Extracurricular activities\n--------------------------",
"Marquette has a wide variety of different clubs and organizations. There are Explorers for Life (Pro\\-Life), Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), Cultural Awareness Club, Spanish Club, Ambassadors, Breast Cancer Awareness Club (BCA), the Newspaper Staff, Students for Soldiers, Veterans Heritage Project (VHP), Peer Leadership, Yearbook, Diversity Club, Support Other Students (SOS), Scholar Bowl, WYSE, Campus Ministry, and Student Council.",
"### Sports",
"Assistant Principal Greg DeCourcey was the varsity baseball coach from 1977 to 2009 and had a 641\\-351\\-2 record, finishing eighth all\\-time on the IHSA baseball coach wins list. Under DeCourcey's helm, the baseball team won 15 regional titles and 7 sectional titles. They beat Mount Carmel in 1980 and Aurora Central Catholic in 1984 to capture the Class A State Championship twice during the 1980s. The 1988 team finished as State Runner\\-Up, losing to Peru St. Bede. In 2012 DeCourcey was elected into the Illinois High School Baseball Coaches Hall of Fame. Also in 2012, under Coach Joe Silkwood, the team won the Springfield 1A Super\\-Sectional on a walk\\-off single by Austin {{proper name\\|Siener}}, qualifying them for the state tournament. They lost the semi\\-final to St. Anthony Catholic High. However, they beat Lena\\-Winslow in the Third Place game.",
"The girls' soccer team won the 2011 IHSA Class 1A State Championship with a 19\\-5\\-1 record in the 13th season under head coach Robert Moginot. It was the second appearance in the state championship game for the team under Moginot, which finished second in 2010\\.",
"In 2011, softball pitcher Alexis Silkwood set the state single\\-season record for strikeouts. In 2012, she set the state single\\-season record for no\\-hitters. In 2010, Alexis lead the team to a fourth\\-place finish in the state tournament. The team followed up with a third\\-place finish in 2011\\.",
"The football team has made the IHSA 3A playoffs for the past 7 years. The 1982 team was State Runner\\-Up, the only time the football team has made it to the Finals. In 2012, the boys' soccer team clinched their first trip to the state tournament in team history. They would go on to win their first state championship. The boys soccer team would again win state in 2017\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Margaret Shonekan was born on 28 October 1941 in [Gusau](/wiki/Gusau "Gusau"), [British Nigeria](/wiki/British_Nigeria "British Nigeria"), in present\-day [Zamfara State](/wiki/Zamfara_State "Zamfara State"). Her parents were [Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_people "Yoruba people") who had moved from [South West Nigeria](/wiki/South_West_%28Nigeria%29 "South West (Nigeria)") to Gusau during the late 1930s, where her father worked as a teacher for the [Church Mission Society](/wiki/Church_Mission_Society "Church Mission Society"). She attended elementary school at Christ Church Anglican Primary School in Gusau and Peter's Primary School in [Minna](/wiki/Minna "Minna"). She then attended Anglican Girls' School in Orita\-Mefa, [Ibadan](/wiki/Ibadan "Ibadan"), for one year before enrolling at Anglican Girls' Secondary School in Ilesa (now called St. Margaret's School) from 1954 until 1958\. Sheonekan attended [Ibadan Grammar School](/wiki/Ibadan_Grammar_School "Ibadan Grammar School") from January 1959 until December 1960\.
Shonekan enrolled at [University College Ibadan](/wiki/University_of_Ibadan "University of Ibadan") (now called the [University of Ibadan](/wiki/University_of_Ibadan "University of Ibadan")) from 1961 until June 1965, when she graduated with [Bachelor's of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_of_Arts "Bachelor's of Arts") honors degree in history. She later obtained a post\-graduate diploma in administration and management from St. Godric's College in [London](/wiki/London "London") in 1968\.
Margaret Shonekan was hired as a Trainee Assistant Registrar by the [West African Examinations Council](/wiki/West_African_Examinations_Council "West African Examinations Council") (WAEC) on 1 October 1965\. She worked for the WAEC for the majority of her professional career. Shonekan was later appointed deputy registrar of the WAEC from 1 April 1982 until 30 September 1986\.
In 1986, Margaret Shonekan left the WAEC upon her appointment to the [Federal Civil Service Commission](/wiki/Federal_Civil_Service_Commission_%28Nigeria%29 "Federal Civil Service Commission (Nigeria)"), which oversees the [civil service](/wiki/Civil_service "Civil service"), by the [Federal Government of Nigeria](/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Nigeria "Federal Government of Nigeria"). She served as a [Federal Civil Service Commissioner](/wiki/Federal_Civil_Service_Commission_%28Nigeria%29 "Federal Civil Service Commission (Nigeria)") from 1 October 1986 until 31 March 1994\.
In 1993, Shonekan's husband, [Ernest Shonekan](/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan "Ernest Shonekan"), became interim, transitional [President of Nigeria](/wiki/President_of_Nigeria "President of Nigeria"). Margaret Shonekan served as [First Lady of Nigeria](/wiki/First_Lady_of_Nigeria "First Lady of Nigeria") for just 82 days from 26 August 1993 until 17 November 1993\. The Shonekan's presidency was cut short when General [Sani Abacha](/wiki/Sani_Abacha "Sani Abacha") staged a [coup](/wiki/Coup "Coup") and overthrew Shonekan on 17 November 1993\.
Shonekan rejoined the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) on 1 April 1994 as its senior deputy. She was then hired as the WAEC's Head of National Office on 30 October 1995, defeating five male colleagues who also sought the position. Shonekan served as the Head of National Office at WAEC from 30 October 1995 until her retirement on 30 September 2000\. She described her time as Head of National Office as her most difficult years with the WAEC, due to the examination board's lack of adequate funding and its empty treasury at the time. She retired from the WAEC in 2000\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Margaret Shonekan was born on 28 October 1941 in [Gusau](/wiki/Gusau \"Gusau\"), [British Nigeria](/wiki/British_Nigeria \"British Nigeria\"), in present\\-day [Zamfara State](/wiki/Zamfara_State \"Zamfara State\"). Her parents were [Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_people \"Yoruba people\") who had moved from [South West Nigeria](/wiki/South_West_%28Nigeria%29 \"South West (Nigeria)\") to Gusau during the late 1930s, where her father worked as a teacher for the [Church Mission Society](/wiki/Church_Mission_Society \"Church Mission Society\"). She attended elementary school at Christ Church Anglican Primary School in Gusau and Peter's Primary School in [Minna](/wiki/Minna \"Minna\"). She then attended Anglican Girls' School in Orita\\-Mefa, [Ibadan](/wiki/Ibadan \"Ibadan\"), for one year before enrolling at Anglican Girls' Secondary School in Ilesa (now called St. Margaret's School) from 1954 until 1958\\. Sheonekan attended [Ibadan Grammar School](/wiki/Ibadan_Grammar_School \"Ibadan Grammar School\") from January 1959 until December 1960\\.",
"Shonekan enrolled at [University College Ibadan](/wiki/University_of_Ibadan \"University of Ibadan\") (now called the [University of Ibadan](/wiki/University_of_Ibadan \"University of Ibadan\")) from 1961 until June 1965, when she graduated with [Bachelor's of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_of_Arts \"Bachelor's of Arts\") honors degree in history. She later obtained a post\\-graduate diploma in administration and management from St. Godric's College in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") in 1968\\.",
"Margaret Shonekan was hired as a Trainee Assistant Registrar by the [West African Examinations Council](/wiki/West_African_Examinations_Council \"West African Examinations Council\") (WAEC) on 1 October 1965\\. She worked for the WAEC for the majority of her professional career. Shonekan was later appointed deputy registrar of the WAEC from 1 April 1982 until 30 September 1986\\.",
"In 1986, Margaret Shonekan left the WAEC upon her appointment to the [Federal Civil Service Commission](/wiki/Federal_Civil_Service_Commission_%28Nigeria%29 \"Federal Civil Service Commission (Nigeria)\"), which oversees the [civil service](/wiki/Civil_service \"Civil service\"), by the [Federal Government of Nigeria](/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Nigeria \"Federal Government of Nigeria\"). She served as a [Federal Civil Service Commissioner](/wiki/Federal_Civil_Service_Commission_%28Nigeria%29 \"Federal Civil Service Commission (Nigeria)\") from 1 October 1986 until 31 March 1994\\.",
"In 1993, Shonekan's husband, [Ernest Shonekan](/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan \"Ernest Shonekan\"), became interim, transitional [President of Nigeria](/wiki/President_of_Nigeria \"President of Nigeria\"). Margaret Shonekan served as [First Lady of Nigeria](/wiki/First_Lady_of_Nigeria \"First Lady of Nigeria\") for just 82 days from 26 August 1993 until 17 November 1993\\. The Shonekan's presidency was cut short when General [Sani Abacha](/wiki/Sani_Abacha \"Sani Abacha\") staged a [coup](/wiki/Coup \"Coup\") and overthrew Shonekan on 17 November 1993\\.",
"Shonekan rejoined the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) on 1 April 1994 as its senior deputy. She was then hired as the WAEC's Head of National Office on 30 October 1995, defeating five male colleagues who also sought the position. Shonekan served as the Head of National Office at WAEC from 30 October 1995 until her retirement on 30 September 2000\\. She described her time as Head of National Office as her most difficult years with the WAEC, due to the examination board's lack of adequate funding and its empty treasury at the time. She retired from the WAEC in 2000\\.",
""
] |
Embossing types
---------------
### Blind emboss
[thumb\|upright\=.8\|Blind embossed stationary](/wiki/File:Embossing-stationery.jpg "Embossing-stationery.jpg")
Blind embossing does not include the use of ink or foil to highlight the embossed area. The change in the dimensional appearance of the material is the only noticeable difference resulting from the embossing. The blind embossing process provides a clean and distinctive or subtle image on paper stock. It is best used to create a subtle impression or low level of attention to the piece, yet provide some slight form of differentiation for the finished work.
### Registered emboss
Registered embossing is a process that places the embossed image in alignment with another element created with ink, foil, punching, or with a second embossed image.
### Combination emboss
Combination embossing is the process of embossing and foil stamping the same image. It involves imprinting and aligning foil over an embossed image to create a foil emboss. A sculptured die, generally made of brass is used for this procedure. The process requires close registration that must be controlled to keep the image and foil matched precisely. The process of embossing and foil stamping is accomplished in one operation with the use of a combination die. The combination die has a cutting edge around the perimeter to cleanly break the excess foil away from the embossed area.
### Pastelling
Pastelling is also referred to as tint leaf embossing. It involves the process of using a combination die to provide a subtle antique appearance to a substrate that is embossed and foil stamped. Pearl finishes, clear gloss, or similar pastel foil finishes can be selected that provide a soft two\-color antique look (without scorching) to the embossed image. Lighter colored stocks work best to provide this soft contrasting effect.
### Glazing
Glazing refers to an embossed area that has a shiny or polished appearance. Most often this process is accomplished with heat that is applied with pressure in order to create a shiny impression on the stock. Dark colored heavy weight stocks generally work best with glazing because the polished effect is much more noticeable and the dark color of the stock helps to eliminate or soften any burned appearance that may result from the application of the heat. When used in conjunction with foil, the process can provide the foil with a slightly brighter appearance.
### Scorching
Scorching is similar to glazing except that it is not used to polish the stock. Instead, scorching does what it implies: as the temperature of the die heating plate is increased beyond a normal temperature range, a scorched effect is created in the embossed image, which results in an antique or shaded appearance. It is best to use a lighter colored stock for this procedure in order to provide a unique two\-toned appearance. Caution should be used in requesting this effect, since it is easy to burn the stock if too much heat is used. If scorching occurs too close to the printed copy, it can interfere with the clarity of the printed copy; however, this may be the effect that is desired for a particular application.
|
[
"Embossing types\n---------------",
"### Blind emboss",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|Blind embossed stationary](/wiki/File:Embossing-stationery.jpg \"Embossing-stationery.jpg\")\nBlind embossing does not include the use of ink or foil to highlight the embossed area. The change in the dimensional appearance of the material is the only noticeable difference resulting from the embossing. The blind embossing process provides a clean and distinctive or subtle image on paper stock. It is best used to create a subtle impression or low level of attention to the piece, yet provide some slight form of differentiation for the finished work.",
"### Registered emboss",
"Registered embossing is a process that places the embossed image in alignment with another element created with ink, foil, punching, or with a second embossed image.",
"### Combination emboss",
"Combination embossing is the process of embossing and foil stamping the same image. It involves imprinting and aligning foil over an embossed image to create a foil emboss. A sculptured die, generally made of brass is used for this procedure. The process requires close registration that must be controlled to keep the image and foil matched precisely. The process of embossing and foil stamping is accomplished in one operation with the use of a combination die. The combination die has a cutting edge around the perimeter to cleanly break the excess foil away from the embossed area.",
"### Pastelling",
"Pastelling is also referred to as tint leaf embossing. It involves the process of using a combination die to provide a subtle antique appearance to a substrate that is embossed and foil stamped. Pearl finishes, clear gloss, or similar pastel foil finishes can be selected that provide a soft two\\-color antique look (without scorching) to the embossed image. Lighter colored stocks work best to provide this soft contrasting effect.",
"### Glazing",
"Glazing refers to an embossed area that has a shiny or polished appearance. Most often this process is accomplished with heat that is applied with pressure in order to create a shiny impression on the stock. Dark colored heavy weight stocks generally work best with glazing because the polished effect is much more noticeable and the dark color of the stock helps to eliminate or soften any burned appearance that may result from the application of the heat. When used in conjunction with foil, the process can provide the foil with a slightly brighter appearance.",
"### Scorching",
"Scorching is similar to glazing except that it is not used to polish the stock. Instead, scorching does what it implies: as the temperature of the die heating plate is increased beyond a normal temperature range, a scorched effect is created in the embossed image, which results in an antique or shaded appearance. It is best to use a lighter colored stock for this procedure in order to provide a unique two\\-toned appearance. Caution should be used in requesting this effect, since it is easy to burn the stock if too much heat is used. If scorching occurs too close to the printed copy, it can interfere with the clarity of the printed copy; however, this may be the effect that is desired for a particular application.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Club
Spillane played his club football with the local club in [Templenoe](/wiki/Templenoe_GAA "Templenoe GAA"). He won a [county novice championship](/wiki/Kerry_Novice_Football_Championship "Kerry Novice Football Championship") with the club in 1973 before collecting a [county junior championship](/wiki/Kerry_Junior_Football_Championship "Kerry Junior Football Championship") winners' medal in 1975\.
Spillane also played club football with Thomond College during his time there in the late 1970s. In 1977 he was captain of the side that defeated [Croom](/wiki/Croom_GAA "Croom GAA") to take the [Limerick senior championship](/wiki/Limerick_Senior_Football_Championship "Limerick Senior Football Championship") title. Thomond later represented the county in the provincial club series and even reached the final. A 0–12 to 1–3 defeat of the famous [Nemo Rangers](/wiki/Nemo_Rangers "Nemo Rangers") club gave Spillane a [Munster](/wiki/Munster_Senior_Club_Football_Championship "Munster Senior Club Football Championship") club winners' medal.{{cite web\|url\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/clubfootball.html \|title\=Munster Club Championship Football Winning Teams \|publisher\=\[\[Munster GAA]] \|access\-date\=30 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719200650/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/clubfootball.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2008 }} He later led his team out in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park") for the All\-Ireland final against [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_GAA_%28Belfast%29 "St. John's GAA (Belfast)") of Antrim. The Limerick club had no Limerick native on the team, however, victory was secured thanks to goals by Spillane and Sligo's [Mick Kilcoyne](/wiki/Mick_Kilcoyne "Mick Kilcoyne"). The 2–14 to 1–3 victory gave Spillane an [All\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Football_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship") club winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 418
### Minor \& under\-21
By the early 1970s, Spillane had joined the [Kerry](/wiki/Kerry_GAA "Kerry GAA") minor football team, however, he had no success in this grade as [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA "Cork GAA") dominated the provincial championship. He quickly progressed onto the Kerry under\-21 team where he captured a [Munster](/wiki/Munster_Under-21_Football_Championship "Munster Under-21 Football Championship") title in 1975 following a nine\-point trouncing of [Waterford](/wiki/Waterford_GAA "Waterford GAA").{{cite web\|url\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/under21football.html \|title\=Munster Under\-21 Football Championship Winning Teams \|publisher\=\[\[Munster GAA]] \|access\-date\=30 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719200959/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/under21football.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2008 }} Spillane's side later qualified for the All\-Ireland final with [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_GAA "Dublin GAA") providing the opposition. A 1–15 to 0–10 score line gave Kerry the victory and gave Spillane an [All\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Under-21_Football_Championship "All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship") winners' medal.{{cite book\| first\=Des\| last\=Donegan\| title\=The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games\| publisher\=DBA Publications\| year\=2005\| page\=156}}
In 1976 Spillane made it two Munster under\-21 titles in a row as Kerry retained their provincial crown at the expense of Cork. He later lined out in a second All\-Ireland final. [Kildare](/wiki/Kildare_GAA "Kildare GAA") provided the opposition on that occasion, however, they were no match for Kerry. Spillane collected a second All\-Ireland winners' medal following a 0–14 to 1–3 victory.
### Senior
Spillane made his senior inter\-county debut as a substitute in a [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 "National Football League (Ireland)") game against [Galway](/wiki/Galway_GAA "Galway GAA") in March 1974\. He lined out in the drawn National League final that year; however, he did not start the replay which Kerry won.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\|title\=Kerry GAA Profile\|publisher\=hoganstand.com\|access\-date\=10 March 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623043830/http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\|archive\-date\=23 June 2010}} Spillane retained his place as a substitute for Kerry's unsuccessful [Munster Championship](/wiki/Munster_Senior_Football_Championship "Munster Senior Football Championship") campaign.
In 1975 a new\-look Kerry team was formed under the management of former player [Mick O'Dwyer](/wiki/Mick_O%27Dwyer "Mick O'Dwyer"). It was the beginning of a glorious era for Kerry football and Spillane played a key role in orchestrating much of the success for the team that would come to be regarded as the greatest of all time. That year he won his first senior Munster title, dethroning Cork as provincial champions in the process.{{cite web\|url\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \|title\=Munster Senior Football Championship Winning Teams \|publisher\=\[\[Munster GAA]] \|access\-date\=30 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719154851/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2008 }} Spillane later lined out in his first senior All\-Ireland final. Reigning champions Dublin provided the opposition and were installed as the red\-hot favourites over the youngest Kerry team of all time. On a rain\-soaked day [John Egan](/wiki/John_Egan_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "John Egan (Gaelic footballer)") and substitute [Ger O'Driscoll](/wiki/Ger_O%27Driscoll_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Ger O'Driscoll (Gaelic footballer)") scored two goals and 'the Dubs' were ambushed by 2–12 to 0–11\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 403 It was Spillane's first [All\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Football Championship") winners' medal at senior level. Because team captain [Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan](/wiki/Mickey_%27Ned%27_O%27Sullivan "Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan") had left injured in the first half, Spillane, at the age of nineteen, was given the task of accepting the [Sam Maguire Cup](/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cup "Sam Maguire Cup") on the Hogan Stand.
In 1976 Spillane captured his second Munster title before later lining out in his second All\-Ireland final. Once again it was Dublin who provided the opposition. Both sides were hoping for success, however, new 'Dub' [Kevin Moran](/wiki/Kevin_Moran_%28footballer%29 "Kevin Moran (footballer)") was causing havoc with the Kerry defence. [Jimmy Keaveney](/wiki/Jimmy_Keaveney "Jimmy Keaveney") converted a penalty to help Dublin to a 3–8 to 0–10 victory and defeat for Spillane.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 403–404
1977 proved to be another frustrating year. The year began with Spillane capturing a first National League medal on the field of play and a third consecutive Munster title following another win over Cork. Kerry later took on Dublin for the third consecutive year, however, this time it was in the All\-Ireland semi\-final. In one of the greatest games of football ever\-played 'the Dubs' triumphed and Spillane was still left waiting for a second All\-Ireland medal.
In 1978 Kerry faced little competition in the provincial championship once again. A defeat of Cork gave Spillane a fourth Munster winners' medal in a row. Kerry later qualified for a third All\-Ireland final in four years. Old rivals Dublin provided the opposition, however, the game turned into a rout. The game is chiefly remembered for [Mikey Sheehy](/wiki/Mikey_Sheehy "Mikey Sheehy")'s sensational goal. The Kerry forward lobbed the ball over the head of [Paddy Cullen](/wiki/Paddy_Cullen "Paddy Cullen"), who was caught off his line arguing with the referee. New full\-forward [Eoin Liston](/wiki/Eoin_Liston "Eoin Liston") scored a hat\-trick of goals. Spillane played all over the field, including goalkeeper after [Charlie Nelligan](/wiki/Charlie_Nelligan "Charlie Nelligan") was sent off. At the full\-time whistle, Kerry were the winners by 5–11 to 0–9\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 404
In 1979 Kerry made it five\-in\-a\-row in Munster as Cork fell by ten points in the provincial final. Spillane later went in search of a third All\-Ireland medal as he lined out in a fourth championship decider. Dublin provided the opposition for the fifth consecutive occasion. Kerry were handicapped throughout the game. [Ger Power](/wiki/Ger_Power "Ger Power") did not start the game, while [John O'Keeffe](/wiki/John_O%27Keeffe_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "John O'Keeffe (Gaelic footballer)") got injured and [Páidí Ó Sé](/wiki/P%C3%A1id%C3%AD_%C3%93_S%C3%A9 "Páidí Ó Sé") was sent off during the encounter. Two goals by Mikey Sheehy and a third by John Egan helped 'the Kingdom' to a 3–13 to 1–8 victory. It was Spillane's third All\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 404–405
Kerry's dominance continued in 1980\. Another defeat of Cork in the provincial final gave Spillane a sixth Munster winners' medal in succession. Another All\-Ireland final appearance beckoned, this time with [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon_GAA "Roscommon GAA") providing the opposition. The Connacht champions shocked Kerry and took a five\-point lead inside the first twelve minutes. Mikey Sheehy popped up again to score the decisive goal, as Kerry went on to claim a 1–9 to 1–6 victory in a game that contained sixty\-four frees.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 405 The victory gave Kerry a third All\-Ireland title in succession, while Spillane added a fourth All\-Ireland winners' medal to his ever\-growing collection. Kerry had succeeded in winning 3 in a row.
In 1981 Spillane won his seventh consecutive Munster title; however, he later damaged his knee in a club game in August of that year. His movement was severely hampered but he was still selected as a substitute for the All\-Ireland final against [Offaly](/wiki/Offaly_GAA "Offaly GAA"). Spillane was brought on with only a few minutes left in the match and he captured his fifth All\-Ireland winners' medal on the field of play as Kerry won by 1–12 to 0–8\.
Spillane played sporadically for Kerry in 1982 as the team attempted to capture an unprecedented fifth All\-Ireland medal in a row. He played no part in Kerry's eighth consecutive Munster final victory over Cork, however, he did return for a second consecutive All\-Ireland final against Offaly. Kerry had the upper hand for much of the game and were leading by two points with two minutes left to be played. The game, however, was not over as Offaly substitute [Séamus Darby](/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Darby "Séamus Darby"), who had entered the game almost unnoticed, produced the most spectacular of finishes by scoring a late goal. Kerry failed to score again to level the match and Offaly went on to win their third All\-Ireland title ever. Kerry's five\-in\-a\-row dream was shattered.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 405–406
Spillane played no part in the 1983 championship as he was recovering from an operation on his snapped cruciate ligament. While many players would never play again following such an injury Spillane fought his way back to fitness in time to win his second National League medal and his eighth Munster title in 1984\. The centenary\-year All\-Ireland final pitted Kerry against old rivals and reigning champions Dublin. 'The Kingdom' dominated the game from start to finish. Only two Dublin forwards scored as Kerry ran out easy winners by 0–14 to 1–6\. It was Spillane's sixth All\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 406
Kerry made no mistake again in 1985\. A two\-goal victory over Cork gave Spillane a ninth Munster winners' medal. Another All\-Ireland final beckoned, with Dublin providing the opposition for a second consecutive year. [Jack O'Shea](/wiki/Jack_O%27Shea "Jack O'Shea") scored a key goal after eleven minutes and Kerry stormed to a nine\-point lead at half\-time. 'The Dubs' came storming back with [Joe McNally](/wiki/Joe_McNally_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Joe McNally (Gaelic footballer)") scoring two goals. The gap could not be bridged and Kerry won by 2–1 to 2–8\. The victory gave Spillane a record\-equalling seventh All\-Ireland winners' medal.
In 1986 Kerry's dominance showed no sign of disappearing. Cork fell again in the provincial final, giving Spillane an 11th Munster title. A tenth All\-Ireland final appearance quickly followed and it turned out to be an historic occasion. [Tyrone](/wiki/Tyrone_GAA "Tyrone GAA") provided the opposition in their first\-ever championship decider. A [Peter Quinn](/wiki/Peter_Quinn_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Peter Quinn (Gaelic footballer)") goal gave the Ulster men a six\-point lead in the second half, however, the game was far from over. Spillane ran fifty yards up the field for a hand\-passed goal to get Kerry back on track. Mikey Sheehy scored a second goal to give 'the Kingdom' a 2–15 to 1–10 victory. Spillane was named man of the match as he collected a third All\-Ireland medal in a row. It was his eighth All\-Ireland medal overall, a record haul of All\-Ireland medals and a record that he shares with several other players. For the last trio of All\-Ireland victories Spillane was joined by his two brothers, [Mick](/wiki/Mick_Spillane "Mick Spillane") and [Tom](/wiki/Tom_Spillane "Tom Spillane"), on the Kerry team.
The glory days were now over for Kerry as Cork captured the next four Munster titles. Spillane continued to play with Kerry, winning his 12th Munster title in 1991\. Kerry were subsequently defeated by eventual champions [Down](/wiki/Down_GAA "Down GAA") in the All\-Ireland semi\-final and Spillane decided to retire from inter\-county football.
### Inter\-provincial
Spillane also lined out with [Munster](/wiki/Munster_GAA "Munster GAA") in the inter\-provincial football competition and enjoyed much success. He first lined out with his province in 1976 as Munster defeated [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_GAA "Leinster GAA") by 2–15 to 2–8\. It was his first [Railway Cup](/wiki/Railway_Cup "Railway Cup") winners' medal and the first of three\-in\-a\-row for Spillane and for Munster. After losing out in 1979 and 1980 Spillane captured a fourth and final Railway Cup title in 1981\.{{cite web\|url\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/railwaycupfootball.html \|title\=Munster Railway Cup Football Teams \|publisher\=\[\[Munster GAA]] \|access\-date\=30 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719201059/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/railwaycupfootball.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2008 }}
### International
Spillane's career also included four appearances with [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_international_rules_football_team "Ireland international rules football team") in the [International Rules](/wiki/International_Rules "International Rules") series. He scored a point in the opening game against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_international_rules_football_team "Australia international rules football team") [in 1986](/wiki/1986_International_Rules_series "1986 International Rules series"). Ireland went on to win the series 2–1\. Spillane was back on the team again [in 1987](/wiki/1987_International_Rules_series "1987 International Rules series"). This time he lined out in all three games of the series. He scored ten points in the final game at Croke Park; however, Australia were victorious on that occasion.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Club",
"Spillane played his club football with the local club in [Templenoe](/wiki/Templenoe_GAA \"Templenoe GAA\"). He won a [county novice championship](/wiki/Kerry_Novice_Football_Championship \"Kerry Novice Football Championship\") with the club in 1973 before collecting a [county junior championship](/wiki/Kerry_Junior_Football_Championship \"Kerry Junior Football Championship\") winners' medal in 1975\\.",
"Spillane also played club football with Thomond College during his time there in the late 1970s. In 1977 he was captain of the side that defeated [Croom](/wiki/Croom_GAA \"Croom GAA\") to take the [Limerick senior championship](/wiki/Limerick_Senior_Football_Championship \"Limerick Senior Football Championship\") title. Thomond later represented the county in the provincial club series and even reached the final. A 0–12 to 1–3 defeat of the famous [Nemo Rangers](/wiki/Nemo_Rangers \"Nemo Rangers\") club gave Spillane a [Munster](/wiki/Munster_Senior_Club_Football_Championship \"Munster Senior Club Football Championship\") club winners' medal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/clubfootball.html \\|title\\=Munster Club Championship Football Winning Teams \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Munster GAA]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719200650/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/clubfootball.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2008 }} He later led his team out in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park \"Croke Park\") for the All\\-Ireland final against [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_GAA_%28Belfast%29 \"St. John's GAA (Belfast)\") of Antrim. The Limerick club had no Limerick native on the team, however, victory was secured thanks to goals by Spillane and Sligo's [Mick Kilcoyne](/wiki/Mick_Kilcoyne \"Mick Kilcoyne\"). The 2–14 to 1–3 victory gave Spillane an [All\\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Football_Championship \"All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship\") club winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 418",
"### Minor \\& under\\-21",
"By the early 1970s, Spillane had joined the [Kerry](/wiki/Kerry_GAA \"Kerry GAA\") minor football team, however, he had no success in this grade as [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA \"Cork GAA\") dominated the provincial championship. He quickly progressed onto the Kerry under\\-21 team where he captured a [Munster](/wiki/Munster_Under-21_Football_Championship \"Munster Under-21 Football Championship\") title in 1975 following a nine\\-point trouncing of [Waterford](/wiki/Waterford_GAA \"Waterford GAA\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/under21football.html \\|title\\=Munster Under\\-21 Football Championship Winning Teams \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Munster GAA]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719200959/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/under21football.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2008 }} Spillane's side later qualified for the All\\-Ireland final with [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_GAA \"Dublin GAA\") providing the opposition. A 1–15 to 0–10 score line gave Kerry the victory and gave Spillane an [All\\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Under-21_Football_Championship \"All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship\") winners' medal.{{cite book\\| first\\=Des\\| last\\=Donegan\\| title\\=The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games\\| publisher\\=DBA Publications\\| year\\=2005\\| page\\=156}}",
"In 1976 Spillane made it two Munster under\\-21 titles in a row as Kerry retained their provincial crown at the expense of Cork. He later lined out in a second All\\-Ireland final. [Kildare](/wiki/Kildare_GAA \"Kildare GAA\") provided the opposition on that occasion, however, they were no match for Kerry. Spillane collected a second All\\-Ireland winners' medal following a 0–14 to 1–3 victory.",
"### Senior",
"Spillane made his senior inter\\-county debut as a substitute in a [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 \"National Football League (Ireland)\") game against [Galway](/wiki/Galway_GAA \"Galway GAA\") in March 1974\\. He lined out in the drawn National League final that year; however, he did not start the replay which Kerry won.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\\|title\\=Kerry GAA Profile\\|publisher\\=hoganstand.com\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623043830/http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2010}} Spillane retained his place as a substitute for Kerry's unsuccessful [Munster Championship](/wiki/Munster_Senior_Football_Championship \"Munster Senior Football Championship\") campaign.",
"In 1975 a new\\-look Kerry team was formed under the management of former player [Mick O'Dwyer](/wiki/Mick_O%27Dwyer \"Mick O'Dwyer\"). It was the beginning of a glorious era for Kerry football and Spillane played a key role in orchestrating much of the success for the team that would come to be regarded as the greatest of all time. That year he won his first senior Munster title, dethroning Cork as provincial champions in the process.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \\|title\\=Munster Senior Football Championship Winning Teams \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Munster GAA]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719154851/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2008 }} Spillane later lined out in his first senior All\\-Ireland final. Reigning champions Dublin provided the opposition and were installed as the red\\-hot favourites over the youngest Kerry team of all time. On a rain\\-soaked day [John Egan](/wiki/John_Egan_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"John Egan (Gaelic footballer)\") and substitute [Ger O'Driscoll](/wiki/Ger_O%27Driscoll_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Ger O'Driscoll (Gaelic footballer)\") scored two goals and 'the Dubs' were ambushed by 2–12 to 0–11\\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 403 It was Spillane's first [All\\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship \"All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\") winners' medal at senior level. Because team captain [Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan](/wiki/Mickey_%27Ned%27_O%27Sullivan \"Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan\") had left injured in the first half, Spillane, at the age of nineteen, was given the task of accepting the [Sam Maguire Cup](/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cup \"Sam Maguire Cup\") on the Hogan Stand.",
"In 1976 Spillane captured his second Munster title before later lining out in his second All\\-Ireland final. Once again it was Dublin who provided the opposition. Both sides were hoping for success, however, new 'Dub' [Kevin Moran](/wiki/Kevin_Moran_%28footballer%29 \"Kevin Moran (footballer)\") was causing havoc with the Kerry defence. [Jimmy Keaveney](/wiki/Jimmy_Keaveney \"Jimmy Keaveney\") converted a penalty to help Dublin to a 3–8 to 0–10 victory and defeat for Spillane.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 403–404",
"1977 proved to be another frustrating year. The year began with Spillane capturing a first National League medal on the field of play and a third consecutive Munster title following another win over Cork. Kerry later took on Dublin for the third consecutive year, however, this time it was in the All\\-Ireland semi\\-final. In one of the greatest games of football ever\\-played 'the Dubs' triumphed and Spillane was still left waiting for a second All\\-Ireland medal.",
"In 1978 Kerry faced little competition in the provincial championship once again. A defeat of Cork gave Spillane a fourth Munster winners' medal in a row. Kerry later qualified for a third All\\-Ireland final in four years. Old rivals Dublin provided the opposition, however, the game turned into a rout. The game is chiefly remembered for [Mikey Sheehy](/wiki/Mikey_Sheehy \"Mikey Sheehy\")'s sensational goal. The Kerry forward lobbed the ball over the head of [Paddy Cullen](/wiki/Paddy_Cullen \"Paddy Cullen\"), who was caught off his line arguing with the referee. New full\\-forward [Eoin Liston](/wiki/Eoin_Liston \"Eoin Liston\") scored a hat\\-trick of goals. Spillane played all over the field, including goalkeeper after [Charlie Nelligan](/wiki/Charlie_Nelligan \"Charlie Nelligan\") was sent off. At the full\\-time whistle, Kerry were the winners by 5–11 to 0–9\\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 404",
"In 1979 Kerry made it five\\-in\\-a\\-row in Munster as Cork fell by ten points in the provincial final. Spillane later went in search of a third All\\-Ireland medal as he lined out in a fourth championship decider. Dublin provided the opposition for the fifth consecutive occasion. Kerry were handicapped throughout the game. [Ger Power](/wiki/Ger_Power \"Ger Power\") did not start the game, while [John O'Keeffe](/wiki/John_O%27Keeffe_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"John O'Keeffe (Gaelic footballer)\") got injured and [Páidí Ó Sé](/wiki/P%C3%A1id%C3%AD_%C3%93_S%C3%A9 \"Páidí Ó Sé\") was sent off during the encounter. Two goals by Mikey Sheehy and a third by John Egan helped 'the Kingdom' to a 3–13 to 1–8 victory. It was Spillane's third All\\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 404–405",
"Kerry's dominance continued in 1980\\. Another defeat of Cork in the provincial final gave Spillane a sixth Munster winners' medal in succession. Another All\\-Ireland final appearance beckoned, this time with [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon_GAA \"Roscommon GAA\") providing the opposition. The Connacht champions shocked Kerry and took a five\\-point lead inside the first twelve minutes. Mikey Sheehy popped up again to score the decisive goal, as Kerry went on to claim a 1–9 to 1–6 victory in a game that contained sixty\\-four frees.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 405 The victory gave Kerry a third All\\-Ireland title in succession, while Spillane added a fourth All\\-Ireland winners' medal to his ever\\-growing collection. Kerry had succeeded in winning 3 in a row.",
"In 1981 Spillane won his seventh consecutive Munster title; however, he later damaged his knee in a club game in August of that year. His movement was severely hampered but he was still selected as a substitute for the All\\-Ireland final against [Offaly](/wiki/Offaly_GAA \"Offaly GAA\"). Spillane was brought on with only a few minutes left in the match and he captured his fifth All\\-Ireland winners' medal on the field of play as Kerry won by 1–12 to 0–8\\.",
"Spillane played sporadically for Kerry in 1982 as the team attempted to capture an unprecedented fifth All\\-Ireland medal in a row. He played no part in Kerry's eighth consecutive Munster final victory over Cork, however, he did return for a second consecutive All\\-Ireland final against Offaly. Kerry had the upper hand for much of the game and were leading by two points with two minutes left to be played. The game, however, was not over as Offaly substitute [Séamus Darby](/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Darby \"Séamus Darby\"), who had entered the game almost unnoticed, produced the most spectacular of finishes by scoring a late goal. Kerry failed to score again to level the match and Offaly went on to win their third All\\-Ireland title ever. Kerry's five\\-in\\-a\\-row dream was shattered.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 405–406",
"Spillane played no part in the 1983 championship as he was recovering from an operation on his snapped cruciate ligament. While many players would never play again following such an injury Spillane fought his way back to fitness in time to win his second National League medal and his eighth Munster title in 1984\\. The centenary\\-year All\\-Ireland final pitted Kerry against old rivals and reigning champions Dublin. 'The Kingdom' dominated the game from start to finish. Only two Dublin forwards scored as Kerry ran out easy winners by 0–14 to 1–6\\. It was Spillane's sixth All\\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 406",
"Kerry made no mistake again in 1985\\. A two\\-goal victory over Cork gave Spillane a ninth Munster winners' medal. Another All\\-Ireland final beckoned, with Dublin providing the opposition for a second consecutive year. [Jack O'Shea](/wiki/Jack_O%27Shea \"Jack O'Shea\") scored a key goal after eleven minutes and Kerry stormed to a nine\\-point lead at half\\-time. 'The Dubs' came storming back with [Joe McNally](/wiki/Joe_McNally_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Joe McNally (Gaelic footballer)\") scoring two goals. The gap could not be bridged and Kerry won by 2–1 to 2–8\\. The victory gave Spillane a record\\-equalling seventh All\\-Ireland winners' medal.",
"In 1986 Kerry's dominance showed no sign of disappearing. Cork fell again in the provincial final, giving Spillane an 11th Munster title. A tenth All\\-Ireland final appearance quickly followed and it turned out to be an historic occasion. [Tyrone](/wiki/Tyrone_GAA \"Tyrone GAA\") provided the opposition in their first\\-ever championship decider. A [Peter Quinn](/wiki/Peter_Quinn_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Peter Quinn (Gaelic footballer)\") goal gave the Ulster men a six\\-point lead in the second half, however, the game was far from over. Spillane ran fifty yards up the field for a hand\\-passed goal to get Kerry back on track. Mikey Sheehy scored a second goal to give 'the Kingdom' a 2–15 to 1–10 victory. Spillane was named man of the match as he collected a third All\\-Ireland medal in a row. It was his eighth All\\-Ireland medal overall, a record haul of All\\-Ireland medals and a record that he shares with several other players. For the last trio of All\\-Ireland victories Spillane was joined by his two brothers, [Mick](/wiki/Mick_Spillane \"Mick Spillane\") and [Tom](/wiki/Tom_Spillane \"Tom Spillane\"), on the Kerry team.",
"The glory days were now over for Kerry as Cork captured the next four Munster titles. Spillane continued to play with Kerry, winning his 12th Munster title in 1991\\. Kerry were subsequently defeated by eventual champions [Down](/wiki/Down_GAA \"Down GAA\") in the All\\-Ireland semi\\-final and Spillane decided to retire from inter\\-county football.",
"### Inter\\-provincial",
"Spillane also lined out with [Munster](/wiki/Munster_GAA \"Munster GAA\") in the inter\\-provincial football competition and enjoyed much success. He first lined out with his province in 1976 as Munster defeated [Leinster](/wiki/Leinster_GAA \"Leinster GAA\") by 2–15 to 2–8\\. It was his first [Railway Cup](/wiki/Railway_Cup \"Railway Cup\") winners' medal and the first of three\\-in\\-a\\-row for Spillane and for Munster. After losing out in 1979 and 1980 Spillane captured a fourth and final Railway Cup title in 1981\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/railwaycupfootball.html \\|title\\=Munster Railway Cup Football Teams \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Munster GAA]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719201059/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/railwaycupfootball.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2008 }}",
"### International",
"Spillane's career also included four appearances with [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_international_rules_football_team \"Ireland international rules football team\") in the [International Rules](/wiki/International_Rules \"International Rules\") series. He scored a point in the opening game against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_international_rules_football_team \"Australia international rules football team\") [in 1986](/wiki/1986_International_Rules_series \"1986 International Rules series\"). Ireland went on to win the series 2–1\\. Spillane was back on the team again [in 1987](/wiki/1987_International_Rules_series \"1987 International Rules series\"). This time he lined out in all three games of the series. He scored ten points in the final game at Croke Park; however, Australia were victorious on that occasion.",
""
] |
### Senior
Spillane made his senior inter\-county debut as a substitute in a [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 "National Football League (Ireland)") game against [Galway](/wiki/Galway_GAA "Galway GAA") in March 1974\. He lined out in the drawn National League final that year; however, he did not start the replay which Kerry won.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\|title\=Kerry GAA Profile\|publisher\=hoganstand.com\|access\-date\=10 March 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623043830/http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\|archive\-date\=23 June 2010}} Spillane retained his place as a substitute for Kerry's unsuccessful [Munster Championship](/wiki/Munster_Senior_Football_Championship "Munster Senior Football Championship") campaign.
In 1975 a new\-look Kerry team was formed under the management of former player [Mick O'Dwyer](/wiki/Mick_O%27Dwyer "Mick O'Dwyer"). It was the beginning of a glorious era for Kerry football and Spillane played a key role in orchestrating much of the success for the team that would come to be regarded as the greatest of all time. That year he won his first senior Munster title, dethroning Cork as provincial champions in the process.{{cite web\|url\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \|title\=Munster Senior Football Championship Winning Teams \|publisher\=\[\[Munster GAA]] \|access\-date\=30 March 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719154851/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2008 }} Spillane later lined out in his first senior All\-Ireland final. Reigning champions Dublin provided the opposition and were installed as the red\-hot favourites over the youngest Kerry team of all time. On a rain\-soaked day [John Egan](/wiki/John_Egan_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "John Egan (Gaelic footballer)") and substitute [Ger O'Driscoll](/wiki/Ger_O%27Driscoll_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Ger O'Driscoll (Gaelic footballer)") scored two goals and 'the Dubs' were ambushed by 2–12 to 0–11\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 403 It was Spillane's first [All\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship "All-Ireland Senior Football Championship") winners' medal at senior level. Because team captain [Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan](/wiki/Mickey_%27Ned%27_O%27Sullivan "Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan") had left injured in the first half, Spillane, at the age of nineteen, was given the task of accepting the [Sam Maguire Cup](/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cup "Sam Maguire Cup") on the Hogan Stand.
In 1976 Spillane captured his second Munster title before later lining out in his second All\-Ireland final. Once again it was Dublin who provided the opposition. Both sides were hoping for success, however, new 'Dub' [Kevin Moran](/wiki/Kevin_Moran_%28footballer%29 "Kevin Moran (footballer)") was causing havoc with the Kerry defence. [Jimmy Keaveney](/wiki/Jimmy_Keaveney "Jimmy Keaveney") converted a penalty to help Dublin to a 3–8 to 0–10 victory and defeat for Spillane.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 403–404
1977 proved to be another frustrating year. The year began with Spillane capturing a first National League medal on the field of play and a third consecutive Munster title following another win over Cork. Kerry later took on Dublin for the third consecutive year, however, this time it was in the All\-Ireland semi\-final. In one of the greatest games of football ever\-played 'the Dubs' triumphed and Spillane was still left waiting for a second All\-Ireland medal.
In 1978 Kerry faced little competition in the provincial championship once again. A defeat of Cork gave Spillane a fourth Munster winners' medal in a row. Kerry later qualified for a third All\-Ireland final in four years. Old rivals Dublin provided the opposition, however, the game turned into a rout. The game is chiefly remembered for [Mikey Sheehy](/wiki/Mikey_Sheehy "Mikey Sheehy")'s sensational goal. The Kerry forward lobbed the ball over the head of [Paddy Cullen](/wiki/Paddy_Cullen "Paddy Cullen"), who was caught off his line arguing with the referee. New full\-forward [Eoin Liston](/wiki/Eoin_Liston "Eoin Liston") scored a hat\-trick of goals. Spillane played all over the field, including goalkeeper after [Charlie Nelligan](/wiki/Charlie_Nelligan "Charlie Nelligan") was sent off. At the full\-time whistle, Kerry were the winners by 5–11 to 0–9\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 404
In 1979 Kerry made it five\-in\-a\-row in Munster as Cork fell by ten points in the provincial final. Spillane later went in search of a third All\-Ireland medal as he lined out in a fourth championship decider. Dublin provided the opposition for the fifth consecutive occasion. Kerry were handicapped throughout the game. [Ger Power](/wiki/Ger_Power "Ger Power") did not start the game, while [John O'Keeffe](/wiki/John_O%27Keeffe_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "John O'Keeffe (Gaelic footballer)") got injured and [Páidí Ó Sé](/wiki/P%C3%A1id%C3%AD_%C3%93_S%C3%A9 "Páidí Ó Sé") was sent off during the encounter. Two goals by Mikey Sheehy and a third by John Egan helped 'the Kingdom' to a 3–13 to 1–8 victory. It was Spillane's third All\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 404–405
Kerry's dominance continued in 1980\. Another defeat of Cork in the provincial final gave Spillane a sixth Munster winners' medal in succession. Another All\-Ireland final appearance beckoned, this time with [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon_GAA "Roscommon GAA") providing the opposition. The Connacht champions shocked Kerry and took a five\-point lead inside the first twelve minutes. Mikey Sheehy popped up again to score the decisive goal, as Kerry went on to claim a 1–9 to 1–6 victory in a game that contained sixty\-four frees.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 405 The victory gave Kerry a third All\-Ireland title in succession, while Spillane added a fourth All\-Ireland winners' medal to his ever\-growing collection. Kerry had succeeded in winning 3 in a row.
In 1981 Spillane won his seventh consecutive Munster title; however, he later damaged his knee in a club game in August of that year. His movement was severely hampered but he was still selected as a substitute for the All\-Ireland final against [Offaly](/wiki/Offaly_GAA "Offaly GAA"). Spillane was brought on with only a few minutes left in the match and he captured his fifth All\-Ireland winners' medal on the field of play as Kerry won by 1–12 to 0–8\.
Spillane played sporadically for Kerry in 1982 as the team attempted to capture an unprecedented fifth All\-Ireland medal in a row. He played no part in Kerry's eighth consecutive Munster final victory over Cork, however, he did return for a second consecutive All\-Ireland final against Offaly. Kerry had the upper hand for much of the game and were leading by two points with two minutes left to be played. The game, however, was not over as Offaly substitute [Séamus Darby](/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Darby "Séamus Darby"), who had entered the game almost unnoticed, produced the most spectacular of finishes by scoring a late goal. Kerry failed to score again to level the match and Offaly went on to win their third All\-Ireland title ever. Kerry's five\-in\-a\-row dream was shattered.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 405–406
Spillane played no part in the 1983 championship as he was recovering from an operation on his snapped cruciate ligament. While many players would never play again following such an injury Spillane fought his way back to fitness in time to win his second National League medal and his eighth Munster title in 1984\. The centenary\-year All\-Ireland final pitted Kerry against old rivals and reigning champions Dublin. 'The Kingdom' dominated the game from start to finish. Only two Dublin forwards scored as Kerry ran out easy winners by 0–14 to 1–6\. It was Spillane's sixth All\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 406
Kerry made no mistake again in 1985\. A two\-goal victory over Cork gave Spillane a ninth Munster winners' medal. Another All\-Ireland final beckoned, with Dublin providing the opposition for a second consecutive year. [Jack O'Shea](/wiki/Jack_O%27Shea "Jack O'Shea") scored a key goal after eleven minutes and Kerry stormed to a nine\-point lead at half\-time. 'The Dubs' came storming back with [Joe McNally](/wiki/Joe_McNally_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Joe McNally (Gaelic footballer)") scoring two goals. The gap could not be bridged and Kerry won by 2–1 to 2–8\. The victory gave Spillane a record\-equalling seventh All\-Ireland winners' medal.
In 1986 Kerry's dominance showed no sign of disappearing. Cork fell again in the provincial final, giving Spillane an 11th Munster title. A tenth All\-Ireland final appearance quickly followed and it turned out to be an historic occasion. [Tyrone](/wiki/Tyrone_GAA "Tyrone GAA") provided the opposition in their first\-ever championship decider. A [Peter Quinn](/wiki/Peter_Quinn_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Peter Quinn (Gaelic footballer)") goal gave the Ulster men a six\-point lead in the second half, however, the game was far from over. Spillane ran fifty yards up the field for a hand\-passed goal to get Kerry back on track. Mikey Sheehy scored a second goal to give 'the Kingdom' a 2–15 to 1–10 victory. Spillane was named man of the match as he collected a third All\-Ireland medal in a row. It was his eighth All\-Ireland medal overall, a record haul of All\-Ireland medals and a record that he shares with several other players. For the last trio of All\-Ireland victories Spillane was joined by his two brothers, [Mick](/wiki/Mick_Spillane "Mick Spillane") and [Tom](/wiki/Tom_Spillane "Tom Spillane"), on the Kerry team.
The glory days were now over for Kerry as Cork captured the next four Munster titles. Spillane continued to play with Kerry, winning his 12th Munster title in 1991\. Kerry were subsequently defeated by eventual champions [Down](/wiki/Down_GAA "Down GAA") in the All\-Ireland semi\-final and Spillane decided to retire from inter\-county football.
|
[
"### Senior",
"Spillane made his senior inter\\-county debut as a substitute in a [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 \"National Football League (Ireland)\") game against [Galway](/wiki/Galway_GAA \"Galway GAA\") in March 1974\\. He lined out in the drawn National League final that year; however, he did not start the replay which Kerry won.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\\|title\\=Kerry GAA Profile\\|publisher\\=hoganstand.com\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623043830/http://www.hoganstand.com/Kerry/Profile.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2010}} Spillane retained his place as a substitute for Kerry's unsuccessful [Munster Championship](/wiki/Munster_Senior_Football_Championship \"Munster Senior Football Championship\") campaign.",
"In 1975 a new\\-look Kerry team was formed under the management of former player [Mick O'Dwyer](/wiki/Mick_O%27Dwyer \"Mick O'Dwyer\"). It was the beginning of a glorious era for Kerry football and Spillane played a key role in orchestrating much of the success for the team that would come to be regarded as the greatest of all time. That year he won his first senior Munster title, dethroning Cork as provincial champions in the process.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \\|title\\=Munster Senior Football Championship Winning Teams \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Munster GAA]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719154851/http://munster.gaa.ie/teams/seniorfootball.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2008 }} Spillane later lined out in his first senior All\\-Ireland final. Reigning champions Dublin provided the opposition and were installed as the red\\-hot favourites over the youngest Kerry team of all time. On a rain\\-soaked day [John Egan](/wiki/John_Egan_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"John Egan (Gaelic footballer)\") and substitute [Ger O'Driscoll](/wiki/Ger_O%27Driscoll_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Ger O'Driscoll (Gaelic footballer)\") scored two goals and 'the Dubs' were ambushed by 2–12 to 0–11\\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 403 It was Spillane's first [All\\-Ireland](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship \"All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\") winners' medal at senior level. Because team captain [Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan](/wiki/Mickey_%27Ned%27_O%27Sullivan \"Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan\") had left injured in the first half, Spillane, at the age of nineteen, was given the task of accepting the [Sam Maguire Cup](/wiki/Sam_Maguire_Cup \"Sam Maguire Cup\") on the Hogan Stand.",
"In 1976 Spillane captured his second Munster title before later lining out in his second All\\-Ireland final. Once again it was Dublin who provided the opposition. Both sides were hoping for success, however, new 'Dub' [Kevin Moran](/wiki/Kevin_Moran_%28footballer%29 \"Kevin Moran (footballer)\") was causing havoc with the Kerry defence. [Jimmy Keaveney](/wiki/Jimmy_Keaveney \"Jimmy Keaveney\") converted a penalty to help Dublin to a 3–8 to 0–10 victory and defeat for Spillane.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 403–404",
"1977 proved to be another frustrating year. The year began with Spillane capturing a first National League medal on the field of play and a third consecutive Munster title following another win over Cork. Kerry later took on Dublin for the third consecutive year, however, this time it was in the All\\-Ireland semi\\-final. In one of the greatest games of football ever\\-played 'the Dubs' triumphed and Spillane was still left waiting for a second All\\-Ireland medal.",
"In 1978 Kerry faced little competition in the provincial championship once again. A defeat of Cork gave Spillane a fourth Munster winners' medal in a row. Kerry later qualified for a third All\\-Ireland final in four years. Old rivals Dublin provided the opposition, however, the game turned into a rout. The game is chiefly remembered for [Mikey Sheehy](/wiki/Mikey_Sheehy \"Mikey Sheehy\")'s sensational goal. The Kerry forward lobbed the ball over the head of [Paddy Cullen](/wiki/Paddy_Cullen \"Paddy Cullen\"), who was caught off his line arguing with the referee. New full\\-forward [Eoin Liston](/wiki/Eoin_Liston \"Eoin Liston\") scored a hat\\-trick of goals. Spillane played all over the field, including goalkeeper after [Charlie Nelligan](/wiki/Charlie_Nelligan \"Charlie Nelligan\") was sent off. At the full\\-time whistle, Kerry were the winners by 5–11 to 0–9\\.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 404",
"In 1979 Kerry made it five\\-in\\-a\\-row in Munster as Cork fell by ten points in the provincial final. Spillane later went in search of a third All\\-Ireland medal as he lined out in a fourth championship decider. Dublin provided the opposition for the fifth consecutive occasion. Kerry were handicapped throughout the game. [Ger Power](/wiki/Ger_Power \"Ger Power\") did not start the game, while [John O'Keeffe](/wiki/John_O%27Keeffe_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"John O'Keeffe (Gaelic footballer)\") got injured and [Páidí Ó Sé](/wiki/P%C3%A1id%C3%AD_%C3%93_S%C3%A9 \"Páidí Ó Sé\") was sent off during the encounter. Two goals by Mikey Sheehy and a third by John Egan helped 'the Kingdom' to a 3–13 to 1–8 victory. It was Spillane's third All\\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 404–405",
"Kerry's dominance continued in 1980\\. Another defeat of Cork in the provincial final gave Spillane a sixth Munster winners' medal in succession. Another All\\-Ireland final appearance beckoned, this time with [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon_GAA \"Roscommon GAA\") providing the opposition. The Connacht champions shocked Kerry and took a five\\-point lead inside the first twelve minutes. Mikey Sheehy popped up again to score the decisive goal, as Kerry went on to claim a 1–9 to 1–6 victory in a game that contained sixty\\-four frees.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 405 The victory gave Kerry a third All\\-Ireland title in succession, while Spillane added a fourth All\\-Ireland winners' medal to his ever\\-growing collection. Kerry had succeeded in winning 3 in a row.",
"In 1981 Spillane won his seventh consecutive Munster title; however, he later damaged his knee in a club game in August of that year. His movement was severely hampered but he was still selected as a substitute for the All\\-Ireland final against [Offaly](/wiki/Offaly_GAA \"Offaly GAA\"). Spillane was brought on with only a few minutes left in the match and he captured his fifth All\\-Ireland winners' medal on the field of play as Kerry won by 1–12 to 0–8\\.",
"Spillane played sporadically for Kerry in 1982 as the team attempted to capture an unprecedented fifth All\\-Ireland medal in a row. He played no part in Kerry's eighth consecutive Munster final victory over Cork, however, he did return for a second consecutive All\\-Ireland final against Offaly. Kerry had the upper hand for much of the game and were leading by two points with two minutes left to be played. The game, however, was not over as Offaly substitute [Séamus Darby](/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Darby \"Séamus Darby\"), who had entered the game almost unnoticed, produced the most spectacular of finishes by scoring a late goal. Kerry failed to score again to level the match and Offaly went on to win their third All\\-Ireland title ever. Kerry's five\\-in\\-a\\-row dream was shattered.*The GAA Book of Lists* pp. 405–406",
"Spillane played no part in the 1983 championship as he was recovering from an operation on his snapped cruciate ligament. While many players would never play again following such an injury Spillane fought his way back to fitness in time to win his second National League medal and his eighth Munster title in 1984\\. The centenary\\-year All\\-Ireland final pitted Kerry against old rivals and reigning champions Dublin. 'The Kingdom' dominated the game from start to finish. Only two Dublin forwards scored as Kerry ran out easy winners by 0–14 to 1–6\\. It was Spillane's sixth All\\-Ireland winners' medal.*The GAA Book of Lists* p. 406",
"Kerry made no mistake again in 1985\\. A two\\-goal victory over Cork gave Spillane a ninth Munster winners' medal. Another All\\-Ireland final beckoned, with Dublin providing the opposition for a second consecutive year. [Jack O'Shea](/wiki/Jack_O%27Shea \"Jack O'Shea\") scored a key goal after eleven minutes and Kerry stormed to a nine\\-point lead at half\\-time. 'The Dubs' came storming back with [Joe McNally](/wiki/Joe_McNally_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Joe McNally (Gaelic footballer)\") scoring two goals. The gap could not be bridged and Kerry won by 2–1 to 2–8\\. The victory gave Spillane a record\\-equalling seventh All\\-Ireland winners' medal.",
"In 1986 Kerry's dominance showed no sign of disappearing. Cork fell again in the provincial final, giving Spillane an 11th Munster title. A tenth All\\-Ireland final appearance quickly followed and it turned out to be an historic occasion. [Tyrone](/wiki/Tyrone_GAA \"Tyrone GAA\") provided the opposition in their first\\-ever championship decider. A [Peter Quinn](/wiki/Peter_Quinn_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Peter Quinn (Gaelic footballer)\") goal gave the Ulster men a six\\-point lead in the second half, however, the game was far from over. Spillane ran fifty yards up the field for a hand\\-passed goal to get Kerry back on track. Mikey Sheehy scored a second goal to give 'the Kingdom' a 2–15 to 1–10 victory. Spillane was named man of the match as he collected a third All\\-Ireland medal in a row. It was his eighth All\\-Ireland medal overall, a record haul of All\\-Ireland medals and a record that he shares with several other players. For the last trio of All\\-Ireland victories Spillane was joined by his two brothers, [Mick](/wiki/Mick_Spillane \"Mick Spillane\") and [Tom](/wiki/Tom_Spillane \"Tom Spillane\"), on the Kerry team.",
"The glory days were now over for Kerry as Cork captured the next four Munster titles. Spillane continued to play with Kerry, winning his 12th Munster title in 1991\\. Kerry were subsequently defeated by eventual champions [Down](/wiki/Down_GAA \"Down GAA\") in the All\\-Ireland semi\\-final and Spillane decided to retire from inter\\-county football.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The plays take the form of five dialogues and one monologue in which the various topics are discussed.
In the first fable, set shortly after World War II, a Jewish chemist decides that the atomic bomb is too clumsy a weapon, and invents a form of poison gas that is lighter than air.
In the second fable the British government refuses to buy the gas, so the scientist sells it to South Africa, which uses it on London. British politicians are discussing the ways South Africa has been using the gas, but find themselves being eliminated by it. These events unleash a "dark age".
In the third fable, set in a socialist society of the future, scientists have developed techniques to exactly measure human capabilities. Two subjects are tested in the Anthropometric Laboratory by members of the "Upper Ten", a ruling elite. Social status is determined by these scientific tests. Those who are "dangerous and incorrigable" are liquidated.
In the fourth fable, set in the further future, the Commissioner of Diets dictates into a machine a report about how humans can now live entirely on air and water. Having started by eliminating meat from their diet, they have progressed to live without food altogether, inspired by a mythical ancient sage who lived before the "dark age" and whose name is variously known as "Shelley, Shakespear and Shavius".
This fable is followed by a dialogue between two men, a woman and a hermaphrodite, who discuss the disgusting way in which humans used to reproduce, explaining that it is now all done in a laboratory, without the need to "practice personal contacts which I would rather not describe". The hermaphrodite speaks of the desire to escape physicality altogether and become pure mind.
In the final fable a group of students discuss the existence of purely disembodied beings who live entirely for "knowledge and power" and who use embodied persons to help them achieve it. They note that these beings might easily kill them: "for the pursuit of knowledge and power involves the slaughter and destruction of everything that opposes it". However, they are needed by these beings to be "destroyers of vermin", as "we have to execute criminals who have no conscience and are incorrigible". At this point one of the disembodied beings appears, taking the form of angel\-like creature, and announces himself as "Raphael". Raphael explains that physical pleasures revolt him, and that he is dedicated to purely intellectual passions.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The plays take the form of five dialogues and one monologue in which the various topics are discussed.",
"In the first fable, set shortly after World War II, a Jewish chemist decides that the atomic bomb is too clumsy a weapon, and invents a form of poison gas that is lighter than air.",
"In the second fable the British government refuses to buy the gas, so the scientist sells it to South Africa, which uses it on London. British politicians are discussing the ways South Africa has been using the gas, but find themselves being eliminated by it. These events unleash a \"dark age\".",
"In the third fable, set in a socialist society of the future, scientists have developed techniques to exactly measure human capabilities. Two subjects are tested in the Anthropometric Laboratory by members of the \"Upper Ten\", a ruling elite. Social status is determined by these scientific tests. Those who are \"dangerous and incorrigable\" are liquidated.",
"In the fourth fable, set in the further future, the Commissioner of Diets dictates into a machine a report about how humans can now live entirely on air and water. Having started by eliminating meat from their diet, they have progressed to live without food altogether, inspired by a mythical ancient sage who lived before the \"dark age\" and whose name is variously known as \"Shelley, Shakespear and Shavius\".",
"This fable is followed by a dialogue between two men, a woman and a hermaphrodite, who discuss the disgusting way in which humans used to reproduce, explaining that it is now all done in a laboratory, without the need to \"practice personal contacts which I would rather not describe\". The hermaphrodite speaks of the desire to escape physicality altogether and become pure mind.",
"In the final fable a group of students discuss the existence of purely disembodied beings who live entirely for \"knowledge and power\" and who use embodied persons to help them achieve it. They note that these beings might easily kill them: \"for the pursuit of knowledge and power involves the slaughter and destruction of everything that opposes it\". However, they are needed by these beings to be \"destroyers of vermin\", as \"we have to execute criminals who have no conscience and are incorrigible\". At this point one of the disembodied beings appears, taking the form of angel\\-like creature, and announces himself as \"Raphael\". Raphael explains that physical pleasures revolt him, and that he is dedicated to purely intellectual passions.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
{{BLP sources section\|date\=October 2022}}
Ilyukhin was born on 25 July 1961\. He graduated from the Khabarovsk Institute of National Economy and the Far Eastern Academy of Public Service.
Since 1983, he worked as an instructor of the department, and the chief of staff of the Komsomol building of the [Petropavlovsk](/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky") city committee of the Komsomol of the Kamchatka Krai. Several years later, he was the head of the department of the regional committee of the Komsomol of the Kamchatka Krai. From 1988 to 1991 he worked as the head of the department, deputy director of the Regional Center of NTTM in the Kamchatka Krai.
In the early 1990s he started commercial activities. In 1991\-1994 he headed the JSC "Dream" in [Petropavlovsk\-Kamchatsky](/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky"). From 1994\-99 he was the executive director of the Kamchatka Union of Entrepreneurs. Since 1999, he held the post of director of the state unitary enterprise "Kamchatka Exhibition Center".
In 2000–02, he headed the administration of industry, business, energy and mineral resources of the administration of the Kamchatka region. From 2002\-07, he held the post of chief federal inspector for the Koryak Autonomous District of the Office of the Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the [Far Eastern Federal District](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District "Far Eastern Federal District").
In January 2008, he was appointed Chief Federal Inspector in the [Republic of Sakha](/wiki/Sakha_Republic "Sakha Republic") as an authorized representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern Federal District. In July 2009, he was appointed Chief Federal Inspector for Kamchatka Krai.
On 25 February 2011, he was appointed acting governor of the Kamchatka Krai, replacing [Aleksey Kuzmitsky](/wiki/Aleksey_Kuzmitsky "Aleksey Kuzmitsky"), who was dismissed.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rian.ru/politics/20110225/338693063\.html\|title\=Медведев досрочно отправил в отставку губернатора Камчатки\|publisher\=\[\[РИА Новости]]\|date\=25 February 2011\|accessdate\=25 February 2011}} On 3 March, he was vested with the powers of the governor and was sworn in.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rian.ru/politics/20110303/341536754\.html\|title\=Владимир Илюхин вступил в должность губернатора Камчатского края\|publisher\=\[\[РИА Новости]]\|date\=3 March 2011\|accessdate\=3 March 2011}}
In December 2011, Illyukhin received the mandate of a deputy of the [State Duma](/wiki/State_Duma "State Duma") of the Sixth convocation from President [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev "Dmitry Medvedev"). He refused the mandate in favor of [Irina Yarovaya](/wiki/Irina_Yarovaya "Irina Yarovaya"), who did not go to the Duma.{{cite web\|url\=http://ria.ru/politics/20111213/515794887\.html\|title\=Мандат Медведева могут передать Ирине Яровой, сообщил источник\|date\=13 December 2011\|publisher\=РИА Новости\|accessdate\=4 December 2012\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807150305/http://ria.ru/politics/20111213/515794887\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archivedate\=7 August 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.regnum.ru/news/1480166\.html\|title\=Ирина Яровая о полученном от президента мандате: Это очень серьезное и ответственное поручение\|date\=16 December 2011\|publisher\=Regnum\|accessdate\=4 December 2012\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105204728/http://www.regnum.ru/news/1480166\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archivedate\=5 November 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rg.ru/2011/12/19/mandat\-dok.html\|title\=Постановление Центральной избирательной комиссии Российской Федерации от 15 декабря 2011 г. N 73/584\-6 г. Москва\|date\=19 December 2011\|publisher\=Российская газета\|accessdate\=4 December 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1832727\|title\=Дума заходит на пересадку\|last\=Хамраев В.\|date\=7 December 2011\|publisher\=Коммерсантъ\|accessdate\=6 December 2012\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521051244/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1832727\|url\-status\=live\|archivedate\=21 May 2013}}
On 13 May 2015, Ilyukhin filed a petition for resignation from the post of governor of the Kamchatka Krai. He was instead appointed temporarily acting governor before the new elections. He was reelected on 13 September.
On 3 April 2020, he filed again a petition for resignation from the post of governor of the Kamchatka Krai. Vladimir Solodov was appointed temporarily acting governor.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"{{BLP sources section\\|date\\=October 2022}}\nIlyukhin was born on 25 July 1961\\. He graduated from the Khabarovsk Institute of National Economy and the Far Eastern Academy of Public Service.",
"Since 1983, he worked as an instructor of the department, and the chief of staff of the Komsomol building of the [Petropavlovsk](/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky \"Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky\") city committee of the Komsomol of the Kamchatka Krai. Several years later, he was the head of the department of the regional committee of the Komsomol of the Kamchatka Krai. From 1988 to 1991 he worked as the head of the department, deputy director of the Regional Center of NTTM in the Kamchatka Krai.",
"In the early 1990s he started commercial activities. In 1991\\-1994 he headed the JSC \"Dream\" in [Petropavlovsk\\-Kamchatsky](/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky \"Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky\"). From 1994\\-99 he was the executive director of the Kamchatka Union of Entrepreneurs. Since 1999, he held the post of director of the state unitary enterprise \"Kamchatka Exhibition Center\".",
"In 2000–02, he headed the administration of industry, business, energy and mineral resources of the administration of the Kamchatka region. From 2002\\-07, he held the post of chief federal inspector for the Koryak Autonomous District of the Office of the Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the [Far Eastern Federal District](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District \"Far Eastern Federal District\").",
"In January 2008, he was appointed Chief Federal Inspector in the [Republic of Sakha](/wiki/Sakha_Republic \"Sakha Republic\") as an authorized representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern Federal District. In July 2009, he was appointed Chief Federal Inspector for Kamchatka Krai.",
"On 25 February 2011, he was appointed acting governor of the Kamchatka Krai, replacing [Aleksey Kuzmitsky](/wiki/Aleksey_Kuzmitsky \"Aleksey Kuzmitsky\"), who was dismissed.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rian.ru/politics/20110225/338693063\\.html\\|title\\=Медведев досрочно отправил в отставку губернатора Камчатки\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[РИА Новости]]\\|date\\=25 February 2011\\|accessdate\\=25 February 2011}} On 3 March, he was vested with the powers of the governor and was sworn in.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rian.ru/politics/20110303/341536754\\.html\\|title\\=Владимир Илюхин вступил в должность губернатора Камчатского края\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[РИА Новости]]\\|date\\=3 March 2011\\|accessdate\\=3 March 2011}}",
"In December 2011, Illyukhin received the mandate of a deputy of the [State Duma](/wiki/State_Duma \"State Duma\") of the Sixth convocation from President [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev \"Dmitry Medvedev\"). He refused the mandate in favor of [Irina Yarovaya](/wiki/Irina_Yarovaya \"Irina Yarovaya\"), who did not go to the Duma.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ria.ru/politics/20111213/515794887\\.html\\|title\\=Мандат Медведева могут передать Ирине Яровой, сообщил источник\\|date\\=13 December 2011\\|publisher\\=РИА Новости\\|accessdate\\=4 December 2012\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807150305/http://ria.ru/politics/20111213/515794887\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archivedate\\=7 August 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.regnum.ru/news/1480166\\.html\\|title\\=Ирина Яровая о полученном от президента мандате: Это очень серьезное и ответственное поручение\\|date\\=16 December 2011\\|publisher\\=Regnum\\|accessdate\\=4 December 2012\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105204728/http://www.regnum.ru/news/1480166\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archivedate\\=5 November 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rg.ru/2011/12/19/mandat\\-dok.html\\|title\\=Постановление Центральной избирательной комиссии Российской Федерации от 15 декабря 2011 г. N 73/584\\-6 г. Москва\\|date\\=19 December 2011\\|publisher\\=Российская газета\\|accessdate\\=4 December 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1832727\\|title\\=Дума заходит на пересадку\\|last\\=Хамраев В.\\|date\\=7 December 2011\\|publisher\\=Коммерсантъ\\|accessdate\\=6 December 2012\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521051244/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1832727\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archivedate\\=21 May 2013}}",
"On 13 May 2015, Ilyukhin filed a petition for resignation from the post of governor of the Kamchatka Krai. He was instead appointed temporarily acting governor before the new elections. He was reelected on 13 September.",
"On 3 April 2020, he filed again a petition for resignation from the post of governor of the Kamchatka Krai. Vladimir Solodov was appointed temporarily acting governor.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Space archaeologist Simon Watterman, discovers a "Munchie" in a cave in [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru"). Bringing the specimen back to the United States, Simon's son Paul and his girlfriend Cindy name it Arnold. Cecil Watterman, Simon's evil twin brother and snack food entrepreneur, kidnaps Arnold while Cindy and Paul are making out.
When Arnold is hurt by his kidnappers, it becomes aggressive and attacks Cecil's adopted son. Attempting to kill Arnold, they chop him into quarters, but instead of dying, Arnold multiplies into four new Munchies. The quartet of creatures develop a love of women, attacking people, beer, and [junk food](/wiki/Junk_food "Junk food") in the process.
Eddie is incapacitated by the Munchies as they turn their attention on Cindy and chase her through the Calsnax storage facility, but she hides from them in a shed. The Munchies begin operating the machinery and use it to cut themselves into pieces, multiplying themselves further, but Paul electrifies the assembly line with a cable, turning them to stone. He proceeds to destroy their petrified remains and Cindy reveals herself from hiding, but as they are reunited, a lone Munchie presumed to be Arnold attacks Paul. They are able to fight Arnold off and turn the Munchie to stone by electrocution, but do not destroy it since Paul wants to keep it intact for Simon's evidence.
Cecil, Melvis, and Big Ed are still trapped in the elevator, but they are released by Eddie. Paul discovers the illegal ingredients in Cecil's snacks who tries to bribe him into going along with the scheme but refuses Cecil's offer with a punch to the face. Big Ed arrests both Cecil and Melvis on the spot while Paul and the others depart.
As they return to the house with the Munchie statue, they are greeted by Simon and an enthused Dr. Crowder who offers them $25,000 for the statue, which they accept. Paul admits defeat in their bet and promises he will go to community college, but his father explains that the liquid sample analyzed from the temple was made up of unknown elements to earth and declares he has his new bestseller titled "[Machu Picchu](/wiki/Machu_Picchu "Machu Picchu"): Toxic Waste Dump of the Gods" and that Paul can pursue his comedy career in Los Angeles.
As Dr. Crowder drives off into the desert, ominous dark clouds circle overhead and lightning strikes the stone Munchie in the pickup bed. The voice of Arnold cries out "amigo” as the credits begin to roll, implying that the Munchie has been reanimated once again.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Space archaeologist Simon Watterman, discovers a \"Munchie\" in a cave in [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\"). Bringing the specimen back to the United States, Simon's son Paul and his girlfriend Cindy name it Arnold. Cecil Watterman, Simon's evil twin brother and snack food entrepreneur, kidnaps Arnold while Cindy and Paul are making out.",
"When Arnold is hurt by his kidnappers, it becomes aggressive and attacks Cecil's adopted son. Attempting to kill Arnold, they chop him into quarters, but instead of dying, Arnold multiplies into four new Munchies. The quartet of creatures develop a love of women, attacking people, beer, and [junk food](/wiki/Junk_food \"Junk food\") in the process.",
"Eddie is incapacitated by the Munchies as they turn their attention on Cindy and chase her through the Calsnax storage facility, but she hides from them in a shed. The Munchies begin operating the machinery and use it to cut themselves into pieces, multiplying themselves further, but Paul electrifies the assembly line with a cable, turning them to stone. He proceeds to destroy their petrified remains and Cindy reveals herself from hiding, but as they are reunited, a lone Munchie presumed to be Arnold attacks Paul. They are able to fight Arnold off and turn the Munchie to stone by electrocution, but do not destroy it since Paul wants to keep it intact for Simon's evidence.",
"Cecil, Melvis, and Big Ed are still trapped in the elevator, but they are released by Eddie. Paul discovers the illegal ingredients in Cecil's snacks who tries to bribe him into going along with the scheme but refuses Cecil's offer with a punch to the face. Big Ed arrests both Cecil and Melvis on the spot while Paul and the others depart.",
"As they return to the house with the Munchie statue, they are greeted by Simon and an enthused Dr. Crowder who offers them $25,000 for the statue, which they accept. Paul admits defeat in their bet and promises he will go to community college, but his father explains that the liquid sample analyzed from the temple was made up of unknown elements to earth and declares he has his new bestseller titled \"[Machu Picchu](/wiki/Machu_Picchu \"Machu Picchu\"): Toxic Waste Dump of the Gods\" and that Paul can pursue his comedy career in Los Angeles.",
"As Dr. Crowder drives off into the desert, ominous dark clouds circle overhead and lightning strikes the stone Munchie in the pickup bed. The voice of Arnold cries out \"amigo” as the credits begin to roll, implying that the Munchie has been reanimated once again.",
""
] |
Management
----------
{{main\|Management of heart failure}}
Treatment focuses on improving the symptoms and preventing the progression of the disease. Reversible causes of heart failure also need to be addressed (e.g. [infection](/wiki/Infection "Infection"), alcohol ingestion, anemia, [thyrotoxicosis](/wiki/Thyrotoxicosis "Thyrotoxicosis"), [arrhythmia](/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia "Heart arrhythmia"), and hypertension). Treatments include lifestyle and pharmacological modalities, and occasionally various forms of device therapy. Rarely, cardiac transplantation is used as an effective treatment when heart failure has reached the end stage.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Cebeci F, Arikan B, Catal E, Bayezid O \| title \= A bridge to transplantation: The life experiences of patients with a left ventricular assist device \| journal \= Heart \& Lung \| volume \= 50 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 106–112 \| date \= 2021 \| pmid \= 33069454 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.hrtlng.2020\.09\.020 \| s2cid \= 224780668 }}
### Acute decompensation
{{main\|Acute decompensated heart failure}}
In [acute decompensated heart failure](/wiki/Acute_decompensated_heart_failure "Acute decompensated heart failure"), the immediate goal is to re\-establish adequate perfusion and oxygen delivery to end organs. This entails ensuring that [airway, breathing, and circulation](/wiki/ABC_%28medicine%29 "ABC (medicine)") are adequate. Immediate treatments usually involve some combination of vasodilators such as [nitroglycerin](/wiki/Nitroglycerin_%28medication%29 "Nitroglycerin (medication)"), diuretics such as [furosemide](/wiki/Furosemide "Furosemide"), and possibly [noninvasive positive pressure ventilation](/wiki/Noninvasive_positive_pressure_ventilation "Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation"). [Supplemental oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen_therapy "Oxygen therapy") is indicated in those with oxygen saturation levels below 90%, but is not recommended in those with normal oxygen levels in normal atmosphere.{{cite journal \|title\=Acute heart failure with dyspnoea. First\-choice treatments \|journal\=Prescrire International \|date\=2018 \|volume\=27 \|issue\=194 \|pages\=160–162}}
### Chronic management
The goals of the treatment for people with chronic heart failure are the prolongation of life, prevention of acute decompensation, and reduction of symptoms, allowing for greater activity.
Heart failure can result from a variety of conditions. In considering therapeutic options, excluding reversible causes is of primary importance, including [thyroid disease](/wiki/Thyroid_disease "Thyroid disease"), [anemia](/wiki/Anemia "Anemia"), chronic [tachycardia](/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia"), [alcohol use disorder](/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder "Alcohol use disorder"), [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension "Hypertension"), and dysfunction of one or more [heart valves](/wiki/Heart_valves "Heart valves"). Treatment of the underlying cause is usually the first approach to treating heart failure. In the majority of cases, though, either no primary cause is found or treatment of the primary cause does not restore normal heart function. In these cases, [behavioral](/wiki/Behavioral_treatments "Behavioral treatments"), [medical](/wiki/Medical_treatment "Medical treatment") and [device](/wiki/Medical_device "Medical device") treatment strategies exist that can provide a significant improvement in outcomes, including the relief of symptoms, exercise tolerance, and a decrease in the likelihood of [hospitalization](/wiki/Hospitalization "Hospitalization") or death. Breathlessness rehabilitation for [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease") and heart failure has been proposed with exercise training as a core component. Rehabilitation should also include other interventions to address shortness of breath including psychological and educational needs of people and needs of caregivers.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Man WD, Chowdhury F, Taylor RS, Evans RA, Doherty P, Singh SJ, Booth S, Thomason D, Andrews D, Lee C, Hanna J, Morgan MD, Bell D, Cowie MR \| title \= Building consensus for provision of breathlessness rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure \| journal \= Chronic Respiratory Disease \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 229–39 \| date \= August 2016 \| pmid \= 27072018 \| pmc \= 5029782 \| doi \= 10\.1177/1479972316642363 }} [Iron supplementation](/wiki/Iron_supplementation "Iron supplementation") appears to reduce hospitalization but not all\-cause mortality in patients with iron deficiency and heart
failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zhou X, Xu W, Xu Y, Qian Z \| title \= Iron Supplementation Improves Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure \| journal \= The American Journal of Medicine \| volume \= 132 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 955–963 \| date \= August 2019 \| pmid \= 30853478 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.amjmed.2019\.02\.018 \| s2cid \= 73725232 }}
#### Advance care planning
The latest evidence indicates that advance care planning (ACP) may help to increase documentation by medical staff regarding discussions with participants, and improve an individual's depression.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nishikawa Y, Hiroyama N, Fukahori H, Ota E, Mizuno A, Miyashita M, Yoneoka D, Kwong JS \| title \= Advance care planning for adults with heart failure \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 2020 \| pages \= CD013022 \| date \= February 2020 \| issue \= 2 \| pmid \= 32104908 \| pmc \= 7045766 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD013022\.pub2 \| collaboration \= Cochrane Heart Group }} This involves discussing an individual's future care plan in consideration of the individual's preferences and values. The findings are however, based on low\-quality evidence.
#### Monitoring
The various measures often used to assess the progress of people being treated for heart failure include [fluid balance](/wiki/Fluid_balance "Fluid balance") (calculation of fluid intake and excretion) and monitoring [body weight](/wiki/Body_weight "Body weight") (which in the shorter term reflects fluid shifts).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yu CM, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH, Kong SL, Tang MO, Christensen J, Stadler RW, Lau CP \| title \= Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 112 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 841–848 \| date \= August 2005 \| pmid \= 16061743 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104\.492207 \| doi\-access \= free }} Remote monitoring can be effective to reduce complications for people with heart failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bashi N, Karunanithi M, Fatehi F, Ding H, Walters D \| title \= Remote Monitoring of Patients With Heart Failure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews \| journal \= Journal of Medical Internet Research \| volume \= 19 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e18 \| date \= January 2017 \| pmid \= 28108430 \| pmc \= 5291866 \| doi \= 10\.2196/jmir.6571 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto\-Merino D, Cleland JG \| title \= Structured telephone support or non\-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 2015 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= CD007228 \| date \= October 2015 \| pmid \= 26517969 \| pmc \= 8482064 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD007228\.pub3 \| url \= https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/35732/1/Inglis%20Structured%202015\.pdf \| access\-date \= 25 September 2019 \| url\-status \= live \| archive\-date \= 28 August 2021 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210828103110/https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/35732/Inglis%20Structured%202015\.pdf;jsessionid\=B2254F0FEBB8F13B06AFE621E018A88A?sequence\=1 \| hdl \= 2328/35732 }}
#### Lifestyle
Behavior modification is a primary consideration in chronic heart failure management program, with [dietary guidelines](/wiki/Dietary_guidelines "Dietary guidelines") regarding [fluid](/wiki/Drinking_water "Drinking water") and [salt](/wiki/Sodium_chloride "Sodium chloride") intake.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\-Changes\-for\-Heart\-Failure\_UCM\_306341\_Article.jsp \|title\=Lifestyle Changes for Heart Failure \|publisher\=\[\[American Heart Association]] \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503123439/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\-Changes\-for\-Heart\-Failure\_UCM\_306341\_Article.jsp \|archive\-date\=3 May 2015 }} Fluid restriction is important to reduce fluid retention in the body and to correct the hyponatremic status of the body. The evidence of benefit of reducing salt, however, is poor as of 2018\.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, Tierney S, Aronson JK, Roberts N, Hobbs FD, Nunan D \| title \= Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review \| journal \= JAMA Internal Medicine \| volume \= 178 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 1693–1700 \| date \= November 2018 \| pmid \= 30398532 \| doi \= 10\.1001/jamainternmed.2018\.4673 \| s2cid \= 53241717 \| pmc \= 6422065 }} Thirst is a common and burdensome symptom for patients to cope with. [Chewing gum](https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(20)30480-7/fulltext) has been shown to be an effective intervention to relieve thirst in patients experiencing heart failure, although patient acceptability remains an issue.
#### Exercise and physical activity
Exercise should be encouraged and tailored to suit individual's capabilities. A meta\-analysis found that centre\-based group interventions delivered by a physiotherapist are helpful in promoting physical activity in HF.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \| title \= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\-analysis \| language \= English \| journal \= Open Heart \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e001687 \| date \= June 2021 \| pmid \= 34108272 \| pmc \= 8191629 \| doi \= 10\.1136/openhrt\-2021\-001687 \| oclc \= 9066065537 }} There is a need for additional training for physiotherapists in delivering behaviour change intervention alongside an exercise programme. An intervention is expected to be more efficacious in encouraging physical activity than the usual care if it includes *Prompts and cues* to walk or exercise, like a phone call or a text message. It is extremely helpful if a trusted clinician provides explicit advice to engage in physical activity (*Credible source*). Another highly effective strategy is to place objects that will serve as a cue to engage in physical activity in the everyday environment of the patient (*Adding object to the environment*; e.g., exercise step or treadmill). Encouragement to walk or exercise in various settings beyond CR (e.g., home, neighbourhood, parks) is also promising (*Generalisation of target behaviour*). Additional promising strategies are *Graded tasks* (e.g., gradual increase in intensity and duration of exercise training), *Self\-monitoring*, *Monitoring of physical activity by others without feedback*, *Action planning*, and *Goal\-setting*.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \| title \= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\-analysis \| journal \= Open Heart \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e001687 \| date \= June 2021 \| pmid \= 34108272 \| pmc \= 8191629 \| doi \= 10\.1136/openhrt\-2021\-001687 \| doi\-access \= free }} The inclusion of regular physical conditioning as part of a cardiac rehabilitation program can significantly improve [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life") and reduce the risk of hospital admission for worsening symptoms, but no evidence shows a reduction in mortality rates as a result of exercise.
Home visits and regular monitoring at heart\-failure clinics reduce the need for hospitalization and improve [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy "Life expectancy").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Feltner C, Jones CD, Cené CW, Zheng ZJ, Sueta CA, Coker\-Schwimmer EJ, Arvanitis M, Lohr KN, Middleton JC, Jonas DE \| title \= Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta\-analysis \| journal \= Annals of Internal Medicine \| volume \= 160 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 774–84 \| date \= June 2014 \| pmid \= 24862840 \| doi \= 10\.7326/M14\-0083 \| doi\-access \= \| s2cid \= 262525144 \| hdl \= 11250/2485759 \| hdl\-access \= free }}
#### Medication
Quadruple medical therapy using a combination of [angiotensin receptor\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan "Sacubitril/valsartan"), [beta blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker"), [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)](/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid "Antimineralocorticoid"), and [sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors)](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor "SGLT2 inhibitor") is the standard of care as of 2021 for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).{{cite journal \| vauthors\= Greene S, Khan M, et al. \|title\=Quadruple Medical Therapy for Heart Failure \|journal \= J Am Coll Cardiol \|date\= March 2021 \|volume\= 77 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=1408–1411 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jacc.2021\.02\.006 \|pmid\=33736822 \|s2cid\=232299815 \|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Straw S, McGinlay M, Witte KK \|title\= Four pillars of heart failure: contemporary pharmacological therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction \|journal\=\[\[Open Heart (journal)\|Open Heart]] \|date\= 2021 \|volume\= 8 \|issue\= 1 \|page\=e001585 \|doi\= 10\.1136/openhrt\-2021\-001585\|pmid\= 33653703 \|pmc\= 7929859 }}
There is no convincing evidence for pharmacological treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Crespo\-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CS, Lyon AR, McMurray JJ, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GM, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A \| title \= 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure \| journal \= European Heart Journal \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 36 \| pages \= 3599–3726 \| date \= September 2021 \| pmid \= 34447992 \| doi \= 10\.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 \| url \= https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\.pdf \| access\-date \= 7 February 2023 \| url\-status \= live \| doi\-access \= free \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220908043625/https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 8 September 2022 }} Medication for HFpEF is symptomatic treatment with diuretics to treat congestion. Managing risk factors and comorbidities such as [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension "Hypertension") is recommended in HFpEF.
Inhibitors of the [renin–angiotensin system](/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system "Renin–angiotensin system") (RAS) are recommended in heart failure. The [angiotensin receptor\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan "Sacubitril/valsartan") is recommended as first choice of RAS inhibitors in American guidelines published by AHA/ACC in 2022\. Use of \[\[[Angiotensin II receptor blockerACE](/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker "Angiotensin II receptor blocker") inhibitor\|angiotensin\-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACE\-I)]], or [angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blockers_%28ARBs%29 "Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)") if the person develops a long\-term cough as a side effect of the ACE\-I,{{cite book \| vauthors \= Goljan EF \|title\=Rapid Review Pathology \|edition \= 4th \|location\=Philadelphia, PA \|publisher\=Saunders/Elsevier \|date\=2014 \|isbn\=978\-0\-323\-08787\-2 }} is associated with improved survival, fewer hospitalizations for heart failure exacerbations, and improved quality of life in people with heart failure.{{NICE\|108\|Chronic heart failure – managements (ARBs) of chronic heart failure in adults in primary and secondary care \| August 2010}} European guidelines published by ESC in 2021 recommends that [ARNI](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan "Sacubitril/valsartan") should be used in those who still have symptoms while on an [ACE\-I](/wiki/ACE_inhibitor "ACE inhibitor") or [ARB](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blocker "Angiotensin receptor blocker"), [beta blocker](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker"), and a [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor_antagonist "Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist"). Use of the combination agent ARNI requires the cessation of ACE\-I or ARB therapy at least 36 hours before its initiation.
[Beta\-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers)](/wiki/Beta_blockers "Beta blockers") add to the improvement in symptoms and [mortality](/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") provided by ACE\-I/ARB.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kotecha D, Manzano L, Krum H, Rosano G, Holmes J, Altman DG, Collins PD, Packer M, Wikstrand J, Coats AJ, Cleland JG, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Rigby AS, Andersson B, Lip GY, van Veldhuisen DJ, Shibata MC, Wedel H, Böhm M, Flather MD \| title \= Effect of age and sex on efficacy and tolerability of β blockers in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: individual patient data meta\-analysis \| journal \= BMJ \| volume \= 353 \| pages \= i1855 \| date \= April 2016 \| pmid \= 27098105 \| pmc \= 4849174 \| doi \= 10\.1136/bmj.i1855 }} The mortality benefits of beta blockers in people with systolic dysfunction who also have [atrial fibrillation](/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation "Atrial fibrillation") is more limited than in those who do not have it.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, Altman DG, Manzano L, Cleland JG, Lip GY, Coats AJ, Andersson B, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Wedel H, Rosano G, Shibata MC, Rigby A, Flather MD \| title \= Efficacy of β blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual\-patient data meta\-analysis \| journal \= Lancet \| volume \= 384 \| issue \= 9961 \| pages \= 2235–43 \| date \= December 2014 \| pmid \= 25193873 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0140\-6736(14\)61373\-8 \| s2cid \= 25660815 \| url \= http://pure\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\_et\_al\_Lancet\_Efficacy\_of\_beta\_blockers\_The\_Lancet\_2014\_Post\_Print.pdf \| access\-date \= 27 May 2019 \| archive\-date \= 28 September 2020 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221341/http://pure\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\_et\_al\_Lancet\_Efficacy\_of\_beta\_blockers\_The\_Lancet\_2014\_Post\_Print.pdf \| url\-status \= live }} If the ejection fraction is not diminished (HFpEF), the benefits of beta blockers are more modest; a decrease in mortality has been observed, but reduction in hospital admission for uncontrolled symptoms has not been observed.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Liu F, Chen Y, Feng X, Teng Z, Yuan Y, Bin J \| title \= Effects of beta\-blockers on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta\-analysis \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= e90555 \| date \= 5 March 2014 \| pmid \= 24599093 \| pmc \= 3944014 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0090555 \| bibcode \= 2014PLoSO...990555L \| doi\-access \= free }}
In people who are intolerant of ACE\-I and ARB or who have significant kidney dysfunction, the use of combined [hydralazine](/wiki/Hydralazine "Hydralazine") and a long\-acting nitrate, such as [isosorbide dinitrate](/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate "Isosorbide dinitrate"), is an effective alternate strategy. This regimen has been shown to reduce mortality in people with moderate heart failure.{{cite book \| chapter \= Chapter 5: Treating heart failure \| title \= Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care \| edition \= Partial Update \[Internet]. \| author \= National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) \| publisher \= Royal College of Physicians \| location \= London (UK) \| date \= August 2010 \| chapter\-url \= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \| access\-date \= 31 August 2017 \| archive\-date \= 6 September 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120901/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \| url\-status \= live }} It is especially beneficial in the black population.{{efn\|Specifically, in one randomized control trial the patients self\-identified as black (defined as of African descent), and in one randomized control trial the patients were defined as ''black'', without further details given.}}
Use of a [mineralocorticoid antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist "Mineralocorticoid antagonist"), such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone "Spironolactone") or [eplerenone](/wiki/Eplerenone "Eplerenone"), in addition to beta blockers and ACE\-I, can improve symptoms and reduce mortality in people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
[SGLT2 inhibitors](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor "SGLT2 inhibitor") are used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction as they have demonstrated benefits in reducing hospitalizations and mortality, regardless of whether an individual has comorbid Type 2 Diabetes or not.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \| title \= 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \| journal \= Journal of the American College of Cardiology \| volume \= 79 \| issue \= 17 \| pages \= e263–e421 \| date \= May 2022 \| pmid \= 35379503 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.jacc.2021\.12\.012 \| s2cid \= 247882156 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Brueckmann M, Ofstad AP, Pfarr E, Jamal W, Packer M \| title \= SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta\-analysis of the EMPEROR\-Reduced and DAPA\-HF trials \| journal \= Lancet \| volume \= 396 \| issue \= 10254 \| pages \= 819–829 \| date \= September 2020 \| pmid \= 32877652 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0140\-6736(20\)31824\-9 }}
##### Other medications
Second\-line medications for CHF do not confer a mortality benefit. [Digoxin](/wiki/Digoxin "Digoxin") is one such medication. Its narrow therapeutic window, a high degree of toxicity, and the failure of multiple trials to show a mortality benefit have reduced its role in clinical practice. It is now used in only a small number of people with refractory symptoms, who are in atrial fibrillation, and/or who have chronic hypotension.{{cite web\| url\=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\-heart\-failure/\| title\=Congestive Heart Failure\| website\=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library\| date\=7 August 2020\| access\-date\=10 July 2021\| archive\-date\=10 July 2021\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710035402/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\-heart\-failure/\| url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Digoxin\|url\=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\|publisher\=The American Society of Health\-System Pharmacists\|access\-date\=8 December 2016\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004328/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\|archive\-date\=21 December 2016}}
Diuretics have been a mainstay of treatment against symptoms of fluid accumulation, and include diuretics classes such as [loop diuretics](/wiki/Loop_diuretic "Loop diuretic") (such as [furosemide](/wiki/Furosemide "Furosemide")), [thiazide\-like diuretics](/wiki/Thiazide-like_diuretic "Thiazide-like diuretic"), and [potassium\-sparing diuretics](/wiki/Potassium-sparing_diuretic "Potassium-sparing diuretic"). Although widely used, evidence on their efficacy and safety is limited, with the exception of [mineralocorticoid antagonists](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist "Mineralocorticoid antagonist") such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone "Spironolactone").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= von Lueder TG, Atar D, Krum H \| title \= Diuretic use in heart failure and outcomes \| journal \= Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics \| volume \= 94 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 490–8 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 23852396 \| doi \= 10\.1038/clpt.2013\.140 \| s2cid \= 7441258 }}
Anemia is an independent factor in mortality in people with chronic heart failure. Treatment of anemia significantly improves quality of life for those with heart failure, often with a reduction in severity of the NYHA classification, and also improves mortality rates.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= He SW, Wang LX \| title \= The impact of anemia on the prognosis of chronic heart failure: a meta\-analysis and systemic review \| journal \= Congestive Heart Failure \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 123–30 \| year \= 2009 \| pmid \= 19522961 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1751\-7133\.2008\.00030\.x \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nunez\-Gil MI, Peraira\-Moral MJ \|title\=Anaemia in heart failure: intravenous iron therapy \|journal\=e\-Journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice \|volume\=10 \|issue\=16 \|date\=19 January 2012 \|url\=http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\-in\-heart\-failure\-intravenous\-iron\-therapy\-Peraira\-Moral\-J\-Roberto\-Nunez\-Gil\-Ivan\-J.aspx \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124155/http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\-in\-heart\-failure\-intravenous\-iron\-therapy\-Peraira\-Moral\-J\-Roberto\-Nunez\-Gil\-Ivan\-J.aspx \|archive\-date\=3 June 2013 \|df\=dmy\-all \|access\-date\=3 October 2012 }} [European Society of Cardiology](/wiki/European_Society_of_Cardiology "European Society of Cardiology") recommends screening for iron deficiency and treating with [intravenous iron](/wiki/Parenteral_iron "Parenteral iron") if deficiency is found.{{rp\|pages\=3668–3669}}
The decision to anticoagulate people with HF, typically with left ventricular ejection fractions \<35% is debated, but generally, people with coexisting atrial fibrillation, a prior embolic event, or conditions that increase the risk of an embolic event such as amyloidosis, left ventricular noncompaction, familial dilated cardiomyopathy, or a thromboembolic event in a first\-degree relative.
[Vasopressin receptor antagonists](/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist "Vasopressin receptor antagonist") can also be used to treat heart failure. [Conivaptan](/wiki/Conivaptan "Conivaptan") is the first medication approved by US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in those with heart failure. In rare cases hypertonic 3% saline together with diuretics may be used to correct hyponatremia.
[Ivabradine](/wiki/Ivabradine "Ivabradine") is recommended for people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who are receiving optimized guideline\-directed therapy (as above) including the maximum tolerated dose of beta\-blocker, have a normal heart rhythm and continue to have a resting heart rate above 70 beats per minute. Ivabradine has been found to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure exacerbations in this subgroup of people with heart failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C \| title \= 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 136 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= e137–e161 \| date \= August 2017 \| pmid \= 28455343 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIR.0000000000000509 \| doi\-access \= free }}
#### Implanted devices
In people with severe cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction below 35%), or in those with recurrent VT or malignant arrhythmias, treatment with an automatic implantable cardioverter\-defibrillator (AICD) is indicated to reduce the risk of severe life\-threatening arrhythmias. The AICD does not improve symptoms or reduce the incidence of malignant arrhythmias but does reduce mortality from those arrhythmias, often in conjunction with antiarrhythmic medications. In people with left ventricular ejection (LVEF) below 35%, the incidence of [ventricular tachycardia](/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia "Ventricular tachycardia") or [sudden cardiac death](/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death "Sudden cardiac death") is high enough to warrant AICD placement. Its use is therefore recommended in [AHA](/wiki/American_Hospital_Association "American Hospital Association")/[ACC](/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology "American College of Cardiology") guidelines.
[Cardiac contractility modulation](/wiki/Cardiac_contractility_modulation "Cardiac contractility modulation") (CCM) is a [treatment](/wiki/Therapy "Therapy") for people with moderate to severe [left ventricular](/wiki/Heart%23Chambers "Heart#Chambers") systolic heart failure (NYHA class II–IV), which enhances both the strength of ventricular [contraction](/wiki/Muscle_contraction "Muscle contraction") and the heart's pumping capacity. The CCM mechanism is based on stimulation of the cardiac muscle by [nonexcitatory electrical signals](/wiki/Action_potential%23Refractory_period "Action potential#Refractory period"), which are delivered by a [pacemaker](/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker "Artificial cardiac pacemaker")\-like device. CCM is particularly suitable for the treatment of heart failure with normal [QRS complex](/wiki/QRS_complex "QRS complex") duration (120 ms or less) and has been demonstrated to improve the symptoms, quality of life, and exercise tolerance.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Abraham WT, Smith SA \| title \= Devices in the management of advanced, chronic heart failure \| journal \= Nature Reviews. Cardiology \| volume \= 10 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 98–110 \| date \= February 2013 \| pmid \= 23229137 \| pmc \= 3753073 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nrcardio.2012\.178 }}{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Giallauria F, Vigorito C, Piepoli MF, Stewart Coats AJ\|date\=August 2014\|title\=Effects of cardiac contractility modulation by non\-excitatory electrical stimulation on exercise capacity and quality of life: an individual patient's data meta\-analysis of randomized controlled trials\|journal\=International Journal of Cardiology\|volume\=175\|issue\=2\|pages\=352–7\|doi\=10\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\.06\.005\|pmid\=24975782}}{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Borggrefe M, Burkhoff D\|date\=July 2012\|title\=Clinical effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) as a treatment for chronic heart failure\|journal\=European Journal of Heart Failure\|volume\=14\|issue\=7\|pages\=703–12\|doi\=10\.1093/eurjhf/hfs078\|pmid\=22696514\|s2cid\=10484257\|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kuschyk J, Roeger S, Schneider R, Streitner F, Stach K, Rudic B, Weiß C, Schimpf R, Papavasilliu T, Rousso B, Burkhoff D, Borggrefe M \| title \= Efficacy and survival in patients with cardiac contractility modulation: long\-term single center experience in 81 patients \| journal \= International Journal of Cardiology \| volume \= 183 \| issue \= 183C \| pages \= 76–81 \| date \= March 2015 \| pmid \= 25662055 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\.12\.178 }} CCM is approved for use in Europe, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States in 2019\.{{cite journal \| title \= Der Besondere Stellenwert der Kardialen Kontraktilitätsmodulation in der Devicetherapie \| journal \= Herzmedizin \| date \= 2014 \| vauthors \= Kuschyk J \| url \= http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \| access\-date \= Jun 6, 2014 \| url\-status \= live \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705113329/http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \| archive\-date \= 5 July 2015 \| df \= dmy\-all }}{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT01381172\|Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of the OPTIMIZER System in Subjects With Moderate\-to\-Severe Heart Failure: FIX\-HF\-5C (FIX\-HF\-5C)}}{{cite web \| title\=FDA Approves Optimizer Smart System for Heart Failure Patients \| website\=Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology (DAIC) \| date\=2019\-03\-21 \| url\=http://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\-approves\-optimizer\-smart\-system\-heart\-failure\-patients \| access\-date\=2022\-06\-25 \| archive\-date\=19 March 2023 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124802/https://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\-approves\-optimizer\-smart\-system\-heart\-failure\-patients \| url\-status\=live }}
About one\-third of people with [LVEF](/wiki/LVEF "LVEF") below 35% have markedly altered conduction to the ventricles, resulting in dyssynchronous depolarization of the right and left ventricles. This is especially problematic in people with left bundle branch block (blockage of one of the two primary conducting fiber bundles that originate at the base of the heart and carry depolarizing impulses to the left ventricle). Using a special pacing algorithm, biventricular [cardiac resynchronization therapy](/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy "Cardiac resynchronization therapy") (CRT) can initiate a normal sequence of ventricular depolarization. In people with LVEF below 35% and prolonged QRS duration on ECG (LBBB or QRS of 150 ms or more), an improvement in symptoms and mortality occurs when CRT is added to standard medical therapy.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL \| title \= 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 128 \| issue \= 16 \| pages \= e240–327 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 23741058 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 \| doi\-access \= free }} However, in the two\-thirds of people without prolonged QRS duration, CRT may actually be harmful.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, Bax JJ, Borer JS, Brugada J, Dickstein K, Ford I, Gorcsan J, Gras D, Krum H, Sogaard P, Holzmeister J \| title \= Cardiac\-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex \| journal \= The New England Journal of Medicine \| volume \= 369 \| issue \= 15 \| pages \= 1395–405 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 23998714 \| doi \= 10\.1056/NEJMoa1306687 \| s2cid \= 205095941 \| url \= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \| access\-date \= 24 November 2018 \| archive\-date \= 28 July 2020 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200728222046/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \| url\-status \= live }}
#### Surgical therapies
People with the most severe heart failure may be candidates for [ventricular assist devices](/wiki/Ventricular_assist_device "Ventricular assist device"), which have commonly been used as a bridge to heart transplantation, but have been used more recently as a destination treatment for advanced heart failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Carrel T, Englberger L, Martinelli MV, Takala J, Boesch C, Sigurdadottir V, Gygax E, Kadner A, Mohacsi P \| title \= Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices: a valid option for heart failure patients \| journal \= \[\[Swiss Medical Weekly]] \| volume \= 142 \| pages \= w13701 \| date \= Oct 18, 2012 \| pmid \= 23135811 \| doi \= 10\.4414/smw.2012\.13701 \| doi\-access \= free }}
In select cases, heart transplantation can be considered. While this may resolve the problems associated with heart failure, the person must generally remain on an immunosuppressive regimen to prevent rejection, which has its own significant downsides.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, Zolty R, Lowes BD, Wolfel EE, Mestroni L, Page RL, Kobashigawa J \| title \= Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part I: cardiac rejection and immunosuppressive drugs \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 110 \| issue \= 24 \| pages \= 3734–40 \| date \= December 2004 \| pmid \= 15596559 \| doi \= 10\.1161/01\.cir.0000149745\.83186\.89 \| doi\-access \= free }} A major limitation of this treatment option is the scarcity of hearts available for transplantation.
### Palliative care
People with heart failure often have significant symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain. Palliative care should be initiated early in the HF trajectory, and should not be an option of last resort.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kavalieratos D, Gelfman LP, Tycon LE, Riegel B, Bekelman DB, Ikejiani DZ, Goldstein N, Kimmel SE, Bakitas MA, Arnold RM \| title \= Palliative Care in Heart Failure: Rationale, Evidence, and Future Priorities \| journal \= Journal of the American College of Cardiology \| volume \= 70 \| issue \= 15 \| pages \= 1919–1930 \| date \= October 2017 \| pmid \= 28982506 \| pmc \= 5731659 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.jacc.2017\.08\.036 }} Palliative care can not only provide symptom management, but also assist with advanced care planning, goals of care in the case of a significant decline, and making sure the person has a medical [power of attorney](/wiki/Power_of_attorney "Power of attorney") and discussed his or her wishes with this individual.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Adler ED, Goldfinger JZ, Kalman J, Park ME, Meier DE \| title \= Palliative care in the treatment of advanced heart failure \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 120 \| issue \= 25 \| pages \= 2597–606 \| date \= December 2009 \| pmid \= 20026792 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109\.869123 \| doi\-access \= free }} A 2016 and 2017 review found that palliative care is associated with improved outcomes, such as quality of life, symptom burden, and satisfaction with care.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kavalieratos D, Corbelli J, Zhang D, Dionne\-Odom JN, Ernecoff NC, Hanmer J, Hoydich ZP, Ikejiani DZ, Klein\-Fedyshin M, Zimmermann C, Morton SC, Arnold RM, Heller L, Schenker Y \| title \= Association Between Palliative Care and Patient and Caregiver Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta\-analysis \| journal \= JAMA \| volume \= 316 \| issue \= 20 \| pages \= 2104–2114 \| date \= November 2016 \| pmid \= 27893131 \| pmc \= 5226373 \| doi \= 10\.1001/jama.2016\.16840 }}
Without transplantation, heart failure may not be reversible and heart function typically deteriorates with time. The growing number of people with stage IV heart failure (intractable symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath, or chest pain at rest despite optimal medical therapy) should be considered for palliative care or [hospice](/wiki/Hospice "Hospice"), according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines.
|
[
"Management\n----------",
"{{main\\|Management of heart failure}}\nTreatment focuses on improving the symptoms and preventing the progression of the disease. Reversible causes of heart failure also need to be addressed (e.g. [infection](/wiki/Infection \"Infection\"), alcohol ingestion, anemia, [thyrotoxicosis](/wiki/Thyrotoxicosis \"Thyrotoxicosis\"), [arrhythmia](/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia \"Heart arrhythmia\"), and hypertension). Treatments include lifestyle and pharmacological modalities, and occasionally various forms of device therapy. Rarely, cardiac transplantation is used as an effective treatment when heart failure has reached the end stage.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Cebeci F, Arikan B, Catal E, Bayezid O \\| title \\= A bridge to transplantation: The life experiences of patients with a left ventricular assist device \\| journal \\= Heart \\& Lung \\| volume \\= 50 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 106–112 \\| date \\= 2021 \\| pmid \\= 33069454 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.hrtlng.2020\\.09\\.020 \\| s2cid \\= 224780668 }}",
"### Acute decompensation",
"{{main\\|Acute decompensated heart failure}}\nIn [acute decompensated heart failure](/wiki/Acute_decompensated_heart_failure \"Acute decompensated heart failure\"), the immediate goal is to re\\-establish adequate perfusion and oxygen delivery to end organs. This entails ensuring that [airway, breathing, and circulation](/wiki/ABC_%28medicine%29 \"ABC (medicine)\") are adequate. Immediate treatments usually involve some combination of vasodilators such as [nitroglycerin](/wiki/Nitroglycerin_%28medication%29 \"Nitroglycerin (medication)\"), diuretics such as [furosemide](/wiki/Furosemide \"Furosemide\"), and possibly [noninvasive positive pressure ventilation](/wiki/Noninvasive_positive_pressure_ventilation \"Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation\"). [Supplemental oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen_therapy \"Oxygen therapy\") is indicated in those with oxygen saturation levels below 90%, but is not recommended in those with normal oxygen levels in normal atmosphere.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Acute heart failure with dyspnoea. First\\-choice treatments \\|journal\\=Prescrire International \\|date\\=2018 \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=194 \\|pages\\=160–162}}",
"### Chronic management",
"The goals of the treatment for people with chronic heart failure are the prolongation of life, prevention of acute decompensation, and reduction of symptoms, allowing for greater activity.",
"Heart failure can result from a variety of conditions. In considering therapeutic options, excluding reversible causes is of primary importance, including [thyroid disease](/wiki/Thyroid_disease \"Thyroid disease\"), [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\"), chronic [tachycardia](/wiki/Tachycardia \"Tachycardia\"), [alcohol use disorder](/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder \"Alcohol use disorder\"), [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension \"Hypertension\"), and dysfunction of one or more [heart valves](/wiki/Heart_valves \"Heart valves\"). Treatment of the underlying cause is usually the first approach to treating heart failure. In the majority of cases, though, either no primary cause is found or treatment of the primary cause does not restore normal heart function. In these cases, [behavioral](/wiki/Behavioral_treatments \"Behavioral treatments\"), [medical](/wiki/Medical_treatment \"Medical treatment\") and [device](/wiki/Medical_device \"Medical device\") treatment strategies exist that can provide a significant improvement in outcomes, including the relief of symptoms, exercise tolerance, and a decrease in the likelihood of [hospitalization](/wiki/Hospitalization \"Hospitalization\") or death. Breathlessness rehabilitation for [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease \"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\") and heart failure has been proposed with exercise training as a core component. Rehabilitation should also include other interventions to address shortness of breath including psychological and educational needs of people and needs of caregivers.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Man WD, Chowdhury F, Taylor RS, Evans RA, Doherty P, Singh SJ, Booth S, Thomason D, Andrews D, Lee C, Hanna J, Morgan MD, Bell D, Cowie MR \\| title \\= Building consensus for provision of breathlessness rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure \\| journal \\= Chronic Respiratory Disease \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 229–39 \\| date \\= August 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27072018 \\| pmc \\= 5029782 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/1479972316642363 }} [Iron supplementation](/wiki/Iron_supplementation \"Iron supplementation\") appears to reduce hospitalization but not all\\-cause mortality in patients with iron deficiency and heart\nfailure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zhou X, Xu W, Xu Y, Qian Z \\| title \\= Iron Supplementation Improves Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure \\| journal \\= The American Journal of Medicine \\| volume \\= 132 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 955–963 \\| date \\= August 2019 \\| pmid \\= 30853478 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.amjmed.2019\\.02\\.018 \\| s2cid \\= 73725232 }}",
"#### Advance care planning",
"The latest evidence indicates that advance care planning (ACP) may help to increase documentation by medical staff regarding discussions with participants, and improve an individual's depression.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nishikawa Y, Hiroyama N, Fukahori H, Ota E, Mizuno A, Miyashita M, Yoneoka D, Kwong JS \\| title \\= Advance care planning for adults with heart failure \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 2020 \\| pages \\= CD013022 \\| date \\= February 2020 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pmid \\= 32104908 \\| pmc \\= 7045766 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD013022\\.pub2 \\| collaboration \\= Cochrane Heart Group }} This involves discussing an individual's future care plan in consideration of the individual's preferences and values. The findings are however, based on low\\-quality evidence.",
"#### Monitoring",
"The various measures often used to assess the progress of people being treated for heart failure include [fluid balance](/wiki/Fluid_balance \"Fluid balance\") (calculation of fluid intake and excretion) and monitoring [body weight](/wiki/Body_weight \"Body weight\") (which in the shorter term reflects fluid shifts).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yu CM, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH, Kong SL, Tang MO, Christensen J, Stadler RW, Lau CP \\| title \\= Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 112 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 841–848 \\| date \\= August 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16061743 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104\\.492207 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Remote monitoring can be effective to reduce complications for people with heart failure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bashi N, Karunanithi M, Fatehi F, Ding H, Walters D \\| title \\= Remote Monitoring of Patients With Heart Failure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews \\| journal \\= Journal of Medical Internet Research \\| volume \\= 19 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e18 \\| date \\= January 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28108430 \\| pmc \\= 5291866 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2196/jmir.6571 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto\\-Merino D, Cleland JG \\| title \\= Structured telephone support or non\\-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 2015 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= CD007228 \\| date \\= October 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26517969 \\| pmc \\= 8482064 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD007228\\.pub3 \\| url \\= https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/35732/1/Inglis%20Structured%202015\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 25 September 2019 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 August 2021 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210828103110/https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/35732/Inglis%20Structured%202015\\.pdf;jsessionid\\=B2254F0FEBB8F13B06AFE621E018A88A?sequence\\=1 \\| hdl \\= 2328/35732 }}",
"#### Lifestyle",
"Behavior modification is a primary consideration in chronic heart failure management program, with [dietary guidelines](/wiki/Dietary_guidelines \"Dietary guidelines\") regarding [fluid](/wiki/Drinking_water \"Drinking water\") and [salt](/wiki/Sodium_chloride \"Sodium chloride\") intake.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\\-Changes\\-for\\-Heart\\-Failure\\_UCM\\_306341\\_Article.jsp \\|title\\=Lifestyle Changes for Heart Failure \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Heart Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503123439/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\\-Changes\\-for\\-Heart\\-Failure\\_UCM\\_306341\\_Article.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2015 }} Fluid restriction is important to reduce fluid retention in the body and to correct the hyponatremic status of the body. The evidence of benefit of reducing salt, however, is poor as of 2018\\.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, Tierney S, Aronson JK, Roberts N, Hobbs FD, Nunan D \\| title \\= Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review \\| journal \\= JAMA Internal Medicine \\| volume \\= 178 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 1693–1700 \\| date \\= November 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30398532 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/jamainternmed.2018\\.4673 \\| s2cid \\= 53241717 \\| pmc \\= 6422065 }} Thirst is a common and burdensome symptom for patients to cope with. [Chewing gum](https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(20)30480-7/fulltext) has been shown to be an effective intervention to relieve thirst in patients experiencing heart failure, although patient acceptability remains an issue.",
"#### Exercise and physical activity",
"Exercise should be encouraged and tailored to suit individual's capabilities. A meta\\-analysis found that centre\\-based group interventions delivered by a physiotherapist are helpful in promoting physical activity in HF.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \\| title \\= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\\-analysis \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Open Heart \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e001687 \\| date \\= June 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34108272 \\| pmc \\= 8191629 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/openhrt\\-2021\\-001687 \\| oclc \\= 9066065537 }} There is a need for additional training for physiotherapists in delivering behaviour change intervention alongside an exercise programme. An intervention is expected to be more efficacious in encouraging physical activity than the usual care if it includes *Prompts and cues* to walk or exercise, like a phone call or a text message. It is extremely helpful if a trusted clinician provides explicit advice to engage in physical activity (*Credible source*). Another highly effective strategy is to place objects that will serve as a cue to engage in physical activity in the everyday environment of the patient (*Adding object to the environment*; e.g., exercise step or treadmill). Encouragement to walk or exercise in various settings beyond CR (e.g., home, neighbourhood, parks) is also promising (*Generalisation of target behaviour*). Additional promising strategies are *Graded tasks* (e.g., gradual increase in intensity and duration of exercise training), *Self\\-monitoring*, *Monitoring of physical activity by others without feedback*, *Action planning*, and *Goal\\-setting*.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \\| title \\= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Open Heart \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e001687 \\| date \\= June 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34108272 \\| pmc \\= 8191629 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/openhrt\\-2021\\-001687 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} The inclusion of regular physical conditioning as part of a cardiac rehabilitation program can significantly improve [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life \"Quality of life\") and reduce the risk of hospital admission for worsening symptoms, but no evidence shows a reduction in mortality rates as a result of exercise.",
"Home visits and regular monitoring at heart\\-failure clinics reduce the need for hospitalization and improve [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Feltner C, Jones CD, Cené CW, Zheng ZJ, Sueta CA, Coker\\-Schwimmer EJ, Arvanitis M, Lohr KN, Middleton JC, Jonas DE \\| title \\= Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Annals of Internal Medicine \\| volume \\= 160 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 774–84 \\| date \\= June 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24862840 \\| doi \\= 10\\.7326/M14\\-0083 \\| doi\\-access \\= \\| s2cid \\= 262525144 \\| hdl \\= 11250/2485759 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }}",
"#### Medication",
"Quadruple medical therapy using a combination of [angiotensin receptor\\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan \"Sacubitril/valsartan\"), [beta blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\"), [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)](/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid \"Antimineralocorticoid\"), and [sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors)](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor \"SGLT2 inhibitor\") is the standard of care as of 2021 for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).{{cite journal \\| vauthors\\= Greene S, Khan M, et al. \\|title\\=Quadruple Medical Therapy for Heart Failure \\|journal \\= J Am Coll Cardiol \\|date\\= March 2021 \\|volume\\= 77 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=1408–1411 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jacc.2021\\.02\\.006 \\|pmid\\=33736822 \\|s2cid\\=232299815 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Straw S, McGinlay M, Witte KK \\|title\\= Four pillars of heart failure: contemporary pharmacological therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Open Heart (journal)\\|Open Heart]] \\|date\\= 2021 \\|volume\\= 8 \\|issue\\= 1 \\|page\\=e001585 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1136/openhrt\\-2021\\-001585\\|pmid\\= 33653703 \\|pmc\\= 7929859 }}",
"There is no convincing evidence for pharmacological treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Crespo\\-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CS, Lyon AR, McMurray JJ, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GM, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A \\| title \\= 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure \\| journal \\= European Heart Journal \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 36 \\| pages \\= 3599–3726 \\| date \\= September 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34447992 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 \\| url \\= https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 7 February 2023 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220908043625/https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 8 September 2022 }} Medication for HFpEF is symptomatic treatment with diuretics to treat congestion. Managing risk factors and comorbidities such as [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension \"Hypertension\") is recommended in HFpEF.",
"Inhibitors of the [renin–angiotensin system](/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system \"Renin–angiotensin system\") (RAS) are recommended in heart failure. The [angiotensin receptor\\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan \"Sacubitril/valsartan\") is recommended as first choice of RAS inhibitors in American guidelines published by AHA/ACC in 2022\\. Use of \\[\\[[Angiotensin II receptor blockerACE](/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker \"Angiotensin II receptor blocker\") inhibitor\\|angiotensin\\-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACE\\-I)]], or [angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blockers_%28ARBs%29 \"Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)\") if the person develops a long\\-term cough as a side effect of the ACE\\-I,{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Goljan EF \\|title\\=Rapid Review Pathology \\|edition \\= 4th \\|location\\=Philadelphia, PA \\|publisher\\=Saunders/Elsevier \\|date\\=2014 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-323\\-08787\\-2 }} is associated with improved survival, fewer hospitalizations for heart failure exacerbations, and improved quality of life in people with heart failure.{{NICE\\|108\\|Chronic heart failure – managements (ARBs) of chronic heart failure in adults in primary and secondary care \\| August 2010}} European guidelines published by ESC in 2021 recommends that [ARNI](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan \"Sacubitril/valsartan\") should be used in those who still have symptoms while on an [ACE\\-I](/wiki/ACE_inhibitor \"ACE inhibitor\") or [ARB](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blocker \"Angiotensin receptor blocker\"), [beta blocker](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\"), and a [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor_antagonist \"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist\"). Use of the combination agent ARNI requires the cessation of ACE\\-I or ARB therapy at least 36 hours before its initiation.",
"[Beta\\-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers)](/wiki/Beta_blockers \"Beta blockers\") add to the improvement in symptoms and [mortality](/wiki/Case_fatality_rate \"Case fatality rate\") provided by ACE\\-I/ARB.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kotecha D, Manzano L, Krum H, Rosano G, Holmes J, Altman DG, Collins PD, Packer M, Wikstrand J, Coats AJ, Cleland JG, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Rigby AS, Andersson B, Lip GY, van Veldhuisen DJ, Shibata MC, Wedel H, Böhm M, Flather MD \\| title \\= Effect of age and sex on efficacy and tolerability of β blockers in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: individual patient data meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= BMJ \\| volume \\= 353 \\| pages \\= i1855 \\| date \\= April 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27098105 \\| pmc \\= 4849174 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/bmj.i1855 }} The mortality benefits of beta blockers in people with systolic dysfunction who also have [atrial fibrillation](/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation \"Atrial fibrillation\") is more limited than in those who do not have it.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, Altman DG, Manzano L, Cleland JG, Lip GY, Coats AJ, Andersson B, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Wedel H, Rosano G, Shibata MC, Rigby A, Flather MD \\| title \\= Efficacy of β blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual\\-patient data meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Lancet \\| volume \\= 384 \\| issue \\= 9961 \\| pages \\= 2235–43 \\| date \\= December 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25193873 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(14\\)61373\\-8 \\| s2cid \\= 25660815 \\| url \\= http://pure\\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\\_et\\_al\\_Lancet\\_Efficacy\\_of\\_beta\\_blockers\\_The\\_Lancet\\_2014\\_Post\\_Print.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 27 May 2019 \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 September 2020 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221341/http://pure\\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\\_et\\_al\\_Lancet\\_Efficacy\\_of\\_beta\\_blockers\\_The\\_Lancet\\_2014\\_Post\\_Print.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= live }} If the ejection fraction is not diminished (HFpEF), the benefits of beta blockers are more modest; a decrease in mortality has been observed, but reduction in hospital admission for uncontrolled symptoms has not been observed.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Liu F, Chen Y, Feng X, Teng Z, Yuan Y, Bin J \\| title \\= Effects of beta\\-blockers on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= e90555 \\| date \\= 5 March 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24599093 \\| pmc \\= 3944014 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0090555 \\| bibcode \\= 2014PLoSO...990555L \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"In people who are intolerant of ACE\\-I and ARB or who have significant kidney dysfunction, the use of combined [hydralazine](/wiki/Hydralazine \"Hydralazine\") and a long\\-acting nitrate, such as [isosorbide dinitrate](/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate \"Isosorbide dinitrate\"), is an effective alternate strategy. This regimen has been shown to reduce mortality in people with moderate heart failure.{{cite book \\| chapter \\= Chapter 5: Treating heart failure \\| title \\= Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care \\| edition \\= Partial Update \\[Internet]. \\| author \\= National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) \\| publisher \\= Royal College of Physicians \\| location \\= London (UK) \\| date \\= August 2010 \\| chapter\\-url \\= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 6 September 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120901/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \\| url\\-status \\= live }} It is especially beneficial in the black population.{{efn\\|Specifically, in one randomized control trial the patients self\\-identified as black (defined as of African descent), and in one randomized control trial the patients were defined as ''black'', without further details given.}}",
"Use of a [mineralocorticoid antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist \"Mineralocorticoid antagonist\"), such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone \"Spironolactone\") or [eplerenone](/wiki/Eplerenone \"Eplerenone\"), in addition to beta blockers and ACE\\-I, can improve symptoms and reduce mortality in people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).",
"[SGLT2 inhibitors](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor \"SGLT2 inhibitor\") are used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction as they have demonstrated benefits in reducing hospitalizations and mortality, regardless of whether an individual has comorbid Type 2 Diabetes or not.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \\| title \\= 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \\| journal \\= Journal of the American College of Cardiology \\| volume \\= 79 \\| issue \\= 17 \\| pages \\= e263–e421 \\| date \\= May 2022 \\| pmid \\= 35379503 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.jacc.2021\\.12\\.012 \\| s2cid \\= 247882156 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Brueckmann M, Ofstad AP, Pfarr E, Jamal W, Packer M \\| title \\= SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta\\-analysis of the EMPEROR\\-Reduced and DAPA\\-HF trials \\| journal \\= Lancet \\| volume \\= 396 \\| issue \\= 10254 \\| pages \\= 819–829 \\| date \\= September 2020 \\| pmid \\= 32877652 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(20\\)31824\\-9 }}",
"##### Other medications",
"Second\\-line medications for CHF do not confer a mortality benefit. [Digoxin](/wiki/Digoxin \"Digoxin\") is one such medication. Its narrow therapeutic window, a high degree of toxicity, and the failure of multiple trials to show a mortality benefit have reduced its role in clinical practice. It is now used in only a small number of people with refractory symptoms, who are in atrial fibrillation, and/or who have chronic hypotension.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\\-heart\\-failure/\\| title\\=Congestive Heart Failure\\| website\\=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library\\| date\\=7 August 2020\\| access\\-date\\=10 July 2021\\| archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710035402/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\\-heart\\-failure/\\| url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Digoxin\\|url\\=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\\|publisher\\=The American Society of Health\\-System Pharmacists\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004328/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2016}}",
"Diuretics have been a mainstay of treatment against symptoms of fluid accumulation, and include diuretics classes such as [loop diuretics](/wiki/Loop_diuretic \"Loop diuretic\") (such as [furosemide](/wiki/Furosemide \"Furosemide\")), [thiazide\\-like diuretics](/wiki/Thiazide-like_diuretic \"Thiazide-like diuretic\"), and [potassium\\-sparing diuretics](/wiki/Potassium-sparing_diuretic \"Potassium-sparing diuretic\"). Although widely used, evidence on their efficacy and safety is limited, with the exception of [mineralocorticoid antagonists](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist \"Mineralocorticoid antagonist\") such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone \"Spironolactone\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= von Lueder TG, Atar D, Krum H \\| title \\= Diuretic use in heart failure and outcomes \\| journal \\= Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics \\| volume \\= 94 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 490–8 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23852396 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/clpt.2013\\.140 \\| s2cid \\= 7441258 }}",
"Anemia is an independent factor in mortality in people with chronic heart failure. Treatment of anemia significantly improves quality of life for those with heart failure, often with a reduction in severity of the NYHA classification, and also improves mortality rates.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= He SW, Wang LX \\| title \\= The impact of anemia on the prognosis of chronic heart failure: a meta\\-analysis and systemic review \\| journal \\= Congestive Heart Failure \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 123–30 \\| year \\= 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19522961 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1751\\-7133\\.2008\\.00030\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nunez\\-Gil MI, Peraira\\-Moral MJ \\|title\\=Anaemia in heart failure: intravenous iron therapy \\|journal\\=e\\-Journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=16 \\|date\\=19 January 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\\-in\\-heart\\-failure\\-intravenous\\-iron\\-therapy\\-Peraira\\-Moral\\-J\\-Roberto\\-Nunez\\-Gil\\-Ivan\\-J.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124155/http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\\-in\\-heart\\-failure\\-intravenous\\-iron\\-therapy\\-Peraira\\-Moral\\-J\\-Roberto\\-Nunez\\-Gil\\-Ivan\\-J.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2013 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all \\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2012 }} [European Society of Cardiology](/wiki/European_Society_of_Cardiology \"European Society of Cardiology\") recommends screening for iron deficiency and treating with [intravenous iron](/wiki/Parenteral_iron \"Parenteral iron\") if deficiency is found.{{rp\\|pages\\=3668–3669}}",
"The decision to anticoagulate people with HF, typically with left ventricular ejection fractions \\<35% is debated, but generally, people with coexisting atrial fibrillation, a prior embolic event, or conditions that increase the risk of an embolic event such as amyloidosis, left ventricular noncompaction, familial dilated cardiomyopathy, or a thromboembolic event in a first\\-degree relative.",
"[Vasopressin receptor antagonists](/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist \"Vasopressin receptor antagonist\") can also be used to treat heart failure. [Conivaptan](/wiki/Conivaptan \"Conivaptan\") is the first medication approved by US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in those with heart failure. In rare cases hypertonic 3% saline together with diuretics may be used to correct hyponatremia.",
"[Ivabradine](/wiki/Ivabradine \"Ivabradine\") is recommended for people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who are receiving optimized guideline\\-directed therapy (as above) including the maximum tolerated dose of beta\\-blocker, have a normal heart rhythm and continue to have a resting heart rate above 70 beats per minute. Ivabradine has been found to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure exacerbations in this subgroup of people with heart failure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C \\| title \\= 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 136 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= e137–e161 \\| date \\= August 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28455343 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIR.0000000000000509 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"#### Implanted devices",
"In people with severe cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction below 35%), or in those with recurrent VT or malignant arrhythmias, treatment with an automatic implantable cardioverter\\-defibrillator (AICD) is indicated to reduce the risk of severe life\\-threatening arrhythmias. The AICD does not improve symptoms or reduce the incidence of malignant arrhythmias but does reduce mortality from those arrhythmias, often in conjunction with antiarrhythmic medications. In people with left ventricular ejection (LVEF) below 35%, the incidence of [ventricular tachycardia](/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia \"Ventricular tachycardia\") or [sudden cardiac death](/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death \"Sudden cardiac death\") is high enough to warrant AICD placement. Its use is therefore recommended in [AHA](/wiki/American_Hospital_Association \"American Hospital Association\")/[ACC](/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology \"American College of Cardiology\") guidelines.",
"[Cardiac contractility modulation](/wiki/Cardiac_contractility_modulation \"Cardiac contractility modulation\") (CCM) is a [treatment](/wiki/Therapy \"Therapy\") for people with moderate to severe [left ventricular](/wiki/Heart%23Chambers \"Heart#Chambers\") systolic heart failure (NYHA class II–IV), which enhances both the strength of ventricular [contraction](/wiki/Muscle_contraction \"Muscle contraction\") and the heart's pumping capacity. The CCM mechanism is based on stimulation of the cardiac muscle by [nonexcitatory electrical signals](/wiki/Action_potential%23Refractory_period \"Action potential#Refractory period\"), which are delivered by a [pacemaker](/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker \"Artificial cardiac pacemaker\")\\-like device. CCM is particularly suitable for the treatment of heart failure with normal [QRS complex](/wiki/QRS_complex \"QRS complex\") duration (120 ms or less) and has been demonstrated to improve the symptoms, quality of life, and exercise tolerance.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Abraham WT, Smith SA \\| title \\= Devices in the management of advanced, chronic heart failure \\| journal \\= Nature Reviews. Cardiology \\| volume \\= 10 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 98–110 \\| date \\= February 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23229137 \\| pmc \\= 3753073 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nrcardio.2012\\.178 }}{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Giallauria F, Vigorito C, Piepoli MF, Stewart Coats AJ\\|date\\=August 2014\\|title\\=Effects of cardiac contractility modulation by non\\-excitatory electrical stimulation on exercise capacity and quality of life: an individual patient's data meta\\-analysis of randomized controlled trials\\|journal\\=International Journal of Cardiology\\|volume\\=175\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=352–7\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\\.06\\.005\\|pmid\\=24975782}}{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Borggrefe M, Burkhoff D\\|date\\=July 2012\\|title\\=Clinical effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) as a treatment for chronic heart failure\\|journal\\=European Journal of Heart Failure\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=703–12\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/eurjhf/hfs078\\|pmid\\=22696514\\|s2cid\\=10484257\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kuschyk J, Roeger S, Schneider R, Streitner F, Stach K, Rudic B, Weiß C, Schimpf R, Papavasilliu T, Rousso B, Burkhoff D, Borggrefe M \\| title \\= Efficacy and survival in patients with cardiac contractility modulation: long\\-term single center experience in 81 patients \\| journal \\= International Journal of Cardiology \\| volume \\= 183 \\| issue \\= 183C \\| pages \\= 76–81 \\| date \\= March 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25662055 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\\.12\\.178 }} CCM is approved for use in Europe, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States in 2019\\.{{cite journal \\| title \\= Der Besondere Stellenwert der Kardialen Kontraktilitätsmodulation in der Devicetherapie \\| journal \\= Herzmedizin \\| date \\= 2014 \\| vauthors \\= Kuschyk J \\| url \\= http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \\| access\\-date \\= Jun 6, 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705113329/http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 5 July 2015 \\| df \\= dmy\\-all }}{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT01381172\\|Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of the OPTIMIZER System in Subjects With Moderate\\-to\\-Severe Heart Failure: FIX\\-HF\\-5C (FIX\\-HF\\-5C)}}{{cite web \\| title\\=FDA Approves Optimizer Smart System for Heart Failure Patients \\| website\\=Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology (DAIC) \\| date\\=2019\\-03\\-21 \\| url\\=http://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\\-approves\\-optimizer\\-smart\\-system\\-heart\\-failure\\-patients \\| access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-25 \\| archive\\-date\\=19 March 2023 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124802/https://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\\-approves\\-optimizer\\-smart\\-system\\-heart\\-failure\\-patients \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"About one\\-third of people with [LVEF](/wiki/LVEF \"LVEF\") below 35% have markedly altered conduction to the ventricles, resulting in dyssynchronous depolarization of the right and left ventricles. This is especially problematic in people with left bundle branch block (blockage of one of the two primary conducting fiber bundles that originate at the base of the heart and carry depolarizing impulses to the left ventricle). Using a special pacing algorithm, biventricular [cardiac resynchronization therapy](/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy \"Cardiac resynchronization therapy\") (CRT) can initiate a normal sequence of ventricular depolarization. In people with LVEF below 35% and prolonged QRS duration on ECG (LBBB or QRS of 150 ms or more), an improvement in symptoms and mortality occurs when CRT is added to standard medical therapy.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL \\| title \\= 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 128 \\| issue \\= 16 \\| pages \\= e240–327 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23741058 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} However, in the two\\-thirds of people without prolonged QRS duration, CRT may actually be harmful.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, Bax JJ, Borer JS, Brugada J, Dickstein K, Ford I, Gorcsan J, Gras D, Krum H, Sogaard P, Holzmeister J \\| title \\= Cardiac\\-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex \\| journal \\= The New England Journal of Medicine \\| volume \\= 369 \\| issue \\= 15 \\| pages \\= 1395–405 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23998714 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1056/NEJMoa1306687 \\| s2cid \\= 205095941 \\| url \\= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 24 November 2018 \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 July 2020 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200728222046/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"#### Surgical therapies",
"People with the most severe heart failure may be candidates for [ventricular assist devices](/wiki/Ventricular_assist_device \"Ventricular assist device\"), which have commonly been used as a bridge to heart transplantation, but have been used more recently as a destination treatment for advanced heart failure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Carrel T, Englberger L, Martinelli MV, Takala J, Boesch C, Sigurdadottir V, Gygax E, Kadner A, Mohacsi P \\| title \\= Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices: a valid option for heart failure patients \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Swiss Medical Weekly]] \\| volume \\= 142 \\| pages \\= w13701 \\| date \\= Oct 18, 2012 \\| pmid \\= 23135811 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4414/smw.2012\\.13701 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"In select cases, heart transplantation can be considered. While this may resolve the problems associated with heart failure, the person must generally remain on an immunosuppressive regimen to prevent rejection, which has its own significant downsides.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, Zolty R, Lowes BD, Wolfel EE, Mestroni L, Page RL, Kobashigawa J \\| title \\= Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part I: cardiac rejection and immunosuppressive drugs \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 110 \\| issue \\= 24 \\| pages \\= 3734–40 \\| date \\= December 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15596559 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/01\\.cir.0000149745\\.83186\\.89 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} A major limitation of this treatment option is the scarcity of hearts available for transplantation.",
"### Palliative care",
"People with heart failure often have significant symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain. Palliative care should be initiated early in the HF trajectory, and should not be an option of last resort.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kavalieratos D, Gelfman LP, Tycon LE, Riegel B, Bekelman DB, Ikejiani DZ, Goldstein N, Kimmel SE, Bakitas MA, Arnold RM \\| title \\= Palliative Care in Heart Failure: Rationale, Evidence, and Future Priorities \\| journal \\= Journal of the American College of Cardiology \\| volume \\= 70 \\| issue \\= 15 \\| pages \\= 1919–1930 \\| date \\= October 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28982506 \\| pmc \\= 5731659 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.jacc.2017\\.08\\.036 }} Palliative care can not only provide symptom management, but also assist with advanced care planning, goals of care in the case of a significant decline, and making sure the person has a medical [power of attorney](/wiki/Power_of_attorney \"Power of attorney\") and discussed his or her wishes with this individual.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Adler ED, Goldfinger JZ, Kalman J, Park ME, Meier DE \\| title \\= Palliative care in the treatment of advanced heart failure \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 120 \\| issue \\= 25 \\| pages \\= 2597–606 \\| date \\= December 2009 \\| pmid \\= 20026792 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109\\.869123 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} A 2016 and 2017 review found that palliative care is associated with improved outcomes, such as quality of life, symptom burden, and satisfaction with care.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kavalieratos D, Corbelli J, Zhang D, Dionne\\-Odom JN, Ernecoff NC, Hanmer J, Hoydich ZP, Ikejiani DZ, Klein\\-Fedyshin M, Zimmermann C, Morton SC, Arnold RM, Heller L, Schenker Y \\| title \\= Association Between Palliative Care and Patient and Caregiver Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= JAMA \\| volume \\= 316 \\| issue \\= 20 \\| pages \\= 2104–2114 \\| date \\= November 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27893131 \\| pmc \\= 5226373 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/jama.2016\\.16840 }}",
"Without transplantation, heart failure may not be reversible and heart function typically deteriorates with time. The growing number of people with stage IV heart failure (intractable symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath, or chest pain at rest despite optimal medical therapy) should be considered for palliative care or [hospice](/wiki/Hospice \"Hospice\"), according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines.",
""
] |
### Chronic management
The goals of the treatment for people with chronic heart failure are the prolongation of life, prevention of acute decompensation, and reduction of symptoms, allowing for greater activity.
Heart failure can result from a variety of conditions. In considering therapeutic options, excluding reversible causes is of primary importance, including [thyroid disease](/wiki/Thyroid_disease "Thyroid disease"), [anemia](/wiki/Anemia "Anemia"), chronic [tachycardia](/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia"), [alcohol use disorder](/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder "Alcohol use disorder"), [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension "Hypertension"), and dysfunction of one or more [heart valves](/wiki/Heart_valves "Heart valves"). Treatment of the underlying cause is usually the first approach to treating heart failure. In the majority of cases, though, either no primary cause is found or treatment of the primary cause does not restore normal heart function. In these cases, [behavioral](/wiki/Behavioral_treatments "Behavioral treatments"), [medical](/wiki/Medical_treatment "Medical treatment") and [device](/wiki/Medical_device "Medical device") treatment strategies exist that can provide a significant improvement in outcomes, including the relief of symptoms, exercise tolerance, and a decrease in the likelihood of [hospitalization](/wiki/Hospitalization "Hospitalization") or death. Breathlessness rehabilitation for [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease") and heart failure has been proposed with exercise training as a core component. Rehabilitation should also include other interventions to address shortness of breath including psychological and educational needs of people and needs of caregivers.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Man WD, Chowdhury F, Taylor RS, Evans RA, Doherty P, Singh SJ, Booth S, Thomason D, Andrews D, Lee C, Hanna J, Morgan MD, Bell D, Cowie MR \| title \= Building consensus for provision of breathlessness rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure \| journal \= Chronic Respiratory Disease \| volume \= 13 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 229–39 \| date \= August 2016 \| pmid \= 27072018 \| pmc \= 5029782 \| doi \= 10\.1177/1479972316642363 }} [Iron supplementation](/wiki/Iron_supplementation "Iron supplementation") appears to reduce hospitalization but not all\-cause mortality in patients with iron deficiency and heart
failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zhou X, Xu W, Xu Y, Qian Z \| title \= Iron Supplementation Improves Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure \| journal \= The American Journal of Medicine \| volume \= 132 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 955–963 \| date \= August 2019 \| pmid \= 30853478 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.amjmed.2019\.02\.018 \| s2cid \= 73725232 }}
#### Advance care planning
The latest evidence indicates that advance care planning (ACP) may help to increase documentation by medical staff regarding discussions with participants, and improve an individual's depression.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nishikawa Y, Hiroyama N, Fukahori H, Ota E, Mizuno A, Miyashita M, Yoneoka D, Kwong JS \| title \= Advance care planning for adults with heart failure \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 2020 \| pages \= CD013022 \| date \= February 2020 \| issue \= 2 \| pmid \= 32104908 \| pmc \= 7045766 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD013022\.pub2 \| collaboration \= Cochrane Heart Group }} This involves discussing an individual's future care plan in consideration of the individual's preferences and values. The findings are however, based on low\-quality evidence.
#### Monitoring
The various measures often used to assess the progress of people being treated for heart failure include [fluid balance](/wiki/Fluid_balance "Fluid balance") (calculation of fluid intake and excretion) and monitoring [body weight](/wiki/Body_weight "Body weight") (which in the shorter term reflects fluid shifts).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yu CM, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH, Kong SL, Tang MO, Christensen J, Stadler RW, Lau CP \| title \= Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 112 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 841–848 \| date \= August 2005 \| pmid \= 16061743 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104\.492207 \| doi\-access \= free }} Remote monitoring can be effective to reduce complications for people with heart failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bashi N, Karunanithi M, Fatehi F, Ding H, Walters D \| title \= Remote Monitoring of Patients With Heart Failure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews \| journal \= Journal of Medical Internet Research \| volume \= 19 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e18 \| date \= January 2017 \| pmid \= 28108430 \| pmc \= 5291866 \| doi \= 10\.2196/jmir.6571 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto\-Merino D, Cleland JG \| title \= Structured telephone support or non\-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure \| journal \= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume \= 2015 \| issue \= 10 \| pages \= CD007228 \| date \= October 2015 \| pmid \= 26517969 \| pmc \= 8482064 \| doi \= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD007228\.pub3 \| url \= https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/35732/1/Inglis%20Structured%202015\.pdf \| access\-date \= 25 September 2019 \| url\-status \= live \| archive\-date \= 28 August 2021 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210828103110/https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/35732/Inglis%20Structured%202015\.pdf;jsessionid\=B2254F0FEBB8F13B06AFE621E018A88A?sequence\=1 \| hdl \= 2328/35732 }}
#### Lifestyle
Behavior modification is a primary consideration in chronic heart failure management program, with [dietary guidelines](/wiki/Dietary_guidelines "Dietary guidelines") regarding [fluid](/wiki/Drinking_water "Drinking water") and [salt](/wiki/Sodium_chloride "Sodium chloride") intake.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\-Changes\-for\-Heart\-Failure\_UCM\_306341\_Article.jsp \|title\=Lifestyle Changes for Heart Failure \|publisher\=\[\[American Heart Association]] \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503123439/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\-Changes\-for\-Heart\-Failure\_UCM\_306341\_Article.jsp \|archive\-date\=3 May 2015 }} Fluid restriction is important to reduce fluid retention in the body and to correct the hyponatremic status of the body. The evidence of benefit of reducing salt, however, is poor as of 2018\.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, Tierney S, Aronson JK, Roberts N, Hobbs FD, Nunan D \| title \= Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review \| journal \= JAMA Internal Medicine \| volume \= 178 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 1693–1700 \| date \= November 2018 \| pmid \= 30398532 \| doi \= 10\.1001/jamainternmed.2018\.4673 \| s2cid \= 53241717 \| pmc \= 6422065 }} Thirst is a common and burdensome symptom for patients to cope with. [Chewing gum](https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(20)30480-7/fulltext) has been shown to be an effective intervention to relieve thirst in patients experiencing heart failure, although patient acceptability remains an issue.
#### Exercise and physical activity
Exercise should be encouraged and tailored to suit individual's capabilities. A meta\-analysis found that centre\-based group interventions delivered by a physiotherapist are helpful in promoting physical activity in HF.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \| title \= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\-analysis \| language \= English \| journal \= Open Heart \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e001687 \| date \= June 2021 \| pmid \= 34108272 \| pmc \= 8191629 \| doi \= 10\.1136/openhrt\-2021\-001687 \| oclc \= 9066065537 }} There is a need for additional training for physiotherapists in delivering behaviour change intervention alongside an exercise programme. An intervention is expected to be more efficacious in encouraging physical activity than the usual care if it includes *Prompts and cues* to walk or exercise, like a phone call or a text message. It is extremely helpful if a trusted clinician provides explicit advice to engage in physical activity (*Credible source*). Another highly effective strategy is to place objects that will serve as a cue to engage in physical activity in the everyday environment of the patient (*Adding object to the environment*; e.g., exercise step or treadmill). Encouragement to walk or exercise in various settings beyond CR (e.g., home, neighbourhood, parks) is also promising (*Generalisation of target behaviour*). Additional promising strategies are *Graded tasks* (e.g., gradual increase in intensity and duration of exercise training), *Self\-monitoring*, *Monitoring of physical activity by others without feedback*, *Action planning*, and *Goal\-setting*.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \| title \= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\-analysis \| journal \= Open Heart \| volume \= 8 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= e001687 \| date \= June 2021 \| pmid \= 34108272 \| pmc \= 8191629 \| doi \= 10\.1136/openhrt\-2021\-001687 \| doi\-access \= free }} The inclusion of regular physical conditioning as part of a cardiac rehabilitation program can significantly improve [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life") and reduce the risk of hospital admission for worsening symptoms, but no evidence shows a reduction in mortality rates as a result of exercise.
Home visits and regular monitoring at heart\-failure clinics reduce the need for hospitalization and improve [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy "Life expectancy").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Feltner C, Jones CD, Cené CW, Zheng ZJ, Sueta CA, Coker\-Schwimmer EJ, Arvanitis M, Lohr KN, Middleton JC, Jonas DE \| title \= Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta\-analysis \| journal \= Annals of Internal Medicine \| volume \= 160 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 774–84 \| date \= June 2014 \| pmid \= 24862840 \| doi \= 10\.7326/M14\-0083 \| doi\-access \= \| s2cid \= 262525144 \| hdl \= 11250/2485759 \| hdl\-access \= free }}
#### Medication
Quadruple medical therapy using a combination of [angiotensin receptor\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan "Sacubitril/valsartan"), [beta blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker"), [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)](/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid "Antimineralocorticoid"), and [sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors)](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor "SGLT2 inhibitor") is the standard of care as of 2021 for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).{{cite journal \| vauthors\= Greene S, Khan M, et al. \|title\=Quadruple Medical Therapy for Heart Failure \|journal \= J Am Coll Cardiol \|date\= March 2021 \|volume\= 77 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=1408–1411 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jacc.2021\.02\.006 \|pmid\=33736822 \|s2cid\=232299815 \|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Straw S, McGinlay M, Witte KK \|title\= Four pillars of heart failure: contemporary pharmacological therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction \|journal\=\[\[Open Heart (journal)\|Open Heart]] \|date\= 2021 \|volume\= 8 \|issue\= 1 \|page\=e001585 \|doi\= 10\.1136/openhrt\-2021\-001585\|pmid\= 33653703 \|pmc\= 7929859 }}
There is no convincing evidence for pharmacological treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Crespo\-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CS, Lyon AR, McMurray JJ, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GM, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A \| title \= 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure \| journal \= European Heart Journal \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 36 \| pages \= 3599–3726 \| date \= September 2021 \| pmid \= 34447992 \| doi \= 10\.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 \| url \= https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\.pdf \| access\-date \= 7 February 2023 \| url\-status \= live \| doi\-access \= free \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220908043625/https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 8 September 2022 }} Medication for HFpEF is symptomatic treatment with diuretics to treat congestion. Managing risk factors and comorbidities such as [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension "Hypertension") is recommended in HFpEF.
Inhibitors of the [renin–angiotensin system](/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system "Renin–angiotensin system") (RAS) are recommended in heart failure. The [angiotensin receptor\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan "Sacubitril/valsartan") is recommended as first choice of RAS inhibitors in American guidelines published by AHA/ACC in 2022\. Use of \[\[[Angiotensin II receptor blockerACE](/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker "Angiotensin II receptor blocker") inhibitor\|angiotensin\-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACE\-I)]], or [angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blockers_%28ARBs%29 "Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)") if the person develops a long\-term cough as a side effect of the ACE\-I,{{cite book \| vauthors \= Goljan EF \|title\=Rapid Review Pathology \|edition \= 4th \|location\=Philadelphia, PA \|publisher\=Saunders/Elsevier \|date\=2014 \|isbn\=978\-0\-323\-08787\-2 }} is associated with improved survival, fewer hospitalizations for heart failure exacerbations, and improved quality of life in people with heart failure.{{NICE\|108\|Chronic heart failure – managements (ARBs) of chronic heart failure in adults in primary and secondary care \| August 2010}} European guidelines published by ESC in 2021 recommends that [ARNI](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan "Sacubitril/valsartan") should be used in those who still have symptoms while on an [ACE\-I](/wiki/ACE_inhibitor "ACE inhibitor") or [ARB](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blocker "Angiotensin receptor blocker"), [beta blocker](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker"), and a [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor_antagonist "Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist"). Use of the combination agent ARNI requires the cessation of ACE\-I or ARB therapy at least 36 hours before its initiation.
[Beta\-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers)](/wiki/Beta_blockers "Beta blockers") add to the improvement in symptoms and [mortality](/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") provided by ACE\-I/ARB.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kotecha D, Manzano L, Krum H, Rosano G, Holmes J, Altman DG, Collins PD, Packer M, Wikstrand J, Coats AJ, Cleland JG, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Rigby AS, Andersson B, Lip GY, van Veldhuisen DJ, Shibata MC, Wedel H, Böhm M, Flather MD \| title \= Effect of age and sex on efficacy and tolerability of β blockers in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: individual patient data meta\-analysis \| journal \= BMJ \| volume \= 353 \| pages \= i1855 \| date \= April 2016 \| pmid \= 27098105 \| pmc \= 4849174 \| doi \= 10\.1136/bmj.i1855 }} The mortality benefits of beta blockers in people with systolic dysfunction who also have [atrial fibrillation](/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation "Atrial fibrillation") is more limited than in those who do not have it.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, Altman DG, Manzano L, Cleland JG, Lip GY, Coats AJ, Andersson B, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Wedel H, Rosano G, Shibata MC, Rigby A, Flather MD \| title \= Efficacy of β blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual\-patient data meta\-analysis \| journal \= Lancet \| volume \= 384 \| issue \= 9961 \| pages \= 2235–43 \| date \= December 2014 \| pmid \= 25193873 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0140\-6736(14\)61373\-8 \| s2cid \= 25660815 \| url \= http://pure\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\_et\_al\_Lancet\_Efficacy\_of\_beta\_blockers\_The\_Lancet\_2014\_Post\_Print.pdf \| access\-date \= 27 May 2019 \| archive\-date \= 28 September 2020 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221341/http://pure\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\_et\_al\_Lancet\_Efficacy\_of\_beta\_blockers\_The\_Lancet\_2014\_Post\_Print.pdf \| url\-status \= live }} If the ejection fraction is not diminished (HFpEF), the benefits of beta blockers are more modest; a decrease in mortality has been observed, but reduction in hospital admission for uncontrolled symptoms has not been observed.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Liu F, Chen Y, Feng X, Teng Z, Yuan Y, Bin J \| title \= Effects of beta\-blockers on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta\-analysis \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= e90555 \| date \= 5 March 2014 \| pmid \= 24599093 \| pmc \= 3944014 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0090555 \| bibcode \= 2014PLoSO...990555L \| doi\-access \= free }}
In people who are intolerant of ACE\-I and ARB or who have significant kidney dysfunction, the use of combined [hydralazine](/wiki/Hydralazine "Hydralazine") and a long\-acting nitrate, such as [isosorbide dinitrate](/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate "Isosorbide dinitrate"), is an effective alternate strategy. This regimen has been shown to reduce mortality in people with moderate heart failure.{{cite book \| chapter \= Chapter 5: Treating heart failure \| title \= Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care \| edition \= Partial Update \[Internet]. \| author \= National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) \| publisher \= Royal College of Physicians \| location \= London (UK) \| date \= August 2010 \| chapter\-url \= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \| access\-date \= 31 August 2017 \| archive\-date \= 6 September 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120901/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \| url\-status \= live }} It is especially beneficial in the black population.{{efn\|Specifically, in one randomized control trial the patients self\-identified as black (defined as of African descent), and in one randomized control trial the patients were defined as ''black'', without further details given.}}
Use of a [mineralocorticoid antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist "Mineralocorticoid antagonist"), such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone "Spironolactone") or [eplerenone](/wiki/Eplerenone "Eplerenone"), in addition to beta blockers and ACE\-I, can improve symptoms and reduce mortality in people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
[SGLT2 inhibitors](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor "SGLT2 inhibitor") are used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction as they have demonstrated benefits in reducing hospitalizations and mortality, regardless of whether an individual has comorbid Type 2 Diabetes or not.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \| title \= 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \| journal \= Journal of the American College of Cardiology \| volume \= 79 \| issue \= 17 \| pages \= e263–e421 \| date \= May 2022 \| pmid \= 35379503 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.jacc.2021\.12\.012 \| s2cid \= 247882156 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Brueckmann M, Ofstad AP, Pfarr E, Jamal W, Packer M \| title \= SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta\-analysis of the EMPEROR\-Reduced and DAPA\-HF trials \| journal \= Lancet \| volume \= 396 \| issue \= 10254 \| pages \= 819–829 \| date \= September 2020 \| pmid \= 32877652 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0140\-6736(20\)31824\-9 }}
##### Other medications
Second\-line medications for CHF do not confer a mortality benefit. [Digoxin](/wiki/Digoxin "Digoxin") is one such medication. Its narrow therapeutic window, a high degree of toxicity, and the failure of multiple trials to show a mortality benefit have reduced its role in clinical practice. It is now used in only a small number of people with refractory symptoms, who are in atrial fibrillation, and/or who have chronic hypotension.{{cite web\| url\=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\-heart\-failure/\| title\=Congestive Heart Failure\| website\=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library\| date\=7 August 2020\| access\-date\=10 July 2021\| archive\-date\=10 July 2021\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710035402/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\-heart\-failure/\| url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Digoxin\|url\=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\|publisher\=The American Society of Health\-System Pharmacists\|access\-date\=8 December 2016\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004328/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\|archive\-date\=21 December 2016}}
Diuretics have been a mainstay of treatment against symptoms of fluid accumulation, and include diuretics classes such as [loop diuretics](/wiki/Loop_diuretic "Loop diuretic") (such as [furosemide](/wiki/Furosemide "Furosemide")), [thiazide\-like diuretics](/wiki/Thiazide-like_diuretic "Thiazide-like diuretic"), and [potassium\-sparing diuretics](/wiki/Potassium-sparing_diuretic "Potassium-sparing diuretic"). Although widely used, evidence on their efficacy and safety is limited, with the exception of [mineralocorticoid antagonists](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist "Mineralocorticoid antagonist") such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone "Spironolactone").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= von Lueder TG, Atar D, Krum H \| title \= Diuretic use in heart failure and outcomes \| journal \= Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics \| volume \= 94 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 490–8 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 23852396 \| doi \= 10\.1038/clpt.2013\.140 \| s2cid \= 7441258 }}
Anemia is an independent factor in mortality in people with chronic heart failure. Treatment of anemia significantly improves quality of life for those with heart failure, often with a reduction in severity of the NYHA classification, and also improves mortality rates.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= He SW, Wang LX \| title \= The impact of anemia on the prognosis of chronic heart failure: a meta\-analysis and systemic review \| journal \= Congestive Heart Failure \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 123–30 \| year \= 2009 \| pmid \= 19522961 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1751\-7133\.2008\.00030\.x \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Nunez\-Gil MI, Peraira\-Moral MJ \|title\=Anaemia in heart failure: intravenous iron therapy \|journal\=e\-Journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice \|volume\=10 \|issue\=16 \|date\=19 January 2012 \|url\=http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\-in\-heart\-failure\-intravenous\-iron\-therapy\-Peraira\-Moral\-J\-Roberto\-Nunez\-Gil\-Ivan\-J.aspx \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124155/http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\-in\-heart\-failure\-intravenous\-iron\-therapy\-Peraira\-Moral\-J\-Roberto\-Nunez\-Gil\-Ivan\-J.aspx \|archive\-date\=3 June 2013 \|df\=dmy\-all \|access\-date\=3 October 2012 }} [European Society of Cardiology](/wiki/European_Society_of_Cardiology "European Society of Cardiology") recommends screening for iron deficiency and treating with [intravenous iron](/wiki/Parenteral_iron "Parenteral iron") if deficiency is found.{{rp\|pages\=3668–3669}}
The decision to anticoagulate people with HF, typically with left ventricular ejection fractions \<35% is debated, but generally, people with coexisting atrial fibrillation, a prior embolic event, or conditions that increase the risk of an embolic event such as amyloidosis, left ventricular noncompaction, familial dilated cardiomyopathy, or a thromboembolic event in a first\-degree relative.
[Vasopressin receptor antagonists](/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist "Vasopressin receptor antagonist") can also be used to treat heart failure. [Conivaptan](/wiki/Conivaptan "Conivaptan") is the first medication approved by US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in those with heart failure. In rare cases hypertonic 3% saline together with diuretics may be used to correct hyponatremia.
[Ivabradine](/wiki/Ivabradine "Ivabradine") is recommended for people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who are receiving optimized guideline\-directed therapy (as above) including the maximum tolerated dose of beta\-blocker, have a normal heart rhythm and continue to have a resting heart rate above 70 beats per minute. Ivabradine has been found to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure exacerbations in this subgroup of people with heart failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C \| title \= 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 136 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= e137–e161 \| date \= August 2017 \| pmid \= 28455343 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIR.0000000000000509 \| doi\-access \= free }}
#### Implanted devices
In people with severe cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction below 35%), or in those with recurrent VT or malignant arrhythmias, treatment with an automatic implantable cardioverter\-defibrillator (AICD) is indicated to reduce the risk of severe life\-threatening arrhythmias. The AICD does not improve symptoms or reduce the incidence of malignant arrhythmias but does reduce mortality from those arrhythmias, often in conjunction with antiarrhythmic medications. In people with left ventricular ejection (LVEF) below 35%, the incidence of [ventricular tachycardia](/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia "Ventricular tachycardia") or [sudden cardiac death](/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death "Sudden cardiac death") is high enough to warrant AICD placement. Its use is therefore recommended in [AHA](/wiki/American_Hospital_Association "American Hospital Association")/[ACC](/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology "American College of Cardiology") guidelines.
[Cardiac contractility modulation](/wiki/Cardiac_contractility_modulation "Cardiac contractility modulation") (CCM) is a [treatment](/wiki/Therapy "Therapy") for people with moderate to severe [left ventricular](/wiki/Heart%23Chambers "Heart#Chambers") systolic heart failure (NYHA class II–IV), which enhances both the strength of ventricular [contraction](/wiki/Muscle_contraction "Muscle contraction") and the heart's pumping capacity. The CCM mechanism is based on stimulation of the cardiac muscle by [nonexcitatory electrical signals](/wiki/Action_potential%23Refractory_period "Action potential#Refractory period"), which are delivered by a [pacemaker](/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker "Artificial cardiac pacemaker")\-like device. CCM is particularly suitable for the treatment of heart failure with normal [QRS complex](/wiki/QRS_complex "QRS complex") duration (120 ms or less) and has been demonstrated to improve the symptoms, quality of life, and exercise tolerance.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Abraham WT, Smith SA \| title \= Devices in the management of advanced, chronic heart failure \| journal \= Nature Reviews. Cardiology \| volume \= 10 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 98–110 \| date \= February 2013 \| pmid \= 23229137 \| pmc \= 3753073 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nrcardio.2012\.178 }}{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Giallauria F, Vigorito C, Piepoli MF, Stewart Coats AJ\|date\=August 2014\|title\=Effects of cardiac contractility modulation by non\-excitatory electrical stimulation on exercise capacity and quality of life: an individual patient's data meta\-analysis of randomized controlled trials\|journal\=International Journal of Cardiology\|volume\=175\|issue\=2\|pages\=352–7\|doi\=10\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\.06\.005\|pmid\=24975782}}{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Borggrefe M, Burkhoff D\|date\=July 2012\|title\=Clinical effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) as a treatment for chronic heart failure\|journal\=European Journal of Heart Failure\|volume\=14\|issue\=7\|pages\=703–12\|doi\=10\.1093/eurjhf/hfs078\|pmid\=22696514\|s2cid\=10484257\|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kuschyk J, Roeger S, Schneider R, Streitner F, Stach K, Rudic B, Weiß C, Schimpf R, Papavasilliu T, Rousso B, Burkhoff D, Borggrefe M \| title \= Efficacy and survival in patients with cardiac contractility modulation: long\-term single center experience in 81 patients \| journal \= International Journal of Cardiology \| volume \= 183 \| issue \= 183C \| pages \= 76–81 \| date \= March 2015 \| pmid \= 25662055 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\.12\.178 }} CCM is approved for use in Europe, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States in 2019\.{{cite journal \| title \= Der Besondere Stellenwert der Kardialen Kontraktilitätsmodulation in der Devicetherapie \| journal \= Herzmedizin \| date \= 2014 \| vauthors \= Kuschyk J \| url \= http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \| access\-date \= Jun 6, 2014 \| url\-status \= live \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705113329/http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \| archive\-date \= 5 July 2015 \| df \= dmy\-all }}{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT01381172\|Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of the OPTIMIZER System in Subjects With Moderate\-to\-Severe Heart Failure: FIX\-HF\-5C (FIX\-HF\-5C)}}{{cite web \| title\=FDA Approves Optimizer Smart System for Heart Failure Patients \| website\=Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology (DAIC) \| date\=2019\-03\-21 \| url\=http://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\-approves\-optimizer\-smart\-system\-heart\-failure\-patients \| access\-date\=2022\-06\-25 \| archive\-date\=19 March 2023 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124802/https://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\-approves\-optimizer\-smart\-system\-heart\-failure\-patients \| url\-status\=live }}
About one\-third of people with [LVEF](/wiki/LVEF "LVEF") below 35% have markedly altered conduction to the ventricles, resulting in dyssynchronous depolarization of the right and left ventricles. This is especially problematic in people with left bundle branch block (blockage of one of the two primary conducting fiber bundles that originate at the base of the heart and carry depolarizing impulses to the left ventricle). Using a special pacing algorithm, biventricular [cardiac resynchronization therapy](/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy "Cardiac resynchronization therapy") (CRT) can initiate a normal sequence of ventricular depolarization. In people with LVEF below 35% and prolonged QRS duration on ECG (LBBB or QRS of 150 ms or more), an improvement in symptoms and mortality occurs when CRT is added to standard medical therapy.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL \| title \= 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 128 \| issue \= 16 \| pages \= e240–327 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 23741058 \| doi \= 10\.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 \| doi\-access \= free }} However, in the two\-thirds of people without prolonged QRS duration, CRT may actually be harmful.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, Bax JJ, Borer JS, Brugada J, Dickstein K, Ford I, Gorcsan J, Gras D, Krum H, Sogaard P, Holzmeister J \| title \= Cardiac\-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex \| journal \= The New England Journal of Medicine \| volume \= 369 \| issue \= 15 \| pages \= 1395–405 \| date \= October 2013 \| pmid \= 23998714 \| doi \= 10\.1056/NEJMoa1306687 \| s2cid \= 205095941 \| url \= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \| access\-date \= 24 November 2018 \| archive\-date \= 28 July 2020 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200728222046/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \| url\-status \= live }}
#### Surgical therapies
People with the most severe heart failure may be candidates for [ventricular assist devices](/wiki/Ventricular_assist_device "Ventricular assist device"), which have commonly been used as a bridge to heart transplantation, but have been used more recently as a destination treatment for advanced heart failure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Carrel T, Englberger L, Martinelli MV, Takala J, Boesch C, Sigurdadottir V, Gygax E, Kadner A, Mohacsi P \| title \= Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices: a valid option for heart failure patients \| journal \= \[\[Swiss Medical Weekly]] \| volume \= 142 \| pages \= w13701 \| date \= Oct 18, 2012 \| pmid \= 23135811 \| doi \= 10\.4414/smw.2012\.13701 \| doi\-access \= free }}
In select cases, heart transplantation can be considered. While this may resolve the problems associated with heart failure, the person must generally remain on an immunosuppressive regimen to prevent rejection, which has its own significant downsides.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, Zolty R, Lowes BD, Wolfel EE, Mestroni L, Page RL, Kobashigawa J \| title \= Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part I: cardiac rejection and immunosuppressive drugs \| journal \= Circulation \| volume \= 110 \| issue \= 24 \| pages \= 3734–40 \| date \= December 2004 \| pmid \= 15596559 \| doi \= 10\.1161/01\.cir.0000149745\.83186\.89 \| doi\-access \= free }} A major limitation of this treatment option is the scarcity of hearts available for transplantation.
|
[
"### Chronic management",
"The goals of the treatment for people with chronic heart failure are the prolongation of life, prevention of acute decompensation, and reduction of symptoms, allowing for greater activity.",
"Heart failure can result from a variety of conditions. In considering therapeutic options, excluding reversible causes is of primary importance, including [thyroid disease](/wiki/Thyroid_disease \"Thyroid disease\"), [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\"), chronic [tachycardia](/wiki/Tachycardia \"Tachycardia\"), [alcohol use disorder](/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder \"Alcohol use disorder\"), [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension \"Hypertension\"), and dysfunction of one or more [heart valves](/wiki/Heart_valves \"Heart valves\"). Treatment of the underlying cause is usually the first approach to treating heart failure. In the majority of cases, though, either no primary cause is found or treatment of the primary cause does not restore normal heart function. In these cases, [behavioral](/wiki/Behavioral_treatments \"Behavioral treatments\"), [medical](/wiki/Medical_treatment \"Medical treatment\") and [device](/wiki/Medical_device \"Medical device\") treatment strategies exist that can provide a significant improvement in outcomes, including the relief of symptoms, exercise tolerance, and a decrease in the likelihood of [hospitalization](/wiki/Hospitalization \"Hospitalization\") or death. Breathlessness rehabilitation for [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease \"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\") and heart failure has been proposed with exercise training as a core component. Rehabilitation should also include other interventions to address shortness of breath including psychological and educational needs of people and needs of caregivers.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Man WD, Chowdhury F, Taylor RS, Evans RA, Doherty P, Singh SJ, Booth S, Thomason D, Andrews D, Lee C, Hanna J, Morgan MD, Bell D, Cowie MR \\| title \\= Building consensus for provision of breathlessness rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure \\| journal \\= Chronic Respiratory Disease \\| volume \\= 13 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 229–39 \\| date \\= August 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27072018 \\| pmc \\= 5029782 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/1479972316642363 }} [Iron supplementation](/wiki/Iron_supplementation \"Iron supplementation\") appears to reduce hospitalization but not all\\-cause mortality in patients with iron deficiency and heart\nfailure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zhou X, Xu W, Xu Y, Qian Z \\| title \\= Iron Supplementation Improves Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure \\| journal \\= The American Journal of Medicine \\| volume \\= 132 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 955–963 \\| date \\= August 2019 \\| pmid \\= 30853478 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.amjmed.2019\\.02\\.018 \\| s2cid \\= 73725232 }}",
"#### Advance care planning",
"The latest evidence indicates that advance care planning (ACP) may help to increase documentation by medical staff regarding discussions with participants, and improve an individual's depression.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nishikawa Y, Hiroyama N, Fukahori H, Ota E, Mizuno A, Miyashita M, Yoneoka D, Kwong JS \\| title \\= Advance care planning for adults with heart failure \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 2020 \\| pages \\= CD013022 \\| date \\= February 2020 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pmid \\= 32104908 \\| pmc \\= 7045766 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD013022\\.pub2 \\| collaboration \\= Cochrane Heart Group }} This involves discussing an individual's future care plan in consideration of the individual's preferences and values. The findings are however, based on low\\-quality evidence.",
"#### Monitoring",
"The various measures often used to assess the progress of people being treated for heart failure include [fluid balance](/wiki/Fluid_balance \"Fluid balance\") (calculation of fluid intake and excretion) and monitoring [body weight](/wiki/Body_weight \"Body weight\") (which in the shorter term reflects fluid shifts).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yu CM, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH, Kong SL, Tang MO, Christensen J, Stadler RW, Lau CP \\| title \\= Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 112 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 841–848 \\| date \\= August 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16061743 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104\\.492207 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Remote monitoring can be effective to reduce complications for people with heart failure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bashi N, Karunanithi M, Fatehi F, Ding H, Walters D \\| title \\= Remote Monitoring of Patients With Heart Failure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews \\| journal \\= Journal of Medical Internet Research \\| volume \\= 19 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e18 \\| date \\= January 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28108430 \\| pmc \\= 5291866 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2196/jmir.6571 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto\\-Merino D, Cleland JG \\| title \\= Structured telephone support or non\\-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure \\| journal \\= The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \\| volume \\= 2015 \\| issue \\= 10 \\| pages \\= CD007228 \\| date \\= October 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26517969 \\| pmc \\= 8482064 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD007228\\.pub3 \\| url \\= https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/35732/1/Inglis%20Structured%202015\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 25 September 2019 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 August 2021 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210828103110/https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/35732/Inglis%20Structured%202015\\.pdf;jsessionid\\=B2254F0FEBB8F13B06AFE621E018A88A?sequence\\=1 \\| hdl \\= 2328/35732 }}",
"#### Lifestyle",
"Behavior modification is a primary consideration in chronic heart failure management program, with [dietary guidelines](/wiki/Dietary_guidelines \"Dietary guidelines\") regarding [fluid](/wiki/Drinking_water \"Drinking water\") and [salt](/wiki/Sodium_chloride \"Sodium chloride\") intake.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\\-Changes\\-for\\-Heart\\-Failure\\_UCM\\_306341\\_Article.jsp \\|title\\=Lifestyle Changes for Heart Failure \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Heart Association]] \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503123439/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/PreventionTreatmentofHeartFailure/Lifestyle\\-Changes\\-for\\-Heart\\-Failure\\_UCM\\_306341\\_Article.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2015 }} Fluid restriction is important to reduce fluid retention in the body and to correct the hyponatremic status of the body. The evidence of benefit of reducing salt, however, is poor as of 2018\\.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, Tierney S, Aronson JK, Roberts N, Hobbs FD, Nunan D \\| title \\= Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review \\| journal \\= JAMA Internal Medicine \\| volume \\= 178 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 1693–1700 \\| date \\= November 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30398532 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/jamainternmed.2018\\.4673 \\| s2cid \\= 53241717 \\| pmc \\= 6422065 }} Thirst is a common and burdensome symptom for patients to cope with. [Chewing gum](https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(20)30480-7/fulltext) has been shown to be an effective intervention to relieve thirst in patients experiencing heart failure, although patient acceptability remains an issue.",
"#### Exercise and physical activity",
"Exercise should be encouraged and tailored to suit individual's capabilities. A meta\\-analysis found that centre\\-based group interventions delivered by a physiotherapist are helpful in promoting physical activity in HF.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \\| title \\= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\\-analysis \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Open Heart \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e001687 \\| date \\= June 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34108272 \\| pmc \\= 8191629 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/openhrt\\-2021\\-001687 \\| oclc \\= 9066065537 }} There is a need for additional training for physiotherapists in delivering behaviour change intervention alongside an exercise programme. An intervention is expected to be more efficacious in encouraging physical activity than the usual care if it includes *Prompts and cues* to walk or exercise, like a phone call or a text message. It is extremely helpful if a trusted clinician provides explicit advice to engage in physical activity (*Credible source*). Another highly effective strategy is to place objects that will serve as a cue to engage in physical activity in the everyday environment of the patient (*Adding object to the environment*; e.g., exercise step or treadmill). Encouragement to walk or exercise in various settings beyond CR (e.g., home, neighbourhood, parks) is also promising (*Generalisation of target behaviour*). Additional promising strategies are *Graded tasks* (e.g., gradual increase in intensity and duration of exercise training), *Self\\-monitoring*, *Monitoring of physical activity by others without feedback*, *Action planning*, and *Goal\\-setting*.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Amirova A, Fteropoulli T, Williams P, Haddad M \\| title \\= Efficacy of interventions to increase physical activity for people with heart failure: a meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Open Heart \\| volume \\= 8 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= e001687 \\| date \\= June 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34108272 \\| pmc \\= 8191629 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/openhrt\\-2021\\-001687 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} The inclusion of regular physical conditioning as part of a cardiac rehabilitation program can significantly improve [quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life \"Quality of life\") and reduce the risk of hospital admission for worsening symptoms, but no evidence shows a reduction in mortality rates as a result of exercise.",
"Home visits and regular monitoring at heart\\-failure clinics reduce the need for hospitalization and improve [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Feltner C, Jones CD, Cené CW, Zheng ZJ, Sueta CA, Coker\\-Schwimmer EJ, Arvanitis M, Lohr KN, Middleton JC, Jonas DE \\| title \\= Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Annals of Internal Medicine \\| volume \\= 160 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 774–84 \\| date \\= June 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24862840 \\| doi \\= 10\\.7326/M14\\-0083 \\| doi\\-access \\= \\| s2cid \\= 262525144 \\| hdl \\= 11250/2485759 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }}",
"#### Medication",
"Quadruple medical therapy using a combination of [angiotensin receptor\\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan \"Sacubitril/valsartan\"), [beta blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\"), [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)](/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid \"Antimineralocorticoid\"), and [sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors)](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor \"SGLT2 inhibitor\") is the standard of care as of 2021 for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).{{cite journal \\| vauthors\\= Greene S, Khan M, et al. \\|title\\=Quadruple Medical Therapy for Heart Failure \\|journal \\= J Am Coll Cardiol \\|date\\= March 2021 \\|volume\\= 77 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=1408–1411 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jacc.2021\\.02\\.006 \\|pmid\\=33736822 \\|s2cid\\=232299815 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Straw S, McGinlay M, Witte KK \\|title\\= Four pillars of heart failure: contemporary pharmacological therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Open Heart (journal)\\|Open Heart]] \\|date\\= 2021 \\|volume\\= 8 \\|issue\\= 1 \\|page\\=e001585 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1136/openhrt\\-2021\\-001585\\|pmid\\= 33653703 \\|pmc\\= 7929859 }}",
"There is no convincing evidence for pharmacological treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Crespo\\-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CS, Lyon AR, McMurray JJ, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GM, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A \\| title \\= 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure \\| journal \\= European Heart Journal \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 36 \\| pages \\= 3599–3726 \\| date \\= September 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34447992 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 \\| url \\= https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 7 February 2023 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220908043625/https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article\\-pdf/42/36/3599/40594787/ehab368\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 8 September 2022 }} Medication for HFpEF is symptomatic treatment with diuretics to treat congestion. Managing risk factors and comorbidities such as [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension \"Hypertension\") is recommended in HFpEF.",
"Inhibitors of the [renin–angiotensin system](/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system \"Renin–angiotensin system\") (RAS) are recommended in heart failure. The [angiotensin receptor\\-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan \"Sacubitril/valsartan\") is recommended as first choice of RAS inhibitors in American guidelines published by AHA/ACC in 2022\\. Use of \\[\\[[Angiotensin II receptor blockerACE](/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker \"Angiotensin II receptor blocker\") inhibitor\\|angiotensin\\-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACE\\-I)]], or [angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blockers_%28ARBs%29 \"Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)\") if the person develops a long\\-term cough as a side effect of the ACE\\-I,{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Goljan EF \\|title\\=Rapid Review Pathology \\|edition \\= 4th \\|location\\=Philadelphia, PA \\|publisher\\=Saunders/Elsevier \\|date\\=2014 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-323\\-08787\\-2 }} is associated with improved survival, fewer hospitalizations for heart failure exacerbations, and improved quality of life in people with heart failure.{{NICE\\|108\\|Chronic heart failure – managements (ARBs) of chronic heart failure in adults in primary and secondary care \\| August 2010}} European guidelines published by ESC in 2021 recommends that [ARNI](/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan \"Sacubitril/valsartan\") should be used in those who still have symptoms while on an [ACE\\-I](/wiki/ACE_inhibitor \"ACE inhibitor\") or [ARB](/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blocker \"Angiotensin receptor blocker\"), [beta blocker](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\"), and a [mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor_antagonist \"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist\"). Use of the combination agent ARNI requires the cessation of ACE\\-I or ARB therapy at least 36 hours before its initiation.",
"[Beta\\-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers)](/wiki/Beta_blockers \"Beta blockers\") add to the improvement in symptoms and [mortality](/wiki/Case_fatality_rate \"Case fatality rate\") provided by ACE\\-I/ARB.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kotecha D, Manzano L, Krum H, Rosano G, Holmes J, Altman DG, Collins PD, Packer M, Wikstrand J, Coats AJ, Cleland JG, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Rigby AS, Andersson B, Lip GY, van Veldhuisen DJ, Shibata MC, Wedel H, Böhm M, Flather MD \\| title \\= Effect of age and sex on efficacy and tolerability of β blockers in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: individual patient data meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= BMJ \\| volume \\= 353 \\| pages \\= i1855 \\| date \\= April 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27098105 \\| pmc \\= 4849174 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1136/bmj.i1855 }} The mortality benefits of beta blockers in people with systolic dysfunction who also have [atrial fibrillation](/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation \"Atrial fibrillation\") is more limited than in those who do not have it.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, Altman DG, Manzano L, Cleland JG, Lip GY, Coats AJ, Andersson B, Kirchhof P, von Lueder TG, Wedel H, Rosano G, Shibata MC, Rigby A, Flather MD \\| title \\= Efficacy of β blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual\\-patient data meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Lancet \\| volume \\= 384 \\| issue \\= 9961 \\| pages \\= 2235–43 \\| date \\= December 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25193873 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(14\\)61373\\-8 \\| s2cid \\= 25660815 \\| url \\= http://pure\\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\\_et\\_al\\_Lancet\\_Efficacy\\_of\\_beta\\_blockers\\_The\\_Lancet\\_2014\\_Post\\_Print.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 27 May 2019 \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 September 2020 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221341/http://pure\\-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/21568198/Kotecha\\_et\\_al\\_Lancet\\_Efficacy\\_of\\_beta\\_blockers\\_The\\_Lancet\\_2014\\_Post\\_Print.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= live }} If the ejection fraction is not diminished (HFpEF), the benefits of beta blockers are more modest; a decrease in mortality has been observed, but reduction in hospital admission for uncontrolled symptoms has not been observed.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Liu F, Chen Y, Feng X, Teng Z, Yuan Y, Bin J \\| title \\= Effects of beta\\-blockers on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= e90555 \\| date \\= 5 March 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24599093 \\| pmc \\= 3944014 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0090555 \\| bibcode \\= 2014PLoSO...990555L \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"In people who are intolerant of ACE\\-I and ARB or who have significant kidney dysfunction, the use of combined [hydralazine](/wiki/Hydralazine \"Hydralazine\") and a long\\-acting nitrate, such as [isosorbide dinitrate](/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate \"Isosorbide dinitrate\"), is an effective alternate strategy. This regimen has been shown to reduce mortality in people with moderate heart failure.{{cite book \\| chapter \\= Chapter 5: Treating heart failure \\| title \\= Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care \\| edition \\= Partial Update \\[Internet]. \\| author \\= National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) \\| publisher \\= Royal College of Physicians \\| location \\= London (UK) \\| date \\= August 2010 \\| chapter\\-url \\= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 6 September 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120901/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65330/ \\| url\\-status \\= live }} It is especially beneficial in the black population.{{efn\\|Specifically, in one randomized control trial the patients self\\-identified as black (defined as of African descent), and in one randomized control trial the patients were defined as ''black'', without further details given.}}",
"Use of a [mineralocorticoid antagonist](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist \"Mineralocorticoid antagonist\"), such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone \"Spironolactone\") or [eplerenone](/wiki/Eplerenone \"Eplerenone\"), in addition to beta blockers and ACE\\-I, can improve symptoms and reduce mortality in people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).",
"[SGLT2 inhibitors](/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor \"SGLT2 inhibitor\") are used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction as they have demonstrated benefits in reducing hospitalizations and mortality, regardless of whether an individual has comorbid Type 2 Diabetes or not.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \\| title \\= 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \\| journal \\= Journal of the American College of Cardiology \\| volume \\= 79 \\| issue \\= 17 \\| pages \\= e263–e421 \\| date \\= May 2022 \\| pmid \\= 35379503 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.jacc.2021\\.12\\.012 \\| s2cid \\= 247882156 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Brueckmann M, Ofstad AP, Pfarr E, Jamal W, Packer M \\| title \\= SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta\\-analysis of the EMPEROR\\-Reduced and DAPA\\-HF trials \\| journal \\= Lancet \\| volume \\= 396 \\| issue \\= 10254 \\| pages \\= 819–829 \\| date \\= September 2020 \\| pmid \\= 32877652 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(20\\)31824\\-9 }}",
"##### Other medications",
"Second\\-line medications for CHF do not confer a mortality benefit. [Digoxin](/wiki/Digoxin \"Digoxin\") is one such medication. Its narrow therapeutic window, a high degree of toxicity, and the failure of multiple trials to show a mortality benefit have reduced its role in clinical practice. It is now used in only a small number of people with refractory symptoms, who are in atrial fibrillation, and/or who have chronic hypotension.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\\-heart\\-failure/\\| title\\=Congestive Heart Failure\\| website\\=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library\\| date\\=7 August 2020\\| access\\-date\\=10 July 2021\\| archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710035402/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive\\-heart\\-failure/\\| url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Digoxin\\|url\\=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\\|publisher\\=The American Society of Health\\-System Pharmacists\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004328/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html\\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2016}}",
"Diuretics have been a mainstay of treatment against symptoms of fluid accumulation, and include diuretics classes such as [loop diuretics](/wiki/Loop_diuretic \"Loop diuretic\") (such as [furosemide](/wiki/Furosemide \"Furosemide\")), [thiazide\\-like diuretics](/wiki/Thiazide-like_diuretic \"Thiazide-like diuretic\"), and [potassium\\-sparing diuretics](/wiki/Potassium-sparing_diuretic \"Potassium-sparing diuretic\"). Although widely used, evidence on their efficacy and safety is limited, with the exception of [mineralocorticoid antagonists](/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_antagonist \"Mineralocorticoid antagonist\") such as [spironolactone](/wiki/Spironolactone \"Spironolactone\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= von Lueder TG, Atar D, Krum H \\| title \\= Diuretic use in heart failure and outcomes \\| journal \\= Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics \\| volume \\= 94 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 490–8 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23852396 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/clpt.2013\\.140 \\| s2cid \\= 7441258 }}",
"Anemia is an independent factor in mortality in people with chronic heart failure. Treatment of anemia significantly improves quality of life for those with heart failure, often with a reduction in severity of the NYHA classification, and also improves mortality rates.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= He SW, Wang LX \\| title \\= The impact of anemia on the prognosis of chronic heart failure: a meta\\-analysis and systemic review \\| journal \\= Congestive Heart Failure \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 123–30 \\| year \\= 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19522961 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1751\\-7133\\.2008\\.00030\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Nunez\\-Gil MI, Peraira\\-Moral MJ \\|title\\=Anaemia in heart failure: intravenous iron therapy \\|journal\\=e\\-Journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=16 \\|date\\=19 January 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\\-in\\-heart\\-failure\\-intravenous\\-iron\\-therapy\\-Peraira\\-Moral\\-J\\-Roberto\\-Nunez\\-Gil\\-Ivan\\-J.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124155/http://www.escardio.org/communities/councils/ccp/e\\-journal/volume10/Pages/anemia\\-in\\-heart\\-failure\\-intravenous\\-iron\\-therapy\\-Peraira\\-Moral\\-J\\-Roberto\\-Nunez\\-Gil\\-Ivan\\-J.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2013 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all \\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2012 }} [European Society of Cardiology](/wiki/European_Society_of_Cardiology \"European Society of Cardiology\") recommends screening for iron deficiency and treating with [intravenous iron](/wiki/Parenteral_iron \"Parenteral iron\") if deficiency is found.{{rp\\|pages\\=3668–3669}}",
"The decision to anticoagulate people with HF, typically with left ventricular ejection fractions \\<35% is debated, but generally, people with coexisting atrial fibrillation, a prior embolic event, or conditions that increase the risk of an embolic event such as amyloidosis, left ventricular noncompaction, familial dilated cardiomyopathy, or a thromboembolic event in a first\\-degree relative.",
"[Vasopressin receptor antagonists](/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist \"Vasopressin receptor antagonist\") can also be used to treat heart failure. [Conivaptan](/wiki/Conivaptan \"Conivaptan\") is the first medication approved by US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in those with heart failure. In rare cases hypertonic 3% saline together with diuretics may be used to correct hyponatremia.",
"[Ivabradine](/wiki/Ivabradine \"Ivabradine\") is recommended for people with symptomatic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who are receiving optimized guideline\\-directed therapy (as above) including the maximum tolerated dose of beta\\-blocker, have a normal heart rhythm and continue to have a resting heart rate above 70 beats per minute. Ivabradine has been found to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure exacerbations in this subgroup of people with heart failure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C \\| title \\= 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 136 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= e137–e161 \\| date \\= August 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28455343 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIR.0000000000000509 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"#### Implanted devices",
"In people with severe cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction below 35%), or in those with recurrent VT or malignant arrhythmias, treatment with an automatic implantable cardioverter\\-defibrillator (AICD) is indicated to reduce the risk of severe life\\-threatening arrhythmias. The AICD does not improve symptoms or reduce the incidence of malignant arrhythmias but does reduce mortality from those arrhythmias, often in conjunction with antiarrhythmic medications. In people with left ventricular ejection (LVEF) below 35%, the incidence of [ventricular tachycardia](/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia \"Ventricular tachycardia\") or [sudden cardiac death](/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death \"Sudden cardiac death\") is high enough to warrant AICD placement. Its use is therefore recommended in [AHA](/wiki/American_Hospital_Association \"American Hospital Association\")/[ACC](/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology \"American College of Cardiology\") guidelines.",
"[Cardiac contractility modulation](/wiki/Cardiac_contractility_modulation \"Cardiac contractility modulation\") (CCM) is a [treatment](/wiki/Therapy \"Therapy\") for people with moderate to severe [left ventricular](/wiki/Heart%23Chambers \"Heart#Chambers\") systolic heart failure (NYHA class II–IV), which enhances both the strength of ventricular [contraction](/wiki/Muscle_contraction \"Muscle contraction\") and the heart's pumping capacity. The CCM mechanism is based on stimulation of the cardiac muscle by [nonexcitatory electrical signals](/wiki/Action_potential%23Refractory_period \"Action potential#Refractory period\"), which are delivered by a [pacemaker](/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker \"Artificial cardiac pacemaker\")\\-like device. CCM is particularly suitable for the treatment of heart failure with normal [QRS complex](/wiki/QRS_complex \"QRS complex\") duration (120 ms or less) and has been demonstrated to improve the symptoms, quality of life, and exercise tolerance.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Abraham WT, Smith SA \\| title \\= Devices in the management of advanced, chronic heart failure \\| journal \\= Nature Reviews. Cardiology \\| volume \\= 10 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 98–110 \\| date \\= February 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23229137 \\| pmc \\= 3753073 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nrcardio.2012\\.178 }}{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Giallauria F, Vigorito C, Piepoli MF, Stewart Coats AJ\\|date\\=August 2014\\|title\\=Effects of cardiac contractility modulation by non\\-excitatory electrical stimulation on exercise capacity and quality of life: an individual patient's data meta\\-analysis of randomized controlled trials\\|journal\\=International Journal of Cardiology\\|volume\\=175\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=352–7\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\\.06\\.005\\|pmid\\=24975782}}{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Borggrefe M, Burkhoff D\\|date\\=July 2012\\|title\\=Clinical effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) as a treatment for chronic heart failure\\|journal\\=European Journal of Heart Failure\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=703–12\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/eurjhf/hfs078\\|pmid\\=22696514\\|s2cid\\=10484257\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kuschyk J, Roeger S, Schneider R, Streitner F, Stach K, Rudic B, Weiß C, Schimpf R, Papavasilliu T, Rousso B, Burkhoff D, Borggrefe M \\| title \\= Efficacy and survival in patients with cardiac contractility modulation: long\\-term single center experience in 81 patients \\| journal \\= International Journal of Cardiology \\| volume \\= 183 \\| issue \\= 183C \\| pages \\= 76–81 \\| date \\= March 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25662055 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.ijcard.2014\\.12\\.178 }} CCM is approved for use in Europe, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States in 2019\\.{{cite journal \\| title \\= Der Besondere Stellenwert der Kardialen Kontraktilitätsmodulation in der Devicetherapie \\| journal \\= Herzmedizin \\| date \\= 2014 \\| vauthors \\= Kuschyk J \\| url \\= http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \\| access\\-date \\= Jun 6, 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705113329/http://cme.medlearning.de/herzmedizin/kardialen\\_kontraktilitaetsmodulation/cme.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 5 July 2015 \\| df \\= dmy\\-all }}{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT01381172\\|Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of the OPTIMIZER System in Subjects With Moderate\\-to\\-Severe Heart Failure: FIX\\-HF\\-5C (FIX\\-HF\\-5C)}}{{cite web \\| title\\=FDA Approves Optimizer Smart System for Heart Failure Patients \\| website\\=Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology (DAIC) \\| date\\=2019\\-03\\-21 \\| url\\=http://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\\-approves\\-optimizer\\-smart\\-system\\-heart\\-failure\\-patients \\| access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-25 \\| archive\\-date\\=19 March 2023 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124802/https://www.dicardiology.com/product/fda\\-approves\\-optimizer\\-smart\\-system\\-heart\\-failure\\-patients \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"About one\\-third of people with [LVEF](/wiki/LVEF \"LVEF\") below 35% have markedly altered conduction to the ventricles, resulting in dyssynchronous depolarization of the right and left ventricles. This is especially problematic in people with left bundle branch block (blockage of one of the two primary conducting fiber bundles that originate at the base of the heart and carry depolarizing impulses to the left ventricle). Using a special pacing algorithm, biventricular [cardiac resynchronization therapy](/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy \"Cardiac resynchronization therapy\") (CRT) can initiate a normal sequence of ventricular depolarization. In people with LVEF below 35% and prolonged QRS duration on ECG (LBBB or QRS of 150 ms or more), an improvement in symptoms and mortality occurs when CRT is added to standard medical therapy.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL \\| title \\= 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 128 \\| issue \\= 16 \\| pages \\= e240–327 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23741058 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} However, in the two\\-thirds of people without prolonged QRS duration, CRT may actually be harmful.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, Bax JJ, Borer JS, Brugada J, Dickstein K, Ford I, Gorcsan J, Gras D, Krum H, Sogaard P, Holzmeister J \\| title \\= Cardiac\\-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex \\| journal \\= The New England Journal of Medicine \\| volume \\= 369 \\| issue \\= 15 \\| pages \\= 1395–405 \\| date \\= October 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23998714 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1056/NEJMoa1306687 \\| s2cid \\= 205095941 \\| url \\= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 24 November 2018 \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 July 2020 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200728222046/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84125/1/Ruschitzka\\_NEJMechoCRT.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"#### Surgical therapies",
"People with the most severe heart failure may be candidates for [ventricular assist devices](/wiki/Ventricular_assist_device \"Ventricular assist device\"), which have commonly been used as a bridge to heart transplantation, but have been used more recently as a destination treatment for advanced heart failure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Carrel T, Englberger L, Martinelli MV, Takala J, Boesch C, Sigurdadottir V, Gygax E, Kadner A, Mohacsi P \\| title \\= Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices: a valid option for heart failure patients \\| journal \\= \\[\\[Swiss Medical Weekly]] \\| volume \\= 142 \\| pages \\= w13701 \\| date \\= Oct 18, 2012 \\| pmid \\= 23135811 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4414/smw.2012\\.13701 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"In select cases, heart transplantation can be considered. While this may resolve the problems associated with heart failure, the person must generally remain on an immunosuppressive regimen to prevent rejection, which has its own significant downsides.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, Zolty R, Lowes BD, Wolfel EE, Mestroni L, Page RL, Kobashigawa J \\| title \\= Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part I: cardiac rejection and immunosuppressive drugs \\| journal \\= Circulation \\| volume \\= 110 \\| issue \\= 24 \\| pages \\= 3734–40 \\| date \\= December 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15596559 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/01\\.cir.0000149745\\.83186\\.89 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} A major limitation of this treatment option is the scarcity of hearts available for transplantation.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First railways
{{main \| Fife Coast Railway}}
As part of the frenzy of railway speculation culminating in 1845, the [Edinburgh and Northern Railway](/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Northern_Railway "Edinburgh and Northern Railway") was authorised in 1845 to build from Burntisland to Perth and Dundee, forming a through communication between Edinburgh and Dundee with ferry crossings of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Tay. The company changed its name to the *Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway* (EP\&DR), and opened its main line in the years 1847 to 1848, running broadly south to north through Thornton.
Leven was an important manufacturing town and port at the time, and the independently promoted *Leven Railway* opened in 1854, joining the town with a junction with the EP\&DR at Thornton. The Leven Railway did not connect to the harbour at Leven, and its objective was eventually to extend eastwards to serve the fishing communities on the Fife coast. In fact another independent company, the *East of Fife Railway*, extended from Leven to Kilconquhar; the two companies merged, forming the *Leven and East of Fife Railway* and extending to Anstruther.Andrew Hajducki, Michael Jodeluk and Alan Simpson, *The Leven and East of Fife Railway*, Oakwood Press, Usk, 2013, {{ISBN\|978 0 85361 728 0}}John Thomas and David Turnock, *A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 15, North of Scotland*, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1989, {{ISBN\|0 946537 03 8}}
### The Wemyss Estate
{{main \| Wemyss Estate Railway}}
[thumb\|System map of the Wemyss and Buckhaven RailwayExtensive](/wiki/File:Buckhaven_rly.png "Buckhaven rly.png") lands in East Fife were in the ownership of the Wemyss family, and in 1854 [James Hay Erskine Wemyss](/wiki/James_Hay_Erskine_Wemyss "James Hay Erskine Wemyss") succeeded to the lairdship. Coal had long been extracted on the Wemyss Estate by tenants, and James Wemyss wished to encourage the activity. It was held back by difficult transport conditions; the priority of the Leven Railway and its extensions was not to connect with the pits, and the coastwise and export shipping routes were constrained by the limited harbour facilities on the coast. It was not until 1868 that the Leven and East of Fife Railway constructed a branch line to Muiredge, connecting a pit there, and even so there was no railway route to a useful harbour in East Fife, and much of the export traffic went to Burntisland; this was a long and expensive rail transit. The [North British Railway](/wiki/North_British_Railway "North British Railway") (NBR) took over the EP\&DR in 1862 and effectively controlled railway transit in the area.A W Brotchie, *The Wemyss Private Railway*, The Oakwood Press, Usk, 1998, {{ISBN\|0 85361 527 6}}
### The Wemyss and Buckhaven Railway
Although some improvements were made to local harbours, the intransigent attitude of the North British Railway, and its monopoly freedom to set haulage rates, was resented by the coalmaster tenants of the Wemyss Estate. In addition the exploitation of the coal deposits in the East Fife coalfield led to the opening of a considerable number of new pits in this period, and the North British Railway was unwilling to connect them to the railway network.
In May 1874 a committee of coalmasters discussed building their own line to the developing Methil Dock, a little west of Leven. Nothing came of this discussion at first, but in 1878 a definite scheme was produced to connect Buckhaven with Thornton. Thornton was chosen as the junction because of the convenience of bringing coal from Dunfermline, as the West Fife coalfield also required an outlet to an alternative harbour.
Matters progressed and on 17 October 1879 a certificate for the construction of the railway was issued by the Board of Trade; an act of Parliament was not required because no compulsory land acquisition was needed and there were no objections to the scheme. Nor was a new joint stock company to be established, as the Wemyss Estate was to finance the construction. This arrangement had been enabled by the Railway Construction Facilities Act, 1864\.E F Carter, *An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles*, Cassell, London, 1959
The line was a little over four miles long; by the end of 1880 a demonstration goods train was run, but the line was not properly finished, and the Board of Trade inspection took place on 30 July 1881, by Major General Hutchinson. With some qualifications, the line was passed as fit for passenger operation, and it opened formally on 1 August 1881\. It was worked by the North British Railway for 40% of gross revenue.David Ross, *The North British Railway: A History*, Stenlake Publishing Limited, Catrine, 2014, {{ISBN\|978 1 84033 647 4}} There were intermediate stations at West Wemyss (at the present\-day Standing Stane Road) and Wemyys Castle, close to the town of East Wemyss. It had private accommodation for Wemyss and his family.
A short branch was made in 1881 to join the NBR Muiredge branch, and a connection from the new Rosie pit, which ran as a high level siding parallel to, and above, the W\&B line.Christopher Awdry, *Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies*, Patrick Stephens Limited, Wellingborough, 1990, {{ISBN\|1 85260 049 7}}Archive Committee of the Kingdom of Fife Railway Preservation Society, *The Methil Branch Line Railway*, Kingdom of Fife Railway Preservation Society and Lower Methil Heritage Centre, 1996, {{ISBN\|0 9528535 0 7}}James K Corstorphine, *East of Thornton Junction: The Story of the Fife Coast Line*, self published by Corstorphine, Leven, 1995, {{ISBN\|0 9525621 0 3}}
### Extending to Methil
James Wemyss died in 1864, and his eldest son [Randolph Gordon Erskine Wemyss](/wiki/Randolph_Wemyss "Randolph Wemyss") (1858 \- 1908\) inherited the lairdship at the age of six. It was in [trust](/wiki/Trust_law "Trust law") until his [majority](/wiki/Age_of_majority "Age of majority"); the Trustees managed the affairs of the Estate, led by his Mother. Randolph Wemyss was an exceptionally dynamic manager of the affairs of the Wemyss Estate, and he saw that the existing dock accommodation in the area was inadequate. Leven Harbour had been improved and a short railway branch from the Leven Railway had been formed, but the harbour suffered from serious silting, limiting the size of shipping that could be handled.
The North British Railway had developed Burntisland as its main harbour in Fife, and much of the rail\-connected coal traffic went there; this was a considerable mileage, and income to the NBR, and local coalmasters resented the expense when there were several small harbours locally that were not used.
Methil harbour was available, but the dock accommodation there was very limited, being only capable of handling ships up to 150 tons. As the rate of coal extraction increased, the lack of useful local harbour facilities became of increasing significance, and in 1879 Wemyss and his tenant coalmasters agreed on the construction of a proper dock at Methil. To avoid opposition from the Leven Harbour Company, Wemyss approached them to purchase their business. They were receptive, as all their initial capital had been expended and further construction was needed, which they were unable to fund. Struggling with heavy indebtedness, the Company sold out to the Wemyss Estate (Randolph Wemyss, his tenant colliers and certain other business interests) in 1883 for £12,000\. By this purchase the Wemyss Estate acquired the branch railway to Leven Harbour.
In proposing to develop Methil harbour and extend the Buckhaven line to Methil and to Leven Harbour, Wemyss foresaw strong opposition from the North British Railway, who would lose mileage by it. Wemyss forged an agreement with them, ratified on 21 April 1883 by agreeing to the Burntisland carriage rates applying to coal traffic from outside the immediate area to Methil and Leven. Wemyss also agreed not to allow competing railways access to the area over his lands; the North British anticipated an incursion by the rival [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway "Caledonian Railway") and this may have been significant in securing their consent to Wemyss' line.
The line to extend the Buckhaven line to Leven Harbour, which became known as the *Leven Connection Railway*, two miles long from Buckhaven to Leven Dock, was formally opened to goods and mineral traffic on 17 September 1884\. Parliamentary authorisation was not required. The line was inspected by Major General Hutchinson on 3 March 1887 and opened to passenger traffic on 5 May 1887, operating as an extension of the Wemyss and Buckhaven line; passenger trains ran between Thornton, Buckhaven and Methil; only mineral traffic continued to Leven Harbour, but the new, well\-equipped Methil Dock opened on 5 May 1887 also. The cost of the dock and railway extension had been £227,000\.William Scott Bruce, *Railways of Fife*, Melven Press, Perth, 1980, {{ISBN\|0 906664 03 9}}Gordon Stansfield, *Fife's Lost Railways*, Stenlake Press, Catrine, 1998, {{ISBN\|1 84033 055 4}}
In eight months of 1887 Methil shipped 220,000 tons, rising to 409,000 in the full year 1888; Burntisland throughput fell substantially in the same period.
### Thornton avoiding line
The mineral traffic built up rapidly, and included heavy flows from Dunfermline. The routing for those trains involved a reversal at Thornton, on the NBR main line, and this caused significant delay; a direct line passing under the main line was built in 1886 \- 1887; it had steep gradients, falling from the Dunfermline direction at 1 in 52 and rising again at 1 in 74\. Wemyss contributed £1,000 to the cost of construction. It was doubled some time after 1901\.
### Transfer to the North British Railway
Wemyss did not foresee retaining long term operation of the harbour at Methil, and he conducted negotiations with the North British Railway; the outcome was that the NBR purchased the harbour from it for £225,000, and with it they took the Wemyss and Buckhaven Railway, which became a branch of the NBR. The transfer took place on 1 February 1889,FRPS say 11 January 1889\. ratified by the North British (Methil Harbour) Act of 26 July 1889Awdry and Carter; Ross, naming the Act, says 12 June 1889\. and included the Methil extension.
Wemyss went on to construct several connecting lines to pits not otherwise served by railways, and in time a substantial network, ultimately referred to as the *Wemyss Private Railway* was developed. The relationship between that network and the North British Railway was not always entirely amicable.
### The twentieth century
In 1923 the North British Railway was a constituent of the new [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") (LNER) created as part of the "grouping" of the railways of Great Britain, following the [Railways Act 1921](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921").
The LNER found that passenger carryings were falling as road transport improved locally, and they introduced the Sentinel railcars for passenger trains on the line. A vehicle named *Banks of Don* was provided from January 1931\. Its performance was stated to be "indifferent" and the sharp 1 in 50 gradient from Methil to Buckhaven led to problems with slipping, especially on frosty mornings. Other Sentinel cars substituted from time to time. The passenger service ran to and from Thornton, where onward passengers had to change.
Football excursions on the line were of special significance in this period, and the success of [East Fife F.C.](/wiki/East_Fife_F.C. "East Fife F.C."), based in Methil, led to heavy inward supporters' traffic in addition to the outward traffic to away matches. East Fife were prominent from 1927 to 1931 and again at the end of the 1930s.
Nationalisation of the railways took place from 1 January 1948, and the line was now part of British Railways. The passenger service had lost custom substantially, and further economies were put in hand, including the closure of the little\-used West Wemyss station in 1949\. The route was inconvenient, and the change of train at Thornton was also a negative factor. The last passenger train ran on 9 January 1955, carrying 20 passengers. Football special trains continued to run while the line remained in use for goods trains, although these were much reduced in number too.
From 2 December 1963 the line between Thornton and West Wemyss was closed to all traffic, and from 28 December 1964 goods traffic was withdrawn from Wemyss Castle and Buckhaven stations. From 16 December 1965 the section from West Wemyss to Lochhead Colliery closed, and from 15 December 1966 the entire line closed completely, except for the Methil station area, which was a goods depot served from Kirkland Yard via the docks. That too closed on 31 May 1980, but reopened as a private siding for a coal merchant from 1 October 1980, closing finally on 31 May 1985\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First railways",
"{{main \\| Fife Coast Railway}}\nAs part of the frenzy of railway speculation culminating in 1845, the [Edinburgh and Northern Railway](/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Northern_Railway \"Edinburgh and Northern Railway\") was authorised in 1845 to build from Burntisland to Perth and Dundee, forming a through communication between Edinburgh and Dundee with ferry crossings of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Tay. The company changed its name to the *Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway* (EP\\&DR), and opened its main line in the years 1847 to 1848, running broadly south to north through Thornton.",
"Leven was an important manufacturing town and port at the time, and the independently promoted *Leven Railway* opened in 1854, joining the town with a junction with the EP\\&DR at Thornton. The Leven Railway did not connect to the harbour at Leven, and its objective was eventually to extend eastwards to serve the fishing communities on the Fife coast. In fact another independent company, the *East of Fife Railway*, extended from Leven to Kilconquhar; the two companies merged, forming the *Leven and East of Fife Railway* and extending to Anstruther.Andrew Hajducki, Michael Jodeluk and Alan Simpson, *The Leven and East of Fife Railway*, Oakwood Press, Usk, 2013, {{ISBN\\|978 0 85361 728 0}}John Thomas and David Turnock, *A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 15, North of Scotland*, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1989, {{ISBN\\|0 946537 03 8}}",
"### The Wemyss Estate",
"{{main \\| Wemyss Estate Railway}}\n[thumb\\|System map of the Wemyss and Buckhaven RailwayExtensive](/wiki/File:Buckhaven_rly.png \"Buckhaven rly.png\") lands in East Fife were in the ownership of the Wemyss family, and in 1854 [James Hay Erskine Wemyss](/wiki/James_Hay_Erskine_Wemyss \"James Hay Erskine Wemyss\") succeeded to the lairdship. Coal had long been extracted on the Wemyss Estate by tenants, and James Wemyss wished to encourage the activity. It was held back by difficult transport conditions; the priority of the Leven Railway and its extensions was not to connect with the pits, and the coastwise and export shipping routes were constrained by the limited harbour facilities on the coast. It was not until 1868 that the Leven and East of Fife Railway constructed a branch line to Muiredge, connecting a pit there, and even so there was no railway route to a useful harbour in East Fife, and much of the export traffic went to Burntisland; this was a long and expensive rail transit. The [North British Railway](/wiki/North_British_Railway \"North British Railway\") (NBR) took over the EP\\&DR in 1862 and effectively controlled railway transit in the area.A W Brotchie, *The Wemyss Private Railway*, The Oakwood Press, Usk, 1998, {{ISBN\\|0 85361 527 6}}",
"### The Wemyss and Buckhaven Railway",
"Although some improvements were made to local harbours, the intransigent attitude of the North British Railway, and its monopoly freedom to set haulage rates, was resented by the coalmaster tenants of the Wemyss Estate. In addition the exploitation of the coal deposits in the East Fife coalfield led to the opening of a considerable number of new pits in this period, and the North British Railway was unwilling to connect them to the railway network.",
"In May 1874 a committee of coalmasters discussed building their own line to the developing Methil Dock, a little west of Leven. Nothing came of this discussion at first, but in 1878 a definite scheme was produced to connect Buckhaven with Thornton. Thornton was chosen as the junction because of the convenience of bringing coal from Dunfermline, as the West Fife coalfield also required an outlet to an alternative harbour.",
"Matters progressed and on 17 October 1879 a certificate for the construction of the railway was issued by the Board of Trade; an act of Parliament was not required because no compulsory land acquisition was needed and there were no objections to the scheme. Nor was a new joint stock company to be established, as the Wemyss Estate was to finance the construction. This arrangement had been enabled by the Railway Construction Facilities Act, 1864\\.E F Carter, *An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles*, Cassell, London, 1959",
"The line was a little over four miles long; by the end of 1880 a demonstration goods train was run, but the line was not properly finished, and the Board of Trade inspection took place on 30 July 1881, by Major General Hutchinson. With some qualifications, the line was passed as fit for passenger operation, and it opened formally on 1 August 1881\\. It was worked by the North British Railway for 40% of gross revenue.David Ross, *The North British Railway: A History*, Stenlake Publishing Limited, Catrine, 2014, {{ISBN\\|978 1 84033 647 4}} There were intermediate stations at West Wemyss (at the present\\-day Standing Stane Road) and Wemyys Castle, close to the town of East Wemyss. It had private accommodation for Wemyss and his family.",
"A short branch was made in 1881 to join the NBR Muiredge branch, and a connection from the new Rosie pit, which ran as a high level siding parallel to, and above, the W\\&B line.Christopher Awdry, *Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies*, Patrick Stephens Limited, Wellingborough, 1990, {{ISBN\\|1 85260 049 7}}Archive Committee of the Kingdom of Fife Railway Preservation Society, *The Methil Branch Line Railway*, Kingdom of Fife Railway Preservation Society and Lower Methil Heritage Centre, 1996, {{ISBN\\|0 9528535 0 7}}James K Corstorphine, *East of Thornton Junction: The Story of the Fife Coast Line*, self published by Corstorphine, Leven, 1995, {{ISBN\\|0 9525621 0 3}}",
"### Extending to Methil",
"James Wemyss died in 1864, and his eldest son [Randolph Gordon Erskine Wemyss](/wiki/Randolph_Wemyss \"Randolph Wemyss\") (1858 \\- 1908\\) inherited the lairdship at the age of six. It was in [trust](/wiki/Trust_law \"Trust law\") until his [majority](/wiki/Age_of_majority \"Age of majority\"); the Trustees managed the affairs of the Estate, led by his Mother. Randolph Wemyss was an exceptionally dynamic manager of the affairs of the Wemyss Estate, and he saw that the existing dock accommodation in the area was inadequate. Leven Harbour had been improved and a short railway branch from the Leven Railway had been formed, but the harbour suffered from serious silting, limiting the size of shipping that could be handled.",
"The North British Railway had developed Burntisland as its main harbour in Fife, and much of the rail\\-connected coal traffic went there; this was a considerable mileage, and income to the NBR, and local coalmasters resented the expense when there were several small harbours locally that were not used.",
"Methil harbour was available, but the dock accommodation there was very limited, being only capable of handling ships up to 150 tons. As the rate of coal extraction increased, the lack of useful local harbour facilities became of increasing significance, and in 1879 Wemyss and his tenant coalmasters agreed on the construction of a proper dock at Methil. To avoid opposition from the Leven Harbour Company, Wemyss approached them to purchase their business. They were receptive, as all their initial capital had been expended and further construction was needed, which they were unable to fund. Struggling with heavy indebtedness, the Company sold out to the Wemyss Estate (Randolph Wemyss, his tenant colliers and certain other business interests) in 1883 for £12,000\\. By this purchase the Wemyss Estate acquired the branch railway to Leven Harbour.",
"In proposing to develop Methil harbour and extend the Buckhaven line to Methil and to Leven Harbour, Wemyss foresaw strong opposition from the North British Railway, who would lose mileage by it. Wemyss forged an agreement with them, ratified on 21 April 1883 by agreeing to the Burntisland carriage rates applying to coal traffic from outside the immediate area to Methil and Leven. Wemyss also agreed not to allow competing railways access to the area over his lands; the North British anticipated an incursion by the rival [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway \"Caledonian Railway\") and this may have been significant in securing their consent to Wemyss' line.",
"The line to extend the Buckhaven line to Leven Harbour, which became known as the *Leven Connection Railway*, two miles long from Buckhaven to Leven Dock, was formally opened to goods and mineral traffic on 17 September 1884\\. Parliamentary authorisation was not required. The line was inspected by Major General Hutchinson on 3 March 1887 and opened to passenger traffic on 5 May 1887, operating as an extension of the Wemyss and Buckhaven line; passenger trains ran between Thornton, Buckhaven and Methil; only mineral traffic continued to Leven Harbour, but the new, well\\-equipped Methil Dock opened on 5 May 1887 also. The cost of the dock and railway extension had been £227,000\\.William Scott Bruce, *Railways of Fife*, Melven Press, Perth, 1980, {{ISBN\\|0 906664 03 9}}Gordon Stansfield, *Fife's Lost Railways*, Stenlake Press, Catrine, 1998, {{ISBN\\|1 84033 055 4}}",
"In eight months of 1887 Methil shipped 220,000 tons, rising to 409,000 in the full year 1888; Burntisland throughput fell substantially in the same period.",
"### Thornton avoiding line",
"The mineral traffic built up rapidly, and included heavy flows from Dunfermline. The routing for those trains involved a reversal at Thornton, on the NBR main line, and this caused significant delay; a direct line passing under the main line was built in 1886 \\- 1887; it had steep gradients, falling from the Dunfermline direction at 1 in 52 and rising again at 1 in 74\\. Wemyss contributed £1,000 to the cost of construction. It was doubled some time after 1901\\.",
"### Transfer to the North British Railway",
"Wemyss did not foresee retaining long term operation of the harbour at Methil, and he conducted negotiations with the North British Railway; the outcome was that the NBR purchased the harbour from it for £225,000, and with it they took the Wemyss and Buckhaven Railway, which became a branch of the NBR. The transfer took place on 1 February 1889,FRPS say 11 January 1889\\. ratified by the North British (Methil Harbour) Act of 26 July 1889Awdry and Carter; Ross, naming the Act, says 12 June 1889\\. and included the Methil extension.",
"Wemyss went on to construct several connecting lines to pits not otherwise served by railways, and in time a substantial network, ultimately referred to as the *Wemyss Private Railway* was developed. The relationship between that network and the North British Railway was not always entirely amicable.",
"### The twentieth century",
"In 1923 the North British Railway was a constituent of the new [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") (LNER) created as part of the \"grouping\" of the railways of Great Britain, following the [Railways Act 1921](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\").",
"The LNER found that passenger carryings were falling as road transport improved locally, and they introduced the Sentinel railcars for passenger trains on the line. A vehicle named *Banks of Don* was provided from January 1931\\. Its performance was stated to be \"indifferent\" and the sharp 1 in 50 gradient from Methil to Buckhaven led to problems with slipping, especially on frosty mornings. Other Sentinel cars substituted from time to time. The passenger service ran to and from Thornton, where onward passengers had to change.",
"Football excursions on the line were of special significance in this period, and the success of [East Fife F.C.](/wiki/East_Fife_F.C. \"East Fife F.C.\"), based in Methil, led to heavy inward supporters' traffic in addition to the outward traffic to away matches. East Fife were prominent from 1927 to 1931 and again at the end of the 1930s.",
"Nationalisation of the railways took place from 1 January 1948, and the line was now part of British Railways. The passenger service had lost custom substantially, and further economies were put in hand, including the closure of the little\\-used West Wemyss station in 1949\\. The route was inconvenient, and the change of train at Thornton was also a negative factor. The last passenger train ran on 9 January 1955, carrying 20 passengers. Football special trains continued to run while the line remained in use for goods trains, although these were much reduced in number too.",
"From 2 December 1963 the line between Thornton and West Wemyss was closed to all traffic, and from 28 December 1964 goods traffic was withdrawn from Wemyss Castle and Buckhaven stations. From 16 December 1965 the section from West Wemyss to Lochhead Colliery closed, and from 15 December 1966 the entire line closed completely, except for the Methil station area, which was a goods depot served from Kirkland Yard via the docks. That too closed on 31 May 1980, but reopened as a private siding for a coal merchant from 1 October 1980, closing finally on 31 May 1985\\.",
""
] |
### Extending to Methil
James Wemyss died in 1864, and his eldest son [Randolph Gordon Erskine Wemyss](/wiki/Randolph_Wemyss "Randolph Wemyss") (1858 \- 1908\) inherited the lairdship at the age of six. It was in [trust](/wiki/Trust_law "Trust law") until his [majority](/wiki/Age_of_majority "Age of majority"); the Trustees managed the affairs of the Estate, led by his Mother. Randolph Wemyss was an exceptionally dynamic manager of the affairs of the Wemyss Estate, and he saw that the existing dock accommodation in the area was inadequate. Leven Harbour had been improved and a short railway branch from the Leven Railway had been formed, but the harbour suffered from serious silting, limiting the size of shipping that could be handled.
The North British Railway had developed Burntisland as its main harbour in Fife, and much of the rail\-connected coal traffic went there; this was a considerable mileage, and income to the NBR, and local coalmasters resented the expense when there were several small harbours locally that were not used.
Methil harbour was available, but the dock accommodation there was very limited, being only capable of handling ships up to 150 tons. As the rate of coal extraction increased, the lack of useful local harbour facilities became of increasing significance, and in 1879 Wemyss and his tenant coalmasters agreed on the construction of a proper dock at Methil. To avoid opposition from the Leven Harbour Company, Wemyss approached them to purchase their business. They were receptive, as all their initial capital had been expended and further construction was needed, which they were unable to fund. Struggling with heavy indebtedness, the Company sold out to the Wemyss Estate (Randolph Wemyss, his tenant colliers and certain other business interests) in 1883 for £12,000\. By this purchase the Wemyss Estate acquired the branch railway to Leven Harbour.
In proposing to develop Methil harbour and extend the Buckhaven line to Methil and to Leven Harbour, Wemyss foresaw strong opposition from the North British Railway, who would lose mileage by it. Wemyss forged an agreement with them, ratified on 21 April 1883 by agreeing to the Burntisland carriage rates applying to coal traffic from outside the immediate area to Methil and Leven. Wemyss also agreed not to allow competing railways access to the area over his lands; the North British anticipated an incursion by the rival [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway "Caledonian Railway") and this may have been significant in securing their consent to Wemyss' line.
The line to extend the Buckhaven line to Leven Harbour, which became known as the *Leven Connection Railway*, two miles long from Buckhaven to Leven Dock, was formally opened to goods and mineral traffic on 17 September 1884\. Parliamentary authorisation was not required. The line was inspected by Major General Hutchinson on 3 March 1887 and opened to passenger traffic on 5 May 1887, operating as an extension of the Wemyss and Buckhaven line; passenger trains ran between Thornton, Buckhaven and Methil; only mineral traffic continued to Leven Harbour, but the new, well\-equipped Methil Dock opened on 5 May 1887 also. The cost of the dock and railway extension had been £227,000\.William Scott Bruce, *Railways of Fife*, Melven Press, Perth, 1980, {{ISBN\|0 906664 03 9}}Gordon Stansfield, *Fife's Lost Railways*, Stenlake Press, Catrine, 1998, {{ISBN\|1 84033 055 4}}
In eight months of 1887 Methil shipped 220,000 tons, rising to 409,000 in the full year 1888; Burntisland throughput fell substantially in the same period.
|
[
"### Extending to Methil",
"James Wemyss died in 1864, and his eldest son [Randolph Gordon Erskine Wemyss](/wiki/Randolph_Wemyss \"Randolph Wemyss\") (1858 \\- 1908\\) inherited the lairdship at the age of six. It was in [trust](/wiki/Trust_law \"Trust law\") until his [majority](/wiki/Age_of_majority \"Age of majority\"); the Trustees managed the affairs of the Estate, led by his Mother. Randolph Wemyss was an exceptionally dynamic manager of the affairs of the Wemyss Estate, and he saw that the existing dock accommodation in the area was inadequate. Leven Harbour had been improved and a short railway branch from the Leven Railway had been formed, but the harbour suffered from serious silting, limiting the size of shipping that could be handled.",
"The North British Railway had developed Burntisland as its main harbour in Fife, and much of the rail\\-connected coal traffic went there; this was a considerable mileage, and income to the NBR, and local coalmasters resented the expense when there were several small harbours locally that were not used.",
"Methil harbour was available, but the dock accommodation there was very limited, being only capable of handling ships up to 150 tons. As the rate of coal extraction increased, the lack of useful local harbour facilities became of increasing significance, and in 1879 Wemyss and his tenant coalmasters agreed on the construction of a proper dock at Methil. To avoid opposition from the Leven Harbour Company, Wemyss approached them to purchase their business. They were receptive, as all their initial capital had been expended and further construction was needed, which they were unable to fund. Struggling with heavy indebtedness, the Company sold out to the Wemyss Estate (Randolph Wemyss, his tenant colliers and certain other business interests) in 1883 for £12,000\\. By this purchase the Wemyss Estate acquired the branch railway to Leven Harbour.",
"In proposing to develop Methil harbour and extend the Buckhaven line to Methil and to Leven Harbour, Wemyss foresaw strong opposition from the North British Railway, who would lose mileage by it. Wemyss forged an agreement with them, ratified on 21 April 1883 by agreeing to the Burntisland carriage rates applying to coal traffic from outside the immediate area to Methil and Leven. Wemyss also agreed not to allow competing railways access to the area over his lands; the North British anticipated an incursion by the rival [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway \"Caledonian Railway\") and this may have been significant in securing their consent to Wemyss' line.",
"The line to extend the Buckhaven line to Leven Harbour, which became known as the *Leven Connection Railway*, two miles long from Buckhaven to Leven Dock, was formally opened to goods and mineral traffic on 17 September 1884\\. Parliamentary authorisation was not required. The line was inspected by Major General Hutchinson on 3 March 1887 and opened to passenger traffic on 5 May 1887, operating as an extension of the Wemyss and Buckhaven line; passenger trains ran between Thornton, Buckhaven and Methil; only mineral traffic continued to Leven Harbour, but the new, well\\-equipped Methil Dock opened on 5 May 1887 also. The cost of the dock and railway extension had been £227,000\\.William Scott Bruce, *Railways of Fife*, Melven Press, Perth, 1980, {{ISBN\\|0 906664 03 9}}Gordon Stansfield, *Fife's Lost Railways*, Stenlake Press, Catrine, 1998, {{ISBN\\|1 84033 055 4}}",
"In eight months of 1887 Methil shipped 220,000 tons, rising to 409,000 in the full year 1888; Burntisland throughput fell substantially in the same period.",
""
] |
### The twentieth century
In 1923 the North British Railway was a constituent of the new [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") (LNER) created as part of the "grouping" of the railways of Great Britain, following the [Railways Act 1921](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921").
The LNER found that passenger carryings were falling as road transport improved locally, and they introduced the Sentinel railcars for passenger trains on the line. A vehicle named *Banks of Don* was provided from January 1931\. Its performance was stated to be "indifferent" and the sharp 1 in 50 gradient from Methil to Buckhaven led to problems with slipping, especially on frosty mornings. Other Sentinel cars substituted from time to time. The passenger service ran to and from Thornton, where onward passengers had to change.
Football excursions on the line were of special significance in this period, and the success of [East Fife F.C.](/wiki/East_Fife_F.C. "East Fife F.C."), based in Methil, led to heavy inward supporters' traffic in addition to the outward traffic to away matches. East Fife were prominent from 1927 to 1931 and again at the end of the 1930s.
Nationalisation of the railways took place from 1 January 1948, and the line was now part of British Railways. The passenger service had lost custom substantially, and further economies were put in hand, including the closure of the little\-used West Wemyss station in 1949\. The route was inconvenient, and the change of train at Thornton was also a negative factor. The last passenger train ran on 9 January 1955, carrying 20 passengers. Football special trains continued to run while the line remained in use for goods trains, although these were much reduced in number too.
From 2 December 1963 the line between Thornton and West Wemyss was closed to all traffic, and from 28 December 1964 goods traffic was withdrawn from Wemyss Castle and Buckhaven stations. From 16 December 1965 the section from West Wemyss to Lochhead Colliery closed, and from 15 December 1966 the entire line closed completely, except for the Methil station area, which was a goods depot served from Kirkland Yard via the docks. That too closed on 31 May 1980, but reopened as a private siding for a coal merchant from 1 October 1980, closing finally on 31 May 1985\.
|
[
"### The twentieth century",
"In 1923 the North British Railway was a constituent of the new [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") (LNER) created as part of the \"grouping\" of the railways of Great Britain, following the [Railways Act 1921](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\").",
"The LNER found that passenger carryings were falling as road transport improved locally, and they introduced the Sentinel railcars for passenger trains on the line. A vehicle named *Banks of Don* was provided from January 1931\\. Its performance was stated to be \"indifferent\" and the sharp 1 in 50 gradient from Methil to Buckhaven led to problems with slipping, especially on frosty mornings. Other Sentinel cars substituted from time to time. The passenger service ran to and from Thornton, where onward passengers had to change.",
"Football excursions on the line were of special significance in this period, and the success of [East Fife F.C.](/wiki/East_Fife_F.C. \"East Fife F.C.\"), based in Methil, led to heavy inward supporters' traffic in addition to the outward traffic to away matches. East Fife were prominent from 1927 to 1931 and again at the end of the 1930s.",
"Nationalisation of the railways took place from 1 January 1948, and the line was now part of British Railways. The passenger service had lost custom substantially, and further economies were put in hand, including the closure of the little\\-used West Wemyss station in 1949\\. The route was inconvenient, and the change of train at Thornton was also a negative factor. The last passenger train ran on 9 January 1955, carrying 20 passengers. Football special trains continued to run while the line remained in use for goods trains, although these were much reduced in number too.",
"From 2 December 1963 the line between Thornton and West Wemyss was closed to all traffic, and from 28 December 1964 goods traffic was withdrawn from Wemyss Castle and Buckhaven stations. From 16 December 1965 the section from West Wemyss to Lochhead Colliery closed, and from 15 December 1966 the entire line closed completely, except for the Methil station area, which was a goods depot served from Kirkland Yard via the docks. That too closed on 31 May 1980, but reopened as a private siding for a coal merchant from 1 October 1980, closing finally on 31 May 1985\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1969, Tan left the University of Singapore and joined [OCBC Bank](/wiki/OCBC_Bank "OCBC Bank"), where he became the general manager, before leaving the bank in 1979 to enter politics.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-tops\-national\-day\-awards\-list\|title\=Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\|last\=hermes\|date\=2018\-08\-09\|website\=The Straits Times\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813224652/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-tops\-national\-day\-awards\-list\|archive\-date\=13 August 2018\|url\-status\=live}}
In December 1991, Tan stepped down from the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore "Cabinet of Singapore") to return to the private sector, where he rejoined OCBC Bank as the chairman and chief executive officer from 1992 to 1995, while retaining his seat in the Parliament as the Member of Parliament for [Sembawang GRC](/wiki/Sembawang_GRC "Sembawang GRC").{{Cite web\|last\=Leong\|first\=Wee Keat\|date\=24 June 2011\|title\=The Government didn't ask me to stand: Tony Tan\|url\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000234/The\-Government\-didnt\-ask\-me\-to\-stand\-\-Tony\-Tan\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809084728/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000234/The\-Government\-didnt\-ask\-me\-to\-stand\-\-Tony\-Tan\|archive\-date\=9 August 2011\|access\-date\=18 February 2020\|website\=TODAYOnline}}
Tan was appointed as Deputy Chairman and Executive Director of [GIC](/wiki/GIC_%28Singaporean_sovereign_wealth_fund%29 "GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)"), the country's [sovereign wealth fund](/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund "Sovereign wealth fund"), following his second retirement from Cabinet in 2005\.[National Research Foundation (Singapore), Board](http://www.nrf.gov.sg/nrf/councilboard.aspx?id=164) {{webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20121224194015/http://www.nrf.gov.sg/nrf/councilboard.aspx?id\=164\|date\=24 December 2012}}, [GIC Board of Directors](http://www.gic.com.sg/about/gic-board-of-directors) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222143716/http://www.gic.com.sg/about/gic\-board\-of\-directors\|date\=22 December 2010}}, [SPH Annual Report, 2009](http://www.sph.com.sg/pdf/annualreport/2009/SPH-AR09_directors.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613183910/http://www.sph.com.sg/pdf/annualreport/2009/SPH\-AR09\_directors.pdf\|date\=13 June 2012}}.{{cite web\|author\=\|date\=\|title\=Dr. Tony Tan Keng Yam\|url\=https://sias.org.sg/dr\-tony\-tan\-keng\-yam/\|access\-date\=6 April 2021\|website\=SIAS\|quote\=}} He was also appointed as chairman of the National Research Foundation, Deputy Chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council, and Chairman of [Singapore Press Holdings](/wiki/Singapore_Press_Holdings "Singapore Press Holdings") concurrently.
Tan's tenure at GIC coincided with moves toward greater disclosure in the investment fund's activities amid mounting concerns about the secretive fund's influence after high\-profile investments in [UBS](/wiki/UBS "UBS") and [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup "Citigroup").{{cite web\|date\=28 January 2008\|title\="Singapore sovereign wealth fund promises greater transparency", ''Financial Times'', 28 January 2008\|url\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ebeb8f52\-cd40\-11dc\-9b2b\-000077b07658\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/d19d2 \|archive\-date\=11 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=28 August 2011\|website\=Financial Times}}
### Political career
A former member of the governing [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party "People's Action Party") (PAP), Tan was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for [Sembawang GRC](/wiki/Sembawang_GRC "Sembawang GRC") after his electoral victory in the [1979 by\-elections](/wiki/1979_Singaporean_by-elections "1979 Singaporean by-elections").{{Cite web\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\-1\.2\.2?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=by%20elections\&KA\=by%20elections\&DF\=10/02/1979\&DT\=11/02/1979\&NPT\=\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=by,elections\&oref\=article\|title\=ALL THE WAY\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-date\=20 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171433/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\-1\.2\.2?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=by\+elections\&KA\=by\+elections\&DF\=10%2F02%2F1979\&DT\=11%2F02%2F1979\&NPT\=\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=by%2Celections\&oref\=article\|url\-status\=live}} He was subsequently appointed as [Senior Minister of State for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") in 1979\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\-1\.2\.44?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\&KA\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\&DF\=01/01/1979\&DT\=01/04/1979\&Display\=0\&NPT\=straitstimes\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=tony,tan,education,minister\&oref\=article\|title\=Two are sworn in at the Istana\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-date\=20 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171434/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\-1\.2\.44?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=tony\+tan\+education\+minister\&KA\=tony\+tan\+education\+minister\&DF\=01%2F01%2F1979\&DT\=01%2F04%2F1979\&Display\=0\&NPT\=straitstimes\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=tony%2Ctan%2Ceducation%2Cminister\&oref\=article\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Minister for Education (1980–1981, 1985–1991\)
He joined the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore "Cabinet of Singapore") in 1980, serving as [Minister for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 "Ministry of Education (Singapore)"). As the Minister for Education, Tan scrapped a [policy](/wiki/Eugenics_in_Singapore "Eugenics in Singapore") that favoured children of more well\-educated mothers ahead of children of less\-educated mothers in primary school placement in response to popular discontent and public criticism of the policy which saw PAP receiving the lowest votes since independence during the [1984 general election](/wiki/1984_Singaporean_general_election "1984 Singaporean general election").John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey, *The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia\-Pacific Region* (IRRP, 1988\), p. 136\.{{cite journal\|last\=Quah\|first\=Jon\|title\=Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year\|journal\=Asian Survey\|volume\=25\|issue\=2\|year\=1985\|page\=225\|jstor\=2644306\|doi\=10\.2307/2644306}}
He also introduced the [independent schools](/wiki/Independent_school "Independent school") system, allowing established educational institutions in Singapore to charge its own fees and have control over their governance and teaching staff, though this was criticised by parents as being "elitist" and made top\-ranked schools increasingly out of reach to poorer families due to subsequent fee hikes.{{cite news\|last1\=Matthews\|first1\=Roger\|title\=Survey of Singapore (11\): Schools try independence – The latest education experiment\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|publisher\=Factiva\|date\=13 November 1987}}{{cite news\|last1\=Sai Siong\|first1\=Tan\|title\=There is hope outside of independent schools\|work\=Straits Times\|publisher\=Factiva\|date\=3 December 1989}}
#### Minister for Trade and Industry (1981–1986\)
Tan took on the role of [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)#Ministers") from 1981 to 1986\. He was also appointed as [Minister for Finance](/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers "Minister for Finance (Singapore)#Ministers") from 1983 to 1985, and [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers "Ministry of Health (Singapore)#Ministers") from 1985 to 1986\.
Tan espoused a cut in the [Central Provident Fund](/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund "Central Provident Fund") (CPF) in the 1980s, which Prime Minister [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew "Lee Kuan Yew") had said would not be allowed except "in an economic crisis".Kernial Singh Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, *Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore* (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989\), pp. 69\.
Tan was also known to have opposed the shipping industry strike in January 1986, the first for about a decade in Singapore, which was sanctioned by fellow Cabinet minister, [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong "Ong Teng Cheong"), who is also Secretary\-General of the [National Trades Union Congress](/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress "National Trades Union Congress"), felt the strike was necessary.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\-memory\-ong\-teng\-cheong\-spores\-only\-peoples\-president\-passed\-away\-14\-years\-ago/\|title\=In memory: Ong Teng Cheong, S'pore's only people's president, passed away 14 years ago\|website\=Mothership.sg\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814232817/http://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\-memory\-ong\-teng\-cheong\-spores\-only\-peoples\-president\-passed\-away\-14\-years\-ago/\|archive\-date\=14 August 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
As Minister for Trade and Industry, Tan was concerned about investors' reactions to a perceived deterioration of labour relations and the impact on foreign direct investment.
In his analysis, historian Michael Barr explains that older \[grassroots] union leaders bore "increasing disquiet" at their exclusion from consultation in NTUC's policies, which were effectively managed by "technocrats" in the government. Unlike the previous NTUC secretary\-general Lim Chee Onn, [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew "Lee Kuan Yew")'s [protégé](/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9 "Protégé") Ong Teng Cheong in 1983 had an "implicit pact" with the trade unions—involving grassroots leaders in top decisions and "working actively and forcefully" in the interests of the unions "in a way Lim had never seen to do"—in exchange for the unions' continued "cooperation on the government's core industrial relations strategies". (In 1969, the NTUC had adopted "a cooperative, rather than a confrontational policy towards employers".){{cite journal\|title\=Trade Unions in an Elitist Society: The Singapore Story\|journal\=Australian Journal of Politics and History\|year\=2000\|volume\=46\|issue\=4\|pages\=480–496\|doi\=10\.1111/1467\-8497\.00109\|last1\=Barr\|first1\=Michael D}}
Although striking was prohibited and trade unions were barred from negotiating such matters as promotion, transfer, employment, dismissal, retrenchment, and reinstatement, issues that "accounted for most earlier labour disputes", the government provided measures for workers' safety and welfare, and serious union disputes with employers were almost always handled through the Industrial Arbitration Court, which had powers of both [binding arbitration](/wiki/Binding_arbitration "Binding arbitration") and voluntary mediation.{{cite web\|title\=Labor – Singapore\|url\=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\.htm\|website\=\[\[Library of Congress Country Studies]]\|publisher\=\[\[Library of Congress]]\|access\-date\=18 August 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040048/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\.htm\|archive\-date\=5 August 2011\|url\-status\=live}} However, Ong felt these measures did not prevent "management \[from] taking advantage of the workers", recalling in a 2000 interview in *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek "Asiaweek")*: "Some of them were angry with me about that... the minister for trade and industry \[Tan] was very angry, his officers were upset. They had calls from America, asking what happened to Singapore?"{{cite web \| url\=http://www\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \| title\='I Had a Job to Do' Whether the government liked it or not, says ex\-president Ong \| publisher\=Asiaweek \| access\-date\=17 August 2011 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211114954/http://www\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \| archive\-date\=11 February 2011 \| df\=dmy\-all }} However the fact that the strike only lasted two days before "all the issues were settled" was cited by Ong in a 2000 interview with *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek "Asiaweek")* as proof that "management was just trying to pull a fast one".
Tan initially opposed the timing of building the [Mass Rapid Transit](/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_%28Singapore%29 "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)") (MRT) in 1981 when it was raised by Ong. Tan held the view that the local construction industry was overheated at the time, and [public housing](/wiki/Housing_Development_Board "Housing Development Board") should take priority.{{cite news \|last\=Wong \|first\=Mai Yuan \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\-1\.2\.94\.5 \|title\=Foolish to build MRT now: Tony Tan \|date\=17 December 1981 \|newspaper\=Straits Times \|access\-date\=20 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922210157/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\-1\.2\.94\.5 \|archive\-date\=22 September 2013 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005\)
After [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong "Ong Teng Cheong") and [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") were diagnosed with cancer in 1992 and 1993 respectively,{{cite web \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\_161\_\_2008\-11\-24\.html \|title\=Ong Teng Cheong \|publisher\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite web \|url\=http://ourstory.asia1\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\.html \|title\=It was a bolt from the blue. But that's life \|publisher\=Ourstory.asia1\.com.sg \|date\=9 May 1993 \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519000621/http://ourstory.asia1\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\.html \|archive\-date\=19 May 2007 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000542/Profile\-of\-Dr\-Tony\-Tan \|title\=Singapore \| Profile of Dr Tony Tan \|publisher\=TODAYonline \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808165305/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000542/Profile\-of\-Dr\-Tony\-Tan \|archive\-date\=8 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} It was reported that he declined an offer of make\-up pay, which compensate ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.Chua Mui Hoong, "Tony Tan to rejoin Govt", *Straits Times*, 29 June 1995\. Tan declared that "the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations"."I would have preferred to continue working at the bank", *Straits Times*, 30 June 1995\.
In August 2003, he relinquished the portfolio of Minister for Defence and became [Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence](/wiki/Coordinating_Minister_for_National_Security "Coordinating Minister for National Security"), while retaining the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. He later persuaded Minister for National Development [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan "Mah Bow Tan") to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.{{cite web \|url\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\-15nov2004\.pdf \|title\=Saved for a Year, Village Mosque May Be Made National Heritage \|date\=15 November 2004 \|website\=Straits Times \|access\-date\=30 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060020/http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\-15nov2004\.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 September 2011 \|url\-status\=live }} Dubbed the "Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore", it was later designated a heritage site.{{cite web \|url\=http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\-petempatan\-melayu\-sembawang \|title\="Sembawang Beyond the Slumber", ''The Long and Winding Road'', 29 March 2011 \|publisher\=Thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com \|date\=9 August 2011 \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225648/http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\-petempatan\-melayu\-sembawang/ \|archive\-date\=30 August 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}
Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of [Integrated Resorts](/wiki/Integrated_Resort "Integrated Resort") (IRs) with their attached [casinos](/wiki/Casino "Casino") to Singapore. Commenting on a survey of gambling habits conducted by the [Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports](/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development%2C_Youth_and_Sports "Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports"), Tan had said he was "appalled" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers—55,000 as insignificant: *"I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government."*Sandra Davie, "Gaming Minuses Worry DPM Tan; ‘55,000 Potential Gambling Addicts’ Is No Small Matter, He Says of Findings", *Straits Times*, 15 April 2005{{cite news\|last\=Tan\|first\=Hui Leng\|title\=2% Risk 'Not Small'\|url\=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\.2\.68\.1\.aspx\|access\-date\=16 August 2011\|newspaper\=Today\|date\=15 April 2005\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064116/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\.2\.68\.1\.aspx\|archive\-date\=7 November 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tan to succeed him as prime minister, but Tan declined.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-tops\-national\-day\-awards\-list\|title\= Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\|last\= Toh\|first\= Elgin\|date\= 9 August 2018\|website\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}} Prime Minister Lee once praised Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. "He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it," said Prime Minister Lee.
As deputy prime minister, Tan was instrumental in the establishment of the [Singapore Management University](/wiki/Singapore_Management_University "Singapore Management University") (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.smu.edu.sg/about/history\-old\|title\= History\|author\= \|date\= \|website\= Singapore Management University (SMU)\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}}
Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions—the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore "National University of Singapore") (NUS) and the [Nanyang Technological University](/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University "Nanyang Technological University") (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example which concentrated on management, business and economics.{{cite web \|url\= https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/tony\-tan\-named\-honorary\-patron\-smu\|title\= Tony Tan named honorary patron of SMU\|author\= \|date\= October 11, 2017\|website\= The New Paper\|access\-date\= April 6, 2021\|quote\=}}
He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-appointed\-honorary\-patron\-of\-smu\|title\= Tony Tan appointed honorary patron of SMU\|last\= Mohamad Salleh \|first\= Nur Asyiqin\|date\= October 11, 2017\|website\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}} He helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current chairman of the SMU board of trustees Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment.
Tan, having begun to look after the university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly\-funded autonomous university.
Tan stepped down as Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1969, Tan left the University of Singapore and joined [OCBC Bank](/wiki/OCBC_Bank \"OCBC Bank\"), where he became the general manager, before leaving the bank in 1979 to enter politics.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-tops\\-national\\-day\\-awards\\-list\\|title\\=Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\\|last\\=hermes\\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-09\\|website\\=The Straits Times\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813224652/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-tops\\-national\\-day\\-awards\\-list\\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In December 1991, Tan stepped down from the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore \"Cabinet of Singapore\") to return to the private sector, where he rejoined OCBC Bank as the chairman and chief executive officer from 1992 to 1995, while retaining his seat in the Parliament as the Member of Parliament for [Sembawang GRC](/wiki/Sembawang_GRC \"Sembawang GRC\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Leong\\|first\\=Wee Keat\\|date\\=24 June 2011\\|title\\=The Government didn't ask me to stand: Tony Tan\\|url\\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000234/The\\-Government\\-didnt\\-ask\\-me\\-to\\-stand\\-\\-Tony\\-Tan\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809084728/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000234/The\\-Government\\-didnt\\-ask\\-me\\-to\\-stand\\-\\-Tony\\-Tan\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2020\\|website\\=TODAYOnline}}",
"Tan was appointed as Deputy Chairman and Executive Director of [GIC](/wiki/GIC_%28Singaporean_sovereign_wealth_fund%29 \"GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)\"), the country's [sovereign wealth fund](/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund \"Sovereign wealth fund\"), following his second retirement from Cabinet in 2005\\.[National Research Foundation (Singapore), Board](http://www.nrf.gov.sg/nrf/councilboard.aspx?id=164) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20121224194015/http://www.nrf.gov.sg/nrf/councilboard.aspx?id\\=164\\|date\\=24 December 2012}}, [GIC Board of Directors](http://www.gic.com.sg/about/gic-board-of-directors) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222143716/http://www.gic.com.sg/about/gic\\-board\\-of\\-directors\\|date\\=22 December 2010}}, [SPH Annual Report, 2009](http://www.sph.com.sg/pdf/annualreport/2009/SPH-AR09_directors.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613183910/http://www.sph.com.sg/pdf/annualreport/2009/SPH\\-AR09\\_directors.pdf\\|date\\=13 June 2012}}.{{cite web\\|author\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Dr. Tony Tan Keng Yam\\|url\\=https://sias.org.sg/dr\\-tony\\-tan\\-keng\\-yam/\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2021\\|website\\=SIAS\\|quote\\=}} He was also appointed as chairman of the National Research Foundation, Deputy Chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council, and Chairman of [Singapore Press Holdings](/wiki/Singapore_Press_Holdings \"Singapore Press Holdings\") concurrently.",
"Tan's tenure at GIC coincided with moves toward greater disclosure in the investment fund's activities amid mounting concerns about the secretive fund's influence after high\\-profile investments in [UBS](/wiki/UBS \"UBS\") and [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup \"Citigroup\").{{cite web\\|date\\=28 January 2008\\|title\\=\"Singapore sovereign wealth fund promises greater transparency\", ''Financial Times'', 28 January 2008\\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ebeb8f52\\-cd40\\-11dc\\-9b2b\\-000077b07658\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/d19d2 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011\\|website\\=Financial Times}}",
"### Political career",
"A former member of the governing [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\") (PAP), Tan was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for [Sembawang GRC](/wiki/Sembawang_GRC \"Sembawang GRC\") after his electoral victory in the [1979 by\\-elections](/wiki/1979_Singaporean_by-elections \"1979 Singaporean by-elections\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\\-1\\.2\\.2?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=by%20elections\\&KA\\=by%20elections\\&DF\\=10/02/1979\\&DT\\=11/02/1979\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=by,elections\\&oref\\=article\\|title\\=ALL THE WAY\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171433/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\\-1\\.2\\.2?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=by\\+elections\\&KA\\=by\\+elections\\&DF\\=10%2F02%2F1979\\&DT\\=11%2F02%2F1979\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=by%2Celections\\&oref\\=article\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He was subsequently appointed as [Senior Minister of State for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\") in 1979\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\\-1\\.2\\.44?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\\&KA\\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\\&DF\\=01/01/1979\\&DT\\=01/04/1979\\&Display\\=0\\&NPT\\=straitstimes\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=tony,tan,education,minister\\&oref\\=article\\|title\\=Two are sworn in at the Istana\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171434/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\\-1\\.2\\.44?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=tony\\+tan\\+education\\+minister\\&KA\\=tony\\+tan\\+education\\+minister\\&DF\\=01%2F01%2F1979\\&DT\\=01%2F04%2F1979\\&Display\\=0\\&NPT\\=straitstimes\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=tony%2Ctan%2Ceducation%2Cminister\\&oref\\=article\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Minister for Education (1980–1981, 1985–1991\\)",
"He joined the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore \"Cabinet of Singapore\") in 1980, serving as [Minister for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\"). As the Minister for Education, Tan scrapped a [policy](/wiki/Eugenics_in_Singapore \"Eugenics in Singapore\") that favoured children of more well\\-educated mothers ahead of children of less\\-educated mothers in primary school placement in response to popular discontent and public criticism of the policy which saw PAP receiving the lowest votes since independence during the [1984 general election](/wiki/1984_Singaporean_general_election \"1984 Singaporean general election\").John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey, *The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia\\-Pacific Region* (IRRP, 1988\\), p. 136\\.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Quah\\|first\\=Jon\\|title\\=Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year\\|journal\\=Asian Survey\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=2\\|year\\=1985\\|page\\=225\\|jstor\\=2644306\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2644306}}",
"He also introduced the [independent schools](/wiki/Independent_school \"Independent school\") system, allowing established educational institutions in Singapore to charge its own fees and have control over their governance and teaching staff, though this was criticised by parents as being \"elitist\" and made top\\-ranked schools increasingly out of reach to poorer families due to subsequent fee hikes.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Matthews\\|first1\\=Roger\\|title\\=Survey of Singapore (11\\): Schools try independence – The latest education experiment\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|publisher\\=Factiva\\|date\\=13 November 1987}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sai Siong\\|first1\\=Tan\\|title\\=There is hope outside of independent schools\\|work\\=Straits Times\\|publisher\\=Factiva\\|date\\=3 December 1989}}",
"#### Minister for Trade and Industry (1981–1986\\)",
"Tan took on the role of [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)#Ministers\") from 1981 to 1986\\. He was also appointed as [Minister for Finance](/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers \"Minister for Finance (Singapore)#Ministers\") from 1983 to 1985, and [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers \"Ministry of Health (Singapore)#Ministers\") from 1985 to 1986\\.",
"Tan espoused a cut in the [Central Provident Fund](/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund \"Central Provident Fund\") (CPF) in the 1980s, which Prime Minister [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew \"Lee Kuan Yew\") had said would not be allowed except \"in an economic crisis\".Kernial Singh Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, *Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore* (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989\\), pp. 69\\.",
"Tan was also known to have opposed the shipping industry strike in January 1986, the first for about a decade in Singapore, which was sanctioned by fellow Cabinet minister, [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong \"Ong Teng Cheong\"), who is also Secretary\\-General of the [National Trades Union Congress](/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress \"National Trades Union Congress\"), felt the strike was necessary.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\\-memory\\-ong\\-teng\\-cheong\\-spores\\-only\\-peoples\\-president\\-passed\\-away\\-14\\-years\\-ago/\\|title\\=In memory: Ong Teng Cheong, S'pore's only people's president, passed away 14 years ago\\|website\\=Mothership.sg\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814232817/http://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\\-memory\\-ong\\-teng\\-cheong\\-spores\\-only\\-peoples\\-president\\-passed\\-away\\-14\\-years\\-ago/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"As Minister for Trade and Industry, Tan was concerned about investors' reactions to a perceived deterioration of labour relations and the impact on foreign direct investment.",
"In his analysis, historian Michael Barr explains that older \\[grassroots] union leaders bore \"increasing disquiet\" at their exclusion from consultation in NTUC's policies, which were effectively managed by \"technocrats\" in the government. Unlike the previous NTUC secretary\\-general Lim Chee Onn, [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew \"Lee Kuan Yew\")'s [protégé](/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9 \"Protégé\") Ong Teng Cheong in 1983 had an \"implicit pact\" with the trade unions—involving grassroots leaders in top decisions and \"working actively and forcefully\" in the interests of the unions \"in a way Lim had never seen to do\"—in exchange for the unions' continued \"cooperation on the government's core industrial relations strategies\". (In 1969, the NTUC had adopted \"a cooperative, rather than a confrontational policy towards employers\".){{cite journal\\|title\\=Trade Unions in an Elitist Society: The Singapore Story\\|journal\\=Australian Journal of Politics and History\\|year\\=2000\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=480–496\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1467\\-8497\\.00109\\|last1\\=Barr\\|first1\\=Michael D}}",
"Although striking was prohibited and trade unions were barred from negotiating such matters as promotion, transfer, employment, dismissal, retrenchment, and reinstatement, issues that \"accounted for most earlier labour disputes\", the government provided measures for workers' safety and welfare, and serious union disputes with employers were almost always handled through the Industrial Arbitration Court, which had powers of both [binding arbitration](/wiki/Binding_arbitration \"Binding arbitration\") and voluntary mediation.{{cite web\\|title\\=Labor – Singapore\\|url\\=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\\.htm\\|website\\=\\[\\[Library of Congress Country Studies]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Library of Congress]]\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040048/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, Ong felt these measures did not prevent \"management \\[from] taking advantage of the workers\", recalling in a 2000 interview in *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek \"Asiaweek\")*: \"Some of them were angry with me about that... the minister for trade and industry \\[Tan] was very angry, his officers were upset. They had calls from America, asking what happened to Singapore?\"{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www\\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \\| title\\='I Had a Job to Do' Whether the government liked it or not, says ex\\-president Ong \\| publisher\\=Asiaweek \\| access\\-date\\=17 August 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211114954/http://www\\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \\| archive\\-date\\=11 February 2011 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }} However the fact that the strike only lasted two days before \"all the issues were settled\" was cited by Ong in a 2000 interview with *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek \"Asiaweek\")* as proof that \"management was just trying to pull a fast one\".",
"Tan initially opposed the timing of building the [Mass Rapid Transit](/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_%28Singapore%29 \"Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\") (MRT) in 1981 when it was raised by Ong. Tan held the view that the local construction industry was overheated at the time, and [public housing](/wiki/Housing_Development_Board \"Housing Development Board\") should take priority.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wong \\|first\\=Mai Yuan \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\\-1\\.2\\.94\\.5 \\|title\\=Foolish to build MRT now: Tony Tan \\|date\\=17 December 1981 \\|newspaper\\=Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922210157/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\\-1\\.2\\.94\\.5 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005\\)",
"After [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong \"Ong Teng Cheong\") and [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong \"Lee Hsien Loong\") were diagnosed with cancer in 1992 and 1993 respectively,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\\_161\\_\\_2008\\-11\\-24\\.html \\|title\\=Ong Teng Cheong \\|publisher\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\\.html \\|title\\=It was a bolt from the blue. But that's life \\|publisher\\=Ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg \\|date\\=9 May 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519000621/http://ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2007 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000542/Profile\\-of\\-Dr\\-Tony\\-Tan \\|title\\=Singapore \\| Profile of Dr Tony Tan \\|publisher\\=TODAYonline \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808165305/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000542/Profile\\-of\\-Dr\\-Tony\\-Tan \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} It was reported that he declined an offer of make\\-up pay, which compensate ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.Chua Mui Hoong, \"Tony Tan to rejoin Govt\", *Straits Times*, 29 June 1995\\. Tan declared that \"the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations\".\"I would have preferred to continue working at the bank\", *Straits Times*, 30 June 1995\\.",
"In August 2003, he relinquished the portfolio of Minister for Defence and became [Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence](/wiki/Coordinating_Minister_for_National_Security \"Coordinating Minister for National Security\"), while retaining the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. He later persuaded Minister for National Development [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan \"Mah Bow Tan\") to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\\-15nov2004\\.pdf \\|title\\=Saved for a Year, Village Mosque May Be Made National Heritage \\|date\\=15 November 2004 \\|website\\=Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060020/http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\\-15nov2004\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Dubbed the \"Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore\", it was later designated a heritage site.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\\-petempatan\\-melayu\\-sembawang \\|title\\=\"Sembawang Beyond the Slumber\", ''The Long and Winding Road'', 29 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=Thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com \\|date\\=9 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225648/http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\\-petempatan\\-melayu\\-sembawang/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of [Integrated Resorts](/wiki/Integrated_Resort \"Integrated Resort\") (IRs) with their attached [casinos](/wiki/Casino \"Casino\") to Singapore. Commenting on a survey of gambling habits conducted by the [Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports](/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development%2C_Youth_and_Sports \"Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports\"), Tan had said he was \"appalled\" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers—55,000 as insignificant: *\"I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government.\"*Sandra Davie, \"Gaming Minuses Worry DPM Tan; ‘55,000 Potential Gambling Addicts’ Is No Small Matter, He Says of Findings\", *Straits Times*, 15 April 2005{{cite news\\|last\\=Tan\\|first\\=Hui Leng\\|title\\=2% Risk 'Not Small'\\|url\\=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\\.2\\.68\\.1\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2011\\|newspaper\\=Today\\|date\\=15 April 2005\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064116/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\\.2\\.68\\.1\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tan to succeed him as prime minister, but Tan declined.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-tops\\-national\\-day\\-awards\\-list\\|title\\= Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\\|last\\= Toh\\|first\\= Elgin\\|date\\= 9 August 2018\\|website\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}} Prime Minister Lee once praised Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. \"He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it,\" said Prime Minister Lee.",
"As deputy prime minister, Tan was instrumental in the establishment of the [Singapore Management University](/wiki/Singapore_Management_University \"Singapore Management University\") (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.smu.edu.sg/about/history\\-old\\|title\\= History\\|author\\= \\|date\\= \\|website\\= Singapore Management University (SMU)\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}}",
"Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions—the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\") (NUS) and the [Nanyang Technological University](/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University \"Nanyang Technological University\") (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example which concentrated on management, business and economics.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-named\\-honorary\\-patron\\-smu\\|title\\= Tony Tan named honorary patron of SMU\\|author\\= \\|date\\= October 11, 2017\\|website\\= The New Paper\\|access\\-date\\= April 6, 2021\\|quote\\=}}",
"He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-appointed\\-honorary\\-patron\\-of\\-smu\\|title\\= Tony Tan appointed honorary patron of SMU\\|last\\= Mohamad Salleh \\|first\\= Nur Asyiqin\\|date\\= October 11, 2017\\|website\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}} He helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current chairman of the SMU board of trustees Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment.",
"Tan, having begun to look after the university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly\\-funded autonomous university.",
"Tan stepped down as Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005\\.",
""
] |
### Political career
A former member of the governing [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party "People's Action Party") (PAP), Tan was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for [Sembawang GRC](/wiki/Sembawang_GRC "Sembawang GRC") after his electoral victory in the [1979 by\-elections](/wiki/1979_Singaporean_by-elections "1979 Singaporean by-elections").{{Cite web\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\-1\.2\.2?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=by%20elections\&KA\=by%20elections\&DF\=10/02/1979\&DT\=11/02/1979\&NPT\=\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=by,elections\&oref\=article\|title\=ALL THE WAY\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-date\=20 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171433/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\-1\.2\.2?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=by\+elections\&KA\=by\+elections\&DF\=10%2F02%2F1979\&DT\=11%2F02%2F1979\&NPT\=\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=by%2Celections\&oref\=article\|url\-status\=live}} He was subsequently appointed as [Senior Minister of State for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") in 1979\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\-1\.2\.44?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\&KA\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\&DF\=01/01/1979\&DT\=01/04/1979\&Display\=0\&NPT\=straitstimes\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=tony,tan,education,minister\&oref\=article\|title\=Two are sworn in at the Istana\|website\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-date\=20 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171434/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\-1\.2\.44?ST\=1\&AT\=advanced\&K\=tony\+tan\+education\+minister\&KA\=tony\+tan\+education\+minister\&DF\=01%2F01%2F1979\&DT\=01%2F04%2F1979\&Display\=0\&NPT\=straitstimes\&L\=English\&CTA\=Article\&QT\=tony%2Ctan%2Ceducation%2Cminister\&oref\=article\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Minister for Education (1980–1981, 1985–1991\)
He joined the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore "Cabinet of Singapore") in 1980, serving as [Minister for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 "Ministry of Education (Singapore)"). As the Minister for Education, Tan scrapped a [policy](/wiki/Eugenics_in_Singapore "Eugenics in Singapore") that favoured children of more well\-educated mothers ahead of children of less\-educated mothers in primary school placement in response to popular discontent and public criticism of the policy which saw PAP receiving the lowest votes since independence during the [1984 general election](/wiki/1984_Singaporean_general_election "1984 Singaporean general election").John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey, *The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia\-Pacific Region* (IRRP, 1988\), p. 136\.{{cite journal\|last\=Quah\|first\=Jon\|title\=Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year\|journal\=Asian Survey\|volume\=25\|issue\=2\|year\=1985\|page\=225\|jstor\=2644306\|doi\=10\.2307/2644306}}
He also introduced the [independent schools](/wiki/Independent_school "Independent school") system, allowing established educational institutions in Singapore to charge its own fees and have control over their governance and teaching staff, though this was criticised by parents as being "elitist" and made top\-ranked schools increasingly out of reach to poorer families due to subsequent fee hikes.{{cite news\|last1\=Matthews\|first1\=Roger\|title\=Survey of Singapore (11\): Schools try independence – The latest education experiment\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|publisher\=Factiva\|date\=13 November 1987}}{{cite news\|last1\=Sai Siong\|first1\=Tan\|title\=There is hope outside of independent schools\|work\=Straits Times\|publisher\=Factiva\|date\=3 December 1989}}
#### Minister for Trade and Industry (1981–1986\)
Tan took on the role of [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)#Ministers") from 1981 to 1986\. He was also appointed as [Minister for Finance](/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers "Minister for Finance (Singapore)#Ministers") from 1983 to 1985, and [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers "Ministry of Health (Singapore)#Ministers") from 1985 to 1986\.
Tan espoused a cut in the [Central Provident Fund](/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund "Central Provident Fund") (CPF) in the 1980s, which Prime Minister [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew "Lee Kuan Yew") had said would not be allowed except "in an economic crisis".Kernial Singh Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, *Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore* (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989\), pp. 69\.
Tan was also known to have opposed the shipping industry strike in January 1986, the first for about a decade in Singapore, which was sanctioned by fellow Cabinet minister, [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong "Ong Teng Cheong"), who is also Secretary\-General of the [National Trades Union Congress](/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress "National Trades Union Congress"), felt the strike was necessary.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\-memory\-ong\-teng\-cheong\-spores\-only\-peoples\-president\-passed\-away\-14\-years\-ago/\|title\=In memory: Ong Teng Cheong, S'pore's only people's president, passed away 14 years ago\|website\=Mothership.sg\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814232817/http://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\-memory\-ong\-teng\-cheong\-spores\-only\-peoples\-president\-passed\-away\-14\-years\-ago/\|archive\-date\=14 August 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
As Minister for Trade and Industry, Tan was concerned about investors' reactions to a perceived deterioration of labour relations and the impact on foreign direct investment.
In his analysis, historian Michael Barr explains that older \[grassroots] union leaders bore "increasing disquiet" at their exclusion from consultation in NTUC's policies, which were effectively managed by "technocrats" in the government. Unlike the previous NTUC secretary\-general Lim Chee Onn, [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew "Lee Kuan Yew")'s [protégé](/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9 "Protégé") Ong Teng Cheong in 1983 had an "implicit pact" with the trade unions—involving grassroots leaders in top decisions and "working actively and forcefully" in the interests of the unions "in a way Lim had never seen to do"—in exchange for the unions' continued "cooperation on the government's core industrial relations strategies". (In 1969, the NTUC had adopted "a cooperative, rather than a confrontational policy towards employers".){{cite journal\|title\=Trade Unions in an Elitist Society: The Singapore Story\|journal\=Australian Journal of Politics and History\|year\=2000\|volume\=46\|issue\=4\|pages\=480–496\|doi\=10\.1111/1467\-8497\.00109\|last1\=Barr\|first1\=Michael D}}
Although striking was prohibited and trade unions were barred from negotiating such matters as promotion, transfer, employment, dismissal, retrenchment, and reinstatement, issues that "accounted for most earlier labour disputes", the government provided measures for workers' safety and welfare, and serious union disputes with employers were almost always handled through the Industrial Arbitration Court, which had powers of both [binding arbitration](/wiki/Binding_arbitration "Binding arbitration") and voluntary mediation.{{cite web\|title\=Labor – Singapore\|url\=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\.htm\|website\=\[\[Library of Congress Country Studies]]\|publisher\=\[\[Library of Congress]]\|access\-date\=18 August 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040048/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\.htm\|archive\-date\=5 August 2011\|url\-status\=live}} However, Ong felt these measures did not prevent "management \[from] taking advantage of the workers", recalling in a 2000 interview in *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek "Asiaweek")*: "Some of them were angry with me about that... the minister for trade and industry \[Tan] was very angry, his officers were upset. They had calls from America, asking what happened to Singapore?"{{cite web \| url\=http://www\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \| title\='I Had a Job to Do' Whether the government liked it or not, says ex\-president Ong \| publisher\=Asiaweek \| access\-date\=17 August 2011 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211114954/http://www\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \| archive\-date\=11 February 2011 \| df\=dmy\-all }} However the fact that the strike only lasted two days before "all the issues were settled" was cited by Ong in a 2000 interview with *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek "Asiaweek")* as proof that "management was just trying to pull a fast one".
Tan initially opposed the timing of building the [Mass Rapid Transit](/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_%28Singapore%29 "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)") (MRT) in 1981 when it was raised by Ong. Tan held the view that the local construction industry was overheated at the time, and [public housing](/wiki/Housing_Development_Board "Housing Development Board") should take priority.{{cite news \|last\=Wong \|first\=Mai Yuan \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\-1\.2\.94\.5 \|title\=Foolish to build MRT now: Tony Tan \|date\=17 December 1981 \|newspaper\=Straits Times \|access\-date\=20 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922210157/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\-1\.2\.94\.5 \|archive\-date\=22 September 2013 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005\)
After [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong "Ong Teng Cheong") and [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") were diagnosed with cancer in 1992 and 1993 respectively,{{cite web \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\_161\_\_2008\-11\-24\.html \|title\=Ong Teng Cheong \|publisher\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite web \|url\=http://ourstory.asia1\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\.html \|title\=It was a bolt from the blue. But that's life \|publisher\=Ourstory.asia1\.com.sg \|date\=9 May 1993 \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519000621/http://ourstory.asia1\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\.html \|archive\-date\=19 May 2007 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000542/Profile\-of\-Dr\-Tony\-Tan \|title\=Singapore \| Profile of Dr Tony Tan \|publisher\=TODAYonline \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808165305/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000542/Profile\-of\-Dr\-Tony\-Tan \|archive\-date\=8 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} It was reported that he declined an offer of make\-up pay, which compensate ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.Chua Mui Hoong, "Tony Tan to rejoin Govt", *Straits Times*, 29 June 1995\. Tan declared that "the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations"."I would have preferred to continue working at the bank", *Straits Times*, 30 June 1995\.
In August 2003, he relinquished the portfolio of Minister for Defence and became [Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence](/wiki/Coordinating_Minister_for_National_Security "Coordinating Minister for National Security"), while retaining the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. He later persuaded Minister for National Development [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan "Mah Bow Tan") to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.{{cite web \|url\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\-15nov2004\.pdf \|title\=Saved for a Year, Village Mosque May Be Made National Heritage \|date\=15 November 2004 \|website\=Straits Times \|access\-date\=30 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060020/http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\-15nov2004\.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 September 2011 \|url\-status\=live }} Dubbed the "Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore", it was later designated a heritage site.{{cite web \|url\=http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\-petempatan\-melayu\-sembawang \|title\="Sembawang Beyond the Slumber", ''The Long and Winding Road'', 29 March 2011 \|publisher\=Thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com \|date\=9 August 2011 \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225648/http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\-petempatan\-melayu\-sembawang/ \|archive\-date\=30 August 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}
Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of [Integrated Resorts](/wiki/Integrated_Resort "Integrated Resort") (IRs) with their attached [casinos](/wiki/Casino "Casino") to Singapore. Commenting on a survey of gambling habits conducted by the [Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports](/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development%2C_Youth_and_Sports "Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports"), Tan had said he was "appalled" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers—55,000 as insignificant: *"I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government."*Sandra Davie, "Gaming Minuses Worry DPM Tan; ‘55,000 Potential Gambling Addicts’ Is No Small Matter, He Says of Findings", *Straits Times*, 15 April 2005{{cite news\|last\=Tan\|first\=Hui Leng\|title\=2% Risk 'Not Small'\|url\=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\.2\.68\.1\.aspx\|access\-date\=16 August 2011\|newspaper\=Today\|date\=15 April 2005\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064116/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\.2\.68\.1\.aspx\|archive\-date\=7 November 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tan to succeed him as prime minister, but Tan declined.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-tops\-national\-day\-awards\-list\|title\= Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\|last\= Toh\|first\= Elgin\|date\= 9 August 2018\|website\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}} Prime Minister Lee once praised Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. "He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it," said Prime Minister Lee.
As deputy prime minister, Tan was instrumental in the establishment of the [Singapore Management University](/wiki/Singapore_Management_University "Singapore Management University") (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.smu.edu.sg/about/history\-old\|title\= History\|author\= \|date\= \|website\= Singapore Management University (SMU)\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}}
Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions—the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore "National University of Singapore") (NUS) and the [Nanyang Technological University](/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University "Nanyang Technological University") (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example which concentrated on management, business and economics.{{cite web \|url\= https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/tony\-tan\-named\-honorary\-patron\-smu\|title\= Tony Tan named honorary patron of SMU\|author\= \|date\= October 11, 2017\|website\= The New Paper\|access\-date\= April 6, 2021\|quote\=}}
He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-appointed\-honorary\-patron\-of\-smu\|title\= Tony Tan appointed honorary patron of SMU\|last\= Mohamad Salleh \|first\= Nur Asyiqin\|date\= October 11, 2017\|website\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}} He helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current chairman of the SMU board of trustees Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment.
Tan, having begun to look after the university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly\-funded autonomous university.
Tan stepped down as Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005\.
|
[
"### Political career",
"A former member of the governing [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\") (PAP), Tan was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for [Sembawang GRC](/wiki/Sembawang_GRC \"Sembawang GRC\") after his electoral victory in the [1979 by\\-elections](/wiki/1979_Singaporean_by-elections \"1979 Singaporean by-elections\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\\-1\\.2\\.2?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=by%20elections\\&KA\\=by%20elections\\&DF\\=10/02/1979\\&DT\\=11/02/1979\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=by,elections\\&oref\\=article\\|title\\=ALL THE WAY\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171433/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790211\\-1\\.2\\.2?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=by\\+elections\\&KA\\=by\\+elections\\&DF\\=10%2F02%2F1979\\&DT\\=11%2F02%2F1979\\&NPT\\=\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=by%2Celections\\&oref\\=article\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He was subsequently appointed as [Senior Minister of State for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\") in 1979\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\\-1\\.2\\.44?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\\&KA\\=tony%20tan%20education%20minister\\&DF\\=01/01/1979\\&DT\\=01/04/1979\\&Display\\=0\\&NPT\\=straitstimes\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=tony,tan,education,minister\\&oref\\=article\\|title\\=Two are sworn in at the Istana\\|website\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171434/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790213\\-1\\.2\\.44?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=advanced\\&K\\=tony\\+tan\\+education\\+minister\\&KA\\=tony\\+tan\\+education\\+minister\\&DF\\=01%2F01%2F1979\\&DT\\=01%2F04%2F1979\\&Display\\=0\\&NPT\\=straitstimes\\&L\\=English\\&CTA\\=Article\\&QT\\=tony%2Ctan%2Ceducation%2Cminister\\&oref\\=article\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Minister for Education (1980–1981, 1985–1991\\)",
"He joined the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore \"Cabinet of Singapore\") in 1980, serving as [Minister for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\"). As the Minister for Education, Tan scrapped a [policy](/wiki/Eugenics_in_Singapore \"Eugenics in Singapore\") that favoured children of more well\\-educated mothers ahead of children of less\\-educated mothers in primary school placement in response to popular discontent and public criticism of the policy which saw PAP receiving the lowest votes since independence during the [1984 general election](/wiki/1984_Singaporean_general_election \"1984 Singaporean general election\").John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey, *The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia\\-Pacific Region* (IRRP, 1988\\), p. 136\\.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Quah\\|first\\=Jon\\|title\\=Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year\\|journal\\=Asian Survey\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=2\\|year\\=1985\\|page\\=225\\|jstor\\=2644306\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2644306}}",
"He also introduced the [independent schools](/wiki/Independent_school \"Independent school\") system, allowing established educational institutions in Singapore to charge its own fees and have control over their governance and teaching staff, though this was criticised by parents as being \"elitist\" and made top\\-ranked schools increasingly out of reach to poorer families due to subsequent fee hikes.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Matthews\\|first1\\=Roger\\|title\\=Survey of Singapore (11\\): Schools try independence – The latest education experiment\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|publisher\\=Factiva\\|date\\=13 November 1987}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sai Siong\\|first1\\=Tan\\|title\\=There is hope outside of independent schools\\|work\\=Straits Times\\|publisher\\=Factiva\\|date\\=3 December 1989}}",
"#### Minister for Trade and Industry (1981–1986\\)",
"Tan took on the role of [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)#Ministers\") from 1981 to 1986\\. He was also appointed as [Minister for Finance](/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers \"Minister for Finance (Singapore)#Ministers\") from 1983 to 1985, and [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29%23Ministers \"Ministry of Health (Singapore)#Ministers\") from 1985 to 1986\\.",
"Tan espoused a cut in the [Central Provident Fund](/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund \"Central Provident Fund\") (CPF) in the 1980s, which Prime Minister [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew \"Lee Kuan Yew\") had said would not be allowed except \"in an economic crisis\".Kernial Singh Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, *Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore* (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989\\), pp. 69\\.",
"Tan was also known to have opposed the shipping industry strike in January 1986, the first for about a decade in Singapore, which was sanctioned by fellow Cabinet minister, [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong \"Ong Teng Cheong\"), who is also Secretary\\-General of the [National Trades Union Congress](/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress \"National Trades Union Congress\"), felt the strike was necessary.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\\-memory\\-ong\\-teng\\-cheong\\-spores\\-only\\-peoples\\-president\\-passed\\-away\\-14\\-years\\-ago/\\|title\\=In memory: Ong Teng Cheong, S'pore's only people's president, passed away 14 years ago\\|website\\=Mothership.sg\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814232817/http://mothership.sg/2016/02/in\\-memory\\-ong\\-teng\\-cheong\\-spores\\-only\\-peoples\\-president\\-passed\\-away\\-14\\-years\\-ago/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"As Minister for Trade and Industry, Tan was concerned about investors' reactions to a perceived deterioration of labour relations and the impact on foreign direct investment.",
"In his analysis, historian Michael Barr explains that older \\[grassroots] union leaders bore \"increasing disquiet\" at their exclusion from consultation in NTUC's policies, which were effectively managed by \"technocrats\" in the government. Unlike the previous NTUC secretary\\-general Lim Chee Onn, [Lee Kuan Yew](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew \"Lee Kuan Yew\")'s [protégé](/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9 \"Protégé\") Ong Teng Cheong in 1983 had an \"implicit pact\" with the trade unions—involving grassroots leaders in top decisions and \"working actively and forcefully\" in the interests of the unions \"in a way Lim had never seen to do\"—in exchange for the unions' continued \"cooperation on the government's core industrial relations strategies\". (In 1969, the NTUC had adopted \"a cooperative, rather than a confrontational policy towards employers\".){{cite journal\\|title\\=Trade Unions in an Elitist Society: The Singapore Story\\|journal\\=Australian Journal of Politics and History\\|year\\=2000\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=480–496\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1467\\-8497\\.00109\\|last1\\=Barr\\|first1\\=Michael D}}",
"Although striking was prohibited and trade unions were barred from negotiating such matters as promotion, transfer, employment, dismissal, retrenchment, and reinstatement, issues that \"accounted for most earlier labour disputes\", the government provided measures for workers' safety and welfare, and serious union disputes with employers were almost always handled through the Industrial Arbitration Court, which had powers of both [binding arbitration](/wiki/Binding_arbitration \"Binding arbitration\") and voluntary mediation.{{cite web\\|title\\=Labor – Singapore\\|url\\=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\\.htm\\|website\\=\\[\\[Library of Congress Country Studies]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Library of Congress]]\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040048/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, Ong felt these measures did not prevent \"management \\[from] taking advantage of the workers\", recalling in a 2000 interview in *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek \"Asiaweek\")*: \"Some of them were angry with me about that... the minister for trade and industry \\[Tan] was very angry, his officers were upset. They had calls from America, asking what happened to Singapore?\"{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www\\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \\| title\\='I Had a Job to Do' Whether the government liked it or not, says ex\\-president Ong \\| publisher\\=Asiaweek \\| access\\-date\\=17 August 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211114954/http://www\\-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.singapore.ongiv.html \\| archive\\-date\\=11 February 2011 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }} However the fact that the strike only lasted two days before \"all the issues were settled\" was cited by Ong in a 2000 interview with *[Asiaweek](/wiki/Asiaweek \"Asiaweek\")* as proof that \"management was just trying to pull a fast one\".",
"Tan initially opposed the timing of building the [Mass Rapid Transit](/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_%28Singapore%29 \"Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\") (MRT) in 1981 when it was raised by Ong. Tan held the view that the local construction industry was overheated at the time, and [public housing](/wiki/Housing_Development_Board \"Housing Development Board\") should take priority.{{cite news \\|last\\=Wong \\|first\\=Mai Yuan \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\\-1\\.2\\.94\\.5 \\|title\\=Foolish to build MRT now: Tony Tan \\|date\\=17 December 1981 \\|newspaper\\=Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922210157/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19811217\\-1\\.2\\.94\\.5 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005\\)",
"After [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong \"Ong Teng Cheong\") and [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong \"Lee Hsien Loong\") were diagnosed with cancer in 1992 and 1993 respectively,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\\_161\\_\\_2008\\-11\\-24\\.html \\|title\\=Ong Teng Cheong \\|publisher\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\\.html \\|title\\=It was a bolt from the blue. But that's life \\|publisher\\=Ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg \\|date\\=9 May 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519000621/http://ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2007 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000542/Profile\\-of\\-Dr\\-Tony\\-Tan \\|title\\=Singapore \\| Profile of Dr Tony Tan \\|publisher\\=TODAYonline \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808165305/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000542/Profile\\-of\\-Dr\\-Tony\\-Tan \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} It was reported that he declined an offer of make\\-up pay, which compensate ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.Chua Mui Hoong, \"Tony Tan to rejoin Govt\", *Straits Times*, 29 June 1995\\. Tan declared that \"the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations\".\"I would have preferred to continue working at the bank\", *Straits Times*, 30 June 1995\\.",
"In August 2003, he relinquished the portfolio of Minister for Defence and became [Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence](/wiki/Coordinating_Minister_for_National_Security \"Coordinating Minister for National Security\"), while retaining the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. He later persuaded Minister for National Development [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan \"Mah Bow Tan\") to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\\-15nov2004\\.pdf \\|title\\=Saved for a Year, Village Mosque May Be Made National Heritage \\|date\\=15 November 2004 \\|website\\=Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060020/http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\\-15nov2004\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Dubbed the \"Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore\", it was later designated a heritage site.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\\-petempatan\\-melayu\\-sembawang \\|title\\=\"Sembawang Beyond the Slumber\", ''The Long and Winding Road'', 29 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=Thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com \\|date\\=9 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225648/http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\\-petempatan\\-melayu\\-sembawang/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of [Integrated Resorts](/wiki/Integrated_Resort \"Integrated Resort\") (IRs) with their attached [casinos](/wiki/Casino \"Casino\") to Singapore. Commenting on a survey of gambling habits conducted by the [Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports](/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development%2C_Youth_and_Sports \"Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports\"), Tan had said he was \"appalled\" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers—55,000 as insignificant: *\"I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government.\"*Sandra Davie, \"Gaming Minuses Worry DPM Tan; ‘55,000 Potential Gambling Addicts’ Is No Small Matter, He Says of Findings\", *Straits Times*, 15 April 2005{{cite news\\|last\\=Tan\\|first\\=Hui Leng\\|title\\=2% Risk 'Not Small'\\|url\\=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\\.2\\.68\\.1\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2011\\|newspaper\\=Today\\|date\\=15 April 2005\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064116/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\\.2\\.68\\.1\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tan to succeed him as prime minister, but Tan declined.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-tops\\-national\\-day\\-awards\\-list\\|title\\= Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\\|last\\= Toh\\|first\\= Elgin\\|date\\= 9 August 2018\\|website\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}} Prime Minister Lee once praised Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. \"He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it,\" said Prime Minister Lee.",
"As deputy prime minister, Tan was instrumental in the establishment of the [Singapore Management University](/wiki/Singapore_Management_University \"Singapore Management University\") (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.smu.edu.sg/about/history\\-old\\|title\\= History\\|author\\= \\|date\\= \\|website\\= Singapore Management University (SMU)\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}}",
"Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions—the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\") (NUS) and the [Nanyang Technological University](/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University \"Nanyang Technological University\") (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example which concentrated on management, business and economics.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-named\\-honorary\\-patron\\-smu\\|title\\= Tony Tan named honorary patron of SMU\\|author\\= \\|date\\= October 11, 2017\\|website\\= The New Paper\\|access\\-date\\= April 6, 2021\\|quote\\=}}",
"He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-appointed\\-honorary\\-patron\\-of\\-smu\\|title\\= Tony Tan appointed honorary patron of SMU\\|last\\= Mohamad Salleh \\|first\\= Nur Asyiqin\\|date\\= October 11, 2017\\|website\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}} He helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current chairman of the SMU board of trustees Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment.",
"Tan, having begun to look after the university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly\\-funded autonomous university.",
"Tan stepped down as Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005\\.",
""
] |
#### Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005\)
After [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong "Ong Teng Cheong") and [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") were diagnosed with cancer in 1992 and 1993 respectively,{{cite web \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\_161\_\_2008\-11\-24\.html \|title\=Ong Teng Cheong \|publisher\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite web \|url\=http://ourstory.asia1\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\.html \|title\=It was a bolt from the blue. But that's life \|publisher\=Ourstory.asia1\.com.sg \|date\=9 May 1993 \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519000621/http://ourstory.asia1\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\.html \|archive\-date\=19 May 2007 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000542/Profile\-of\-Dr\-Tony\-Tan \|title\=Singapore \| Profile of Dr Tony Tan \|publisher\=TODAYonline \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808165305/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\-0000542/Profile\-of\-Dr\-Tony\-Tan \|archive\-date\=8 August 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} It was reported that he declined an offer of make\-up pay, which compensate ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.Chua Mui Hoong, "Tony Tan to rejoin Govt", *Straits Times*, 29 June 1995\. Tan declared that "the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations"."I would have preferred to continue working at the bank", *Straits Times*, 30 June 1995\.
In August 2003, he relinquished the portfolio of Minister for Defence and became [Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence](/wiki/Coordinating_Minister_for_National_Security "Coordinating Minister for National Security"), while retaining the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. He later persuaded Minister for National Development [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan "Mah Bow Tan") to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.{{cite web \|url\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\-15nov2004\.pdf \|title\=Saved for a Year, Village Mosque May Be Made National Heritage \|date\=15 November 2004 \|website\=Straits Times \|access\-date\=30 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060020/http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\-15nov2004\.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 September 2011 \|url\-status\=live }} Dubbed the "Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore", it was later designated a heritage site.{{cite web \|url\=http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\-petempatan\-melayu\-sembawang \|title\="Sembawang Beyond the Slumber", ''The Long and Winding Road'', 29 March 2011 \|publisher\=Thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com \|date\=9 August 2011 \|access\-date\=28 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225648/http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\-petempatan\-melayu\-sembawang/ \|archive\-date\=30 August 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}
Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of [Integrated Resorts](/wiki/Integrated_Resort "Integrated Resort") (IRs) with their attached [casinos](/wiki/Casino "Casino") to Singapore. Commenting on a survey of gambling habits conducted by the [Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports](/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development%2C_Youth_and_Sports "Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports"), Tan had said he was "appalled" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers—55,000 as insignificant: *"I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government."*Sandra Davie, "Gaming Minuses Worry DPM Tan; ‘55,000 Potential Gambling Addicts’ Is No Small Matter, He Says of Findings", *Straits Times*, 15 April 2005{{cite news\|last\=Tan\|first\=Hui Leng\|title\=2% Risk 'Not Small'\|url\=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\.2\.68\.1\.aspx\|access\-date\=16 August 2011\|newspaper\=Today\|date\=15 April 2005\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064116/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\.2\.68\.1\.aspx\|archive\-date\=7 November 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tan to succeed him as prime minister, but Tan declined.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-tops\-national\-day\-awards\-list\|title\= Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\|last\= Toh\|first\= Elgin\|date\= 9 August 2018\|website\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}} Prime Minister Lee once praised Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. "He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it," said Prime Minister Lee.
As deputy prime minister, Tan was instrumental in the establishment of the [Singapore Management University](/wiki/Singapore_Management_University "Singapore Management University") (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.smu.edu.sg/about/history\-old\|title\= History\|author\= \|date\= \|website\= Singapore Management University (SMU)\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}}
Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions—the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore "National University of Singapore") (NUS) and the [Nanyang Technological University](/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University "Nanyang Technological University") (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example which concentrated on management, business and economics.{{cite web \|url\= https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/tony\-tan\-named\-honorary\-patron\-smu\|title\= Tony Tan named honorary patron of SMU\|author\= \|date\= October 11, 2017\|website\= The New Paper\|access\-date\= April 6, 2021\|quote\=}}
He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\-tan\-appointed\-honorary\-patron\-of\-smu\|title\= Tony Tan appointed honorary patron of SMU\|last\= Mohamad Salleh \|first\= Nur Asyiqin\|date\= October 11, 2017\|website\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 6 April 2021\|quote\=}} He helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current chairman of the SMU board of trustees Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment.
Tan, having begun to look after the university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly\-funded autonomous university.
Tan stepped down as Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005\.
|
[
"#### Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005\\)",
"After [Ong Teng Cheong](/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong \"Ong Teng Cheong\") and [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong \"Lee Hsien Loong\") were diagnosed with cancer in 1992 and 1993 respectively,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP\\_161\\_\\_2008\\-11\\-24\\.html \\|title\\=Ong Teng Cheong \\|publisher\\=eresources.nlb.gov.sg \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\\.html \\|title\\=It was a bolt from the blue. But that's life \\|publisher\\=Ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg \\|date\\=9 May 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519000621/http://ourstory.asia1\\.com.sg/dream/lifeline/lee1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2007 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000542/Profile\\-of\\-Dr\\-Tony\\-Tan \\|title\\=Singapore \\| Profile of Dr Tony Tan \\|publisher\\=TODAYonline \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808165305/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110624\\-0000542/Profile\\-of\\-Dr\\-Tony\\-Tan \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} It was reported that he declined an offer of make\\-up pay, which compensate ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector.Chua Mui Hoong, \"Tony Tan to rejoin Govt\", *Straits Times*, 29 June 1995\\. Tan declared that \"the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations\".\"I would have preferred to continue working at the bank\", *Straits Times*, 30 June 1995\\.",
"In August 2003, he relinquished the portfolio of Minister for Defence and became [Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence](/wiki/Coordinating_Minister_for_National_Security \"Coordinating Minister for National Security\"), while retaining the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister. He later persuaded Minister for National Development [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan \"Mah Bow Tan\") to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\\-15nov2004\\.pdf \\|title\\=Saved for a Year, Village Mosque May Be Made National Heritage \\|date\\=15 November 2004 \\|website\\=Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060020/http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/sembawangmosque\\-15nov2004\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Dubbed the \"Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore\", it was later designated a heritage site.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\\-petempatan\\-melayu\\-sembawang \\|title\\=\"Sembawang Beyond the Slumber\", ''The Long and Winding Road'', 29 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=Thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com \\|date\\=9 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225648/http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/masjid\\-petempatan\\-melayu\\-sembawang/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of [Integrated Resorts](/wiki/Integrated_Resort \"Integrated Resort\") (IRs) with their attached [casinos](/wiki/Casino \"Casino\") to Singapore. Commenting on a survey of gambling habits conducted by the [Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports](/wiki/Ministry_of_Community_Development%2C_Youth_and_Sports \"Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports\"), Tan had said he was \"appalled\" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers—55,000 as insignificant: *\"I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government.\"*Sandra Davie, \"Gaming Minuses Worry DPM Tan; ‘55,000 Potential Gambling Addicts’ Is No Small Matter, He Says of Findings\", *Straits Times*, 15 April 2005{{cite news\\|last\\=Tan\\|first\\=Hui Leng\\|title\\=2% Risk 'Not Small'\\|url\\=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\\.2\\.68\\.1\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2011\\|newspaper\\=Today\\|date\\=15 April 2005\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064116/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/today20050415\\.2\\.68\\.1\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tan to succeed him as prime minister, but Tan declined.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-tops\\-national\\-day\\-awards\\-list\\|title\\= Former president Tony Tan tops National Day awards list\\|last\\= Toh\\|first\\= Elgin\\|date\\= 9 August 2018\\|website\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}} Prime Minister Lee once praised Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. \"He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it,\" said Prime Minister Lee.",
"As deputy prime minister, Tan was instrumental in the establishment of the [Singapore Management University](/wiki/Singapore_Management_University \"Singapore Management University\") (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.smu.edu.sg/about/history\\-old\\|title\\= History\\|author\\= \\|date\\= \\|website\\= Singapore Management University (SMU)\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}}",
"Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions—the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\") (NUS) and the [Nanyang Technological University](/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University \"Nanyang Technological University\") (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example which concentrated on management, business and economics.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-named\\-honorary\\-patron\\-smu\\|title\\= Tony Tan named honorary patron of SMU\\|author\\= \\|date\\= October 11, 2017\\|website\\= The New Paper\\|access\\-date\\= April 6, 2021\\|quote\\=}}",
"He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tony\\-tan\\-appointed\\-honorary\\-patron\\-of\\-smu\\|title\\= Tony Tan appointed honorary patron of SMU\\|last\\= Mohamad Salleh \\|first\\= Nur Asyiqin\\|date\\= October 11, 2017\\|website\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 6 April 2021\\|quote\\=}} He helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current chairman of the SMU board of trustees Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment.",
"Tan, having begun to look after the university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly\\-funded autonomous university.",
"Tan stepped down as Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The first Christian missionaries in Namibia were Methodists, who worked mainly in the South of the country, then called [Namaqualand](/wiki/Namaqualand "Namaqualand"). They were followed by German Lutherans of the Rhenish Mission Society, who were mainly based in the central part of the country around Windhoek, and in [Damaraland](/wiki/Damaraland "Damaraland"), immediately north of Windhoek.
In the 1870s Germany claimed Namaqualand, Damaraland, Ovamboland and neighbouring territories as German South West Africa. Lutheran missionaries from the [Finnish Missionary Society](/wiki/Finnish_Missionary_Society "Finnish Missionary Society") went to [Ovamboland](/wiki/Ovamboland "Ovamboland"), and settled among the Ndonga\-speaking people there.{{cite web
\|url \= http://www.vantaa.fi/fi/kulttuuri/museot/\_kaupunginmuseo/vantaa\_city\_museum/namibia/missionary\_work
\|title \= Missionary Work
\|publisher \= vantaa.fi
\|access\-date \= 17 September 2012
\|url\-status \= dead
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140123180255/http://www.vantaa.fi/fi/kulttuuri/museot/\_kaupunginmuseo/vantaa\_city\_museum/namibia/missionary\_work
\|archive\-date \= 23 January 2014
}}
### Beginnings
In 1915, during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), South African forces invaded and the following year an Anglican priest, [Nelson Fogarty](/wiki/Nelson_Wellesley_Fogarty "Nelson Wellesley Fogarty"), established the first Anglican presence, initially to minister to the South African troops and civilians who had followed the military occupation. After the war South Africa administered the territory under a [League of Nations mandate](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate "League of Nations mandate") and Nelson Fogarty began to think of ways of making the Anglican presence more permanent by evangelising the local people. It was established that the Finnish mission in Ovamboland had not really established churches among the [Kwanyama](/wiki/Kwanyama "Kwanyama") people who lived in northern Ovamboland and southern Angola.
In 1924 the bishops of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa decided to create a [missionary diocese](/wiki/Missionary_diocese "Missionary diocese") in [South West Africa](/wiki/South_West_Africa "South West Africa"), with Nelson Fogarty as bishop based in Windhoek. [George Tobias](/wiki/George_Wolfe_Robert_Tobias "George Wolfe Robert Tobias"), a missionary priest, went to Ovamboland and established St Mary's Mission at [Odibo](/wiki/Odibo "Odibo") on the [Angola](/wiki/Angola "Angola") border. Eventually Odibo, as the Anglican centre in Ovamboland, had a church, a school and a hospital.
Parishes were established to the east of Odibo and were about {{convert\|15\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} apart with most just south of the Namibia\-Angola border. Since the Kwanyama people straddled the border, many church members lived in Angola but crossed the border to attend church services.
### Odendaal and persecution
[rightIn](/wiki/Image:Plan_Odendaal.png "Plan Odendaal.png") 1962 the South African government set up the [Odendaal Commission](/wiki/Odendaal_Commission "Odendaal Commission") which recommended that the apartheid policy be implemented in South West Africa, including the setting up of [bantustans](/wiki/Bantustans "Bantustans"). Not all the recommendations of the Odendaal Commission were implemented. In 1969, shortly after [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") became bishop, the South African government undertook a "rearrangement", which would make Namibia more like a [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa "Provinces of South Africa") of South Africa. Control of several government departments was transferred to Pretoria in order to apply the "homelands" policy.
This also led to divisions in the church, where some Anglicans wanted a separate diocese of Ovamboland, which would consist, in effect, of the "homeland" designated by the Odendaal Plan. Those who opposed this plan pointed out that it would mean importing apartheid into the church, because there would be a diocese based in Windhoek which would be overwhelmingly white and another based in Odibo which would be overwhelmingly black.
Ovambo nationalists who supported the "homelands" policy, led by a deacon, the Revd [Petrus Kalangula](/wiki/Peter_Kalangula "Peter Kalangula"), and encouraged by South African government agents, broke away to form the "Ovamboland Anglican Church". Most Ovambo Anglicans, however, preferred the idea of a united church in a united Namibia, and rejected both the homeland government of [Ushona Shiimi](/wiki/Ushona_Shiimi "Ushona Shiimi") and its religious arm, established by Petrus Kalangula. This crisis took up a great deal of the time of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") in the early part of his episcopate.
The turning point came for Namibia on 21 June 1971 when the World Court delivered its judgment that South Africa's occupation of Namibia was illegal.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.icj\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\.htm \|title\=SUMMARY: Legal consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South\-West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970\) Advisory Opinion \- 21 June 1971 \|access\-date\=2006\-08\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002121353/http://www.icj\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\.htm \|archive\-date\=2006\-10\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }} The South African government asked the Lutheran churches for their opinion on the judgment and their answer came on 18 July 1971 in the form of two letters, one in the form of an open letter to the South African Prime Minister, [John Vorster](/wiki/John_Vorster "John Vorster"), and the other a pastoral letter read in all congregations of the [Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_OvamboKavango_Church "Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church") and the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_South_West_Africa "Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa"). The letters came as something of a shock for the South African government for they accused the government of [human rights abuses](/wiki/Human_rights_abuses "Human rights abuses") in its occupation of Namibia. Until then the Lutherans had been regarded as "good" by the South African government and not given to criticising government policies such as the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.
Anglican bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") fully supported the Lutheran stand, while the Roman Catholic bishops offered qualified support.
#### "A form of slavery"
Soon after this there was a rather strange series of events that led to the deportation of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter"). David de Beer, the diocesan treasurer, was asked to speak to a student group at the University of the Witwatersrand (his alma mater) on Namibia. Among other things he spoke about the contract labour system, saying that it was a form of slavery, and mentioned an incident in which the supervisor of a group of contact workers had threatened them with immediate dismissal if they bought Bibles, on the grounds that they were "communist Bibles". So the employers controlled the workers' leisure time, and told them what they could or could not read.
A journalist, who had come to report another event that had been cancelled had wandered into the room, and wrote a brief report. This report was picked up by *Die Suidwester*, the [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "National Party (South Africa)") newspaper, and made front\-page news, leading to a week of Anglican\-bashing by that newspaper. Following that the Commissioner\-General for [Ovamboland](/wiki/Ovamboland "Ovamboland"), Jannie de Wet, said in a radio broadcast on Radio Ovambo that the contract labour system was not a form of slavery, because the workers could go home whenever they liked. A group in Walvis Bay, after hearing the broadcast, wrote to other contract workers all over the south of Namibia, suggesting that they should take "the boer Jannie de Wet" at his word, and all go home. The result was a highly successful contract workers strike, which signified a new mood of boldness following the decision of the [World Court](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice").
In 1972\-02 twelve contract workers from Windhoek appeared in court, charged with being ringleaders of the strike and Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") arranged for their legal defence. At about the same time, four members of the congregation of St Luke's Church, Epinga, were shot dead by South African security forces after a Sunday service. Bishop Winter was issued with deportation orders, as were three members of his staff.
### Bishop in exile
In November 1972 the diocesan synod asked [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") not to resign as bishop, but to remain as bishop in exile. To ensure that episcopal ministry would still be provided a priest, [Richard Wood](/wiki/Richard_Wood_%28bishop%29 "Richard Wood (bishop)") was elected and consecrated as suffragan bishop, but was himself deported on 16 June 1975\.
[Edward Morrow](/wiki/Edward_Morrow "Edward Morrow"), who had gone to Windhoek from [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban") to set up a building training scheme in 1970, had just finished training for the priesthood in England and was hastily ordained and sent back to Namibia as vicar\-general. He received a deportation order on 14 July 1978\.
By that time [James Kauluma](/wiki/James_Hamupanda_Kauluma "James Hamupanda Kauluma"), who had left Namibia 12 years earlier to study overseas, had been elected and consecrated as suffragan bishop to replace Richard Wood. Since he had been born in Namibia, he could not be deported. On the death of Colin Winter in 1981, James Kauluma was elected as diocesan bishop and so became the sixth Anglican Bishop of Namibia and the first who was Namibian born.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.anglicanchurchsa.org/view.asp?pg\=ocmd\_org\&s\_scope\=contacts\&pgsub\=diocese\&menu\=guided\&strSearch0\=fldOrganisation3\&frmQuery0\=Namibia \|title\=Anglican Diocese of Namibia at the ACSA official website \|access\-date\=2012\-05\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114454/http://www.anglicanchurchsa.org/view.asp?pg\=ocmd\_org\&s\_scope\=contacts\&pgsub\=diocese\&menu\=guided\&strSearch0\=fldOrganisation3\&frmQuery0\=Namibia \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-08 \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The first Christian missionaries in Namibia were Methodists, who worked mainly in the South of the country, then called [Namaqualand](/wiki/Namaqualand \"Namaqualand\"). They were followed by German Lutherans of the Rhenish Mission Society, who were mainly based in the central part of the country around Windhoek, and in [Damaraland](/wiki/Damaraland \"Damaraland\"), immediately north of Windhoek.",
"In the 1870s Germany claimed Namaqualand, Damaraland, Ovamboland and neighbouring territories as German South West Africa. Lutheran missionaries from the [Finnish Missionary Society](/wiki/Finnish_Missionary_Society \"Finnish Missionary Society\") went to [Ovamboland](/wiki/Ovamboland \"Ovamboland\"), and settled among the Ndonga\\-speaking people there.{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://www.vantaa.fi/fi/kulttuuri/museot/\\_kaupunginmuseo/vantaa\\_city\\_museum/namibia/missionary\\_work\n \\|title \\= Missionary Work\n \\|publisher \\= vantaa.fi\n \\|access\\-date \\= 17 September 2012\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140123180255/http://www.vantaa.fi/fi/kulttuuri/museot/\\_kaupunginmuseo/vantaa\\_city\\_museum/namibia/missionary\\_work\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 23 January 2014\n}}",
"### Beginnings",
"In 1915, during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), South African forces invaded and the following year an Anglican priest, [Nelson Fogarty](/wiki/Nelson_Wellesley_Fogarty \"Nelson Wellesley Fogarty\"), established the first Anglican presence, initially to minister to the South African troops and civilians who had followed the military occupation. After the war South Africa administered the territory under a [League of Nations mandate](/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate \"League of Nations mandate\") and Nelson Fogarty began to think of ways of making the Anglican presence more permanent by evangelising the local people. It was established that the Finnish mission in Ovamboland had not really established churches among the [Kwanyama](/wiki/Kwanyama \"Kwanyama\") people who lived in northern Ovamboland and southern Angola.",
"In 1924 the bishops of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa decided to create a [missionary diocese](/wiki/Missionary_diocese \"Missionary diocese\") in [South West Africa](/wiki/South_West_Africa \"South West Africa\"), with Nelson Fogarty as bishop based in Windhoek. [George Tobias](/wiki/George_Wolfe_Robert_Tobias \"George Wolfe Robert Tobias\"), a missionary priest, went to Ovamboland and established St Mary's Mission at [Odibo](/wiki/Odibo \"Odibo\") on the [Angola](/wiki/Angola \"Angola\") border. Eventually Odibo, as the Anglican centre in Ovamboland, had a church, a school and a hospital.",
"Parishes were established to the east of Odibo and were about {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} apart with most just south of the Namibia\\-Angola border. Since the Kwanyama people straddled the border, many church members lived in Angola but crossed the border to attend church services.",
"### Odendaal and persecution",
"[rightIn](/wiki/Image:Plan_Odendaal.png \"Plan Odendaal.png\") 1962 the South African government set up the [Odendaal Commission](/wiki/Odendaal_Commission \"Odendaal Commission\") which recommended that the apartheid policy be implemented in South West Africa, including the setting up of [bantustans](/wiki/Bantustans \"Bantustans\"). Not all the recommendations of the Odendaal Commission were implemented. In 1969, shortly after [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") became bishop, the South African government undertook a \"rearrangement\", which would make Namibia more like a [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa \"Provinces of South Africa\") of South Africa. Control of several government departments was transferred to Pretoria in order to apply the \"homelands\" policy.",
"This also led to divisions in the church, where some Anglicans wanted a separate diocese of Ovamboland, which would consist, in effect, of the \"homeland\" designated by the Odendaal Plan. Those who opposed this plan pointed out that it would mean importing apartheid into the church, because there would be a diocese based in Windhoek which would be overwhelmingly white and another based in Odibo which would be overwhelmingly black.",
"Ovambo nationalists who supported the \"homelands\" policy, led by a deacon, the Revd [Petrus Kalangula](/wiki/Peter_Kalangula \"Peter Kalangula\"), and encouraged by South African government agents, broke away to form the \"Ovamboland Anglican Church\". Most Ovambo Anglicans, however, preferred the idea of a united church in a united Namibia, and rejected both the homeland government of [Ushona Shiimi](/wiki/Ushona_Shiimi \"Ushona Shiimi\") and its religious arm, established by Petrus Kalangula. This crisis took up a great deal of the time of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") in the early part of his episcopate.",
"The turning point came for Namibia on 21 June 1971 when the World Court delivered its judgment that South Africa's occupation of Namibia was illegal.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.icj\\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\\.htm \\|title\\=SUMMARY: Legal consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South\\-West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970\\) Advisory Opinion \\- 21 June 1971 \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-08\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002121353/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The South African government asked the Lutheran churches for their opinion on the judgment and their answer came on 18 July 1971 in the form of two letters, one in the form of an open letter to the South African Prime Minister, [John Vorster](/wiki/John_Vorster \"John Vorster\"), and the other a pastoral letter read in all congregations of the [Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_OvamboKavango_Church \"Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church\") and the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_South_West_Africa \"Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa\"). The letters came as something of a shock for the South African government for they accused the government of [human rights abuses](/wiki/Human_rights_abuses \"Human rights abuses\") in its occupation of Namibia. Until then the Lutherans had been regarded as \"good\" by the South African government and not given to criticising government policies such as the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.",
"Anglican bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") fully supported the Lutheran stand, while the Roman Catholic bishops offered qualified support.",
"#### \"A form of slavery\"",
"Soon after this there was a rather strange series of events that led to the deportation of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\"). David de Beer, the diocesan treasurer, was asked to speak to a student group at the University of the Witwatersrand (his alma mater) on Namibia. Among other things he spoke about the contract labour system, saying that it was a form of slavery, and mentioned an incident in which the supervisor of a group of contact workers had threatened them with immediate dismissal if they bought Bibles, on the grounds that they were \"communist Bibles\". So the employers controlled the workers' leisure time, and told them what they could or could not read.",
"A journalist, who had come to report another event that had been cancelled had wandered into the room, and wrote a brief report. This report was picked up by *Die Suidwester*, the [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"National Party (South Africa)\") newspaper, and made front\\-page news, leading to a week of Anglican\\-bashing by that newspaper. Following that the Commissioner\\-General for [Ovamboland](/wiki/Ovamboland \"Ovamboland\"), Jannie de Wet, said in a radio broadcast on Radio Ovambo that the contract labour system was not a form of slavery, because the workers could go home whenever they liked. A group in Walvis Bay, after hearing the broadcast, wrote to other contract workers all over the south of Namibia, suggesting that they should take \"the boer Jannie de Wet\" at his word, and all go home. The result was a highly successful contract workers strike, which signified a new mood of boldness following the decision of the [World Court](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\").",
"In 1972\\-02 twelve contract workers from Windhoek appeared in court, charged with being ringleaders of the strike and Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") arranged for their legal defence. At about the same time, four members of the congregation of St Luke's Church, Epinga, were shot dead by South African security forces after a Sunday service. Bishop Winter was issued with deportation orders, as were three members of his staff.",
"### Bishop in exile",
"In November 1972 the diocesan synod asked [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") not to resign as bishop, but to remain as bishop in exile. To ensure that episcopal ministry would still be provided a priest, [Richard Wood](/wiki/Richard_Wood_%28bishop%29 \"Richard Wood (bishop)\") was elected and consecrated as suffragan bishop, but was himself deported on 16 June 1975\\.",
"[Edward Morrow](/wiki/Edward_Morrow \"Edward Morrow\"), who had gone to Windhoek from [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\") to set up a building training scheme in 1970, had just finished training for the priesthood in England and was hastily ordained and sent back to Namibia as vicar\\-general. He received a deportation order on 14 July 1978\\.",
"By that time [James Kauluma](/wiki/James_Hamupanda_Kauluma \"James Hamupanda Kauluma\"), who had left Namibia 12 years earlier to study overseas, had been elected and consecrated as suffragan bishop to replace Richard Wood. Since he had been born in Namibia, he could not be deported. On the death of Colin Winter in 1981, James Kauluma was elected as diocesan bishop and so became the sixth Anglican Bishop of Namibia and the first who was Namibian born.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.anglicanchurchsa.org/view.asp?pg\\=ocmd\\_org\\&s\\_scope\\=contacts\\&pgsub\\=diocese\\&menu\\=guided\\&strSearch0\\=fldOrganisation3\\&frmQuery0\\=Namibia \\|title\\=Anglican Diocese of Namibia at the ACSA official website \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114454/http://www.anglicanchurchsa.org/view.asp?pg\\=ocmd\\_org\\&s\\_scope\\=contacts\\&pgsub\\=diocese\\&menu\\=guided\\&strSearch0\\=fldOrganisation3\\&frmQuery0\\=Namibia \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
### Odendaal and persecution
[rightIn](/wiki/Image:Plan_Odendaal.png "Plan Odendaal.png") 1962 the South African government set up the [Odendaal Commission](/wiki/Odendaal_Commission "Odendaal Commission") which recommended that the apartheid policy be implemented in South West Africa, including the setting up of [bantustans](/wiki/Bantustans "Bantustans"). Not all the recommendations of the Odendaal Commission were implemented. In 1969, shortly after [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") became bishop, the South African government undertook a "rearrangement", which would make Namibia more like a [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa "Provinces of South Africa") of South Africa. Control of several government departments was transferred to Pretoria in order to apply the "homelands" policy.
This also led to divisions in the church, where some Anglicans wanted a separate diocese of Ovamboland, which would consist, in effect, of the "homeland" designated by the Odendaal Plan. Those who opposed this plan pointed out that it would mean importing apartheid into the church, because there would be a diocese based in Windhoek which would be overwhelmingly white and another based in Odibo which would be overwhelmingly black.
Ovambo nationalists who supported the "homelands" policy, led by a deacon, the Revd [Petrus Kalangula](/wiki/Peter_Kalangula "Peter Kalangula"), and encouraged by South African government agents, broke away to form the "Ovamboland Anglican Church". Most Ovambo Anglicans, however, preferred the idea of a united church in a united Namibia, and rejected both the homeland government of [Ushona Shiimi](/wiki/Ushona_Shiimi "Ushona Shiimi") and its religious arm, established by Petrus Kalangula. This crisis took up a great deal of the time of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") in the early part of his episcopate.
The turning point came for Namibia on 21 June 1971 when the World Court delivered its judgment that South Africa's occupation of Namibia was illegal.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.icj\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\.htm \|title\=SUMMARY: Legal consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South\-West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970\) Advisory Opinion \- 21 June 1971 \|access\-date\=2006\-08\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002121353/http://www.icj\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\.htm \|archive\-date\=2006\-10\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }} The South African government asked the Lutheran churches for their opinion on the judgment and their answer came on 18 July 1971 in the form of two letters, one in the form of an open letter to the South African Prime Minister, [John Vorster](/wiki/John_Vorster "John Vorster"), and the other a pastoral letter read in all congregations of the [Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_OvamboKavango_Church "Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church") and the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_South_West_Africa "Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa"). The letters came as something of a shock for the South African government for they accused the government of [human rights abuses](/wiki/Human_rights_abuses "Human rights abuses") in its occupation of Namibia. Until then the Lutherans had been regarded as "good" by the South African government and not given to criticising government policies such as the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.
Anglican bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") fully supported the Lutheran stand, while the Roman Catholic bishops offered qualified support.
#### "A form of slavery"
Soon after this there was a rather strange series of events that led to the deportation of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter"). David de Beer, the diocesan treasurer, was asked to speak to a student group at the University of the Witwatersrand (his alma mater) on Namibia. Among other things he spoke about the contract labour system, saying that it was a form of slavery, and mentioned an incident in which the supervisor of a group of contact workers had threatened them with immediate dismissal if they bought Bibles, on the grounds that they were "communist Bibles". So the employers controlled the workers' leisure time, and told them what they could or could not read.
A journalist, who had come to report another event that had been cancelled had wandered into the room, and wrote a brief report. This report was picked up by *Die Suidwester*, the [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 "National Party (South Africa)") newspaper, and made front\-page news, leading to a week of Anglican\-bashing by that newspaper. Following that the Commissioner\-General for [Ovamboland](/wiki/Ovamboland "Ovamboland"), Jannie de Wet, said in a radio broadcast on Radio Ovambo that the contract labour system was not a form of slavery, because the workers could go home whenever they liked. A group in Walvis Bay, after hearing the broadcast, wrote to other contract workers all over the south of Namibia, suggesting that they should take "the boer Jannie de Wet" at his word, and all go home. The result was a highly successful contract workers strike, which signified a new mood of boldness following the decision of the [World Court](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice").
In 1972\-02 twelve contract workers from Windhoek appeared in court, charged with being ringleaders of the strike and Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter "Colin Winter") arranged for their legal defence. At about the same time, four members of the congregation of St Luke's Church, Epinga, were shot dead by South African security forces after a Sunday service. Bishop Winter was issued with deportation orders, as were three members of his staff.
|
[
"### Odendaal and persecution",
"[rightIn](/wiki/Image:Plan_Odendaal.png \"Plan Odendaal.png\") 1962 the South African government set up the [Odendaal Commission](/wiki/Odendaal_Commission \"Odendaal Commission\") which recommended that the apartheid policy be implemented in South West Africa, including the setting up of [bantustans](/wiki/Bantustans \"Bantustans\"). Not all the recommendations of the Odendaal Commission were implemented. In 1969, shortly after [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") became bishop, the South African government undertook a \"rearrangement\", which would make Namibia more like a [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa \"Provinces of South Africa\") of South Africa. Control of several government departments was transferred to Pretoria in order to apply the \"homelands\" policy.",
"This also led to divisions in the church, where some Anglicans wanted a separate diocese of Ovamboland, which would consist, in effect, of the \"homeland\" designated by the Odendaal Plan. Those who opposed this plan pointed out that it would mean importing apartheid into the church, because there would be a diocese based in Windhoek which would be overwhelmingly white and another based in Odibo which would be overwhelmingly black.",
"Ovambo nationalists who supported the \"homelands\" policy, led by a deacon, the Revd [Petrus Kalangula](/wiki/Peter_Kalangula \"Peter Kalangula\"), and encouraged by South African government agents, broke away to form the \"Ovamboland Anglican Church\". Most Ovambo Anglicans, however, preferred the idea of a united church in a united Namibia, and rejected both the homeland government of [Ushona Shiimi](/wiki/Ushona_Shiimi \"Ushona Shiimi\") and its religious arm, established by Petrus Kalangula. This crisis took up a great deal of the time of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") in the early part of his episcopate.",
"The turning point came for Namibia on 21 June 1971 when the World Court delivered its judgment that South Africa's occupation of Namibia was illegal.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.icj\\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\\.htm \\|title\\=SUMMARY: Legal consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South\\-West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970\\) Advisory Opinion \\- 21 June 1971 \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-08\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002121353/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/inamsummary710621\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The South African government asked the Lutheran churches for their opinion on the judgment and their answer came on 18 July 1971 in the form of two letters, one in the form of an open letter to the South African Prime Minister, [John Vorster](/wiki/John_Vorster \"John Vorster\"), and the other a pastoral letter read in all congregations of the [Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_OvamboKavango_Church \"Evangelical Lutheran OvamboKavango Church\") and the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_South_West_Africa \"Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa\"). The letters came as something of a shock for the South African government for they accused the government of [human rights abuses](/wiki/Human_rights_abuses \"Human rights abuses\") in its occupation of Namibia. Until then the Lutherans had been regarded as \"good\" by the South African government and not given to criticising government policies such as the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.",
"Anglican bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") fully supported the Lutheran stand, while the Roman Catholic bishops offered qualified support.",
"#### \"A form of slavery\"",
"Soon after this there was a rather strange series of events that led to the deportation of Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\"). David de Beer, the diocesan treasurer, was asked to speak to a student group at the University of the Witwatersrand (his alma mater) on Namibia. Among other things he spoke about the contract labour system, saying that it was a form of slavery, and mentioned an incident in which the supervisor of a group of contact workers had threatened them with immediate dismissal if they bought Bibles, on the grounds that they were \"communist Bibles\". So the employers controlled the workers' leisure time, and told them what they could or could not read.",
"A journalist, who had come to report another event that had been cancelled had wandered into the room, and wrote a brief report. This report was picked up by *Die Suidwester*, the [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"National Party (South Africa)\") newspaper, and made front\\-page news, leading to a week of Anglican\\-bashing by that newspaper. Following that the Commissioner\\-General for [Ovamboland](/wiki/Ovamboland \"Ovamboland\"), Jannie de Wet, said in a radio broadcast on Radio Ovambo that the contract labour system was not a form of slavery, because the workers could go home whenever they liked. A group in Walvis Bay, after hearing the broadcast, wrote to other contract workers all over the south of Namibia, suggesting that they should take \"the boer Jannie de Wet\" at his word, and all go home. The result was a highly successful contract workers strike, which signified a new mood of boldness following the decision of the [World Court](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\").",
"In 1972\\-02 twelve contract workers from Windhoek appeared in court, charged with being ringleaders of the strike and Bishop [Colin Winter](/wiki/Colin_Winter \"Colin Winter\") arranged for their legal defence. At about the same time, four members of the congregation of St Luke's Church, Epinga, were shot dead by South African security forces after a Sunday service. Bishop Winter was issued with deportation orders, as were three members of his staff.",
""
] |
Facilities
----------
### Lauinger Library
{{Main\|Lauinger Library}}
The library's largest building, the [Joseph Mark Lauinger Memorial Library](/wiki/Lauinger_Library "Lauinger Library"), is located on Georgetown's main campus and holds the majority of the library system's collections.
### Blommer Science Library
Blommer Science Library is located in the Reiss Science building, on Georgetown's main campus. It stores materials for undergraduate and graduate study in biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics.
### Woodstock Theological Library
{{Main\|Woodstock Theological Center}}
The Woodstock Theological Library is one of the oldest Catholic theological libraries in the United States, having been founded in 1869\. The library moved to Georgetown in 1974, accompanying the Woodstock Theological Center, which closed in 2013, although the library remains in existence.
### School of Continuing Studies Downtown Campus Library
{{Main\|Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies}}
The School of Continuing Studies Downtown Library opened with the move of Georgetown's School of Continuing Studies to a new Downtown campus in 2013\. The library offers course reserve materials and provides a pickup location for materials from other libraries.
### Bioethics Research Library
The Bioethics Research Library is located on the first floor of [Healy Hall](/wiki/Healy_Hall "Healy Hall").
### Dahlgren Memorial Library
[thumb\|Dahlgren Memorial Library](/wiki/File:Dahlgren_Memorial_Library_-_Georgetown_University_Medical_Center_%2853819748737%29.jpg "Dahlgren Memorial Library - Georgetown University Medical Center (53819748737).jpg")
{{Main\|Georgetown University Medical Center}}
Dahlgren Memorial Library provides information and digital services and resources to support faculty, staff, and students of the [Georgetown University Medical Center](/wiki/Georgetown_University_Medical_Center "Georgetown University Medical Center"). It is named after [John Vinton Dahlgren](/wiki/John_Vinton_Dahlgren "John Vinton Dahlgren").
### Riggs Memorial Library
{{Main\|Riggs Library}}
[Riggs Memorial Library](/wiki/Riggs_Library "Riggs Library") served as the main library of Georgetown between 1891 and 1970, until it was replaced by Lauinger Library. Riggs library, which is located on the third floor of [Healy Hall](/wiki/Healy_Hall "Healy Hall"), is one of the few existing cast\-iron libraries in the country and still serves its original purpose of storing books.
### Edward Bennett Williams Law Library
The Williams Law Library is the main library of the [Georgetown University Law Center](/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center "Georgetown University Law Center").
### John Wolff International and Comparative Law Library
The [Wolff](/wiki/John_Wolff "John Wolff") International and Comparative Law Library is housed separately from the Williams Law Library in the Hotung International Law Center Building. Its collection focuses on primary and secondary foreign sources, with materials from [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), and [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), and other nations. It also has extensive documents from international organizations including the [Permanent Court of International Justice](/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice "Permanent Court of International Justice"), the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations"), the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice"), [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization"), [GATT](/wiki/GATT "GATT"), and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe").
### Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar Library
{{Main\|Georgetown University in Qatar\#Library}}
The [James Reardon\-Anderson](/wiki/James_Reardon-Anderson "James Reardon-Anderson") Library (formerly SFS\-Q Library) offers online access to more than 2 million scholarly resources and an intercampus loans service with Georgetown's library services in Washington DC. There is also an interlibrary loan services agreement with other universities on the Education City campus and with Qatar University. The Library houses over 90,000 books,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.library.georgetown.edu/qatar/collections\|title\=Collections \& Gifts {{!}} Georgetown University Qatar Library\|website\=www.library.georgetown.edu\|access\-date\=2016\-11\-16}} and over 6,000 multimedia items. The Library space is open to the public. As of 2016, over 650,000 members of the GU\-Q community and the general public have visited the library since 2005\.
### Maternal and Child Health Library
The Maternal and Child Health Library was founded in 1982 and is part of the Georgetown's National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health.
|
[
"Facilities\n----------",
"### Lauinger Library",
"{{Main\\|Lauinger Library}}",
"The library's largest building, the [Joseph Mark Lauinger Memorial Library](/wiki/Lauinger_Library \"Lauinger Library\"), is located on Georgetown's main campus and holds the majority of the library system's collections.",
"### Blommer Science Library",
"Blommer Science Library is located in the Reiss Science building, on Georgetown's main campus. It stores materials for undergraduate and graduate study in biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics.",
"### Woodstock Theological Library",
"{{Main\\|Woodstock Theological Center}}",
"The Woodstock Theological Library is one of the oldest Catholic theological libraries in the United States, having been founded in 1869\\. The library moved to Georgetown in 1974, accompanying the Woodstock Theological Center, which closed in 2013, although the library remains in existence.",
"### School of Continuing Studies Downtown Campus Library",
"{{Main\\|Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies}}",
"The School of Continuing Studies Downtown Library opened with the move of Georgetown's School of Continuing Studies to a new Downtown campus in 2013\\. The library offers course reserve materials and provides a pickup location for materials from other libraries.",
"### Bioethics Research Library",
"The Bioethics Research Library is located on the first floor of [Healy Hall](/wiki/Healy_Hall \"Healy Hall\").",
"### Dahlgren Memorial Library",
"[thumb\\|Dahlgren Memorial Library](/wiki/File:Dahlgren_Memorial_Library_-_Georgetown_University_Medical_Center_%2853819748737%29.jpg \"Dahlgren Memorial Library - Georgetown University Medical Center (53819748737).jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Georgetown University Medical Center}}",
"Dahlgren Memorial Library provides information and digital services and resources to support faculty, staff, and students of the [Georgetown University Medical Center](/wiki/Georgetown_University_Medical_Center \"Georgetown University Medical Center\"). It is named after [John Vinton Dahlgren](/wiki/John_Vinton_Dahlgren \"John Vinton Dahlgren\").",
"### Riggs Memorial Library",
"{{Main\\|Riggs Library}}",
"[Riggs Memorial Library](/wiki/Riggs_Library \"Riggs Library\") served as the main library of Georgetown between 1891 and 1970, until it was replaced by Lauinger Library. Riggs library, which is located on the third floor of [Healy Hall](/wiki/Healy_Hall \"Healy Hall\"), is one of the few existing cast\\-iron libraries in the country and still serves its original purpose of storing books.",
"### Edward Bennett Williams Law Library",
"The Williams Law Library is the main library of the [Georgetown University Law Center](/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center \"Georgetown University Law Center\").",
"### John Wolff International and Comparative Law Library",
"The [Wolff](/wiki/John_Wolff \"John Wolff\") International and Comparative Law Library is housed separately from the Williams Law Library in the Hotung International Law Center Building. Its collection focuses on primary and secondary foreign sources, with materials from [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), and [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), and other nations. It also has extensive documents from international organizations including the [Permanent Court of International Justice](/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice \"Permanent Court of International Justice\"), the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\"), the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\"), [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\"), [GATT](/wiki/GATT \"GATT\"), and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\").",
"### Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar Library",
"{{Main\\|Georgetown University in Qatar\\#Library}}\nThe [James Reardon\\-Anderson](/wiki/James_Reardon-Anderson \"James Reardon-Anderson\") Library (formerly SFS\\-Q Library) offers online access to more than 2 million scholarly resources and an intercampus loans service with Georgetown's library services in Washington DC. There is also an interlibrary loan services agreement with other universities on the Education City campus and with Qatar University. The Library houses over 90,000 books,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.library.georgetown.edu/qatar/collections\\|title\\=Collections \\& Gifts {{!}} Georgetown University Qatar Library\\|website\\=www.library.georgetown.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-16}} and over 6,000 multimedia items. The Library space is open to the public. As of 2016, over 650,000 members of the GU\\-Q community and the general public have visited the library since 2005\\.",
"### Maternal and Child Health Library",
"The Maternal and Child Health Library was founded in 1982 and is part of the Georgetown's National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health.",
""
] |
Formation
---------
The group was formed by Sipho the Human Beatbox, and consisted of Sipho, [Rodney P](/wiki/Rodney_P "Rodney P"), [Bionic](/wiki/Bionic "Bionic") and DJ Biznizz.Lazell, Barry (1998\) *Indie Hits 1980–1989*, Cherry Red Books, {{ISBN\|0\-9517206\-9\-4}}, p. 135 Sipho had gained the attention of [Mick Jones](/wiki/Mick_Jones_%28The_Clash%29 "Mick Jones (The Clash)") (formerly of [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash")) through his performance in the 1985 documentary Electrorock,{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Btt4I14EiUM \|title\=ELECTRO ROCK – A BBOY EVENT FROM LONDON 1985 (5OF7\) – YouTube \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=2 July 2007 \|access\-date\=27 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511083333/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Btt4I14EiUM \|archive\-date\=11 May 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} and had subsequently performed on [Big Audio Dynamite](/wiki/Big_Audio_Dynamite "Big Audio Dynamite")'s track "C'Mon Every Beatbox" from the album *[No. 10, Upping St.](/wiki/No._10%2C_Upping_St. "No. 10, Upping St.")*.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.discogs.com/Big\-Audio\-Dynamite\-Cmon\-Every\-Beatbox/release/671779 \|title\=Big Audio Dynamite – C'mon Every Beatbox (Vinyl) at Discogs \|website\=\[\[Discogs]] \|access\-date\=28 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710061441/http://www.discogs.com/Big\-Audio\-Dynamite\-Cmon\-Every\-Beatbox/release/671779 \|archive\-date\=10 July 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}
The group formed for the 1986 Big Audio Dynamite tour of the United States and Europe, as Sipho had been asked to tour and wanted the others to tour with him. Rodney P (then known as MC Rodie Rok) was two weeks into a YTS course when he joined the group and Bionic was performing as a reggae MC, although Rodney and Bionic already knew each other through mutual acquaintances and through attending Jerry Dammers's Artist Against Apartheid gigs in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden").{{Cite web \|url\=http://jimbojonesconveniencestore.blogspot.com/2009/10/london\-posse.html \|title\=Jimbo Jones's Convenience Store: London Posse: Roughneck Chronicles (The Biography) \|date\=27 October 2009 \|access\-date\=21 September 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316200256/http://jimbojonesconveniencestore.blogspot.com/2009/10/london\-posse.html \|archive\-date\=16 March 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} As well as this, Sipho and Bionic had already been performing together – they had featured on the Irish TV show "Megamix" in 1986 as a duo.[Sipho \& Bionic M.C. (london posse) 1986 interview \& live set. – YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaW2Uo_Uiyw) Also supporting on the tour were [Schoolly D](/wiki/Schoolly_D "Schoolly D") and [DJ Code Money](/wiki/DJ_Code_Money "DJ Code Money").
When the group first formed, it did not have a name, but while playing in New York City, they were constantly referred to as the "London Posse" because of their [hometown](/wiki/London "London"), and the name stuck. While out in New York, they were present at the filming of the [Boogie Down Productions](/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions "Boogie Down Productions") video for [The Bridge Is Over](/wiki/The_Bridge_Is_Over "The Bridge Is Over"). On their return to the UK, they released the single *London Posse* ([Big Life](/wiki/Big_Life "Big Life"), 1987\), produced by [Tim Westwood](/wiki/Tim_Westwood "Tim Westwood"), which detailed their experiences. The single peaked at number eleven on the [UK Independent Chart](/wiki/UK_Independent_Chart "UK Independent Chart"), staying in the chart for eleven weeks. The b\-side, "My Beatbox Reggae Style", was Sipho beatboxing and Bionic rapping, with scratches from Biznizz. This was the first UK track to consist solely of a beatboxer providing the backing.
The group also appeared in Tim Westwood's 1987 BBC documentary "Bad Meaning Good", a look at UK Hip Hop culture featuring London Posse, [Cookie Crew](/wiki/Cookie_Crew "Cookie Crew"), MC Crazy Noddy and DJ Fingers, and others.
After the first single, Sipho and Biznizz officially left the group – Sipho to work with [Derek B](/wiki/Derek_B "Derek B"), and Biznizz to work on Tim Westwood's radio show (although Biznizz continued to work with the group as a DJ and produce some of the group's later tracks).
[Rodney P](/wiki/Rodney_P "Rodney P") and Bionic continued to record as a duo, releasing the single "Money Mad" (Justice, 1988\) with Westwood's Justice label, which gained a great deal of radio exposure. Westwood, however, did not feel that he could continue to run a label, and the duo moved to [Island Records](/wiki/Island_Records "Island Records") subsidiary [Mango](/wiki/Mango_Records "Mango Records"). As well as appearing on the anti\-apartheid B.R.O.T.H.E.R. track "Beyond The 16th Parallel" alongside [Demon Boyz](/wiki/Demon_Boyz "Demon Boyz"), [MC Mell'O](/wiki/MC_Mell%27O "MC Mell'O"), [Cookie Crew](/wiki/Cookie_Crew "Cookie Crew"), [She Rockers](/wiki/She_Rockers "She Rockers"), London Rhyme Syndicate, [Katch\-22](/wiki/Katch-22 "Katch-22"), [Gunshot](/wiki/Gunshot "Gunshot"), [Hijack](/wiki/Hijack_%28group%29 "Hijack (group)"), Icepick and [Overlord X](/wiki/Overlord_X "Overlord X"), they released "Live Like The Other Half Do" in 1989\. Their classic (and only officially released) album, *Gangster Chronicle* (Mango Records) was released the following year.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.discogs.com/artist/London\+Posse \|title\=London Posse Discography at Discogs \|website\=\[\[Discogs]] \|access\-date\=21 September 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628044412/http://www.discogs.com/artist/London\+Posse \|archive\-date\=28 June 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}
Produced primarily by Sparki (a member of the Jus Badd Crew, along with MC Mell'O and [Monie Love](/wiki/Monie_Love "Monie Love")), DJ Devastate and the Posse themselves, it had its roots firmly in [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae") and [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music"), and the album sounded quite different from the predominant [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop "Hardcore hip hop") of their contemporaries, and cemented London Posse's reputation as one of the UK scene's most talented groups. According to the NME, on its release it was "a musical Molotov cocktail".{{cite web\|last\=Fadele\|first\=Dele\|author\-link\=Dele Fadele\|title\=London Posse : Gangster Chronicle\|url\=https://www.nme.com/reviews/london\-posse/5320\|work\=NME\|date\=30 June 2001\|access\-date\=17 January 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022201707/http://www.nme.com/reviews/london\-posse/5320\|archive\-date\=22 October 2012\|url\-status\=live}} They also toured during this time with [Public Enemy](/wiki/Public_Enemy_%28group%29 "Public Enemy (group)") and [N.W.A](/wiki/N.W.A "N.W.A"), along with Demon Boyz and MC Mell'O'.
After two more singles ("Tell Me Something" and "Jump Around"), Mango was closed down by its parent company and the London Posse moved to Bullitt Records, run by their manager Errol Bull (who features on both "How's Life in London" and the Ragga remix).
The group began recording a second album (preliminary titled "Ladies Love Roughnecks") but could not afford to release it with the financial responsibilities of running a label, so it was permanently shelved. Instead, they released a selection of singles and guest spots with other artists.
1993 saw several tracks released as singles: "How's Life in London" / "Shut the Fuck Up" / "How I Make Papes" (Bullit), the "How's Life in London Bogle remix", produced by Dobie and Tony Gadd (of [Aswad](/wiki/Aswad_%28band%29 "Aswad (band)")), "Supermodel / Here Comes The Rugged One" (Bullit) (produced by DJ Devastate), and the [Kicks Like a Mule](/wiki/Kicks_Like_a_Mule "Kicks Like a Mule") produced "Pass Me The Rizla" (on the "Ruffness: The British Underground" EP).
The following year saw "Funky Rhyme Funky Style", released with PD3\.
The group separated in 1995, and started moving in different circles to each other. Bionic teamed up with [Stevie Hyper D](/wiki/Stevie_Hyper_D "Stevie Hyper D") and ventured into drum and bass MCing while Rodney P stayed with hip hop. Both MCs recorded independently to one another: Bionic released a double A side D\+B 12" produced by Peter Parsons (aka Voyager); one side was a remix of "Live Life The Other Half Do" and the other was "Feds", a solo track.
Rodney was asked by producer Dobie to guest on a remix of the [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk "Björk") track "I Miss You"; following this Rodney and Dobie collaborated again on Dobie's release "Love and Hate (Can Never Be Friends)".
London Posse reformed briefly in 1996 and their final release was "Style"{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=k\_gIFbsouJI \|title\=London Posse – Style (Original) – YouTube \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|access\-date\=27 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518083159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=k\_gIFbsouJI \|archive\-date\=18 May 2016 \|url\-status\=live }} (Bullit), a drum and bass influenced track produced by Bionic which also featured a remix by [The Nextmen](/wiki/The_Nextmen "The Nextmen") (the Nextmen's first official remix).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bigchill.net/news/2005/04/the\-nextmen/ \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2011\-12\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605064806/http://www.bigchill.net/news/2005/04/the\-nextmen/ \|archivedate\=5 June 2012 }}
After the group disbanded, Bionic moved fully into drum and bass MCing and worked closely with [Stevie Hyper D](/wiki/Stevie_Hyper_D "Stevie Hyper D") before Stevie's death in 1998\. He then recorded with [Tricky](/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29 "Tricky (musician)") on the *[Juxtapose](/wiki/Juxtapose_%28album%29 "Juxtapose (album)")* album (1999\) under the name "Mad Dog" and also contributed to Tricky's 2000 EP *Mission Accomplished*.{{Cite web \|url\=http://trickynerd.com/who/male\-vocalists/ \|title\=Male Vocalists {{!}} T R I C K Y N E R D . C O M // B L O G \|access\-date\=28 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074446/http://trickynerd.com/who/male\-vocalists/ \|archive\-date\=26 April 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Rodney P formed a long\-standing partnership with [DJ Skitz](/wiki/DJ_Skitz "DJ Skitz") to host a [BBC Radio 1Xtra](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra "BBC Radio 1Xtra") show and released a solo album – *The Future* – in 2004\. (An unreleased 2002 version of the album featured a track called "Hip Hop Gangster", featuring Sipho on beatbox.)[Low\-Life \| UK Hip Hop Story \| Rodney P – The Future 2xLP \[Riddim Killa / Low Life]](http://www.ukhh.com/bhh/artists/rodney_p-the_future.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829064125/http://www.ukhh.com/bhh/artists/rodney\_p\-the\_future.htm \|date\=29 August 2007 }} He has also worked with the [Dub Pistols](/wiki/Dub_Pistols "Dub Pistols"), [the Nextmen](/wiki/The_Nextmen "The Nextmen"), [Freq Nasty](/wiki/Freq_Nasty "Freq Nasty"), [Skinnyman](/wiki/Skinnyman "Skinnyman"), [Roots Manuva](/wiki/Roots_Manuva "Roots Manuva") and [Roni Size](/wiki/Roni_Size "Roni Size").
In 2001, Word Play Records reissued the album *Gangster Chronicle*, adding some (but not all) of the later material such as "How's Life in London" and "Pass the [Rizla](/wiki/Rizla "Rizla")". A double CD reissue of this album featuring previously unreleased recordings and contemporary remixes was scheduled for June 2013\.
Sipho died in 2004\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.rapreviews.com/2010/08/london\-posse\-best\-of\-london\-posse\-gangster\-chronicle/ \| title\=London Posse :: Best of London Posse: Gangster Chronicle – RapReviews }}
|
[
"Formation\n---------",
"The group was formed by Sipho the Human Beatbox, and consisted of Sipho, [Rodney P](/wiki/Rodney_P \"Rodney P\"), [Bionic](/wiki/Bionic \"Bionic\") and DJ Biznizz.Lazell, Barry (1998\\) *Indie Hits 1980–1989*, Cherry Red Books, {{ISBN\\|0\\-9517206\\-9\\-4}}, p. 135 Sipho had gained the attention of [Mick Jones](/wiki/Mick_Jones_%28The_Clash%29 \"Mick Jones (The Clash)\") (formerly of [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\")) through his performance in the 1985 documentary Electrorock,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Btt4I14EiUM \\|title\\=ELECTRO ROCK – A BBOY EVENT FROM LONDON 1985 (5OF7\\) – YouTube \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=2 July 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511083333/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Btt4I14EiUM \\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and had subsequently performed on [Big Audio Dynamite](/wiki/Big_Audio_Dynamite \"Big Audio Dynamite\")'s track \"C'Mon Every Beatbox\" from the album *[No. 10, Upping St.](/wiki/No._10%2C_Upping_St. \"No. 10, Upping St.\")*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/Big\\-Audio\\-Dynamite\\-Cmon\\-Every\\-Beatbox/release/671779 \\|title\\=Big Audio Dynamite – C'mon Every Beatbox (Vinyl) at Discogs \\|website\\=\\[\\[Discogs]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710061441/http://www.discogs.com/Big\\-Audio\\-Dynamite\\-Cmon\\-Every\\-Beatbox/release/671779 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nThe group formed for the 1986 Big Audio Dynamite tour of the United States and Europe, as Sipho had been asked to tour and wanted the others to tour with him. Rodney P (then known as MC Rodie Rok) was two weeks into a YTS course when he joined the group and Bionic was performing as a reggae MC, although Rodney and Bionic already knew each other through mutual acquaintances and through attending Jerry Dammers's Artist Against Apartheid gigs in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://jimbojonesconveniencestore.blogspot.com/2009/10/london\\-posse.html \\|title\\=Jimbo Jones's Convenience Store: London Posse: Roughneck Chronicles (The Biography) \\|date\\=27 October 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316200256/http://jimbojonesconveniencestore.blogspot.com/2009/10/london\\-posse.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As well as this, Sipho and Bionic had already been performing together – they had featured on the Irish TV show \"Megamix\" in 1986 as a duo.[Sipho \\& Bionic M.C. (london posse) 1986 interview \\& live set. – YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaW2Uo_Uiyw) Also supporting on the tour were [Schoolly D](/wiki/Schoolly_D \"Schoolly D\") and [DJ Code Money](/wiki/DJ_Code_Money \"DJ Code Money\").",
"When the group first formed, it did not have a name, but while playing in New York City, they were constantly referred to as the \"London Posse\" because of their [hometown](/wiki/London \"London\"), and the name stuck. While out in New York, they were present at the filming of the [Boogie Down Productions](/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions \"Boogie Down Productions\") video for [The Bridge Is Over](/wiki/The_Bridge_Is_Over \"The Bridge Is Over\"). On their return to the UK, they released the single *London Posse* ([Big Life](/wiki/Big_Life \"Big Life\"), 1987\\), produced by [Tim Westwood](/wiki/Tim_Westwood \"Tim Westwood\"), which detailed their experiences. The single peaked at number eleven on the [UK Independent Chart](/wiki/UK_Independent_Chart \"UK Independent Chart\"), staying in the chart for eleven weeks. The b\\-side, \"My Beatbox Reggae Style\", was Sipho beatboxing and Bionic rapping, with scratches from Biznizz. This was the first UK track to consist solely of a beatboxer providing the backing. \nThe group also appeared in Tim Westwood's 1987 BBC documentary \"Bad Meaning Good\", a look at UK Hip Hop culture featuring London Posse, [Cookie Crew](/wiki/Cookie_Crew \"Cookie Crew\"), MC Crazy Noddy and DJ Fingers, and others.\nAfter the first single, Sipho and Biznizz officially left the group – Sipho to work with [Derek B](/wiki/Derek_B \"Derek B\"), and Biznizz to work on Tim Westwood's radio show (although Biznizz continued to work with the group as a DJ and produce some of the group's later tracks).",
"[Rodney P](/wiki/Rodney_P \"Rodney P\") and Bionic continued to record as a duo, releasing the single \"Money Mad\" (Justice, 1988\\) with Westwood's Justice label, which gained a great deal of radio exposure. Westwood, however, did not feel that he could continue to run a label, and the duo moved to [Island Records](/wiki/Island_Records \"Island Records\") subsidiary [Mango](/wiki/Mango_Records \"Mango Records\"). As well as appearing on the anti\\-apartheid B.R.O.T.H.E.R. track \"Beyond The 16th Parallel\" alongside [Demon Boyz](/wiki/Demon_Boyz \"Demon Boyz\"), [MC Mell'O](/wiki/MC_Mell%27O \"MC Mell'O\"), [Cookie Crew](/wiki/Cookie_Crew \"Cookie Crew\"), [She Rockers](/wiki/She_Rockers \"She Rockers\"), London Rhyme Syndicate, [Katch\\-22](/wiki/Katch-22 \"Katch-22\"), [Gunshot](/wiki/Gunshot \"Gunshot\"), [Hijack](/wiki/Hijack_%28group%29 \"Hijack (group)\"), Icepick and [Overlord X](/wiki/Overlord_X \"Overlord X\"), they released \"Live Like The Other Half Do\" in 1989\\. Their classic (and only officially released) album, *Gangster Chronicle* (Mango Records) was released the following year.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/artist/London\\+Posse \\|title\\=London Posse Discography at Discogs \\|website\\=\\[\\[Discogs]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628044412/http://www.discogs.com/artist/London\\+Posse \\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \nProduced primarily by Sparki (a member of the Jus Badd Crew, along with MC Mell'O and [Monie Love](/wiki/Monie_Love \"Monie Love\")), DJ Devastate and the Posse themselves, it had its roots firmly in [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\") and [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\"), and the album sounded quite different from the predominant [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop \"Hardcore hip hop\") of their contemporaries, and cemented London Posse's reputation as one of the UK scene's most talented groups. According to the NME, on its release it was \"a musical Molotov cocktail\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Fadele\\|first\\=Dele\\|author\\-link\\=Dele Fadele\\|title\\=London Posse : Gangster Chronicle\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/reviews/london\\-posse/5320\\|work\\=NME\\|date\\=30 June 2001\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022201707/http://www.nme.com/reviews/london\\-posse/5320\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} They also toured during this time with [Public Enemy](/wiki/Public_Enemy_%28group%29 \"Public Enemy (group)\") and [N.W.A](/wiki/N.W.A \"N.W.A\"), along with Demon Boyz and MC Mell'O'.",
"After two more singles (\"Tell Me Something\" and \"Jump Around\"), Mango was closed down by its parent company and the London Posse moved to Bullitt Records, run by their manager Errol Bull (who features on both \"How's Life in London\" and the Ragga remix). \nThe group began recording a second album (preliminary titled \"Ladies Love Roughnecks\") but could not afford to release it with the financial responsibilities of running a label, so it was permanently shelved. Instead, they released a selection of singles and guest spots with other artists.",
"1993 saw several tracks released as singles: \"How's Life in London\" / \"Shut the Fuck Up\" / \"How I Make Papes\" (Bullit), the \"How's Life in London Bogle remix\", produced by Dobie and Tony Gadd (of [Aswad](/wiki/Aswad_%28band%29 \"Aswad (band)\")), \"Supermodel / Here Comes The Rugged One\" (Bullit) (produced by DJ Devastate), and the [Kicks Like a Mule](/wiki/Kicks_Like_a_Mule \"Kicks Like a Mule\") produced \"Pass Me The Rizla\" (on the \"Ruffness: The British Underground\" EP). \nThe following year saw \"Funky Rhyme Funky Style\", released with PD3\\. \nThe group separated in 1995, and started moving in different circles to each other. Bionic teamed up with [Stevie Hyper D](/wiki/Stevie_Hyper_D \"Stevie Hyper D\") and ventured into drum and bass MCing while Rodney P stayed with hip hop. Both MCs recorded independently to one another: Bionic released a double A side D\\+B 12\" produced by Peter Parsons (aka Voyager); one side was a remix of \"Live Life The Other Half Do\" and the other was \"Feds\", a solo track. \nRodney was asked by producer Dobie to guest on a remix of the [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk \"Björk\") track \"I Miss You\"; following this Rodney and Dobie collaborated again on Dobie's release \"Love and Hate (Can Never Be Friends)\".",
"London Posse reformed briefly in 1996 and their final release was \"Style\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=k\\_gIFbsouJI \\|title\\=London Posse – Style (Original) – YouTube \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518083159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=k\\_gIFbsouJI \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (Bullit), a drum and bass influenced track produced by Bionic which also featured a remix by [The Nextmen](/wiki/The_Nextmen \"The Nextmen\") (the Nextmen's first official remix).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bigchill.net/news/2005/04/the\\-nextmen/ \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-12\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605064806/http://www.bigchill.net/news/2005/04/the\\-nextmen/ \\|archivedate\\=5 June 2012 }}",
"After the group disbanded, Bionic moved fully into drum and bass MCing and worked closely with [Stevie Hyper D](/wiki/Stevie_Hyper_D \"Stevie Hyper D\") before Stevie's death in 1998\\. He then recorded with [Tricky](/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29 \"Tricky (musician)\") on the *[Juxtapose](/wiki/Juxtapose_%28album%29 \"Juxtapose (album)\")* album (1999\\) under the name \"Mad Dog\" and also contributed to Tricky's 2000 EP *Mission Accomplished*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://trickynerd.com/who/male\\-vocalists/ \\|title\\=Male Vocalists {{!}} T R I C K Y N E R D . C O M // B L O G \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074446/http://trickynerd.com/who/male\\-vocalists/ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Rodney P formed a long\\-standing partnership with [DJ Skitz](/wiki/DJ_Skitz \"DJ Skitz\") to host a [BBC Radio 1Xtra](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra \"BBC Radio 1Xtra\") show and released a solo album – *The Future* – in 2004\\. (An unreleased 2002 version of the album featured a track called \"Hip Hop Gangster\", featuring Sipho on beatbox.)[Low\\-Life \\| UK Hip Hop Story \\| Rodney P – The Future 2xLP \\[Riddim Killa / Low Life]](http://www.ukhh.com/bhh/artists/rodney_p-the_future.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829064125/http://www.ukhh.com/bhh/artists/rodney\\_p\\-the\\_future.htm \\|date\\=29 August 2007 }} He has also worked with the [Dub Pistols](/wiki/Dub_Pistols \"Dub Pistols\"), [the Nextmen](/wiki/The_Nextmen \"The Nextmen\"), [Freq Nasty](/wiki/Freq_Nasty \"Freq Nasty\"), [Skinnyman](/wiki/Skinnyman \"Skinnyman\"), [Roots Manuva](/wiki/Roots_Manuva \"Roots Manuva\") and [Roni Size](/wiki/Roni_Size \"Roni Size\").",
"In 2001, Word Play Records reissued the album *Gangster Chronicle*, adding some (but not all) of the later material such as \"How's Life in London\" and \"Pass the [Rizla](/wiki/Rizla \"Rizla\")\". A double CD reissue of this album featuring previously unreleased recordings and contemporary remixes was scheduled for June 2013\\.",
"Sipho died in 2004\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.rapreviews.com/2010/08/london\\-posse\\-best\\-of\\-london\\-posse\\-gangster\\-chronicle/ \\| title\\=London Posse :: Best of London Posse: Gangster Chronicle – RapReviews }}",
""
] |
Opinion polls
-------------
The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage\-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.
### Voting intention estimates
The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 38 seats were required for an [absolute majority](/wiki/Absolute_majority "Absolute majority") in the [Parliament of Galicia](/wiki/Parliament_of_Galicia "Parliament of Galicia").
{{smaller\|Color key:}}
{{smaller\|{{legend2\|\#FFEAEA\|Poll conducted after legal ban on opinion polls\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}}}}
{{smaller\|{{legend2\|\#EAFFEA\|Exit poll\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}}}}
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | Turnout | [27px\|link\=People's Party of Galicia\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg "People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg") | [25px\|link\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg "Logo PSdeG.svg") | [27px\|link\=Galician Left Alternative\|AGE](/wiki/File:Alternativa_Galega_de_Esquerda_logo_elecciones_%28color%29.svg "Alternativa Galega de Esquerda logo elecciones (color).svg") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc "Galician Nationalist Bloc")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy "We–Galician Candidacy") | [30px\|link\=Union, Progress and Democracy\|UPyD](/wiki/File:UPyD_%28anagrama_compacto%29.svg "UPyD (anagrama compacto).svg") | [25px\|link\=Podemos (Spanish political party)\|Podemos](/wiki/File:Podemos_logo_c%C3%ADrculos.svg "Podemos logo círculos.svg") | [30px\|link\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg "Ciudadanos-icono.svg") | [30px\|link\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg "En Marea logo.svg") | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **[2016 regional election](/wiki/%23Results "#Results")** | 25 Sep 2016 | {{N/A}} | 53\.6 | **47\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=41}} | 17\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"\|Within \[\[En Marea]].}} | 8\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=6}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 19\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14}} | 28\.5 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| TNS Demoscopia/CRTVG{{cite web \|title\=Feijóo obtiene la mayoría absoluta y las Mareas igualan con el PSOE, según los sondeos \|url\=http://www.lainformacion.com/politica/resultados\-elecciones\-galicia\-nunez\-feijoo\-ganadores\-mayoria\-absoluta\_0\_956905033\.html \|language\=es \|work\=lainformacion.com \|date\=25 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Sondeos a pie de urna elecciones gallegas y vascas 2016 \|url\=http://www.elmundo.es/grafico/espana/2016/09/25/57e7ed3be5fdea42278b45a0\.html \|language\=es \|work\=El Mundo \|date\=25 September 2016}} | 25 Sep 2016 | 16,800 | ? | **45\.5**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38/41}} | 18\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14/16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 8\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=5/6}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/1}} | 19\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14/16}} | 26\.0 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Feijoo revalidaría la mayoría absoluta, según Sondaxe \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/25/sondaxe\-pronostica\-absoluta\-feijoo/00031474825641126237373\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=25 September 2016}} | 20–23 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **45\.3**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=39}} | 19\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 21\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=18}} | 23\.5 |
| GAD3/ABC{{cite web \|title\=El PP revalida la mayoría absoluta en Galicia y En Marea supera al PSOE en votos, según GAD3 \|url\=http://www.abc.es/elecciones/elecciones\-gallegas/abci\-pp\-revalida\-mayoria\-absoluta\-galicia\-y\-marea\-supera\-psoe\-votos\-segun\-gad3\-201609251953\_noticia.html \|language\=es \|work\=ABC \|date\=25 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Análisis de precisión: Encuesta publicada a las 20:00H (25\-S) \|url\=http://www.slideshare.net/GAD3\_com/precisin\-gad3\-25\-s\-20h \|language\=es \|work\=GAD3 \|date\=25 September 2016}} | 12–23 Sep 2016 | 1,450 | ? | **46\.7**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=40/42}} | 18\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14/15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 20\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14/16}} | 26\.6 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=La última encuesta que la ley electoral permite difundir da 39 escaños al PP \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/19/ultima\-encuesta\-ley\-electoral\-permite\-difundir\-da\-39\-escanos\-pp/00031474311700626404978\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=20 September 2016}} | 15–18 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | 68\.3 | **45\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=39}} | 16\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=3}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 25\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=20}} | 20\.0 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=El BNG araña un escaño en A Coruña al PSOE y este otro a En Marea en Ourense \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/19/bng\-arana\-escano\-coruna\-psoe\-marea\-ourense/0003\_201609G19P3994\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=19 September 2016}} | 14–17 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | 70\.6 | **43\.8**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 17\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=4}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 25\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=19}} | 18\.1 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Elecciones gallegas: El PP conseguiría 38 diputados, y los grupos de izquierdas, 36 \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/17/pp\-conseguiria\-38\-diputados\-grupos\-izquierdas\-36/00031474147917787424472\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=18 September 2016}} | 13–16 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\.2**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 18\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=3}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 26\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=20}} | 16\.0 |
| Celeste\-Tel/eldiario.es{{cite web \|title\=El PP volverá a gobernar Galicia con mayoría absoluta \|url\=http://www.eldiario.es/galicia/PP\-volvera\-gobernar\-Galicia\-absoluta\_0\_559594743\.html \|language\=es \|work\=eldiario.es \|date\=17 September 2016}} | 12–16 Sep 2016 | 1,200 | ? | **45\.4**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38/40}} | 18\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15/16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 21\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=17/18}} | 23\.8 |
| NC Report/La Razón{{cite web \|title\=El PSOE se hunde en País Vasco y queda tras En Marea en Galicia \|url\=http://www.larazon.es/espana/sanchez\-arrastra\-al\-psoe\-a\-su\-minimo\-historico\-PD13546810 \|language\=es \|work\=La Razón \|date\=18 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Estimación de voto en Galicia \|url\=http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\_content\_5401954\_20160918031237\.pdf \|language\=es \|work\=La Razón \|date\=18 September 2016 \|access\-date\=18 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=4 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204213103/http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\_content\_5401954\_20160918031237\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|title\=Estimación de voto en Galicia (Por provincias) \|url\=http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\_content\_5401869\_20160918030156\.pdf \|language\=es \|work\=La Razón \|date\=18 September 2016}} | 9–16 Sep 2016 | 1,000 | 60\.0 | **44\.7**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=40/41}} | 18\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15/16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 22\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=17}} | 22\.7 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo{{cite web \|title\=Feijóo revalidará la mayoría absoluta sin sufrir ningún desgaste \|url\=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2016/09/17/57dd628022601d0c348b463a.html \|language\=es \|work\=El Mundo \|date\=17 September 2016}} | 12–15 Sep 2016 | 1,400 | ? | **45\.7**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38/41}} | 17\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13/14}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 7\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=4/6}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/1}} | 21\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16/17}} | 24\.0 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=El PP araña un escaño a En Marea, que pierde ventaja sobre el PSOE \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/17/pp\-arana\-escano\-marea\-pierde\-ventaja\-sobre\-psoe/0003\_201609G17P5994\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=17 September 2016}} | 12–15 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\.7**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 19\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=4}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 24\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=18}} | 18\.0 |
| Infortécnica/Atlántico{{cite web \|title\=El PP se aproxima a una mayoría absoluta sin precedentes en Galicia \|url\=http://www.atlantico.net/articulo/vigo/pp\-afronta\-final\-campanha\-mayoria\-absoluta\-holgada/20160918003555549868\.html \|language\=es \|work\=Atlántico \|date\=18 September 2016}} | 9–15 Sep 2016 | 1,711 | ? | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=42/48}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13/16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2/4}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/1}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=12/15}} | ? |
| GAD3/ABC{{cite web \|title\=El PP consolida su mayoría absoluta en Galicia con un PSOE hundido \|url\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2016/09/18/018\.html \|language\=es \|work\=ABC \|date\=18 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Encuesta socio\-electoral en Galicia \|url\=http://www.slideshare.net/GAD3\_com/encuesta\-para\-las\-elecciones\-autonmicas\-en\-galicia\-abc \|language\=es \|work\=GAD3 \|date\=18 September 2016}} | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | ? | **46\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=39/41}} | 20\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16/17}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2/3}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/2}} | 19\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14/16}} | 26\.4 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=El BNG crece a costa de En Marea y de Ciudadanos y subiría a 4 escaños \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/16/bng\-crece\-costa\-marea\-ciudadanos\-subiria\-4\-escanos/0003\_201609G16P5993\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=16 September 2016}} | 11–14 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **41\.8**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=37}} | 17\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=4}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 25\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=19}} | 16\.0 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=La encuesta de Sondaxe: El arranque de la campaña no aclara la configuración del futuro Gobierno \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/15/arranque\-campana\-aclara\-configuracion\-futuro\-gobierno/0003\_201609G15P5995\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=15 September 2016}} | 10–13 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=37}} | 18\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | 25\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=20}} | 16\.7 |
| Metroscopia/El País{{cite web \|title\=Feijóo lograría una amplia mayoría absoluta y En Marea rebasaría al PSOE \|url\=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/09/17/actualidad/1474126263\_081753\.html \|language\=es \|work\=El País \|date\=17 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Sondeo preelectoral en Galicia \|url\=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/09/16/media/1474048182\_515900\.html \|language\=es \|work\=El País \|date\=16 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Posible mayoría absoluta de Feijóo en las elecciones gallegas \|url\=http://metroscopia.org/elecciones\-en\-galicia\-25s/ \|language\=es \|work\=Metroscopia \|date\=18 September 2016}} | 8–13 Sep 2016 | 2,800 | 63\.8 | **46\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=39/41}} | 17\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13/14}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=3/4}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/2}} | 21\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16/18}} | 24\.8 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Empate técnico entre PP y la izquierda \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/14/empate\-tecnico\-pp\-izquierda/0003\_201609G14P3991\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=14 September 2016}} | 9–12 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\.9**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=37}} | 18\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 25\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=20}} | 17\.0 |
| JM\&A/Público{{cite web \|title\=Los datos de la encuesta del CIS dan una gran ventaja a En Marea sobre el PSdeG que su 'cocina' no ha reflejado \|url\=http://www.publico.es/politica/datos\-encuesta\-del\-cis\-dan.html \|language\=es \|work\=Público \|date\=11 September 2016}} | 11 Sep 2016 | ? | 59\.3 | **43\.0**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38/40}} | 19\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/1}} | 22\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=18/19}} | 20\.2 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=En Marea ganaría un escaño, el PSOE perdería otro y la nacionalista Ana Pontón se quedaría sin acta \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/13/marea\-ganaria\-escano\-psoe\-perderia\-nacionalista\-ana\-ponton\-quedaria\-actaciudadanos\-cede\-diputado\-ourense\-logra\-pontevedra/0003\_201609G13P5993\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=13 September 2016}} | 8–11 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **44\.1**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 18\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 25\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=20}} | 19\.0 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=El PSdeG remonta a costa de En Marea \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/12/psdeg\-remonta\-costa\-marea/0003\_201609G12P4996\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=12 September 2016}} | 7–10 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **44\.1**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 19\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 24\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=19}} | 20\.1 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Feijoo conservaría la mayoría absoluta pese a perder tres escaños \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/11/feijoo\-conservaria\-mayoria\-absoluta\-pese\-perder\-tres\-escanosencuesta\-diaria\-sondaxe\-proximo\-lunes/0003\_201609G11P6991\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=11 September 2016}} | 6–9 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | 75\.3 | **44\.3**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 18\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=1}} | 25\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=19}} | 18\.9 |
| Einvenio/Prensa Ibérica{{cite web \|title\=GALICIA (Autonómicas), Septiembre 2016\. Sondeo Einvenio \|url\=https://www.electograph.com/2016/09/galicia\-autonomicas\-septiembre\-2016\_68\.html \|language\=es \|work\=Electograph \|date\=18 September 2016}} | 1–9 Sep 2016 | 1,400 | 65 | **43\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38/39}} | 18\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15/16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2/3}} | 20\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16/17}} | 23\.5 |
| Infortécnica/Atlántico{{cite web \|title\=La crisis de la oposición empuja al PP hacia otra mayoría absoluta \|url\=http://www.atlantico.net/articulo/galicia/pp\-lograria\-mayoria\-absoluta\-y\-psoe\-aguanta\-segundo/20160911011301548802\.html \|language\=es \|work\=Atlántico \|date\=11 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=GALICIA (Autonómicas), Septiembre 2016\. Sondeo Infortécnica \|url\=https://www.electograph.com/2016/09/galicia\-autonomicas\-septiembre\-2016\_11\.html \|language\=es \|work\=Electograph \|date\=11 September 2016}} | 1–8 Sep 2016 | 1,645 | ? | **55\.9**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=40/45}} | 21\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15/17}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=3/5}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 1\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/1}} | 15\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=12/14}} | 34\.6 |
| TNS/CIS{{cite web \|title\=Preelectoral de Galicia. Elecciones autonómicas 2016 (Estudio nº 3153\. Agosto\-Septiembre 2016\) \|url\=http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3153mar\_A.pdf \|language\=es \|work\=CIS \|date\=8 September 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=El PP gana en Galicia y el PNV en Euskadi \|url\=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/2016/09/09/pagina\-14/97213156/pdf.html \|language\=es \|work\=La Vanguardia \|date\=9 September 2016}} | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | ? | **44\.9**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=40/41}} | 19\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/1}} | 19\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15/17}} | 25\.0 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=En Marea desbancaría al PSOE como líder de una hipotética coalición multipartita \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2016/08/28/marea\-desbancaria\-psoe\-lider\-hipotetica\-coalicion\-multipartita/0003\_201608G28P2991\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=28 August 2016}} | 19–24 Aug 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **44\.9**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=37}} | 18\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 7\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=5}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 1\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 23\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=18}} | 21\.1 |
| Infortécnica/Atlántico{{cite web \|title\=El PP tiene muchas posibilidades de lograr de nuevo la mayoría absoluta \|url\=http://www.atlantico.net/articulo/galicia/pp\-tiene\-muchas\-posibilidades\-lograr\-nuevo\-mayoria\-absoluta/20160828004343546696\.html \|language\=es \|work\=Atlántico \|date\=28 August 2016}} | 11–24 Aug 2016 | 1,704 | ? | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38/41}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=17/19}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=5/6}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0/2}} | ?{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=11/12}} | ? |
| NC Report/La Razón{{cite web \|title\=Feijóo mantiene su mayoría absoluta \|url\=http://www.larazon.es/espana/feijoo\-mantiene\-su\-mayoria\-absoluta\-JG13404728 \|language\=es \|work\=La Razón \|date\=28 August 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=El PP conserva la Xunta \|url\=http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\_content\_5307066\_20160828035353\.pdf \|language\=es \|work\=La Razón \|date\=28 August 2016}} | 15–20 Aug 2016 | 1,000 | 53\.0 | **44\.6**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=39}} | 19\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=17}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2}} | 18\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | 25\.1 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Un puñado de votos podrían inclinar el Gobierno hacia el PP o cuatro partidos \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2016/08/07/punado\-votos\-inclinar\-gobierno\-pp\-cuatro\-partidos/0003\_201608G7P2991\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=7 August 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Podemos podría obtener grupo propio \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2016/08/07/podemos\-obtener\-grupo\-propio/0003\_201608G7P3992\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=7 August 2016}} | 20 Jul–3 Aug 2016 | 1,450 | ? | **43\.5**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=37}} | 17\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 7\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=5}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 23\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=18}} | 19\.8 |
| ? | **43\.5**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=37}} | 17\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 7\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=5}} | – | 7\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=6}} | 4\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | 16\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=12}} | 26\.0 |
| **[2016 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2016_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia "Results breakdown of the 2016 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia")** | 26 Jun 2016 | {{N/A}} | 58\.2 | **41\.5**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(35\)}} | 22\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(18\)}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 2\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(0\)}} | 0\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(0\)}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 8\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(6\)}} | 22\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(16\)}} | 19\.3 |
| GAD3/ABC{{cite web \|title\=El PP aguanta en Galicia y podría lograr su tercera mayoría absoluta \|url\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2016/04/10/028\.html \|language\=es \|work\=ABC \|date\=10 April 2016}}{{cite web \|title\=Encuesta socio\-electoral en Galicia \|url\=http://www.slideshare.net/GAD3\_com/encuesta\-galicia \|language\=es \|work\=GAD3 \|date\=7 April 2016}} | 4–6 Apr 2016 | 807 | ? | **44\.1**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=36/38}} | 19\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15/17}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=4/5}} | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=2/3}} | 17\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=14/16}} | 24\.4 |
| Redondo \& Asociados{{cite web \|title\=En Galicia el PP perdería la mayoría absoluta, pero gobernaría con Ciudadanos \|url\=https://twitter.com/thewarroomblog/status/688505432424452096 \|language\=es \|work\=Twitter \|date\=17 January 2016}} | 16 Jan 2016 | ? | ? | **37\.0**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=32}} | 21\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=17}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | – | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 9\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=6}} | 25\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=20}} | 12\.0 |
| **[2015 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia "Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia")** | 20 Dec 2015 | {{N/A}} | 61\.5 | **37\.1**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(32\)}} | 21\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(17\)}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(0\)}} | 0\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(0\)}} | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 9\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(6\)}} | 25\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(20\)}} | 12\.1 |
| **[2015 local elections](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Spanish_local_elections_%28Galicia%29%23Overall "Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish local elections (Galicia)#Overall")** | 24 May 2015 | {{N/A}} | 66\.0 | **35\.7** | 26\.3 | 4\.4 | 12\.8 | 0\.2 | 4\.2 | 1\.9 | – | 9\.4 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Podemos conquista los votos de AGE y BNG y casi iguala al PSOE en Galicia \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2014/11/09/podemos\-conquista\-votos\-age\-bng\-iguala\-psoe\-galicia/0003\_201411G9P8991\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=9 November 2014}} | 17–23 Oct 2014 | 500 | 48\.4 | **44\.7** | 20\.3 | 8\.3 | 5\.8 | – | 16\.9 | – | – | 24\.4 |
| **[2014 EP election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain%23Galicia "Results breakdown of the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain#Galicia")**{{cite web \|title\=Proyección del resultado de las europeas en los parlamentos autonómicos \|url\=http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/05/31/media/1401568389\_275456\.html \|language\=es \|work\=El País \|date\=31 May 2014}} | 25 May 2014 | {{N/A}} | 38\.7 | **35\.2**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(35\)}} | 21\.8{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(19\)}} | 10\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(8\)}} | 7\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(6\)}} | 3\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(0\)}} | 8\.4{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(7\)}} | 1\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=(0\)}} | – | 13\.4 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=Feijoo salva la mayoría, pero cede tres escaños frente a una izquierda al alza \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2013/10/20/feijoo\-salva\-mayoria\-cede\-tres\-escanos\-frente\-izquierda\-alza/0003\_201310G20P2992\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=20 October 2013}} | 11–17 Oct 2013 | 1,600 | 50\.5 | **43\.5**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=38}} | 19\.3{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=16}} | 16\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=13}} | 10\.7{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=8}} | – | – | – | – | 24\.2 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \|title\=La crisis y los escándalos hacen retroceder cinco escaños al PP \|url\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/politica/2013/02/10/crisis\-escandalos\-retroceder\-cinco\-escanos\-PP/0003\_201302G10P2991\.htm \|language\=es \|work\=La Voz de Galicia \|date\=10 February 2013}} | 5–7 Feb 2013 | 1,600 | 50\.4 | **42\.3**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=36}} | 19\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=17}} | 19\.2{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=15}} | 10\.0{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=7}} | – | – | – | – | 22\.8 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **[2012 regional election](/wiki/2012_Galician_regional_election "2012 Galician regional election")** | 21 Oct 2012 | {{N/A}} | 54\.9 | **45\.8**{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=41}} | 20\.6{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=18}} | 13\.9{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=9}} | 10\.1{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=7}} | 1\.5{{font\|size\=75%\|font\=Verdana\|text\=0}} | – | – | – | 25\.2 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Voting preferences
The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [27px\|link\=People's Party of Galicia\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg "People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg") | [25px\|link\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg "Logo PSdeG.svg") | [27px\|link\=Galician Left Alternative\|AGE](/wiki/File:Alternativa_Galega_de_Esquerda_logo_elecciones_%28color%29.svg "Alternativa Galega de Esquerda logo elecciones (color).svg") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc "Galician Nationalist Bloc")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy "We–Galician Candidacy") | [30px\|link\=Union, Progress and Democracy\|UPyD](/wiki/File:UPyD_%28anagrama_compacto%29.svg "UPyD (anagrama compacto).svg") | [25px\|link\=Podemos (Spanish political party)\|Podemos](/wiki/File:Podemos_logo_c%C3%ADrculos.svg "Podemos logo círculos.svg") | [30px\|link\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg "Ciudadanos-icono.svg") | [30px\|link\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg "En Marea logo.svg") | {{Qmark}} | {{cross}} | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **[2016 regional election](/wiki/%23Results "#Results")** | 25 Sep 2016 | {{N/A}} | **30\.0** | 11\.3 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.3 | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 2\.1 | 12\.0 | {{N/A}} | 36\.2 | 18\.0 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| GAD3/ABC | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | **40\.2** | 14\.3 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.9 | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 2\.4 | 12\.3 | – | – | 25\.9 |
| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **30\.2** | 11\.7 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.3 | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 2\.2 | 16\.9 | 23\.3 | 4\.4 | 13\.3 |
| **[2016 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2016_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia "Results breakdown of the 2016 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia")** | 26 Jun 2016 | {{N/A}} | **28\.5** | 15\.3 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 2\.0 | 0\.0 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 5\.9 | 15\.2 | {{N/A}} | 30\.4 | 13\.2 |
| GAD3/ABC | 4–6 Apr 2016 | 807 | **32\.8** | 14\.4 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 4\.4 | – | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.5 | 13\.3 | – | – | 18\.4 |
| **[2015 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia "Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia")** | 20 Dec 2015 | {{N/A}} | **26\.7** | 15\.4 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 3\.1 | 0\.4 | {{efn\|name\="EM"}} | 6\.5 | 18\.0 | {{N/A}} | 27\.0 | 8\.7 |
| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia | 17–23 Oct 2014 | 500 | **17\.9** | 8\.3 | 3\.7 | 2\.1 | – | 7\.4 | – | – | 31\.3 | 26\.4 | 9\.6 |
| **[2014 EP election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain%23Galicia "Results breakdown of the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain#Galicia")** | 25 May 2014 | {{N/A}} | **15\.6** | 9\.6 | 4\.7 | 3\.5 | 1\.5 | 3\.7 | 0\.7 | – | {{N/A}} | 54\.5 | 6\.0 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **[2012 regional election](/wiki/2012_Galician_regional_election "2012 Galician regional election")** | 21 Oct 2012 | {{N/A}} | **28\.4** | 12\.8 | 8\.7 | 6\.3 | 0\.9 | – | – | – | {{N/A}} | 36\.2 | 15\.6 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Victory preferences
The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [27px\|link\=People's Party of Galicia\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg "People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg") | [25px\|link\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg "Logo PSdeG.svg") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc "Galician Nationalist Bloc")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy "We–Galician Candidacy") | [30px\|link\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg "Ciudadanos-icono.svg") | [30px\|link\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg "En Marea logo.svg") | Other/None | {{Qmark}} | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | |
| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **33\.4** | 14\.5 | 4\.8 | 2\.4 | 17\.8 | 8\.1 | 19\.0 | 15\.6 |
### Victory likelihood
The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [27px\|link\=People's Party of Galicia\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg "People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg") | [25px\|link\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg "Logo PSdeG.svg") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc "Galician Nationalist Bloc")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy "We–Galician Candidacy") | [30px\|link\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg "Ciudadanos-icono.svg") | [30px\|link\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg "En Marea logo.svg") | Other/None | {{Qmark}} | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | |
| GAD3/ABC | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | **91\.0** | 1\.4 | – | 0\.0 | 1\.6 | 0\.2 | 5\.9 | 89\.4 |
| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **85\.1** | 1\.6 | 0\.2 | 0\.0 | 1\.9 | 1\.1 | 10\.1 | 83\.2 |
| GAD3/ABC | 4–6 Apr 2016 | 807 | **74\.7** | 6\.1 | – | 0\.9 | 6\.0 | 1\.3 | 11\.0 | 68\.6 |
### Preferred President
The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become [president of the Regional Government of Galicia](/wiki/President_of_the_Regional_Government_of_Galicia "President of the Regional Government of Galicia").
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [50px](/wiki/File:Alberto_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Feij%C3%B3o_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg "Alberto Núñez Feijóo 2017 (cropped).jpg") | [50px](/wiki/File:Xoaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Leiceaga_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg "Xoaquín Fernández Leiceaga 2016 (cropped).jpg") | [50px](/wiki/File:Ana_Pont%C3%B3n_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg "Ana Pontón 2016 (cropped).jpg") | [50px](/wiki/File:Cristina_Losada_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg "Cristina Losada 2012 (cropped).jpg") | [50px](/wiki/File:Luis_Villares_2016b_%28cropped%29.jpg "Luis Villares 2016b (cropped).jpg") | Other/None/Notcare | {{Qmark}} | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | |
| {{small\|\[\[Alberto Núñez Feijóo\|Feijóo]]{{small\|\[\[People's Party of Galicia\|PP]]}}}} | {{small\|Leiceaga{{small\|\[\[Socialists' Party of Galicia\|PSdeG]]}}}} | {{small\|\[\[Ana Pontón\|Pontón]]{{small\|\[\[Galician Nationalist Bloc\|BNG]]}}}} | {{small\|Losada{{small\|\[\[Citizens (Spanish political party)\|C's]]}}}} | {{small\|\[\[Luis Villares\|Villares]]{{small\|\[\[En Marea]]}}}} |
| GAD3/ABC | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | **47\.1** | 10\.7 | 5\.7 | 0\.8 | 11\.5 | 12\.2 | 12\.1 | 35\.6 |
| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **38\.1** | 8\.8 | 4\.1 | 1\.5 | 10\.2 | 7\.1 | 30\.2 | 27\.9 |
|
[
"Opinion polls\n-------------",
"The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The \"Lead\" column on the right shows the percentage\\-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.",
"### Voting intention estimates",
"The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of \"don't know\" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 38 seats were required for an [absolute majority](/wiki/Absolute_majority \"Absolute majority\") in the [Parliament of Galicia](/wiki/Parliament_of_Galicia \"Parliament of Galicia\").",
"{{smaller\\|Color key:}}\n{{smaller\\|{{legend2\\|\\#FFEAEA\\|Poll conducted after legal ban on opinion polls\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}}}\n{{smaller\\|{{legend2\\|\\#EAFFEA\\|Exit poll\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}}}",
"| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | Turnout | [27px\\|link\\=People's Party of Galicia\\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg \"People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg\") | [25px\\|link\\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg \"Logo PSdeG.svg\") | [27px\\|link\\=Galician Left Alternative\\|AGE](/wiki/File:Alternativa_Galega_de_Esquerda_logo_elecciones_%28color%29.svg \"Alternativa Galega de Esquerda logo elecciones (color).svg\") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc \"Galician Nationalist Bloc\")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy \"We–Galician Candidacy\") | [30px\\|link\\=Union, Progress and Democracy\\|UPyD](/wiki/File:UPyD_%28anagrama_compacto%29.svg \"UPyD (anagrama compacto).svg\") | [25px\\|link\\=Podemos (Spanish political party)\\|Podemos](/wiki/File:Podemos_logo_c%C3%ADrculos.svg \"Podemos logo círculos.svg\") | [30px\\|link\\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg \"Ciudadanos-icono.svg\") | [30px\\|link\\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg \"En Marea logo.svg\") | Lead |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| **[2016 regional election](/wiki/%23Results \"#Results\")** | 25 Sep 2016 | {{N/A}} | 53\\.6 | **47\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=41}} | 17\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"\\|Within \\[\\[En Marea]].}} | 8\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=6}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 19\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14}} | 28\\.5 |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| TNS Demoscopia/CRTVG{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijóo obtiene la mayoría absoluta y las Mareas igualan con el PSOE, según los sondeos \\|url\\=http://www.lainformacion.com/politica/resultados\\-elecciones\\-galicia\\-nunez\\-feijoo\\-ganadores\\-mayoria\\-absoluta\\_0\\_956905033\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=lainformacion.com \\|date\\=25 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Sondeos a pie de urna elecciones gallegas y vascas 2016 \\|url\\=http://www.elmundo.es/grafico/espana/2016/09/25/57e7ed3be5fdea42278b45a0\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=El Mundo \\|date\\=25 September 2016}} | 25 Sep 2016 | 16,800 | ? | **45\\.5**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38/41}} | 18\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14/16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 8\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=5/6}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/1}} | 19\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14/16}} | 26\\.0 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijoo revalidaría la mayoría absoluta, según Sondaxe \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/25/sondaxe\\-pronostica\\-absoluta\\-feijoo/00031474825641126237373\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=25 September 2016}} | 20–23 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **45\\.3**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=39}} | 19\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 21\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=18}} | 23\\.5 |\n| GAD3/ABC{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP revalida la mayoría absoluta en Galicia y En Marea supera al PSOE en votos, según GAD3 \\|url\\=http://www.abc.es/elecciones/elecciones\\-gallegas/abci\\-pp\\-revalida\\-mayoria\\-absoluta\\-galicia\\-y\\-marea\\-supera\\-psoe\\-votos\\-segun\\-gad3\\-201609251953\\_noticia.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=ABC \\|date\\=25 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Análisis de precisión: Encuesta publicada a las 20:00H (25\\-S) \\|url\\=http://www.slideshare.net/GAD3\\_com/precisin\\-gad3\\-25\\-s\\-20h \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=GAD3 \\|date\\=25 September 2016}} | 12–23 Sep 2016 | 1,450 | ? | **46\\.7**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=40/42}} | 18\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14/15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 20\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14/16}} | 26\\.6 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=La última encuesta que la ley electoral permite difundir da 39 escaños al PP \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/19/ultima\\-encuesta\\-ley\\-electoral\\-permite\\-difundir\\-da\\-39\\-escanos\\-pp/00031474311700626404978\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=20 September 2016}} | 15–18 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | 68\\.3 | **45\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=39}} | 16\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=3}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 25\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=20}} | 20\\.0 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=El BNG araña un escaño en A Coruña al PSOE y este otro a En Marea en Ourense \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/19/bng\\-arana\\-escano\\-coruna\\-psoe\\-marea\\-ourense/0003\\_201609G19P3994\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=19 September 2016}} | 14–17 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | 70\\.6 | **43\\.8**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 17\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=4}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 25\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=19}} | 18\\.1 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Elecciones gallegas: El PP conseguiría 38 diputados, y los grupos de izquierdas, 36 \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/17/pp\\-conseguiria\\-38\\-diputados\\-grupos\\-izquierdas\\-36/00031474147917787424472\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=18 September 2016}} | 13–16 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\\.2**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 18\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=3}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 26\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=20}} | 16\\.0 |\n| Celeste\\-Tel/eldiario.es{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP volverá a gobernar Galicia con mayoría absoluta \\|url\\=http://www.eldiario.es/galicia/PP\\-volvera\\-gobernar\\-Galicia\\-absoluta\\_0\\_559594743\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=eldiario.es \\|date\\=17 September 2016}} | 12–16 Sep 2016 | 1,200 | ? | **45\\.4**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38/40}} | 18\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15/16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 21\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=17/18}} | 23\\.8 |\n| NC Report/La Razón{{cite web \\|title\\=El PSOE se hunde en País Vasco y queda tras En Marea en Galicia \\|url\\=http://www.larazon.es/espana/sanchez\\-arrastra\\-al\\-psoe\\-a\\-su\\-minimo\\-historico\\-PD13546810 \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Razón \\|date\\=18 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Estimación de voto en Galicia \\|url\\=http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\\_content\\_5401954\\_20160918031237\\.pdf \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Razón \\|date\\=18 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204213103/http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\\_content\\_5401954\\_20160918031237\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Estimación de voto en Galicia (Por provincias) \\|url\\=http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\\_content\\_5401869\\_20160918030156\\.pdf \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Razón \\|date\\=18 September 2016}} | 9–16 Sep 2016 | 1,000 | 60\\.0 | **44\\.7**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=40/41}} | 18\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15/16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 22\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=17}} | 22\\.7 |\n| Sigma Dos/El Mundo{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijóo revalidará la mayoría absoluta sin sufrir ningún desgaste \\|url\\=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2016/09/17/57dd628022601d0c348b463a.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=El Mundo \\|date\\=17 September 2016}} | 12–15 Sep 2016 | 1,400 | ? | **45\\.7**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38/41}} | 17\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13/14}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 7\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=4/6}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/1}} | 21\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16/17}} | 24\\.0 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP araña un escaño a En Marea, que pierde ventaja sobre el PSOE \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/17/pp\\-arana\\-escano\\-marea\\-pierde\\-ventaja\\-sobre\\-psoe/0003\\_201609G17P5994\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=17 September 2016}} | 12–15 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\\.7**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 19\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=4}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 24\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=18}} | 18\\.0 |\n| Infortécnica/Atlántico{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP se aproxima a una mayoría absoluta sin precedentes en Galicia \\|url\\=http://www.atlantico.net/articulo/vigo/pp\\-afronta\\-final\\-campanha\\-mayoria\\-absoluta\\-holgada/20160918003555549868\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Atlántico \\|date\\=18 September 2016}} | 9–15 Sep 2016 | 1,711 | ? | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=42/48}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13/16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2/4}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/1}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=12/15}} | ? |\n| GAD3/ABC{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP consolida su mayoría absoluta en Galicia con un PSOE hundido \\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2016/09/18/018\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=ABC \\|date\\=18 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Encuesta socio\\-electoral en Galicia \\|url\\=http://www.slideshare.net/GAD3\\_com/encuesta\\-para\\-las\\-elecciones\\-autonmicas\\-en\\-galicia\\-abc \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=GAD3 \\|date\\=18 September 2016}} | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | ? | **46\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=39/41}} | 20\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16/17}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2/3}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/2}} | 19\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14/16}} | 26\\.4 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=El BNG crece a costa de En Marea y de Ciudadanos y subiría a 4 escaños \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/16/bng\\-crece\\-costa\\-marea\\-ciudadanos\\-subiria\\-4\\-escanos/0003\\_201609G16P5993\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=16 September 2016}} | 11–14 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **41\\.8**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=37}} | 17\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=4}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 25\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=19}} | 16\\.0 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=La encuesta de Sondaxe: El arranque de la campaña no aclara la configuración del futuro Gobierno \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/15/arranque\\-campana\\-aclara\\-configuracion\\-futuro\\-gobierno/0003\\_201609G15P5995\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=15 September 2016}} | 10–13 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=37}} | 18\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | 25\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=20}} | 16\\.7 |\n| Metroscopia/El País{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijóo lograría una amplia mayoría absoluta y En Marea rebasaría al PSOE \\|url\\=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/09/17/actualidad/1474126263\\_081753\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=El País \\|date\\=17 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Sondeo preelectoral en Galicia \\|url\\=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/09/16/media/1474048182\\_515900\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=El País \\|date\\=16 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Posible mayoría absoluta de Feijóo en las elecciones gallegas \\|url\\=http://metroscopia.org/elecciones\\-en\\-galicia\\-25s/ \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Metroscopia \\|date\\=18 September 2016}} | 8–13 Sep 2016 | 2,800 | 63\\.8 | **46\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=39/41}} | 17\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13/14}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=3/4}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/2}} | 21\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16/18}} | 24\\.8 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Empate técnico entre PP y la izquierda \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/14/empate\\-tecnico\\-pp\\-izquierda/0003\\_201609G14P3991\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=14 September 2016}} | 9–12 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **42\\.9**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=37}} | 18\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 25\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=20}} | 17\\.0 |\n| JM\\&A/Público{{cite web \\|title\\=Los datos de la encuesta del CIS dan una gran ventaja a En Marea sobre el PSdeG que su 'cocina' no ha reflejado \\|url\\=http://www.publico.es/politica/datos\\-encuesta\\-del\\-cis\\-dan.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Público \\|date\\=11 September 2016}} | 11 Sep 2016 | ? | 59\\.3 | **43\\.0**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38/40}} | 19\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/1}} | 22\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=18/19}} | 20\\.2 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=En Marea ganaría un escaño, el PSOE perdería otro y la nacionalista Ana Pontón se quedaría sin acta \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/13/marea\\-ganaria\\-escano\\-psoe\\-perderia\\-nacionalista\\-ana\\-ponton\\-quedaria\\-actaciudadanos\\-cede\\-diputado\\-ourense\\-logra\\-pontevedra/0003\\_201609G13P5993\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=13 September 2016}} | 8–11 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **44\\.1**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 18\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 25\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=20}} | 19\\.0 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=El PSdeG remonta a costa de En Marea \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/12/psdeg\\-remonta\\-costa\\-marea/0003\\_201609G12P4996\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=12 September 2016}} | 7–10 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **44\\.1**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 19\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 24\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=19}} | 20\\.1 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijoo conservaría la mayoría absoluta pese a perder tres escaños \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/elecciones2016/2016/09/11/feijoo\\-conservaria\\-mayoria\\-absoluta\\-pese\\-perder\\-tres\\-escanosencuesta\\-diaria\\-sondaxe\\-proximo\\-lunes/0003\\_201609G11P6991\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=11 September 2016}} | 6–9 Sep 2016 | 1,600 | 75\\.3 | **44\\.3**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 18\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=1}} | 25\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=19}} | 18\\.9 |\n| Einvenio/Prensa Ibérica{{cite web \\|title\\=GALICIA (Autonómicas), Septiembre 2016\\. Sondeo Einvenio \\|url\\=https://www.electograph.com/2016/09/galicia\\-autonomicas\\-septiembre\\-2016\\_68\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Electograph \\|date\\=18 September 2016}} | 1–9 Sep 2016 | 1,400 | 65 | **43\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38/39}} | 18\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15/16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2/3}} | 20\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16/17}} | 23\\.5 |\n| Infortécnica/Atlántico{{cite web \\|title\\=La crisis de la oposición empuja al PP hacia otra mayoría absoluta \\|url\\=http://www.atlantico.net/articulo/galicia/pp\\-lograria\\-mayoria\\-absoluta\\-y\\-psoe\\-aguanta\\-segundo/20160911011301548802\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Atlántico \\|date\\=11 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=GALICIA (Autonómicas), Septiembre 2016\\. Sondeo Infortécnica \\|url\\=https://www.electograph.com/2016/09/galicia\\-autonomicas\\-septiembre\\-2016\\_11\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Electograph \\|date\\=11 September 2016}} | 1–8 Sep 2016 | 1,645 | ? | **55\\.9**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=40/45}} | 21\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15/17}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=3/5}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 1\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/1}} | 15\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=12/14}} | 34\\.6 |\n| TNS/CIS{{cite web \\|title\\=Preelectoral de Galicia. Elecciones autonómicas 2016 (Estudio nº 3153\\. Agosto\\-Septiembre 2016\\) \\|url\\=http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3153mar\\_A.pdf \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=CIS \\|date\\=8 September 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP gana en Galicia y el PNV en Euskadi \\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/2016/09/09/pagina\\-14/97213156/pdf.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Vanguardia \\|date\\=9 September 2016}} | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | ? | **44\\.9**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=40/41}} | 19\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/1}} | 19\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15/17}} | 25\\.0 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=En Marea desbancaría al PSOE como líder de una hipotética coalición multipartita \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2016/08/28/marea\\-desbancaria\\-psoe\\-lider\\-hipotetica\\-coalicion\\-multipartita/0003\\_201608G28P2991\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=28 August 2016}} | 19–24 Aug 2016 | 1,600 | ? | **44\\.9**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=37}} | 18\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 7\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=5}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 1\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 23\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=18}} | 21\\.1 |\n| Infortécnica/Atlántico{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP tiene muchas posibilidades de lograr de nuevo la mayoría absoluta \\|url\\=http://www.atlantico.net/articulo/galicia/pp\\-tiene\\-muchas\\-posibilidades\\-lograr\\-nuevo\\-mayoria\\-absoluta/20160828004343546696\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Atlántico \\|date\\=28 August 2016}} | 11–24 Aug 2016 | 1,704 | ? | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38/41}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=17/19}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=5/6}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0/2}} | ?{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=11/12}} | ? |\n| NC Report/La Razón{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijóo mantiene su mayoría absoluta \\|url\\=http://www.larazon.es/espana/feijoo\\-mantiene\\-su\\-mayoria\\-absoluta\\-JG13404728 \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Razón \\|date\\=28 August 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP conserva la Xunta \\|url\\=http://www.larazon.es/documents/10165/0/video\\_content\\_5307066\\_20160828035353\\.pdf \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Razón \\|date\\=28 August 2016}} | 15–20 Aug 2016 | 1,000 | 53\\.0 | **44\\.6**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=39}} | 19\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=17}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2}} | 18\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | 25\\.1 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Un puñado de votos podrían inclinar el Gobierno hacia el PP o cuatro partidos \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2016/08/07/punado\\-votos\\-inclinar\\-gobierno\\-pp\\-cuatro\\-partidos/0003\\_201608G7P2991\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=7 August 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Podemos podría obtener grupo propio \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2016/08/07/podemos\\-obtener\\-grupo\\-propio/0003\\_201608G7P3992\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=7 August 2016}} | 20 Jul–3 Aug 2016 | 1,450 | ? | **43\\.5**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=37}} | 17\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 7\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=5}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 23\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=18}} | 19\\.8 |\n| ? | **43\\.5**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=37}} | 17\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 7\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=5}} | – | 7\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=6}} | 4\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | 16\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=12}} | 26\\.0 |\n| **[2016 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2016_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia \"Results breakdown of the 2016 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia\")** | 26 Jun 2016 | {{N/A}} | 58\\.2 | **41\\.5**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(35\\)}} | 22\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(18\\)}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 2\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(0\\)}} | 0\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(0\\)}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 8\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(6\\)}} | 22\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(16\\)}} | 19\\.3 |\n| GAD3/ABC{{cite web \\|title\\=El PP aguanta en Galicia y podría lograr su tercera mayoría absoluta \\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2016/04/10/028\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=ABC \\|date\\=10 April 2016}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Encuesta socio\\-electoral en Galicia \\|url\\=http://www.slideshare.net/GAD3\\_com/encuesta\\-galicia \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=GAD3 \\|date\\=7 April 2016}} | 4–6 Apr 2016 | 807 | ? | **44\\.1**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=36/38}} | 19\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15/17}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=4/5}} | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=2/3}} | 17\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=14/16}} | 24\\.4 |\n| Redondo \\& Asociados{{cite web \\|title\\=En Galicia el PP perdería la mayoría absoluta, pero gobernaría con Ciudadanos \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/thewarroomblog/status/688505432424452096 \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Twitter \\|date\\=17 January 2016}} | 16 Jan 2016 | ? | ? | **37\\.0**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=32}} | 21\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=17}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | – | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 9\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=6}} | 25\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=20}} | 12\\.0 |\n| **[2015 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia \"Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia\")** | 20 Dec 2015 | {{N/A}} | 61\\.5 | **37\\.1**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(32\\)}} | 21\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(17\\)}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(0\\)}} | 0\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(0\\)}} | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 9\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(6\\)}} | 25\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(20\\)}} | 12\\.1 |\n| **[2015 local elections](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Spanish_local_elections_%28Galicia%29%23Overall \"Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish local elections (Galicia)#Overall\")** | 24 May 2015 | {{N/A}} | 66\\.0 | **35\\.7** | 26\\.3 | 4\\.4 | 12\\.8 | 0\\.2 | 4\\.2 | 1\\.9 | – | 9\\.4 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Podemos conquista los votos de AGE y BNG y casi iguala al PSOE en Galicia \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2014/11/09/podemos\\-conquista\\-votos\\-age\\-bng\\-iguala\\-psoe\\-galicia/0003\\_201411G9P8991\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=9 November 2014}} | 17–23 Oct 2014 | 500 | 48\\.4 | **44\\.7** | 20\\.3 | 8\\.3 | 5\\.8 | – | 16\\.9 | – | – | 24\\.4 |\n| **[2014 EP election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain%23Galicia \"Results breakdown of the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain#Galicia\")**{{cite web \\|title\\=Proyección del resultado de las europeas en los parlamentos autonómicos \\|url\\=http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/05/31/media/1401568389\\_275456\\.html \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=El País \\|date\\=31 May 2014}} | 25 May 2014 | {{N/A}} | 38\\.7 | **35\\.2**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(35\\)}} | 21\\.8{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(19\\)}} | 10\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(8\\)}} | 7\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(6\\)}} | 3\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(0\\)}} | 8\\.4{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(7\\)}} | 1\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=(0\\)}} | – | 13\\.4 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=Feijoo salva la mayoría, pero cede tres escaños frente a una izquierda al alza \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2013/10/20/feijoo\\-salva\\-mayoria\\-cede\\-tres\\-escanos\\-frente\\-izquierda\\-alza/0003\\_201310G20P2992\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=20 October 2013}} | 11–17 Oct 2013 | 1,600 | 50\\.5 | **43\\.5**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=38}} | 19\\.3{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=16}} | 16\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=13}} | 10\\.7{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=8}} | – | – | – | – | 24\\.2 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia{{cite web \\|title\\=La crisis y los escándalos hacen retroceder cinco escaños al PP \\|url\\=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/politica/2013/02/10/crisis\\-escandalos\\-retroceder\\-cinco\\-escanos\\-PP/0003\\_201302G10P2991\\.htm \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=La Voz de Galicia \\|date\\=10 February 2013}} | 5–7 Feb 2013 | 1,600 | 50\\.4 | **42\\.3**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=36}} | 19\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=17}} | 19\\.2{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=15}} | 10\\.0{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=7}} | – | – | – | – | 22\\.8 |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| **[2012 regional election](/wiki/2012_Galician_regional_election \"2012 Galician regional election\")** | 21 Oct 2012 | {{N/A}} | 54\\.9 | **45\\.8**{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=41}} | 20\\.6{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=18}} | 13\\.9{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=9}} | 10\\.1{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=7}} | 1\\.5{{font\\|size\\=75%\\|font\\=Verdana\\|text\\=0}} | – | – | – | 25\\.2 |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Voting preferences",
"The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.",
"",
"| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [27px\\|link\\=People's Party of Galicia\\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg \"People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg\") | [25px\\|link\\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg \"Logo PSdeG.svg\") | [27px\\|link\\=Galician Left Alternative\\|AGE](/wiki/File:Alternativa_Galega_de_Esquerda_logo_elecciones_%28color%29.svg \"Alternativa Galega de Esquerda logo elecciones (color).svg\") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc \"Galician Nationalist Bloc\")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy \"We–Galician Candidacy\") | [30px\\|link\\=Union, Progress and Democracy\\|UPyD](/wiki/File:UPyD_%28anagrama_compacto%29.svg \"UPyD (anagrama compacto).svg\") | [25px\\|link\\=Podemos (Spanish political party)\\|Podemos](/wiki/File:Podemos_logo_c%C3%ADrculos.svg \"Podemos logo círculos.svg\") | [30px\\|link\\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg \"Ciudadanos-icono.svg\") | [30px\\|link\\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg \"En Marea logo.svg\") | {{Qmark}} | {{cross}} | Lead |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| **[2016 regional election](/wiki/%23Results \"#Results\")** | 25 Sep 2016 | {{N/A}} | **30\\.0** | 11\\.3 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.3 | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 2\\.1 | 12\\.0 | {{N/A}} | 36\\.2 | 18\\.0 |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| GAD3/ABC | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | **40\\.2** | 14\\.3 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.9 | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 2\\.4 | 12\\.3 | – | – | 25\\.9 |\n| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **30\\.2** | 11\\.7 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.3 | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 2\\.2 | 16\\.9 | 23\\.3 | 4\\.4 | 13\\.3 |\n| **[2016 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2016_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia \"Results breakdown of the 2016 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia\")** | 26 Jun 2016 | {{N/A}} | **28\\.5** | 15\\.3 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 2\\.0 | 0\\.0 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 5\\.9 | 15\\.2 | {{N/A}} | 30\\.4 | 13\\.2 |\n| GAD3/ABC | 4–6 Apr 2016 | 807 | **32\\.8** | 14\\.4 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 4\\.4 | – | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.5 | 13\\.3 | – | – | 18\\.4 |\n| **[2015 general election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Spanish_general_election_%28Congress%29%23Galicia \"Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish general election (Congress)#Galicia\")** | 20 Dec 2015 | {{N/A}} | **26\\.7** | 15\\.4 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 3\\.1 | 0\\.4 | {{efn\\|name\\=\"EM\"}} | 6\\.5 | 18\\.0 | {{N/A}} | 27\\.0 | 8\\.7 |\n| Sondaxe/La Voz de Galicia | 17–23 Oct 2014 | 500 | **17\\.9** | 8\\.3 | 3\\.7 | 2\\.1 | – | 7\\.4 | – | – | 31\\.3 | 26\\.4 | 9\\.6 |\n| **[2014 EP election](/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain%23Galicia \"Results breakdown of the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain#Galicia\")** | 25 May 2014 | {{N/A}} | **15\\.6** | 9\\.6 | 4\\.7 | 3\\.5 | 1\\.5 | 3\\.7 | 0\\.7 | – | {{N/A}} | 54\\.5 | 6\\.0 |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| **[2012 regional election](/wiki/2012_Galician_regional_election \"2012 Galician regional election\")** | 21 Oct 2012 | {{N/A}} | **28\\.4** | 12\\.8 | 8\\.7 | 6\\.3 | 0\\.9 | – | – | – | {{N/A}} | 36\\.2 | 15\\.6 |\n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Victory preferences",
"The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.",
"",
"| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [27px\\|link\\=People's Party of Galicia\\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg \"People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg\") | [25px\\|link\\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg \"Logo PSdeG.svg\") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc \"Galician Nationalist Bloc\")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy \"We–Galician Candidacy\") | [30px\\|link\\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg \"Ciudadanos-icono.svg\") | [30px\\|link\\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg \"En Marea logo.svg\") | Other/None | {{Qmark}} | Lead |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | |\n| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **33\\.4** | 14\\.5 | 4\\.8 | 2\\.4 | 17\\.8 | 8\\.1 | 19\\.0 | 15\\.6 |",
"### Victory likelihood",
"The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.",
"",
"| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [27px\\|link\\=People's Party of Galicia\\|PP](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29_Logo.svg \"People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg\") | [25px\\|link\\=Socialists' Party of Galicia\\|PSdeG–PSOE](/wiki/File:Logo_PSdeG.svg \"Logo PSdeG.svg\") | [BNG](/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc \"Galician Nationalist Bloc\")–[Nós](/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy \"We–Galician Candidacy\") | [30px\\|link\\=Citizens (Spanish political party)\\|C's](/wiki/File:Ciudadanos-icono.svg \"Ciudadanos-icono.svg\") | [30px\\|link\\=En Marea](/wiki/File:En_Marea_logo.svg \"En Marea logo.svg\") | Other/None | {{Qmark}} | Lead |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | |\n| GAD3/ABC | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | **91\\.0** | 1\\.4 | – | 0\\.0 | 1\\.6 | 0\\.2 | 5\\.9 | 89\\.4 |\n| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **85\\.1** | 1\\.6 | 0\\.2 | 0\\.0 | 1\\.9 | 1\\.1 | 10\\.1 | 83\\.2 |\n| GAD3/ABC | 4–6 Apr 2016 | 807 | **74\\.7** | 6\\.1 | – | 0\\.9 | 6\\.0 | 1\\.3 | 11\\.0 | 68\\.6 |",
"### Preferred President",
"The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become [president of the Regional Government of Galicia](/wiki/President_of_the_Regional_Government_of_Galicia \"President of the Regional Government of Galicia\").",
"",
"| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | [50px](/wiki/File:Alberto_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Feij%C3%B3o_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Alberto Núñez Feijóo 2017 (cropped).jpg\") | [50px](/wiki/File:Xoaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Leiceaga_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Xoaquín Fernández Leiceaga 2016 (cropped).jpg\") | [50px](/wiki/File:Ana_Pont%C3%B3n_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Ana Pontón 2016 (cropped).jpg\") | [50px](/wiki/File:Cristina_Losada_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Cristina Losada 2012 (cropped).jpg\") | [50px](/wiki/File:Luis_Villares_2016b_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Luis Villares 2016b (cropped).jpg\") | Other/None/Notcare | {{Qmark}} | Lead |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | |\n| {{small\\|\\[\\[Alberto Núñez Feijóo\\|Feijóo]]{{small\\|\\[\\[People's Party of Galicia\\|PP]]}}}} | {{small\\|Leiceaga{{small\\|\\[\\[Socialists' Party of Galicia\\|PSdeG]]}}}} | {{small\\|\\[\\[Ana Pontón\\|Pontón]]{{small\\|\\[\\[Galician Nationalist Bloc\\|BNG]]}}}} | {{small\\|Losada{{small\\|\\[\\[Citizens (Spanish political party)\\|C's]]}}}} | {{small\\|\\[\\[Luis Villares\\|Villares]]{{small\\|\\[\\[En Marea]]}}}} |\n| GAD3/ABC | 12–14 Sep 2016 | 800 | **47\\.1** | 10\\.7 | 5\\.7 | 0\\.8 | 11\\.5 | 12\\.2 | 12\\.1 | 35\\.6 |\n| TNS/CIS | 29 Aug–2 Sep 2016 | 3,454 | **38\\.1** | 8\\.8 | 4\\.1 | 1\\.5 | 10\\.2 | 7\\.1 | 30\\.2 | 27\\.9 |",
""
] |
Storylines
----------
Mark and Natasha first appear on horseback, going to meet [Bishop George](/wiki/List_of_minor_Emmerdale_characters_%282000%29%23Bishop_George_Postlethwaite "List of minor Emmerdale characters (2000)#Bishop George Postlethwaite"), who will give them the keys to St. Mary's Church and Home Farm, as they are the new owners. All three head to *The Woolpack*, where they receive an unpleasant welcome, as the fact they bought the church means [Ashley](/wiki/Ashley_Thomas "Ashley Thomas") and [Laurel Thomas](/wiki/Laurel_Thomas "Laurel Thomas") were having to leave. However, Natasha announces that they bought the church and vicarage to return it to the community – making them instantly popular.
### Bigamy
In late June, Natasha discovers Mark was married to [Faye Lamb](/wiki/Faye_Lamb "Faye Lamb"). Mark, real name Daniel Lamb, went missing twenty\-seven years ago. He told Faye that he was going to collect a friend from the station and never returned. They were in serious debt as his company had gone bankrupt. His parents never recovered and died shortly after Faye had Daniel declared legally dead. Unaware of this and the fact that Faye was expecting their child, he moved to France and set up a new identity – Mark Wylde.
Natasha was very hurt, knowing her marriage was a lie. She left briefly but returned, deciding not to end things with Mark. However, she insisted that Mark's past was kept a secret, paying Faye to leave after threatening to report her for insurance fraud. Faye, however, angered by Mark and Natasha's behaviour, moved to the village with Ryan, wanting Mark and Ryan to get to know each other. Natasha, wanting them to leave, got Mark to arrange a job in Dubai for Ryan after he made friends with his half\-brothers. However, Mark wanted Ryan to stay and withdrew the Dubai job, much to Natasha and Ryan's horror.
Maisie, however, struggled to cope with Faye and Ryan's presence. She saw Faye as the woman determined to break up her family, thinking Mark and Faye had had an affair. The affair was over and Natasha had forgiven Mark. Maisie also forgave him, on the understanding that he wouldn't hurt her mother again. They became reluctant friends, due to both making an effort to get on as Ryan was dating [Katie Sugden](/wiki/Katie_Sugden "Katie Sugden").
### Murder
During December 2009, Ryan and Maisie got closer. They spent more time together and Maisie helps him choose a Christmas present for Katie. Eventually they realize they have romantic feelings for each other and, after Nathan sees them kissing, Ryan ends things with Katie and they start dating.
Meanwhile, Mark and Faye were also planning to get back together but changed their minds, aware of the pain that would be caused. Natasha caught them kissing and confronted them, leading to a row. All three were horrified to see Ryan and Maisie come downstairs and announce their new relationship. They were relieved to hear that they hadn't slept together and Natasha told them that they were related. Neither took the news well so Faye and Natasha concentrated on taking care of their children and asked Mark to leave. Nathan was furious when he heard Ryan call Mark Dad but went to look after Maisie and his mother. Mark tried explaining but no one wanted to listen so when they left, he went to the woods with a shotgun. Natasha found him and, scared he would shoot himself, persuaded him to give her the gun. But listening to Mark talk about how he was tired of running, infuriated Natasha so much that she shot him and buried his body in the woods. Returning to the house, she told her children that Mark has left and she has no idea where he is. On 28 January, [Faye](/wiki/Faye_Lamb_%28Emmerdale%29 "Faye Lamb (Emmerdale)") reported Mark's disappearance. They question Natasha, who tells them about Mark's life as Daniel Lamb and that he is a bigamist.
Nathan is suspicious of Natasha's erratic behaviour, following Mark's disappearance, and she eventually tells Nathan that she killed him. Initially furious, he tried digging up Mark's body but agreed to keep Natasha's secret for the sake of his siblings and on condition that Natasha gives him her money. She does and Nathan leaves the village for London. Businessman [Declan Macey](/wiki/Declan_Macey "Declan Macey") buys a 51% share of Home Farm Estate. He and Natasha later start dating. Nathan returns in May and takes an instant dislike of Declan. He demands that Natasha end things with Declan and buy him out but she refuses. Nathan threatens to report her to the police for Mark's murder but backs down when Natasha tells him she'll report him for helping cover the murder up. Nathan returns Natasha's money and starts running the Estate with Natasha and Declan.
In June, [Sam Dingle](/wiki/Sam_Dingle "Sam Dingle") finds Mark's wallet. His half\-brother, [Cain](/wiki/Cain_Dingle "Cain Dingle"), uses Mark's credit card to send the family some flowers. Natasha initially thinks Nathan sent the flowers and throws them at his car when he pulls up outside the house. Cain also sends one of Mark's suits to Declan, who demands the truth from the Wyldes. Natasha later arranges to meet Cain after Nathan tells her that he is the blackmailer and he demands money but she refuses. Will later goes missing and Natasha thinks that he has been kidnapped. She and Nathan later discover that Cain took Will and Belle to the café for ice cream. Thankful that Will is safe, Natasha pays Cain to stay away from them.
In July 2010, Nathan and Natasha plan to frame Faye for Mark's murder. Natasha agrees to the plan, believing Mark's death would have never happened if Faye hadn't come to the village. On 26 July, Sam's dog, Alfie, finds Mark's body. The police found Mark's watch and other evidence to identify the body. The police ask Natasha if Mark had a pin in his knee, which she confirms and also confirms that the body is Mark's. Natasha tells her children that their father is dead and is devastated at the hurt and pain she has caused them.
Framed by Nathan, Ryan is arrested and charged with murder. Later, Maisie leaves the village, believing Ryan is innocent. She thinks Nathan killed Mark, and Natasha is covering for him. Declan loses faith in Natasha and dumps her, agreeing with Maisie. Declan refuses Natasha and Nathan's offer to buy him out of Home Farm, believing that the Wyldes will soon be leaving. Maisie returns and visits Natasha, demanding she explain why she is covering for Nathan, staying with Faye. Natasha visits her but argues with Faye, telling her that Mark would still be alive if she hadn't come to the village. Faye slaps her and Natasha walks away but Faye shouts after her that she and Nathan will never be free of their guilt.
Natasha gives evidence at Ryan's trial. She falters on reading the oath but gives a convincing performance as a grieving widow. During the trial, Nathan is kidnapped by Cain, who intended to torture him to get a confession. Natasha tries contacting Nathan but does not get a reply. On 26 October 2010, Ryan is found guilty and as she leaves the court, Maisie confronts Natasha and again accuses her of covering for Nathan, and as good as killing Ryan. Natasha goes home to discover Will has returned from staying with a family friend and finds Cain in the kitchen. He reveals he kidnapped Nathan and has left Maisie with him, taking Natasha and Will to the barn where he is holding Nathan captive and after hearing Nathan scream, Natasha finds Maisie about to hit Nathan with a piece of wood. Nathan told Maisie that Natasha had killed Mark but Maisie didn't believe him. Thinking Nathan committed the murder, she asks Natasha to stop covering for Nathan. Natasha then confesses that she killed Mark but Will overhears her confession. Natasha gives Maisie her mobile phone and tells her that her fate is in her hands. Maisie calls the police, despite Natasha and Nathan's suggestions of a fresh start and telling Cain for forcing her to confess but she refuses. Natasha apologizes to Maisie and goes to hug Will to tell him that she still loves him but Will rejects her, saying he doesn't want her love, he wants his father back. The police arrive and Natasha is arrested and taken away. The following day, Maisie visits Natasha in prison and demands the whole truth. Natasha tells Maisie that she acted alone but Maisie refuses to believe her. Natasha asks Maisie to bring Will on her next visit but Maisie says that neither of them want to see her again. Natasha is then escorted to her cell by a prison guard. The door is shut and locked. Natasha sits down on a chair and resigns herself to her fate.
On 24 November 2010, Natasha is sentenced to life imprisonment for Mark's murder and ordered by the judge to serve a minimum term of 21 years before being considered for parole. Nathan attends Natasha's sentencing and is shocked by the length of the sentence. Faye also attends the sentencing. As Natasha is led away, she mouths the word "sorry" to Nathan. Natasha is last seen being escorted into prison by guards.
|
[
"Storylines\n----------",
"Mark and Natasha first appear on horseback, going to meet [Bishop George](/wiki/List_of_minor_Emmerdale_characters_%282000%29%23Bishop_George_Postlethwaite \"List of minor Emmerdale characters (2000)#Bishop George Postlethwaite\"), who will give them the keys to St. Mary's Church and Home Farm, as they are the new owners. All three head to *The Woolpack*, where they receive an unpleasant welcome, as the fact they bought the church means [Ashley](/wiki/Ashley_Thomas \"Ashley Thomas\") and [Laurel Thomas](/wiki/Laurel_Thomas \"Laurel Thomas\") were having to leave. However, Natasha announces that they bought the church and vicarage to return it to the community – making them instantly popular.",
"### Bigamy",
"In late June, Natasha discovers Mark was married to [Faye Lamb](/wiki/Faye_Lamb \"Faye Lamb\"). Mark, real name Daniel Lamb, went missing twenty\\-seven years ago. He told Faye that he was going to collect a friend from the station and never returned. They were in serious debt as his company had gone bankrupt. His parents never recovered and died shortly after Faye had Daniel declared legally dead. Unaware of this and the fact that Faye was expecting their child, he moved to France and set up a new identity – Mark Wylde.",
"Natasha was very hurt, knowing her marriage was a lie. She left briefly but returned, deciding not to end things with Mark. However, she insisted that Mark's past was kept a secret, paying Faye to leave after threatening to report her for insurance fraud. Faye, however, angered by Mark and Natasha's behaviour, moved to the village with Ryan, wanting Mark and Ryan to get to know each other. Natasha, wanting them to leave, got Mark to arrange a job in Dubai for Ryan after he made friends with his half\\-brothers. However, Mark wanted Ryan to stay and withdrew the Dubai job, much to Natasha and Ryan's horror.",
"Maisie, however, struggled to cope with Faye and Ryan's presence. She saw Faye as the woman determined to break up her family, thinking Mark and Faye had had an affair. The affair was over and Natasha had forgiven Mark. Maisie also forgave him, on the understanding that he wouldn't hurt her mother again. They became reluctant friends, due to both making an effort to get on as Ryan was dating [Katie Sugden](/wiki/Katie_Sugden \"Katie Sugden\").",
"### Murder",
"During December 2009, Ryan and Maisie got closer. They spent more time together and Maisie helps him choose a Christmas present for Katie. Eventually they realize they have romantic feelings for each other and, after Nathan sees them kissing, Ryan ends things with Katie and they start dating.",
"Meanwhile, Mark and Faye were also planning to get back together but changed their minds, aware of the pain that would be caused. Natasha caught them kissing and confronted them, leading to a row. All three were horrified to see Ryan and Maisie come downstairs and announce their new relationship. They were relieved to hear that they hadn't slept together and Natasha told them that they were related. Neither took the news well so Faye and Natasha concentrated on taking care of their children and asked Mark to leave. Nathan was furious when he heard Ryan call Mark Dad but went to look after Maisie and his mother. Mark tried explaining but no one wanted to listen so when they left, he went to the woods with a shotgun. Natasha found him and, scared he would shoot himself, persuaded him to give her the gun. But listening to Mark talk about how he was tired of running, infuriated Natasha so much that she shot him and buried his body in the woods. Returning to the house, she told her children that Mark has left and she has no idea where he is. On 28 January, [Faye](/wiki/Faye_Lamb_%28Emmerdale%29 \"Faye Lamb (Emmerdale)\") reported Mark's disappearance. They question Natasha, who tells them about Mark's life as Daniel Lamb and that he is a bigamist.",
"Nathan is suspicious of Natasha's erratic behaviour, following Mark's disappearance, and she eventually tells Nathan that she killed him. Initially furious, he tried digging up Mark's body but agreed to keep Natasha's secret for the sake of his siblings and on condition that Natasha gives him her money. She does and Nathan leaves the village for London. Businessman [Declan Macey](/wiki/Declan_Macey \"Declan Macey\") buys a 51% share of Home Farm Estate. He and Natasha later start dating. Nathan returns in May and takes an instant dislike of Declan. He demands that Natasha end things with Declan and buy him out but she refuses. Nathan threatens to report her to the police for Mark's murder but backs down when Natasha tells him she'll report him for helping cover the murder up. Nathan returns Natasha's money and starts running the Estate with Natasha and Declan.",
"In June, [Sam Dingle](/wiki/Sam_Dingle \"Sam Dingle\") finds Mark's wallet. His half\\-brother, [Cain](/wiki/Cain_Dingle \"Cain Dingle\"), uses Mark's credit card to send the family some flowers. Natasha initially thinks Nathan sent the flowers and throws them at his car when he pulls up outside the house. Cain also sends one of Mark's suits to Declan, who demands the truth from the Wyldes. Natasha later arranges to meet Cain after Nathan tells her that he is the blackmailer and he demands money but she refuses. Will later goes missing and Natasha thinks that he has been kidnapped. She and Nathan later discover that Cain took Will and Belle to the café for ice cream. Thankful that Will is safe, Natasha pays Cain to stay away from them.",
"In July 2010, Nathan and Natasha plan to frame Faye for Mark's murder. Natasha agrees to the plan, believing Mark's death would have never happened if Faye hadn't come to the village. On 26 July, Sam's dog, Alfie, finds Mark's body. The police found Mark's watch and other evidence to identify the body. The police ask Natasha if Mark had a pin in his knee, which she confirms and also confirms that the body is Mark's. Natasha tells her children that their father is dead and is devastated at the hurt and pain she has caused them.",
"Framed by Nathan, Ryan is arrested and charged with murder. Later, Maisie leaves the village, believing Ryan is innocent. She thinks Nathan killed Mark, and Natasha is covering for him. Declan loses faith in Natasha and dumps her, agreeing with Maisie. Declan refuses Natasha and Nathan's offer to buy him out of Home Farm, believing that the Wyldes will soon be leaving. Maisie returns and visits Natasha, demanding she explain why she is covering for Nathan, staying with Faye. Natasha visits her but argues with Faye, telling her that Mark would still be alive if she hadn't come to the village. Faye slaps her and Natasha walks away but Faye shouts after her that she and Nathan will never be free of their guilt.",
"Natasha gives evidence at Ryan's trial. She falters on reading the oath but gives a convincing performance as a grieving widow. During the trial, Nathan is kidnapped by Cain, who intended to torture him to get a confession. Natasha tries contacting Nathan but does not get a reply. On 26 October 2010, Ryan is found guilty and as she leaves the court, Maisie confronts Natasha and again accuses her of covering for Nathan, and as good as killing Ryan. Natasha goes home to discover Will has returned from staying with a family friend and finds Cain in the kitchen. He reveals he kidnapped Nathan and has left Maisie with him, taking Natasha and Will to the barn where he is holding Nathan captive and after hearing Nathan scream, Natasha finds Maisie about to hit Nathan with a piece of wood. Nathan told Maisie that Natasha had killed Mark but Maisie didn't believe him. Thinking Nathan committed the murder, she asks Natasha to stop covering for Nathan. Natasha then confesses that she killed Mark but Will overhears her confession. Natasha gives Maisie her mobile phone and tells her that her fate is in her hands. Maisie calls the police, despite Natasha and Nathan's suggestions of a fresh start and telling Cain for forcing her to confess but she refuses. Natasha apologizes to Maisie and goes to hug Will to tell him that she still loves him but Will rejects her, saying he doesn't want her love, he wants his father back. The police arrive and Natasha is arrested and taken away. The following day, Maisie visits Natasha in prison and demands the whole truth. Natasha tells Maisie that she acted alone but Maisie refuses to believe her. Natasha asks Maisie to bring Will on her next visit but Maisie says that neither of them want to see her again. Natasha is then escorted to her cell by a prison guard. The door is shut and locked. Natasha sits down on a chair and resigns herself to her fate.",
"On 24 November 2010, Natasha is sentenced to life imprisonment for Mark's murder and ordered by the judge to serve a minimum term of 21 years before being considered for parole. Nathan attends Natasha's sentencing and is shocked by the length of the sentence. Faye also attends the sentencing. As Natasha is led away, she mouths the word \"sorry\" to Nathan. Natasha is last seen being escorted into prison by guards.",
""
] |
### Murder
During December 2009, Ryan and Maisie got closer. They spent more time together and Maisie helps him choose a Christmas present for Katie. Eventually they realize they have romantic feelings for each other and, after Nathan sees them kissing, Ryan ends things with Katie and they start dating.
Meanwhile, Mark and Faye were also planning to get back together but changed their minds, aware of the pain that would be caused. Natasha caught them kissing and confronted them, leading to a row. All three were horrified to see Ryan and Maisie come downstairs and announce their new relationship. They were relieved to hear that they hadn't slept together and Natasha told them that they were related. Neither took the news well so Faye and Natasha concentrated on taking care of their children and asked Mark to leave. Nathan was furious when he heard Ryan call Mark Dad but went to look after Maisie and his mother. Mark tried explaining but no one wanted to listen so when they left, he went to the woods with a shotgun. Natasha found him and, scared he would shoot himself, persuaded him to give her the gun. But listening to Mark talk about how he was tired of running, infuriated Natasha so much that she shot him and buried his body in the woods. Returning to the house, she told her children that Mark has left and she has no idea where he is. On 28 January, [Faye](/wiki/Faye_Lamb_%28Emmerdale%29 "Faye Lamb (Emmerdale)") reported Mark's disappearance. They question Natasha, who tells them about Mark's life as Daniel Lamb and that he is a bigamist.
Nathan is suspicious of Natasha's erratic behaviour, following Mark's disappearance, and she eventually tells Nathan that she killed him. Initially furious, he tried digging up Mark's body but agreed to keep Natasha's secret for the sake of his siblings and on condition that Natasha gives him her money. She does and Nathan leaves the village for London. Businessman [Declan Macey](/wiki/Declan_Macey "Declan Macey") buys a 51% share of Home Farm Estate. He and Natasha later start dating. Nathan returns in May and takes an instant dislike of Declan. He demands that Natasha end things with Declan and buy him out but she refuses. Nathan threatens to report her to the police for Mark's murder but backs down when Natasha tells him she'll report him for helping cover the murder up. Nathan returns Natasha's money and starts running the Estate with Natasha and Declan.
In June, [Sam Dingle](/wiki/Sam_Dingle "Sam Dingle") finds Mark's wallet. His half\-brother, [Cain](/wiki/Cain_Dingle "Cain Dingle"), uses Mark's credit card to send the family some flowers. Natasha initially thinks Nathan sent the flowers and throws them at his car when he pulls up outside the house. Cain also sends one of Mark's suits to Declan, who demands the truth from the Wyldes. Natasha later arranges to meet Cain after Nathan tells her that he is the blackmailer and he demands money but she refuses. Will later goes missing and Natasha thinks that he has been kidnapped. She and Nathan later discover that Cain took Will and Belle to the café for ice cream. Thankful that Will is safe, Natasha pays Cain to stay away from them.
In July 2010, Nathan and Natasha plan to frame Faye for Mark's murder. Natasha agrees to the plan, believing Mark's death would have never happened if Faye hadn't come to the village. On 26 July, Sam's dog, Alfie, finds Mark's body. The police found Mark's watch and other evidence to identify the body. The police ask Natasha if Mark had a pin in his knee, which she confirms and also confirms that the body is Mark's. Natasha tells her children that their father is dead and is devastated at the hurt and pain she has caused them.
Framed by Nathan, Ryan is arrested and charged with murder. Later, Maisie leaves the village, believing Ryan is innocent. She thinks Nathan killed Mark, and Natasha is covering for him. Declan loses faith in Natasha and dumps her, agreeing with Maisie. Declan refuses Natasha and Nathan's offer to buy him out of Home Farm, believing that the Wyldes will soon be leaving. Maisie returns and visits Natasha, demanding she explain why she is covering for Nathan, staying with Faye. Natasha visits her but argues with Faye, telling her that Mark would still be alive if she hadn't come to the village. Faye slaps her and Natasha walks away but Faye shouts after her that she and Nathan will never be free of their guilt.
Natasha gives evidence at Ryan's trial. She falters on reading the oath but gives a convincing performance as a grieving widow. During the trial, Nathan is kidnapped by Cain, who intended to torture him to get a confession. Natasha tries contacting Nathan but does not get a reply. On 26 October 2010, Ryan is found guilty and as she leaves the court, Maisie confronts Natasha and again accuses her of covering for Nathan, and as good as killing Ryan. Natasha goes home to discover Will has returned from staying with a family friend and finds Cain in the kitchen. He reveals he kidnapped Nathan and has left Maisie with him, taking Natasha and Will to the barn where he is holding Nathan captive and after hearing Nathan scream, Natasha finds Maisie about to hit Nathan with a piece of wood. Nathan told Maisie that Natasha had killed Mark but Maisie didn't believe him. Thinking Nathan committed the murder, she asks Natasha to stop covering for Nathan. Natasha then confesses that she killed Mark but Will overhears her confession. Natasha gives Maisie her mobile phone and tells her that her fate is in her hands. Maisie calls the police, despite Natasha and Nathan's suggestions of a fresh start and telling Cain for forcing her to confess but she refuses. Natasha apologizes to Maisie and goes to hug Will to tell him that she still loves him but Will rejects her, saying he doesn't want her love, he wants his father back. The police arrive and Natasha is arrested and taken away. The following day, Maisie visits Natasha in prison and demands the whole truth. Natasha tells Maisie that she acted alone but Maisie refuses to believe her. Natasha asks Maisie to bring Will on her next visit but Maisie says that neither of them want to see her again. Natasha is then escorted to her cell by a prison guard. The door is shut and locked. Natasha sits down on a chair and resigns herself to her fate.
On 24 November 2010, Natasha is sentenced to life imprisonment for Mark's murder and ordered by the judge to serve a minimum term of 21 years before being considered for parole. Nathan attends Natasha's sentencing and is shocked by the length of the sentence. Faye also attends the sentencing. As Natasha is led away, she mouths the word "sorry" to Nathan. Natasha is last seen being escorted into prison by guards.
|
[
"### Murder",
"During December 2009, Ryan and Maisie got closer. They spent more time together and Maisie helps him choose a Christmas present for Katie. Eventually they realize they have romantic feelings for each other and, after Nathan sees them kissing, Ryan ends things with Katie and they start dating.",
"Meanwhile, Mark and Faye were also planning to get back together but changed their minds, aware of the pain that would be caused. Natasha caught them kissing and confronted them, leading to a row. All three were horrified to see Ryan and Maisie come downstairs and announce their new relationship. They were relieved to hear that they hadn't slept together and Natasha told them that they were related. Neither took the news well so Faye and Natasha concentrated on taking care of their children and asked Mark to leave. Nathan was furious when he heard Ryan call Mark Dad but went to look after Maisie and his mother. Mark tried explaining but no one wanted to listen so when they left, he went to the woods with a shotgun. Natasha found him and, scared he would shoot himself, persuaded him to give her the gun. But listening to Mark talk about how he was tired of running, infuriated Natasha so much that she shot him and buried his body in the woods. Returning to the house, she told her children that Mark has left and she has no idea where he is. On 28 January, [Faye](/wiki/Faye_Lamb_%28Emmerdale%29 \"Faye Lamb (Emmerdale)\") reported Mark's disappearance. They question Natasha, who tells them about Mark's life as Daniel Lamb and that he is a bigamist.",
"Nathan is suspicious of Natasha's erratic behaviour, following Mark's disappearance, and she eventually tells Nathan that she killed him. Initially furious, he tried digging up Mark's body but agreed to keep Natasha's secret for the sake of his siblings and on condition that Natasha gives him her money. She does and Nathan leaves the village for London. Businessman [Declan Macey](/wiki/Declan_Macey \"Declan Macey\") buys a 51% share of Home Farm Estate. He and Natasha later start dating. Nathan returns in May and takes an instant dislike of Declan. He demands that Natasha end things with Declan and buy him out but she refuses. Nathan threatens to report her to the police for Mark's murder but backs down when Natasha tells him she'll report him for helping cover the murder up. Nathan returns Natasha's money and starts running the Estate with Natasha and Declan.",
"In June, [Sam Dingle](/wiki/Sam_Dingle \"Sam Dingle\") finds Mark's wallet. His half\\-brother, [Cain](/wiki/Cain_Dingle \"Cain Dingle\"), uses Mark's credit card to send the family some flowers. Natasha initially thinks Nathan sent the flowers and throws them at his car when he pulls up outside the house. Cain also sends one of Mark's suits to Declan, who demands the truth from the Wyldes. Natasha later arranges to meet Cain after Nathan tells her that he is the blackmailer and he demands money but she refuses. Will later goes missing and Natasha thinks that he has been kidnapped. She and Nathan later discover that Cain took Will and Belle to the café for ice cream. Thankful that Will is safe, Natasha pays Cain to stay away from them.",
"In July 2010, Nathan and Natasha plan to frame Faye for Mark's murder. Natasha agrees to the plan, believing Mark's death would have never happened if Faye hadn't come to the village. On 26 July, Sam's dog, Alfie, finds Mark's body. The police found Mark's watch and other evidence to identify the body. The police ask Natasha if Mark had a pin in his knee, which she confirms and also confirms that the body is Mark's. Natasha tells her children that their father is dead and is devastated at the hurt and pain she has caused them.",
"Framed by Nathan, Ryan is arrested and charged with murder. Later, Maisie leaves the village, believing Ryan is innocent. She thinks Nathan killed Mark, and Natasha is covering for him. Declan loses faith in Natasha and dumps her, agreeing with Maisie. Declan refuses Natasha and Nathan's offer to buy him out of Home Farm, believing that the Wyldes will soon be leaving. Maisie returns and visits Natasha, demanding she explain why she is covering for Nathan, staying with Faye. Natasha visits her but argues with Faye, telling her that Mark would still be alive if she hadn't come to the village. Faye slaps her and Natasha walks away but Faye shouts after her that she and Nathan will never be free of their guilt.",
"Natasha gives evidence at Ryan's trial. She falters on reading the oath but gives a convincing performance as a grieving widow. During the trial, Nathan is kidnapped by Cain, who intended to torture him to get a confession. Natasha tries contacting Nathan but does not get a reply. On 26 October 2010, Ryan is found guilty and as she leaves the court, Maisie confronts Natasha and again accuses her of covering for Nathan, and as good as killing Ryan. Natasha goes home to discover Will has returned from staying with a family friend and finds Cain in the kitchen. He reveals he kidnapped Nathan and has left Maisie with him, taking Natasha and Will to the barn where he is holding Nathan captive and after hearing Nathan scream, Natasha finds Maisie about to hit Nathan with a piece of wood. Nathan told Maisie that Natasha had killed Mark but Maisie didn't believe him. Thinking Nathan committed the murder, she asks Natasha to stop covering for Nathan. Natasha then confesses that she killed Mark but Will overhears her confession. Natasha gives Maisie her mobile phone and tells her that her fate is in her hands. Maisie calls the police, despite Natasha and Nathan's suggestions of a fresh start and telling Cain for forcing her to confess but she refuses. Natasha apologizes to Maisie and goes to hug Will to tell him that she still loves him but Will rejects her, saying he doesn't want her love, he wants his father back. The police arrive and Natasha is arrested and taken away. The following day, Maisie visits Natasha in prison and demands the whole truth. Natasha tells Maisie that she acted alone but Maisie refuses to believe her. Natasha asks Maisie to bring Will on her next visit but Maisie says that neither of them want to see her again. Natasha is then escorted to her cell by a prison guard. The door is shut and locked. Natasha sits down on a chair and resigns herself to her fate.",
"On 24 November 2010, Natasha is sentenced to life imprisonment for Mark's murder and ordered by the judge to serve a minimum term of 21 years before being considered for parole. Nathan attends Natasha's sentencing and is shocked by the length of the sentence. Faye also attends the sentencing. As Natasha is led away, she mouths the word \"sorry\" to Nathan. Natasha is last seen being escorted into prison by guards.",
""
] |
Geography
---------
The [watershed](/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin") of the Blanche River has an area of {{convert\|217\.12\|km2}}.{{harvsp\|CAPSA\|2014\|p\=32}}. This basin represents 37% of that of the [Noire River](/wiki/Noire_River_%28Sainte-Anne_River%29 "Noire River (Sainte-Anne River)").
The Blanche river rises at Lac Blanc (altitude of 143 m), in [Saint\-Ubalde](/wiki/Saint-Ubalde%2C_Quebec "Saint-Ubalde, Quebec"). This lake is supplied with:
* north side: the "Rivière des Pins" which receives the waters of Lac des Pins (altitude of {{convert\|183\|m}}), located further north. The latter supplies the discharge from a series of lakes: Gervais, "du Canard", Saint\-Laurent, "de la Galette" and at l'Équerre;
* northeast side: the outlet of Emerald Lake ({{convert\|176\|m}}) (located near the mountain of Lac Richard);
* southwest side: the outlet of a series of lakes: Rond ({{convert\|174\|m}}), "à Francis" (155 m), Travers (161 m), Perron (189 m), Perreault (185 m)) and the Lac Froid (197 m).
With 3\.75 km long, Lac Blanc is renowned for its resort and recreational tourism activities, including camping and nautical activities. The mouth is located southwest of Lac Blanc.
*Course in Saint\-Ubalde*
From the mouth of Lac Blanc, the Blanche river turns southeast for 1\.1 km to the mouth of Boisvert stream (note: approximately 215 m after the mouth, the current crosses the Morissette Falls). Then the river goes south for 9\.1 km passing northeast of the village of Saint\-Ubalde, then recovering the waters of the "arm fafan" and "Morel stream".
The river continues its descent over 1\.3 km to the mouth of the [Weller River](/wiki/Weller_River "Weller River") (receiving the waters of Carillon Lake, [Sept\-Îles](/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles_Lake_%28Saint-Ubalde%29 "Sept-Îles Lake (Saint-Ubalde)")), Anguilla and "Lac en Coeur"). From there, the waters flow south over a segment of 360 m to reach the limit of [Saint\-Thuribe](/wiki/Saint-Thuribe%2C_Quebec "Saint-Thuribe, Quebec").
*Course in Saint\-Thuribe, Saint\-Alban and Saint\-Casimir*
Then, the river flows 4\.4 km to the southeast in Saint\-Thuribe. Then the river makes a 2\.1 km foray into [Saint\-Alban](/wiki/Saint-Alban%2C_Quebec "Saint-Alban, Quebec") by crossing the Chute at Bélanger and passing by a saw, to return to flow in Saint\-Thuribe. From this municipal limit, the river descends for 1\.25 km to the mouth of the outlet of Lac Travers. Then, the river flows 8\.2 km south in Saint\-Thuribe to its confluence where it flows on the west bank of the Black River. From there, this last 1\.8 km route to the south to empty into the [Sainte\-Anne River](/wiki/Sainte-Anne_River_%28Mauricie%29 "Sainte-Anne River (Mauricie)"), near Grandbois Island, at the eastern edge of the village from [Saint\-Casimir](/wiki/Saint-Casimir%2C_Quebec "Saint-Casimir, Quebec"). This confluence is located 4\.2 km (measured by the current) upstream from the limit of the MRC of [Portneuf Regional County Municipality](/wiki/Portneuf_Regional_County_Municipality "Portneuf Regional County Municipality") or 8\.1 km upstream from the bridges of [Autoroute 40](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40 "Quebec Autoroute 40") or 11\.5 km upstream from the mouth of the [Sainte\-Anne River](/wiki/Sainte-Anne_River_%28Mauricie%29 "Sainte-Anne River (Mauricie)").{{cite web \|author1\=Stéfanos Bitzakidis \|title\=Hydrological and multi\-resource portrait of the Sainte\-Anne River watershed \|url\=https://www.capsa\-org.com/uploads/documents/BibliEAUtheque/Rapport\-CAPSA/Portrait\_hydrologique\_et\_multiressources\_du\_BV\_Ste\_Anne.pdf \|publisher\=CAPSA \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-01 \|pages\=27/137 \|language\=fr \|date\=2012\-07\-30}}
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"The [watershed](/wiki/Drainage_basin \"Drainage basin\") of the Blanche River has an area of {{convert\\|217\\.12\\|km2}}.{{harvsp\\|CAPSA\\|2014\\|p\\=32}}. This basin represents 37% of that of the [Noire River](/wiki/Noire_River_%28Sainte-Anne_River%29 \"Noire River (Sainte-Anne River)\").",
"The Blanche river rises at Lac Blanc (altitude of 143 m), in [Saint\\-Ubalde](/wiki/Saint-Ubalde%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Ubalde, Quebec\"). This lake is supplied with:\n* north side: the \"Rivière des Pins\" which receives the waters of Lac des Pins (altitude of {{convert\\|183\\|m}}), located further north. The latter supplies the discharge from a series of lakes: Gervais, \"du Canard\", Saint\\-Laurent, \"de la Galette\" and at l'Équerre;\n* northeast side: the outlet of Emerald Lake ({{convert\\|176\\|m}}) (located near the mountain of Lac Richard);\n* southwest side: the outlet of a series of lakes: Rond ({{convert\\|174\\|m}}), \"à Francis\" (155 m), Travers (161 m), Perron (189 m), Perreault (185 m)) and the Lac Froid (197 m).",
"With 3\\.75 km long, Lac Blanc is renowned for its resort and recreational tourism activities, including camping and nautical activities. The mouth is located southwest of Lac Blanc.",
"*Course in Saint\\-Ubalde*",
"From the mouth of Lac Blanc, the Blanche river turns southeast for 1\\.1 km to the mouth of Boisvert stream (note: approximately 215 m after the mouth, the current crosses the Morissette Falls). Then the river goes south for 9\\.1 km passing northeast of the village of Saint\\-Ubalde, then recovering the waters of the \"arm fafan\" and \"Morel stream\".",
"The river continues its descent over 1\\.3 km to the mouth of the [Weller River](/wiki/Weller_River \"Weller River\") (receiving the waters of Carillon Lake, [Sept\\-Îles](/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles_Lake_%28Saint-Ubalde%29 \"Sept-Îles Lake (Saint-Ubalde)\")), Anguilla and \"Lac en Coeur\"). From there, the waters flow south over a segment of 360 m to reach the limit of [Saint\\-Thuribe](/wiki/Saint-Thuribe%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Thuribe, Quebec\").",
"*Course in Saint\\-Thuribe, Saint\\-Alban and Saint\\-Casimir*",
"Then, the river flows 4\\.4 km to the southeast in Saint\\-Thuribe. Then the river makes a 2\\.1 km foray into [Saint\\-Alban](/wiki/Saint-Alban%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Alban, Quebec\") by crossing the Chute at Bélanger and passing by a saw, to return to flow in Saint\\-Thuribe. From this municipal limit, the river descends for 1\\.25 km to the mouth of the outlet of Lac Travers. Then, the river flows 8\\.2 km south in Saint\\-Thuribe to its confluence where it flows on the west bank of the Black River. From there, this last 1\\.8 km route to the south to empty into the [Sainte\\-Anne River](/wiki/Sainte-Anne_River_%28Mauricie%29 \"Sainte-Anne River (Mauricie)\"), near Grandbois Island, at the eastern edge of the village from [Saint\\-Casimir](/wiki/Saint-Casimir%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Casimir, Quebec\"). This confluence is located 4\\.2 km (measured by the current) upstream from the limit of the MRC of [Portneuf Regional County Municipality](/wiki/Portneuf_Regional_County_Municipality \"Portneuf Regional County Municipality\") or 8\\.1 km upstream from the bridges of [Autoroute 40](/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40 \"Quebec Autoroute 40\") or 11\\.5 km upstream from the mouth of the [Sainte\\-Anne River](/wiki/Sainte-Anne_River_%28Mauricie%29 \"Sainte-Anne River (Mauricie)\").{{cite web \\|author1\\=Stéfanos Bitzakidis \\|title\\=Hydrological and multi\\-resource portrait of the Sainte\\-Anne River watershed \\|url\\=https://www.capsa\\-org.com/uploads/documents/BibliEAUtheque/Rapport\\-CAPSA/Portrait\\_hydrologique\\_et\\_multiressources\\_du\\_BV\\_Ste\\_Anne.pdf \\|publisher\\=CAPSA \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-01 \\|pages\\=27/137 \\|language\\=fr \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-30}}",
""
] |
Geography
---------
Asco is a remote commune high in the mountains some 20 km in a direct line south\-east of [Calvi](/wiki/Calvi%2C_Haute-Corse "Calvi, Haute-Corse") and 15 km north\-west of [Corte](/wiki/Corte%2C_Haute-Corse "Corte, Haute-Corse"). It is a commune which was part of the former [Pieve](/wiki/Pieve "Pieve") of Caccia: a historic territory, geographically and culturally, which was made up of Niolo, Giovellina, and the Asco Valley which today is called the High Centre of Corsica. The commune is part of the ten communes in the Canton of Castifao\-Morosaglia. It is also located in the *[Parc naturel régional de Corse](/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Corse "Parc naturel régional de Corse")* (Regional Natural Park of Corsica).
### Access to the commune
The main access to Asco is by the D47 (branches from the N197 at a place called Ponte Rossu 1\.5 km north of [Ponte\-Leccia](/wiki/Ponte-Leccia "Ponte-Leccia")). The D47 is the road to the villages of [Moltifao](/wiki/Moltifao "Moltifao") and [Castifao](/wiki/Castifao "Castifao") however to get to Asco and the upper valley, the D147 branches from the D47 at the Capanacce junction south of Moltifao. From this junction, it is about 12 km to the remote village, crossing the gorges of Asco. The road continues beyond the village and, after passing through the Asco communal forest, it ends in a cul\-de\-sac at the former ski resort of Haut\-Asco, a remote place 14 km south\-west of Asco.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Asco/@42\.4293845,9\.0669425,26466m/data\=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x12d0b7134b08aadb:0x62963d1317586417?hl\=en\|title\=Asco\|website\=Asco}}
To improve traffic circulation, the D147 follows a route around the village. The former road through the village is named D147a and is a way reserved for residents.
There is no public road transport of passengers or goods. The Railways of Corsica line passes through [Ponte\-Leccia](/wiki/Ponte-Leccia "Ponte-Leccia") where there is a station.
The nearest airport is the [Bastia – Poretta Airport](/wiki/Bastia_%E2%80%93_Poretta_Airport "Bastia – Poretta Airport") near [Bastia](/wiki/Bastia "Bastia") and the nearest commercial seaport is that of Bastia.
### Relief
[thumb\|upright\=2\.4\|center\|The *Cirque Trimbolacciu* and *Capu Larghia*](/wiki/File:Asco-Cirque_Trimbolacciu-pano.jpg "Asco-Cirque Trimbolacciu-pano.jpg")
Asco is, with [Moltifao](/wiki/Moltifao "Moltifao") and [Castifao](/wiki/Castifao "Castifao"), one of the three communes in the Asco valley. Asco occupies the upper part of the valley which takes its name from the river Asco. The river's [Drainage basin](/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin") is *Haut\-Asco* which is formed by a chain of high mountains including some of the highest peaks on the island: [Capu Biancu](/wiki/Capu_Biancu "Capu Biancu") (2,582 m), [Capu a u Verdatu](/wiki/Capu_a_u_Verdatu "Capu a u Verdatu") (2,583 m), Punta Selolla (2,592 m), Capu Ciuntrone (2,666 m), [Monte Cinto](/wiki/Monte_Cinto "Monte Cinto") (2,706 m) on the western side where the source of the river is, Pointe des Éboulis (2,607 m), Punta Crucetta (2,499 m), Capu Larghia (2,503 m), [Punta Minuta](/wiki/Punta_Minuta "Punta Minuta") (2,556 m), Capu di a Muvraghia (2,582 m), and Punta Missoghiu (2,201 m). The river flows through the commune to its confluence with the Ruisseau de Cabanne where there is a bridge. Another footbridge was located at the beginning of the Asco gorges but was destroyed by a recent flood.
### Hydrography
The main river is the [Asco](/wiki/Asco_River "Asco River"), a tributary of the [Golo](/wiki/Golo_%28river%29 "Golo (river)"), which has its source from under the *Punta Rossa* (or *Pic Von Cube*) (2,247 m) in the commune as the *Ruisseau de Tighiettu* and, further downstream, it becomes the *Ruisseau de Stranciacone*. It leaves the communal territory at the walkway located at the confluence of the *Ruisseau de Cabanne* in the place called "Gorges of Asco". This walkway is 383 m above sea level and provides access to the existing adventure park for tree climbing, [Via ferrata](/wiki/Via_ferrata "Via ferrata"), etc. The Asco has many tributaries: thirteen are listed on the SANDRE website.{{Sandre\|Y71\-0400\|L'Asco}} {{in lang\|fr}}
A power plant was built upstream of the Asco [Genoese](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa "Republic of Genoa") bridge.
Less than 400 m in a direct line north\-west of [Monte Cinto](/wiki/Monte_Cinto "Monte Cinto") is the Lac d'Argentu (Argentu Lake) (2300 m).
### Climate and vegetation
[thumb\|upright\=2\.4\|Panorama of the village at the foot of the escarpment of [Monte Padro](/wiki/Monte_Padro "Monte Padro")](/wiki/File:Asco-village-pano.jpg "Asco-village-pano.jpg")
Asco offers a range of extremely rich and varied landscapes of bare rocky mountains in the Gorges of Asco, almost impenetrable scrub above the gorges, and dry and arid with a forest of [prickly juniper](/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus "Juniperus oxycedrus") in the vicinity of the village with thick forests of [black pine](/wiki/Pinus_nigra "Pinus nigra") above the village. Below the ridge lines thick and aromatic [Alder](/wiki/Alder "Alder") bushes growDiscovery map for the [Parc naturel régional de Corse](/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Corse "Parc naturel régional de Corse") {{in lang\|fr}} called *u bassu* in [Corsican](/wiki/Corsican_language "Corsican language"): an endemic shrub without a trunk. The remarkable Asco communal forest that covers the upper valley includes the *Forest of Vecchietto* and the *Forest of Carrozzica*, which are larger and higher, but both on the Asco slopes. These landscapes are similar to high alpine valleys. The presence of a [ski resort](/wiki/Ski_resort "Ski resort") (now closed) only reinforces the illusion.
### Neighbouring communes and villages
{{Geographic location
\|width\=auto
\|Centre \= Asco
\|North \= \[\[Olmi\-Cappella]]
\|Northeast \= \[\[Castifao]]
\|East \= \[\[Ponte\-Leccia]]
\|Southeast \= \[\[Castirla]]
\|South \= \[\[Corscia]]
\|Southwest \= \[\[Manso, Haute\-Corse\|Manso]]
\|West \= \[\[Calenzana]]
\|Northwest \= \[\[Feliceto]]
}}
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"Asco is a remote commune high in the mountains some 20 km in a direct line south\\-east of [Calvi](/wiki/Calvi%2C_Haute-Corse \"Calvi, Haute-Corse\") and 15 km north\\-west of [Corte](/wiki/Corte%2C_Haute-Corse \"Corte, Haute-Corse\"). It is a commune which was part of the former [Pieve](/wiki/Pieve \"Pieve\") of Caccia: a historic territory, geographically and culturally, which was made up of Niolo, Giovellina, and the Asco Valley which today is called the High Centre of Corsica. The commune is part of the ten communes in the Canton of Castifao\\-Morosaglia. It is also located in the *[Parc naturel régional de Corse](/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Corse \"Parc naturel régional de Corse\")* (Regional Natural Park of Corsica).",
"### Access to the commune",
"The main access to Asco is by the D47 (branches from the N197 at a place called Ponte Rossu 1\\.5 km north of [Ponte\\-Leccia](/wiki/Ponte-Leccia \"Ponte-Leccia\")). The D47 is the road to the villages of [Moltifao](/wiki/Moltifao \"Moltifao\") and [Castifao](/wiki/Castifao \"Castifao\") however to get to Asco and the upper valley, the D147 branches from the D47 at the Capanacce junction south of Moltifao. From this junction, it is about 12 km to the remote village, crossing the gorges of Asco. The road continues beyond the village and, after passing through the Asco communal forest, it ends in a cul\\-de\\-sac at the former ski resort of Haut\\-Asco, a remote place 14 km south\\-west of Asco.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Asco/@42\\.4293845,9\\.0669425,26466m/data\\=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x12d0b7134b08aadb:0x62963d1317586417?hl\\=en\\|title\\=Asco\\|website\\=Asco}}",
"To improve traffic circulation, the D147 follows a route around the village. The former road through the village is named D147a and is a way reserved for residents.\nThere is no public road transport of passengers or goods. The Railways of Corsica line passes through [Ponte\\-Leccia](/wiki/Ponte-Leccia \"Ponte-Leccia\") where there is a station.",
"The nearest airport is the [Bastia – Poretta Airport](/wiki/Bastia_%E2%80%93_Poretta_Airport \"Bastia – Poretta Airport\") near [Bastia](/wiki/Bastia \"Bastia\") and the nearest commercial seaport is that of Bastia.",
"### Relief",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.4\\|center\\|The *Cirque Trimbolacciu* and *Capu Larghia*](/wiki/File:Asco-Cirque_Trimbolacciu-pano.jpg \"Asco-Cirque Trimbolacciu-pano.jpg\")",
"Asco is, with [Moltifao](/wiki/Moltifao \"Moltifao\") and [Castifao](/wiki/Castifao \"Castifao\"), one of the three communes in the Asco valley. Asco occupies the upper part of the valley which takes its name from the river Asco. The river's [Drainage basin](/wiki/Drainage_basin \"Drainage basin\") is *Haut\\-Asco* which is formed by a chain of high mountains including some of the highest peaks on the island: [Capu Biancu](/wiki/Capu_Biancu \"Capu Biancu\") (2,582 m), [Capu a u Verdatu](/wiki/Capu_a_u_Verdatu \"Capu a u Verdatu\") (2,583 m), Punta Selolla (2,592 m), Capu Ciuntrone (2,666 m), [Monte Cinto](/wiki/Monte_Cinto \"Monte Cinto\") (2,706 m) on the western side where the source of the river is, Pointe des Éboulis (2,607 m), Punta Crucetta (2,499 m), Capu Larghia (2,503 m), [Punta Minuta](/wiki/Punta_Minuta \"Punta Minuta\") (2,556 m), Capu di a Muvraghia (2,582 m), and Punta Missoghiu (2,201 m). The river flows through the commune to its confluence with the Ruisseau de Cabanne where there is a bridge. Another footbridge was located at the beginning of the Asco gorges but was destroyed by a recent flood.",
"### Hydrography",
"The main river is the [Asco](/wiki/Asco_River \"Asco River\"), a tributary of the [Golo](/wiki/Golo_%28river%29 \"Golo (river)\"), which has its source from under the *Punta Rossa* (or *Pic Von Cube*) (2,247 m) in the commune as the *Ruisseau de Tighiettu* and, further downstream, it becomes the *Ruisseau de Stranciacone*. It leaves the communal territory at the walkway located at the confluence of the *Ruisseau de Cabanne* in the place called \"Gorges of Asco\". This walkway is 383 m above sea level and provides access to the existing adventure park for tree climbing, [Via ferrata](/wiki/Via_ferrata \"Via ferrata\"), etc. The Asco has many tributaries: thirteen are listed on the SANDRE website.{{Sandre\\|Y71\\-0400\\|L'Asco}} {{in lang\\|fr}}",
"A power plant was built upstream of the Asco [Genoese](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa \"Republic of Genoa\") bridge.",
"Less than 400 m in a direct line north\\-west of [Monte Cinto](/wiki/Monte_Cinto \"Monte Cinto\") is the Lac d'Argentu (Argentu Lake) (2300 m).",
"### Climate and vegetation",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.4\\|Panorama of the village at the foot of the escarpment of [Monte Padro](/wiki/Monte_Padro \"Monte Padro\")](/wiki/File:Asco-village-pano.jpg \"Asco-village-pano.jpg\")",
"Asco offers a range of extremely rich and varied landscapes of bare rocky mountains in the Gorges of Asco, almost impenetrable scrub above the gorges, and dry and arid with a forest of [prickly juniper](/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus \"Juniperus oxycedrus\") in the vicinity of the village with thick forests of [black pine](/wiki/Pinus_nigra \"Pinus nigra\") above the village. Below the ridge lines thick and aromatic [Alder](/wiki/Alder \"Alder\") bushes growDiscovery map for the [Parc naturel régional de Corse](/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Corse \"Parc naturel régional de Corse\") {{in lang\\|fr}} called *u bassu* in [Corsican](/wiki/Corsican_language \"Corsican language\"): an endemic shrub without a trunk. The remarkable Asco communal forest that covers the upper valley includes the *Forest of Vecchietto* and the *Forest of Carrozzica*, which are larger and higher, but both on the Asco slopes. These landscapes are similar to high alpine valleys. The presence of a [ski resort](/wiki/Ski_resort \"Ski resort\") (now closed) only reinforces the illusion.",
"### Neighbouring communes and villages",
"{{Geographic location\n\\|width\\=auto\n\\|Centre \\= Asco\n\\|North \\= \\[\\[Olmi\\-Cappella]]\n\\|Northeast \\= \\[\\[Castifao]]\n\\|East \\= \\[\\[Ponte\\-Leccia]]\n\\|Southeast \\= \\[\\[Castirla]]\n\\|South \\= \\[\\[Corscia]]\n\\|Southwest \\= \\[\\[Manso, Haute\\-Corse\\|Manso]]\n\\|West \\= \\[\\[Calenzana]]\n\\|Northwest \\= \\[\\[Feliceto]]\n}}",
"",
""
] |
Sites and monuments
-------------------
### Civil heritage
#### Genovese bridge of Asco
The **Genovese bridge**[18px](/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_sans_texte.svg "Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg")Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée\|PA00099156\|PA00099156 Genovese bridge}} {{in lang\|fr}} dates to the 15th century when Corsica was occupied by the [Republic of Genoa](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa "Republic of Genoa"). It is located at *Lamella* at an altitude of 535 m below the village.
The bridge is accessible from the D441 road via a tortuous road one kilometre long which terminates at the bridge. The D441 branches from the D147 at the exit to the village towards Asco\-Stagnu (14 km distant). It is found on the old lane that linked the valley to Niolo.
Under the bridge the Asco has created a large natural pool which is very popular with locals and tourists in the summer. In mid\-June 2010 a water temperature was measured of 13\.7 °C when testing the quality of the water.
Pictures of the Genovese bridge
Image:Asco pont génois.jpg\|View from below
Image:Asco pont génois amont.jpg\|View upstream
Image:Asco en amont du pont génois.jpg\|The Asco upstream from the bridge
Image:Asco\-pont génois.jpg\|The road
#### Other sites
* The **War memorial** faces the Church of Saint\-Michel Archangel.
* The **Gorges of Asco**. They are a remarkable defile that crosses the D147 road 6 km from the village with a wild landscape of granite rocks and steep cliffs. The Asco river has carved large natural pools in its bed which are popular in summer when motorists ignore the many signs prohibiting parking along the road.
* The **Old Ski resort**. Since the end of the 20th century nothing remains of the ski lift that was installed there. The Asco Stagnu plateau is the end of the D147 road. The stunning mountain location is popular with locals who come during winter and also with travellers who can see high green mountains close to the sea with its hot and dry coastline.
### Religious heritage
[thumb\|Church of Saint\-Michel Archangel with Capo Bianco (2,562 m) behind](/wiki/File:Asco-St_Michel_Archange.jpg "Asco-St Michel Archange.jpg")
The **Church of Saint\-Michel Archangel** with its bell tower and stone walls is located below the inner route serving the village which is closed to traffic except for residents. In the niche above the entrance is a statue of the Archangel Saint\-Michel.
The ruined **Chapel of Sant'Angelo** is located at an altitude of 929 m to the north of the village. It lies on one of the walking trails.
### Environmental heritage
Asco is part of the **[Regional Natural Park of Corsica](/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Corse "Parc naturel régional de Corse")** in its "Territory of life" called *Caccia\-Ghjunsani*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR8000012\|title\=INPN \- Corse, Parc naturel régional \- Présentation\|website\=inpn.mnhn.fr}}
The [Fango Valley](/wiki/Fango_Valley "Fango Valley"), which includes 9 communes including Asco and has an area of 4,416 hectares, has been declared a *Biosphere Reserve* with the central area called the Fango Valley (FR6300002\).{{Cite web\|url\=http://inpn.mnhn.fr/isb/espace/protege/FR6300002\|title\=FR6300002 Fango Valley}}
Asco has 8 **[Natural Zones of Ecological, Faunistic, and Floristic Interest](/wiki/Zone_naturelle_d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_%C3%A9cologique%2C_faunistique_et_floristique "Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique")** (ZNIEFF) of 2nd generation:
* Oak grove of Vallica (940004205\)
* High peaks and slopes of [Monte Cinto](/wiki/Monte_Cinto "Monte Cinto") (940004233\)
* Silvo\-pastoral basin of Asco(940004188\)
* High Forest of Carozzica (940004189\)
* Gorges of Asco (940004187\)
* Vegetation on the summit of Monte Cinto (940013188\)
* Asco bridge (940030398\)
* Vallon de la Tassinetta (940004203\)
|
[
"Sites and monuments\n-------------------",
"### Civil heritage",
"#### Genovese bridge of Asco",
"The **Genovese bridge**[18px](/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_sans_texte.svg \"Logo monument historique - rouge sans texte.svg\")Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée\\|PA00099156\\|PA00099156 Genovese bridge}} {{in lang\\|fr}} dates to the 15th century when Corsica was occupied by the [Republic of Genoa](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa \"Republic of Genoa\"). It is located at *Lamella* at an altitude of 535 m below the village.",
"The bridge is accessible from the D441 road via a tortuous road one kilometre long which terminates at the bridge. The D441 branches from the D147 at the exit to the village towards Asco\\-Stagnu (14 km distant). It is found on the old lane that linked the valley to Niolo.",
"Under the bridge the Asco has created a large natural pool which is very popular with locals and tourists in the summer. In mid\\-June 2010 a water temperature was measured of 13\\.7 °C when testing the quality of the water.",
"Pictures of the Genovese bridge",
"Image:Asco pont génois.jpg\\|View from below\nImage:Asco pont génois amont.jpg\\|View upstream\nImage:Asco en amont du pont génois.jpg\\|The Asco upstream from the bridge\nImage:Asco\\-pont génois.jpg\\|The road",
"#### Other sites",
"* The **War memorial** faces the Church of Saint\\-Michel Archangel.\n* The **Gorges of Asco**. They are a remarkable defile that crosses the D147 road 6 km from the village with a wild landscape of granite rocks and steep cliffs. The Asco river has carved large natural pools in its bed which are popular in summer when motorists ignore the many signs prohibiting parking along the road.\n* The **Old Ski resort**. Since the end of the 20th century nothing remains of the ski lift that was installed there. The Asco Stagnu plateau is the end of the D147 road. The stunning mountain location is popular with locals who come during winter and also with travellers who can see high green mountains close to the sea with its hot and dry coastline.",
"### Religious heritage",
"[thumb\\|Church of Saint\\-Michel Archangel with Capo Bianco (2,562 m) behind](/wiki/File:Asco-St_Michel_Archange.jpg \"Asco-St Michel Archange.jpg\")",
"The **Church of Saint\\-Michel Archangel** with its bell tower and stone walls is located below the inner route serving the village which is closed to traffic except for residents. In the niche above the entrance is a statue of the Archangel Saint\\-Michel.",
"The ruined **Chapel of Sant'Angelo** is located at an altitude of 929 m to the north of the village. It lies on one of the walking trails.",
"### Environmental heritage",
"Asco is part of the **[Regional Natural Park of Corsica](/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Corse \"Parc naturel régional de Corse\")** in its \"Territory of life\" called *Caccia\\-Ghjunsani*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR8000012\\|title\\=INPN \\- Corse, Parc naturel régional \\- Présentation\\|website\\=inpn.mnhn.fr}}",
"The [Fango Valley](/wiki/Fango_Valley \"Fango Valley\"), which includes 9 communes including Asco and has an area of 4,416 hectares, has been declared a *Biosphere Reserve* with the central area called the Fango Valley (FR6300002\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://inpn.mnhn.fr/isb/espace/protege/FR6300002\\|title\\=FR6300002 Fango Valley}}",
"Asco has 8 **[Natural Zones of Ecological, Faunistic, and Floristic Interest](/wiki/Zone_naturelle_d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_%C3%A9cologique%2C_faunistique_et_floristique \"Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique\")** (ZNIEFF) of 2nd generation:\n* Oak grove of Vallica (940004205\\)\n* High peaks and slopes of [Monte Cinto](/wiki/Monte_Cinto \"Monte Cinto\") (940004233\\)\n* Silvo\\-pastoral basin of Asco(940004188\\)\n* High Forest of Carozzica (940004189\\)\n* Gorges of Asco (940004187\\)\n* Vegetation on the summit of Monte Cinto (940013188\\)\n* Asco bridge (940030398\\)\n* Vallon de la Tassinetta (940004203\\)",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
Born in [Al Hoceima](/wiki/Al_Hoceima "Al Hoceima"), Morocco, Elyounoussi moved to Norway with his family when he was 11 years old. He started playing football in the club Nylende in [Fredrikstad](/wiki/Fredrikstad "Fredrikstad"), and then joined [Trosvik](/wiki/Trosvik_IF "Trosvik IF"),{{cite news\|title\=5\. divisjonsklubb styrtrik på Tarik\-salg \|url\=http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid\=196785 \|work\=VG Nett \| language \= no \| date \= 23 July 2008 \| access\-date \= 12 August 2013}} in which many of the young players in the Fredrikstad youth team have their roots.
He was considered to be the greatest talent Fredrikstad has produced in decades. As such he was awarded the Norwegian Young Player of the Year trophy in 2006 and 2007, after two great seasons in the league, and a [Norwegian football cup](/wiki/Norwegian_football_cup "Norwegian football cup") trophy.
### SC Heerenveen
Elyounoussi was sought after by various [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") clubs in the summer of 2008\. However Fredrikstad accepted a bid on around €4 million from French club [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans_Union_Club_72 "Le Mans Union Club 72") on 8 July.{{cite news\|title\=Le Mans byr 30 mill. for Tarik \|url\=http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid\=193268 \|work\=VG Nett \| language \= no \| date \= 8 July 2008 \| access\-date \= 12 August 2013}} But Elyounoussi had no interest in joining Le Mans. A few weeks later Elyounoussi signed a five\-year contract with [Heerenveen](/wiki/SC_Heerenveen "SC Heerenveen") worth €3\.5 million, on 22 July. He joined Heerenveen in August 2008\.{{cite web \|title\=Heerenveen make double swoop \| url \= http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid\=734080\.html \| publisher \= UEFA.com \| date \= 22 July 2008 \| access\-date \= 12 August 2013}}
He scored in his debut match against [FC Volendam](/wiki/FC_Volendam "FC Volendam"). He also netted an important equalizer for Heerenveen in their first round UEFA Cup match away against [Vitória F.C.](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C. "Vitória F.C."), and his second league goal came against [NEC Nijmegen](/wiki/NEC_Nijmegen "NEC Nijmegen").
### Return to Norway
On 19 February 2010, [Lillestrøm SK](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK "Lillestrøm SK") loaned the 21\-year\-old talented forward until the end of season from SC Heerenveen.{{cite web \| url \= http://fotball.aftenposten.no/eliteserien/article161920\.ece \| title \= Elyounoussi på vei til LSK \| language \= no \| publisher \= Aftenposten.no \| date \= 19 February 2010 \| access\-date \= 12 August 2013 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120223080133/http://fotball.aftenposten.no/eliteserien/article161920\.ece \| archive\-date \= 23 February 2012 \| df \= dmy\-all }}
On 7 January 2011, Elyounoussi returned to [Fredrikstad FK](/wiki/Fredrikstad_FK "Fredrikstad FK") and [Tippeligaen](/wiki/Tippeligaen "Tippeligaen").
Elyounoussi signed for [Rosenborg](/wiki/Rosenborg_BK "Rosenborg BK") on 9 August 2012, binding him to the club to the end of the 2015 season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/ostfold/1\.8275682 \|language\=no \|title\=Tarik har signert for Rosenborg \|publisher\=nrk.no \|date\=9 August 2012 \|access\-date \= 10 August 2012}} Elyounoussi and [Mikkel Diskerud](/wiki/Mikkel_Diskerud "Mikkel Diskerud")'s transfers was announced at half time during the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") qualifier against [Servette](/wiki/Servette_FC "Servette FC").{{cite news \|url\=http://fotball.adressa.no/eliteserien/article246211\.ece \|language\=no \|title\=Tarik og Mix ble presentert i pausen \|work\=adressa.no \|publisher\=Adresseavisen \|date\=9 August 2012 \|access\-date\=10 August 2012}}
### 1899 Hoffenheim
Rosenborg announced on 18 June 2013 that they had sold Elyounoussi to [Hoffenheim](/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim "TSG 1899 Hoffenheim"), and bought [Alexander Søderlund](/wiki/Alexander_S%C3%B8derlund "Alexander Søderlund") from [Haugesund](/wiki/FK_Haugesund "FK Haugesund") as his replacement. Elyounoussi joined the German side after Rosenborg's match against [Strømsgodset](/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_IF "Strømsgodset IF") on 22 June.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.tv2\.no/sport/fotball/tippeligaen/tarik\-elyounoussi\-solgt\-til\-bundesligaklubb\-4069471\.html \|language\=no \|title\=Tarik Elyounoussi solgt til Bundesliga\-klubb \|publisher\=TV 2 \|date\=17 July 2013 \|access\-date\=18 July 2013}}
### Olympiacos
Olympiacos announced that this club had agreement with [TSG Hoffenheim](/wiki/TSG_Hoffenheim "TSG Hoffenheim") for signing Tarik Elyounoussi on 26 August with the transfer fee estimated to €1 million.[http://fussball90\.com/english/Content/22153](http://fussball90.com/english/Content/22153) {{Dead link\|date\=February 2022}} On 11 September 2016, he scored his first goal with the club in a hammering 6\-1 home win against [Veria F.C.](/wiki/Veria_F.C. "Veria F.C.") He played a vital role in the club, in acquiring the 7th consecutive [Super League](/wiki/Super_League "Super League") title.
### Qarabağ
On 31 August 2017, Azerbaijani champions [Qarabağ FK](/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK "Qarabağ FK") signed Elyounoussi on loan until the end of 2017–18 season.{{cite web\|title\=Δανεικός στην Καραμπάχ ο Ελιουνούσι\|url\=http://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/superleague/article/370320/daneikos\-stin\-karampax\-o\-elioynoysi\|publisher\=www.sdna.gr \|language\=el\|date\=1 September 2017}} The 30\-year\-old Moroccan\-born Norwegian international was a member of Qarabağ during the first half of 2017–18 season, on loan from the Reds, but made only seven official performances in all competitions and failed to impress.{{cite web\|title\=Bryter kontraktet – är klar för AIK\|url\=https://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/allsvenskan/stjarnan\-bryter\-sitt\-kontrakt\-klar\-for\-aik/ \|publisher\=www.expressen.se \|date\=27 January 2018}}
### AIK
On 30 January 2018, Swedish outfit [AIK](/wiki/AIK_Fotboll "AIK Fotboll") announced the transfer of Elyounoussi from Olympiacos on a two\-year deal; details of the fees involved have not been disclosed. In 2018, he won the Swedish league, Allsvenskan, together with AIK.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/officiellt\-aik\-varvar\-elyounoussi\-vill\-tillhora\-en\-klubb\-som\-vinner\-titlar/\|title\=Officiellt: AIK värvar Elyounoussi: "Vill tillhöra en klubb som vinner titlar"\|work\=fotbollskanalen\|access\-date\=30 January 2018\|language\=sv}}
### Shonan Bellmare
On 12 January 2020, [J1 League](/wiki/J1_League "J1 League") side [Shonan Bellmare](/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare "Shonan Bellmare") announced the transfer of Elyounoussi from AIK on a two\-year deal; details of the fees involved were not disclosed.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tv2\.no/sport/11129087/\|title\=Tarik Elyounoussi klar for japansk klubb\|work\=TV2\|access\-date\=12 January 2020\|language\=NO}} He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 defeat to [Kawasaki Frontale](/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale "Kawasaki Frontale") on 26 July 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jleague.jp/en/match/j1/2020/072607/live\#live\|title\=Kawasaki\-F 3:1 Shonan\|website\=JLeague\|date\=26 July 2020\|access\-date\=28 July 2020}}
He left Shonan at the end of the [2023 season](/wiki/2023_J1_League "2023 J1 League"), having scored five goals in 103 appearances for the Japanese club.{{Cite web \|date\=9 December 2023 \|title\=タリク選手 契約満了のお知らせ \|url\=https://www.bellmare.co.jp/327925 \|access\-date\=10 January 2024 \|website\=Shonan Bellmare \|language\=ja}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"Born in [Al Hoceima](/wiki/Al_Hoceima \"Al Hoceima\"), Morocco, Elyounoussi moved to Norway with his family when he was 11 years old. He started playing football in the club Nylende in [Fredrikstad](/wiki/Fredrikstad \"Fredrikstad\"), and then joined [Trosvik](/wiki/Trosvik_IF \"Trosvik IF\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=5\\. divisjonsklubb styrtrik på Tarik\\-salg \\|url\\=http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid\\=196785 \\|work\\=VG Nett \\| language \\= no \\| date \\= 23 July 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 12 August 2013}} in which many of the young players in the Fredrikstad youth team have their roots.",
"He was considered to be the greatest talent Fredrikstad has produced in decades. As such he was awarded the Norwegian Young Player of the Year trophy in 2006 and 2007, after two great seasons in the league, and a [Norwegian football cup](/wiki/Norwegian_football_cup \"Norwegian football cup\") trophy.",
"### SC Heerenveen",
"Elyounoussi was sought after by various [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") clubs in the summer of 2008\\. However Fredrikstad accepted a bid on around €4 million from French club [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans_Union_Club_72 \"Le Mans Union Club 72\") on 8 July.{{cite news\\|title\\=Le Mans byr 30 mill. for Tarik \\|url\\=http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid\\=193268 \\|work\\=VG Nett \\| language \\= no \\| date \\= 8 July 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 12 August 2013}} But Elyounoussi had no interest in joining Le Mans. A few weeks later Elyounoussi signed a five\\-year contract with [Heerenveen](/wiki/SC_Heerenveen \"SC Heerenveen\") worth €3\\.5 million, on 22 July. He joined Heerenveen in August 2008\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Heerenveen make double swoop \\| url \\= http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid\\=734080\\.html \\| publisher \\= UEFA.com \\| date \\= 22 July 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 12 August 2013}}",
"He scored in his debut match against [FC Volendam](/wiki/FC_Volendam \"FC Volendam\"). He also netted an important equalizer for Heerenveen in their first round UEFA Cup match away against [Vitória F.C.](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C. \"Vitória F.C.\"), and his second league goal came against [NEC Nijmegen](/wiki/NEC_Nijmegen \"NEC Nijmegen\").",
"### Return to Norway",
"On 19 February 2010, [Lillestrøm SK](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK \"Lillestrøm SK\") loaned the 21\\-year\\-old talented forward until the end of season from SC Heerenveen.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://fotball.aftenposten.no/eliteserien/article161920\\.ece \\| title \\= Elyounoussi på vei til LSK \\| language \\= no \\| publisher \\= Aftenposten.no \\| date \\= 19 February 2010 \\| access\\-date \\= 12 August 2013 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120223080133/http://fotball.aftenposten.no/eliteserien/article161920\\.ece \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 February 2012 \\| df \\= dmy\\-all }}",
"On 7 January 2011, Elyounoussi returned to [Fredrikstad FK](/wiki/Fredrikstad_FK \"Fredrikstad FK\") and [Tippeligaen](/wiki/Tippeligaen \"Tippeligaen\").",
"Elyounoussi signed for [Rosenborg](/wiki/Rosenborg_BK \"Rosenborg BK\") on 9 August 2012, binding him to the club to the end of the 2015 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/ostfold/1\\.8275682 \\|language\\=no \\|title\\=Tarik har signert for Rosenborg \\|publisher\\=nrk.no \\|date\\=9 August 2012 \\|access\\-date \\= 10 August 2012}} Elyounoussi and [Mikkel Diskerud](/wiki/Mikkel_Diskerud \"Mikkel Diskerud\")'s transfers was announced at half time during the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") qualifier against [Servette](/wiki/Servette_FC \"Servette FC\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://fotball.adressa.no/eliteserien/article246211\\.ece \\|language\\=no \\|title\\=Tarik og Mix ble presentert i pausen \\|work\\=adressa.no \\|publisher\\=Adresseavisen \\|date\\=9 August 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2012}}",
"### 1899 Hoffenheim",
"Rosenborg announced on 18 June 2013 that they had sold Elyounoussi to [Hoffenheim](/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim \"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim\"), and bought [Alexander Søderlund](/wiki/Alexander_S%C3%B8derlund \"Alexander Søderlund\") from [Haugesund](/wiki/FK_Haugesund \"FK Haugesund\") as his replacement. Elyounoussi joined the German side after Rosenborg's match against [Strømsgodset](/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_IF \"Strømsgodset IF\") on 22 June.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.tv2\\.no/sport/fotball/tippeligaen/tarik\\-elyounoussi\\-solgt\\-til\\-bundesligaklubb\\-4069471\\.html \\|language\\=no \\|title\\=Tarik Elyounoussi solgt til Bundesliga\\-klubb \\|publisher\\=TV 2 \\|date\\=17 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2013}}",
"### Olympiacos",
"Olympiacos announced that this club had agreement with [TSG Hoffenheim](/wiki/TSG_Hoffenheim \"TSG Hoffenheim\") for signing Tarik Elyounoussi on 26 August with the transfer fee estimated to €1 million.[http://fussball90\\.com/english/Content/22153](http://fussball90.com/english/Content/22153) {{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2022}} On 11 September 2016, he scored his first goal with the club in a hammering 6\\-1 home win against [Veria F.C.](/wiki/Veria_F.C. \"Veria F.C.\") He played a vital role in the club, in acquiring the 7th consecutive [Super League](/wiki/Super_League \"Super League\") title.",
"### Qarabağ",
"On 31 August 2017, Azerbaijani champions [Qarabağ FK](/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK \"Qarabağ FK\") signed Elyounoussi on loan until the end of 2017–18 season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Δανεικός στην Καραμπάχ ο Ελιουνούσι\\|url\\=http://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/superleague/article/370320/daneikos\\-stin\\-karampax\\-o\\-elioynoysi\\|publisher\\=www.sdna.gr \\|language\\=el\\|date\\=1 September 2017}} The 30\\-year\\-old Moroccan\\-born Norwegian international was a member of Qarabağ during the first half of 2017–18 season, on loan from the Reds, but made only seven official performances in all competitions and failed to impress.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bryter kontraktet – är klar för AIK\\|url\\=https://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/allsvenskan/stjarnan\\-bryter\\-sitt\\-kontrakt\\-klar\\-for\\-aik/ \\|publisher\\=www.expressen.se \\|date\\=27 January 2018}}",
"### AIK",
"On 30 January 2018, Swedish outfit [AIK](/wiki/AIK_Fotboll \"AIK Fotboll\") announced the transfer of Elyounoussi from Olympiacos on a two\\-year deal; details of the fees involved have not been disclosed. In 2018, he won the Swedish league, Allsvenskan, together with AIK.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/officiellt\\-aik\\-varvar\\-elyounoussi\\-vill\\-tillhora\\-en\\-klubb\\-som\\-vinner\\-titlar/\\|title\\=Officiellt: AIK värvar Elyounoussi: \"Vill tillhöra en klubb som vinner titlar\"\\|work\\=fotbollskanalen\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2018\\|language\\=sv}}",
"### Shonan Bellmare",
"On 12 January 2020, [J1 League](/wiki/J1_League \"J1 League\") side [Shonan Bellmare](/wiki/Shonan_Bellmare \"Shonan Bellmare\") announced the transfer of Elyounoussi from AIK on a two\\-year deal; details of the fees involved were not disclosed.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tv2\\.no/sport/11129087/\\|title\\=Tarik Elyounoussi klar for japansk klubb\\|work\\=TV2\\|access\\-date\\=12 January 2020\\|language\\=NO}} He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 defeat to [Kawasaki Frontale](/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale \"Kawasaki Frontale\") on 26 July 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jleague.jp/en/match/j1/2020/072607/live\\#live\\|title\\=Kawasaki\\-F 3:1 Shonan\\|website\\=JLeague\\|date\\=26 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2020}}",
"He left Shonan at the end of the [2023 season](/wiki/2023_J1_League \"2023 J1 League\"), having scored five goals in 103 appearances for the Japanese club.{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 December 2023 \\|title\\=タリク選手 契約満了のお知らせ \\|url\\=https://www.bellmare.co.jp/327925 \\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2024 \\|website\\=Shonan Bellmare \\|language\\=ja}}",
""
] |
Background
----------
The problems facing the Ogoni people find their origins in the [British colonial era](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"): the political borders of Nigeria are an extremely artificial creation of British colonialism, with the result that nearly 300 ethnic groups are arbitrarily consolidated into a single nation\-state. The Ogoni people are an ethnic [micro\-minority](/wiki/Micro-minority "Micro-minority") with only 500,000 people in a country of more than two hundred million. Nigerian politics are dominated by the [Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_people "Yoruba people"), [Igbo](/wiki/Igbo_people "Igbo people"), and [Hausa\-Fulani](/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani "Hausa–Fulani") ethnic majorities. Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960, and has since been mostly ruled by unelected officials from these ethnic majorities. The Ogoni lack political power and constitutional protections to control their land or wealth taken from it. Other ethnic groups in the Niger Delta are also ethnic minorities.
### Unequal distribution of oil benefits
Nigeria's national government is completely dependent on oil exports, with oil accounting for 80% of government revenue.{{cite web \|title\=Nigerian Economy \|url\=http://nigerianembassy.nu/economy/ \|access\-date\=December 19, 2014 \|publisher\=Embassy of Nigeria, Stockholm Sweden}} Shell is the largest stakeholder, owning 47% of the national industry. The World Bank estimates that oil benefits accrue to only 1% of the general population.{{cite web \|last1\=Kretzmann \|first1\=Stephen \|last2\=Noouruddin \|first2\=Irfan \|title\=Drilling into Debt \- An Investigation into the Relationship Between Debt and Oil \|url\=http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2011/01/DrillingIntoDebt.pdf \|access\-date\=December 22, 2014 \|website\=priceforoil.org \|publisher\=Oil Change International \|ref\=Drilling Into Debt}} A 1995 [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") interview with attorney Uche Onyeagocha documented that minority groups whose land is the source of over 90% of Nigeria's oil opposed the prevailing formula for allocating oil revenues, under which the federal, state, and local governments had almost complete discretion over the distribution of oil proceeds.
By 1995, Ogoniland hosted six oil fields, two oil refineries, and fertilizer and petrochemical plants. MOSOP estimated that $30 billion worth of oil had been extracted from their land within 30 years of discovered reserves, and they had received no benefits but borne the ecological damages of oil production including numerous spills; constant flaring of natural gas; and dumping of toxic waste.
#### Corruption
Former World Bank Vice\-President for Africa, Dr. Oby Ezekwesili, estimated that $400 billion of Nigeria's oil revenue was stolen or misspent from 1960 to 1999\.{{cite news \|last1\=Soniyi \|first1\=Tobi \|title\=Nigeria: U.S.$400 Billion of Oil Revenue Stolen, Says Ezekwesili \|publisher\=allafrica.com \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208290453\.html \|access\-date\=December 22, 2014}} A Nigerian anti\-corruption agency estimated that around 70% of oil revenues were wasted or lost to corruption. [Nuhu Ribadu's](/wiki/Nuhu_Ribadu "Nuhu Ribadu") Task Force on Oil Revenue found that approximately $29 billion in oil and gas revenues were lost over a period of ten years from cut price deals struck between multinational oil companies and government officials. The report alleges international oil traders sometimes buy crude without any formal contracts, and the state oil firm had short\-changed the Nigerian treasury by selling crude oil and gas to itself below market rates.{{cite news \|date\=October 24, 2012 \|title\=Exclusive: Nigeria loses billions in cut price oil deals \- report \|publisher\=Reuters \|url\=http://reuters.com/article/us\-nigeria\-oil\-idUSBRE89N0VV20121024 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=December 22, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222041901/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/24/us\-nigeria\-oil\-idUSBRE89N0VV20121024 \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2014}}
### Environmental issues in the Niger Delta
{{Main\|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}
Beginning in the late 1950s, multinational oil companies began taking over land belonging to Indigenous farming and fishing communities in the Niger Delta, resulting in environmental devastation. MOSOP spokesman [Ken Saro\-Wiwa](/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa "Ken Saro-Wiwa") called it an 'ecological war':{{cite wikisource \|title\=Trial Speech of Ken Saro\-Wiwa \|date\=November 10, 1995}}
> The Ogoni country has been completely destroyed.... Oil blowouts, spillages, oil slicks, and general pollution accompany the search for oil.... Oil companies have flared gas in Nigeria for the past thirty three years causing acid rain.... What used to be the bread basket of the delta has now become totally infertile. All one sees and feels around is death. [Environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation "Environmental degradation") has been a lethal weapon in the war against the indigenous Ogoni people.{{cite web \|url\=http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\_dreams.pdf \|title\=Pipe Dreams: Ken Saro\-Wiwa, Environmental Justice, and Micro\-Minority Rights \|last\=Nixon \|first\=Rob \|website\=english.widc.edu \|date\=January 1996 \|publisher\=University of Wisconsin\-Madison \|access\-date\=December 19, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220005732/http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\_dreams.pdf \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Both [Shell](/wiki/Shell_plc "Shell plc") and [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") have operated oil wells in Ogoniland.
#### Oil spills
Statistics from the [Department of Petroleum Resources](/wiki/Nigerian_Upstream_Petroleum_Regulatory_Commission "Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission") (DPR) indicate that between 1976 and 1996 a total of 4,835 incidents resulted in the spillage of at over 2\.4 million barrels of oil (102\.7 million U.S. gallons), of which an estimated 1\.9 million barrels (79\.7 million U.S. gallons; 77 percent) were lost to the environment. Nigeria's largest spill was an offshore [well blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28well_drilling%29 "Blowout (well drilling)") in January 1980, when at least 200,000 barrels of oil (8\.4 million U.S. gallons), according to oil industry sources, spewed into the Atlantic Ocean from a Texaco facility and destroyed {{Convert\|340\|hectare\|acre}} of mangroves. [Mangrove](/wiki/Mangrove "Mangrove") forest is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, because the soil soaks up the oil like a sponge and re\-releases it every rainy season. DPR estimated that more than 400,000 barrels (16\.8 million U.S. gallons) were actually spilled in this incident.{{cite web \|url\=http://dpr.gov.ng \|title \= Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC)}}{{cite web \|last\=Manby \|first\=Bronwen \|date\=January 1999 \|title\=The Price of Oil \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991\-05\.htm\#P526\_156650 \|access\-date\=December 16, 2014 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}} Water contamination of local water supply resulted in fish kills and ruinous effects on farmland.{{cite web \|date\=July 1995 \|title\=Nigeria, The Ogoni Crisis, Vol. 7, No. 5 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Nigeria.htm \|access\-date\=December 15, 2014 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}}
#### Gas flaring
Nigeria flares more [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas") associated with [oil extraction](/wiki/Oil_Extraction "Oil Extraction") than any other country, with estimates about 70% is wasted by flaring.{{Cite web \|title\=Robin Hinsch: WAHALA {{!}} International Photography Magazine \|date\=November 8, 2019 \|url\=http://internationalphotomag.com/robin\-hinsch\-wahala/ \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-23 \|language\=en\-GB}} This is the equivalent to 40% of Africa's gas consumption in 2001\. Statistical data associated with [gas flaring](/wiki/Gas_flaring "Gas flaring") are notoriously unreliable, but Nigeria may waste US$2 billion per year by flaring associated gas.[Media Briefing: Gas flaring in Nigeria](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929163135/http://www.remembersarowiwa.com/pdfs/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf) Friends of the Earth, 2004\.[Estimated flared volumes from satellite data](http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGGFR/Resources/344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf?resourceurlname=344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf) World Bank, 2008\. Flaring is done, because it is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from the oil. Companies operating in Nigeria also harvest natural gas for commercial purposes but prefer to extract it from deposits where it is found in isolation as non\-associated gas. Thus associated gas is burned off to decrease costs.
Gas flares are potentially harmful to nearby communities, as they release poisonous chemicals including [nitrogen dioxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide "Nitrogen dioxide"), [sulphur dioxide](/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide "Sulphur dioxide"), [volatile organic compounds](/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds "Volatile organic compounds"), as well as [carcinogens](/wiki/Carcinogens "Carcinogens"). These chemicals can aggravate [asthma](/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), cause breathing difficulties and pain, as well as [chronic bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis%23Chronic_bronchitis "Bronchitis#Chronic bronchitis").[*Gas flaring in Nigeria: A human rights, environmental and economic monstrosity.*](http://www.climatelaw.org/cases/country/nigeria/cases/case-documents/nigeria/report/gas.flaring.in.nigeria.html) Friends of the Earth Nigeria
Gas flares are often close to communities and regularly lack fencing or protection for villagers who risk working near their heat. Many communities claim that nearby flares cause [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain "Acid rain") which corrodes their homes and other structures, many of which have [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc")\-based roofing. Some people resort to using [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos")\-based material, which is stronger in repelling acid rain deterioration.[*Asbestos: health effects*](https://web.archive.org/web/20060214182013/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos/health_effects/) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007\. Retrieved May 29, 2007\. Unfortunately, asbestos exposure increases the risk of forming [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer "Lung cancer"), [pleural](/wiki/Pleural "Pleural") and [peritoneal mesothelioma](/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma "Peritoneal mesothelioma"), and [asbestosis](/wiki/Asbestosis "Asbestosis").Bronwen Manby: [*The Price of Oil*](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/) [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch"). 1999\. Retrieved November 9, 2007[*Oil For Nothing: Multinational Corporations, Environmental Destruction, Death and Impunity in the Niger Delta*](http://www.essentialaction.org/shell/report/) Essential Action, 2000\. Retrieved May 10, 2007\.
#### Effects on Ogoni people
In describing the effects of these environmental damages upon his people, the President of MOSOP, Dr. Garrick Barile Leton stated in 1991 that,
> Lands, streams and creeks are totally and continually polluted; the atmosphere is for ever charged with hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; many villages experience the infernal quaking of the wrath of gas flares which have been burning 24 hours a day for 33 years; acid rain, oil spillages and blowouts are common. The result of such unchecked environmental pollution and degradation are that (i) The Ogoni can no longer farm successfully. Once the food basket of the eastern Niger Delta, the Ogoni now buy food (when they can afford it); (ii) Fish, once a common source of protein, is now rare. Owing to the constant and continual pollution of our streams and creeks, fish can only be caught in deeper and offshore waters for which the Ogoni are not equipped. (iii) All wildlife is dead. (iv) The ecology is changing fast. The mangrove tree, the aerial roots of which normally provide a natural and welcome habitat for many a sea food \- crabs, periwinkles, mudskippers, cockles, mussels, shrimps and all \- is now being gradually replaced by unknown and otherwise useless plants. (v) The health hazards generated by an atmosphere charged with hydrocarbon vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are innumerable.
#### Early protests
In 1970, Ogoni Chiefs and Elders of the Ogoni Divisional Commission (W. Nzidee, F. Yowika, N. Ndegwe, E. Kobani, O. Nalelo, Chief A. Ngei and O. Ngofa), submitted a petition{{Cite web \|title\=Ken Saro\-Wiwa, Excerpts from Saro\-Wiwa on Shell in Ogoni \|url\=http://www.hartford\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\.html \|website\=www.hartford\-hwp.com}}{{cite web \|author1\=Ken Saro\-Wiwa \|title\=Shell in Ogoni 1992 (Excerpt) \|url\=http://www.hartford\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\.html \|access\-date\=December 21, 2014}} to the local Military Governor as a formal complaint against Shell, then operating a joint venture with BP. It brought notice that the company was "seriously threatening the well\-being, and even the very lives" of the Ogoni.
Shell's response was that the petition was an attempt to place development and other responsibilities on the company and that the "contentions ... bear little relation to what is actually taking place".
In July 1970, there was a major blow\-out at the [Bomu oil field](/wiki/Bomu_oil_field "Bomu oil field") in Ogoni, which continued for three weeks, causing widespread pollution and outrage. P. Badom, of the Dere Youths Association, issued a letter of protest, stating:
> "Our rivers, rivulets and creeks are all covered with crude oil. We no longer breathe the natural oxygen, rather we inhale lethal and ghastly gases. Our water can no longer be drunk unless one wants to test the effect of crude oil on the body. We no longer use vegetables, they are all polluted."{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2022}}
The Iko people wrote to Shell in 1980 demanding "compensation and restitution of our rights to clean air, water and a viable environment where we can source for our means of livelihood".{{cite web \|author1\=Andrew Rowell \|author2\=Stephen Kretzmann \|author3\=Lowenstein Nigeria Project, Yale Law School \|date\=November 1, 1996 \|title\=All for Shell: The Ogoni Struggle \- A Project Underground Report \|url\=https://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2006/05/ALL\_FOR\_SHELL\_2005\_.pdf \|access\-date\= \|website\=priceofoil.org}}
In 1987, when the Iko once again held a peaceful demonstration against Shell, the [Mobile Police Force (MPF)](/wiki/Nigerian_Mobile_Police "Nigerian Mobile Police") destroyed 40 houses, and 350 people were made homeless.
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"The problems facing the Ogoni people find their origins in the [British colonial era](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"): the political borders of Nigeria are an extremely artificial creation of British colonialism, with the result that nearly 300 ethnic groups are arbitrarily consolidated into a single nation\\-state. The Ogoni people are an ethnic [micro\\-minority](/wiki/Micro-minority \"Micro-minority\") with only 500,000 people in a country of more than two hundred million. Nigerian politics are dominated by the [Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_people \"Yoruba people\"), [Igbo](/wiki/Igbo_people \"Igbo people\"), and [Hausa\\-Fulani](/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani \"Hausa–Fulani\") ethnic majorities. Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960, and has since been mostly ruled by unelected officials from these ethnic majorities. The Ogoni lack political power and constitutional protections to control their land or wealth taken from it. Other ethnic groups in the Niger Delta are also ethnic minorities.",
"### Unequal distribution of oil benefits",
"Nigeria's national government is completely dependent on oil exports, with oil accounting for 80% of government revenue.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nigerian Economy \\|url\\=http://nigerianembassy.nu/economy/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2014 \\|publisher\\=Embassy of Nigeria, Stockholm Sweden}} Shell is the largest stakeholder, owning 47% of the national industry. The World Bank estimates that oil benefits accrue to only 1% of the general population.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kretzmann \\|first1\\=Stephen \\|last2\\=Noouruddin \\|first2\\=Irfan \\|title\\=Drilling into Debt \\- An Investigation into the Relationship Between Debt and Oil \\|url\\=http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2011/01/DrillingIntoDebt.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2014 \\|website\\=priceforoil.org \\|publisher\\=Oil Change International \\|ref\\=Drilling Into Debt}} A 1995 [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") interview with attorney Uche Onyeagocha documented that minority groups whose land is the source of over 90% of Nigeria's oil opposed the prevailing formula for allocating oil revenues, under which the federal, state, and local governments had almost complete discretion over the distribution of oil proceeds.",
"By 1995, Ogoniland hosted six oil fields, two oil refineries, and fertilizer and petrochemical plants. MOSOP estimated that $30 billion worth of oil had been extracted from their land within 30 years of discovered reserves, and they had received no benefits but borne the ecological damages of oil production including numerous spills; constant flaring of natural gas; and dumping of toxic waste.",
"#### Corruption",
"Former World Bank Vice\\-President for Africa, Dr. Oby Ezekwesili, estimated that $400 billion of Nigeria's oil revenue was stolen or misspent from 1960 to 1999\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Soniyi \\|first1\\=Tobi \\|title\\=Nigeria: U.S.$400 Billion of Oil Revenue Stolen, Says Ezekwesili \\|publisher\\=allafrica.com \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208290453\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2014}} A Nigerian anti\\-corruption agency estimated that around 70% of oil revenues were wasted or lost to corruption. [Nuhu Ribadu's](/wiki/Nuhu_Ribadu \"Nuhu Ribadu\") Task Force on Oil Revenue found that approximately $29 billion in oil and gas revenues were lost over a period of ten years from cut price deals struck between multinational oil companies and government officials. The report alleges international oil traders sometimes buy crude without any formal contracts, and the state oil firm had short\\-changed the Nigerian treasury by selling crude oil and gas to itself below market rates.{{cite news \\|date\\=October 24, 2012 \\|title\\=Exclusive: Nigeria loses billions in cut price oil deals \\- report \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|url\\=http://reuters.com/article/us\\-nigeria\\-oil\\-idUSBRE89N0VV20121024 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222041901/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/24/us\\-nigeria\\-oil\\-idUSBRE89N0VV20121024 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2014}}",
"### Environmental issues in the Niger Delta",
"{{Main\\|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}",
"Beginning in the late 1950s, multinational oil companies began taking over land belonging to Indigenous farming and fishing communities in the Niger Delta, resulting in environmental devastation. MOSOP spokesman [Ken Saro\\-Wiwa](/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa \"Ken Saro-Wiwa\") called it an 'ecological war':{{cite wikisource \\|title\\=Trial Speech of Ken Saro\\-Wiwa \\|date\\=November 10, 1995}}",
"> The Ogoni country has been completely destroyed.... Oil blowouts, spillages, oil slicks, and general pollution accompany the search for oil.... Oil companies have flared gas in Nigeria for the past thirty three years causing acid rain.... What used to be the bread basket of the delta has now become totally infertile. All one sees and feels around is death. [Environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\") has been a lethal weapon in the war against the indigenous Ogoni people.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\\_dreams.pdf \\|title\\=Pipe Dreams: Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, Environmental Justice, and Micro\\-Minority Rights \\|last\\=Nixon \\|first\\=Rob \\|website\\=english.widc.edu \\|date\\=January 1996 \\|publisher\\=University of Wisconsin\\-Madison \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220005732/http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\\_dreams.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"",
"Both [Shell](/wiki/Shell_plc \"Shell plc\") and [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") have operated oil wells in Ogoniland.",
"#### Oil spills",
"Statistics from the [Department of Petroleum Resources](/wiki/Nigerian_Upstream_Petroleum_Regulatory_Commission \"Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission\") (DPR) indicate that between 1976 and 1996 a total of 4,835 incidents resulted in the spillage of at over 2\\.4 million barrels of oil (102\\.7 million U.S. gallons), of which an estimated 1\\.9 million barrels (79\\.7 million U.S. gallons; 77 percent) were lost to the environment. Nigeria's largest spill was an offshore [well blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28well_drilling%29 \"Blowout (well drilling)\") in January 1980, when at least 200,000 barrels of oil (8\\.4 million U.S. gallons), according to oil industry sources, spewed into the Atlantic Ocean from a Texaco facility and destroyed {{Convert\\|340\\|hectare\\|acre}} of mangroves. [Mangrove](/wiki/Mangrove \"Mangrove\") forest is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, because the soil soaks up the oil like a sponge and re\\-releases it every rainy season. DPR estimated that more than 400,000 barrels (16\\.8 million U.S. gallons) were actually spilled in this incident.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://dpr.gov.ng \\|title \\= Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC)}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Manby \\|first\\=Bronwen \\|date\\=January 1999 \\|title\\=The Price of Oil \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991\\-05\\.htm\\#P526\\_156650 \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2014 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}} Water contamination of local water supply resulted in fish kills and ruinous effects on farmland.{{cite web \\|date\\=July 1995 \\|title\\=Nigeria, The Ogoni Crisis, Vol. 7, No. 5 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Nigeria.htm \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2014 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}}",
"#### Gas flaring",
"Nigeria flares more [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") associated with [oil extraction](/wiki/Oil_Extraction \"Oil Extraction\") than any other country, with estimates about 70% is wasted by flaring.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Robin Hinsch: WAHALA {{!}} International Photography Magazine \\|date\\=November 8, 2019 \\|url\\=http://internationalphotomag.com/robin\\-hinsch\\-wahala/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-23 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} This is the equivalent to 40% of Africa's gas consumption in 2001\\. Statistical data associated with [gas flaring](/wiki/Gas_flaring \"Gas flaring\") are notoriously unreliable, but Nigeria may waste US$2 billion per year by flaring associated gas.[Media Briefing: Gas flaring in Nigeria](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929163135/http://www.remembersarowiwa.com/pdfs/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf) Friends of the Earth, 2004\\.[Estimated flared volumes from satellite data](http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGGFR/Resources/344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf?resourceurlname=344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf) World Bank, 2008\\. Flaring is done, because it is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from the oil. Companies operating in Nigeria also harvest natural gas for commercial purposes but prefer to extract it from deposits where it is found in isolation as non\\-associated gas. Thus associated gas is burned off to decrease costs.",
"Gas flares are potentially harmful to nearby communities, as they release poisonous chemicals including [nitrogen dioxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide \"Nitrogen dioxide\"), [sulphur dioxide](/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide \"Sulphur dioxide\"), [volatile organic compounds](/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds \"Volatile organic compounds\"), as well as [carcinogens](/wiki/Carcinogens \"Carcinogens\"). These chemicals can aggravate [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\"), cause breathing difficulties and pain, as well as [chronic bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis%23Chronic_bronchitis \"Bronchitis#Chronic bronchitis\").[*Gas flaring in Nigeria: A human rights, environmental and economic monstrosity.*](http://www.climatelaw.org/cases/country/nigeria/cases/case-documents/nigeria/report/gas.flaring.in.nigeria.html) Friends of the Earth Nigeria",
"Gas flares are often close to communities and regularly lack fencing or protection for villagers who risk working near their heat. Many communities claim that nearby flares cause [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain \"Acid rain\") which corrodes their homes and other structures, many of which have [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\")\\-based roofing. Some people resort to using [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos \"Asbestos\")\\-based material, which is stronger in repelling acid rain deterioration.[*Asbestos: health effects*](https://web.archive.org/web/20060214182013/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos/health_effects/) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007\\. Retrieved May 29, 2007\\. Unfortunately, asbestos exposure increases the risk of forming [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer \"Lung cancer\"), [pleural](/wiki/Pleural \"Pleural\") and [peritoneal mesothelioma](/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma \"Peritoneal mesothelioma\"), and [asbestosis](/wiki/Asbestosis \"Asbestosis\").Bronwen Manby: [*The Price of Oil*](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/) [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\"). 1999\\. Retrieved November 9, 2007[*Oil For Nothing: Multinational Corporations, Environmental Destruction, Death and Impunity in the Niger Delta*](http://www.essentialaction.org/shell/report/) Essential Action, 2000\\. Retrieved May 10, 2007\\.",
"#### Effects on Ogoni people",
"In describing the effects of these environmental damages upon his people, the President of MOSOP, Dr. Garrick Barile Leton stated in 1991 that,\n> Lands, streams and creeks are totally and continually polluted; the atmosphere is for ever charged with hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; many villages experience the infernal quaking of the wrath of gas flares which have been burning 24 hours a day for 33 years; acid rain, oil spillages and blowouts are common. The result of such unchecked environmental pollution and degradation are that (i) The Ogoni can no longer farm successfully. Once the food basket of the eastern Niger Delta, the Ogoni now buy food (when they can afford it); (ii) Fish, once a common source of protein, is now rare. Owing to the constant and continual pollution of our streams and creeks, fish can only be caught in deeper and offshore waters for which the Ogoni are not equipped. (iii) All wildlife is dead. (iv) The ecology is changing fast. The mangrove tree, the aerial roots of which normally provide a natural and welcome habitat for many a sea food \\- crabs, periwinkles, mudskippers, cockles, mussels, shrimps and all \\- is now being gradually replaced by unknown and otherwise useless plants. (v) The health hazards generated by an atmosphere charged with hydrocarbon vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are innumerable.",
"",
"#### Early protests",
"In 1970, Ogoni Chiefs and Elders of the Ogoni Divisional Commission (W. Nzidee, F. Yowika, N. Ndegwe, E. Kobani, O. Nalelo, Chief A. Ngei and O. Ngofa), submitted a petition{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, Excerpts from Saro\\-Wiwa on Shell in Ogoni \\|url\\=http://www.hartford\\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\\.html \\|website\\=www.hartford\\-hwp.com}}{{cite web \\|author1\\=Ken Saro\\-Wiwa \\|title\\=Shell in Ogoni 1992 (Excerpt) \\|url\\=http://www.hartford\\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2014}} to the local Military Governor as a formal complaint against Shell, then operating a joint venture with BP. It brought notice that the company was \"seriously threatening the well\\-being, and even the very lives\" of the Ogoni.",
"Shell's response was that the petition was an attempt to place development and other responsibilities on the company and that the \"contentions ... bear little relation to what is actually taking place\".",
"In July 1970, there was a major blow\\-out at the [Bomu oil field](/wiki/Bomu_oil_field \"Bomu oil field\") in Ogoni, which continued for three weeks, causing widespread pollution and outrage. P. Badom, of the Dere Youths Association, issued a letter of protest, stating:\n> \"Our rivers, rivulets and creeks are all covered with crude oil. We no longer breathe the natural oxygen, rather we inhale lethal and ghastly gases. Our water can no longer be drunk unless one wants to test the effect of crude oil on the body. We no longer use vegetables, they are all polluted.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2022}}",
"",
"The Iko people wrote to Shell in 1980 demanding \"compensation and restitution of our rights to clean air, water and a viable environment where we can source for our means of livelihood\".{{cite web \\|author1\\=Andrew Rowell \\|author2\\=Stephen Kretzmann \\|author3\\=Lowenstein Nigeria Project, Yale Law School \\|date\\=November 1, 1996 \\|title\\=All for Shell: The Ogoni Struggle \\- A Project Underground Report \\|url\\=https://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2006/05/ALL\\_FOR\\_SHELL\\_2005\\_.pdf \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=priceofoil.org}}",
"In 1987, when the Iko once again held a peaceful demonstration against Shell, the [Mobile Police Force (MPF)](/wiki/Nigerian_Mobile_Police \"Nigerian Mobile Police\") destroyed 40 houses, and 350 people were made homeless.",
""
] |
### Environmental issues in the Niger Delta
{{Main\|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}
Beginning in the late 1950s, multinational oil companies began taking over land belonging to Indigenous farming and fishing communities in the Niger Delta, resulting in environmental devastation. MOSOP spokesman [Ken Saro\-Wiwa](/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa "Ken Saro-Wiwa") called it an 'ecological war':{{cite wikisource \|title\=Trial Speech of Ken Saro\-Wiwa \|date\=November 10, 1995}}
> The Ogoni country has been completely destroyed.... Oil blowouts, spillages, oil slicks, and general pollution accompany the search for oil.... Oil companies have flared gas in Nigeria for the past thirty three years causing acid rain.... What used to be the bread basket of the delta has now become totally infertile. All one sees and feels around is death. [Environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation "Environmental degradation") has been a lethal weapon in the war against the indigenous Ogoni people.{{cite web \|url\=http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\_dreams.pdf \|title\=Pipe Dreams: Ken Saro\-Wiwa, Environmental Justice, and Micro\-Minority Rights \|last\=Nixon \|first\=Rob \|website\=english.widc.edu \|date\=January 1996 \|publisher\=University of Wisconsin\-Madison \|access\-date\=December 19, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220005732/http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\_dreams.pdf \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Both [Shell](/wiki/Shell_plc "Shell plc") and [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") have operated oil wells in Ogoniland.
#### Oil spills
Statistics from the [Department of Petroleum Resources](/wiki/Nigerian_Upstream_Petroleum_Regulatory_Commission "Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission") (DPR) indicate that between 1976 and 1996 a total of 4,835 incidents resulted in the spillage of at over 2\.4 million barrels of oil (102\.7 million U.S. gallons), of which an estimated 1\.9 million barrels (79\.7 million U.S. gallons; 77 percent) were lost to the environment. Nigeria's largest spill was an offshore [well blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28well_drilling%29 "Blowout (well drilling)") in January 1980, when at least 200,000 barrels of oil (8\.4 million U.S. gallons), according to oil industry sources, spewed into the Atlantic Ocean from a Texaco facility and destroyed {{Convert\|340\|hectare\|acre}} of mangroves. [Mangrove](/wiki/Mangrove "Mangrove") forest is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, because the soil soaks up the oil like a sponge and re\-releases it every rainy season. DPR estimated that more than 400,000 barrels (16\.8 million U.S. gallons) were actually spilled in this incident.{{cite web \|url\=http://dpr.gov.ng \|title \= Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC)}}{{cite web \|last\=Manby \|first\=Bronwen \|date\=January 1999 \|title\=The Price of Oil \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991\-05\.htm\#P526\_156650 \|access\-date\=December 16, 2014 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}} Water contamination of local water supply resulted in fish kills and ruinous effects on farmland.{{cite web \|date\=July 1995 \|title\=Nigeria, The Ogoni Crisis, Vol. 7, No. 5 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Nigeria.htm \|access\-date\=December 15, 2014 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch}}
#### Gas flaring
Nigeria flares more [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas") associated with [oil extraction](/wiki/Oil_Extraction "Oil Extraction") than any other country, with estimates about 70% is wasted by flaring.{{Cite web \|title\=Robin Hinsch: WAHALA {{!}} International Photography Magazine \|date\=November 8, 2019 \|url\=http://internationalphotomag.com/robin\-hinsch\-wahala/ \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-23 \|language\=en\-GB}} This is the equivalent to 40% of Africa's gas consumption in 2001\. Statistical data associated with [gas flaring](/wiki/Gas_flaring "Gas flaring") are notoriously unreliable, but Nigeria may waste US$2 billion per year by flaring associated gas.[Media Briefing: Gas flaring in Nigeria](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929163135/http://www.remembersarowiwa.com/pdfs/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf) Friends of the Earth, 2004\.[Estimated flared volumes from satellite data](http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGGFR/Resources/344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf?resourceurlname=344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf) World Bank, 2008\. Flaring is done, because it is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from the oil. Companies operating in Nigeria also harvest natural gas for commercial purposes but prefer to extract it from deposits where it is found in isolation as non\-associated gas. Thus associated gas is burned off to decrease costs.
Gas flares are potentially harmful to nearby communities, as they release poisonous chemicals including [nitrogen dioxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide "Nitrogen dioxide"), [sulphur dioxide](/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide "Sulphur dioxide"), [volatile organic compounds](/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds "Volatile organic compounds"), as well as [carcinogens](/wiki/Carcinogens "Carcinogens"). These chemicals can aggravate [asthma](/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"), cause breathing difficulties and pain, as well as [chronic bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis%23Chronic_bronchitis "Bronchitis#Chronic bronchitis").[*Gas flaring in Nigeria: A human rights, environmental and economic monstrosity.*](http://www.climatelaw.org/cases/country/nigeria/cases/case-documents/nigeria/report/gas.flaring.in.nigeria.html) Friends of the Earth Nigeria
Gas flares are often close to communities and regularly lack fencing or protection for villagers who risk working near their heat. Many communities claim that nearby flares cause [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain "Acid rain") which corrodes their homes and other structures, many of which have [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc")\-based roofing. Some people resort to using [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos")\-based material, which is stronger in repelling acid rain deterioration.[*Asbestos: health effects*](https://web.archive.org/web/20060214182013/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos/health_effects/) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007\. Retrieved May 29, 2007\. Unfortunately, asbestos exposure increases the risk of forming [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer "Lung cancer"), [pleural](/wiki/Pleural "Pleural") and [peritoneal mesothelioma](/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma "Peritoneal mesothelioma"), and [asbestosis](/wiki/Asbestosis "Asbestosis").Bronwen Manby: [*The Price of Oil*](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/) [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch"). 1999\. Retrieved November 9, 2007[*Oil For Nothing: Multinational Corporations, Environmental Destruction, Death and Impunity in the Niger Delta*](http://www.essentialaction.org/shell/report/) Essential Action, 2000\. Retrieved May 10, 2007\.
#### Effects on Ogoni people
In describing the effects of these environmental damages upon his people, the President of MOSOP, Dr. Garrick Barile Leton stated in 1991 that,
> Lands, streams and creeks are totally and continually polluted; the atmosphere is for ever charged with hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; many villages experience the infernal quaking of the wrath of gas flares which have been burning 24 hours a day for 33 years; acid rain, oil spillages and blowouts are common. The result of such unchecked environmental pollution and degradation are that (i) The Ogoni can no longer farm successfully. Once the food basket of the eastern Niger Delta, the Ogoni now buy food (when they can afford it); (ii) Fish, once a common source of protein, is now rare. Owing to the constant and continual pollution of our streams and creeks, fish can only be caught in deeper and offshore waters for which the Ogoni are not equipped. (iii) All wildlife is dead. (iv) The ecology is changing fast. The mangrove tree, the aerial roots of which normally provide a natural and welcome habitat for many a sea food \- crabs, periwinkles, mudskippers, cockles, mussels, shrimps and all \- is now being gradually replaced by unknown and otherwise useless plants. (v) The health hazards generated by an atmosphere charged with hydrocarbon vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are innumerable.
#### Early protests
In 1970, Ogoni Chiefs and Elders of the Ogoni Divisional Commission (W. Nzidee, F. Yowika, N. Ndegwe, E. Kobani, O. Nalelo, Chief A. Ngei and O. Ngofa), submitted a petition{{Cite web \|title\=Ken Saro\-Wiwa, Excerpts from Saro\-Wiwa on Shell in Ogoni \|url\=http://www.hartford\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\.html \|website\=www.hartford\-hwp.com}}{{cite web \|author1\=Ken Saro\-Wiwa \|title\=Shell in Ogoni 1992 (Excerpt) \|url\=http://www.hartford\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\.html \|access\-date\=December 21, 2014}} to the local Military Governor as a formal complaint against Shell, then operating a joint venture with BP. It brought notice that the company was "seriously threatening the well\-being, and even the very lives" of the Ogoni.
Shell's response was that the petition was an attempt to place development and other responsibilities on the company and that the "contentions ... bear little relation to what is actually taking place".
In July 1970, there was a major blow\-out at the [Bomu oil field](/wiki/Bomu_oil_field "Bomu oil field") in Ogoni, which continued for three weeks, causing widespread pollution and outrage. P. Badom, of the Dere Youths Association, issued a letter of protest, stating:
> "Our rivers, rivulets and creeks are all covered with crude oil. We no longer breathe the natural oxygen, rather we inhale lethal and ghastly gases. Our water can no longer be drunk unless one wants to test the effect of crude oil on the body. We no longer use vegetables, they are all polluted."{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2022}}
The Iko people wrote to Shell in 1980 demanding "compensation and restitution of our rights to clean air, water and a viable environment where we can source for our means of livelihood".{{cite web \|author1\=Andrew Rowell \|author2\=Stephen Kretzmann \|author3\=Lowenstein Nigeria Project, Yale Law School \|date\=November 1, 1996 \|title\=All for Shell: The Ogoni Struggle \- A Project Underground Report \|url\=https://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2006/05/ALL\_FOR\_SHELL\_2005\_.pdf \|access\-date\= \|website\=priceofoil.org}}
In 1987, when the Iko once again held a peaceful demonstration against Shell, the [Mobile Police Force (MPF)](/wiki/Nigerian_Mobile_Police "Nigerian Mobile Police") destroyed 40 houses, and 350 people were made homeless.
|
[
"### Environmental issues in the Niger Delta",
"{{Main\\|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}",
"Beginning in the late 1950s, multinational oil companies began taking over land belonging to Indigenous farming and fishing communities in the Niger Delta, resulting in environmental devastation. MOSOP spokesman [Ken Saro\\-Wiwa](/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa \"Ken Saro-Wiwa\") called it an 'ecological war':{{cite wikisource \\|title\\=Trial Speech of Ken Saro\\-Wiwa \\|date\\=November 10, 1995}}",
"> The Ogoni country has been completely destroyed.... Oil blowouts, spillages, oil slicks, and general pollution accompany the search for oil.... Oil companies have flared gas in Nigeria for the past thirty three years causing acid rain.... What used to be the bread basket of the delta has now become totally infertile. All one sees and feels around is death. [Environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\") has been a lethal weapon in the war against the indigenous Ogoni people.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\\_dreams.pdf \\|title\\=Pipe Dreams: Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, Environmental Justice, and Micro\\-Minority Rights \\|last\\=Nixon \\|first\\=Rob \\|website\\=english.widc.edu \\|date\\=January 1996 \\|publisher\\=University of Wisconsin\\-Madison \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220005732/http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe\\_dreams.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"",
"Both [Shell](/wiki/Shell_plc \"Shell plc\") and [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") have operated oil wells in Ogoniland.",
"#### Oil spills",
"Statistics from the [Department of Petroleum Resources](/wiki/Nigerian_Upstream_Petroleum_Regulatory_Commission \"Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission\") (DPR) indicate that between 1976 and 1996 a total of 4,835 incidents resulted in the spillage of at over 2\\.4 million barrels of oil (102\\.7 million U.S. gallons), of which an estimated 1\\.9 million barrels (79\\.7 million U.S. gallons; 77 percent) were lost to the environment. Nigeria's largest spill was an offshore [well blowout](/wiki/Blowout_%28well_drilling%29 \"Blowout (well drilling)\") in January 1980, when at least 200,000 barrels of oil (8\\.4 million U.S. gallons), according to oil industry sources, spewed into the Atlantic Ocean from a Texaco facility and destroyed {{Convert\\|340\\|hectare\\|acre}} of mangroves. [Mangrove](/wiki/Mangrove \"Mangrove\") forest is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, because the soil soaks up the oil like a sponge and re\\-releases it every rainy season. DPR estimated that more than 400,000 barrels (16\\.8 million U.S. gallons) were actually spilled in this incident.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://dpr.gov.ng \\|title \\= Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC)}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Manby \\|first\\=Bronwen \\|date\\=January 1999 \\|title\\=The Price of Oil \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991\\-05\\.htm\\#P526\\_156650 \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2014 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}} Water contamination of local water supply resulted in fish kills and ruinous effects on farmland.{{cite web \\|date\\=July 1995 \\|title\\=Nigeria, The Ogoni Crisis, Vol. 7, No. 5 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Nigeria.htm \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2014 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch}}",
"#### Gas flaring",
"Nigeria flares more [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") associated with [oil extraction](/wiki/Oil_Extraction \"Oil Extraction\") than any other country, with estimates about 70% is wasted by flaring.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Robin Hinsch: WAHALA {{!}} International Photography Magazine \\|date\\=November 8, 2019 \\|url\\=http://internationalphotomag.com/robin\\-hinsch\\-wahala/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-23 \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} This is the equivalent to 40% of Africa's gas consumption in 2001\\. Statistical data associated with [gas flaring](/wiki/Gas_flaring \"Gas flaring\") are notoriously unreliable, but Nigeria may waste US$2 billion per year by flaring associated gas.[Media Briefing: Gas flaring in Nigeria](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929163135/http://www.remembersarowiwa.com/pdfs/gasflaringinnigeria.pdf) Friends of the Earth, 2004\\.[Estimated flared volumes from satellite data](http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGGFR/Resources/344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf?resourceurlname=344690Sanitation0and0hygiene0at0wb.pdf) World Bank, 2008\\. Flaring is done, because it is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from the oil. Companies operating in Nigeria also harvest natural gas for commercial purposes but prefer to extract it from deposits where it is found in isolation as non\\-associated gas. Thus associated gas is burned off to decrease costs.",
"Gas flares are potentially harmful to nearby communities, as they release poisonous chemicals including [nitrogen dioxides](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide \"Nitrogen dioxide\"), [sulphur dioxide](/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide \"Sulphur dioxide\"), [volatile organic compounds](/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds \"Volatile organic compounds\"), as well as [carcinogens](/wiki/Carcinogens \"Carcinogens\"). These chemicals can aggravate [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\"), cause breathing difficulties and pain, as well as [chronic bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis%23Chronic_bronchitis \"Bronchitis#Chronic bronchitis\").[*Gas flaring in Nigeria: A human rights, environmental and economic monstrosity.*](http://www.climatelaw.org/cases/country/nigeria/cases/case-documents/nigeria/report/gas.flaring.in.nigeria.html) Friends of the Earth Nigeria",
"Gas flares are often close to communities and regularly lack fencing or protection for villagers who risk working near their heat. Many communities claim that nearby flares cause [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain \"Acid rain\") which corrodes their homes and other structures, many of which have [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\")\\-based roofing. Some people resort to using [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos \"Asbestos\")\\-based material, which is stronger in repelling acid rain deterioration.[*Asbestos: health effects*](https://web.archive.org/web/20060214182013/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos/health_effects/) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007\\. Retrieved May 29, 2007\\. Unfortunately, asbestos exposure increases the risk of forming [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer \"Lung cancer\"), [pleural](/wiki/Pleural \"Pleural\") and [peritoneal mesothelioma](/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma \"Peritoneal mesothelioma\"), and [asbestosis](/wiki/Asbestosis \"Asbestosis\").Bronwen Manby: [*The Price of Oil*](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/) [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\"). 1999\\. Retrieved November 9, 2007[*Oil For Nothing: Multinational Corporations, Environmental Destruction, Death and Impunity in the Niger Delta*](http://www.essentialaction.org/shell/report/) Essential Action, 2000\\. Retrieved May 10, 2007\\.",
"#### Effects on Ogoni people",
"In describing the effects of these environmental damages upon his people, the President of MOSOP, Dr. Garrick Barile Leton stated in 1991 that,\n> Lands, streams and creeks are totally and continually polluted; the atmosphere is for ever charged with hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; many villages experience the infernal quaking of the wrath of gas flares which have been burning 24 hours a day for 33 years; acid rain, oil spillages and blowouts are common. The result of such unchecked environmental pollution and degradation are that (i) The Ogoni can no longer farm successfully. Once the food basket of the eastern Niger Delta, the Ogoni now buy food (when they can afford it); (ii) Fish, once a common source of protein, is now rare. Owing to the constant and continual pollution of our streams and creeks, fish can only be caught in deeper and offshore waters for which the Ogoni are not equipped. (iii) All wildlife is dead. (iv) The ecology is changing fast. The mangrove tree, the aerial roots of which normally provide a natural and welcome habitat for many a sea food \\- crabs, periwinkles, mudskippers, cockles, mussels, shrimps and all \\- is now being gradually replaced by unknown and otherwise useless plants. (v) The health hazards generated by an atmosphere charged with hydrocarbon vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are innumerable.",
"",
"#### Early protests",
"In 1970, Ogoni Chiefs and Elders of the Ogoni Divisional Commission (W. Nzidee, F. Yowika, N. Ndegwe, E. Kobani, O. Nalelo, Chief A. Ngei and O. Ngofa), submitted a petition{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, Excerpts from Saro\\-Wiwa on Shell in Ogoni \\|url\\=http://www.hartford\\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\\.html \\|website\\=www.hartford\\-hwp.com}}{{cite web \\|author1\\=Ken Saro\\-Wiwa \\|title\\=Shell in Ogoni 1992 (Excerpt) \\|url\\=http://www.hartford\\-hwp.com/archives/34a/022\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2014}} to the local Military Governor as a formal complaint against Shell, then operating a joint venture with BP. It brought notice that the company was \"seriously threatening the well\\-being, and even the very lives\" of the Ogoni.",
"Shell's response was that the petition was an attempt to place development and other responsibilities on the company and that the \"contentions ... bear little relation to what is actually taking place\".",
"In July 1970, there was a major blow\\-out at the [Bomu oil field](/wiki/Bomu_oil_field \"Bomu oil field\") in Ogoni, which continued for three weeks, causing widespread pollution and outrage. P. Badom, of the Dere Youths Association, issued a letter of protest, stating:\n> \"Our rivers, rivulets and creeks are all covered with crude oil. We no longer breathe the natural oxygen, rather we inhale lethal and ghastly gases. Our water can no longer be drunk unless one wants to test the effect of crude oil on the body. We no longer use vegetables, they are all polluted.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2022}}",
"",
"The Iko people wrote to Shell in 1980 demanding \"compensation and restitution of our rights to clean air, water and a viable environment where we can source for our means of livelihood\".{{cite web \\|author1\\=Andrew Rowell \\|author2\\=Stephen Kretzmann \\|author3\\=Lowenstein Nigeria Project, Yale Law School \\|date\\=November 1, 1996 \\|title\\=All for Shell: The Ogoni Struggle \\- A Project Underground Report \\|url\\=https://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2006/05/ALL\\_FOR\\_SHELL\\_2005\\_.pdf \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=priceofoil.org}}",
"In 1987, when the Iko once again held a peaceful demonstration against Shell, the [Mobile Police Force (MPF)](/wiki/Nigerian_Mobile_Police \"Nigerian Mobile Police\") destroyed 40 houses, and 350 people were made homeless.",
""
] |
History
-------
MOSOP was the outgrowth of such protests during the 1970s and 1980s. Ken Saro\-Wiwa initiated the idea of MOSOP and attracted a mix of educated Ogoni elites and chiefs, including its first president Dr. Garrick Barile Leton.{{cite book \|last\=Okafor \|first\=Obiora Chinedu \|title\=Legitimizing human rights NGOs: lessons from Nigeria \|publisher\=Africa World Press \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=978\-1\-59221\-286\-6 \|pages\=39–41}} Goodluck Diigbo, President of the National Youth Council of Ogoni People, (NYCOP) established seven of the ten affiliates that made up MOSOP.{{Clarification needed\|reason\=\|date\=November 2022}} Chief E. N. Kobani became vice president of MOSOP.
MOSOP's first effort was the 1990 Ogoni Bill of Rights addressed to the federal government, the people of Nigeria, and as an appeal to the international community. The Ogoni demands were: political autonomy to participate in the affairs of the Republic as a distinct and separate unit, provided that this autonomy guaranteed political control of Ogoni affairs by Ogoni people; the right to control and use a fair proportion of Ogoni economic resources for Ogoni development; adequate representation in Nigerian national institutions; and the right to protect the Ogoni environment and ecology from further degradation. Military president [Ibrahim Babangida](/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida "Ibrahim Babangida"), made no reply to these demands.
### Ogoni Bill of Rights
In August 1990, the Ogoni elders signed the Ogoni Bill of Rights, demanding "political control of Ogoni affairs by Ogoni people, control and use of Ogoni economic resources for Ogoni development, adequate and direct representation as a right for Ogoni people in all Nigerian national institutions, and the right to protect the Ogoni environment and ecology from further degradation."
MOSOP presented the Bill of Rights to several parties: the Federal government of Nigeria; the [United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples](/wiki/United_Nations_Working_Group_on_Indigenous_Peoples "United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples") in Geneva; the UN sub\-committee on Human Rights; the [African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights](/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights "African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights"); and [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace"). The Ogoni case was also presented to the [Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization](/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization "Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization") in 1993\.
They also stated that [Shell](/wiki/Shell_plc "Shell plc") bore “full responsibility for the genocide of the Ogoni.”
The Bill summaraised the sufferings of the Ogoni peoples and their political marginalisation and neglect by the government. They also defined themselves as "a separate and distinct ethnic nationality", and demanded participation in national affairs as "a distinct and separate unit".{{cite book \|last\=Rwomire \|first\=Apollo \|title\=Social problems in Africa: new visions \|publisher\=\[\[Greenwood Publishing Group]] \|year\=2001 \|isbn\=978\-0\-275\-96343\-9 \|pages\=83–85}}
The Ogoni Bill of Rights stated that:
> The Ogoni people will make representation to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to the effect that giving loans and credit to the Nigerian Government on the understanding that oil money will be used to repay such loans is to encourage the Nigerian government to continue to dehumanise the Ogoni people and to devastate the environment and ecology of the Ogoni and other delta minorities among whom oil is found.
> The Ogoni people will inform the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity that the Nigerian Constitution and the actions of the power elite in Nigeria flagrantly violate the UN Declaration of Human Rights and the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights; and that Nigeria in 1992 is no different from Apartheid South Africa. The Ogoni people will ask that Nigeria be duly chastised by both organizations for its inhuman actions and uncivilized behaviour. And if Nigeria persists in its perversity, then it should be expelled from both organizations.
### Early uprisings 1990\-93
#### Umuechem protests
In late October, 1990, protests at a Shell facility in the Umuechem community of [Etche](/wiki/Etche "Etche") brought the situation in the Niger Delta to international attention. In anticipation of the protests, Shell requested the presence of the paramilitary MPF, who killed approximately 80 unarmed demonstrators and destroyed or severely damaged 495 houses.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991\-08\.htm\#P989\_341696 \|title\=The Price of Oil \|last\=Manby \|first\=Bronwen \|date\=January 1999 \|publisher\=Human Rights Watch \|access\-date\=December 15, 2014}} A government inquiry later found that villagers posed no threat and concluded that the MPF's violence was in "reckless disregard for lives and property.”
#### Ogoni uprising
From 1990 to 1993, MOSOP responded to the failure of previous petitions to elicit a response from the government or the oil companies by increasingly asserting their right to self\-determination and their right to confront the oil companies directly. MOSOP leaders campaigned amongst various local clans and mounted media campaigns, promising monetary compensation for damages if their campaign succeeded.
In 1992, the conflict escalated as MOSOP demanded that [Shell Petroleum Development Company](/wiki/Shell_Nigeria "Shell Nigeria") (SPDC), [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation"), and the [Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation](/wiki/NNPC_Limited "NNPC Limited") (NNPC), pay $10 billion in compensation to Ogoni people, immediately stop environmental degradation, and negotiate with Ogoni people to reach acceptable terms for further oil extraction. If the companies failed to comply within 30 days, the Ogonis threatened mass action to disrupt their operations. By this act, the Ogonis shifted the focus of their actions from an unresponsive federal government to oil companies actively engaged in their own region.{{cite web \|url\=http://nigerdeltaaffairs.org/index.php/ogoni\-bill\-of\-rights \|title\=Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People \|website\=nigerdeltaaffairs.org \|access\-date\=December 20, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221034430/http://nigerdeltaaffairs.org/index.php/ogoni\-bill\-of\-rights \|archive\-date\=December 21, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}
##### Shell withdrawal
In January 1993, the national government responded by banning public gatherings and declaring that disturbances of oil production were acts of treason. In spite of the ban, MOSOP went ahead with a massive public mobilization on January 4, 1993\. The event, called the first Ogoni Day, attracted about 300,000 people in massive festivities. Saro\-wiwa and other MOSOP leaders were arrested. Over the next month as the mobilization continued, a Shell employee was beaten by an Ogoni mob. As a security measure, [Shell Petroleum Development Company](/wiki/Shell_Petroleum_Development_Company "Shell Petroleum Development Company") withdrew its employees from Ogoniland. Oil extraction from the territory slowed to {{convert\|10000\|oilbbl/d\|m3/d}} (.5% of the national total).
In June, 1993 the Ogoni boycotted Presidential elections.
##### Ogoni\-Andoni violence{{Clarification needed\|date\=November 2022}}
On July 9 At least 60 Ogoni people are killed, allegedly by Andoni, when arriving back from the Cameroon Republic by boat. This "incident" marks the beginning of Ogoni\-Andoni violence. August 5 – Kaa is the first village attacked in the Andoni\-Ogoni conflict, resulting in 33 deaths and 8,000 refugees. Over the coming months, similar incidents occur in over 20 other villages. MOSOP accuses Shell of being behind the Andoni\-Ogoni violence.{{Clarification needed\|date\=November 2022}}
### Execution of Ken Saro\-Wiwa and the Ogoni Nine (1994\)
{{Main\|Ogoni Nine}}
On May 21, 1994, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were murdered. Saro\-Wiwa (head of the radical faction), was detained in connection with the killings, although he had been denied entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders. Rivers State Military Administrator Lt. Col. [Dauda Komo](/wiki/Dauda_Komo "Dauda Komo") did not wait for a judicial investigation to blame the killings on "irresponsible and reckless thuggery of the MOSOP element".Videotape, press conference, Port Harcourt, Nigerian Television Authority, May 22, 1994\.
Witnesses said that Rivers State Internal Security engaged in terror operations against the general Ogoni population while claiming to search for people responsible for the killings of the four Ogoni leaders. [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") characterized the policy as deliberate terrorism. By mid\-June, 30 villages had been completely destroyed, 600 people had been detained, and at least 40 had been killed. An eventual total of around 100,000 internal refugees and an estimated 2,000 civilian deaths was recorded.{{cite web \|last\=Ayodele \|first\=Thompson \|date\=July 28, 2008 \|title\=Nigeria: Deriving Benefits From Oil Revenue \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807250063\.html \|website\=allafrica.com}}
#### Arrest and summary execution of Ogoni nine
Ken Saro\-Wiwa, N. G. Dube, and Kobari Nwilewas were arrested in [Port Harcourt](/wiki/Port_Harcourt "Port Harcourt") on June 21, 1993\. The three were charged on 13 July 1993 with six counts relating to unlawful assembly, seditious intention and seditious publication. Bail was not set and all three remanded in custody until September 20\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR44/007/1993/en \|work\=Amnesty International \|title\=UA 238/93 \- Nigeria: health concern / legal concern: Ken Saro\-Wiwa, N. G. Dube, Kobari Nwile \|date\=July 19, 1993 \|access\-date\=2014\-12\-17}}
On November 10, 1995, nine activists from the movement, Barinem Kiobel, John Kpunien, Baribor Bera, Saturday Dobee, Felix Nwate, Nordu Eawo, Paul Levura, and Daniel Gbokoo along Ken Saro\-Wiwa, were hanged 10 days after being convicted by the Nigerian government on charges of "incitement to murder" of the four Ogoni leaders.{{cite news\|title\=Ken Saro\-Wiwa\|url\=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/ken\_sarowiwa/index.html \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=22 December 2014}} In the final address to the military\-appointed tribunal, Saro\-Wiwa describes the actions of Shell Corporation as war crimes against the Ogoni People:
> I repeat that we all stand before history. I and my colleagues are not the only ones on trial. Shell is here on trial and it is as well that it is represented by counsel said to be holding a watching brief. The Company has, indeed, ducked this particular trial, but its day will surely come and the lessons learnt here may prove useful to it for there is no doubt in my mind that the ecological war that the Company has waged in the Delta will be called to question sooner than later and the crimes of that war be duly punished. The crime of the Company's dirty wars against the Ogoni people will also be punished.
*Excerpt from:* {{cite wikisource \|title\=Trial Speech of Ken Saro\-Wiwa}}
An anonymous interview revealed a first hand telling of that day and the events that took place;
> Everywhere was quiet and then on the morning of May 21st ... as we woke up in the morning most of the Ogoni communities were filled with soldiers and mobile policemen armed with sophisticated weapons. We don’t (sic) know why they just came, it was only when four prominent Ogoni sons were killed later in the afternoon of that day that we in Ogoni ever knew that there was a grand design to cause disturbances in Ogoni in order to create an excuse for the government to send in more troops{{Cite journal\|last\=(Delta Force, 1995\).\|title\=\|journal\=}}
#### International response
Saro\-Wiwa's death provoked international outrage and the immediate suspension of Nigeria from the [Commonwealth of Nations](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations") as well as the withdrawal of many foreign diplomats from Nigeria.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.pbs.org/hopes/nigeria/story.html\| work\=PBS \| title\=Hopes on the Horizon\_Africa in the 1990s\_Nigeria \| access\-date\=2014\-12\-14}} According to the [Nigerian Medical Association's](/wiki/Nigerian_Medical_Association "Nigerian Medical Association") President, these were the fastest executions in the West African nation's history.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/nigeria/11\-11/ \| work\=CNN \| title\=Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth \| access\-date\=2010\-05\-13}} Nigerian human rights activists and opposition groups had long urged the Commonwealth and the United States to impose economic sanctions on the Nigerian government. This they argued was the opportune time to "turn the screws on" Nigeria's military government by boycotting its oil. The United States, which buys half of Nigeria's oil, declined through a press statement.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/nigeria/11\-11/ \|work\=CNN \|title\=Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth \|access\-date\=2014\-12\-14}}
### 1997\-present
On January 4, 1998, Ogoni national day, the Rivers State Internal Security Task Force (RVISTF), arrested dozens of activists and raided several villages.{{cite press release \|url\=http://africafocus.org/docs98/ogon9801\.php \|title\=MOSOP Calls For Urgent Action \|last\=Chinwo \|first\=Ernest \|date\=January 12, 1998 \|publisher\=Africa Focus.org \|access\-date\=December 20, 2014}}
#### Saro\-Wiwa vs. Shell
{{Excerpt\|Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell Co.}}
#### Demands for Saro\-Wiwa's exoneration
On November 10, 2014, MOSOP President Legborsi Saro Pyagbara, at the 19th anniversary commemoration of the "Ogoni Martyrs" held in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, called on the federal government to clear the late activist, Ken Saro\-Wiwa, and the other nine Ogoni people executed by General Sani Abacha's government for murder. Pyagbara recalled that the UN, which monitored the trial of Saro\-Wiwa and the Ogoni Nine, observed that the returned verdict did not follow any known local or international standard.{{cite web \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201411111319\.html \|title\=Nigeria: Clear Ken Saro\-Wiwa, Others of Murder, MOSOP Urges Govt \|last\=Chinwo \|first\=Ernest \|date\=November 11, 2014 \|website\=allafrica.com \|access\-date\=December 16, 2014}}
Compelling new evidence suggests the Nigerian military killed four Ogoni elders whose murders led to the execution of the playwright and activist Ken Saro\-Wiwa in 1995\. The evidence also reveals that the notorious military commander Lieutenant\-Colonel Paul Okuntimo, whose troops were implicated in other crimes, was in the pay of Shell at the time of the killings and was driven around in a Shell vehicle.{{cite web \|last1\=Rowell \|first1\=Andy \|last2\=Lubbers \|first2\=Eveline \|date\=December 5, 2010 \|title\=Ken Saro\-Wiwa was framed, secret evidence shows \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/ken\-sarowiwa\-was\-framed\-secret\-evidence\-shows\-2151577\.html \|access\-date\=December 20, 2014 \|website\=independent.co.uk}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"MOSOP was the outgrowth of such protests during the 1970s and 1980s. Ken Saro\\-Wiwa initiated the idea of MOSOP and attracted a mix of educated Ogoni elites and chiefs, including its first president Dr. Garrick Barile Leton.{{cite book \\|last\\=Okafor \\|first\\=Obiora Chinedu \\|title\\=Legitimizing human rights NGOs: lessons from Nigeria \\|publisher\\=Africa World Press \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59221\\-286\\-6 \\|pages\\=39–41}} Goodluck Diigbo, President of the National Youth Council of Ogoni People, (NYCOP) established seven of the ten affiliates that made up MOSOP.{{Clarification needed\\|reason\\=\\|date\\=November 2022}} Chief E. N. Kobani became vice president of MOSOP.",
"MOSOP's first effort was the 1990 Ogoni Bill of Rights addressed to the federal government, the people of Nigeria, and as an appeal to the international community. The Ogoni demands were: political autonomy to participate in the affairs of the Republic as a distinct and separate unit, provided that this autonomy guaranteed political control of Ogoni affairs by Ogoni people; the right to control and use a fair proportion of Ogoni economic resources for Ogoni development; adequate representation in Nigerian national institutions; and the right to protect the Ogoni environment and ecology from further degradation. Military president [Ibrahim Babangida](/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida \"Ibrahim Babangida\"), made no reply to these demands.",
"### Ogoni Bill of Rights",
"In August 1990, the Ogoni elders signed the Ogoni Bill of Rights, demanding \"political control of Ogoni affairs by Ogoni people, control and use of Ogoni economic resources for Ogoni development, adequate and direct representation as a right for Ogoni people in all Nigerian national institutions, and the right to protect the Ogoni environment and ecology from further degradation.\"",
"MOSOP presented the Bill of Rights to several parties: the Federal government of Nigeria; the [United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples](/wiki/United_Nations_Working_Group_on_Indigenous_Peoples \"United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples\") in Geneva; the UN sub\\-committee on Human Rights; the [African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights](/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights \"African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights\"); and [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\"). The Ogoni case was also presented to the [Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization](/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization \"Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization\") in 1993\\.",
"They also stated that [Shell](/wiki/Shell_plc \"Shell plc\") bore “full responsibility for the genocide of the Ogoni.”",
"The Bill summaraised the sufferings of the Ogoni peoples and their political marginalisation and neglect by the government. They also defined themselves as \"a separate and distinct ethnic nationality\", and demanded participation in national affairs as \"a distinct and separate unit\".{{cite book \\|last\\=Rwomire \\|first\\=Apollo \\|title\\=Social problems in Africa: new visions \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Greenwood Publishing Group]] \\|year\\=2001 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-275\\-96343\\-9 \\|pages\\=83–85}}",
"The Ogoni Bill of Rights stated that:\n> The Ogoni people will make representation to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to the effect that giving loans and credit to the Nigerian Government on the understanding that oil money will be used to repay such loans is to encourage the Nigerian government to continue to dehumanise the Ogoni people and to devastate the environment and ecology of the Ogoni and other delta minorities among whom oil is found.\n> The Ogoni people will inform the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity that the Nigerian Constitution and the actions of the power elite in Nigeria flagrantly violate the UN Declaration of Human Rights and the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights; and that Nigeria in 1992 is no different from Apartheid South Africa. The Ogoni people will ask that Nigeria be duly chastised by both organizations for its inhuman actions and uncivilized behaviour. And if Nigeria persists in its perversity, then it should be expelled from both organizations.",
"",
"### Early uprisings 1990\\-93",
"#### Umuechem protests",
"In late October, 1990, protests at a Shell facility in the Umuechem community of [Etche](/wiki/Etche \"Etche\") brought the situation in the Niger Delta to international attention. In anticipation of the protests, Shell requested the presence of the paramilitary MPF, who killed approximately 80 unarmed demonstrators and destroyed or severely damaged 495 houses.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991\\-08\\.htm\\#P989\\_341696 \\|title\\=The Price of Oil \\|last\\=Manby \\|first\\=Bronwen \\|date\\=January 1999 \\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2014}} A government inquiry later found that villagers posed no threat and concluded that the MPF's violence was in \"reckless disregard for lives and property.”",
"#### Ogoni uprising",
"From 1990 to 1993, MOSOP responded to the failure of previous petitions to elicit a response from the government or the oil companies by increasingly asserting their right to self\\-determination and their right to confront the oil companies directly. MOSOP leaders campaigned amongst various local clans and mounted media campaigns, promising monetary compensation for damages if their campaign succeeded.",
"In 1992, the conflict escalated as MOSOP demanded that [Shell Petroleum Development Company](/wiki/Shell_Nigeria \"Shell Nigeria\") (SPDC), [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\"), and the [Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation](/wiki/NNPC_Limited \"NNPC Limited\") (NNPC), pay $10 billion in compensation to Ogoni people, immediately stop environmental degradation, and negotiate with Ogoni people to reach acceptable terms for further oil extraction. If the companies failed to comply within 30 days, the Ogonis threatened mass action to disrupt their operations. By this act, the Ogonis shifted the focus of their actions from an unresponsive federal government to oil companies actively engaged in their own region.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://nigerdeltaaffairs.org/index.php/ogoni\\-bill\\-of\\-rights \\|title\\=Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People \\|website\\=nigerdeltaaffairs.org \\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221034430/http://nigerdeltaaffairs.org/index.php/ogoni\\-bill\\-of\\-rights \\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"##### Shell withdrawal",
"In January 1993, the national government responded by banning public gatherings and declaring that disturbances of oil production were acts of treason. In spite of the ban, MOSOP went ahead with a massive public mobilization on January 4, 1993\\. The event, called the first Ogoni Day, attracted about 300,000 people in massive festivities. Saro\\-wiwa and other MOSOP leaders were arrested. Over the next month as the mobilization continued, a Shell employee was beaten by an Ogoni mob. As a security measure, [Shell Petroleum Development Company](/wiki/Shell_Petroleum_Development_Company \"Shell Petroleum Development Company\") withdrew its employees from Ogoniland. Oil extraction from the territory slowed to {{convert\\|10000\\|oilbbl/d\\|m3/d}} (.5% of the national total).",
"In June, 1993 the Ogoni boycotted Presidential elections.",
"##### Ogoni\\-Andoni violence{{Clarification needed\\|date\\=November 2022}}",
"On July 9 At least 60 Ogoni people are killed, allegedly by Andoni, when arriving back from the Cameroon Republic by boat. This \"incident\" marks the beginning of Ogoni\\-Andoni violence. August 5 – Kaa is the first village attacked in the Andoni\\-Ogoni conflict, resulting in 33 deaths and 8,000 refugees. Over the coming months, similar incidents occur in over 20 other villages. MOSOP accuses Shell of being behind the Andoni\\-Ogoni violence.{{Clarification needed\\|date\\=November 2022}}",
"### Execution of Ken Saro\\-Wiwa and the Ogoni Nine (1994\\)",
"{{Main\\|Ogoni Nine}}\nOn May 21, 1994, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were murdered. Saro\\-Wiwa (head of the radical faction), was detained in connection with the killings, although he had been denied entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders. Rivers State Military Administrator Lt. Col. [Dauda Komo](/wiki/Dauda_Komo \"Dauda Komo\") did not wait for a judicial investigation to blame the killings on \"irresponsible and reckless thuggery of the MOSOP element\".Videotape, press conference, Port Harcourt, Nigerian Television Authority, May 22, 1994\\.",
"Witnesses said that Rivers State Internal Security engaged in terror operations against the general Ogoni population while claiming to search for people responsible for the killings of the four Ogoni leaders. [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") characterized the policy as deliberate terrorism. By mid\\-June, 30 villages had been completely destroyed, 600 people had been detained, and at least 40 had been killed. An eventual total of around 100,000 internal refugees and an estimated 2,000 civilian deaths was recorded.{{cite web \\|last\\=Ayodele \\|first\\=Thompson \\|date\\=July 28, 2008 \\|title\\=Nigeria: Deriving Benefits From Oil Revenue \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807250063\\.html \\|website\\=allafrica.com}}",
"#### Arrest and summary execution of Ogoni nine",
"Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, N. G. Dube, and Kobari Nwilewas were arrested in [Port Harcourt](/wiki/Port_Harcourt \"Port Harcourt\") on June 21, 1993\\. The three were charged on 13 July 1993 with six counts relating to unlawful assembly, seditious intention and seditious publication. Bail was not set and all three remanded in custody until September 20\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR44/007/1993/en \\|work\\=Amnesty International \\|title\\=UA 238/93 \\- Nigeria: health concern / legal concern: Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, N. G. Dube, Kobari Nwile \\|date\\=July 19, 1993 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-17}}",
"On November 10, 1995, nine activists from the movement, Barinem Kiobel, John Kpunien, Baribor Bera, Saturday Dobee, Felix Nwate, Nordu Eawo, Paul Levura, and Daniel Gbokoo along Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, were hanged 10 days after being convicted by the Nigerian government on charges of \"incitement to murder\" of the four Ogoni leaders.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ken Saro\\-Wiwa\\|url\\=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/ken\\_sarowiwa/index.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2014}} In the final address to the military\\-appointed tribunal, Saro\\-Wiwa describes the actions of Shell Corporation as war crimes against the Ogoni People:",
"",
"> I repeat that we all stand before history. I and my colleagues are not the only ones on trial. Shell is here on trial and it is as well that it is represented by counsel said to be holding a watching brief. The Company has, indeed, ducked this particular trial, but its day will surely come and the lessons learnt here may prove useful to it for there is no doubt in my mind that the ecological war that the Company has waged in the Delta will be called to question sooner than later and the crimes of that war be duly punished. The crime of the Company's dirty wars against the Ogoni people will also be punished.",
"*Excerpt from:* {{cite wikisource \\|title\\=Trial Speech of Ken Saro\\-Wiwa}}\nAn anonymous interview revealed a first hand telling of that day and the events that took place;\n> Everywhere was quiet and then on the morning of May 21st ... as we woke up in the morning most of the Ogoni communities were filled with soldiers and mobile policemen armed with sophisticated weapons. We don’t (sic) know why they just came, it was only when four prominent Ogoni sons were killed later in the afternoon of that day that we in Ogoni ever knew that there was a grand design to cause disturbances in Ogoni in order to create an excuse for the government to send in more troops{{Cite journal\\|last\\=(Delta Force, 1995\\).\\|title\\=\\|journal\\=}}",
"",
"#### International response",
"Saro\\-Wiwa's death provoked international outrage and the immediate suspension of Nigeria from the [Commonwealth of Nations](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\") as well as the withdrawal of many foreign diplomats from Nigeria.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.pbs.org/hopes/nigeria/story.html\\| work\\=PBS \\| title\\=Hopes on the Horizon\\_Africa in the 1990s\\_Nigeria \\| access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-14}} According to the [Nigerian Medical Association's](/wiki/Nigerian_Medical_Association \"Nigerian Medical Association\") President, these were the fastest executions in the West African nation's history.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/nigeria/11\\-11/ \\| work\\=CNN \\| title\\=Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth \\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-13}} Nigerian human rights activists and opposition groups had long urged the Commonwealth and the United States to impose economic sanctions on the Nigerian government. This they argued was the opportune time to \"turn the screws on\" Nigeria's military government by boycotting its oil. The United States, which buys half of Nigeria's oil, declined through a press statement.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/nigeria/11\\-11/ \\|work\\=CNN \\|title\\=Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-14}}",
"### 1997\\-present",
"On January 4, 1998, Ogoni national day, the Rivers State Internal Security Task Force (RVISTF), arrested dozens of activists and raided several villages.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://africafocus.org/docs98/ogon9801\\.php \\|title\\=MOSOP Calls For Urgent Action \\|last\\=Chinwo \\|first\\=Ernest \\|date\\=January 12, 1998 \\|publisher\\=Africa Focus.org \\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2014}}",
"#### Saro\\-Wiwa vs. Shell",
"{{Excerpt\\|Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell Co.}}",
"#### Demands for Saro\\-Wiwa's exoneration",
"On November 10, 2014, MOSOP President Legborsi Saro Pyagbara, at the 19th anniversary commemoration of the \"Ogoni Martyrs\" held in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, called on the federal government to clear the late activist, Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, and the other nine Ogoni people executed by General Sani Abacha's government for murder. Pyagbara recalled that the UN, which monitored the trial of Saro\\-Wiwa and the Ogoni Nine, observed that the returned verdict did not follow any known local or international standard.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201411111319\\.html \\|title\\=Nigeria: Clear Ken Saro\\-Wiwa, Others of Murder, MOSOP Urges Govt \\|last\\=Chinwo \\|first\\=Ernest \\|date\\=November 11, 2014 \\|website\\=allafrica.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2014}}",
"Compelling new evidence suggests the Nigerian military killed four Ogoni elders whose murders led to the execution of the playwright and activist Ken Saro\\-Wiwa in 1995\\. The evidence also reveals that the notorious military commander Lieutenant\\-Colonel Paul Okuntimo, whose troops were implicated in other crimes, was in the pay of Shell at the time of the killings and was driven around in a Shell vehicle.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Rowell \\|first1\\=Andy \\|last2\\=Lubbers \\|first2\\=Eveline \\|date\\=December 5, 2010 \\|title\\=Ken Saro\\-Wiwa was framed, secret evidence shows \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/ken\\-sarowiwa\\-was\\-framed\\-secret\\-evidence\\-shows\\-2151577\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2014 \\|website\\=independent.co.uk}}",
""
] |
Franchise History
-----------------
### Franchise Ownership
The franchise was initially founded and owned by Agile Entertainment Pvt Ltd but later GlobalArena6 Sports LLP took over the reins in 2021 alongside [Vijay Deverakonda](/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda "Vijay Deverakonda").
A majority of the shares are currently held by the Kankanala Sports Group alongside co\-owners Shyam Sundar Reddy and Deepak G. Reddy who are minority partners in the Hyderabad franchise.
The Kankanala Sports Group also owns [INDE Racing](/wiki/INDE_Racing "INDE Racing"), [Telugu Talons](/wiki/Telugu_Talons "Telugu Talons"), [Bengaluru Raptors](/wiki/Bengaluru_Raptors "Bengaluru Raptors") and [Whizzy](/wiki/Whizzy_Logistics "Whizzy Logistics"), a delivery logistics company.
### Franchise Name
The franchise was initially named Black Hawks Hyderabad in 2018 and was owned by Agile Entertainment Pvt Ltd. The name was later changed to Hyderabad Black Hawks following a change of ownership that took place in 2021\. The team has retained the name since then, last featuring in the 2024 edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League").
### Franchise Participation
Prior to the change in ownership the Black Hawks Hyderabad participated in the only season of the dissolved [Pro Volleyball League](/wiki/Pro_Volleyball_League "Pro Volleyball League") in 2019\. Ever since the change in ownership, the Hyderabad Black Hawks have participated in three seasons of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League"), first featuring in 2022 recording their best\-ever finish during that season.
### Franchise Anthem
The Hyderabad Black Hawks' team anthem was officially given the title "Hawk Attack", composed by Karthik Kodakandla and was sung by [Rahul Sipligunj](/wiki/Rahul_Sipligunj "Rahul Sipligunj") and Mangli. The lyrics were written by Giridhar and drums and percussion were provided by [Sivamani.](/wiki/Sivamani_%28percussionist%29 "Sivamani (percussionist)") The anthem gained popularity upon its release and has been continued to be used by the Hyderabad Black Hawks since its release. {{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=s0s2YJ31Uc8 \|title\=Hyderabad Black Hawks Anthem ft. @TheDeverakonda {{!}} RuPay Prime Volleyball League Powered by A23 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|via\=www.youtube.com}}
|
[
"Franchise History\n-----------------",
"### Franchise Ownership",
"The franchise was initially founded and owned by Agile Entertainment Pvt Ltd but later GlobalArena6 Sports LLP took over the reins in 2021 alongside [Vijay Deverakonda](/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda \"Vijay Deverakonda\").",
"A majority of the shares are currently held by the Kankanala Sports Group alongside co\\-owners Shyam Sundar Reddy and Deepak G. Reddy who are minority partners in the Hyderabad franchise.",
"The Kankanala Sports Group also owns [INDE Racing](/wiki/INDE_Racing \"INDE Racing\"), [Telugu Talons](/wiki/Telugu_Talons \"Telugu Talons\"), [Bengaluru Raptors](/wiki/Bengaluru_Raptors \"Bengaluru Raptors\") and [Whizzy](/wiki/Whizzy_Logistics \"Whizzy Logistics\"), a delivery logistics company.",
"### Franchise Name",
"The franchise was initially named Black Hawks Hyderabad in 2018 and was owned by Agile Entertainment Pvt Ltd. The name was later changed to Hyderabad Black Hawks following a change of ownership that took place in 2021\\. The team has retained the name since then, last featuring in the 2024 edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\").",
"### Franchise Participation",
"Prior to the change in ownership the Black Hawks Hyderabad participated in the only season of the dissolved [Pro Volleyball League](/wiki/Pro_Volleyball_League \"Pro Volleyball League\") in 2019\\. Ever since the change in ownership, the Hyderabad Black Hawks have participated in three seasons of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\"), first featuring in 2022 recording their best\\-ever finish during that season.",
"### Franchise Anthem",
"The Hyderabad Black Hawks' team anthem was officially given the title \"Hawk Attack\", composed by Karthik Kodakandla and was sung by [Rahul Sipligunj](/wiki/Rahul_Sipligunj \"Rahul Sipligunj\") and Mangli. The lyrics were written by Giridhar and drums and percussion were provided by [Sivamani.](/wiki/Sivamani_%28percussionist%29 \"Sivamani (percussionist)\") The anthem gained popularity upon its release and has been continued to be used by the Hyderabad Black Hawks since its release. {{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=s0s2YJ31Uc8 \\|title\\=Hyderabad Black Hawks Anthem ft. @TheDeverakonda {{!}} RuPay Prime Volleyball League Powered by A23 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}",
""
] |
Season History
--------------
### Prime Volleyball League, 2022
The inaugural edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League") saw the participation of seven teams and was held at the Gachibowli Stadium in [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad"). The Hyderabad Black Hawks got off to a flying start, winning their first league game, 4\-1, against the [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers"). They then went on to win two more games over the course of the season, powering them to a spot in the semi\-final.
The Hyderabad Black Hawks and the Calicut Heroes finished with 7 points each in the group stage, with the latter claiming third place as a result of a higher set difference. The [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad") based franchise went down against the [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") in the semi\-final and were declared joint\-third place winners alongside the [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes").
Guru Prasanth recorded 69 points during the season, and won the Emerging Player of the Year Award.{{Cite web \|date\=3 August 2023 \|title\=From Prodigy to MVP: The journey of Guru Prasanth \- the superstar of Indian volleyball \|url\=https://www.primevolleyballleague.com/blogs/from\-prodigy\-to\-mvp\-the\-journey\-of\-guru\-prasanth\-\-\-the\-superstar\-of\-indian\-volleyball \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|website\=Prime Volleyball League \|language\=en}} John Joseph was awarded the Blocker of the Season Award; he recorded 17 blocks at a success rate of 40%.
| \+Match Results | Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| League Stage | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **4–1** | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers") | 15–12 | 15–11 | 15–11 | 15–10 | 13–15 | **73–59** |
| 10 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | **4–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 15–10 | 15–12 | 15–8 | 9–15 | **69–58** |
| 11 Feb | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes "Bengaluru Torpedoes") | **3–2** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–12 | 14–15 | 15–12 | 11–15 | 15–13 | **70–67** |
| 13 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **5–0** | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz "Chennai Blitz") | 15–14 | 15–11 | 15–14 | 15–7 | 15–13 | **75–59** |
| 15 Feb | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts "Kolkata Thunderbolts") | **2–3** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 8–15 | 15–13 | 9–15 | 12–15 | 15–8 | **59–66** |
| 21 Feb | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") | **5–0** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–14 | 15–10 | 15–14 | 15–14 | 15–9 | **75–61** |
| Semi\-Final | | | | | | | | | |
| 24 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | **3–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 15–12 | 9–15 | 15–12 | \- | **54–52** |
| \+Final Standings (PVL 2022\) | Position | Team Name | League stage finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Champions** | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts "Kolkata Thunderbolts") | 2nd |
| Runners\-up | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | 1st |
| 3rd | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") | 3rd |
| 3rd | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 4th |
| 4th | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes "Bengaluru Torpedoes") | 5th |
| 5th | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz "Chennai Blitz") | 6th |
| 6th | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers") | 7th |
### Prime Volleyball League, 2023{{Cite web \|last\=volleyballworld.com \|title\=Prime Volleyball League 2023 \- Standings \|url\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime\-volleyball\-league\-2023/standings/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-16 \|website\=volleyballworld.com \|language\=en}}
Prior to the start of the second season of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League"), the Hyderabad Black Hawks hosted an event that came to be known as Hype Night. The event was organized with the intention of bringing fans up close and personal with the players of the Hyderabad Black Hawks.{{Cite web \|last\=Bureau \|first\=BestMediaInfo \|title\=Hyderabad Black Hawks collaborates with Cake India to organise 'Hype Night' event for volleyball fans \|url\=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/02/hyderabad\-black\-hawks\-collaborates\-with\-cake\-india\-to\-organise\-hype\-night\-event\-for\-volleyball\-fans \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|website\=bestmediainfo.com \|language\=en}} As part of Hype Night's festivities, two teams consisting of players from the Hyderabad Black Hawks played out a volleyball match in total darkness illuminated by UV and neon lighting in front of a packed crowd. The on\-court volleyball action was accompanied by music and entertainment, and also featured [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language") actor [Vijay Devarakonda](/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda "Vijay Deverakonda").
The second edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League") saw the participation of eight teams and was played across three Indian cities, namely [Bengaluru](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore"), [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad") and [Kochi](/wiki/Kochi "Kochi"). The Hyderabad Black Hawks got off to a strong start before facing two consecutive defeats. They then managed to turn their form around but were unfortunate not to make the semi\-final, as they missed out by the narrowest of margins, failing to secure qualification as a result of a poor set difference of \-5\.
Guru Prasanth wore the captain's armband for the 2023 season, becoming the first player to score more than 100 points in a single season. He finished the season with a total of 114 points, picking up the MVP awardin the process. The [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") went on to become the champions.{{Cite web \|last\=volleyballworld.com \|title\=Prime Volleyball League 2023 \- Standings \|url\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime\-volleyball\-league\-2023/standings/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|website\=volleyballworld.com \|language\=en}}
| \+Match Results | Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| League Stage | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | **2–3** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 9–15 | 14–15 | 11–15 | 15–10 | **64–68** |
| 8 Feb | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts "Kolkata Thunderbolts") | **4–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 15–7 | 15–9 | 15–12 | 8–15 | **68–56** |
| 11 Feb | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") | **4–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–14 | 15–12 | 15–11 | 4–15 | 15–14 | **64–66** |
| 15 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **3–2** | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers") | 15–13 | 10–15 | 15–13 | 15–6 | 13–15 | **68–62** |
| 18 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **3–2** | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz "Chennai Blitz") | 10–15 | 15–14 | 15–9 | 12–15 | 15–11 | **67–64** |
| 21 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **3–2** | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes "Bengaluru Torpedoes") | 15–13 | 14–15 | 9–15 | 15–10 | 15–12 | **68–65** |
| 26 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **1–4** | Mumbai Meteors | 15–14 | 9–15 | 12–15 | 11–15 | 8–15 | **55–74** |
| \+Final Standings (PVL 2023\) | Position | Team Name | League Stage Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Champions** | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | 2nd |
| Runners\-up | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes "Bengaluru Torpedoes") | 4th |
| 3rd | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") | 3rd |
| 4th | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts "Kolkata Thunderbolts") | 1st |
| 5th | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 5th |
| 6th | Mumbai Meteors | 6th |
| 7th | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers") | 7th |
| 8th | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz "Chennai Blitz") | 8th |
### Prime Volleyball League, 2024{{Cite web \|last\=volleyballworld.com \|title\=Prime Volleyball League 2024 \- Standings \|url\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime\-volleyball\-league/standings/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|website\=volleyballworld.com \|language\=en}}
Before the start of season three of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League"), the Hyderabad Black Hawks hosted the VD Black Hawks Open'24, which was a grassroots level volleyball tournament. The tournament was powered by [RuPay](/wiki/RuPay "RuPay"), with [Red Bull](/wiki/Red_Bull "Red Bull") serving as the official energy partner. The VD Black Hawks Open'24 was primarily held in [Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Technological_University%2C_Hyderabad "Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad"), [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad"). The tournament was aimed at developing volleyball at the grassroots level in the [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language") speaking states of [India](/wiki/India "India"), and provided for the tournament winners to get a chance to train with the players of the Hyderabad Black Hawks.{{Cite web \|last\=Today \|first\=Telangana \|date\=2024\-02\-08 \|title\=VD Black Hawks volleyball tournament from January 19 \|url\=https://telanganatoday.com/vd\-black\-hawks\-volleyball\-tournament\-from\-january\-19 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|website\=Telangana Today \|language\=en}}
The inaugural season of the VD Black Hawks Open '24 saw the participation of over 3000 players and 300\+ teams, and was held across 16 different locations. The final of the tournament was held in Gachibowli Stadium and was played between [Ranga Reddy](/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district "Ranga Reddy district") and [Nellore](/wiki/Nellore "Nellore"). [Ranga Reddy](/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district "Ranga Reddy district") was crowned as the winner of the VD Black Hawks Open '24\.{{Cite web \|last\=Correspondent \|first\=D. C. \|date\=2024\-02\-09 \|title\=Vijay Deverakonda Black Hawks Open 24 \|url\=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/other\-sports/vijay\-deverakonda\-black\-hawks\-open\-24\-881568 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-15 \|website\=\[\[Deccan Chronicle]] \|language\=en}} As part of the VD Black Hawks Open '24, players of the Hyderabad Black Hawks played out an exhibition match among themselves. [Vijay Devarakonda](/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda "Vijay Deverakonda") presented the tournament winners with the award and also revealed the jersey for the season.
The most recent edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League") saw the participation of nine teams and was held in the [Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium "Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium") in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai"). The Hyderabad Black Hawks finished last in the league stage recording just one win against the Mumbai Meteors. The [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") won their maiden [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League "Prime Volleyball League") title.
| \+Match Results | Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| League Stage | | | | | | | | | |
| 17 Feb | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz "Chennai Blitz") | **3–0** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 16–14 | 15–11 | 15–7 | \- | \- | **46–32** |
| 19 Feb | Mumbai Meteors | **2–3** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–7 | 15–12 | 10–15 | 11–15 | 18\-20 | **69–49** |
| 22 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | **3–0** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 17–15 | 15–13 | 15–11 | \- | \- | **47–39** |
| 26 Feb | Delhi Toofans | **3\-1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–11 | 13–15 | 15–9 | 15–11 | \- | **58–46** |
| 29 Feb | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts "Kolkata Thunderbolts") | **3\-1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–8 | 15–8 | 11–15 | 20–18 | \- | **61–49** |
| 02 Mar | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **0\-3** | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") | 13–15 | 16–18 | 14–16 | \- | \- | **43–49** |
| 04 Mar | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **0\-3** | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes "Bengaluru Torpedoes") | 6–15 | 11–15 | 12–15 | \- | \- | **29–45** |
| 09 Mar | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **0\-3** | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers") | 12–15 | 12–15 | 11–15 | \- | \- | **35–45** |
| \+Final Standings (PVL 2024\) | Position | Team Name | League Stage Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Champions** | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes "Calicut Heroes") | 1st |
| Runners\-up | Delhi Toofans | 2nd |
| 3rd | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders "Ahmedabad Defenders") | 3rd |
| 4th | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes "Bengaluru Torpedoes") | 4th |
| 5th | Mumbai Meteors | 5th |
| 6th | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz "Chennai Blitz") | 6th |
| 7th | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts "Kolkata Thunderbolts") | 7th |
| 8th | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers "Kochi Blue Spikers") | 8th |
| 9th | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 9th |
|
[
"Season History\n--------------",
"### Prime Volleyball League, 2022",
"The inaugural edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\") saw the participation of seven teams and was held at the Gachibowli Stadium in [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad \"Hyderabad\"). The Hyderabad Black Hawks got off to a flying start, winning their first league game, 4\\-1, against the [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\"). They then went on to win two more games over the course of the season, powering them to a spot in the semi\\-final.",
"The Hyderabad Black Hawks and the Calicut Heroes finished with 7 points each in the group stage, with the latter claiming third place as a result of a higher set difference. The [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad \"Hyderabad\") based franchise went down against the [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") in the semi\\-final and were declared joint\\-third place winners alongside the [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\").",
"Guru Prasanth recorded 69 points during the season, and won the Emerging Player of the Year Award.{{Cite web \\|date\\=3 August 2023 \\|title\\=From Prodigy to MVP: The journey of Guru Prasanth \\- the superstar of Indian volleyball \\|url\\=https://www.primevolleyballleague.com/blogs/from\\-prodigy\\-to\\-mvp\\-the\\-journey\\-of\\-guru\\-prasanth\\-\\-\\-the\\-superstar\\-of\\-indian\\-volleyball \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|website\\=Prime Volleyball League \\|language\\=en}} John Joseph was awarded the Blocker of the Season Award; he recorded 17 blocks at a success rate of 40%.",
"| \\+Match Results | Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| League Stage | | | | | | | | | |\n| 5 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **4–1** | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\") | 15–12 | 15–11 | 15–11 | 15–10 | 13–15 | **73–59** |\n| 10 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | **4–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 15–10 | 15–12 | 15–8 | 9–15 | **69–58** |\n| 11 Feb | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes \"Bengaluru Torpedoes\") | **3–2** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–12 | 14–15 | 15–12 | 11–15 | 15–13 | **70–67** |\n| 13 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **5–0** | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz \"Chennai Blitz\") | 15–14 | 15–11 | 15–14 | 15–7 | 15–13 | **75–59** |\n| 15 Feb | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts \"Kolkata Thunderbolts\") | **2–3** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 8–15 | 15–13 | 9–15 | 12–15 | 15–8 | **59–66** |\n| 21 Feb | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") | **5–0** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–14 | 15–10 | 15–14 | 15–14 | 15–9 | **75–61** |\n| Semi\\-Final | | | | | | | | | |\n| 24 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | **3–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 15–12 | 9–15 | 15–12 | \\- | **54–52** |",
"",
"| \\+Final Standings (PVL 2022\\) | Position | Team Name | League stage finish |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Champions** | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts \"Kolkata Thunderbolts\") | 2nd |\n| Runners\\-up | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | 1st |\n| 3rd | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") | 3rd |\n| 3rd | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 4th |\n| 4th | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes \"Bengaluru Torpedoes\") | 5th |\n| 5th | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz \"Chennai Blitz\") | 6th |\n| 6th | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\") | 7th |",
"",
"### Prime Volleyball League, 2023{{Cite web \\|last\\=volleyballworld.com \\|title\\=Prime Volleyball League 2023 \\- Standings \\|url\\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime\\-volleyball\\-league\\-2023/standings/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-16 \\|website\\=volleyballworld.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"Prior to the start of the second season of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\"), the Hyderabad Black Hawks hosted an event that came to be known as Hype Night. The event was organized with the intention of bringing fans up close and personal with the players of the Hyderabad Black Hawks.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bureau \\|first\\=BestMediaInfo \\|title\\=Hyderabad Black Hawks collaborates with Cake India to organise 'Hype Night' event for volleyball fans \\|url\\=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/02/hyderabad\\-black\\-hawks\\-collaborates\\-with\\-cake\\-india\\-to\\-organise\\-hype\\-night\\-event\\-for\\-volleyball\\-fans \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|website\\=bestmediainfo.com \\|language\\=en}} As part of Hype Night's festivities, two teams consisting of players from the Hyderabad Black Hawks played out a volleyball match in total darkness illuminated by UV and neon lighting in front of a packed crowd. The on\\-court volleyball action was accompanied by music and entertainment, and also featured [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\") actor [Vijay Devarakonda](/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda \"Vijay Deverakonda\").",
"The second edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\") saw the participation of eight teams and was played across three Indian cities, namely [Bengaluru](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\"), [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad \"Hyderabad\") and [Kochi](/wiki/Kochi \"Kochi\"). The Hyderabad Black Hawks got off to a strong start before facing two consecutive defeats. They then managed to turn their form around but were unfortunate not to make the semi\\-final, as they missed out by the narrowest of margins, failing to secure qualification as a result of a poor set difference of \\-5\\.",
"Guru Prasanth wore the captain's armband for the 2023 season, becoming the first player to score more than 100 points in a single season. He finished the season with a total of 114 points, picking up the MVP awardin the process. The [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") went on to become the champions.{{Cite web \\|last\\=volleyballworld.com \\|title\\=Prime Volleyball League 2023 \\- Standings \\|url\\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime\\-volleyball\\-league\\-2023/standings/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|website\\=volleyballworld.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"| \\+Match Results | Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| League Stage | | | | | | | | | |\n| 6 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | **2–3** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 9–15 | 14–15 | 11–15 | 15–10 | **64–68** |\n| 8 Feb | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts \"Kolkata Thunderbolts\") | **4–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–13 | 15–7 | 15–9 | 15–12 | 8–15 | **68–56** |\n| 11 Feb | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") | **4–1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–14 | 15–12 | 15–11 | 4–15 | 15–14 | **64–66** |\n| 15 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **3–2** | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\") | 15–13 | 10–15 | 15–13 | 15–6 | 13–15 | **68–62** |\n| 18 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **3–2** | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz \"Chennai Blitz\") | 10–15 | 15–14 | 15–9 | 12–15 | 15–11 | **67–64** |\n| 21 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **3–2** | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes \"Bengaluru Torpedoes\") | 15–13 | 14–15 | 9–15 | 15–10 | 15–12 | **68–65** |\n| 26 Feb | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **1–4** | Mumbai Meteors | 15–14 | 9–15 | 12–15 | 11–15 | 8–15 | **55–74** |",
"",
"| \\+Final Standings (PVL 2023\\) | Position | Team Name | League Stage Finish |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Champions** | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | 2nd |\n| Runners\\-up | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes \"Bengaluru Torpedoes\") | 4th |\n| 3rd | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") | 3rd |\n| 4th | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts \"Kolkata Thunderbolts\") | 1st |\n| 5th | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 5th |\n| 6th | Mumbai Meteors | 6th |\n| 7th | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\") | 7th |\n| 8th | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz \"Chennai Blitz\") | 8th |",
"",
"### Prime Volleyball League, 2024{{Cite web \\|last\\=volleyballworld.com \\|title\\=Prime Volleyball League 2024 \\- Standings \\|url\\=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime\\-volleyball\\-league/standings/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|website\\=volleyballworld.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"Before the start of season three of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\"), the Hyderabad Black Hawks hosted the VD Black Hawks Open'24, which was a grassroots level volleyball tournament. The tournament was powered by [RuPay](/wiki/RuPay \"RuPay\"), with [Red Bull](/wiki/Red_Bull \"Red Bull\") serving as the official energy partner. The VD Black Hawks Open'24 was primarily held in [Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Technological_University%2C_Hyderabad \"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad\"), [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad \"Hyderabad\"). The tournament was aimed at developing volleyball at the grassroots level in the [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\") speaking states of [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), and provided for the tournament winners to get a chance to train with the players of the Hyderabad Black Hawks.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Today \\|first\\=Telangana \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|title\\=VD Black Hawks volleyball tournament from January 19 \\|url\\=https://telanganatoday.com/vd\\-black\\-hawks\\-volleyball\\-tournament\\-from\\-january\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|website\\=Telangana Today \\|language\\=en}}",
"The inaugural season of the VD Black Hawks Open '24 saw the participation of over 3000 players and 300\\+ teams, and was held across 16 different locations. The final of the tournament was held in Gachibowli Stadium and was played between [Ranga Reddy](/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district \"Ranga Reddy district\") and [Nellore](/wiki/Nellore \"Nellore\"). [Ranga Reddy](/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district \"Ranga Reddy district\") was crowned as the winner of the VD Black Hawks Open '24\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Correspondent \\|first\\=D. C. \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-09 \\|title\\=Vijay Deverakonda Black Hawks Open 24 \\|url\\=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/other\\-sports/vijay\\-deverakonda\\-black\\-hawks\\-open\\-24\\-881568 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-15 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Deccan Chronicle]] \\|language\\=en}} As part of the VD Black Hawks Open '24, players of the Hyderabad Black Hawks played out an exhibition match among themselves. [Vijay Devarakonda](/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda \"Vijay Deverakonda\") presented the tournament winners with the award and also revealed the jersey for the season.",
"The most recent edition of the [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\") saw the participation of nine teams and was held in the [Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium \"Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium\") in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\"). The Hyderabad Black Hawks finished last in the league stage recording just one win against the Mumbai Meteors. The [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") won their maiden [Prime Volleyball League](/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League \"Prime Volleyball League\") title.",
"| \\+Match Results | Date | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| League Stage | | | | | | | | | |\n| 17 Feb | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz \"Chennai Blitz\") | **3–0** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 16–14 | 15–11 | 15–7 | \\- | \\- | **46–32** |\n| 19 Feb | Mumbai Meteors | **2–3** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–7 | 15–12 | 10–15 | 11–15 | 18\\-20 | **69–49** |\n| 22 Feb | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | **3–0** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 17–15 | 15–13 | 15–11 | \\- | \\- | **47–39** |\n| 26 Feb | Delhi Toofans | **3\\-1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–11 | 13–15 | 15–9 | 15–11 | \\- | **58–46** |\n| 29 Feb | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts \"Kolkata Thunderbolts\") | **3\\-1** | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 15–8 | 15–8 | 11–15 | 20–18 | \\- | **61–49** |\n| 02 Mar | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **0\\-3** | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") | 13–15 | 16–18 | 14–16 | \\- | \\- | **43–49** |\n| 04 Mar | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **0\\-3** | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes \"Bengaluru Torpedoes\") | 6–15 | 11–15 | 12–15 | \\- | \\- | **29–45** |\n| 09 Mar | Hyderabad Black Hawks | **0\\-3** | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\") | 12–15 | 12–15 | 11–15 | \\- | \\- | **35–45** |",
"",
"| \\+Final Standings (PVL 2024\\) | Position | Team Name | League Stage Finish |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Champions** | [Calicut Heroes](/wiki/Calicut_Heroes \"Calicut Heroes\") | 1st |\n| Runners\\-up | Delhi Toofans | 2nd |\n| 3rd | [Ahmedabad Defenders](/wiki/Ahmedabad_Defenders \"Ahmedabad Defenders\") | 3rd |\n| 4th | [Bengaluru Torpedoes](/wiki/Bengaluru_Torpedoes \"Bengaluru Torpedoes\") | 4th |\n| 5th | Mumbai Meteors | 5th |\n| 6th | [Chennai Blitz](/wiki/Chennai_Blitz \"Chennai Blitz\") | 6th |\n| 7th | [Kolkata Thunderbolts](/wiki/Kolkata_Thunderbolts \"Kolkata Thunderbolts\") | 7th |\n| 8th | [Kochi Blue Spikers](/wiki/Kochi_Blue_Spikers \"Kochi Blue Spikers\") | 8th |\n| 9th | Hyderabad Black Hawks | 9th |",
"",
""
] |
Life
----
Kaplan was born in Rogachov, [Mogilev Governorate](/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate "Mogilev Governorate"), [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") (now [Rahachow](/wiki/Rahachow "Rahachow"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus")) on December 26 or 28 1902\.{{cite book \|last1\=Suris \|first1\=B. D. \|title\=Анатолий Львович Каплан. Anatoliĭ Lʹvovich Kaplan. \|date\=1972 \|publisher\=Khudozhnik RSFSR \|location\=Leningrad \|pages\=234–6 \|language\=en}} He was one of six children; his father was a butcher in Rahachow which was at that time within the Jewish [Pale of Settlement](/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement "Pale of Settlement") in Russia. His background was therefore not dissimilar to that of [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall "Marc Chagall"), born a generation earlier in 1887, and although their lives were very different, their art has much in common. The *[shtetl](/wiki/Shtetl "Shtetl")* (Jewish village) figures in many of Kaplan's paintings; autobiographical references are very clear in *The Butcher's Shop* (1972\) and *Tailor's Shops* (1975\) and in the many illustrations which he was to create to the works of [Sholem Aleichem](/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem "Sholem Aleichem").
Around 1922 Kaplan came to Leningrad (then named Petrograd), where he was to base his career for the rest of his life, although he often revisited the towns of his childhood. He graduated in 1927 from the [Russian Academy of Arts](/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts "Imperial Academy of Arts") there.
In the 1930s he became associated with a group of artists and [lithographers](/wiki/Lithographer "Lithographer") in Leningrad which had been instructed to prepare a series of works dedicated to the remote [Jewish Autonomous Oblast](/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast "Jewish Autonomous Oblast"), being created by [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") in the hope of resettling Russia's Jewish population in a remote area in the Far East of the country. Here Kaplan learnt and took to the skills of printmaking, developing many individual techniques. His first cycle of prints (1937–1940\) was entitled *Kasrilevka*, ([the name of the village](/wiki/Kasrilevka "Kasrilevka") invented by Sholem Aleichem).
During the war Kaplan was at first evacuated to the [Urals](/wiki/Urals "Urals"), but returned to Leningrad in 1944\. His lithograph cycle of *Landscapes of Leningrad during the Days of the [Blockade](/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad "Siege of Leningrad")* (1948\) was widely acclaimed in Russia and was purchased by eighteen State galleries.
At one time Kaplan was supervisor of design in a glassware factory and this gave him an interest in the third dimension which was later to blossom in his [ceramics](/wiki/Ceramics_%28art%29 "Ceramics (art)") and sculptures.
From the 1950s onwards Kaplan's artworks concentrated on Jewish themes, despite constant and often serious opposition and obstruction from the Soviet cultural authorities.Kiplitsky (1995\), ii pp. 8\-10\. Amongst these works are his cover and illustrations to the *Jewish Folksongs* of [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich "Dmitri Shostakovich") (1977\), illustrations to Aleichem's *[Tevye the Milkman](/wiki/Tevye "Tevye")* (3 series, 1957–1966\), *The Enchanted Tailor* (1954–57\) and *Song of Songs* (1962\), and an extensive series of coloured lithographs (printed in London in 1961\) on the old Jewish [Passover](/wiki/Passover "Passover") song *[Chad Gadya](/wiki/Chad_Gadya "Chad Gadya")* (*One Kid Goat*). Throughout this time Kaplan was also producing paintings, though because of their subject matter they were rarely displayed in the Russia of his time. From 1967 onward he began also to produce ceramics and sculptures, including a set based on the characters of [Gogol](/wiki/Gogol "Gogol")'s *[Dead Souls](/wiki/Dead_Souls "Dead Souls")*.
Kaplan died in [Leningrad](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg"), aged 77\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Kaplan was born in Rogachov, [Mogilev Governorate](/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate \"Mogilev Governorate\"), [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") (now [Rahachow](/wiki/Rahachow \"Rahachow\"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\")) on December 26 or 28 1902\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Suris \\|first1\\=B. D. \\|title\\=Анатолий Львович Каплан. Anatoliĭ Lʹvovich Kaplan. \\|date\\=1972 \\|publisher\\=Khudozhnik RSFSR \\|location\\=Leningrad \\|pages\\=234–6 \\|language\\=en}} He was one of six children; his father was a butcher in Rahachow which was at that time within the Jewish [Pale of Settlement](/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement \"Pale of Settlement\") in Russia. His background was therefore not dissimilar to that of [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall \"Marc Chagall\"), born a generation earlier in 1887, and although their lives were very different, their art has much in common. The *[shtetl](/wiki/Shtetl \"Shtetl\")* (Jewish village) figures in many of Kaplan's paintings; autobiographical references are very clear in *The Butcher's Shop* (1972\\) and *Tailor's Shops* (1975\\) and in the many illustrations which he was to create to the works of [Sholem Aleichem](/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem \"Sholem Aleichem\").",
"Around 1922 Kaplan came to Leningrad (then named Petrograd), where he was to base his career for the rest of his life, although he often revisited the towns of his childhood. He graduated in 1927 from the [Russian Academy of Arts](/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts \"Imperial Academy of Arts\") there.",
"In the 1930s he became associated with a group of artists and [lithographers](/wiki/Lithographer \"Lithographer\") in Leningrad which had been instructed to prepare a series of works dedicated to the remote [Jewish Autonomous Oblast](/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast \"Jewish Autonomous Oblast\"), being created by [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\") in the hope of resettling Russia's Jewish population in a remote area in the Far East of the country. Here Kaplan learnt and took to the skills of printmaking, developing many individual techniques. His first cycle of prints (1937–1940\\) was entitled *Kasrilevka*, ([the name of the village](/wiki/Kasrilevka \"Kasrilevka\") invented by Sholem Aleichem).",
"During the war Kaplan was at first evacuated to the [Urals](/wiki/Urals \"Urals\"), but returned to Leningrad in 1944\\. His lithograph cycle of *Landscapes of Leningrad during the Days of the [Blockade](/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad \"Siege of Leningrad\")* (1948\\) was widely acclaimed in Russia and was purchased by eighteen State galleries.",
"At one time Kaplan was supervisor of design in a glassware factory and this gave him an interest in the third dimension which was later to blossom in his [ceramics](/wiki/Ceramics_%28art%29 \"Ceramics (art)\") and sculptures.",
"From the 1950s onwards Kaplan's artworks concentrated on Jewish themes, despite constant and often serious opposition and obstruction from the Soviet cultural authorities.Kiplitsky (1995\\), ii pp. 8\\-10\\. Amongst these works are his cover and illustrations to the *Jewish Folksongs* of [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich \"Dmitri Shostakovich\") (1977\\), illustrations to Aleichem's *[Tevye the Milkman](/wiki/Tevye \"Tevye\")* (3 series, 1957–1966\\), *The Enchanted Tailor* (1954–57\\) and *Song of Songs* (1962\\), and an extensive series of coloured lithographs (printed in London in 1961\\) on the old Jewish [Passover](/wiki/Passover \"Passover\") song *[Chad Gadya](/wiki/Chad_Gadya \"Chad Gadya\")* (*One Kid Goat*). Throughout this time Kaplan was also producing paintings, though because of their subject matter they were rarely displayed in the Russia of his time. From 1967 onward he began also to produce ceramics and sculptures, including a set based on the characters of [Gogol](/wiki/Gogol \"Gogol\")'s *[Dead Souls](/wiki/Dead_Souls \"Dead Souls\")*.",
"Kaplan died in [Leningrad](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\"), aged 77\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early years
Pepeleva began learning how to skate in 2007 at the age of four. She began competing in pairs skating with her first partner, Roman Sysoev, in 2011\. Pepeleva only competed with her first two partners, Sysoev and Pavel Malkov, for a season each before teaming up with Sergei Bezborodko. Pepeleva/Bezborodko competed domestically for two seasons before parting ways at the end of the [2017–18 figure skating season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_figure_skating_season "2017–18 figure skating season"), after which Pepeleva teamed up with her current partner, [Roman Pleshkov](/wiki/Roman_Pleshkov "Roman Pleshkov").
### 2018–19 season
Pepeleva/Pleshkov competed at their first international assignment, [2018 JGP Austria](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Austria "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria") in August 2018\. The team placed fourth in the short program and third in the free skate to win the bronze medal overall behind Russian teammates [Polina Kostiukovich](/wiki/Polina_Kostiukovich "Polina Kostiukovich") / [Dmitrii Ialin](/wiki/Dmitrii_Ialin "Dmitrii Ialin") and [Anastasia Poluianova](/wiki/Anastasia_Poluianova "Anastasia Poluianova") / [Dmitry Sopot](/wiki/Dmitry_Sopot "Dmitry Sopot"). Despite their podium finish, Pepeleva/Pleshkov did not receive a second [JGP](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating") assignment but instead went on to win gold in the junior division of the [2018 Minsk\-Arena Ice Star](/wiki/Minsk-Arena_Ice_Star "Minsk-Arena Ice Star"), and silver at the 2018 Russian\-Chinese Winter Games.
At the [2019 Russian Junior Championships](/wiki/2019_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2019 Russian Figure Skating Championships"), Pepeleva/Pleshkov finished just off the podium in fourth place.
### 2019–20 season
Pepeleva/Pleshkov opened their season back on the Junior Grand Prix circuit in August 2019 at the [2019 JGP United States](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_the_United_States "ISU Junior Grand Prix in the United States"). Despite technical errors in both the short program and the free skate, the team managed to earn the bronze medal behind fellow Russian teams [Apollinariia Panfilova](/wiki/Apollinariia_Panfilova "Apollinariia Panfilova") / [Dmitry Rylov](/wiki/Dmitry_Rylov "Dmitry Rylov") and [Kseniia Akhanteva](/wiki/Kseniia_Akhanteva "Kseniia Akhanteva") / [Valerii Kolesov](/wiki/Valerii_Kolesov "Valerii Kolesov").
At their second assignment, [2019 JGP Poland](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Poland "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland"), Pepeleva/Pleshkov were again plagued by a number of technical difficulties and fluke mistakes which caused them to finish off the podium in fourth place. Despite missing the podium, the team qualified the final spot to the [2019–20 Junior Grand Prix Final](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final "2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final") based on points earned between their two assignments.
Pepeleva/Pleshkov made their senior debut in November 2019 at the [2019 CS Warsaw Cup](/wiki/2019_CS_Warsaw_Cup "2019 CS Warsaw Cup"). The team put together their cleanest programs of the season to date at the event and captured the silver medal for their efforts behind American team [Jessica Calalang](/wiki/Jessica_Calalang "Jessica Calalang") / [Brian Johnson](/wiki/Brian_Johnson_%28figure_skater%29 "Brian Johnson (figure skater)") and ahead of Canadian team [Justine Brasseur](/wiki/Justine_Brasseur "Justine Brasseur") / [Mark Bardei](/wiki/Mark_Bardei "Mark Bardei"). They also set new personal bests in all three segments at this event.
At the [2020 Russian Championships](/wiki/2020_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2020 Russian Figure Skating Championships"), Pepeleva/Pleshkov gave two of their strongest performances of the season, placing sixth in the short program and fifth in the free skate to finish fifth overall, just ahead of junior\-level rivals Panfilova/Rylov. Due to their placement in the event, Pepeleva/Pleshkov were named second alternates to the Russian team for the [2020 European Championships](/wiki/2020_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2020 European Figure Skating Championships"). The team was due to compete next at the [2020 Russian Junior Championships](/wiki/2020_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2020 Russian Figure Skating Championships") but withdrew due to a knee injury for Pepeleva and ended their season early.
### 2020–21 season
Pepeleva/Pleshkov opened their first fully senior season at the third event of the domestic Russian Cup series in [Sochi](/wiki/Sochi "Sochi"), the qualifying competition series to the [2021 Russian Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2021_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2021 Russian Figure Skating Championships"). They placed third in both the short program and the free skate to finish third overall behind teammates [Daria Pavliuchenko](/wiki/Daria_Pavliuchenko "Daria Pavliuchenko") / [Denis Khodykin](/wiki/Denis_Khodykin "Denis Khodykin") and [Iuliia Artemeva](/wiki/Iuliia_Artemeva "Iuliia Artemeva") / [Mikhail Nazarychev](/wiki/Mikhail_Nazarychev "Mikhail Nazarychev"). At their next event, the fourth stage of the Russian Cup held in [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan "Kazan"), they placed sixth in both the short and free programs to finish sixth overall.
The team was scheduled to compete at the [2020 Rostelecom Cup](/wiki/2020_Rostelecom_Cup "2020 Rostelecom Cup") in November, but were forced withdraw from the competition after one of their coaches contracted [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"). They subsequently competed at the [2021 Russian Championships](/wiki/2021_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2021 Russian Figure Skating Championships"), placing ninth.
On 26 February 2021, it was announced by Russian media outlet R\-Sport that Pepeleva/Pleshkov were one of the new teams famed pairs coach [Nina Mozer](/wiki/Nina_Mozer "Nina Mozer") was taking on in her return to active coaching after a three\-year hiatus.
### 2021–22 season
Pepeleva/Pleshkov made their senior [Grand Prix](/wiki/2021-22_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2021-22 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating") debut at the [2021 Skate America](/wiki/2021_Skate_America "2021 Skate America") where they placed sixth in both segments of competition to finish sixth overall.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early years",
"Pepeleva began learning how to skate in 2007 at the age of four. She began competing in pairs skating with her first partner, Roman Sysoev, in 2011\\. Pepeleva only competed with her first two partners, Sysoev and Pavel Malkov, for a season each before teaming up with Sergei Bezborodko. Pepeleva/Bezborodko competed domestically for two seasons before parting ways at the end of the [2017–18 figure skating season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_figure_skating_season \"2017–18 figure skating season\"), after which Pepeleva teamed up with her current partner, [Roman Pleshkov](/wiki/Roman_Pleshkov \"Roman Pleshkov\").",
"### 2018–19 season",
"Pepeleva/Pleshkov competed at their first international assignment, [2018 JGP Austria](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Austria \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria\") in August 2018\\. The team placed fourth in the short program and third in the free skate to win the bronze medal overall behind Russian teammates [Polina Kostiukovich](/wiki/Polina_Kostiukovich \"Polina Kostiukovich\") / [Dmitrii Ialin](/wiki/Dmitrii_Ialin \"Dmitrii Ialin\") and [Anastasia Poluianova](/wiki/Anastasia_Poluianova \"Anastasia Poluianova\") / [Dmitry Sopot](/wiki/Dmitry_Sopot \"Dmitry Sopot\"). Despite their podium finish, Pepeleva/Pleshkov did not receive a second [JGP](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") assignment but instead went on to win gold in the junior division of the [2018 Minsk\\-Arena Ice Star](/wiki/Minsk-Arena_Ice_Star \"Minsk-Arena Ice Star\"), and silver at the 2018 Russian\\-Chinese Winter Games.",
"At the [2019 Russian Junior Championships](/wiki/2019_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2019 Russian Figure Skating Championships\"), Pepeleva/Pleshkov finished just off the podium in fourth place.",
"### 2019–20 season",
"Pepeleva/Pleshkov opened their season back on the Junior Grand Prix circuit in August 2019 at the [2019 JGP United States](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_the_United_States \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in the United States\"). Despite technical errors in both the short program and the free skate, the team managed to earn the bronze medal behind fellow Russian teams [Apollinariia Panfilova](/wiki/Apollinariia_Panfilova \"Apollinariia Panfilova\") / [Dmitry Rylov](/wiki/Dmitry_Rylov \"Dmitry Rylov\") and [Kseniia Akhanteva](/wiki/Kseniia_Akhanteva \"Kseniia Akhanteva\") / [Valerii Kolesov](/wiki/Valerii_Kolesov \"Valerii Kolesov\").",
"At their second assignment, [2019 JGP Poland](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Poland \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland\"), Pepeleva/Pleshkov were again plagued by a number of technical difficulties and fluke mistakes which caused them to finish off the podium in fourth place. Despite missing the podium, the team qualified the final spot to the [2019–20 Junior Grand Prix Final](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final \"2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final\") based on points earned between their two assignments.",
"Pepeleva/Pleshkov made their senior debut in November 2019 at the [2019 CS Warsaw Cup](/wiki/2019_CS_Warsaw_Cup \"2019 CS Warsaw Cup\"). The team put together their cleanest programs of the season to date at the event and captured the silver medal for their efforts behind American team [Jessica Calalang](/wiki/Jessica_Calalang \"Jessica Calalang\") / [Brian Johnson](/wiki/Brian_Johnson_%28figure_skater%29 \"Brian Johnson (figure skater)\") and ahead of Canadian team [Justine Brasseur](/wiki/Justine_Brasseur \"Justine Brasseur\") / [Mark Bardei](/wiki/Mark_Bardei \"Mark Bardei\"). They also set new personal bests in all three segments at this event.",
"At the [2020 Russian Championships](/wiki/2020_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2020 Russian Figure Skating Championships\"), Pepeleva/Pleshkov gave two of their strongest performances of the season, placing sixth in the short program and fifth in the free skate to finish fifth overall, just ahead of junior\\-level rivals Panfilova/Rylov. Due to their placement in the event, Pepeleva/Pleshkov were named second alternates to the Russian team for the [2020 European Championships](/wiki/2020_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2020 European Figure Skating Championships\"). The team was due to compete next at the [2020 Russian Junior Championships](/wiki/2020_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2020 Russian Figure Skating Championships\") but withdrew due to a knee injury for Pepeleva and ended their season early.",
"### 2020–21 season",
"Pepeleva/Pleshkov opened their first fully senior season at the third event of the domestic Russian Cup series in [Sochi](/wiki/Sochi \"Sochi\"), the qualifying competition series to the [2021 Russian Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2021_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2021 Russian Figure Skating Championships\"). They placed third in both the short program and the free skate to finish third overall behind teammates [Daria Pavliuchenko](/wiki/Daria_Pavliuchenko \"Daria Pavliuchenko\") / [Denis Khodykin](/wiki/Denis_Khodykin \"Denis Khodykin\") and [Iuliia Artemeva](/wiki/Iuliia_Artemeva \"Iuliia Artemeva\") / [Mikhail Nazarychev](/wiki/Mikhail_Nazarychev \"Mikhail Nazarychev\"). At their next event, the fourth stage of the Russian Cup held in [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan \"Kazan\"), they placed sixth in both the short and free programs to finish sixth overall.",
"The team was scheduled to compete at the [2020 Rostelecom Cup](/wiki/2020_Rostelecom_Cup \"2020 Rostelecom Cup\") in November, but were forced withdraw from the competition after one of their coaches contracted [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"). They subsequently competed at the [2021 Russian Championships](/wiki/2021_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2021 Russian Figure Skating Championships\"), placing ninth.",
"On 26 February 2021, it was announced by Russian media outlet R\\-Sport that Pepeleva/Pleshkov were one of the new teams famed pairs coach [Nina Mozer](/wiki/Nina_Mozer \"Nina Mozer\") was taking on in her return to active coaching after a three\\-year hiatus.",
"### 2021–22 season",
"Pepeleva/Pleshkov made their senior [Grand Prix](/wiki/2021-22_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2021-22 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\") debut at the [2021 Skate America](/wiki/2021_Skate_America \"2021 Skate America\") where they placed sixth in both segments of competition to finish sixth overall.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Russ Richards, the weatherman for a [Harrisburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Harrisburg, Pennsylvania"), television station, is revered as a local celebrity by his viewers, and fame affords him such perks as a reserved parking spot and his own booth at [Denny's](/wiki/Denny%27s "Denny's"), where an omelet bears his name. His eternally optimistic demeanor conceals the fact his snowmobile dealership is on the verge of bankruptcy due to an unusually warm winter.
His friend Gig, a shady [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club "Strip club") owner, suggests an insurance scam will free Russ of his financial problems, but when the scheme fails to pay off, Russ finds himself even deeper in debt and the target of a [hitman](/wiki/Hitman "Hitman") named Dale. Gig then proposes Russ rig the [Pennsylvania Lottery](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Lottery "Pennsylvania Lottery") with the help of his amoral girlfriend Crystal Latroy, a ditzy model who pulls and announces the winning numbers on television, and her oddball cousin Walter, who will pose as the owner of the lucky ticket.
Their plan works, but before the $6\.4 million jackpot can be claimed, everything begins to unravel. First, Walter gets greedy, refuses to hand the winning ticket over to his cousin and Crystal's physical confrontation triggers Walter's ultimately fatal asthma attack. Sleazy station manager Dick Simmons, who also is sleeping with Crystal, tries to blackmail her and Russ when he discovers what they have done, and others who have uncovered what appears to be the worst kept secret in town demand their share as well.
Mayhem and murder ensue, prompting lazy detectives Lakewood and Chambers to initiate an investigation they hope will not be too taxing. Russ decides to sell the ticket to Dick for $100,000 to get clear of the debt he owes to Dale. Crystal is irate, and she immediately seduces Dick to get back into her share of the winnings. Dale breaks into Dick's house and tries to rob the ticket from him, but the police arrive, and Lakewood ends up killing him.
On his way home, Lakewood comes across Russ who has jackknifed and overturned an 18\-wheeler as he tries to unload his snowmobile inventory on another dealer. Fearing Lakewood has come to arrest him, Russ flees with his $100,000 on a snowmobile but crashes into a tree. At the hospital, Lakewood gives him a ticket for operating the snowmobile without a license and explains what happened to Dick and Dale. Russ goes to Dick's hospital room and steals the lottery ticket back. He gives it to Wendy (the waitress from Denny's) and moves to Florida where he becomes a successful host of a gameshow called "Lucky Numbers".
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Russ Richards, the weatherman for a [Harrisburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\"), television station, is revered as a local celebrity by his viewers, and fame affords him such perks as a reserved parking spot and his own booth at [Denny's](/wiki/Denny%27s \"Denny's\"), where an omelet bears his name. His eternally optimistic demeanor conceals the fact his snowmobile dealership is on the verge of bankruptcy due to an unusually warm winter.",
"His friend Gig, a shady [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club \"Strip club\") owner, suggests an insurance scam will free Russ of his financial problems, but when the scheme fails to pay off, Russ finds himself even deeper in debt and the target of a [hitman](/wiki/Hitman \"Hitman\") named Dale. Gig then proposes Russ rig the [Pennsylvania Lottery](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Lottery \"Pennsylvania Lottery\") with the help of his amoral girlfriend Crystal Latroy, a ditzy model who pulls and announces the winning numbers on television, and her oddball cousin Walter, who will pose as the owner of the lucky ticket.",
"Their plan works, but before the $6\\.4 million jackpot can be claimed, everything begins to unravel. First, Walter gets greedy, refuses to hand the winning ticket over to his cousin and Crystal's physical confrontation triggers Walter's ultimately fatal asthma attack. Sleazy station manager Dick Simmons, who also is sleeping with Crystal, tries to blackmail her and Russ when he discovers what they have done, and others who have uncovered what appears to be the worst kept secret in town demand their share as well.",
"Mayhem and murder ensue, prompting lazy detectives Lakewood and Chambers to initiate an investigation they hope will not be too taxing. Russ decides to sell the ticket to Dick for $100,000 to get clear of the debt he owes to Dale. Crystal is irate, and she immediately seduces Dick to get back into her share of the winnings. Dale breaks into Dick's house and tries to rob the ticket from him, but the police arrive, and Lakewood ends up killing him.",
"On his way home, Lakewood comes across Russ who has jackknifed and overturned an 18\\-wheeler as he tries to unload his snowmobile inventory on another dealer. Fearing Lakewood has come to arrest him, Russ flees with his $100,000 on a snowmobile but crashes into a tree. At the hospital, Lakewood gives him a ticket for operating the snowmobile without a license and explains what happened to Dick and Dale. Russ goes to Dick's hospital room and steals the lottery ticket back. He gives it to Wendy (the waitress from Denny's) and moves to Florida where he becomes a successful host of a gameshow called \"Lucky Numbers\".",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{Historical populations
\|title\= Historical populations
\|align\=left
\|type\= USA
\|1880\|715
\|1890\|947
\|1900\|1012
\|1910\|1052
\|1920\|1101
\|1930\|1128
\|1940\|1223
\|1950\|1247
\|1960\|1303
\|1970\|1281
\|1980\|1463
\|1990\|1357
\|2000\|1386
\|2010\|1279
\|2020\|1155
\|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center]
}}
### 2020 census
As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 1,155 people, 508 households, and 302 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 553\.2 inhabitants per square mile (213\.6/km2). There were 566 housing units at an average density of 271\.1 per square mile (104\.7/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 94\.2% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.4% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 0\.2% from other races and 4\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") of any race comprised 2\.2% of the population.
Of the 508 households, 28\.5% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.3% were cohabitating couples, 26\.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21\.3% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 40\.6% of all households were non\-families. 35\.6% of all household were made up of individuals, 14\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.
The median age in the city was 42\.3 years. 24\.6% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4\.4% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 23\.5% were from 25 and 44; 24\.4% were from 45 and 64; and 23\.0% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\.3% male and 49\.7% female.
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 1,279 people, 559 households, and 348 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|606\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 622 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|294\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.9% of the population.
There were 559 households, of which 27\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37\.7% were non\-families. 34\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.19 and the average family size was 2\.79\.
The median age in the city was 45\.2 years. 22\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 26\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 23\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.9% male and 52\.1% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,386 people, 531 households, and 347 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|677\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 560 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|273\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99\.21% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.07% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.07% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.65% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.58% of the population.
There were 531 households, out of which 32\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\.5% were non\-families. 30\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.39 and the average family size was 2\.98\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\.5% under the age of 18, 6\.0% from 18 to 24, 25\.0% from 25 to 44, 18\.4% from 45 to 64, and 25\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 86\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80\.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,766, and the median income for a family was $45,268\. Males had a median income of $30,300 versus $21,289 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $18,400\. About 4\.6% of families and 5\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 4\.3% of those under age 18 and 11\.9% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|1880\\|715\n\\|1890\\|947\n\\|1900\\|1012\n\\|1910\\|1052\n\\|1920\\|1101\n\\|1930\\|1128\n\\|1940\\|1223\n\\|1950\\|1247\n\\|1960\\|1303\n\\|1970\\|1281\n\\|1980\\|1463\n\\|1990\\|1357\n\\|2000\\|1386\n\\|2010\\|1279\n\\|2020\\|1155\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 1,155 people, 508 households, and 302 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 553\\.2 inhabitants per square mile (213\\.6/km2). There were 566 housing units at an average density of 271\\.1 per square mile (104\\.7/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 94\\.2% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.4% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 0\\.2% from other races and 4\\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") of any race comprised 2\\.2% of the population.",
"Of the 508 households, 28\\.5% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.3% were cohabitating couples, 26\\.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21\\.3% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 40\\.6% of all households were non\\-families. 35\\.6% of all household were made up of individuals, 14\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.",
"The median age in the city was 42\\.3 years. 24\\.6% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4\\.4% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 23\\.5% were from 25 and 44; 24\\.4% were from 45 and 64; and 23\\.0% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\\.3% male and 49\\.7% female.",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 1,279 people, 559 households, and 348 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|606\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 622 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|294\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.9% of the population.",
"There were 559 households, of which 27\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37\\.7% were non\\-families. 34\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.19 and the average family size was 2\\.79\\.",
"The median age in the city was 45\\.2 years. 22\\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 26\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 23\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.9% male and 52\\.1% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 1,386 people, 531 households, and 347 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|677\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 560 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|273\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99\\.21% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.07% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.07% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.65% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.58% of the population.",
"There were 531 households, out of which 32\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\\.5% were non\\-families. 30\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.39 and the average family size was 2\\.98\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.5% under the age of 18, 6\\.0% from 18 to 24, 25\\.0% from 25 to 44, 18\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 25\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 86\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80\\.1 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $34,766, and the median income for a family was $45,268\\. Males had a median income of $30,300 versus $21,289 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $18,400\\. About 4\\.6% of families and 5\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 4\\.3% of those under age 18 and 11\\.9% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1945, [Capt](/wiki/Military_rank "Military rank") A.G. Lamplugh, head of the British Aviation Insurance Group, and [Air Cdre](/wiki/Air_Commodore "Air Commodore") Griffith J. ("Taffy") Powell, its chief technical officer, persuaded that company's shareholders to establish British Aviation Services as a new company to ferry US\-built [airliners](/wiki/Airliner "Airliner") to their [European](/wiki/Europe "Europe") customers.
Following British Aviation Services' [incorporation](/wiki/Incorporation_%28business%29 "Incorporation (business)") in 1946, Powell got in touch with W.S. Robinson, [chairman](/wiki/Chairman "Chairman") of [London](/wiki/London "London")\-based [mining company](/wiki/Mining%23Industry "Mining#Industry") [*The Zinc Corporation*](/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc "Consolidated Zinc"). That meeting resulted in Robinson appointing Powell as the Zinc Corporation's adviser.
One of Powell's first visits in his new capacity as adviser to the Zinc Corporation took him to [Broken Hill](/wiki/Broken_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales "Broken Hill, New South Wales"), Australia, also known as *Silver City*. This visit resulted in the decision to set up a new air transport operator to serve the mining industry, to be named *Silver City*.
Silver City Airways was incorporated on 25 November 1946\. British Aviation Services became one of the new airline's shareholders, initially taking a 10% stake. It took full control of Silver City Airways in 1948, as a result of buying out the other shareholders. The decision to become Silver City's sole shareholder coincided with British Aviation Services' [strategic](/wiki/Strategic_management "Strategic management") move to become an airline operator in its own right under the *Britavia* name to operate trooping flights.
Eoin Mekie, a [Glaswegian](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") [lawyer](/wiki/Lawyer "Lawyer"), became the new chairman of the reorganised British Aviation Services (BAS) Group in 1950\.
In 1953, BAS Group announced its intention to take over Aquila Airways, Britain's last remaining flying boat operator. According to BAS's official statement regarding the proposed Aquila takeover, this transaction envisaged the acquisition of Aquila's entire share capital "partly on a cash and partly on a share exchange basis". It furthermore entailed the relocation of Aquila's administrative and reservation offices to BAS's [central London](/wiki/Central_London "Central London") premises and the continuation of all flying boat operations as a separate entity under Aquila managing director Barry Aikman. BAS's official statement moreover foresaw an expansion of flying boat activities and an increase in the associated fleet and facilities as well as additional services to and from Portugal, including [Madeira](/wiki/Madeira "Madeira").
The same year, BAS acquired [Lympne](/wiki/Lympne_Airport "Lympne Airport")\-based Air Kruise, an independent airline operating [charter](/wiki/Charter_flight "Charter flight") and pleasure flights using passenger\-configured [de Havilland Dragon Rapides](/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide "De Havilland Dragon Rapide") and [Douglas Dakotas](/wiki/Douglas_C-47 "Douglas C-47"). Air Kruise's regular charter flights across the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel") between Lympne and [Le Touquet](/wiki/Le_Touquet_-_C%C3%B4te_d%27Opale_Airport "Le Touquet - Côte d'Opale Airport") formed the basis of what would become Silver City's passenger division.[*Silver City Airways* — The Company: Onwards and Upwards](http://www.silvercityairways.com/the_company.htm)
[thumb\|right\|Britavia [Handley Page Hermes](/wiki/Handley_Page_Hermes "Handley Page Hermes") IV at [Blackbushe Airport](/wiki/Blackbushe_Airport "Blackbushe Airport") in 1954](/wiki/Image:HP_Hermes_IV_Britavia_1954.jpg "HP Hermes IV Britavia 1954.jpg")
In 1954, [P\&O](/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company "Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company") [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") General Steam Navigation became BAS Group's controlling shareholder with a 70% stake. [Eagle Star Insurance](/wiki/Eagle_Star_Insurance "Eagle Star Insurance") and [Cable \& Wireless](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc "Cable & Wireless plc") were minority shareholders that respectively owned 20% and 10% of BAS's [share capital](/wiki/Share_capital "Share capital").*Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 75[*A Bigger British United*, Air Commerce, Flight International, 1 February 1962, p. 158](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%200156.html)[*A Bigger British United*, Air Commerce ..., Flight International, 1 February 1962, p. 159](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%200157.html)*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SILVER CITY)*, Vol 43, No 3, p. 43, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, January 2010[*Silver City Airways* — The Company: A Year of Change](http://www.silvercityairways.com/the_company.htm)
The completion of the Air Kruise and Aquila Airways acquisitions by 1 May 1954 resulted in another enlargement of BAS Group. At this point, BAS assumed the role of the enlarged group's [parent company](/wiki/Parent_company "Parent company"), while Britavia became one of its airline subsidiaries.
Nineteen fifty\-four was also the year Britavia purchased four Hermes from [British Overseas Airways Corporation](/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation "British Overseas Airways Corporation") (BOAC).[*Flight International*,26 March 1954, *Civil Aviation*, *The B.O.A.C. Hermes dispute*, p. 376](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200832.html?search=Britavia%20+%20Hermes) These aircraft were allocated to Britavia's Hermes Division at Blackbushe and formed the core fleet for the airline's trooping flights and IT services.*Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 44/5
In May 1955, BAS took over [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man")\-based Manx Airlines, an independent airline operating charter flights and regional scheduled services.
On 14 November 1955, a Britavia [Handley Page Hermes](/wiki/Handley_Page_Hermes "Handley Page Hermes") 4 (G\-ALDU) operated the type's first flight across the [North Atlantic](/wiki/North_Atlantic "North Atlantic"). The aircraft had been chartered to carry 39 members of a ship's relief crew from Blackbushe to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and to return the replaced crew to the UK. The outbound flight routed via [Shannon](/wiki/Shannon%2C_County_Clare "Shannon, County Clare") and [Gander](/wiki/Gander%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador"). Flying time was 17 hours and 15 minutes. The return leg included a stop in Gander and took 16 hours 9 minutes.[*Flight International*, 25 November 1955, *Civil Aviation*, *Transatlantic Hermes*, p. 817](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201698.html)
In December 1955, BAS agreed to [buy out](/wiki/Management_buyout "Management buyout") [David Brown and Eric Rylands](/wiki/Skyways_Limited%23LAC_takeover_and_move_to_Stansted "Skyways Limited#LAC takeover and move to Stansted"), the owners of [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool "Blackpool")\-based [Lancashire Aircraft Corporation](/wiki/Lancashire_Aircraft_Corporation "Lancashire Aircraft Corporation") (LAC). BAS's acquisition of LAC did not include the assets of [Skyways Ltd](/wiki/Skyways_Limited%23Diversification_and_reorganisation "Skyways Limited#Diversification and reorganisation"), at the time the latter's biggest operating subsidiary.*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SKYWAYS)*, p. 58, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, Christmas 2010*Airliner World (Skyways)*, p. 65, Key Publishing, Stamford, November 2011
In 1957, BAS gained control of [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne")\-based Dragon Airways, another independent regional operator. This acquisition concluded BAS's expansion. It was followed by formation of Silver City Airways's new northern passenger division, beginning with repainting the recently acquired airlines' aircraft into Silver City's silver, royal blue and white [livery](/wiki/Aircraft_livery "Aircraft livery").
Nineteen fifty\-seven was also the year Britavia and fellow Hermes operators [Airwork](/wiki/Airwork_Services%23Airline_operations "Airwork Services#Airline operations") and [Skyways](/wiki/Skyways_%28British_airline%29 "Skyways (British airline)") lost the bulk of their trooping business to [Hunting\-Clan](/wiki/Hunting-Clan_Air_Transport "Hunting-Clan Air Transport"), another contemporary independent rival, as a consequence of the [Government](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government "Her Majesty's Government")'s growing dissatisfaction with the operational performance and high costs of the aging Hermes fleet that was contracted from Britavia and its independent rivals to operate most of these flights. Apart from Britavia itself, BAS Group's operating subsidiaries encompassed Silver City Airways, Air Kruise, Aquila Airways, LAC and the original Manx Airlines.
By 1958, the Air Kruise cross\-Channel services, as well as all Dragon Airways, LAC and Manx Airlines operations from Newcastle upon Tyne, Blackpool and the Isle of Man respectively had been transferred to Silver City's Northern Division to streamline BAS Group's fragmented airline operations. It was hoped that these measures would improve the group's financial performance.
Although BAS Group had become the UK's biggest independent airline operator by that time, it began making heavy losses. The loss of Britavia's biggest trooping contract to Hunting\-Clan was the main reason for BAS's poor financial performance. The urgent need to replace the aging flying boat fleet made this situation worse. As a result of the rapidly deteriorating financial performance of the group's flying boat activities and the lack of suitable replacements for the obsolete fleet, all flying boat activities ceased by September 1958\. Both trooping and flying boat activities had accounted for a major share of the group's business.
In 1959, Britavia transferred its entire five\-strong Hermes 4A fleet to sister airline Silver City, as a consequence of the loss of another trooping contract to [Eagle](/wiki/British_Eagle "British Eagle").*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SILVER CITY)*, Vol 43, No 3, pp. 42/3, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, January 2010
Secret merger talks between the BAS Group and the BUA group of companies began during 1961\. BUA's takeover of BAS was officially announced in January 1962\. Air Holdings, a new holding company set up by BUA's shareholders in November 1961 to facilitate the creation of a large private sector airline through additional acquisitions of rival independent airlines, took full control of BAS and BUA by purchasing both airlines' entire share capital. The acquisition of BAS made BUA almost half the size of [British European Airways](/wiki/British_European_Airways "British European Airways") (BEA) and created an airline that accounted for more than half the capacity of the UK's entire independent airline sector. It also made BUA the largest unsubsidised, private sector airline outside the United States, with total assets of about [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling")20[m](/wiki/Million "Million") and more than 4,000 employees. The BUA\-BAS merger furthermore removed BUA's last remaining independent competitor in the car ferry business. The addition of Silver City's 650,000 annual ferry passengers increased the yearly combined total to just under one million. This translated into a two\-thirds share of BUA's total passengers compared with just a quarter of BUA's one million passengers per annum prior to BAS's acquisition.*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SILVER CITY)*, Vol 43, No 3, p. 44, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, January 2010
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1945, [Capt](/wiki/Military_rank \"Military rank\") A.G. Lamplugh, head of the British Aviation Insurance Group, and [Air Cdre](/wiki/Air_Commodore \"Air Commodore\") Griffith J. (\"Taffy\") Powell, its chief technical officer, persuaded that company's shareholders to establish British Aviation Services as a new company to ferry US\\-built [airliners](/wiki/Airliner \"Airliner\") to their [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") customers.",
"Following British Aviation Services' [incorporation](/wiki/Incorporation_%28business%29 \"Incorporation (business)\") in 1946, Powell got in touch with W.S. Robinson, [chairman](/wiki/Chairman \"Chairman\") of [London](/wiki/London \"London\")\\-based [mining company](/wiki/Mining%23Industry \"Mining#Industry\") [*The Zinc Corporation*](/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc \"Consolidated Zinc\"). That meeting resulted in Robinson appointing Powell as the Zinc Corporation's adviser.",
"One of Powell's first visits in his new capacity as adviser to the Zinc Corporation took him to [Broken Hill](/wiki/Broken_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales \"Broken Hill, New South Wales\"), Australia, also known as *Silver City*. This visit resulted in the decision to set up a new air transport operator to serve the mining industry, to be named *Silver City*.",
"Silver City Airways was incorporated on 25 November 1946\\. British Aviation Services became one of the new airline's shareholders, initially taking a 10% stake. It took full control of Silver City Airways in 1948, as a result of buying out the other shareholders. The decision to become Silver City's sole shareholder coincided with British Aviation Services' [strategic](/wiki/Strategic_management \"Strategic management\") move to become an airline operator in its own right under the *Britavia* name to operate trooping flights.",
"Eoin Mekie, a [Glaswegian](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") [lawyer](/wiki/Lawyer \"Lawyer\"), became the new chairman of the reorganised British Aviation Services (BAS) Group in 1950\\.",
"In 1953, BAS Group announced its intention to take over Aquila Airways, Britain's last remaining flying boat operator. According to BAS's official statement regarding the proposed Aquila takeover, this transaction envisaged the acquisition of Aquila's entire share capital \"partly on a cash and partly on a share exchange basis\". It furthermore entailed the relocation of Aquila's administrative and reservation offices to BAS's [central London](/wiki/Central_London \"Central London\") premises and the continuation of all flying boat operations as a separate entity under Aquila managing director Barry Aikman. BAS's official statement moreover foresaw an expansion of flying boat activities and an increase in the associated fleet and facilities as well as additional services to and from Portugal, including [Madeira](/wiki/Madeira \"Madeira\").",
"The same year, BAS acquired [Lympne](/wiki/Lympne_Airport \"Lympne Airport\")\\-based Air Kruise, an independent airline operating [charter](/wiki/Charter_flight \"Charter flight\") and pleasure flights using passenger\\-configured [de Havilland Dragon Rapides](/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide \"De Havilland Dragon Rapide\") and [Douglas Dakotas](/wiki/Douglas_C-47 \"Douglas C-47\"). Air Kruise's regular charter flights across the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\") between Lympne and [Le Touquet](/wiki/Le_Touquet_-_C%C3%B4te_d%27Opale_Airport \"Le Touquet - Côte d'Opale Airport\") formed the basis of what would become Silver City's passenger division.[*Silver City Airways* — The Company: Onwards and Upwards](http://www.silvercityairways.com/the_company.htm)\n[thumb\\|right\\|Britavia [Handley Page Hermes](/wiki/Handley_Page_Hermes \"Handley Page Hermes\") IV at [Blackbushe Airport](/wiki/Blackbushe_Airport \"Blackbushe Airport\") in 1954](/wiki/Image:HP_Hermes_IV_Britavia_1954.jpg \"HP Hermes IV Britavia 1954.jpg\")\nIn 1954, [P\\&O](/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company\") [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") General Steam Navigation became BAS Group's controlling shareholder with a 70% stake. [Eagle Star Insurance](/wiki/Eagle_Star_Insurance \"Eagle Star Insurance\") and [Cable \\& Wireless](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc \"Cable & Wireless plc\") were minority shareholders that respectively owned 20% and 10% of BAS's [share capital](/wiki/Share_capital \"Share capital\").*Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 75[*A Bigger British United*, Air Commerce, Flight International, 1 February 1962, p. 158](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%200156.html)[*A Bigger British United*, Air Commerce ..., Flight International, 1 February 1962, p. 159](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%200157.html)*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SILVER CITY)*, Vol 43, No 3, p. 43, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, January 2010[*Silver City Airways* — The Company: A Year of Change](http://www.silvercityairways.com/the_company.htm)",
"The completion of the Air Kruise and Aquila Airways acquisitions by 1 May 1954 resulted in another enlargement of BAS Group. At this point, BAS assumed the role of the enlarged group's [parent company](/wiki/Parent_company \"Parent company\"), while Britavia became one of its airline subsidiaries.",
"Nineteen fifty\\-four was also the year Britavia purchased four Hermes from [British Overseas Airways Corporation](/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation \"British Overseas Airways Corporation\") (BOAC).[*Flight International*,26 March 1954, *Civil Aviation*, *The B.O.A.C. Hermes dispute*, p. 376](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200832.html?search=Britavia%20+%20Hermes) These aircraft were allocated to Britavia's Hermes Division at Blackbushe and formed the core fleet for the airline's trooping flights and IT services.*Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 44/5",
"In May 1955, BAS took over [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\")\\-based Manx Airlines, an independent airline operating charter flights and regional scheduled services.",
"On 14 November 1955, a Britavia [Handley Page Hermes](/wiki/Handley_Page_Hermes \"Handley Page Hermes\") 4 (G\\-ALDU) operated the type's first flight across the [North Atlantic](/wiki/North_Atlantic \"North Atlantic\"). The aircraft had been chartered to carry 39 members of a ship's relief crew from Blackbushe to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and to return the replaced crew to the UK. The outbound flight routed via [Shannon](/wiki/Shannon%2C_County_Clare \"Shannon, County Clare\") and [Gander](/wiki/Gander%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador\"). Flying time was 17 hours and 15 minutes. The return leg included a stop in Gander and took 16 hours 9 minutes.[*Flight International*, 25 November 1955, *Civil Aviation*, *Transatlantic Hermes*, p. 817](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201698.html)",
"In December 1955, BAS agreed to [buy out](/wiki/Management_buyout \"Management buyout\") [David Brown and Eric Rylands](/wiki/Skyways_Limited%23LAC_takeover_and_move_to_Stansted \"Skyways Limited#LAC takeover and move to Stansted\"), the owners of [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool \"Blackpool\")\\-based [Lancashire Aircraft Corporation](/wiki/Lancashire_Aircraft_Corporation \"Lancashire Aircraft Corporation\") (LAC). BAS's acquisition of LAC did not include the assets of [Skyways Ltd](/wiki/Skyways_Limited%23Diversification_and_reorganisation \"Skyways Limited#Diversification and reorganisation\"), at the time the latter's biggest operating subsidiary.*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SKYWAYS)*, p. 58, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, Christmas 2010*Airliner World (Skyways)*, p. 65, Key Publishing, Stamford, November 2011",
"In 1957, BAS gained control of [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\")\\-based Dragon Airways, another independent regional operator. This acquisition concluded BAS's expansion. It was followed by formation of Silver City Airways's new northern passenger division, beginning with repainting the recently acquired airlines' aircraft into Silver City's silver, royal blue and white [livery](/wiki/Aircraft_livery \"Aircraft livery\").",
"Nineteen fifty\\-seven was also the year Britavia and fellow Hermes operators [Airwork](/wiki/Airwork_Services%23Airline_operations \"Airwork Services#Airline operations\") and [Skyways](/wiki/Skyways_%28British_airline%29 \"Skyways (British airline)\") lost the bulk of their trooping business to [Hunting\\-Clan](/wiki/Hunting-Clan_Air_Transport \"Hunting-Clan Air Transport\"), another contemporary independent rival, as a consequence of the [Government](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government \"Her Majesty's Government\")'s growing dissatisfaction with the operational performance and high costs of the aging Hermes fleet that was contracted from Britavia and its independent rivals to operate most of these flights. Apart from Britavia itself, BAS Group's operating subsidiaries encompassed Silver City Airways, Air Kruise, Aquila Airways, LAC and the original Manx Airlines.",
"By 1958, the Air Kruise cross\\-Channel services, as well as all Dragon Airways, LAC and Manx Airlines operations from Newcastle upon Tyne, Blackpool and the Isle of Man respectively had been transferred to Silver City's Northern Division to streamline BAS Group's fragmented airline operations. It was hoped that these measures would improve the group's financial performance.",
"Although BAS Group had become the UK's biggest independent airline operator by that time, it began making heavy losses. The loss of Britavia's biggest trooping contract to Hunting\\-Clan was the main reason for BAS's poor financial performance. The urgent need to replace the aging flying boat fleet made this situation worse. As a result of the rapidly deteriorating financial performance of the group's flying boat activities and the lack of suitable replacements for the obsolete fleet, all flying boat activities ceased by September 1958\\. Both trooping and flying boat activities had accounted for a major share of the group's business.",
"In 1959, Britavia transferred its entire five\\-strong Hermes 4A fleet to sister airline Silver City, as a consequence of the loss of another trooping contract to [Eagle](/wiki/British_Eagle \"British Eagle\").*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SILVER CITY)*, Vol 43, No 3, pp. 42/3, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, January 2010",
"Secret merger talks between the BAS Group and the BUA group of companies began during 1961\\. BUA's takeover of BAS was officially announced in January 1962\\. Air Holdings, a new holding company set up by BUA's shareholders in November 1961 to facilitate the creation of a large private sector airline through additional acquisitions of rival independent airlines, took full control of BAS and BUA by purchasing both airlines' entire share capital. The acquisition of BAS made BUA almost half the size of [British European Airways](/wiki/British_European_Airways \"British European Airways\") (BEA) and created an airline that accounted for more than half the capacity of the UK's entire independent airline sector. It also made BUA the largest unsubsidised, private sector airline outside the United States, with total assets of about [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")20[m](/wiki/Million \"Million\") and more than 4,000 employees. The BUA\\-BAS merger furthermore removed BUA's last remaining independent competitor in the car ferry business. The addition of Silver City's 650,000 annual ferry passengers increased the yearly combined total to just under one million. This translated into a two\\-thirds share of BUA's total passengers compared with just a quarter of BUA's one million passengers per annum prior to BAS's acquisition.*Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... SILVER CITY)*, Vol 43, No 3, p. 44, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, January 2010",
""
] |
Career
------
The band released their first EP, "New Tomorrow" in April 2016, consisting of four tracks co\-written and produced by Karl Morgan \& Pete Woodroffe (best known for his work with [Def Leppard](/wiki/Def_Leppard "Def Leppard")). The track, "Touch the Sky" was used by the [International Olympic Committee](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") as the music for their "Best of Rio 2016" video, achieving over one million views.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thewave.co.uk/on\-air/badger\-and\-claire/2016/welsh\-band\-whos\-molly\-fly\-the\-rio\-flag/\|title\=Welsh band 'Who's Molly' fly the Rio flag\|website\=The Wave\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}} The title track was also used by [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports "Sky Sports") during their coverage of [The Masters](/wiki/The_Masters "The Masters") golf tournament.
In March 2017, the follow\-up EP, *Welcome to the Good Life* was released, again containing four tracks. The title track was featured in a trailer for the [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise "Tom Cruise") motion picture *[American Made](/wiki/American_Made_%28film%29 "American Made (film)")*. Another track from the EP, "Top of the World" is used by YouTuber bambinobecky as the outro for her videos,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClaGZdHqcUcXjr5Do\_fgfmQ\|title\=bambinobecky\|website\=YouTube\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}} helping to drive over 400,000 streams of the song on Spotify.
The third EP, entitled *Fame*, followed in February 2018\. The track "Fire in My Soul" was used by [BT Sport](/wiki/BT_Sport "BT Sport") during their [Champions League](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UEFA_Champions_League "2018–19 UEFA Champions League") coverage.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/BuHCI\-OHzX8/\|title\=WHO'S MOLLY? on Instagram: "Our song Fire In My Soul on @btsport last night during @liverpoolfc \& @fcbayern @championsleague game! 🙌🏻🙌🏻 \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \#Liverpool…"\|website\=Instagram\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}}
Championed by DJ [Janice Long](/wiki/Janice_Long "Janice Long"), Who's Molly? performed on her "Biggest Weekend Build\-up" show on [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales "BBC Wales") in May 2018,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06840sm\|title\=BBC Radio Wales \- Janice Long, Janice's Biggest Weekend Build\-up., VIDEO: Who's Molly? perform 'Fame'\|website\=BBC\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}} and again on the [BBC introducing](/wiki/BBC_introducing "BBC introducing") Biggest Weekend Show on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1").
In August 2018, the track "The Moment" (released as a standalone single earlier in July) was used as the official anthem for the [European Athletics Championships](/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships "European Athletics Championships") and was broadcast to an estimated global audience of 1\.2 billion.{{Cite web\|title\=\* THE MOMENT \* 2018 EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS HIGHLIGHTS VIDEO\|url\=https://m.facebook.com/whosmolly/videos/2010890678963040/\|website\=M.facebook.com\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}}
During the summer of 2018, the band performed at both [CarFest](/wiki/CarFest "CarFest") North and South in aid of the [BBC Children in Need](/wiki/BBC_Children_in_Need "BBC Children in Need") charity. Later that year in November, the band performed "Welcome to the Good Life" at the Welsh [BAFTA](/wiki/BAFTA "BAFTA") awards,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.bafta.org/wales/awards/news/attendees\-confirmed\-for\-british\-academy\-cymru\-awards\|title\=Attendees confirmed for British Academy Cymru Awards\|date\=2018\-10\-09\|website\=Bafta.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}} introduced by [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") DJ [Huw Stephens](/wiki/Huw_Stephens "Huw Stephens").
Around the same time, band member Karl Morgan began collaborating with [Jamie Morrison](/wiki/Jamie_Morrison "Jamie Morrison") of the [Stereophonics](/wiki/Stereophonics "Stereophonics") on new material set for release in 2022\. A cover of [The Pretenders](/wiki/The_Pretenders "The Pretenders") track [Don't Get Me Wrong](/wiki/Don%27t_Get_Me_Wrong "Don't Get Me Wrong"){{Cite web\|url\=https://mobile.twitter.com/PopMorrison/status/1035570285993443328\|title\=Twitter\|website\=Mobile.twitter.com\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}} was debuted by the pair in August 2018\.
Who's Molly? released two new singles in May and June 2019\. "About Last Night" and "Until I Found You", which charted at number 45 in the Spanish chart with over 10,000 streams in its first week of release.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.whosmolly.com/post/number\-45\-in\-spain\|title\=Post\|website\=WHO’S MOLLY?\|date\=15 July 2019 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}}
It has now been streamed over a million times on Spotify (As of October 2021\).
Who's Molly? won "Best Band", "Best Live Act" and "Best Single" for "Until I Found You" at the 2019 [Soundboard](/wiki/Soundboard_%28magazine%29 "Soundboard (magazine)") awards.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/soundboardmagazineuk/posts/2126679127640343\|title\=Sound Board Magazine\|website\=Facebook.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}}
"Dead Man Walking", the band's third single of 2019, was released on 8 November 2019 and added to the BBC Radio Wales A list, and used on promos for EA Games Battlefield.
"Girls and Boys", the band's first single of 2020 was released on 20 March.
In 2021 Who's Molly? have had their songs used on TV \& online commercials for "Becks" / "OralB" / "Mini" / "Ford" \& "Cornetto".
Releasing three new tracks while the music industry found some sort of normality.
"Wasted" (July 2021\) which was again added to BBC \& Virgin Radio playlists, "You got me like" which was used on the Oral B worldwide commercial and
"Feels good to me" (August 2021\) which coincided with a Becks Lager commercial in Romania.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.whosmolly.com/post/brand\-new\-music \| title\=Brand New Music \| date\=10 August 2021 }}
Lead singer Karl Morgan wrote the Korean hit 'Youth' for Kpop superstar **Kihyun**. {{cite web \| url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats\-on/music\-nightlife\-news/k\-pop\-song\-currently\-number\-25406496 \| title\=K\-pop song that's number 1 in seven countries was written by a Welshman \| date\=November 2022 }} Charting at number one on iTunes in 9 countries, and selling over 180,000 physical copies.{{cite web \| url\=https://circlechart.kr/page\_chart/album.circle?nationGbn\=T\&targetTime\=47\&hitYear\=2022\&termGbn\=week\&yearTime\=3 \| title\=Circle Chart \- 써클차트 }}
Karl is also writing with UK Eurovision and TikTok sensation **Sam Ryder** for Sams new album. Who's Molly are also supporting Sam at Singleton Park Swansea (18 August 2023\) {{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CpfuodiIoqH/?hl\=en \| title\=Instagram }} {{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CpS4yKwLJ\_f/?hl\=en \| title\=Instagram }}
According to an interview at the 2023 in it together festival with YouTuber @BambinoBecky the band are set to release new music in August 2023\. {{cite web \| url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\-jaONjLOfv8 \| title\=SEE IT OFF ft. The Vamps, Spice Girls \& Tom Zanetti \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] }}
Who's Molly? released their lates single 'Victoria' August 2023\. Written by lead singer Karl and recorded by the band at their home studio in Wales. They debut the song while supporting Eurovision superstar @SamRyder at Singleton Park Swansea. [https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/sam\-ryder\-casey\-lowry\-who\-s\-molly](https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/sam-ryder-casey-lowry-who-s-molly)
It was given its first play on **BBC Radio2** breakfast on 20 August. {{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CwKEG7sKEUn/?igshid\=MzRlODBiNWFlZA\=\= \| title\=Instagram }} Victoria also received 3 weeks Alist on @BBCRadioWales {{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxGNnRQKogT/?igshid\=MzRlODBiNWFlZA\=\= \| title\=Instagram }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"The band released their first EP, \"New Tomorrow\" in April 2016, consisting of four tracks co\\-written and produced by Karl Morgan \\& Pete Woodroffe (best known for his work with [Def Leppard](/wiki/Def_Leppard \"Def Leppard\")). The track, \"Touch the Sky\" was used by the [International Olympic Committee](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee \"International Olympic Committee\") as the music for their \"Best of Rio 2016\" video, achieving over one million views.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thewave.co.uk/on\\-air/badger\\-and\\-claire/2016/welsh\\-band\\-whos\\-molly\\-fly\\-the\\-rio\\-flag/\\|title\\=Welsh band 'Who's Molly' fly the Rio flag\\|website\\=The Wave\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}} The title track was also used by [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports \"Sky Sports\") during their coverage of [The Masters](/wiki/The_Masters \"The Masters\") golf tournament.",
"In March 2017, the follow\\-up EP, *Welcome to the Good Life* was released, again containing four tracks. The title track was featured in a trailer for the [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise \"Tom Cruise\") motion picture *[American Made](/wiki/American_Made_%28film%29 \"American Made (film)\")*. Another track from the EP, \"Top of the World\" is used by YouTuber bambinobecky as the outro for her videos,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClaGZdHqcUcXjr5Do\\_fgfmQ\\|title\\=bambinobecky\\|website\\=YouTube\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}} helping to drive over 400,000 streams of the song on Spotify.",
"The third EP, entitled *Fame*, followed in February 2018\\. The track \"Fire in My Soul\" was used by [BT Sport](/wiki/BT_Sport \"BT Sport\") during their [Champions League](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UEFA_Champions_League \"2018–19 UEFA Champions League\") coverage.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/BuHCI\\-OHzX8/\\|title\\=WHO'S MOLLY? on Instagram: \"Our song Fire In My Soul on @btsport last night during @liverpoolfc \\& @fcbayern @championsleague game! 🙌🏻🙌🏻 \\* \\* \\* \\* \\* \\* \\* \\#Liverpool…\"\\|website\\=Instagram\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}}",
"Championed by DJ [Janice Long](/wiki/Janice_Long \"Janice Long\"), Who's Molly? performed on her \"Biggest Weekend Build\\-up\" show on [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales \"BBC Wales\") in May 2018,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06840sm\\|title\\=BBC Radio Wales \\- Janice Long, Janice's Biggest Weekend Build\\-up., VIDEO: Who's Molly? perform 'Fame'\\|website\\=BBC\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}} and again on the [BBC introducing](/wiki/BBC_introducing \"BBC introducing\") Biggest Weekend Show on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\").",
"In August 2018, the track \"The Moment\" (released as a standalone single earlier in July) was used as the official anthem for the [European Athletics Championships](/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships \"European Athletics Championships\") and was broadcast to an estimated global audience of 1\\.2 billion.{{Cite web\\|title\\=\\* THE MOMENT \\* 2018 EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS HIGHLIGHTS VIDEO\\|url\\=https://m.facebook.com/whosmolly/videos/2010890678963040/\\|website\\=M.facebook.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}}",
"During the summer of 2018, the band performed at both [CarFest](/wiki/CarFest \"CarFest\") North and South in aid of the [BBC Children in Need](/wiki/BBC_Children_in_Need \"BBC Children in Need\") charity. Later that year in November, the band performed \"Welcome to the Good Life\" at the Welsh [BAFTA](/wiki/BAFTA \"BAFTA\") awards,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bafta.org/wales/awards/news/attendees\\-confirmed\\-for\\-british\\-academy\\-cymru\\-awards\\|title\\=Attendees confirmed for British Academy Cymru Awards\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-09\\|website\\=Bafta.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}} introduced by [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") DJ [Huw Stephens](/wiki/Huw_Stephens \"Huw Stephens\").",
"Around the same time, band member Karl Morgan began collaborating with [Jamie Morrison](/wiki/Jamie_Morrison \"Jamie Morrison\") of the [Stereophonics](/wiki/Stereophonics \"Stereophonics\") on new material set for release in 2022\\. A cover of [The Pretenders](/wiki/The_Pretenders \"The Pretenders\") track [Don't Get Me Wrong](/wiki/Don%27t_Get_Me_Wrong \"Don't Get Me Wrong\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobile.twitter.com/PopMorrison/status/1035570285993443328\\|title\\=Twitter\\|website\\=Mobile.twitter.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}} was debuted by the pair in August 2018\\.",
"Who's Molly? released two new singles in May and June 2019\\. \"About Last Night\" and \"Until I Found You\", which charted at number 45 in the Spanish chart with over 10,000 streams in its first week of release.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.whosmolly.com/post/number\\-45\\-in\\-spain\\|title\\=Post\\|website\\=WHO’S MOLLY?\\|date\\=15 July 2019 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}}\nIt has now been streamed over a million times on Spotify (As of October 2021\\).",
"Who's Molly? won \"Best Band\", \"Best Live Act\" and \"Best Single\" for \"Until I Found You\" at the 2019 [Soundboard](/wiki/Soundboard_%28magazine%29 \"Soundboard (magazine)\") awards.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/soundboardmagazineuk/posts/2126679127640343\\|title\\=Sound Board Magazine\\|website\\=Facebook.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}}",
"\"Dead Man Walking\", the band's third single of 2019, was released on 8 November 2019 and added to the BBC Radio Wales A list, and used on promos for EA Games Battlefield.",
"\"Girls and Boys\", the band's first single of 2020 was released on 20 March.",
"In 2021 Who's Molly? have had their songs used on TV \\& online commercials for \"Becks\" / \"OralB\" / \"Mini\" / \"Ford\" \\& \"Cornetto\".",
"Releasing three new tracks while the music industry found some sort of normality. \n\"Wasted\" (July 2021\\) which was again added to BBC \\& Virgin Radio playlists, \"You got me like\" which was used on the Oral B worldwide commercial and\n\"Feels good to me\" (August 2021\\) which coincided with a Becks Lager commercial in Romania.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.whosmolly.com/post/brand\\-new\\-music \\| title\\=Brand New Music \\| date\\=10 August 2021 }}",
"Lead singer Karl Morgan wrote the Korean hit 'Youth' for Kpop superstar **Kihyun**. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats\\-on/music\\-nightlife\\-news/k\\-pop\\-song\\-currently\\-number\\-25406496 \\| title\\=K\\-pop song that's number 1 in seven countries was written by a Welshman \\| date\\=November 2022 }} Charting at number one on iTunes in 9 countries, and selling over 180,000 physical copies.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://circlechart.kr/page\\_chart/album.circle?nationGbn\\=T\\&targetTime\\=47\\&hitYear\\=2022\\&termGbn\\=week\\&yearTime\\=3 \\| title\\=Circle Chart \\- 써클차트 }}\nKarl is also writing with UK Eurovision and TikTok sensation **Sam Ryder** for Sams new album. Who's Molly are also supporting Sam at Singleton Park Swansea (18 August 2023\\) {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CpfuodiIoqH/?hl\\=en \\| title\\=Instagram }} {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CpS4yKwLJ\\_f/?hl\\=en \\| title\\=Instagram }}",
"According to an interview at the 2023 in it together festival with YouTuber @BambinoBecky the band are set to release new music in August 2023\\. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\-jaONjLOfv8 \\| title\\=SEE IT OFF ft. The Vamps, Spice Girls \\& Tom Zanetti \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] }}",
"Who's Molly? released their lates single 'Victoria' August 2023\\. Written by lead singer Karl and recorded by the band at their home studio in Wales. They debut the song while supporting Eurovision superstar @SamRyder at Singleton Park Swansea. [https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/sam\\-ryder\\-casey\\-lowry\\-who\\-s\\-molly](https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/sam-ryder-casey-lowry-who-s-molly)\nIt was given its first play on **BBC Radio2** breakfast on 20 August. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CwKEG7sKEUn/?igshid\\=MzRlODBiNWFlZA\\=\\= \\| title\\=Instagram }} Victoria also received 3 weeks Alist on @BBCRadioWales {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxGNnRQKogT/?igshid\\=MzRlODBiNWFlZA\\=\\= \\| title\\=Instagram }}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Three medical friends from Delhi go missing in a small village, Jhanjhar. It's been two months, and there is no clue about their disappearance. The media and student movement demand action from the authorities. It's then that the government orders a [Central Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation "Central Bureau of Investigation") inquiry with CBI officers Siddhant Chaturvedi and Pratap Kumar to solve the case. They find it difficult to solve the case as the local police and other authorities are a part of Shool Sena, which is supported by the Home Minister and is responsible for illicit activities. Siddhant and Pratap also face Superintendent of Police Ajatshatru Singh IPS, a ruthless police officer who misuses his power. Not only that, even the locals don't support the investigation.
It's with the help of Roshni, who is the daughter of the village head and also very wealthy, and Geeta, who is Ajatshatru's wife and Pratap's former love, that the investigation moves ahead.
The truth behind the missing three friends is revealed by Geeta, who witnessed the killing of these boys by a local politician helped by her husband.
This investigation is filled with many traps and thrills created by Ajatshatru and his colleagues. They try to destroy the name of CBI in a number of ways. The duo also manages to get one of the criminals to believe that the school sena is trying to kill him, assuming him to be a mole, and that he had better become a government witness for their case. The criminal who intimidated was only guilty of burying the bodies. Things get worse when Ajatshatru learns about his wife Geeta helping CBI. He then beats Geeta brutally with his belt behind closed doors and leaves her hospitalized. Pratap, filled with anger, traps each of the criminals by hacking their respective phones' databases and capturing their illicit activities on [CCTV](/wiki/CCTV "CCTV") cameras. When it is Ajatshatru's turn, Pratap cuts him with a razor and beats him brutally and mercilessly in a salon behind closed doors. In the end, all the criminals are sentenced to imprisonment. However, the longest sentence doled out was only for ten years, and the lightest was for three. Obviously, justice is still blind because there was no sentence passed for the 300 villagers burned alive, the cruel beating of the wife, or the kidnapping, abuse, and cutting of the tongue of Jamunia.
But the story does not end there. As everyone is leaving the court, Siddhant slips a revolver into village woman Jamunia's hands, with which she manages to kill all the culprits.
The film ends with Siddhant and Pratap bidding goodbye at the railway station and Geeta running behind Pratap as he boards the train to leave, with Siddhant watching on.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Three medical friends from Delhi go missing in a small village, Jhanjhar. It's been two months, and there is no clue about their disappearance. The media and student movement demand action from the authorities. It's then that the government orders a [Central Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Central Bureau of Investigation\") inquiry with CBI officers Siddhant Chaturvedi and Pratap Kumar to solve the case. They find it difficult to solve the case as the local police and other authorities are a part of Shool Sena, which is supported by the Home Minister and is responsible for illicit activities. Siddhant and Pratap also face Superintendent of Police Ajatshatru Singh IPS, a ruthless police officer who misuses his power. Not only that, even the locals don't support the investigation.",
"It's with the help of Roshni, who is the daughter of the village head and also very wealthy, and Geeta, who is Ajatshatru's wife and Pratap's former love, that the investigation moves ahead.",
"The truth behind the missing three friends is revealed by Geeta, who witnessed the killing of these boys by a local politician helped by her husband.",
"This investigation is filled with many traps and thrills created by Ajatshatru and his colleagues. They try to destroy the name of CBI in a number of ways. The duo also manages to get one of the criminals to believe that the school sena is trying to kill him, assuming him to be a mole, and that he had better become a government witness for their case. The criminal who intimidated was only guilty of burying the bodies. Things get worse when Ajatshatru learns about his wife Geeta helping CBI. He then beats Geeta brutally with his belt behind closed doors and leaves her hospitalized. Pratap, filled with anger, traps each of the criminals by hacking their respective phones' databases and capturing their illicit activities on [CCTV](/wiki/CCTV \"CCTV\") cameras. When it is Ajatshatru's turn, Pratap cuts him with a razor and beats him brutally and mercilessly in a salon behind closed doors. In the end, all the criminals are sentenced to imprisonment. However, the longest sentence doled out was only for ten years, and the lightest was for three. Obviously, justice is still blind because there was no sentence passed for the 300 villagers burned alive, the cruel beating of the wife, or the kidnapping, abuse, and cutting of the tongue of Jamunia.",
"But the story does not end there. As everyone is leaving the court, Siddhant slips a revolver into village woman Jamunia's hands, with which she manages to kill all the culprits.",
"The film ends with Siddhant and Pratap bidding goodbye at the railway station and Geeta running behind Pratap as he boards the train to leave, with Siddhant watching on.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early years, line\-up changes and *Discoveries* (2009–2012\)
Northlane were formed in 2009 as a metalcore band in Blacktown by Jon Deiley on lead guitar, Brendan Derby on drums and percussion, Adrian Fitipaldes on lead vocals, Alex Milovic on bass guitar and Josh Smith on rhythm guitar.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/northlane\-mn0002991317/biography \| title \= Northlane – Biography \& History \| author \= Kellman, Andy \| publisher \= AllMusic \| access\-date \= 17 December 2015 }}{{cite news \| url \= http://www.the59thsound.com/adrian\-fitipaldes\-\-\-northlane\-24122013\.html \| title \= Adrian Fitipaldes – Northlane \| work \= The 59th Sound \| date \= 24 December 2013 \| access\-date \= 17 December 2015 }} They are named after the 2007 track "[North Lane](/wiki/North_Lane "North Lane")" by British metalcore band, [Architects](/wiki/Architects_%28British_band%29 "Architects (British band)"). In 2013, Fitipaldes described their formation, "pretty much, through the internet and common interest" where Deiley and Milovic had contacted each other to start song writing. He continued that "once they had the songs down, they started recruiting members."
Their six\-track debut extended play, *Hollow Existence*, was released in January 2010: it was generally well received. Kill Your Stereo's All Shall Perish praised the group's "admirable and mature standard, a vital quality that is rapidly becoming extinct in most up\-and\-coming Australian bands" and summarised that it is a "Fantastic six track EP that has substantial replay value and will leave you craving more."{{cite web \| url \= http://www.killyourstereo.com/reviews/1022266/northlane\-hollow\-existence?PageSpeed\=noscript \| title \= Northlane – ''Hollow Existence'' \| Reviews \| author \= AllShallPerish \| work \= Killyourstereo.com \| date \= 1 August 2010 \| access\-date \= 17 December 2015 }} Mark A of Sputnikmusic felt "One can certainly tell that it is a first try, given the derivative presentation of the music. Breakdowns are incredibly over\-utilized on the 6\-song EP, punctuated by clean guitars only when they are gearing up for another breakdown."{{cite web \| url \= https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/53485/Northlane\-Hollow\-Existence/ \| title \= Northlane – ''Hollow Existence'' (album review) \| author \= A, Mark \| work \= Sputnikmusic \| date \= 21 November 2012 \| access\-date \= 17 December 2015 }} Northlane toured Australia in support and "established a reputation as a tireless live act."
In late 2011, the band signed to the [UNFD](/wiki/UNFD "UNFD") record label, which released their first studio album, *[Discoveries](/wiki/Discoveries_%28Northlane_album%29 "Discoveries (Northlane album)")*, in November that year. It reached the [ARIA Albums Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") Top 100, No. 49 on the ARIA Digital Albums chart and No. 1 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums chart.{{cite web \| date \= 21 November 2011 \| archive\-url \= https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20070819140100/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20070820\-0001/issue908\.pdf \| title \= The ARIA Report \| publisher \= \[\[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) \| issue \= 1134 \| pages \= 2, 6, 10, 13, 20 \| url \= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/documents/issue908\.pdf \| archive\-date \= 19 August 2007 \| access\-date \= 18 December 2015 }}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} The album was followed by the *Discoveries* tour around Australia, and tours supporting August Burns Red and House Vs Hurricane shortly afterwards. Parkway Drive took them on the Sick Summer tour in February 2012\.
In September 2012, the band went to Canada on tour with [Counterparts](/wiki/Counterparts_%28band%29 "Counterparts (band)") and [Stray from the Path](/wiki/Stray_from_the_Path "Stray from the Path"). At the end of the tour, they settled in New York City to record their new album with Will Putney. In December 2012 the band toured with in arenas with Parkway Drive on their "Atlas" tour in Australia.
### *Singularity* and Fitipaldes' departure (2013–2014\)
[thumb\|left\|Founding vocalist Adrian Fitipaldes performing in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") in October 2013](/wiki/File:Adrian_Fitipaldes_Northlane.JPG "Adrian Fitipaldes Northlane.JPG")
In January 2013, the band completed a tour across regional Australia with [In Hearts Wake](/wiki/In_Hearts_Wake "In Hearts Wake") and Endless Heights as supporting acts, in support of their new single "Worldeater". They also played in Adelaide at The Cavern to make up for their missed flight the previous month. In most shows the band leaked a new song titled "Masquerade". Northlane played at the 2013 [Soundwave festival](/wiki/Soundwave_%28Australian_music_festival%29 "Soundwave (Australian music festival)") and Pushover 2013 alongside other Australian metal acts such as [Thy Art Is Murder](/wiki/Thy_Art_Is_Murder "Thy Art Is Murder"), [The Amity Affliction](/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction "The Amity Affliction") and In Hearts Wake.
A music video for the song "Quantum Flux" from *[Singularity](/wiki/Singularity_%28Northlane_album%29 "Singularity (Northlane album)")* was released on 22 February 2013\. It achieved mainstream success, debuting at \#14 on the [ARIA Australian Artists Top 20 Singles Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") in the week of 4 March 2013\. On 22 March 2013, Northlane released their second studio album, *Singularity*, which debuted at No. 3 on the [ARIA Albums Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts").{{cite web \| url \= http://australian\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\=Northlane \| title \= Discography Northlane \| last1 \= Hung \| first1 \= Steffen \| publisher \= Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien \| access\-date \= 18 December 2015 }} It went to \#1 in the Australian iTunes albums chart. *Singularity* received critical acclaim around the world. It was nominated for [Triple J's](/wiki/Triple_j "Triple j") "[J Award Album of the Year](/wiki/J_Award "J Award")" as one of the 10 best albums of 2013, and was voted as the Best album of 2013 on both [The Racket](/wiki/The_Racket_%28radio_program%29 "The Racket (radio program)") and [Short Fast Loud](/wiki/Short.fast.loud "Short.fast.loud"). In the Blunt Magazine readers poll, Northlane took home a multitude of awards in 2013 including "Band of the Year", "Album of the Year" and "Best Vocalist". iTunes Australia nominated *Singularity* as one of the most notable albums of 2013\.
The *Singularity* tour in Australia included Structures, [Stray from the Path](/wiki/Stray_from_the_Path "Stray from the Path") and Statues. In August they supported [Karnivool](/wiki/Karnivool "Karnivool") around Australia.
Northlane made their United States touring debut in November 2013, touring nationally with Veil of Maya and Structures. In January 2014, they played on the [Big Day Out](/wiki/Big_Day_Out "Big Day Out") touring festival, before touring the US with [Bring Me the Horizon](/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon "Bring Me the Horizon"), [Of Mice \& Men](/wiki/Of_Mice_%26_Men_%28band%29 "Of Mice & Men (band)") and [Issues](/wiki/Issues_%28band%29 "Issues (band)") on the American Dream tour. In March and April they supported Architects on a 39 date tour of Europe and the UK.
On 9 May 2014, the band released the deluxe edition of *Singularity*, which included an instrumental edition of the album.{{cite web\|url\=https://northlane.bandcamp.com/album/singularity\-deluxe\-edition\|title\=Singularity (Deluxe Edition) by Northlane\|website\=bandcamp}}
Northlane announced that they would curate their own festival called FREE YOUR MIND, with the first tour taking place in May 2014 in Australia. Northlane headlined the festival with support from [Thy Art Is Murder](/wiki/Thy_Art_Is_Murder "Thy Art Is Murder"), [Veil of Maya](/wiki/Veil_of_Maya "Veil of Maya"), [Volumes](/wiki/Volumes_%28band%29 "Volumes (band)") and [Make Them Suffer](/wiki/Make_Them_Suffer "Make Them Suffer"). All dates on the tour sold out in advance. Northlane appeared on the cover of [Blunt Magazine](/wiki/Blunt_Magazine "Blunt Magazine") in the April edition prior to Free Your Mind. It was after this tour that Northlane became activists and heavily supported many charities including The Smith Family by donating used drums sticks and guitars.{{cite web\|author\=Robyn Morrison \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218233425/http://sfmedia.com.au/northlane\-announces\-local\-supports\-for\-springularity\-tour/ \|title\=Northlane announces local supports for Springularity tour \|publisher\=SF Media \|url\=http://sfmedia.com.au/northlane\-announces\-local\-supports\-for\-springularity\-tour/ \|archive\-date\= 18 February 2015 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}
It was announced in September 2014 that founding vocalist Adrian Fitipaldes would be leaving the band. Northlane issued a statement via their Facebook page, citing an impact on Fitipaldes' health as the catalyst.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/767291676645195 \|title\=Northlane – It is with regret that we announce that Adrian... \|via\=Facebook \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://loudwire.com/northlane\-adrian\-fitipaldes\-statement\-about\-his\-departure \|title\=Northlane's Adrian Fitipaldes Issues Statement About Exit \|website\=Loudwire \|date\=17 September 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/northlane\-vocalist\-opens\-up\-about\-departure \|title\=Ex\-Northlane Vocalist Adrian Fitipaldes Opens Up About Departure\|website\=\[\[Rock Sound]] \|date\=18 September 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}} Northlane also announced that they will be accepting audition videos for a new vocalist.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s4085955\.htm \|title\=Northlane Frontman Quits Band, Host Auditions For New Singer \|publisher\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation\|work\=Triple J\|date\=15 September 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\|last\=Baroni \|first\=Nastassia \|url\=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\-share\-audition\-videos\-of\-shortlisted\-vocalist\-candidates/ \|title\=Northlane Share Audition Videos of Shortlisted Vocalist Candidates \|website\=Music Feeds \|date\=27 September 2014\|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/40654/10\-potential\-new\-Northlane\-vocalists \|title\=10 potential new Northlane vocalists \|website\=Faster Louder \|date\=22 September 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005552/http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/40654/10\-potential\-new\-Northlane\-vocalists \|archive\-date\=12 July 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.impericon.com/au/blog/the\-10\-best\-northlane\-vocal\-audition\-videos/ \|title\=The 10 Best Northlane Vocal Audition Videos \|publisher\=Impericon Australia \|date\=18 September 2014\|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}
### Arrival of Marcus Bridge and *Node* (2014–2016\)
[thumb\|left\|Lead guitarist Jon Deiley performing in 2016](/wiki/File:20160422_Oberhausen_Impericon_Festival_Northlane_0063.jpg "20160422 Oberhausen Impericon Festival Northlane 0063.jpg")
On 14 October, Northlane announced that they had found their new vocalist.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/783681731672856 \|title\=Northlane – It's an extremely busy time for Northlane, but... \|via\=Facebook \|date\= 14 October 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}} Describing the new single as "one of the heaviest Northlane tracks ever", the band released the song "Rot" on 20 November and digitally on 28 November, with the new vocalist being revealed as Marcus Bridge.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/783713228336373 \|title\=Northlane – We just confirmed that next Thursday we will... \|via\=Facebook \|date\=17 October 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.altpress.com/northlane\_reveal\_new\_vocalist\_with\_rot\_single/ \|title\=Northlane reveal new vocalist with "Rot" single \|work\=Alternative Press \|date\=17 October 2014 \|access\-date\=11 July 2015}} The song would later appear on the band's upcoming album.
Their third studio album, *[Node](/wiki/Node_%28album%29 "Node (album)")*, and first with new vocalist Marcus Bridge, was released on 24 July 2015, with Will Putney producing, which reached No. 1\.{{cite web\|title\=Northlane to release long\-awaited new album, 'Node,' in July \|url\=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/northlane\_to\_release\_long\_awaited\_new\_album\_node\_in\_july\|work\=Alternative Press\|access\-date\=14 May 2015}}
At the [ARIA Music Awards of 2015](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2015 "ARIA Music Awards of 2015"), *Node* won the [Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Hard_Rock_or_Heavy_Metal_Album "ARIA Award for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album") category.ARIA Music Awards for Northlane:
Search Results 'Northlane': {{cite web \| url \= http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/search/?view\=list\&text\=Northlane \| title \= Search Results for 'Northlane' \| publisher \= \[\[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) \| access\-date \= 16 December 2015 }}
2013 winners and nominees: {{cite web \| url \= http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2013?view\=list \| title \= Winners by Year 2013 \| publisher \= Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) \| access\-date \= 18 December 2015 }}
2015 nominations: {{cite news \| last \= Baroni \| first \= Nastassia \| date \= 7 October 2015 \| archive\-url \= https://www.webcitation.org/6c5aT9Kwd?url\=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/courtney\-barnett\-hermitude\-tame\-impala\-lead\-2015\-aria\-award\-nominations/ \| title \= Courtney Barnett, Hermitude, Tame Impala Lead 2015 ARIA Award Nominations \| work \= Music Feeds \| url \= http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/courtney\-barnett\-hermitude\-tame\-impala\-lead\-2015\-aria\-award\-nominations/ \| archive\-date \= 7 October 2015 \| access\-date \= 18 December 2015 }}
2015 winners: {{cite web \| url \= http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/2015/and\-the\-aria\-award\-goes\-to%E2%80%A6 \| title \= And the ARIA Awards Goes to... \| publisher \= Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) \| date \= 27 November 2015 \| access\-date \= 18 December 2015 \| archive\-date \= 18 January 2016 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160118102200/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/2015/and\-the\-aria\-award\-goes\-to%E2%80%A6 \| url\-status \= dead }}
### *Equinox*, *Mesmer* and *Analog Future* (2016–2018\)
* + - * [thumb\|right\|Current vocalist Marcus Bridge performing at Impericon Festival 2016 in [Oberhausen](/wiki/Oberhausen "Oberhausen")](/wiki/File:Emmure_Munich_2016_%288_von_10%29.jpg "Emmure Munich 2016 (8 von 10).jpg")
On 19 April 2016, the band announced that they had been working on a collaborative release with [In Hearts Wake](/wiki/In_Hearts_Wake "In Hearts Wake") entitled *[Equinox](/wiki/Equinox_%28EP%29 "Equinox (EP)")*. It was recorded in secret that January in Melbourne with producer Will Putney.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hysteriamag.com/exclusive\-northlane\-in\-hearts\-wake\-release\-equinox\-ep\-today/\|title\=Exclusive: NORTHLANE \+ IN HEARTS WAKE // Release 'Equinox' EP today \|website\=Hysteria Mag\|first\=Sophie \|last\=Benjamin \|date\=20 April 2016\|access\-date\=2 August 2019}} The EP features three songs: "Refuge", "Equinox" and "Hologram" and was released on 20 April, through UNFD. To promote the EP, Northlane and in Hearts Wake co\-headlined a tour in June.{{cite web\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\-hearts\-wake\-release\-surprise\-joint\-ep\-equinox/\|title\=Northlane \& In Hearts Wake Release Surprise Joint EP, 'Equinox'\|website\=Music Feeds\|first\=Zanda\|last\=Wilson\|date\=20 April 2016\|access\-date\=2 August 2019}} Supporting them were [Hands Like Houses](/wiki/Hands_Like_Houses "Hands Like Houses") and [Ocean Grove](/wiki/Ocean_Grove_%28Australian_band%29 "Ocean Grove (Australian band)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unfdcentral.com/news/northlane\-in\-hearts\-wake\-announce\-equinox\-australian\-tour/\|title\=Northlane \& In Hearts Wake Announce Equinox Australian Tour\|website\=UNFD Central\|date\=2 March 2016\|access\-date\=2 August 2019}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} From 23 April–7 May, Northlane played performed at Impericon Festival 2016 in [Oberhausen](/wiki/Oberhausen "Oberhausen"), Germany.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2015/11/20/news/hatebreed\-emmure\-northlane\-etc\-to\-play\-2016\-impericon\-festivals/\|title\=Hatebreed, Emmure, Northlane, Etc. To Play 2016 'Impericon Festivals'\|website\=theprp.com\|author\=wookubus\|date\=20 November 2015\|access\-date\=10 August 2019}}
Since early 2016, the band's live show and costumes have evolved. Jon has worn an array of masks, including an anti\-pollution mask, a black medical mask and a rhinestone covered mask which conceals his entire head, plus a pair of large black contact lenses. Alex wears a long wrap\-around jacket he acquired while in Japan. Nic wears a black singlet and medical mask. Josh wears a white long sleeve and Marcus wears a moth eaten black t\-shirt with bandages on his hands.
On 9 September 2016, the band released the deluxe edition of *Node*, which included an instrumental edition of the album, two tracks from the Ghost City Sessions live performance, a version of "Aspire" with Marcus Bridge, a cover, and the original single version of "Rot".{{cite web\|url\=https://northlane.bandcamp.com/album/node\-deluxe\-edition\|title\=Node (Deluxe Edition) by Northlane\|website\=bandcamp}}
The band premiered a new track "Intuition" at [Unify Gathering](/wiki/Unify_Gathering "Unify Gathering") in January 2017, which was eventually released on 17 January 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=B1q5bv1loKY\|title\=Northlane – Intuition \[Official Music Video]\|last\=UNFD\|date\=17 January 2017\|access\-date\=24 January 2018\|via\=YouTube}} Northlane announced an Australian tour in support of the single in March 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.107361995971503\.4356\.103809246326778/1419169208124102/?type\=3\|title\=Northlane – We're excited to announce the Intuition Tour...\|via\=Facebook\|date\=1 March 2017\|access\-date\=24 January 2018}}
On 10 March, Northlane released a single "Mesmer", an ambient electronic track with an accompanying music video which was shot by Jason Eshraghian in Sydney and contains artistic shots of the band and scenic views.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dtwTi8PNKzk\|title\=Northlane – Mesmer \[Album Trailer]\|last\=UNFD\|date\=9 March 2017\|access\-date\=24 January 2018\|via\=YouTube}} Along with this, a chatbot appeared on Northlane's Facebook page: called "Citizen", people could interact with the chatbot on Facebook Messenger where the bot would give cryptic messages and clues to upcoming releases.
On 16 March, all of Northlane's social media profile pictures turned white, and led fans to an easter egg website, nl6633\.com via small text in the white images.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.143530195688016\.23200\.103809246326778/1438929472814742/?type\=1\&theater\|title\=Northlane – n16633\.com\|via\=Facebook\|date\=16 March 2017\|access\-date\=24 January 2018}} This website contained a landing page which showed timelapsed videos of members of Northlane in a recording studio, however no additional information was given.
Two months after "Intuition" was released, another single, titled "Citizen", was released, on 20 March.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=anQ836BXbYw\|title\=Northlane – Citizen \[Official Music Video]\|last\=UNFD\|date\=19 March 2017\|access\-date\=24 January 2018\|via\=YouTube}} On 24 March, Northlane released their fourth studio album *[Mesmer](/wiki/Mesmer_%28album%29 "Mesmer (album)")* without any prior warning, and the album was made available for immediate purchase and streaming.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.107361995971503\.4356\.103809246326778/1448908118483544/?type\=3\|title\=Northlane – We are proud to announce that our new album Mesmer is out now...\|via\=Facebook\|date\=24 March 2017\|access\-date\=24 January 2018}} The aforementioned single "Mesmer" was discovered to be an album sampler/trailer, containing stems to all of the tracks on the album. Additional details about the album's release were given by Northlane's record label [UNFD](/wiki/UNFD "UNFD"), revealing that clues about the album had been released as early as 2016, and the release date was hidden in the band's Facebook cover image.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unfdcentral.com/news/bts\-mesmer/\|title\=Behind The Scenes of Mesmer\|date\=24 April 2017\|publisher\=UNFD Central\|access\-date\=24 January 2018\|archive\-date\=10 June 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094633/http://www.unfdcentral.com/news/bts\-mesmer/\|url\-status\=dead}}
*Mesmer* debuted at \#3 on the [ARIA Charts](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts"), the third Northlane release in a row to debut in the top 5 in Australia.
On 1 June, Northlane took part in a Twitter Blueroom session, where their new music video for "Solar" was premiered.{{cite tweet\|number\=870071522546679812\|user\=Northlane\|title\=Checkout the video for Solar! \#asknorthlane \|accessdate\=24 January 2018\|date\=31 May 2017}} The music video was released shortly before the band began their Mesmer World Tour, with the first leg featuring performances on the main stage at [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival "Download Festival"), several other European festivals, as well as tours in Canada and South America. Northlane have also announced additional tours in Australia and Europe for 2017\.
After their *Mesmer* World Tour, the band announced that their first live album titled *[Analog Future](/wiki/Analog_Future "Analog Future")* is set for release on 16 March 2018, and they also announced that the album had a limited edition vinyl release of only 500 copies.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Northlane\-Analog\-Future/release/11899635\|title\= Northlane – Analog Future (Vinyl, LP, Album, Limited Edition, Numbered)\|via\=Discogs\|access\-date\=24 July 2019}} The first and only single from the live album, "Citizen (Live in Melbourne)" was recorded on 20 October 2017 and released on 6 February.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=zrR8Zkq9kQg\|title\=Northlane – Citizen (Live in Melbourne)\|author\=UNFD\|date\=6 February 2018\|access\-date\=24 July 2019\|via\=YouTube}} On 13 February, the band announced the track listing of the album.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/.../analog\-future\-is.../1864353150272370/\|title\=Northlane – Analog Future is coming to your ears on March...\|via\=Facebook\|date\=13 February 2018\|access\-date\=24 July 2019}}
### Milovic's departure, *Alien* and *Negative Energy* (2018–2020\)
On 12 July 2018, the band released a new single, titled "Vultures".{{cite web\|url\=https://distortedsoundmag.com/northlane\-release\-new\-song\-vultures/\|title\=Northlane release new song 'Vultures'\|publisher\=distortedsoundmag\|access\-date\=14 September 2022\|date\=13 July 2018}} The song would eventually later appear on the band's next album. On 6 September, the band announced that bassist Alex Milovic would be leaving the band for personal reasons.["Northlane – Throughout the years we have..."](https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/2228522157188799/) *Facebook*. Retrieved 7 September 2018\.
On 2 November, former [Structures](/wiki/Structures_%28band%29 "Structures (band)") guitarist and vocalist Brendon Padjasek has been confirmed on taking over bass duties as well as additional vocals for the band.["Northlane – Northlane would like to introduce..."](https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.107361995971503/2333816063326074) *Facebook*. Retrieved 3 November 2018 A month later, Padjasek would later join the band playing at the inaugural [Good Things](/wiki/Good_Things_%28Australian_music_festival%29 "Good Things (Australian music festival)") festival, where the band unveiled a new song titled "Talking Heads" that was later confirmed to appear on their fifth studio album in 2019\.{{cite news\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\-are\-almost\-done\-writing\-their\-new\-album/\|title\=Northlane Are Almost Done Writing Their New Album \& There's "Double The Screaming"\|first\=Emmy\|last\=Mack\|website\=Music Feeds\|date\=30 December 2018\|access\-date\=11 January 2019}}
On 30 December, the band confirmed via their Twitter that they were finishing writing their fifth studio album.["Northlane – Last week of writing album 5"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1079242814595026944) *Twitter*. Retrieved 8 January 2019 On 7 January 2019, they commenced recording the new album.["Northlane – Today we commenced recording..."](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1082180325076127744) *Twitter*. Retrieved 8 January 2019
On 8 February, the band released the deluxe edition of *Mesmer*, which included an instrumental edition of the album.{{cite web\|url\=https://thenewfury.com/northlane\-releases\-mesmer\-deluxe\-edition\-tease\-new\-material\-from\-the\-studio/\|title\=Northlane releases "Mesmer: Deluxe Edition", tease new material from the studio\|publisher\=thenewfury\|access\-date\=September 18, 2022\|date\=February 8, 2019}}
On 9 February, Northlane tweeted a video with small text reading "Rift" in it, which is the name of one of the tracks on the album.["Northlane – 👽…"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1094173687203262464) *Twitter*. Retrieved 9 February 2019 A day later, they confirmed they had finished recording the album.["Northlane – FIN"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1094231799352328194) *Twitter*. Retrieved 10 February 2019 On 5 April, Northlane featured on PhaseOne's single "Crash \& Burn", later included in his debut album *Transcendency*.{{cite web\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/holy\-sht\-hear\-northlane\-feature\-on\-producer\-phaseones\-bonkers\-new\-metalstep\-track\-crash\-burn/\|title\=Holy Sh\*t! Hear Northlane Feature on Producer PhaseOne's Bonkers New 'Metalstep' Track 'Crash \& Burn'\|first\=Emmy\|last\=Mack\|website\=Music Feeds\|date\=5 April 2019\|access\-date\=6 June 2019}}
On 12 April, the band released a leak of the album, showing its title, release date, artwork and tracklist. Their upcoming fifth album titled *[Alien](/wiki/Alien_%28Northlane_album%29 "Alien (Northlane album)")* is set for release on 2 August 2019\. A few days later, the band released another leak, suggesting that they are planning to release three more singles: "Bloodline" on 30 April, "Talking Heads" on 13 June and "Eclipse" on 25 July.
On 30 April, the band released their first single and music video for "Bloodline" which was based upon frontman Marcus Bridge's violent upbringing. The band also stated their new album will be their most personal to date. A world tour was also announced on the back of their new album *Alien*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/04/30/northlane\-announce\-new\-album\-alien\-drop\-hard\-hitting\-single\-bloodline\-unveil\-australian\-tour/\|title\=Northlane announce new album Alien, drop hard\-hitting single 'Bloodline' \+ unveil Australian Tour\|last\=Brown\|first\=Paul\|date\=29 April 2019\|website\=Wall of Sound\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=29 April 2019}}
On 3 June, the band announced that their second single "Talking Heads" will be released much earlier than the assumed release date.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/06/03/northlane\-will\-finally\-release\-talking\-heads\-on\-wednesday/\|title\=Northlane Will FINALLY Release 'Talking Heads' On Wednesday\|last\=Brown\|first\=Paul\|date\=3 June 2019\|website\=Wall of Sound\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=3 June 2019}} A few days later, the label released a teaser of the single with an official release date on 5 June. Along with the release of the single, the band announced a new show for their National Tour for Melbourne after the first one completely sold out. VIP tickets were also announced, where fans could upgrade their standard tickets for VIP ones.{{cite web\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\-unleash\-huge\-new\-single\-talking\-heads\-add\-extra\-show\-to\-national\-tour/\|title\=Northlane Unleash Huge New Single 'Talking Heads', Add Extra Show To National Tour\|first\=Emmy\|last\=Mack\|website\=Music Feeds\|date\=5 June 2019\|access\-date\=6 June 2019}}
On 29 July, the band released their third single "Eclipse", which was originally scheduled for release much more earlier than the current release date. The single was released along with an accompanying music video.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/07/29/northlane\-release\-eclipse\-announce\-free\-album\-launch\-show\-in\-melbourne/\|title\=Northlane Release 'Eclipse' \+ Announce Free Album Launch Show in Melbourne\|last\=Brown\|first\=Paul\|date\=29 July 2019\|website\=Wall of Sound\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=29 July 2019}} The album was then released on the set date, and a week later peaked at No. 3 on the [ARIA Charts](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts").{{cite web\|url\=https://themusic.com.au/news/aria\-charts\-10\-august\-2019\-tones\-and\-i\-northlane\-the\-teskey\-brothers/p3\-zu7q9vL8/\|title\=It's Been A Huge Week on the ARIA Charts For Aussie Music\|website\=The Music\|author\=Staff Writer\|date\=10 August 2019\|access\-date\=11 August 2019}} On 31 October, Northlane covered [The Vines](/wiki/The_Vines_%28band%29 "The Vines (band)")' single "[Get Free](/wiki/Get_Free_%28The_Vines_song%29 "Get Free (The Vines song)")" for Triple J's Like a Version.{{Cite web\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/watch\-northlane\-crush\-the\-vines\-get\-free\-for\-like\-a\-version/\|title\=Watch: Northlane Crush The Vines' 'Get Free' For Like A Version\|first\=Laura\|last\=English\|date\=1 November 2019\|website\=Music Feeds\|access\-date\=31 May 2020}}
In March 2020, the band released *Negative Energy*, a raw and revealing documentary around the album's writing and recording process.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2020/03/24/northlane\-unleash\-their\-negative\-energy\-documentary/\|title\=Northlane Unleash Their Negative Energy Documentary\|date\=24 March 2020\|website\=Wall of Sound\|access\-date\=7 October 2020}} On 20 May, the band released a new single titled "Enemy of the Night" and also announced that the deluxe edition of *Alien* is set for release on 31 July 2020, which contains the bonus track "Enemy of the Night" and an instrumental edition of the album. A double LP neon pink vinyl will be released, limited to unknown amount of physical copies worldwide, and it will be later made available digitally for streaming and download.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2020/05/20/northlane\-drop\-new\-single\-enemy\-of\-the\-night\-announce\-alien\-deluxe\-edition/\|title\=Northlane Drop New Single 'Enemy of the Night' \+ Announce ALIEN Deluxe Edition!\|date\=20 May 2020\|website\=Wall of Sound\|access\-date\=20 May 2020}}
### *Live at the Roundhouse* and *5G* EP (2020–2021\)
On 28 August 2020, the band released their second live album titled *Live at the Roundhouse*, a 14\-track release that is out on streaming platforms and sees the band performing the first and biggest leg of the national tour, drawing generously from the *Alien* tracklist. It captures their hometown show at the Roundhouse last October while touring their most recent album, *Alien*. Earlier that month, the band broadcast the concert footage in full as part of a pay\-per\-view livestream event, giving fans a chance to witness the intense, sold\-out show from the comfort of their own homes.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nme.com/en\_au/news/music/northlane\-share\-new\-live\-album\-live\-at\-the\-roundhouse\-2739727\|title\=Northlane share new live album 'Live at the Roundhouse'\|date\=28 August 2020\|website\=NME\|access\-date\=7 October 2020}}
On 15 February 2021, *Live at the Roundhouse* was made available to stream on YouTube, due to the show being pirated on the internet.{{Cite web\|url\=https://metalinjection.net/video/northlane\-streams\-entire\-live\-at\-the\-roundhouse\-show\|title\=NORTHLANE Streams Entire Live at the Roundhouse Show\|date\=16 February 2021\|website\=Metal Injection\|access\-date\=21 February 2021}} On 21 February, the band announced a five\-track remix EP, entitled *5G*. The EP, set for release on 26 February 2021, features remixes of tracks primarily lifted from their 2019 album *Alien*. The sole exception to this is a remix of "Ohm", which comes from the band's 2015 album *Node*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nme.com/en\_au/news/music/northlane\-announce\-surprise\-remix\-ep\-5g\-for\-this\-friday\-2885199\|title\=Northlane announce surprise remix EP '5G' for this Friday\|date\=21 February 2021\|website\=NME\|access\-date\=25 February 2021}}
### Padjasek's departure, *2D* EP and *Obsidian* (2021–2022\)
On 18 March 2021, the band released the single "Clockwork" along with an accompanying music video. The single has been chosen as the official theme song for the video game *[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege](/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_Siege "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege")* at this year's Oceanic Nationals eSports League.{{Cite web\|first\=Emily\|last\=Carter\|url\=https://www.kerrang.com/watch\-the\-video\-for\-northlanes\-frantic\-new\-single\-clockwork\|title\=Watch the video for Northlane's frantic new single, Clockwork\|website\=Kerrang!\|date\=19 March 2021\|access\-date\=26 May 2022}} On the same day, they also announced that bassist Brendon Padjasek departed from the band in order to focus on his home life, with the group intending to continue on as a quartet for the time being, with Jon Deiley handling bass duties since.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2021/03/18/news/northlane\-part\-ways\-with\-bassist\-brendon\-padjasek/\|title\=Northlane Part Ways With Bassist Brendon Padjasek\|website\=ThePRP\|date\=18 March 2021\|access\-date\=19 March 2021}}{{Cite web\|first\=Greg\|last\=Kennelty\|url\=https://metalinjection.net/news/breakups/northlane\-bassist\-quits\-the\-band\|title\=Northlane Bassist Quits The Band\|website\=Metal Injection\|date\=22 March 2021\|access\-date\=26 May 2022}} On 19 April, the band confirmed that they had begun recording their sixth album.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2021/04/19/news/northlane\-recording\-new\-album\-2/\|title\=Northlane Recording New Album\|work\=The PRP\|date\=19 April 2021\|access\-date\=26 May 2022}}
On 10 May, the band announced another five\-track EP, entitled *2D*. The EP, set for release on 21 May 2021, features acoustic versions of tracks primarily lifted from their 2019 album *Alien*. Vocalist Marcus Bridge explains how *2D* adds another dimension to these tracks: "Recording an acoustic EP is something that we've wanted to do for quite some time and felt right with the personal nature of the songs from *Alien*. I wanted to strip these songs back to the bare minimum to juxtapose the soundscapes of the album, a 2D version of sorts. A song like 'Rift' has a completely different energy in this context and took on new meaning with the recording in the depths of lockdown, now almost feeling like a cry of frustration and despair."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/northlane\-announces\-acoustic\-ep\-2d/\|title\=Northlane Announces Acoustic EP '2D'\|website\=Blabbermouth.net\|date\=10 May 2021\|access\-date\=11 May 2021}} On 10 June, the band announced that they have finished recording the sixth album.{{cite news\|url\=https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1402812147285954562\|title\=NL6 is fully recorded\|via\=Twitter\|date\=10 June 2021\|access\-date\=23 February 2022}}
On 10 November, the band officially released "Echo Chamber", the lead single from their sixth studio album, *[Obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_%28Northlane_album%29 "Obsidian (Northlane album)")*, which was released on 22 April 2022, along with its music video. At the same time, the band revealed the album cover and the track list.{{cite web\|first\=Caitlin\|last\=Medcalf\|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\-announce\-new\-album\-obsidian\-share\-new\-single\-and\-upcoming\-tour\-dates/\|title\=Northlane Announce New Album 'Obsidian', Share New Single And Upcoming Tour Dates\|website\=\[\[Music Feeds]]\|date\=10 November 2021\|access\-date\=10 November 2021}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2021/11/07/news/northlane\-discuss\-their\-upcoming\-new\-album\-obsidian/\|title\=Northlane Discuss Their Upcoming New Album "Obsidian"\|website\=ThePRP\|date\=7 November 2021\|accessdate\=10 November 2021}}{{cite web\|first\=Ellie\|last\=Robinson\|url\=https://www.nme.com/en\_au/news/music/northlane\-share\-first\-details\-of\-impending\-sixth\-album\-obsidian\-3089664\|title\=Northlane share first details of impending sixth album, 'Obsidian'\|work\=NME\|date\=8 November 2021\|accessdate\=10 November 2021}}{{cite web\|first\=Jack\|last\=Rogers\|url\=https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/northlane\-have\-announced\-the\-details\-of\-their\-new\-album\-obsidian\|title\=Northlane Have Announced The Details of Their New Album 'Obsidian'\|work\=Rock Sound\|date\=10 November 2021\|accessdate\=10 November 2021}} To promote the album, the band also announced their upcoming Australia tour which will start in June 2022 with [Plini](/wiki/Plini "Plini"), [Sleep Token](/wiki/Sleep_Token "Sleep Token") and ALT as supports.{{cite web\|first\=Ricky\|last\=Aarons\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/11/10/northlane\-bounce\-back\-with\-latest\-album\-obsidian\-single\-echo\-chamber\-huge\-aussie\-tour/\|title\=Northlane Bounce Back With Latest Album Obsidian \+ Single 'Echo Chamber' \+ Huge Aussie Tour\|website\=Wall of Sound\|date\=10 November 2021\|accessdate\=26 May 2022}}{{cite web\|first\=Cameron\|last\=Sunkel\|url\=https://edm.com/news/metalcore\-band\-northlane\-releasing\-techno\-electronic\-music\-album\|title\=Metalcore Band Northlane Are Releasing a "Fully Fledged EDM And Techno" Album\|website\=EDM.com\|date\=9 November 2021\|accessdate\=26 May 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2022/05/05/news/northlane\-release\-plenty\-live\-video/\|title\=Northlane Release "Plenty" Live Video\|website\=The PRP\|date\=5 May 2022\|accessdate\=26 May 2022}} On 27 January 2022, the band unveiled the third single "Plenty".{{cite web\|first\=Ricky\|last\=Aarons\|url\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/01/27/northlane\-gear\-up\-for\-obsidian\-with\-plenty/\|title\=Northlane Gear Up For Obsidian With 'Plenty'\|website\=Wall of Sound\|date\=27 January 2022\|accessdate\=26 May 2022}}{{cite web\|first\=Ellie\|last\=Robinson\|url\=https://www.nme.com/en\_au/news/music/northlane\-return\-to\-their\-roots\-on\-belting\-new\-single\-plenty\-3147252\|title\=Northlane return to their roots on belting new single 'Plenty'\|work\=NME\|date\=26 January 2022\|accessdate\=26 May 2022}} On 20 February, due to the ongoing supply chain issues, the band announced that they pushed the release of the album from the original release date of 1 April back to 22 April.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2022/02/20/news/northlane\-delay\-release\-of\-new\-album\-obsidian/\|title\=Northlane Delay Release of New Album "Obsidian"\|website\=ThePRP\|date\=20 February 2022\|accessdate\=11 March 2022}} On 23 March, one month before the album release, the band released the fourth single "Carbonized" and its corresponding music video.{{cite web\|first\=Ellie\|last\=Robinson\|url\=https://www.nme.com/en\_au/news/music/northlane\-take\-aim\-at\-predatory\-artists\-on\-venomous\-new\-single\-carbonized\-3189082\|title\=Northlane take aim at predatory artists on venomous new single 'Carbonized'\|website\=NME\|date\=23 March 2022\|accessdate\=26 May 2022}} A deluxe version of *Obsidian*, featuring instrumental versions of the tracks, followed on 11 November.{{cite web\|url\=https://boolintunes.com/2022/11/10/new\-music\-friday\-november\-11th\-2022/\|website\=Boolin Tunes\|title\=New Music Friday: November 11th, 2022\|date\=10 November 2022\|access\-date\=12 November 2022}}
### *Mirror's Edge* EP (2023–present)
On 20 November 2023, Northlane released the song, "Dante".{{cite web\|first\=Greg\|last\=Kennelt\|url\=https://metalinjection.net/video/northlane\-returns\-with\-new\-single\-dante\|title\=Northlane Returns With New Single "Dante"\|work\=Metal Injection\|date\=20 November 2023\|access\-date\=3 December 2023}} On 23 January 2024, the band unveiled the song "Miasma" featuring Winston McCall of [Parkway Drive](/wiki/Parkway_Drive "Parkway Drive"). At the same time, they announced that their fifth EP, *Mirror's Edge*, would be released on 12 April 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/northlane\-announces\-mirrors\-edge\-ep\|title\=Northlane Announces 'Mirror's Edge' EP\|work\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|date\=23 January 2024\|access\-date\=23 January 2024}} On 6 March, one month before the EP release, the band premiered the song "Afterimage" featuring Ian Kenny of [Karnivool](/wiki/Karnivool "Karnivool") and [Birds of Tokyo](/wiki/Birds_of_Tokyo "Birds of Tokyo").{{cite web\|url\=https://rocksound.tv/news/northlane\-drop\-new\-single\-afterimage\|title\=Northlane Drop New Single 'Afterimage'\|work\=\[\[Rock Sound]]\|date\=5 March 2024\|access\-date\=6 March 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early years, line\\-up changes and *Discoveries* (2009–2012\\)",
"Northlane were formed in 2009 as a metalcore band in Blacktown by Jon Deiley on lead guitar, Brendan Derby on drums and percussion, Adrian Fitipaldes on lead vocals, Alex Milovic on bass guitar and Josh Smith on rhythm guitar.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/northlane\\-mn0002991317/biography \\| title \\= Northlane – Biography \\& History \\| author \\= Kellman, Andy \\| publisher \\= AllMusic \\| access\\-date \\= 17 December 2015 }}{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.the59thsound.com/adrian\\-fitipaldes\\-\\-\\-northlane\\-24122013\\.html \\| title \\= Adrian Fitipaldes – Northlane \\| work \\= The 59th Sound \\| date \\= 24 December 2013 \\| access\\-date \\= 17 December 2015 }} They are named after the 2007 track \"[North Lane](/wiki/North_Lane \"North Lane\")\" by British metalcore band, [Architects](/wiki/Architects_%28British_band%29 \"Architects (British band)\"). In 2013, Fitipaldes described their formation, \"pretty much, through the internet and common interest\" where Deiley and Milovic had contacted each other to start song writing. He continued that \"once they had the songs down, they started recruiting members.\"",
"Their six\\-track debut extended play, *Hollow Existence*, was released in January 2010: it was generally well received. Kill Your Stereo's All Shall Perish praised the group's \"admirable and mature standard, a vital quality that is rapidly becoming extinct in most up\\-and\\-coming Australian bands\" and summarised that it is a \"Fantastic six track EP that has substantial replay value and will leave you craving more.\"{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.killyourstereo.com/reviews/1022266/northlane\\-hollow\\-existence?PageSpeed\\=noscript \\| title \\= Northlane – ''Hollow Existence'' \\| Reviews \\| author \\= AllShallPerish \\| work \\= Killyourstereo.com \\| date \\= 1 August 2010 \\| access\\-date \\= 17 December 2015 }} Mark A of Sputnikmusic felt \"One can certainly tell that it is a first try, given the derivative presentation of the music. Breakdowns are incredibly over\\-utilized on the 6\\-song EP, punctuated by clean guitars only when they are gearing up for another breakdown.\"{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/53485/Northlane\\-Hollow\\-Existence/ \\| title \\= Northlane – ''Hollow Existence'' (album review) \\| author \\= A, Mark \\| work \\= Sputnikmusic \\| date \\= 21 November 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= 17 December 2015 }} Northlane toured Australia in support and \"established a reputation as a tireless live act.\"",
"In late 2011, the band signed to the [UNFD](/wiki/UNFD \"UNFD\") record label, which released their first studio album, *[Discoveries](/wiki/Discoveries_%28Northlane_album%29 \"Discoveries (Northlane album)\")*, in November that year. It reached the [ARIA Albums Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") Top 100, No. 49 on the ARIA Digital Albums chart and No. 1 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums chart.{{cite web \\| date \\= 21 November 2011 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20070819140100/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20070820\\-0001/issue908\\.pdf \\| title \\= The ARIA Report \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) \\| issue \\= 1134 \\| pages \\= 2, 6, 10, 13, 20 \\| url \\= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/documents/issue908\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 19 August 2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 December 2015 }}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} The album was followed by the *Discoveries* tour around Australia, and tours supporting August Burns Red and House Vs Hurricane shortly afterwards. Parkway Drive took them on the Sick Summer tour in February 2012\\.",
"In September 2012, the band went to Canada on tour with [Counterparts](/wiki/Counterparts_%28band%29 \"Counterparts (band)\") and [Stray from the Path](/wiki/Stray_from_the_Path \"Stray from the Path\"). At the end of the tour, they settled in New York City to record their new album with Will Putney. In December 2012 the band toured with in arenas with Parkway Drive on their \"Atlas\" tour in Australia.",
"### *Singularity* and Fitipaldes' departure (2013–2014\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Founding vocalist Adrian Fitipaldes performing in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") in October 2013](/wiki/File:Adrian_Fitipaldes_Northlane.JPG \"Adrian Fitipaldes Northlane.JPG\")\nIn January 2013, the band completed a tour across regional Australia with [In Hearts Wake](/wiki/In_Hearts_Wake \"In Hearts Wake\") and Endless Heights as supporting acts, in support of their new single \"Worldeater\". They also played in Adelaide at The Cavern to make up for their missed flight the previous month. In most shows the band leaked a new song titled \"Masquerade\". Northlane played at the 2013 [Soundwave festival](/wiki/Soundwave_%28Australian_music_festival%29 \"Soundwave (Australian music festival)\") and Pushover 2013 alongside other Australian metal acts such as [Thy Art Is Murder](/wiki/Thy_Art_Is_Murder \"Thy Art Is Murder\"), [The Amity Affliction](/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction \"The Amity Affliction\") and In Hearts Wake.",
"A music video for the song \"Quantum Flux\" from *[Singularity](/wiki/Singularity_%28Northlane_album%29 \"Singularity (Northlane album)\")* was released on 22 February 2013\\. It achieved mainstream success, debuting at \\#14 on the [ARIA Australian Artists Top 20 Singles Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") in the week of 4 March 2013\\. On 22 March 2013, Northlane released their second studio album, *Singularity*, which debuted at No. 3 on the [ARIA Albums Chart](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://australian\\-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret\\=Northlane \\| title \\= Discography Northlane \\| last1 \\= Hung \\| first1 \\= Steffen \\| publisher \\= Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien \\| access\\-date \\= 18 December 2015 }} It went to \\#1 in the Australian iTunes albums chart. *Singularity* received critical acclaim around the world. It was nominated for [Triple J's](/wiki/Triple_j \"Triple j\") \"[J Award Album of the Year](/wiki/J_Award \"J Award\")\" as one of the 10 best albums of 2013, and was voted as the Best album of 2013 on both [The Racket](/wiki/The_Racket_%28radio_program%29 \"The Racket (radio program)\") and [Short Fast Loud](/wiki/Short.fast.loud \"Short.fast.loud\"). In the Blunt Magazine readers poll, Northlane took home a multitude of awards in 2013 including \"Band of the Year\", \"Album of the Year\" and \"Best Vocalist\". iTunes Australia nominated *Singularity* as one of the most notable albums of 2013\\.",
"The *Singularity* tour in Australia included Structures, [Stray from the Path](/wiki/Stray_from_the_Path \"Stray from the Path\") and Statues. In August they supported [Karnivool](/wiki/Karnivool \"Karnivool\") around Australia.",
"Northlane made their United States touring debut in November 2013, touring nationally with Veil of Maya and Structures. In January 2014, they played on the [Big Day Out](/wiki/Big_Day_Out \"Big Day Out\") touring festival, before touring the US with [Bring Me the Horizon](/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon \"Bring Me the Horizon\"), [Of Mice \\& Men](/wiki/Of_Mice_%26_Men_%28band%29 \"Of Mice & Men (band)\") and [Issues](/wiki/Issues_%28band%29 \"Issues (band)\") on the American Dream tour. In March and April they supported Architects on a 39 date tour of Europe and the UK.",
"On 9 May 2014, the band released the deluxe edition of *Singularity*, which included an instrumental edition of the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://northlane.bandcamp.com/album/singularity\\-deluxe\\-edition\\|title\\=Singularity (Deluxe Edition) by Northlane\\|website\\=bandcamp}}",
"Northlane announced that they would curate their own festival called FREE YOUR MIND, with the first tour taking place in May 2014 in Australia. Northlane headlined the festival with support from [Thy Art Is Murder](/wiki/Thy_Art_Is_Murder \"Thy Art Is Murder\"), [Veil of Maya](/wiki/Veil_of_Maya \"Veil of Maya\"), [Volumes](/wiki/Volumes_%28band%29 \"Volumes (band)\") and [Make Them Suffer](/wiki/Make_Them_Suffer \"Make Them Suffer\"). All dates on the tour sold out in advance. Northlane appeared on the cover of [Blunt Magazine](/wiki/Blunt_Magazine \"Blunt Magazine\") in the April edition prior to Free Your Mind. It was after this tour that Northlane became activists and heavily supported many charities including The Smith Family by donating used drums sticks and guitars.{{cite web\\|author\\=Robyn Morrison \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218233425/http://sfmedia.com.au/northlane\\-announces\\-local\\-supports\\-for\\-springularity\\-tour/ \\|title\\=Northlane announces local supports for Springularity tour \\|publisher\\=SF Media \\|url\\=http://sfmedia.com.au/northlane\\-announces\\-local\\-supports\\-for\\-springularity\\-tour/ \\|archive\\-date\\= 18 February 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}",
"It was announced in September 2014 that founding vocalist Adrian Fitipaldes would be leaving the band. Northlane issued a statement via their Facebook page, citing an impact on Fitipaldes' health as the catalyst.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/767291676645195 \\|title\\=Northlane – It is with regret that we announce that Adrian... \\|via\\=Facebook \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://loudwire.com/northlane\\-adrian\\-fitipaldes\\-statement\\-about\\-his\\-departure \\|title\\=Northlane's Adrian Fitipaldes Issues Statement About Exit \\|website\\=Loudwire \\|date\\=17 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/northlane\\-vocalist\\-opens\\-up\\-about\\-departure \\|title\\=Ex\\-Northlane Vocalist Adrian Fitipaldes Opens Up About Departure\\|website\\=\\[\\[Rock Sound]] \\|date\\=18 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}} Northlane also announced that they will be accepting audition videos for a new vocalist.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s4085955\\.htm \\|title\\=Northlane Frontman Quits Band, Host Auditions For New Singer \\|publisher\\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation\\|work\\=Triple J\\|date\\=15 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Baroni \\|first\\=Nastassia \\|url\\=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\\-share\\-audition\\-videos\\-of\\-shortlisted\\-vocalist\\-candidates/ \\|title\\=Northlane Share Audition Videos of Shortlisted Vocalist Candidates \\|website\\=Music Feeds \\|date\\=27 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/40654/10\\-potential\\-new\\-Northlane\\-vocalists \\|title\\=10 potential new Northlane vocalists \\|website\\=Faster Louder \\|date\\=22 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005552/http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/40654/10\\-potential\\-new\\-Northlane\\-vocalists \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.impericon.com/au/blog/the\\-10\\-best\\-northlane\\-vocal\\-audition\\-videos/ \\|title\\=The 10 Best Northlane Vocal Audition Videos \\|publisher\\=Impericon Australia \\|date\\=18 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}",
"### Arrival of Marcus Bridge and *Node* (2014–2016\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Lead guitarist Jon Deiley performing in 2016](/wiki/File:20160422_Oberhausen_Impericon_Festival_Northlane_0063.jpg \"20160422 Oberhausen Impericon Festival Northlane 0063.jpg\")\nOn 14 October, Northlane announced that they had found their new vocalist.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/783681731672856 \\|title\\=Northlane – It's an extremely busy time for Northlane, but... \\|via\\=Facebook \\|date\\= 14 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}} Describing the new single as \"one of the heaviest Northlane tracks ever\", the band released the song \"Rot\" on 20 November and digitally on 28 November, with the new vocalist being revealed as Marcus Bridge.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/783713228336373 \\|title\\=Northlane – We just confirmed that next Thursday we will... \\|via\\=Facebook \\|date\\=17 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.altpress.com/northlane\\_reveal\\_new\\_vocalist\\_with\\_rot\\_single/ \\|title\\=Northlane reveal new vocalist with \"Rot\" single \\|work\\=Alternative Press \\|date\\=17 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2015}} The song would later appear on the band's upcoming album.",
"Their third studio album, *[Node](/wiki/Node_%28album%29 \"Node (album)\")*, and first with new vocalist Marcus Bridge, was released on 24 July 2015, with Will Putney producing, which reached No. 1\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Northlane to release long\\-awaited new album, 'Node,' in July \\|url\\=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/northlane\\_to\\_release\\_long\\_awaited\\_new\\_album\\_node\\_in\\_july\\|work\\=Alternative Press\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2015}}",
"At the [ARIA Music Awards of 2015](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2015 \"ARIA Music Awards of 2015\"), *Node* won the [Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Hard_Rock_or_Heavy_Metal_Album \"ARIA Award for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album\") category.ARIA Music Awards for Northlane:\n Search Results 'Northlane': {{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/search/?view\\=list\\&text\\=Northlane \\| title \\= Search Results for 'Northlane' \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) \\| access\\-date \\= 16 December 2015 }}\n 2013 winners and nominees: {{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2013?view\\=list \\| title \\= Winners by Year 2013 \\| publisher \\= Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) \\| access\\-date \\= 18 December 2015 }}\n 2015 nominations: {{cite news \\| last \\= Baroni \\| first \\= Nastassia \\| date \\= 7 October 2015 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://www.webcitation.org/6c5aT9Kwd?url\\=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/courtney\\-barnett\\-hermitude\\-tame\\-impala\\-lead\\-2015\\-aria\\-award\\-nominations/ \\| title \\= Courtney Barnett, Hermitude, Tame Impala Lead 2015 ARIA Award Nominations \\| work \\= Music Feeds \\| url \\= http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/courtney\\-barnett\\-hermitude\\-tame\\-impala\\-lead\\-2015\\-aria\\-award\\-nominations/ \\| archive\\-date \\= 7 October 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 December 2015 }}\n 2015 winners: {{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/2015/and\\-the\\-aria\\-award\\-goes\\-to%E2%80%A6 \\| title \\= And the ARIA Awards Goes to... \\| publisher \\= Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) \\| date \\= 27 November 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 December 2015 \\| archive\\-date \\= 18 January 2016 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160118102200/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/2015/and\\-the\\-aria\\-award\\-goes\\-to%E2%80%A6 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}",
"### *Equinox*, *Mesmer* and *Analog Future* (2016–2018\\)",
"* + - * [thumb\\|right\\|Current vocalist Marcus Bridge performing at Impericon Festival 2016 in [Oberhausen](/wiki/Oberhausen \"Oberhausen\")](/wiki/File:Emmure_Munich_2016_%288_von_10%29.jpg \"Emmure Munich 2016 (8 von 10).jpg\")\n\t\t\tOn 19 April 2016, the band announced that they had been working on a collaborative release with [In Hearts Wake](/wiki/In_Hearts_Wake \"In Hearts Wake\") entitled *[Equinox](/wiki/Equinox_%28EP%29 \"Equinox (EP)\")*. It was recorded in secret that January in Melbourne with producer Will Putney.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hysteriamag.com/exclusive\\-northlane\\-in\\-hearts\\-wake\\-release\\-equinox\\-ep\\-today/\\|title\\=Exclusive: NORTHLANE \\+ IN HEARTS WAKE // Release 'Equinox' EP today \\|website\\=Hysteria Mag\\|first\\=Sophie \\|last\\=Benjamin \\|date\\=20 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2019}} The EP features three songs: \"Refuge\", \"Equinox\" and \"Hologram\" and was released on 20 April, through UNFD. To promote the EP, Northlane and in Hearts Wake co\\-headlined a tour in June.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\\-hearts\\-wake\\-release\\-surprise\\-joint\\-ep\\-equinox/\\|title\\=Northlane \\& In Hearts Wake Release Surprise Joint EP, 'Equinox'\\|website\\=Music Feeds\\|first\\=Zanda\\|last\\=Wilson\\|date\\=20 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2019}} Supporting them were [Hands Like Houses](/wiki/Hands_Like_Houses \"Hands Like Houses\") and [Ocean Grove](/wiki/Ocean_Grove_%28Australian_band%29 \"Ocean Grove (Australian band)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unfdcentral.com/news/northlane\\-in\\-hearts\\-wake\\-announce\\-equinox\\-australian\\-tour/\\|title\\=Northlane \\& In Hearts Wake Announce Equinox Australian Tour\\|website\\=UNFD Central\\|date\\=2 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2019}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} From 23 April–7 May, Northlane played performed at Impericon Festival 2016 in [Oberhausen](/wiki/Oberhausen \"Oberhausen\"), Germany.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2015/11/20/news/hatebreed\\-emmure\\-northlane\\-etc\\-to\\-play\\-2016\\-impericon\\-festivals/\\|title\\=Hatebreed, Emmure, Northlane, Etc. To Play 2016 'Impericon Festivals'\\|website\\=theprp.com\\|author\\=wookubus\\|date\\=20 November 2015\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2019}}",
"Since early 2016, the band's live show and costumes have evolved. Jon has worn an array of masks, including an anti\\-pollution mask, a black medical mask and a rhinestone covered mask which conceals his entire head, plus a pair of large black contact lenses. Alex wears a long wrap\\-around jacket he acquired while in Japan. Nic wears a black singlet and medical mask. Josh wears a white long sleeve and Marcus wears a moth eaten black t\\-shirt with bandages on his hands.",
"On 9 September 2016, the band released the deluxe edition of *Node*, which included an instrumental edition of the album, two tracks from the Ghost City Sessions live performance, a version of \"Aspire\" with Marcus Bridge, a cover, and the original single version of \"Rot\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://northlane.bandcamp.com/album/node\\-deluxe\\-edition\\|title\\=Node (Deluxe Edition) by Northlane\\|website\\=bandcamp}}",
"The band premiered a new track \"Intuition\" at [Unify Gathering](/wiki/Unify_Gathering \"Unify Gathering\") in January 2017, which was eventually released on 17 January 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=B1q5bv1loKY\\|title\\=Northlane – Intuition \\[Official Music Video]\\|last\\=UNFD\\|date\\=17 January 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018\\|via\\=YouTube}} Northlane announced an Australian tour in support of the single in March 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.107361995971503\\.4356\\.103809246326778/1419169208124102/?type\\=3\\|title\\=Northlane – We're excited to announce the Intuition Tour...\\|via\\=Facebook\\|date\\=1 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018}}",
"On 10 March, Northlane released a single \"Mesmer\", an ambient electronic track with an accompanying music video which was shot by Jason Eshraghian in Sydney and contains artistic shots of the band and scenic views.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dtwTi8PNKzk\\|title\\=Northlane – Mesmer \\[Album Trailer]\\|last\\=UNFD\\|date\\=9 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018\\|via\\=YouTube}} Along with this, a chatbot appeared on Northlane's Facebook page: called \"Citizen\", people could interact with the chatbot on Facebook Messenger where the bot would give cryptic messages and clues to upcoming releases.",
"On 16 March, all of Northlane's social media profile pictures turned white, and led fans to an easter egg website, nl6633\\.com via small text in the white images.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.143530195688016\\.23200\\.103809246326778/1438929472814742/?type\\=1\\&theater\\|title\\=Northlane – n16633\\.com\\|via\\=Facebook\\|date\\=16 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018}} This website contained a landing page which showed timelapsed videos of members of Northlane in a recording studio, however no additional information was given.",
"Two months after \"Intuition\" was released, another single, titled \"Citizen\", was released, on 20 March.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=anQ836BXbYw\\|title\\=Northlane – Citizen \\[Official Music Video]\\|last\\=UNFD\\|date\\=19 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018\\|via\\=YouTube}} On 24 March, Northlane released their fourth studio album *[Mesmer](/wiki/Mesmer_%28album%29 \"Mesmer (album)\")* without any prior warning, and the album was made available for immediate purchase and streaming.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.107361995971503\\.4356\\.103809246326778/1448908118483544/?type\\=3\\|title\\=Northlane – We are proud to announce that our new album Mesmer is out now...\\|via\\=Facebook\\|date\\=24 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018}} The aforementioned single \"Mesmer\" was discovered to be an album sampler/trailer, containing stems to all of the tracks on the album. Additional details about the album's release were given by Northlane's record label [UNFD](/wiki/UNFD \"UNFD\"), revealing that clues about the album had been released as early as 2016, and the release date was hidden in the band's Facebook cover image.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unfdcentral.com/news/bts\\-mesmer/\\|title\\=Behind The Scenes of Mesmer\\|date\\=24 April 2017\\|publisher\\=UNFD Central\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094633/http://www.unfdcentral.com/news/bts\\-mesmer/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"*Mesmer* debuted at \\#3 on the [ARIA Charts](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\"), the third Northlane release in a row to debut in the top 5 in Australia.",
"On 1 June, Northlane took part in a Twitter Blueroom session, where their new music video for \"Solar\" was premiered.{{cite tweet\\|number\\=870071522546679812\\|user\\=Northlane\\|title\\=Checkout the video for Solar! \\#asknorthlane \\|accessdate\\=24 January 2018\\|date\\=31 May 2017}} The music video was released shortly before the band began their Mesmer World Tour, with the first leg featuring performances on the main stage at [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival \"Download Festival\"), several other European festivals, as well as tours in Canada and South America. Northlane have also announced additional tours in Australia and Europe for 2017\\.",
"After their *Mesmer* World Tour, the band announced that their first live album titled *[Analog Future](/wiki/Analog_Future \"Analog Future\")* is set for release on 16 March 2018, and they also announced that the album had a limited edition vinyl release of only 500 copies.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Northlane\\-Analog\\-Future/release/11899635\\|title\\= Northlane – Analog Future (Vinyl, LP, Album, Limited Edition, Numbered)\\|via\\=Discogs\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2019}} The first and only single from the live album, \"Citizen (Live in Melbourne)\" was recorded on 20 October 2017 and released on 6 February.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=zrR8Zkq9kQg\\|title\\=Northlane – Citizen (Live in Melbourne)\\|author\\=UNFD\\|date\\=6 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2019\\|via\\=YouTube}} On 13 February, the band announced the track listing of the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/northlane/.../analog\\-future\\-is.../1864353150272370/\\|title\\=Northlane – Analog Future is coming to your ears on March...\\|via\\=Facebook\\|date\\=13 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2019}}",
"### Milovic's departure, *Alien* and *Negative Energy* (2018–2020\\)",
"On 12 July 2018, the band released a new single, titled \"Vultures\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://distortedsoundmag.com/northlane\\-release\\-new\\-song\\-vultures/\\|title\\=Northlane release new song 'Vultures'\\|publisher\\=distortedsoundmag\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2022\\|date\\=13 July 2018}} The song would eventually later appear on the band's next album. On 6 September, the band announced that bassist Alex Milovic would be leaving the band for personal reasons.[\"Northlane – Throughout the years we have...\"](https://www.facebook.com/northlane/posts/2228522157188799/) *Facebook*. Retrieved 7 September 2018\\.",
"On 2 November, former [Structures](/wiki/Structures_%28band%29 \"Structures (band)\") guitarist and vocalist Brendon Padjasek has been confirmed on taking over bass duties as well as additional vocals for the band.[\"Northlane – Northlane would like to introduce...\"](https://www.facebook.com/northlane/photos/a.107361995971503/2333816063326074) *Facebook*. Retrieved 3 November 2018 A month later, Padjasek would later join the band playing at the inaugural [Good Things](/wiki/Good_Things_%28Australian_music_festival%29 \"Good Things (Australian music festival)\") festival, where the band unveiled a new song titled \"Talking Heads\" that was later confirmed to appear on their fifth studio album in 2019\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\\-are\\-almost\\-done\\-writing\\-their\\-new\\-album/\\|title\\=Northlane Are Almost Done Writing Their New Album \\& There's \"Double The Screaming\"\\|first\\=Emmy\\|last\\=Mack\\|website\\=Music Feeds\\|date\\=30 December 2018\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2019}}",
"On 30 December, the band confirmed via their Twitter that they were finishing writing their fifth studio album.[\"Northlane – Last week of writing album 5\"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1079242814595026944) *Twitter*. Retrieved 8 January 2019 On 7 January 2019, they commenced recording the new album.[\"Northlane – Today we commenced recording...\"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1082180325076127744) *Twitter*. Retrieved 8 January 2019",
"On 8 February, the band released the deluxe edition of *Mesmer*, which included an instrumental edition of the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thenewfury.com/northlane\\-releases\\-mesmer\\-deluxe\\-edition\\-tease\\-new\\-material\\-from\\-the\\-studio/\\|title\\=Northlane releases \"Mesmer: Deluxe Edition\", tease new material from the studio\\|publisher\\=thenewfury\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2022\\|date\\=February 8, 2019}}",
"On 9 February, Northlane tweeted a video with small text reading \"Rift\" in it, which is the name of one of the tracks on the album.[\"Northlane – 👽…\"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1094173687203262464) *Twitter*. Retrieved 9 February 2019 A day later, they confirmed they had finished recording the album.[\"Northlane – FIN\"](https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1094231799352328194) *Twitter*. Retrieved 10 February 2019 On 5 April, Northlane featured on PhaseOne's single \"Crash \\& Burn\", later included in his debut album *Transcendency*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/holy\\-sht\\-hear\\-northlane\\-feature\\-on\\-producer\\-phaseones\\-bonkers\\-new\\-metalstep\\-track\\-crash\\-burn/\\|title\\=Holy Sh\\*t! Hear Northlane Feature on Producer PhaseOne's Bonkers New 'Metalstep' Track 'Crash \\& Burn'\\|first\\=Emmy\\|last\\=Mack\\|website\\=Music Feeds\\|date\\=5 April 2019\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2019}}",
"On 12 April, the band released a leak of the album, showing its title, release date, artwork and tracklist. Their upcoming fifth album titled *[Alien](/wiki/Alien_%28Northlane_album%29 \"Alien (Northlane album)\")* is set for release on 2 August 2019\\. A few days later, the band released another leak, suggesting that they are planning to release three more singles: \"Bloodline\" on 30 April, \"Talking Heads\" on 13 June and \"Eclipse\" on 25 July.",
"On 30 April, the band released their first single and music video for \"Bloodline\" which was based upon frontman Marcus Bridge's violent upbringing. The band also stated their new album will be their most personal to date. A world tour was also announced on the back of their new album *Alien*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/04/30/northlane\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-alien\\-drop\\-hard\\-hitting\\-single\\-bloodline\\-unveil\\-australian\\-tour/\\|title\\=Northlane announce new album Alien, drop hard\\-hitting single 'Bloodline' \\+ unveil Australian Tour\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=29 April 2019\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2019}}",
"On 3 June, the band announced that their second single \"Talking Heads\" will be released much earlier than the assumed release date.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/06/03/northlane\\-will\\-finally\\-release\\-talking\\-heads\\-on\\-wednesday/\\|title\\=Northlane Will FINALLY Release 'Talking Heads' On Wednesday\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=3 June 2019\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2019}} A few days later, the label released a teaser of the single with an official release date on 5 June. Along with the release of the single, the band announced a new show for their National Tour for Melbourne after the first one completely sold out. VIP tickets were also announced, where fans could upgrade their standard tickets for VIP ones.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\\-unleash\\-huge\\-new\\-single\\-talking\\-heads\\-add\\-extra\\-show\\-to\\-national\\-tour/\\|title\\=Northlane Unleash Huge New Single 'Talking Heads', Add Extra Show To National Tour\\|first\\=Emmy\\|last\\=Mack\\|website\\=Music Feeds\\|date\\=5 June 2019\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2019}}",
"On 29 July, the band released their third single \"Eclipse\", which was originally scheduled for release much more earlier than the current release date. The single was released along with an accompanying music video.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/07/29/northlane\\-release\\-eclipse\\-announce\\-free\\-album\\-launch\\-show\\-in\\-melbourne/\\|title\\=Northlane Release 'Eclipse' \\+ Announce Free Album Launch Show in Melbourne\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=29 July 2019\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2019}} The album was then released on the set date, and a week later peaked at No. 3 on the [ARIA Charts](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://themusic.com.au/news/aria\\-charts\\-10\\-august\\-2019\\-tones\\-and\\-i\\-northlane\\-the\\-teskey\\-brothers/p3\\-zu7q9vL8/\\|title\\=It's Been A Huge Week on the ARIA Charts For Aussie Music\\|website\\=The Music\\|author\\=Staff Writer\\|date\\=10 August 2019\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2019}} On 31 October, Northlane covered [The Vines](/wiki/The_Vines_%28band%29 \"The Vines (band)\")' single \"[Get Free](/wiki/Get_Free_%28The_Vines_song%29 \"Get Free (The Vines song)\")\" for Triple J's Like a Version.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/watch\\-northlane\\-crush\\-the\\-vines\\-get\\-free\\-for\\-like\\-a\\-version/\\|title\\=Watch: Northlane Crush The Vines' 'Get Free' For Like A Version\\|first\\=Laura\\|last\\=English\\|date\\=1 November 2019\\|website\\=Music Feeds\\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2020}}",
"In March 2020, the band released *Negative Energy*, a raw and revealing documentary around the album's writing and recording process.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2020/03/24/northlane\\-unleash\\-their\\-negative\\-energy\\-documentary/\\|title\\=Northlane Unleash Their Negative Energy Documentary\\|date\\=24 March 2020\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}} On 20 May, the band released a new single titled \"Enemy of the Night\" and also announced that the deluxe edition of *Alien* is set for release on 31 July 2020, which contains the bonus track \"Enemy of the Night\" and an instrumental edition of the album. A double LP neon pink vinyl will be released, limited to unknown amount of physical copies worldwide, and it will be later made available digitally for streaming and download.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2020/05/20/northlane\\-drop\\-new\\-single\\-enemy\\-of\\-the\\-night\\-announce\\-alien\\-deluxe\\-edition/\\|title\\=Northlane Drop New Single 'Enemy of the Night' \\+ Announce ALIEN Deluxe Edition!\\|date\\=20 May 2020\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2020}}",
"### *Live at the Roundhouse* and *5G* EP (2020–2021\\)",
"On 28 August 2020, the band released their second live album titled *Live at the Roundhouse*, a 14\\-track release that is out on streaming platforms and sees the band performing the first and biggest leg of the national tour, drawing generously from the *Alien* tracklist. It captures their hometown show at the Roundhouse last October while touring their most recent album, *Alien*. Earlier that month, the band broadcast the concert footage in full as part of a pay\\-per\\-view livestream event, giving fans a chance to witness the intense, sold\\-out show from the comfort of their own homes.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/en\\_au/news/music/northlane\\-share\\-new\\-live\\-album\\-live\\-at\\-the\\-roundhouse\\-2739727\\|title\\=Northlane share new live album 'Live at the Roundhouse'\\|date\\=28 August 2020\\|website\\=NME\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}}",
"On 15 February 2021, *Live at the Roundhouse* was made available to stream on YouTube, due to the show being pirated on the internet.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://metalinjection.net/video/northlane\\-streams\\-entire\\-live\\-at\\-the\\-roundhouse\\-show\\|title\\=NORTHLANE Streams Entire Live at the Roundhouse Show\\|date\\=16 February 2021\\|website\\=Metal Injection\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2021}} On 21 February, the band announced a five\\-track remix EP, entitled *5G*. The EP, set for release on 26 February 2021, features remixes of tracks primarily lifted from their 2019 album *Alien*. The sole exception to this is a remix of \"Ohm\", which comes from the band's 2015 album *Node*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/en\\_au/news/music/northlane\\-announce\\-surprise\\-remix\\-ep\\-5g\\-for\\-this\\-friday\\-2885199\\|title\\=Northlane announce surprise remix EP '5G' for this Friday\\|date\\=21 February 2021\\|website\\=NME\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2021}}",
"### Padjasek's departure, *2D* EP and *Obsidian* (2021–2022\\)",
"On 18 March 2021, the band released the single \"Clockwork\" along with an accompanying music video. The single has been chosen as the official theme song for the video game *[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege](/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_Siege \"Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege\")* at this year's Oceanic Nationals eSports League.{{Cite web\\|first\\=Emily\\|last\\=Carter\\|url\\=https://www.kerrang.com/watch\\-the\\-video\\-for\\-northlanes\\-frantic\\-new\\-single\\-clockwork\\|title\\=Watch the video for Northlane's frantic new single, Clockwork\\|website\\=Kerrang!\\|date\\=19 March 2021\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2022}} On the same day, they also announced that bassist Brendon Padjasek departed from the band in order to focus on his home life, with the group intending to continue on as a quartet for the time being, with Jon Deiley handling bass duties since.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2021/03/18/news/northlane\\-part\\-ways\\-with\\-bassist\\-brendon\\-padjasek/\\|title\\=Northlane Part Ways With Bassist Brendon Padjasek\\|website\\=ThePRP\\|date\\=18 March 2021\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021}}{{Cite web\\|first\\=Greg\\|last\\=Kennelty\\|url\\=https://metalinjection.net/news/breakups/northlane\\-bassist\\-quits\\-the\\-band\\|title\\=Northlane Bassist Quits The Band\\|website\\=Metal Injection\\|date\\=22 March 2021\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2022}} On 19 April, the band confirmed that they had begun recording their sixth album.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2021/04/19/news/northlane\\-recording\\-new\\-album\\-2/\\|title\\=Northlane Recording New Album\\|work\\=The PRP\\|date\\=19 April 2021\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2022}}",
"On 10 May, the band announced another five\\-track EP, entitled *2D*. The EP, set for release on 21 May 2021, features acoustic versions of tracks primarily lifted from their 2019 album *Alien*. Vocalist Marcus Bridge explains how *2D* adds another dimension to these tracks: \"Recording an acoustic EP is something that we've wanted to do for quite some time and felt right with the personal nature of the songs from *Alien*. I wanted to strip these songs back to the bare minimum to juxtapose the soundscapes of the album, a 2D version of sorts. A song like 'Rift' has a completely different energy in this context and took on new meaning with the recording in the depths of lockdown, now almost feeling like a cry of frustration and despair.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/northlane\\-announces\\-acoustic\\-ep\\-2d/\\|title\\=Northlane Announces Acoustic EP '2D'\\|website\\=Blabbermouth.net\\|date\\=10 May 2021\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2021}} On 10 June, the band announced that they have finished recording the sixth album.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/Northlane/status/1402812147285954562\\|title\\=NL6 is fully recorded\\|via\\=Twitter\\|date\\=10 June 2021\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2022}}",
"On 10 November, the band officially released \"Echo Chamber\", the lead single from their sixth studio album, *[Obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian_%28Northlane_album%29 \"Obsidian (Northlane album)\")*, which was released on 22 April 2022, along with its music video. At the same time, the band revealed the album cover and the track list.{{cite web\\|first\\=Caitlin\\|last\\=Medcalf\\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/northlane\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-obsidian\\-share\\-new\\-single\\-and\\-upcoming\\-tour\\-dates/\\|title\\=Northlane Announce New Album 'Obsidian', Share New Single And Upcoming Tour Dates\\|website\\=\\[\\[Music Feeds]]\\|date\\=10 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2021/11/07/news/northlane\\-discuss\\-their\\-upcoming\\-new\\-album\\-obsidian/\\|title\\=Northlane Discuss Their Upcoming New Album \"Obsidian\"\\|website\\=ThePRP\\|date\\=7 November 2021\\|accessdate\\=10 November 2021}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Ellie\\|last\\=Robinson\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/en\\_au/news/music/northlane\\-share\\-first\\-details\\-of\\-impending\\-sixth\\-album\\-obsidian\\-3089664\\|title\\=Northlane share first details of impending sixth album, 'Obsidian'\\|work\\=NME\\|date\\=8 November 2021\\|accessdate\\=10 November 2021}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Jack\\|last\\=Rogers\\|url\\=https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/northlane\\-have\\-announced\\-the\\-details\\-of\\-their\\-new\\-album\\-obsidian\\|title\\=Northlane Have Announced The Details of Their New Album 'Obsidian'\\|work\\=Rock Sound\\|date\\=10 November 2021\\|accessdate\\=10 November 2021}} To promote the album, the band also announced their upcoming Australia tour which will start in June 2022 with [Plini](/wiki/Plini \"Plini\"), [Sleep Token](/wiki/Sleep_Token \"Sleep Token\") and ALT as supports.{{cite web\\|first\\=Ricky\\|last\\=Aarons\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/11/10/northlane\\-bounce\\-back\\-with\\-latest\\-album\\-obsidian\\-single\\-echo\\-chamber\\-huge\\-aussie\\-tour/\\|title\\=Northlane Bounce Back With Latest Album Obsidian \\+ Single 'Echo Chamber' \\+ Huge Aussie Tour\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|date\\=10 November 2021\\|accessdate\\=26 May 2022}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Cameron\\|last\\=Sunkel\\|url\\=https://edm.com/news/metalcore\\-band\\-northlane\\-releasing\\-techno\\-electronic\\-music\\-album\\|title\\=Metalcore Band Northlane Are Releasing a \"Fully Fledged EDM And Techno\" Album\\|website\\=EDM.com\\|date\\=9 November 2021\\|accessdate\\=26 May 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2022/05/05/news/northlane\\-release\\-plenty\\-live\\-video/\\|title\\=Northlane Release \"Plenty\" Live Video\\|website\\=The PRP\\|date\\=5 May 2022\\|accessdate\\=26 May 2022}} On 27 January 2022, the band unveiled the third single \"Plenty\".{{cite web\\|first\\=Ricky\\|last\\=Aarons\\|url\\=https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/01/27/northlane\\-gear\\-up\\-for\\-obsidian\\-with\\-plenty/\\|title\\=Northlane Gear Up For Obsidian With 'Plenty'\\|website\\=Wall of Sound\\|date\\=27 January 2022\\|accessdate\\=26 May 2022}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Ellie\\|last\\=Robinson\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/en\\_au/news/music/northlane\\-return\\-to\\-their\\-roots\\-on\\-belting\\-new\\-single\\-plenty\\-3147252\\|title\\=Northlane return to their roots on belting new single 'Plenty'\\|work\\=NME\\|date\\=26 January 2022\\|accessdate\\=26 May 2022}} On 20 February, due to the ongoing supply chain issues, the band announced that they pushed the release of the album from the original release date of 1 April back to 22 April.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2022/02/20/news/northlane\\-delay\\-release\\-of\\-new\\-album\\-obsidian/\\|title\\=Northlane Delay Release of New Album \"Obsidian\"\\|website\\=ThePRP\\|date\\=20 February 2022\\|accessdate\\=11 March 2022}} On 23 March, one month before the album release, the band released the fourth single \"Carbonized\" and its corresponding music video.{{cite web\\|first\\=Ellie\\|last\\=Robinson\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/en\\_au/news/music/northlane\\-take\\-aim\\-at\\-predatory\\-artists\\-on\\-venomous\\-new\\-single\\-carbonized\\-3189082\\|title\\=Northlane take aim at predatory artists on venomous new single 'Carbonized'\\|website\\=NME\\|date\\=23 March 2022\\|accessdate\\=26 May 2022}} A deluxe version of *Obsidian*, featuring instrumental versions of the tracks, followed on 11 November.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://boolintunes.com/2022/11/10/new\\-music\\-friday\\-november\\-11th\\-2022/\\|website\\=Boolin Tunes\\|title\\=New Music Friday: November 11th, 2022\\|date\\=10 November 2022\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2022}}",
"### *Mirror's Edge* EP (2023–present)",
"On 20 November 2023, Northlane released the song, \"Dante\".{{cite web\\|first\\=Greg\\|last\\=Kennelt\\|url\\=https://metalinjection.net/video/northlane\\-returns\\-with\\-new\\-single\\-dante\\|title\\=Northlane Returns With New Single \"Dante\"\\|work\\=Metal Injection\\|date\\=20 November 2023\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2023}} On 23 January 2024, the band unveiled the song \"Miasma\" featuring Winston McCall of [Parkway Drive](/wiki/Parkway_Drive \"Parkway Drive\"). At the same time, they announced that their fifth EP, *Mirror's Edge*, would be released on 12 April 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blabbermouth.net/news/northlane\\-announces\\-mirrors\\-edge\\-ep\\|title\\=Northlane Announces 'Mirror's Edge' EP\\|work\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|date\\=23 January 2024\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2024}} On 6 March, one month before the EP release, the band premiered the song \"Afterimage\" featuring Ian Kenny of [Karnivool](/wiki/Karnivool \"Karnivool\") and [Birds of Tokyo](/wiki/Birds_of_Tokyo \"Birds of Tokyo\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://rocksound.tv/news/northlane\\-drop\\-new\\-single\\-afterimage\\|title\\=Northlane Drop New Single 'Afterimage'\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rock Sound]]\\|date\\=5 March 2024\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2024}}",
""
] |
Models in the canonical series
------------------------------
### Metal Gear
[thumb\|A comparison of Metal Gear designs from the early MSX2 games. From left to right: Metal Gear D (*[Metal Gear 2](/wiki/Metal_Gear_2:Solid_Snake "Solid Snake")*), Metal Gear (*[Metal Gear](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28video_game%29 "Metal Gear (video game)")*), Mk. II (*[Snatcher](/wiki/Snatcher_%28video_game%29 "Snatcher (video game)")*), and Petit (*[SD Snatcher](/wiki/SD_Snatcher "SD Snatcher")*).](/wiki/File:Metal_Gear_history.jpg "Metal Gear history.jpg")
**TX\-55 Metal Gear** is the Metal Gear model's designation in the original *[Metal Gear](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28video_game%29 "Metal Gear (video game)")* game,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.konami.jp/gs/game/mg/chara.html\|title\=Metal Gear \- Character Profiles\|language\=ja}} although it is simply referred as "Metal Gear" and no particular meaning is given behind this codename. Within [Outer Heaven](/wiki/Outer_Heaven "Outer Heaven"), [Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake "Solid Snake") learns Metal Gear's weakness after rescuing creator Dr. Drago Pettrovich Madnar and his daughter Ellen Madnar. The player must place a certain number of plastic explosives on Metal Gear's feet in the order stated by Dr. Madnar. Metal Gear is stored in a room guarded by two laser cams and never actually becomes operational; the final challenge is instead a battle with Outer Heaven's mystery leader and a race against time to escape the self\-destructing base.
**Metal Gear D** in *[Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake](/wiki/Metal_Gear_2:Solid_Snake "Solid Snake")* is a revision of the original Metal Gear prototype. Metal Gear D is equipped with a [Vulcan cannon](/wiki/M61_Vulcan "M61 Vulcan") and a six\-missile pod. The improved model was also built by Dr. Madnar, willingly this time after his radical ideas were rejected by the Western scientific community. The Metal Gear is piloted by [Gray Fox](/wiki/Gray_Fox_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Gray Fox (Metal Gear)") and can only be destroyed by Solid Snake throwing grenades over its feet. This Metal Gear's mecha design was chosen through an internal contest between Konami's artists, with the primary criterion being realism.*Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake* instruction manual, pg. 54 The final design is credited to Tomohiro Nishio.
In the non\-canonical sequel *[Snake's Revenge](/wiki/Snake%27s_Revenge "Snake's Revenge")* (that was released in the west for the NES), mass\-produced versions of the original (dubbed "Metal Gear 1" in the game) are stored inside an enemy cargo ship. The wreckage of the original makes a cameo in *[Metal Gear: Ghost Babel](/wiki/Metal_Gear:Ghost_Babel "Ghost Babel")*, an alternate sequel to the first game in the *Metal Gear Solid* series set in a rebuilt Outer Heaven.
Both Metal Gear TX\-55 and Metal Gear D make cameo appearances during the *Metal Gear Solid* games: the second version is visible as Dr. Granin's blueprint shown to Naked Snake in *[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:Snake_Eater "Snake Eater")*, and the original version is seen in a psychic vision along with Big Boss and the three "Les Enfants Terribles" sons in *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops "Portable Ops")*.
### Metal Gear REX
**Metal Gear REX** is an entirely different Metal Gear model that appears in *[Metal Gear Solid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%281998_video_game%29 "Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)")* designed by [Yoji Shinkawa](/wiki/Yoji_Shinkawa "Yoji Shinkawa"). Unlike previous Metal Gears, its legs are heavily armored and reinforced.
Metal Gear REX has near\-impenetrable compound armor, a pair of 30 mm gatling guns,The gatling guns' caliber can be read in the machine cannon weapon description while piloting REX in *Metal Gear Solid 4*. anti\-tank missiles, and a [free\-electron laser](/wiki/Free-electron_laser "Free-electron laser"), to protect itself from conventional forces. Its primary weapon, however, is a magnetic [railgun](/wiki/Railgun "Railgun") capable of delivering an untraceable nuclear warhead anywhere in the world, without the propellant trail or launch flare that gives away the launch position of a traditional [ballistic missile](/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile"). It also possessed a radome, a satellite antenna\-shaped object on REX's left side that provides information about the environment outside of the cockpit while keeping the pilot safe from harm, and increasing the accuracy of all weapons as well. Destroying the radome is crucial to rendering the virtual reality interface useless and forcing the pilot to manually control REX. The pilot is also forced to expose himself to enemy fire, by opening the cockpit in order to see outside (a weakness deliberately built into REX as a "character flaw").
[thumb\|left\|[Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake "Solid Snake") battling Metal Gear REX in *[Metal Gear Solid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%281998_video_game%29 "Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)")*](/wiki/File:Metal_Gear_Solid_-_Metal_Gear_REX.jpg "Metal Gear Solid - Metal Gear REX.jpg")
The story of *Metal Gear Solid* shows weapons company ArmsTech president [Kenneth Baker](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Kenneth_Baker "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Kenneth Baker") bribes [DARPA](/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency") chief [Donald Anderson](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Donald_Anderson "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Donald Anderson") to get covert U.S. Government funding for Metal Gear REX's development for the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"), and sends the single prototype to be tested at a nuclear weapons disposal facility on Shadow Moses Island. However, the Shadow Moses facility is taken over by rogue special forces unit [FOXHOUND](/wiki/FOXHOUND "FOXHOUND") attempting to use REX as leverage to extort the U.S. Government. [Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake "Solid Snake") comes out of retirement and infiltrates the Shadow Moses facility in order to find out about REX. [Liquid Snake](/wiki/Liquid_Snake "Liquid Snake") and [Revolver Ocelot](/wiki/Revolver_Ocelot "Revolver Ocelot") intend to use REX to hold the world hostage. Later, Liquid uses REX to fight Snake. Snake, with the help of engineer [Dr. Hal Emmerich](/wiki/Otacon "Otacon") and the Cyborg Ninja, eliminates FOXHOUND and destroys the mecha.
*[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty "Sons of Liberty")* reveals that Metal Gear REX's battle data were sold on the black market and Metal Gear variants spread worldwide; in response, [Metal Gear RAY](/wiki/%23Metal_Gear_RAY "#Metal Gear RAY") is designed to combat these variants and render them useless.
In the prequels, Metal Gear REX is seen in *[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:Snake_Eater "Snake Eater")* as Dr. Aleksandr Granin's original blueprints that are shown to [Naked Snake](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Big Boss (Metal Gear)") which are later stolen by Ocelot, and seen in *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops "Portable Ops")* in a psychic vision along with Big Boss's sons.
*[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots "Guns of the Patriots")* sees Old Snake sent back to Shadow Moses Island to re\-acquire Metal Gear REX (left abandoned after the events of *Metal Gear Solid*) which has become [Liquid Ocelot](/wiki/Liquid_Ocelot "Liquid Ocelot")'s new target. Liquid plans to remove REX's railgun to launch nuclear weapons since REX predates the SOP system of no ID lockout mechanism (sans the [PAL](/wiki/Permissive_Action_Link "Permissive Action Link") interface). Arriving at the old hangar, Snake finds the damaged Metal Gear but discovers that Liquid has already removed the railgun. Later, Snake uses REX to confront Liquid piloting Metal Gear RAY. Even though RAY was developed as an anti\-Metal Gear weapon and REX being handicapped (as the radome was still damaged and its railgun gone), Otacon reveals that REX has a "street fighter" program to execute kicking moves which Liquid was apparently not aware of.{{Cite video game \|title\=Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots \|developer\=Konami Computer Entertainment Japan \|publisher\=Konami \|quote\='''Otacon''': I created a special program back when I was designing REX. I thought it might come in handy here. // '''Snake''': What kind of program? '''Otacon''': REX is armed with powerful self\-defense systems \- missiles, laser \- designed to protect it during solo ops overseas. But some of us engineers were worried about what would happen if it found itself in a close\-range shootout. We got to thinking... Why not use REX's tough shell as a weapon in itself? In other words, why not make it into a street fighter? The program was completed and we got fantastic results on a supercomputer simulation, but the project was shelved before we could make our pitch. Didn't fit in with military regulations. But... // '''Snake''': But? // '''Otacon''': I, uh, went ahead and installed the program anyway. You know... Secretly. \|year\=2008}} Snake and REX manage to fight Liquid to a stalemate; Otacon credits this to his assistance.Otacon: RAY might have been designed as a REX\-killer, but you've got me on your side. Crush RAY, and Liquid with it. REX is not seen destroyed and what happened to the mecha after the battle is unknown.
Metal Gear REX, Metal Gear RAY, and a [Gekko](/wiki/%23Gekko "#Gekko") make cameo appearances in the Shadow Moses Island stage in *[Super Smash Bros. Brawl](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl "Super Smash Bros. Brawl")* and *[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate")*. It also made its appearance as the final boss from *[LittleBigPlanet](/wiki/LittleBigPlanet "LittleBigPlanet")* with the use of Metal Gear Solid Packs. In *[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Peace_Walker "Peace Walker")*, in the Isla Del Monstruo as part of a collaboration with Capcom's *[Monster Hunter](/wiki/Monster_Hunter "Monster Hunter")* series, defeating both the Rathalos and the Tigrex unlocks a monster known as "Gear REX", which heavily resembles its mecha counterpart.
### Metal Gear RAY
[thumb\|Metal Gear RAY holding a [Harrier](/wiki/Harrier_Jump_Jet "Harrier Jump Jet") aircraft in *[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty "Sons of Liberty")*](/wiki/File:Mgs2_ray_model.jpg "Mgs2 ray model.jpg")
**Metal Gear RAY** is an anti\-Metal Gear introduced in *[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty "Sons of Liberty")* also designed by [Yoji Shinkawa](/wiki/Yoji_Shinkawa "Yoji Shinkawa"). This Metal Gear model comes in two variants: a manned prototype version developed to combat Metal Gear derivatives and an unmanned, computer\-controlled version refitted to defend [Arsenal Gear](/wiki/%23Arsenal_Gear "#Arsenal Gear").
Metal Gear RAY differs from previous Metal Gear models in that it is not a nuclear launch platform, but instead, a weapon of conventional warfare, originally designed by the [U.S. Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") to hunt down and destroy the many Metal Gear derivatives that became common after [Metal Gear REX](/wiki/%23Metal_Gear_REX "#Metal Gear REX")'s plans leak following the events of Shadow Moses. RAY is designed to be even more maneuverable and flexible in deployment than other models and can operate both on land and in water. While RAY has a pair of Gatling guns and missile launchers on its back and knees to defend itself from more conventional battlefield threats, its primary weapon is a powerful [water jet cutter](/wiki/Water_jet_cutter "Water jet cutter"), which can cut through heavily armored foes, such as Metal Gear derivatives. RAY is more organic in appearance and in function than previous models. Its streamlined shape helps to deflect enemy fire and allows for greater maneuverability both on land and in water. Its interior workings are also somewhat organic, as it has artificial fibers that contract when electricity is applied, much like natural muscle, instead of typical [hydraulics](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery "Hydraulic machinery"); this pseudo\-muscle tissue makes it very maneuverable. It also has a nervous\-system\-like network of conductive nanotubes, which connect the widely dispersed sensor systems and relay commands from the cockpit to the various parts of RAY's body, automatically bypassing damaged systems and rerouting to auxiliary systems when needed. Another feature is its blood\-like armor\-repair nanopaste, which is secreted from valves and coagulates wherever the exterior surface is damaged. Particularly unusual is its "face", with two "eyes" and a gaping "mouth", only seen when the head armor is removed. The original version is an operational prototype labeled "MARINES", which has a cockpit for a single pilot, and a long tail intended for balance while making leaps or operating underwater. The entire forward interior of the cockpit is a [heads\-up display](/wiki/Heads-Up_Display "Heads-Up Display"), allowing the pilot to look around as if there were no obstruction between him and the battlefield. The mass\-production model labeled "U.S. NAVY" lacks the tail of the prototype, but it has rounded knees and only one sensory input or "eye" instead of the prototype's two. They are also painted in an olive\-drab [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage "Camouflage") pattern.
During the Tanker chapter (the prologue of *Metal Gear Solid 2*), [Revolver Ocelot](/wiki/Revolver_Ocelot "Revolver Ocelot") steals Metal Gear RAY off the disguised oil tanker and delivers the stolen prototype to [The Patriots](/wiki/The_Patriots_%28Metal_Gear%29 "The Patriots (Metal Gear)"), an organization secretly running the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). During the Plant chapter (the second part of *Metal Gear Solid 2*), Arsenal Gear has a force of unmanned mass\-produced Metal Gear RAYs ready for immediate deployment against any possible threats under the command of the ship's AI [GW](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington"). When [Solidus Snake](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Solidus_Snake "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Solidus Snake") takes over Arsenal along with the slave RAYs, Solidus has them confront [Raiden](/wiki/Raiden_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Raiden (Metal Gear)") but some of them end up destroyed.
In *[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots "Guns of the Patriots")*, Liquid Ocelot pilots a modified version of Metal Gear RAY that sports the prototype's two "eyes", cockpit and greyish\-blue coloring, and the mass\-production model's tailless design and rounded knees. It is labeled "OUTER HAVEN". Despite being an anti\-REX Metal Gear, RAY was immobilized during a battle with Metal Gear REX piloted by Old Snake.
Metal Gear RAY, Metal Gear REX, and a [Gekko](/wiki/%23Gekko "#Gekko") make cameo appearances in the Shadow Moses Island stage in *[Super Smash Bros. Brawl](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl "Super Smash Bros. Brawl")* and *[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate")*. A very different version of Metal Gear RAY that sports giant swords in the arms, a plasma cannon instead of a water jet cutter, and a different tail appear in *[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Rising:Revengeance "Revengeance")* This version is known as "Metal Gear Ray \<MOD.\>" with the modifications already being mentioned.
### Arsenal Gear
**Arsenal Gear** is a submersible, mobile fortress that appears in *[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty "Sons of Liberty")*. It was developed by the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") to monitor, block and tamper with Internet communications in order to further the goals of [the Patriots](/wiki/The_Patriots_%28Metal_Gear%29 "The Patriots (Metal Gear)"). It is a metaphor for the change of warfare in the last decades of the 20th century, from [nuclear war](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare "Nuclear warfare") to a war of culture, information, and espionage.
Arsenal Gear is hidden under the Big Shell, and is controlled by [AI](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") "GW" designed by [Emma Emmerich](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Emma_Emmerich "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Emma Emmerich"). According to *The Document of Metal Gear Solid 2*, the model below the Big Shell is not the only one, and each one is run by its own AI system connected to the Patriots. Arsenal is large enough to house \- and also require \- a significant force for its defense. Arsenal hidden under the Big Shell has an unspecified number of "[Tengu](/wiki/Tengu "Tengu") Commandos", soldiers clad in [powered armor](/wiki/Powered_armor "Powered armor") and armed with [P90 submachine guns](/wiki/FN_P90 "FN P90") and high\-frequency blades. It also has a squadron of 25 unmanned mass\-production Metal Gear RAYs under the direct control of GW. During *Metal Gear Solid 2*, [Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake "Solid Snake") and [Raiden](/wiki/Raiden_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Raiden (Metal Gear)") are actually being manipulated by GW. But as Emma's virus slowly destroys GW, Raiden is able to enter Arsenal Gear and uncover the many layers of deception concealing the true meaning behind everything. Arsenal is later directed to crash into [Manhattan Island](/wiki/Manhattan_Island "Manhattan Island") at the end of Raiden's mission. The exterior is shown when Snake, Raiden and [Solidus Snake](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Solidus_Snake "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Solidus Snake") are heading for [Federal Hall National Memorial](/wiki/Federal_Hall_National_Memorial "Federal Hall National Memorial") and see the fortress speeding under many bridges before crashing. A scene showing Arsenal crashing through and destroying several buildings in [Manhattan Island](/wiki/Manhattan_Island "Manhattan Island") but was cut from the final version because of [the terrorist attacks on September 11th](/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks "September 11, 2001 attacks").{{cite video\| people \= Hideo Kojima \| title \= The Document of Metal Gear Solid 2 \| medium \= PlayStation 2\| publisher \= Konami\| date \= 2002}}
**Outer Haven** is a modified Arsenal Gear submersible ark stolen by [Liquid Ocelot](/wiki/Liquid_Ocelot "Liquid Ocelot") in *[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots "Guns of the Patriots")*. The ark features a [Mount Rushmore](/wiki/Mount_Rushmore "Mount Rushmore")\-like sculpture of Solidus Snake, Solid Snake, [Liquid Snake](/wiki/Liquid_Snake "Liquid Snake") and [Big Boss](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Big Boss (Metal Gear)"). Haven was later revealed to contain the rebuilt GW AI in its server room. It made its first appearance in the "Twin Suns" chapter. In the "Old Sun" chapter, Ocelot planned on using the GW ruins (still in the Patriots' system but not recognized by the remaining AIs as destroyed) to take control of the Patriots by using Metal Gear REX's [railgun](/wiki/Railgun "Railgun") to destroy the satellite containing the primary AI JD. Using the railgun, he could stealth\-launch the missile (with pure magnetic energies and no chemical propellants), thus protecting it from Patriot countermeasures. Haven also has an army of mass\-production Metal Gear RAYs as protection against the [USS *Missouri*](/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29 "USS Missouri (BB-63)").
### Shagohod
The **Shagohod** (Russian *Шагоход*, "step\-walker", occasionally referred to in English as "The Treading Behemoth") is not a Metal Gear (being a parallel design instead) but has a similar design and role in *[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:Snake_Eater "Snake Eater")*.Jeremy Parish, “Shagohod”, *Electronic Gaming Monthly* 225 (January 2008\): 92\. Rather than a bipedal [mecha](/wiki/Mecha "Mecha"), it is an unconventional [tank](/wiki/Tank "Tank") armed with an [intermediate\-range ballistic missile](/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile "Intermediate-range ballistic missile") and can propel to [intercontinental](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile") ranges. Like the various Metal Gear designs, it can be crewed by a single pilot but has a station for a co\-pilot.
The Shagohod has an articulated body, split into two parts. The front part uses [screw propulsion](/wiki/Screw-propelled_vehicle "Screw-propelled vehicle"), with a pair of [Archimedes' screws](/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw "Archimedes' screw") on [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery "Hydraulic machinery") legs, that pulls the bulky rear portion, suspended on a [hovercraft](/wiki/Hovercraft "Hovercraft")\-style air cushion. While this is an unusual mechanism for propulsion, far more unusual are the Shagohod's rocket boosters. With a sufficiently large flat piece of land (such as a highway or landing strip), the Shagohod can fire its rocket boosters to build up speed (up to more than 480 km/h or 300 mph) before firing its primary weapon, a nuclear\-armed intermediate\-range ballistic missile. In doing so, it serves as an additional [stage](/wiki/Multistage_rocket "Multistage rocket") for the rocket, allowing it to strike at targets nearly anywhere in the world (a range of over 6,000 miles \[9,600 km]). The Shagohod also has parachutes in the back to help in slowing it down after a rocket\-boosted missile launch. Besides its single [SS\-20 "Saber"](/wiki/SS-20_Saber "SS-20 Saber") [IRBM](/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile "Intermediate-range ballistic missile") (which has to be reloaded after firing), the Shagohod has defensive weaponry, including three [12\.7mm](/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm "12.7×108mm") [DShKM](/wiki/DShK "DShK") machine guns to defend against aircraft and infantry, six 9K112 Kobra [surface\-to\-air missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") to protect against aircraft, and a 100\-barrel [volley gun](/wiki/Volley_gun "Volley gun") to defend against armor. The Shagohod's most evident weakness is in its propulsive screws; when they are blocked or damaged, the tank becomes nearly useless. Also, its need for a long, flat surface to accelerate seriously impairs its versatility.
The prequel *Metal Gear Solid 3* depicts the Shagohod as a parallel development to the Metal Gear [mecha](/wiki/Mecha "Mecha"); the Shagohod is developed by [Dr. Sokolov](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Sokolov "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Sokolov") at a secret base in Tselinoyarsk while self\-proclaimed rival [Director Granin](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Aleksandr_Granin "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Aleksandr Granin") conceives of the Metal Gear concept at approximately the same time. But [Volgin](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Volgin "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Volgin") favors Sokolov's Shagohod weapon over Granin's Metal Gear concept, and funds the production of the Shagohod prototype. This is possibly due to the fact that, though a [walker](/wiki/Walker_%28machine%29 "Walker (machine)") like Metal Gear would ultimately prove to be a far more versatile system, the Shagohod was only an unusual combination of technologies that already existed at the time ([tanks](/wiki/Tank "Tank"), [ground effect](/wiki/Ground_effect_vehicle "Ground effect vehicle"), [IRBMs](/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile "Intermediate-range ballistic missile"), and [booster rockets](/wiki/Booster_rocket "Booster rocket")), as opposed to an unrealized idea requiring years or even decades of research as well as incredibly large amounts of money to produce. Sokolov is ultimately forced in Groznyj Grad's weapons lab to finish the Shagohod prototype as Volgin was planning to mass\-produce the weapon and ship to all the countries of the Eastern Bloc, as well as bait to foment armed uprisings among dictators, ethnic insurgents and revolutionary groups throughout the [Third World](/wiki/Third_World "Third World"). [Naked Snake](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Big Boss (Metal Gear)") had to take out this prototype per [FOX](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23FOX "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#FOX")'s first mission, which Snake did with assistance from [EVA](/wiki/EVA_%28Metal_Gear%29 "EVA (Metal Gear)").
### Intercontinental Ballistic Metal Gear
[thumb\|left\|Metal Gear RAXA's original conceptual artwork from *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops "Portable Ops")*](/wiki/File:Raxapb3.png "Raxapb3.png")
The **Intercontinental Ballistic Metal Gear** (or **ICBMG** for short;{{cite video game\|title\=Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops\|developer\=Kojima Productions\|quote\=Campbell: From what this guy "Ghost" has been saying, the weapon we're chasing is a Metal Gear with intercontinental ballistic\-launch capabilities. An ICBMG, if you will.}}) is the featured mecha in *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops "Portable Ops")*. In the series chronology {{Citation needed\|date\=August 2013}}, this Metal Gear is the first built prototype. The design, completed by Dr. Sokolov, is based on Granin's original blueprints (the same ones seen in *Metal Gear Solid 3*). Unlike the future bipedal models, this Metal Gear's design is [quadrupedal](/wiki/Quadruped "Quadruped") and its nuclear function is to act as a mobile launching device for [MIRVs](/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle "Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle"). While therefore capable of making nuclear strikes against several targets at once, its range is limited, and (unlike the Shagohod) is unable to compensate for it with speed. Thus, it must be physically transported to a point within range of the target(s) first. This is accomplished by having the ICBMG itself attached to the top of a [rocket](/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V"), launching it, detaching the unit at 3000 ft above the intended landing point, having it parachute back down to the ground, and launching its nuclear payload afterwards. In the game, Naked Snake encounters two models: the first is non\-nuclear equipped test model **Metal Gear RAXA** which is used as rogue FOX leader Gene's decoy and the actual model that gets attached to a reproduced Saturn V rocket in the game's ending which Snake destroys in the cut\-scene with the help of a defecting group of Red Army soldiers.
### Gekko
{{nihongo\|'''Gekko'''\|月光\|Gekkō\|meaning "moonlight"}} is a new unit featured in *[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots "Guns of the Patriots")*; mass\-produced, unmanned, bipedal combat mecha manufactured by ArmsTech Corp, and designated "Irving" by the U.S. Military, a name that stems from the American codename for the Nakajima J1N "Gekko" twin\-engine night fighter aircraft from WWII. With their widespread adoption by [PMCs](/wiki/Private_military_company "Private military company") and their ability to perform a variety of combat support roles, they have largely supplanted conventional means of armored warfare.
Director [Hideo Kojima](/wiki/Hideo_Kojima "Hideo Kojima") stated in a pre\-release interview that the Gekko are not the game's titular Metal Gears, stating that they are more like a [jeep](/wiki/Jeep "Jeep") or a tank compared to the conventional Metal Gears such as REX and RAY.{{cite web\|year\=2006 \|url\=http://metalgearsolid.org/gallery/index.php?gallery\=8\.%20Scans/Magazine%20Scans/Metal%20Gear%20Solid%204ℑ\=948\.jpg \|title\=EGM Magazine E3 2006 Hideo Kojima Interview Scan \|work\=Metal Gear Solid The Unofficial Site \|access\-date\=November 10, 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123071010/http://metalgearsolid.org/gallery/index.php?gallery\=8\.%20Scans%2FMagazine%20Scans%2FMetal%20Gear%20Solid%204ℑ\=948\.jpg \|archive\-date\=November 23, 2006 \|url\-status\=dead }} Rather than a literal Metal Gear, proper, the Gekko is instead what is known as an Unmanned Gear (UG); Autonomous Combat Vehicles. Their heads are reminiscent of Metal Gear REX's chassis design, with organic legs akin to that of Metal Gear RAY's. As stated, they are completely autonomous, using two large cameras as its "eyes"; one mounted on its head, the other at the front of its hip assembly. These are backed up by other sensors, mostly passive. In addition, the UG possesses a small, prehensile tether used to pick up small objects, grab targets, and even interface with various cybernetic systems, as evidenced by their Health\-Draining attacks in *Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance*. The Gekko is incredibly agile, maneuverable and dexterous, thanks to its organic legs; made from artificial muscle tissue, cloned from embryonic [stem cells](/wiki/Stem_cell "Stem cell") of [ungulate](/wiki/Ungulate "Ungulate") embryos (later models would supplant these cells with Carbon Nanotube Musculature), these legs allow the Gekko to pick up a man and throw him hard enough to penetrate a brick wall, deliver a kick that can overturn a [6x6](/wiki/6x6 "6x6") truck, dodge an RPG (and kill its operator), scale walls, crouch to enter buildings, run at speeds equivalent to a motor vehicle, and leap huge distances through the air.
The Gekko comes in several variants; two are designed for standard combat, both carrying anti\-personnel machine guns mounted inside the "nose", while one carries heavier machine guns and missile launchers akin to REX. A third variant is the special purpose **Suicide Gekko**, designed to invade enemy facilities in groups before self\-destructing en masse. Similar in combat terms when compared with traditional Metal Gear models, relatively little firepower is needed to actually destroy one. A quick blast with an assault rifle may cause one to trip if shot in the legs. Corresponding shots to the "neck" can destroy a Gekko with small arms such as a [M4 carbine](/wiki/M4_carbine "M4 carbine") or [FN P90](/wiki/FN_P90 "FN P90"). However, when a Gekko falls, it can quickly regain its footing even if tripped onto its head. Nonetheless, a heavy weapon such as any rocket\-launcher, an [M82A2](/wiki/M82A2 "M82A2"), or the Rail Gun, can be used against the Gekko without requiring it to be collapsed. The Gekko makes use of sound in psychological warfare, particularly animal noises (such as [cicadas](/wiki/Cicada "Cicada") while on the prowl to create an atmosphere of unease, and [bull](/wiki/Bull "Bull") sounds in direct combat as a means of unnerving the enemy). They feature characteristics that are [biomechanoid](/wiki/Biomechanoid "Biomechanoid") to some degree, as they have been shown to "bleed" when sliced at the legs as the machine could use a blood\-like self\-repairing nanopaste like RAY, though severe wounds on seemingly mechanical components have been known to "bleed" as well. In addition, they expel a green liquid, which may be [lactic acid](/wiki/Lactic_acid "Lactic acid") produced by the artificial muscles.
The Gekkos reappeared in *Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance*. Arms of Dwarf Gekkos are attached to Desperado operative Mistral while the Metal Gear EXCELSUS has Gekko UG escorts; Dwarf Gekko can also be seen attached to and "driving" larger UG's, such as World Marshall's Raptors.
### Metal Gear Mk. II and Metal Gear Mk. III
The **Metal Gear Mk. II** is a robotic companion to [Old Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake "Solid Snake") in *Metal Gear Solid 4*. This unit is similar (albeit a bit more angular in appearance using an OLED screen and has wheels instead of feet) to the *Snatcher* [version](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28weapon%29%23Metal_Gear_Mk._II_%28Snatcher%29 "Metal Gear (weapon)#Metal Gear Mk. II (Snatcher)") and is controlled by [Otacon](/wiki/Otacon "Otacon"). This version is not meant to be a weapon, instead he uses it to provide ammunition and advice to Snake in the Middle East, South America and Eastern Europe. The Mk. II can also be used as a recon device, turn invisible, and shock enemies knocking them unconscious. However, it also runs on batteries which deplete while in operation. The Mk. II is automated in the game, but can be controlled by the player if needed. The Mk. II is destroyed after the Eastern Europe mission and replaced by the **Metal Gear Mk. III**, a similar design which accompanies Snake at Shadow Moses and Outer Haven. The Mk. III has the same body as the Mk. II, but with a red\-colored exterior, and serves the same function.
### Peace Walker
**Peace Walker** is the name given to an autonomous nuclear weapons platform in *[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Peace_Walker "Peace Walker")*. Developed in secret by disavowed CIA agent Coldman and deployed to Costa Rica in 1974, Peace Walker was designed to prove that nuclear deterrence is a myth by objectively and logically assessing the threat of a nuclear exchange and retaliating in kind. Peace Walker is quadrupedal in form, with a spherical radome "head" and a cylindrical [AI](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") core functioning as its brain. It is designed to be fully self\-supporting, with an array of anti\-personnel weapons used to defend itself, and a protocol that calls for it to recognise and eliminate all threats to itself before launching its nuclear missile.
Peace Walker is supported by four autonomous weapons that the player fights throughout the game:
* **Pupa** (**GW\-PUPA 5000**), a larger version of the Shagohod that has had its Archimedes screws replaced by caterpillar tracks. It is designed to be fast and agile.
* **Chrysalis** (**TJ\-CHRYSALIS 6000**), an aerial unit with [VTOL](/wiki/VTOL "VTOL") capabilities. It is referred to as "El Colibri" ("the hummingbird") by the [Sandinistas](/wiki/Sandinistas "Sandinistas").
* **Cocoon** (**TR\-COCOON 7000**), a giant land battleship lined with numerous weapons emplacements.
* **Basilisk** (**AL\-AURELIA 8000**), a bipedal form of Peace Walker that contracts itself to make it easier to be shipped.
### Metal Gear ZEKE
**Metal Gear ZEKE** is a Metal Gear built in the Militaires Sans Frontieres in *[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Peace_Walker "Peace Walker")*. Developer [Huey](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Huey "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Huey") and MSF sub\-commander [Kazuhira Miller](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Master_Miller "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Master Miller") named the mech in honor of Granin's "Metal Gear" design philosophy and the [Zero fighter](/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero "Mitsubishi A6M Zero"), which was codenamed ZEKE by the Allies in World War II. The unit is also the series' second Metal Gear that the player can use in any capacity, as it can be fielded in the Outer Ops missions once all the parts have been installed. ZEKE's default armaments are a railgun mated to a radome, three machine guns, and a number of guided missiles. Additional weapons salvaged from the four A.I. weapon bosses (Pupa, Chrysalis, Cocoon, and Peace Walker) can also be installed. ZEKE's nuclear weapon was salvaged from the remains of Peace Walker. ZEKE is a combination of AI technology built by Dr. Strangelove and the scrap parts of the game's four main bosses. Although it is AI\-controlled in its testing stages, in the game's true ending shows that [Paz Ortega Andrade](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Paz "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Paz") has modified ZEKE to be manned and uses the mecha to attempt a nuclear strike on the US east coast, forcing [Naked Snake](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 "Big Boss (Metal Gear)") to defeat her and heavily damage the unit.
ZEKE is still in the MSF inventory during the events of *[Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:Ground_Zeroes "Ground Zeroes")*. However, when the MSF gets word of an IAEA inspection team coming to visit Mother Base, the unit and its warhead is lowered to the sea floor. The machine's fate after the destruction of MSF's Mother Base is unknown.
### Metal Gear EXCELSUS
Appearing in *[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Rising:Revengeance "Revengeance")*, **Metal Gear EXCELSUS** is one of the largest Metal Gears to feature in the series. The unit appears to be modeled by [crabs](/wiki/Crab "Crab") or [arachnids](/wiki/Arachnid "Arachnid"), with its front legs doubling as retractable blades that can alternately be used to crush or cut its way through armor, buildings, or the earth itself. It is also armed with two cannons mounted on its "head" that fire\-directed bursts of super\-heated plasma and have a division of [Gekko](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28weapon%29%23Gekko "Metal Gear (weapon)#Gekko") units on board. The unit has a spherical cockpit that is mounted on a gyroscope; however, due to the system's limited physical control, the machine's arsenal, and its full range of movement, only nanomachine\-implanted pilots can operate it.
Metal Gear EXCELSUS was developed by AT Corp during 2016 after small\-scale Unmanned Gears proved to be no longer effective once cyborg tech began to advance. Its name is derived from *[Brontosaurus excelsus](/wiki/Brontosaurus "Brontosaurus")*, an extinct species of [quadruped](/wiki/Quadruped "Quadruped") [sauropod](/wiki/Sauropod "Sauropod") [dinosaurs](/wiki/Dinosaurs "Dinosaurs") and a member of the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 "Family (biology)") [Diplodocidae](/wiki/Diplodocidae "Diplodocidae"), with "excelsus" meaning "high" or "lofty," hence its name. Unlike previous units, Metal Gear EXCELSUS was purely designed for asymmetrical warfare, capable of causing collateral damage without breaking stride. The unit possesses sheer firepower and durability at the cost of its combat capabilities. In 2018, Raiden encounters a Metal Gear EXCELSUS unit at the Shabhazabad Air Base in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), piloted by Colorado senator and presidential candidate [Steven Armstrong](/wiki/Senator_Steven_Armstrong "Senator Steven Armstrong"). The mecha bore Desperado's emblem on its frame, which Armstrong used with the intention to frame Desperado for the attack, as part of his plan to ensure the war economy's revitalization and to win any subsequent election in a landslide, with his connections to the PMCs. [Doktor](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Doktor "List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Doktor") speculates that if Armstrong's plan succeeds, "herds" of EXCELSI {{refn\|group\=N\|A term referring to multiple Metal Gear EXCELSUS units.}} would be used to crush Pakistan's [FATA](/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas "Federally Administered Tribal Areas"). Raiden battles and eventually defeats EXCELSUS by ripping off one of its blades and using it to strike and destroy the Metal Gear by the head. After the battle, Armstrong exited its cockpit and used his nanomachines to engage Raiden in a long and grueling fight that further tore down the wrecked mecha.
### Walker Gear
The **Walker Gear** (also known as the **D\-Walker**) is introduced in *[Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:The_Phantom_Pain "The Phantom Pain")*. Designed by Emmerich and mass\-produced by the Soviet Army, it is a bipedal infantry support unit that serves as one of the player's modes of transport, having wheels in the legs for added speed. Walker Gears have arm manipulators for close combat, but can be equipped with small arms, Miniguns, and missile launchers for stealth and assault missions.
The Walker Gear's main body is also mated to the **Battle Gear**, a combat support mobile weapon designed for [Venom Snake](/wiki/Venom_Snake "Venom Snake") and the Diamond Dogs. It moves on four maglev units and its main weapon is an electromagnetic railgun. Players can use the Battle Gear for Dispatch missions.
### Sahelanthropus
The **Sahelanthropus** (also known as the **ST\-84 Metal Gear**) is a large Metal Gear unit that appears in *[Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:The_Phantom_Pain "The Phantom Pain")*. It is classified as an Anthropoid Bipedal Weapon System and was built by the Soviet Union in co\-operation with the mysterious XOF organization. Its name is derived from *[Sahelanthropus tchadensis](/wiki/Sahelanthropus "Sahelanthropus")*, an extinct hominine species theorised to be the [last common ancestor](/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor "Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor") between humans and chimpanzees as the design makes Sahelanthropus the "missing link" between the early prototypes (Shagohod and Peace Walker) and the later bipedal units (TX\-55 Metal Gear and Metal Gear REX). Sahelanthropus initially appears in a crouched position with a heavily armored control unit that can be used as a battering ram against environmental hazards, but can also convert to an upright "standing" position. Its primary weapon is a tensile rod that can separate into individual whip\-like threads or condense into a quarterstaff\-like rod that can discharge metallic archaea—microbes that feed on minerals—into the local environment, triggering a series of explosions. Sahelanthropus is also armed with a prototype railgun that can only be fired from its crouched position, and an array of machine guns and missile launchers. It can also release unmanned drones that scan the area for targets. Unlike other Metal Gears, Sahelanthropus cannot fire a nuclear weapon; rather, its body is made up of [depleted uranium](/wiki/Depleted_uranium "Depleted uranium") which can be enriched to become uranium\-235 by the metallic archaea to 90% purity. Given Sahelanthropus' size, this creates a bomb with an extremely high yield. Lead engineer Emmerich described the choice of depleted uranium as being a direct result of the need to keep the weapon's mass to a minimum despite ceramic armor offering better protection.
Within the game, Sahelanthropus is unfinished, with Emmerich unable to complete the control unit as he wanted to protect Peace Walker's vulnerable AI pods by encasing the pod used to regulate the systems within the armor. However, the weapon is controlled by the psychic [Tretij Rebenok](/wiki/Psycho_Mantis "Psycho Mantis") to give additional mobility for [Skull Face](/wiki/List_of_Metal_Gear_characters%23Skull_Face "List of Metal Gear characters#Skull Face"). It is transported to Diamond Dogs' Mother Base to act as a symbol of their history. Sahelanthropus is later stolen by [Eli](/wiki/Liquid_Snake "Liquid Snake") with aid from Tretij Rebenok.
|
[
"Models in the canonical series\n------------------------------",
"### Metal Gear",
"[thumb\\|A comparison of Metal Gear designs from the early MSX2 games. From left to right: Metal Gear D (*[Metal Gear 2](/wiki/Metal_Gear_2:Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\")*), Metal Gear (*[Metal Gear](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28video_game%29 \"Metal Gear (video game)\")*), Mk. II (*[Snatcher](/wiki/Snatcher_%28video_game%29 \"Snatcher (video game)\")*), and Petit (*[SD Snatcher](/wiki/SD_Snatcher \"SD Snatcher\")*).](/wiki/File:Metal_Gear_history.jpg \"Metal Gear history.jpg\")",
"**TX\\-55 Metal Gear** is the Metal Gear model's designation in the original *[Metal Gear](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28video_game%29 \"Metal Gear (video game)\")* game,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.konami.jp/gs/game/mg/chara.html\\|title\\=Metal Gear \\- Character Profiles\\|language\\=ja}} although it is simply referred as \"Metal Gear\" and no particular meaning is given behind this codename. Within [Outer Heaven](/wiki/Outer_Heaven \"Outer Heaven\"), [Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\") learns Metal Gear's weakness after rescuing creator Dr. Drago Pettrovich Madnar and his daughter Ellen Madnar. The player must place a certain number of plastic explosives on Metal Gear's feet in the order stated by Dr. Madnar. Metal Gear is stored in a room guarded by two laser cams and never actually becomes operational; the final challenge is instead a battle with Outer Heaven's mystery leader and a race against time to escape the self\\-destructing base.",
"**Metal Gear D** in *[Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake](/wiki/Metal_Gear_2:Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\")* is a revision of the original Metal Gear prototype. Metal Gear D is equipped with a [Vulcan cannon](/wiki/M61_Vulcan \"M61 Vulcan\") and a six\\-missile pod. The improved model was also built by Dr. Madnar, willingly this time after his radical ideas were rejected by the Western scientific community. The Metal Gear is piloted by [Gray Fox](/wiki/Gray_Fox_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Gray Fox (Metal Gear)\") and can only be destroyed by Solid Snake throwing grenades over its feet. This Metal Gear's mecha design was chosen through an internal contest between Konami's artists, with the primary criterion being realism.*Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake* instruction manual, pg. 54 The final design is credited to Tomohiro Nishio.",
"In the non\\-canonical sequel *[Snake's Revenge](/wiki/Snake%27s_Revenge \"Snake's Revenge\")* (that was released in the west for the NES), mass\\-produced versions of the original (dubbed \"Metal Gear 1\" in the game) are stored inside an enemy cargo ship. The wreckage of the original makes a cameo in *[Metal Gear: Ghost Babel](/wiki/Metal_Gear:Ghost_Babel \"Ghost Babel\")*, an alternate sequel to the first game in the *Metal Gear Solid* series set in a rebuilt Outer Heaven.",
"Both Metal Gear TX\\-55 and Metal Gear D make cameo appearances during the *Metal Gear Solid* games: the second version is visible as Dr. Granin's blueprint shown to Naked Snake in *[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:Snake_Eater \"Snake Eater\")*, and the original version is seen in a psychic vision along with Big Boss and the three \"Les Enfants Terribles\" sons in *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops \"Portable Ops\")*.",
"### Metal Gear REX",
"**Metal Gear REX** is an entirely different Metal Gear model that appears in *[Metal Gear Solid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%281998_video_game%29 \"Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)\")* designed by [Yoji Shinkawa](/wiki/Yoji_Shinkawa \"Yoji Shinkawa\"). Unlike previous Metal Gears, its legs are heavily armored and reinforced.",
"Metal Gear REX has near\\-impenetrable compound armor, a pair of 30 mm gatling guns,The gatling guns' caliber can be read in the machine cannon weapon description while piloting REX in *Metal Gear Solid 4*. anti\\-tank missiles, and a [free\\-electron laser](/wiki/Free-electron_laser \"Free-electron laser\"), to protect itself from conventional forces. Its primary weapon, however, is a magnetic [railgun](/wiki/Railgun \"Railgun\") capable of delivering an untraceable nuclear warhead anywhere in the world, without the propellant trail or launch flare that gives away the launch position of a traditional [ballistic missile](/wiki/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\"). It also possessed a radome, a satellite antenna\\-shaped object on REX's left side that provides information about the environment outside of the cockpit while keeping the pilot safe from harm, and increasing the accuracy of all weapons as well. Destroying the radome is crucial to rendering the virtual reality interface useless and forcing the pilot to manually control REX. The pilot is also forced to expose himself to enemy fire, by opening the cockpit in order to see outside (a weakness deliberately built into REX as a \"character flaw\").",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\") battling Metal Gear REX in *[Metal Gear Solid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%281998_video_game%29 \"Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)\")*](/wiki/File:Metal_Gear_Solid_-_Metal_Gear_REX.jpg \"Metal Gear Solid - Metal Gear REX.jpg\")\nThe story of *Metal Gear Solid* shows weapons company ArmsTech president [Kenneth Baker](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Kenneth_Baker \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Kenneth Baker\") bribes [DARPA](/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency \"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\") chief [Donald Anderson](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Donald_Anderson \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Donald Anderson\") to get covert U.S. Government funding for Metal Gear REX's development for the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"), and sends the single prototype to be tested at a nuclear weapons disposal facility on Shadow Moses Island. However, the Shadow Moses facility is taken over by rogue special forces unit [FOXHOUND](/wiki/FOXHOUND \"FOXHOUND\") attempting to use REX as leverage to extort the U.S. Government. [Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\") comes out of retirement and infiltrates the Shadow Moses facility in order to find out about REX. [Liquid Snake](/wiki/Liquid_Snake \"Liquid Snake\") and [Revolver Ocelot](/wiki/Revolver_Ocelot \"Revolver Ocelot\") intend to use REX to hold the world hostage. Later, Liquid uses REX to fight Snake. Snake, with the help of engineer [Dr. Hal Emmerich](/wiki/Otacon \"Otacon\") and the Cyborg Ninja, eliminates FOXHOUND and destroys the mecha.",
"*[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty \"Sons of Liberty\")* reveals that Metal Gear REX's battle data were sold on the black market and Metal Gear variants spread worldwide; in response, [Metal Gear RAY](/wiki/%23Metal_Gear_RAY \"#Metal Gear RAY\") is designed to combat these variants and render them useless.",
"In the prequels, Metal Gear REX is seen in *[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:Snake_Eater \"Snake Eater\")* as Dr. Aleksandr Granin's original blueprints that are shown to [Naked Snake](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Big Boss (Metal Gear)\") which are later stolen by Ocelot, and seen in *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops \"Portable Ops\")* in a psychic vision along with Big Boss's sons.",
"*[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots \"Guns of the Patriots\")* sees Old Snake sent back to Shadow Moses Island to re\\-acquire Metal Gear REX (left abandoned after the events of *Metal Gear Solid*) which has become [Liquid Ocelot](/wiki/Liquid_Ocelot \"Liquid Ocelot\")'s new target. Liquid plans to remove REX's railgun to launch nuclear weapons since REX predates the SOP system of no ID lockout mechanism (sans the [PAL](/wiki/Permissive_Action_Link \"Permissive Action Link\") interface). Arriving at the old hangar, Snake finds the damaged Metal Gear but discovers that Liquid has already removed the railgun. Later, Snake uses REX to confront Liquid piloting Metal Gear RAY. Even though RAY was developed as an anti\\-Metal Gear weapon and REX being handicapped (as the radome was still damaged and its railgun gone), Otacon reveals that REX has a \"street fighter\" program to execute kicking moves which Liquid was apparently not aware of.{{Cite video game \\|title\\=Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots \\|developer\\=Konami Computer Entertainment Japan \\|publisher\\=Konami \\|quote\\='''Otacon''': I created a special program back when I was designing REX. I thought it might come in handy here. // '''Snake''': What kind of program? '''Otacon''': REX is armed with powerful self\\-defense systems \\- missiles, laser \\- designed to protect it during solo ops overseas. But some of us engineers were worried about what would happen if it found itself in a close\\-range shootout. We got to thinking... Why not use REX's tough shell as a weapon in itself? In other words, why not make it into a street fighter? The program was completed and we got fantastic results on a supercomputer simulation, but the project was shelved before we could make our pitch. Didn't fit in with military regulations. But... // '''Snake''': But? // '''Otacon''': I, uh, went ahead and installed the program anyway. You know... Secretly. \\|year\\=2008}} Snake and REX manage to fight Liquid to a stalemate; Otacon credits this to his assistance.Otacon: RAY might have been designed as a REX\\-killer, but you've got me on your side. Crush RAY, and Liquid with it. REX is not seen destroyed and what happened to the mecha after the battle is unknown.",
"Metal Gear REX, Metal Gear RAY, and a [Gekko](/wiki/%23Gekko \"#Gekko\") make cameo appearances in the Shadow Moses Island stage in *[Super Smash Bros. Brawl](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\")* and *[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate \"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate\")*. It also made its appearance as the final boss from *[LittleBigPlanet](/wiki/LittleBigPlanet \"LittleBigPlanet\")* with the use of Metal Gear Solid Packs. In *[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Peace_Walker \"Peace Walker\")*, in the Isla Del Monstruo as part of a collaboration with Capcom's *[Monster Hunter](/wiki/Monster_Hunter \"Monster Hunter\")* series, defeating both the Rathalos and the Tigrex unlocks a monster known as \"Gear REX\", which heavily resembles its mecha counterpart.",
"### Metal Gear RAY",
"[thumb\\|Metal Gear RAY holding a [Harrier](/wiki/Harrier_Jump_Jet \"Harrier Jump Jet\") aircraft in *[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty \"Sons of Liberty\")*](/wiki/File:Mgs2_ray_model.jpg \"Mgs2 ray model.jpg\")",
"**Metal Gear RAY** is an anti\\-Metal Gear introduced in *[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty \"Sons of Liberty\")* also designed by [Yoji Shinkawa](/wiki/Yoji_Shinkawa \"Yoji Shinkawa\"). This Metal Gear model comes in two variants: a manned prototype version developed to combat Metal Gear derivatives and an unmanned, computer\\-controlled version refitted to defend [Arsenal Gear](/wiki/%23Arsenal_Gear \"#Arsenal Gear\").",
"Metal Gear RAY differs from previous Metal Gear models in that it is not a nuclear launch platform, but instead, a weapon of conventional warfare, originally designed by the [U.S. Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") to hunt down and destroy the many Metal Gear derivatives that became common after [Metal Gear REX](/wiki/%23Metal_Gear_REX \"#Metal Gear REX\")'s plans leak following the events of Shadow Moses. RAY is designed to be even more maneuverable and flexible in deployment than other models and can operate both on land and in water. While RAY has a pair of Gatling guns and missile launchers on its back and knees to defend itself from more conventional battlefield threats, its primary weapon is a powerful [water jet cutter](/wiki/Water_jet_cutter \"Water jet cutter\"), which can cut through heavily armored foes, such as Metal Gear derivatives. RAY is more organic in appearance and in function than previous models. Its streamlined shape helps to deflect enemy fire and allows for greater maneuverability both on land and in water. Its interior workings are also somewhat organic, as it has artificial fibers that contract when electricity is applied, much like natural muscle, instead of typical [hydraulics](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery \"Hydraulic machinery\"); this pseudo\\-muscle tissue makes it very maneuverable. It also has a nervous\\-system\\-like network of conductive nanotubes, which connect the widely dispersed sensor systems and relay commands from the cockpit to the various parts of RAY's body, automatically bypassing damaged systems and rerouting to auxiliary systems when needed. Another feature is its blood\\-like armor\\-repair nanopaste, which is secreted from valves and coagulates wherever the exterior surface is damaged. Particularly unusual is its \"face\", with two \"eyes\" and a gaping \"mouth\", only seen when the head armor is removed. The original version is an operational prototype labeled \"MARINES\", which has a cockpit for a single pilot, and a long tail intended for balance while making leaps or operating underwater. The entire forward interior of the cockpit is a [heads\\-up display](/wiki/Heads-Up_Display \"Heads-Up Display\"), allowing the pilot to look around as if there were no obstruction between him and the battlefield. The mass\\-production model labeled \"U.S. NAVY\" lacks the tail of the prototype, but it has rounded knees and only one sensory input or \"eye\" instead of the prototype's two. They are also painted in an olive\\-drab [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage \"Camouflage\") pattern.",
"During the Tanker chapter (the prologue of *Metal Gear Solid 2*), [Revolver Ocelot](/wiki/Revolver_Ocelot \"Revolver Ocelot\") steals Metal Gear RAY off the disguised oil tanker and delivers the stolen prototype to [The Patriots](/wiki/The_Patriots_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"The Patriots (Metal Gear)\"), an organization secretly running the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). During the Plant chapter (the second part of *Metal Gear Solid 2*), Arsenal Gear has a force of unmanned mass\\-produced Metal Gear RAYs ready for immediate deployment against any possible threats under the command of the ship's AI [GW](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\"). When [Solidus Snake](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Solidus_Snake \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Solidus Snake\") takes over Arsenal along with the slave RAYs, Solidus has them confront [Raiden](/wiki/Raiden_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Raiden (Metal Gear)\") but some of them end up destroyed.",
"In *[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots \"Guns of the Patriots\")*, Liquid Ocelot pilots a modified version of Metal Gear RAY that sports the prototype's two \"eyes\", cockpit and greyish\\-blue coloring, and the mass\\-production model's tailless design and rounded knees. It is labeled \"OUTER HAVEN\". Despite being an anti\\-REX Metal Gear, RAY was immobilized during a battle with Metal Gear REX piloted by Old Snake.",
"Metal Gear RAY, Metal Gear REX, and a [Gekko](/wiki/%23Gekko \"#Gekko\") make cameo appearances in the Shadow Moses Island stage in *[Super Smash Bros. Brawl](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\")* and *[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate](/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate \"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate\")*. A very different version of Metal Gear RAY that sports giant swords in the arms, a plasma cannon instead of a water jet cutter, and a different tail appear in *[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Rising:Revengeance \"Revengeance\")* This version is known as \"Metal Gear Ray \\<MOD.\\>\" with the modifications already being mentioned.",
"### Arsenal Gear",
"**Arsenal Gear** is a submersible, mobile fortress that appears in *[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:Sons_of_Liberty \"Sons of Liberty\")*. It was developed by the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") to monitor, block and tamper with Internet communications in order to further the goals of [the Patriots](/wiki/The_Patriots_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"The Patriots (Metal Gear)\"). It is a metaphor for the change of warfare in the last decades of the 20th century, from [nuclear war](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare \"Nuclear warfare\") to a war of culture, information, and espionage.",
"Arsenal Gear is hidden under the Big Shell, and is controlled by [AI](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") \"GW\" designed by [Emma Emmerich](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Emma_Emmerich \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Emma Emmerich\"). According to *The Document of Metal Gear Solid 2*, the model below the Big Shell is not the only one, and each one is run by its own AI system connected to the Patriots. Arsenal is large enough to house \\- and also require \\- a significant force for its defense. Arsenal hidden under the Big Shell has an unspecified number of \"[Tengu](/wiki/Tengu \"Tengu\") Commandos\", soldiers clad in [powered armor](/wiki/Powered_armor \"Powered armor\") and armed with [P90 submachine guns](/wiki/FN_P90 \"FN P90\") and high\\-frequency blades. It also has a squadron of 25 unmanned mass\\-production Metal Gear RAYs under the direct control of GW. During *Metal Gear Solid 2*, [Solid Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\") and [Raiden](/wiki/Raiden_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Raiden (Metal Gear)\") are actually being manipulated by GW. But as Emma's virus slowly destroys GW, Raiden is able to enter Arsenal Gear and uncover the many layers of deception concealing the true meaning behind everything. Arsenal is later directed to crash into [Manhattan Island](/wiki/Manhattan_Island \"Manhattan Island\") at the end of Raiden's mission. The exterior is shown when Snake, Raiden and [Solidus Snake](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Solidus_Snake \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Solidus Snake\") are heading for [Federal Hall National Memorial](/wiki/Federal_Hall_National_Memorial \"Federal Hall National Memorial\") and see the fortress speeding under many bridges before crashing. A scene showing Arsenal crashing through and destroying several buildings in [Manhattan Island](/wiki/Manhattan_Island \"Manhattan Island\") but was cut from the final version because of [the terrorist attacks on September 11th](/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks \"September 11, 2001 attacks\").{{cite video\\| people \\= Hideo Kojima \\| title \\= The Document of Metal Gear Solid 2 \\| medium \\= PlayStation 2\\| publisher \\= Konami\\| date \\= 2002}}",
"**Outer Haven** is a modified Arsenal Gear submersible ark stolen by [Liquid Ocelot](/wiki/Liquid_Ocelot \"Liquid Ocelot\") in *[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots \"Guns of the Patriots\")*. The ark features a [Mount Rushmore](/wiki/Mount_Rushmore \"Mount Rushmore\")\\-like sculpture of Solidus Snake, Solid Snake, [Liquid Snake](/wiki/Liquid_Snake \"Liquid Snake\") and [Big Boss](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Big Boss (Metal Gear)\"). Haven was later revealed to contain the rebuilt GW AI in its server room. It made its first appearance in the \"Twin Suns\" chapter. In the \"Old Sun\" chapter, Ocelot planned on using the GW ruins (still in the Patriots' system but not recognized by the remaining AIs as destroyed) to take control of the Patriots by using Metal Gear REX's [railgun](/wiki/Railgun \"Railgun\") to destroy the satellite containing the primary AI JD. Using the railgun, he could stealth\\-launch the missile (with pure magnetic energies and no chemical propellants), thus protecting it from Patriot countermeasures. Haven also has an army of mass\\-production Metal Gear RAYs as protection against the [USS *Missouri*](/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29 \"USS Missouri (BB-63)\").",
"### Shagohod",
"The **Shagohod** (Russian *Шагоход*, \"step\\-walker\", occasionally referred to in English as \"The Treading Behemoth\") is not a Metal Gear (being a parallel design instead) but has a similar design and role in *[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:Snake_Eater \"Snake Eater\")*.Jeremy Parish, “Shagohod”, *Electronic Gaming Monthly* 225 (January 2008\\): 92\\. Rather than a bipedal [mecha](/wiki/Mecha \"Mecha\"), it is an unconventional [tank](/wiki/Tank \"Tank\") armed with an [intermediate\\-range ballistic missile](/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile \"Intermediate-range ballistic missile\") and can propel to [intercontinental](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile \"Intercontinental ballistic missile\") ranges. Like the various Metal Gear designs, it can be crewed by a single pilot but has a station for a co\\-pilot.",
"The Shagohod has an articulated body, split into two parts. The front part uses [screw propulsion](/wiki/Screw-propelled_vehicle \"Screw-propelled vehicle\"), with a pair of [Archimedes' screws](/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw \"Archimedes' screw\") on [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery \"Hydraulic machinery\") legs, that pulls the bulky rear portion, suspended on a [hovercraft](/wiki/Hovercraft \"Hovercraft\")\\-style air cushion. While this is an unusual mechanism for propulsion, far more unusual are the Shagohod's rocket boosters. With a sufficiently large flat piece of land (such as a highway or landing strip), the Shagohod can fire its rocket boosters to build up speed (up to more than 480 km/h or 300 mph) before firing its primary weapon, a nuclear\\-armed intermediate\\-range ballistic missile. In doing so, it serves as an additional [stage](/wiki/Multistage_rocket \"Multistage rocket\") for the rocket, allowing it to strike at targets nearly anywhere in the world (a range of over 6,000 miles \\[9,600 km]). The Shagohod also has parachutes in the back to help in slowing it down after a rocket\\-boosted missile launch. Besides its single [SS\\-20 \"Saber\"](/wiki/SS-20_Saber \"SS-20 Saber\") [IRBM](/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile \"Intermediate-range ballistic missile\") (which has to be reloaded after firing), the Shagohod has defensive weaponry, including three [12\\.7mm](/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm \"12.7×108mm\") [DShKM](/wiki/DShK \"DShK\") machine guns to defend against aircraft and infantry, six 9K112 Kobra [surface\\-to\\-air missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile \"Surface-to-air missile\") to protect against aircraft, and a 100\\-barrel [volley gun](/wiki/Volley_gun \"Volley gun\") to defend against armor. The Shagohod's most evident weakness is in its propulsive screws; when they are blocked or damaged, the tank becomes nearly useless. Also, its need for a long, flat surface to accelerate seriously impairs its versatility.",
"The prequel *Metal Gear Solid 3* depicts the Shagohod as a parallel development to the Metal Gear [mecha](/wiki/Mecha \"Mecha\"); the Shagohod is developed by [Dr. Sokolov](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Sokolov \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Sokolov\") at a secret base in Tselinoyarsk while self\\-proclaimed rival [Director Granin](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Aleksandr_Granin \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Aleksandr Granin\") conceives of the Metal Gear concept at approximately the same time. But [Volgin](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Volgin \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Volgin\") favors Sokolov's Shagohod weapon over Granin's Metal Gear concept, and funds the production of the Shagohod prototype. This is possibly due to the fact that, though a [walker](/wiki/Walker_%28machine%29 \"Walker (machine)\") like Metal Gear would ultimately prove to be a far more versatile system, the Shagohod was only an unusual combination of technologies that already existed at the time ([tanks](/wiki/Tank \"Tank\"), [ground effect](/wiki/Ground_effect_vehicle \"Ground effect vehicle\"), [IRBMs](/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile \"Intermediate-range ballistic missile\"), and [booster rockets](/wiki/Booster_rocket \"Booster rocket\")), as opposed to an unrealized idea requiring years or even decades of research as well as incredibly large amounts of money to produce. Sokolov is ultimately forced in Groznyj Grad's weapons lab to finish the Shagohod prototype as Volgin was planning to mass\\-produce the weapon and ship to all the countries of the Eastern Bloc, as well as bait to foment armed uprisings among dictators, ethnic insurgents and revolutionary groups throughout the [Third World](/wiki/Third_World \"Third World\"). [Naked Snake](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Big Boss (Metal Gear)\") had to take out this prototype per [FOX](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23FOX \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#FOX\")'s first mission, which Snake did with assistance from [EVA](/wiki/EVA_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"EVA (Metal Gear)\").",
"### Intercontinental Ballistic Metal Gear",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Metal Gear RAXA's original conceptual artwork from *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops \"Portable Ops\")*](/wiki/File:Raxapb3.png \"Raxapb3.png\")\nThe **Intercontinental Ballistic Metal Gear** (or **ICBMG** for short;{{cite video game\\|title\\=Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops\\|developer\\=Kojima Productions\\|quote\\=Campbell: From what this guy \"Ghost\" has been saying, the weapon we're chasing is a Metal Gear with intercontinental ballistic\\-launch capabilities. An ICBMG, if you will.}}) is the featured mecha in *[Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Portable_Ops \"Portable Ops\")*. In the series chronology {{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2013}}, this Metal Gear is the first built prototype. The design, completed by Dr. Sokolov, is based on Granin's original blueprints (the same ones seen in *Metal Gear Solid 3*). Unlike the future bipedal models, this Metal Gear's design is [quadrupedal](/wiki/Quadruped \"Quadruped\") and its nuclear function is to act as a mobile launching device for [MIRVs](/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle \"Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle\"). While therefore capable of making nuclear strikes against several targets at once, its range is limited, and (unlike the Shagohod) is unable to compensate for it with speed. Thus, it must be physically transported to a point within range of the target(s) first. This is accomplished by having the ICBMG itself attached to the top of a [rocket](/wiki/Saturn_V \"Saturn V\"), launching it, detaching the unit at 3000 ft above the intended landing point, having it parachute back down to the ground, and launching its nuclear payload afterwards. In the game, Naked Snake encounters two models: the first is non\\-nuclear equipped test model **Metal Gear RAXA** which is used as rogue FOX leader Gene's decoy and the actual model that gets attached to a reproduced Saturn V rocket in the game's ending which Snake destroys in the cut\\-scene with the help of a defecting group of Red Army soldiers.",
"### Gekko",
"{{nihongo\\|'''Gekko'''\\|月光\\|Gekkō\\|meaning \"moonlight\"}} is a new unit featured in *[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_4:Guns_of_the_Patriots \"Guns of the Patriots\")*; mass\\-produced, unmanned, bipedal combat mecha manufactured by ArmsTech Corp, and designated \"Irving\" by the U.S. Military, a name that stems from the American codename for the Nakajima J1N \"Gekko\" twin\\-engine night fighter aircraft from WWII. With their widespread adoption by [PMCs](/wiki/Private_military_company \"Private military company\") and their ability to perform a variety of combat support roles, they have largely supplanted conventional means of armored warfare.",
"Director [Hideo Kojima](/wiki/Hideo_Kojima \"Hideo Kojima\") stated in a pre\\-release interview that the Gekko are not the game's titular Metal Gears, stating that they are more like a [jeep](/wiki/Jeep \"Jeep\") or a tank compared to the conventional Metal Gears such as REX and RAY.{{cite web\\|year\\=2006 \\|url\\=http://metalgearsolid.org/gallery/index.php?gallery\\=8\\.%20Scans/Magazine%20Scans/Metal%20Gear%20Solid%204ℑ\\=948\\.jpg \\|title\\=EGM Magazine E3 2006 Hideo Kojima Interview Scan \\|work\\=Metal Gear Solid The Unofficial Site \\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123071010/http://metalgearsolid.org/gallery/index.php?gallery\\=8\\.%20Scans%2FMagazine%20Scans%2FMetal%20Gear%20Solid%204ℑ\\=948\\.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=November 23, 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Rather than a literal Metal Gear, proper, the Gekko is instead what is known as an Unmanned Gear (UG); Autonomous Combat Vehicles. Their heads are reminiscent of Metal Gear REX's chassis design, with organic legs akin to that of Metal Gear RAY's. As stated, they are completely autonomous, using two large cameras as its \"eyes\"; one mounted on its head, the other at the front of its hip assembly. These are backed up by other sensors, mostly passive. In addition, the UG possesses a small, prehensile tether used to pick up small objects, grab targets, and even interface with various cybernetic systems, as evidenced by their Health\\-Draining attacks in *Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance*. The Gekko is incredibly agile, maneuverable and dexterous, thanks to its organic legs; made from artificial muscle tissue, cloned from embryonic [stem cells](/wiki/Stem_cell \"Stem cell\") of [ungulate](/wiki/Ungulate \"Ungulate\") embryos (later models would supplant these cells with Carbon Nanotube Musculature), these legs allow the Gekko to pick up a man and throw him hard enough to penetrate a brick wall, deliver a kick that can overturn a [6x6](/wiki/6x6 \"6x6\") truck, dodge an RPG (and kill its operator), scale walls, crouch to enter buildings, run at speeds equivalent to a motor vehicle, and leap huge distances through the air.",
"The Gekko comes in several variants; two are designed for standard combat, both carrying anti\\-personnel machine guns mounted inside the \"nose\", while one carries heavier machine guns and missile launchers akin to REX. A third variant is the special purpose **Suicide Gekko**, designed to invade enemy facilities in groups before self\\-destructing en masse. Similar in combat terms when compared with traditional Metal Gear models, relatively little firepower is needed to actually destroy one. A quick blast with an assault rifle may cause one to trip if shot in the legs. Corresponding shots to the \"neck\" can destroy a Gekko with small arms such as a [M4 carbine](/wiki/M4_carbine \"M4 carbine\") or [FN P90](/wiki/FN_P90 \"FN P90\"). However, when a Gekko falls, it can quickly regain its footing even if tripped onto its head. Nonetheless, a heavy weapon such as any rocket\\-launcher, an [M82A2](/wiki/M82A2 \"M82A2\"), or the Rail Gun, can be used against the Gekko without requiring it to be collapsed. The Gekko makes use of sound in psychological warfare, particularly animal noises (such as [cicadas](/wiki/Cicada \"Cicada\") while on the prowl to create an atmosphere of unease, and [bull](/wiki/Bull \"Bull\") sounds in direct combat as a means of unnerving the enemy). They feature characteristics that are [biomechanoid](/wiki/Biomechanoid \"Biomechanoid\") to some degree, as they have been shown to \"bleed\" when sliced at the legs as the machine could use a blood\\-like self\\-repairing nanopaste like RAY, though severe wounds on seemingly mechanical components have been known to \"bleed\" as well. In addition, they expel a green liquid, which may be [lactic acid](/wiki/Lactic_acid \"Lactic acid\") produced by the artificial muscles.",
"The Gekkos reappeared in *Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance*. Arms of Dwarf Gekkos are attached to Desperado operative Mistral while the Metal Gear EXCELSUS has Gekko UG escorts; Dwarf Gekko can also be seen attached to and \"driving\" larger UG's, such as World Marshall's Raptors.",
"### Metal Gear Mk. II and Metal Gear Mk. III",
"The **Metal Gear Mk. II** is a robotic companion to [Old Snake](/wiki/Solid_Snake \"Solid Snake\") in *Metal Gear Solid 4*. This unit is similar (albeit a bit more angular in appearance using an OLED screen and has wheels instead of feet) to the *Snatcher* [version](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28weapon%29%23Metal_Gear_Mk._II_%28Snatcher%29 \"Metal Gear (weapon)#Metal Gear Mk. II (Snatcher)\") and is controlled by [Otacon](/wiki/Otacon \"Otacon\"). This version is not meant to be a weapon, instead he uses it to provide ammunition and advice to Snake in the Middle East, South America and Eastern Europe. The Mk. II can also be used as a recon device, turn invisible, and shock enemies knocking them unconscious. However, it also runs on batteries which deplete while in operation. The Mk. II is automated in the game, but can be controlled by the player if needed. The Mk. II is destroyed after the Eastern Europe mission and replaced by the **Metal Gear Mk. III**, a similar design which accompanies Snake at Shadow Moses and Outer Haven. The Mk. III has the same body as the Mk. II, but with a red\\-colored exterior, and serves the same function.",
"### Peace Walker",
"**Peace Walker** is the name given to an autonomous nuclear weapons platform in *[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Peace_Walker \"Peace Walker\")*. Developed in secret by disavowed CIA agent Coldman and deployed to Costa Rica in 1974, Peace Walker was designed to prove that nuclear deterrence is a myth by objectively and logically assessing the threat of a nuclear exchange and retaliating in kind. Peace Walker is quadrupedal in form, with a spherical radome \"head\" and a cylindrical [AI](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") core functioning as its brain. It is designed to be fully self\\-supporting, with an array of anti\\-personnel weapons used to defend itself, and a protocol that calls for it to recognise and eliminate all threats to itself before launching its nuclear missile.",
"Peace Walker is supported by four autonomous weapons that the player fights throughout the game:\n* **Pupa** (**GW\\-PUPA 5000**), a larger version of the Shagohod that has had its Archimedes screws replaced by caterpillar tracks. It is designed to be fast and agile.\n* **Chrysalis** (**TJ\\-CHRYSALIS 6000**), an aerial unit with [VTOL](/wiki/VTOL \"VTOL\") capabilities. It is referred to as \"El Colibri\" (\"the hummingbird\") by the [Sandinistas](/wiki/Sandinistas \"Sandinistas\").\n* **Cocoon** (**TR\\-COCOON 7000**), a giant land battleship lined with numerous weapons emplacements.\n* **Basilisk** (**AL\\-AURELIA 8000**), a bipedal form of Peace Walker that contracts itself to make it easier to be shipped.",
"### Metal Gear ZEKE",
"**Metal Gear ZEKE** is a Metal Gear built in the Militaires Sans Frontieres in *[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:Peace_Walker \"Peace Walker\")*. Developer [Huey](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Huey \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Huey\") and MSF sub\\-commander [Kazuhira Miller](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Master_Miller \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Master Miller\") named the mech in honor of Granin's \"Metal Gear\" design philosophy and the [Zero fighter](/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero \"Mitsubishi A6M Zero\"), which was codenamed ZEKE by the Allies in World War II. The unit is also the series' second Metal Gear that the player can use in any capacity, as it can be fielded in the Outer Ops missions once all the parts have been installed. ZEKE's default armaments are a railgun mated to a radome, three machine guns, and a number of guided missiles. Additional weapons salvaged from the four A.I. weapon bosses (Pupa, Chrysalis, Cocoon, and Peace Walker) can also be installed. ZEKE's nuclear weapon was salvaged from the remains of Peace Walker. ZEKE is a combination of AI technology built by Dr. Strangelove and the scrap parts of the game's four main bosses. Although it is AI\\-controlled in its testing stages, in the game's true ending shows that [Paz Ortega Andrade](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Paz \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Paz\") has modified ZEKE to be manned and uses the mecha to attempt a nuclear strike on the US east coast, forcing [Naked Snake](/wiki/Big_Boss_%28Metal_Gear%29 \"Big Boss (Metal Gear)\") to defeat her and heavily damage the unit.",
"ZEKE is still in the MSF inventory during the events of *[Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:Ground_Zeroes \"Ground Zeroes\")*. However, when the MSF gets word of an IAEA inspection team coming to visit Mother Base, the unit and its warhead is lowered to the sea floor. The machine's fate after the destruction of MSF's Mother Base is unknown.",
"### Metal Gear EXCELSUS",
"Appearing in *[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Rising:Revengeance \"Revengeance\")*, **Metal Gear EXCELSUS** is one of the largest Metal Gears to feature in the series. The unit appears to be modeled by [crabs](/wiki/Crab \"Crab\") or [arachnids](/wiki/Arachnid \"Arachnid\"), with its front legs doubling as retractable blades that can alternately be used to crush or cut its way through armor, buildings, or the earth itself. It is also armed with two cannons mounted on its \"head\" that fire\\-directed bursts of super\\-heated plasma and have a division of [Gekko](/wiki/Metal_Gear_%28weapon%29%23Gekko \"Metal Gear (weapon)#Gekko\") units on board. The unit has a spherical cockpit that is mounted on a gyroscope; however, due to the system's limited physical control, the machine's arsenal, and its full range of movement, only nanomachine\\-implanted pilots can operate it.",
"Metal Gear EXCELSUS was developed by AT Corp during 2016 after small\\-scale Unmanned Gears proved to be no longer effective once cyborg tech began to advance. Its name is derived from *[Brontosaurus excelsus](/wiki/Brontosaurus \"Brontosaurus\")*, an extinct species of [quadruped](/wiki/Quadruped \"Quadruped\") [sauropod](/wiki/Sauropod \"Sauropod\") [dinosaurs](/wiki/Dinosaurs \"Dinosaurs\") and a member of the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") [Diplodocidae](/wiki/Diplodocidae \"Diplodocidae\"), with \"excelsus\" meaning \"high\" or \"lofty,\" hence its name. Unlike previous units, Metal Gear EXCELSUS was purely designed for asymmetrical warfare, capable of causing collateral damage without breaking stride. The unit possesses sheer firepower and durability at the cost of its combat capabilities. In 2018, Raiden encounters a Metal Gear EXCELSUS unit at the Shabhazabad Air Base in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), piloted by Colorado senator and presidential candidate [Steven Armstrong](/wiki/Senator_Steven_Armstrong \"Senator Steven Armstrong\"). The mecha bore Desperado's emblem on its frame, which Armstrong used with the intention to frame Desperado for the attack, as part of his plan to ensure the war economy's revitalization and to win any subsequent election in a landslide, with his connections to the PMCs. [Doktor](/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series%23Doktor \"List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Doktor\") speculates that if Armstrong's plan succeeds, \"herds\" of EXCELSI {{refn\\|group\\=N\\|A term referring to multiple Metal Gear EXCELSUS units.}} would be used to crush Pakistan's [FATA](/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas \"Federally Administered Tribal Areas\"). Raiden battles and eventually defeats EXCELSUS by ripping off one of its blades and using it to strike and destroy the Metal Gear by the head. After the battle, Armstrong exited its cockpit and used his nanomachines to engage Raiden in a long and grueling fight that further tore down the wrecked mecha.",
"### Walker Gear",
"The **Walker Gear** (also known as the **D\\-Walker**) is introduced in *[Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:The_Phantom_Pain \"The Phantom Pain\")*. Designed by Emmerich and mass\\-produced by the Soviet Army, it is a bipedal infantry support unit that serves as one of the player's modes of transport, having wheels in the legs for added speed. Walker Gears have arm manipulators for close combat, but can be equipped with small arms, Miniguns, and missile launchers for stealth and assault missions.",
"The Walker Gear's main body is also mated to the **Battle Gear**, a combat support mobile weapon designed for [Venom Snake](/wiki/Venom_Snake \"Venom Snake\") and the Diamond Dogs. It moves on four maglev units and its main weapon is an electromagnetic railgun. Players can use the Battle Gear for Dispatch missions.",
"### Sahelanthropus",
"The **Sahelanthropus** (also known as the **ST\\-84 Metal Gear**) is a large Metal Gear unit that appears in *[Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:The_Phantom_Pain \"The Phantom Pain\")*. It is classified as an Anthropoid Bipedal Weapon System and was built by the Soviet Union in co\\-operation with the mysterious XOF organization. Its name is derived from *[Sahelanthropus tchadensis](/wiki/Sahelanthropus \"Sahelanthropus\")*, an extinct hominine species theorised to be the [last common ancestor](/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor \"Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor\") between humans and chimpanzees as the design makes Sahelanthropus the \"missing link\" between the early prototypes (Shagohod and Peace Walker) and the later bipedal units (TX\\-55 Metal Gear and Metal Gear REX). Sahelanthropus initially appears in a crouched position with a heavily armored control unit that can be used as a battering ram against environmental hazards, but can also convert to an upright \"standing\" position. Its primary weapon is a tensile rod that can separate into individual whip\\-like threads or condense into a quarterstaff\\-like rod that can discharge metallic archaea—microbes that feed on minerals—into the local environment, triggering a series of explosions. Sahelanthropus is also armed with a prototype railgun that can only be fired from its crouched position, and an array of machine guns and missile launchers. It can also release unmanned drones that scan the area for targets. Unlike other Metal Gears, Sahelanthropus cannot fire a nuclear weapon; rather, its body is made up of [depleted uranium](/wiki/Depleted_uranium \"Depleted uranium\") which can be enriched to become uranium\\-235 by the metallic archaea to 90% purity. Given Sahelanthropus' size, this creates a bomb with an extremely high yield. Lead engineer Emmerich described the choice of depleted uranium as being a direct result of the need to keep the weapon's mass to a minimum despite ceramic armor offering better protection.",
"Within the game, Sahelanthropus is unfinished, with Emmerich unable to complete the control unit as he wanted to protect Peace Walker's vulnerable AI pods by encasing the pod used to regulate the systems within the armor. However, the weapon is controlled by the psychic [Tretij Rebenok](/wiki/Psycho_Mantis \"Psycho Mantis\") to give additional mobility for [Skull Face](/wiki/List_of_Metal_Gear_characters%23Skull_Face \"List of Metal Gear characters#Skull Face\"). It is transported to Diamond Dogs' Mother Base to act as a symbol of their history. Sahelanthropus is later stolen by [Eli](/wiki/Liquid_Snake \"Liquid Snake\") with aid from Tretij Rebenok.",
""
] |
Models in other games
---------------------
These models are not part of the mainstream *Metal Gear* series continuity, either because they appear in a non\-[canonical](/wiki/Canon_%28fiction%29 "Canon (fiction)") game (*[Snake's Revenge](/wiki/Snake%27s_Revenge "Snake's Revenge")*, *[Metal Gear: Ghost Babel](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%28Game_Boy%29 "Metal Gear Solid (Game Boy)")* and *[Metal Gear Acid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid "Metal Gear Acid")*) or because the game in which they appear is not a *Metal Gear* game at all (*[Snatcher](/wiki/Snatcher_%28video_game%29 "Snatcher (video game)")*).
### Metal Gear Mk. II (*Snatcher*)
The **Metal Gear Mk. II** in *[Snatcher](/wiki/Snatcher_%28video_game%29 "Snatcher (video game)")* is the robotic sidekick of the game's protagonist, Gillian Seed, a JUNKER agent. He is a navigator built by JUNKER engineer Harry Benson to assist Gillian and facilitate his investigation. According to Harry, he was designed after the "Metal Gear menace from the 20th century." He is equipped with a forensic analyzer, as well as a [videophone](/wiki/Videophone "Videophone") Gillian uses to communicate with his wife and other characters. The Metal Gear is voiced by [Mami Koyama](/wiki/Mami_Koyama "Mami Koyama") in the Japanese versions and by Lucy Childs in the English\-language [Sega CD](/wiki/Sega_CD "Sega CD") version. A hand\-size model appears in the spinoff *[SD Snatcher](/wiki/SD_Snatcher "SD Snatcher")* named **Petit Metal**, its function in the game is to display statistical data during battle or to automatic battle for the player.
### Metal Gear 2
The **Metal Gear 2** from *[Snake's Revenge](/wiki/Snake%27s_Revenge "Snake's Revenge")* is a successor to the original Metal Gear described as "seven times more powerful" than the original. It is a bipedal mech similar to the original equipped with a large missile cannon, although its precise specifications are never revealed. Snake is told of its existence by his helicopter pilot after completing his initial objective. In the game's end sequence, Metal Gear 2 becomes active and initiates a countdown sequence, announcing to launch a series of nuclear missiles around the globe, starting with [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") and [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"). The path to Metal Gear 2 is blocked by a fence and the player can only destroy the mech by firing guided missiles into the air duct.
### Metal Gear GANDER
[500px\|thumb\|Metal Gear GANDER's concept art as shown on the official website](/wiki/File:Metalgeargander.gif "Metalgeargander.gif")
The Metal Gear model in *[Metal Gear: Ghost Babel](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%28Game_Boy%29 "Metal Gear Solid (Game Boy)")*. **Metal Gear GANDER** is the result of the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army")'s "Project Babel" after the U.S. Government procured the data from the original prototype in Outer Heaven. It is stolen by the Gindra Liberation Front and taken to their fortress of Galuade (the former Outer Heaven). Its armament consists of two nuclear warhead\-launching rail guns (similar to Metal Gear REX), two vulcan cannons, six guided missile pods, two automated flying attack pods, a pair of spread fire cannons, and a close range flamethrower. While GANDER had a railgun similar to REX, it required an entire power plant to operate. Secretly, its most powerful weapon was a satellite\-based data link system that allows it to launch nuclear missiles anywhere in the world; likewise, it took the same amount of power to function. The design is based on one of Shinkawa's unused Metal Gear REX concepts.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2008}}
### Metal Gear KODOQUE
**Metal Gear KODOQUE** is the Metal Gear model featured in *[Metal Gear Acid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid "Metal Gear Acid")*. Its name is derived from the Japanese word "Kodoku" or "Isolation". One of the larger Metal Gear models, KODOQUE has two armor\-like plates on each of its arms that come equipped with a remote control missile launcher. There are four slots for missiles on each arm, coming to a total of 8 missiles at one time. When not being used, these arms can form a protective cocoon around the Metal Gear. It also comes with a beam cannon near the legs, and can fire a plasma shot from its head when both arms are destroyed. This beam can be interrupted if four rods in a control room are destroyed. The inside is also different from Metal Gears: It comes equipped with a control room, and has sentry bots for security. It also has multiple controls when compared to previous Metal Gears having a cockpit. This Metal Gear is also unmanned and is simply controlled by an AI.
In *[Metal Gear Acid 2](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid_2 "Metal Gear Acid 2")*, KODOQUE's wreck was salvaged and brought to the SaintLogic facility. The Metal Gear is activated by one of Koppelthorn's Test subjects, Golab. It is kept in the four\-story Metal Gear Prototype building, which is destroyed by Snake and Venus. Before destroying the building, Snake and Venus have to defeat KODOQUE before the time limit runs out.
### Chaioth Ha Qadesh
**Chaioth Ha Qadesh** is the Metal Gear model which appears in *[Metal Gear Acid 2](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid_2 "Metal Gear Acid 2")*. The name Chaioth Ha Qadesh is derived from the [Keter](/wiki/Keter "Keter"), a high level in the [Kabbalah](/wiki/Kabbalah "Kabbalah"), a form of mystical Judaism. The name refers to a group of angels, called The Holy Living Creatures (Chayot Ha Qodesh \- "חיות הקדש" in Hebrew). Originally designed as a way to control Model 3 test subjects, Chaioth Ha Qadesh uses the EGO (Enhanced Governing Organization) Operating System to control various modified soldiers and guard robots. SaintLogic developed the Metal Gear for that purpose, but Dr. Thomas Koppelthorn stole Chaioth Ha Qadesh as a means to get revenge for his wife Lucinda and kill all involved in the Praulia Massacre.
Like other Metal Gears, Chaioth Ha Qadesh can fire a nuclear missile from any area of the world to its target. However, one difference is that it mainly uses neutron bombs as its main weapon, and also contains the data on all test subjects in the SaintLogic institute. It has a missile launcher on its back, and can fire bullets from the Vulcan cannons on each of its arms. It also has a slot on the top for launching energy that can cause any equipped cards to be destroyed. Metal Gear Chaioth Ha Qadesh uses nano chip expansions so the player can see what cards the Metal Gear has and will use. The cockpit, located in the upper zone of Metal Gear's head, can be ejected, which Lucy uses to kill Koppelthorn by launching him out of Chaioth Ha Qadesh and then destroying the cockpit (and what was inside it) with a missile. At the end of the game, Snake empties its equipped nuclear warhead, hides inside the casing, and launches himself into the ocean to escape U.S. soldiers.
|
[
"Models in other games\n---------------------",
"These models are not part of the mainstream *Metal Gear* series continuity, either because they appear in a non\\-[canonical](/wiki/Canon_%28fiction%29 \"Canon (fiction)\") game (*[Snake's Revenge](/wiki/Snake%27s_Revenge \"Snake's Revenge\")*, *[Metal Gear: Ghost Babel](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%28Game_Boy%29 \"Metal Gear Solid (Game Boy)\")* and *[Metal Gear Acid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid \"Metal Gear Acid\")*) or because the game in which they appear is not a *Metal Gear* game at all (*[Snatcher](/wiki/Snatcher_%28video_game%29 \"Snatcher (video game)\")*).",
"### Metal Gear Mk. II (*Snatcher*)",
"The **Metal Gear Mk. II** in *[Snatcher](/wiki/Snatcher_%28video_game%29 \"Snatcher (video game)\")* is the robotic sidekick of the game's protagonist, Gillian Seed, a JUNKER agent. He is a navigator built by JUNKER engineer Harry Benson to assist Gillian and facilitate his investigation. According to Harry, he was designed after the \"Metal Gear menace from the 20th century.\" He is equipped with a forensic analyzer, as well as a [videophone](/wiki/Videophone \"Videophone\") Gillian uses to communicate with his wife and other characters. The Metal Gear is voiced by [Mami Koyama](/wiki/Mami_Koyama \"Mami Koyama\") in the Japanese versions and by Lucy Childs in the English\\-language [Sega CD](/wiki/Sega_CD \"Sega CD\") version. A hand\\-size model appears in the spinoff *[SD Snatcher](/wiki/SD_Snatcher \"SD Snatcher\")* named **Petit Metal**, its function in the game is to display statistical data during battle or to automatic battle for the player.",
"### Metal Gear 2",
"The **Metal Gear 2** from *[Snake's Revenge](/wiki/Snake%27s_Revenge \"Snake's Revenge\")* is a successor to the original Metal Gear described as \"seven times more powerful\" than the original. It is a bipedal mech similar to the original equipped with a large missile cannon, although its precise specifications are never revealed. Snake is told of its existence by his helicopter pilot after completing his initial objective. In the game's end sequence, Metal Gear 2 becomes active and initiates a countdown sequence, announcing to launch a series of nuclear missiles around the globe, starting with [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\") and [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"). The path to Metal Gear 2 is blocked by a fence and the player can only destroy the mech by firing guided missiles into the air duct.",
"### Metal Gear GANDER",
"[500px\\|thumb\\|Metal Gear GANDER's concept art as shown on the official website](/wiki/File:Metalgeargander.gif \"Metalgeargander.gif\")",
"The Metal Gear model in *[Metal Gear: Ghost Babel](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_%28Game_Boy%29 \"Metal Gear Solid (Game Boy)\")*. **Metal Gear GANDER** is the result of the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\")'s \"Project Babel\" after the U.S. Government procured the data from the original prototype in Outer Heaven. It is stolen by the Gindra Liberation Front and taken to their fortress of Galuade (the former Outer Heaven). Its armament consists of two nuclear warhead\\-launching rail guns (similar to Metal Gear REX), two vulcan cannons, six guided missile pods, two automated flying attack pods, a pair of spread fire cannons, and a close range flamethrower. While GANDER had a railgun similar to REX, it required an entire power plant to operate. Secretly, its most powerful weapon was a satellite\\-based data link system that allows it to launch nuclear missiles anywhere in the world; likewise, it took the same amount of power to function. The design is based on one of Shinkawa's unused Metal Gear REX concepts.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2008}}",
"### Metal Gear KODOQUE",
"**Metal Gear KODOQUE** is the Metal Gear model featured in *[Metal Gear Acid](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid \"Metal Gear Acid\")*. Its name is derived from the Japanese word \"Kodoku\" or \"Isolation\". One of the larger Metal Gear models, KODOQUE has two armor\\-like plates on each of its arms that come equipped with a remote control missile launcher. There are four slots for missiles on each arm, coming to a total of 8 missiles at one time. When not being used, these arms can form a protective cocoon around the Metal Gear. It also comes with a beam cannon near the legs, and can fire a plasma shot from its head when both arms are destroyed. This beam can be interrupted if four rods in a control room are destroyed. The inside is also different from Metal Gears: It comes equipped with a control room, and has sentry bots for security. It also has multiple controls when compared to previous Metal Gears having a cockpit. This Metal Gear is also unmanned and is simply controlled by an AI.",
"In *[Metal Gear Acid 2](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid_2 \"Metal Gear Acid 2\")*, KODOQUE's wreck was salvaged and brought to the SaintLogic facility. The Metal Gear is activated by one of Koppelthorn's Test subjects, Golab. It is kept in the four\\-story Metal Gear Prototype building, which is destroyed by Snake and Venus. Before destroying the building, Snake and Venus have to defeat KODOQUE before the time limit runs out.",
"### Chaioth Ha Qadesh",
"**Chaioth Ha Qadesh** is the Metal Gear model which appears in *[Metal Gear Acid 2](/wiki/Metal_Gear_Acid_2 \"Metal Gear Acid 2\")*. The name Chaioth Ha Qadesh is derived from the [Keter](/wiki/Keter \"Keter\"), a high level in the [Kabbalah](/wiki/Kabbalah \"Kabbalah\"), a form of mystical Judaism. The name refers to a group of angels, called The Holy Living Creatures (Chayot Ha Qodesh \\- \"חיות הקדש\" in Hebrew). Originally designed as a way to control Model 3 test subjects, Chaioth Ha Qadesh uses the EGO (Enhanced Governing Organization) Operating System to control various modified soldiers and guard robots. SaintLogic developed the Metal Gear for that purpose, but Dr. Thomas Koppelthorn stole Chaioth Ha Qadesh as a means to get revenge for his wife Lucinda and kill all involved in the Praulia Massacre.",
"Like other Metal Gears, Chaioth Ha Qadesh can fire a nuclear missile from any area of the world to its target. However, one difference is that it mainly uses neutron bombs as its main weapon, and also contains the data on all test subjects in the SaintLogic institute. It has a missile launcher on its back, and can fire bullets from the Vulcan cannons on each of its arms. It also has a slot on the top for launching energy that can cause any equipped cards to be destroyed. Metal Gear Chaioth Ha Qadesh uses nano chip expansions so the player can see what cards the Metal Gear has and will use. The cockpit, located in the upper zone of Metal Gear's head, can be ejected, which Lucy uses to kill Koppelthorn by launching him out of Chaioth Ha Qadesh and then destroying the cockpit (and what was inside it) with a missile. At the end of the game, Snake empties its equipped nuclear warhead, hides inside the casing, and launches himself into the ocean to escape U.S. soldiers.",
""
] |
Factors
-------
The presence of automatic aids, as one source puts it, "diminishes the likelihood that decision makers will either make the cognitive effort to seek other diagnostic information or process all available information in cognitively complex ways." It also renders users more likely to conclude their assessment of a situation too hastily after being prompted by an automatic aid to take a specific course of action.
According to one source, there are three main factors that lead to automation bias. First, the human tendency to choose the least cognitive approach to decision\-making, which is called the [cognitive miser](/wiki/Cognitive_miser "Cognitive miser") hypothesis. Second, the tendency of humans to view automated aids as having an analytical ability superior to their own. Third, the tendency of humans to reduce their own effort when sharing tasks, either with another person or with an automated aid.
Other factors leading to an over\-reliance on automation and thus to automation bias include inexperience in a task (though inexperienced users tend to be most benefited by automated decision support systems), lack of confidence in one's own abilities, a lack of readily available alternative information, or desire to save time and effort on complex tasks or high workloads.{{cite journal\|last1\=Goddard\|first1\=K.\|author\-link\=Katrina A. B. Goddard\|last2\=Roudsari\|first2\=A.\|last3\=Wyatt\|first3\=J. C.\|date\=2012\|title\=Automation bias: a systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators\|journal\=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association\|volume\=19\|issue\=1\|pages\=121–127\|doi\=10\.1136/amiajnl\-2011\-000089\|pmc\=3240751\|pmid\=21685142}}{{cite book\|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-642\-04468\-7\_3\|chapter\=Why Are People's Decisions Sometimes Worse with Computer Support?\|title\=Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security\|volume\=5775\|pages\=18–31\|series\=Lecture Notes in Computer Science\|year\=2009\|last1\=Alberdi\|first1\=Eugenio\|last2\=Strigini\|first2\=Lorenzo\|last3\=Povyakalo\|first3\=Andrey A.\|last4\=Ayton\|first4\=Peter\|isbn\=978\-3\-642\-04467\-0\|publisher\=Springer Berlin Heidelberg\|chapter\-url\=http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/384/2/Alberdi\-et\-alSAFECOMP09\.pdf}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Goddard\|first1\=Kate\|last2\=Roudsari\|first2\=Abdul\|last3\=Wyatt\|first3\=Jeremy C.\|title\=Automation bias: Empirical results assessing influencing factors\|journal\=International Journal of Medical Informatics\|date\=2014\|volume\=83\|issue\=5\|pages\=368–375\|doi\=10\.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014\.01\.001\|pmid\=24581700}} It has been shown that people who have greater confidence in their own decision\-making abilities tend to be less reliant on external automated support, while those with more trust in decision support systems (DSS) were more dependent upon it.
### Screen design
One study, published in the *[Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Informatics_Association "Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association")*, found that the position and prominence of advice on a screen can impact the likelihood of automation bias, with prominently displayed advice, correct or not, is more likely to be followed; another study, however, seemed to discount the importance of this factor. According to another study, a greater amount of on\-screen detail can make users less "conservative" and thus increase the likelihood of automation bias. One study showed that making individuals accountable for their performance or the accuracy of their decisions reduced automation bias.
### Availability
"The availability of automated decision aids," states one study by [Linda Skitka](/wiki/Linda_Skitka "Linda Skitka"), "can sometimes feed into the general human tendency to travel the road of least cognitive effort."
### Awareness of process
One study also found that when users are made aware of the reasoning process employed by a decision support system, they are likely to adjust their reliance accordingly, thus reducing automation bias.
### Team vs. individual
The performance of jobs by crews instead of individuals acting alone does not necessarily eliminate automation bias.{{cite journal\|last1\=Mosier\|first1\=Kathleen\|last2\=Skitka\|first2\=Linda\|last3\=Dunbar\|first3\=Melisa\|last4\=McDonnell\|first4\=Lori\|s2cid\=4132245\|title\=Aircrews and Automation Bias: The Advantages of Teamwork?\|journal\=The International Journal of Aviation Psychology\|date\=November 13, 2009\|volume\=11\|issue\=1\|pages\=1–14\|doi\=10\.1207/S15327108IJAP1101\_1}} One study has shown that when automated devices failed to detect system irregularities, teams were no more successful than solo performers at responding to those irregularities.
### Training
Training that focuses on automation bias in [aviation](/wiki/Aviation "Aviation") has succeeded in reducing omission errors by student pilots.
### Automation failure and "learned carelessness"
It has been shown that automation failure is followed by a drop in operator trust, which in turn is succeeded by a slow recovery of trust. The decline in trust after an initial automation failure has been described as the first\-failure effect. By the same token, if automated aids prove to be highly reliable over time, the result is likely to be a heightened level of automation bias. This is called "learned carelessness."
### Provision of system confidence information
In cases where system confidence information is provided to users, that information itself can become a factor in automation bias.
### External pressures
Studies have shown that the more external pressures are exerted on an individual's cognitive capacity, the more he or she may rely on external support.
### Definitional problems
Although automation bias has been the subject of many studies, there continue to be complaints that automation bias remains ill\-defined and that reporting of incidents involving automation bias is unsystematic.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Lyell\|first1\=David\|last2\=Coiera\|first2\=Enrico\|date\=August 2016\|title\=Automation bias and verification complexity: a systematic review\|url\=https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/24/2/423/2631492/Automation\-bias\-and\-verification\-complexity\-a\|journal\=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association\|volume\=24\|issue\=2\|pages\=424–431\|doi\=10\.1093/jamia/ocw105\|pmid\=27516495\|pmc\=7651899\|doi\-access\=free}}
A review of various automation bias studies categorized the different types of tasks where automated aids were used as well as what function the automated aids served. Tasks where automated aids were used were categorized as monitoring tasks, diagnosis tasks, or treatment tasks. Types of automated assistance were listed as Alerting automation, which track important changes and alert the user, Decision support automation, which may provide a diagnosis or recommendation, or Implementation automation, where the automated aid performs a specified task.
|
[
"Factors\n-------",
"The presence of automatic aids, as one source puts it, \"diminishes the likelihood that decision makers will either make the cognitive effort to seek other diagnostic information or process all available information in cognitively complex ways.\" It also renders users more likely to conclude their assessment of a situation too hastily after being prompted by an automatic aid to take a specific course of action.",
"According to one source, there are three main factors that lead to automation bias. First, the human tendency to choose the least cognitive approach to decision\\-making, which is called the [cognitive miser](/wiki/Cognitive_miser \"Cognitive miser\") hypothesis. Second, the tendency of humans to view automated aids as having an analytical ability superior to their own. Third, the tendency of humans to reduce their own effort when sharing tasks, either with another person or with an automated aid.",
"Other factors leading to an over\\-reliance on automation and thus to automation bias include inexperience in a task (though inexperienced users tend to be most benefited by automated decision support systems), lack of confidence in one's own abilities, a lack of readily available alternative information, or desire to save time and effort on complex tasks or high workloads.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Goddard\\|first1\\=K.\\|author\\-link\\=Katrina A. B. Goddard\\|last2\\=Roudsari\\|first2\\=A.\\|last3\\=Wyatt\\|first3\\=J. C.\\|date\\=2012\\|title\\=Automation bias: a systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators\\|journal\\=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=121–127\\|doi\\=10\\.1136/amiajnl\\-2011\\-000089\\|pmc\\=3240751\\|pmid\\=21685142}}{{cite book\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-642\\-04468\\-7\\_3\\|chapter\\=Why Are People's Decisions Sometimes Worse with Computer Support?\\|title\\=Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security\\|volume\\=5775\\|pages\\=18–31\\|series\\=Lecture Notes in Computer Science\\|year\\=2009\\|last1\\=Alberdi\\|first1\\=Eugenio\\|last2\\=Strigini\\|first2\\=Lorenzo\\|last3\\=Povyakalo\\|first3\\=Andrey A.\\|last4\\=Ayton\\|first4\\=Peter\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-642\\-04467\\-0\\|publisher\\=Springer Berlin Heidelberg\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/384/2/Alberdi\\-et\\-alSAFECOMP09\\.pdf}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Goddard\\|first1\\=Kate\\|last2\\=Roudsari\\|first2\\=Abdul\\|last3\\=Wyatt\\|first3\\=Jeremy C.\\|title\\=Automation bias: Empirical results assessing influencing factors\\|journal\\=International Journal of Medical Informatics\\|date\\=2014\\|volume\\=83\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=368–375\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014\\.01\\.001\\|pmid\\=24581700}} It has been shown that people who have greater confidence in their own decision\\-making abilities tend to be less reliant on external automated support, while those with more trust in decision support systems (DSS) were more dependent upon it.",
"### Screen design",
"One study, published in the *[Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Informatics_Association \"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association\")*, found that the position and prominence of advice on a screen can impact the likelihood of automation bias, with prominently displayed advice, correct or not, is more likely to be followed; another study, however, seemed to discount the importance of this factor. According to another study, a greater amount of on\\-screen detail can make users less \"conservative\" and thus increase the likelihood of automation bias. One study showed that making individuals accountable for their performance or the accuracy of their decisions reduced automation bias.",
"### Availability",
"\"The availability of automated decision aids,\" states one study by [Linda Skitka](/wiki/Linda_Skitka \"Linda Skitka\"), \"can sometimes feed into the general human tendency to travel the road of least cognitive effort.\"",
"### Awareness of process",
"One study also found that when users are made aware of the reasoning process employed by a decision support system, they are likely to adjust their reliance accordingly, thus reducing automation bias.",
"### Team vs. individual",
"The performance of jobs by crews instead of individuals acting alone does not necessarily eliminate automation bias.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Mosier\\|first1\\=Kathleen\\|last2\\=Skitka\\|first2\\=Linda\\|last3\\=Dunbar\\|first3\\=Melisa\\|last4\\=McDonnell\\|first4\\=Lori\\|s2cid\\=4132245\\|title\\=Aircrews and Automation Bias: The Advantages of Teamwork?\\|journal\\=The International Journal of Aviation Psychology\\|date\\=November 13, 2009\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1–14\\|doi\\=10\\.1207/S15327108IJAP1101\\_1}} One study has shown that when automated devices failed to detect system irregularities, teams were no more successful than solo performers at responding to those irregularities.",
"### Training",
"Training that focuses on automation bias in [aviation](/wiki/Aviation \"Aviation\") has succeeded in reducing omission errors by student pilots.",
"### Automation failure and \"learned carelessness\"",
"It has been shown that automation failure is followed by a drop in operator trust, which in turn is succeeded by a slow recovery of trust. The decline in trust after an initial automation failure has been described as the first\\-failure effect. By the same token, if automated aids prove to be highly reliable over time, the result is likely to be a heightened level of automation bias. This is called \"learned carelessness.\"",
"### Provision of system confidence information",
"In cases where system confidence information is provided to users, that information itself can become a factor in automation bias.",
"### External pressures",
"Studies have shown that the more external pressures are exerted on an individual's cognitive capacity, the more he or she may rely on external support.",
"### Definitional problems",
"Although automation bias has been the subject of many studies, there continue to be complaints that automation bias remains ill\\-defined and that reporting of incidents involving automation bias is unsystematic.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Lyell\\|first1\\=David\\|last2\\=Coiera\\|first2\\=Enrico\\|date\\=August 2016\\|title\\=Automation bias and verification complexity: a systematic review\\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/24/2/423/2631492/Automation\\-bias\\-and\\-verification\\-complexity\\-a\\|journal\\=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association\\|volume\\=24\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=424–431\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/jamia/ocw105\\|pmid\\=27516495\\|pmc\\=7651899\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"A review of various automation bias studies categorized the different types of tasks where automated aids were used as well as what function the automated aids served. Tasks where automated aids were used were categorized as monitoring tasks, diagnosis tasks, or treatment tasks. Types of automated assistance were listed as Alerting automation, which track important changes and alert the user, Decision support automation, which may provide a diagnosis or recommendation, or Implementation automation, where the automated aid performs a specified task.",
""
] |
Sectors
-------
Automation bias has been examined across many research fields. It can be a particularly major concern in aviation, [medicine](/wiki/Medicine "Medicine"), [process control](/wiki/Process_control "Process control"), and [military](/wiki/Military "Military") [command\-and\-control](/wiki/Command-and-control "Command-and-control") operations.
### Aviation
At first, discussion of automation bias focused largely on aviation. Automated aids have played an increasing role in cockpits, taking a growing role in the control of such flight tasks as determining the most fuel\-efficient routes, navigating, and detecting and diagnosing system malfunctions. The use of these aids, however, can lead to less attentive and less vigilant information seeking and processing on the part of human beings. In some cases, human beings may place more confidence in the misinformation provided by flight computers than in their own skills.
An important factor in aviation\-related automation bias is the degree to which pilots perceive themselves as responsible for the tasks being carried out by automated aids. One study of pilots showed that the presence of a second crewmember in the cockpit did not affect automation bias. A 1994 study compared the impact of low and high levels of automation (LOA) on pilot performance, and concluded that pilots working with a high level spent less time reflecting independently on flight decisions.
In another study, all of the pilots given false automated alerts that instructed them to shut off an engine did so, even though those same pilots insisted in an interview that they would not respond to such an alert by shutting down an engine, and would instead have reduced the power to idle. One 1998 study found that pilots with approximately 440 hours of flight experience detected more automation failures than did nonpilots, although both groups showed complacency effects. A 2001 study of pilots using a cockpit automation system, the [Engine\-indicating and crew\-alerting system](/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system "Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system") (EICAS), showed evidence of complacency. The pilots detected fewer engine malfunctions when using the system than when performing the task manually.
In a 2005 study, experienced air\-traffic controllers used high\-fidelity simulation of an [ATC](/wiki/Air_traffic_control "Air traffic control") (Free Flight) scenario that involved the detection of conflicts among "self\-separating" aircraft. They had access to an automated device that identified potential conflicts several minutes ahead of time. When the device failed near the end of the simulation process, considerably fewer controllers detected the conflict than when the situation was handled manually. Other studies have produced similar findings.
Two studies of automation bias in aviation discovered a higher rate of commission errors than omission errors, while another aviation study found 55% omission rates and 0% commission rates. Automation\-related omissions errors are especially common during the cruise phase. When a [China Airlines](/wiki/China_Airlines "China Airlines") flight lost power in one engine, the autopilot attempted to correct for this problem by lowering the left wing, an action that hid the problem from the crew. When the autopilot was disengaged, the airplane rolled to the right and descended steeply, causing extensive damage. The 1983 shooting down of a Korean Airlines 747 over [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet "Soviet") airspace occurred because the Korean crew "relied on automation that had been inappropriately set up, and they never checked their progress manually."
### Health care
[Clinical decision support systems](/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system "Clinical decision support system") (CDSS) are designed to aid clinical decision\-making. They have the potential to effect a great improvement in this regard, and to result in improved patient outcomes. Yet while CDSS, when used properly, bring about an overall improvement in performance, they also cause errors that may not be recognized owing to automation bias. One danger is that the incorrect advice given by these systems may cause users to change a correct decision that they have made on their own. Given the highly serious nature of some of the potential consequences of automation bias in the health\-care field, it is especially important to be aware of this problem when it occurs in clinical settings.
Sometimes automation bias in clinical settings is a major problem that renders CDSS, on balance, counterproductive; sometimes it is minor problem, with the benefits outweighing the damage done. One study found more automation bias among older users, but it was noted that could be a result not of age but of experience. Studies suggest, indeed, that familiarity with CDSS often leads to desensitization and habituation effects. Although automation bias occurs more often among persons who are inexperienced in a given task, inexperienced users exhibit the most performance improvement when they use CDSS. In one study, the use of CDSS improved clinicians' answers by 21%, from 29% to 50%, with 7% of correct non\-CDSS answers being changed incorrectly.
A 2005 study found that when [primary\-care physicians](/wiki/Primary_care_physician "Primary care physician") used electronic sources such as [PubMed](/wiki/PubMed "PubMed"), [Medline](/wiki/Medline "Medline"), and [Google](/wiki/Google "Google"), there was a "small to medium" increase in correct answers, while in an equally small percentage of instances the physicians were misled by their use of those sources, and changed correct to incorrect answers.
Studies in 2004 and 2008 that involved the effect of automated aids on diagnosis of [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer") found clear evidence of automation bias involving omission errors. Cancers diagnosed in 46% of cases without automated aids were discovered in only 21% of cases with automated aids that failed to identify the cancer.
### Military
Automation bias can be a crucial factor in the use of intelligent decision support systems for military command\-and\-control operations. One 2004 study found that automation bias effects have contributed to a number of fatal military decisions, including [friendly\-fire](/wiki/Friendly-fire "Friendly-fire") killings during the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War"). Researchers have sought to determine the proper level of automation for decision support systems in this field.
### Automotive
Automation complacency is also a challenge for automated driving systems in which the human only has to monitor the system or act as a fallback driver. This is for example discussed in the report of [National Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board "National Transportation Safety Board") about the fatal accident between an UBER test vehicle and pedestrian [Elaine Herzberg](/wiki/Death_of_Elaine_Herzberg "Death of Elaine Herzberg").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/HAR1903\.aspx\|title\=Collision Between Vehicle Controlled by Developmental Automated Driving System and Pedestrian\|website\=www.ntsb.gov\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=December 19, 2019}}
|
[
"Sectors\n-------",
"Automation bias has been examined across many research fields. It can be a particularly major concern in aviation, [medicine](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\"), [process control](/wiki/Process_control \"Process control\"), and [military](/wiki/Military \"Military\") [command\\-and\\-control](/wiki/Command-and-control \"Command-and-control\") operations.",
"### Aviation",
"At first, discussion of automation bias focused largely on aviation. Automated aids have played an increasing role in cockpits, taking a growing role in the control of such flight tasks as determining the most fuel\\-efficient routes, navigating, and detecting and diagnosing system malfunctions. The use of these aids, however, can lead to less attentive and less vigilant information seeking and processing on the part of human beings. In some cases, human beings may place more confidence in the misinformation provided by flight computers than in their own skills.",
"An important factor in aviation\\-related automation bias is the degree to which pilots perceive themselves as responsible for the tasks being carried out by automated aids. One study of pilots showed that the presence of a second crewmember in the cockpit did not affect automation bias. A 1994 study compared the impact of low and high levels of automation (LOA) on pilot performance, and concluded that pilots working with a high level spent less time reflecting independently on flight decisions.",
"In another study, all of the pilots given false automated alerts that instructed them to shut off an engine did so, even though those same pilots insisted in an interview that they would not respond to such an alert by shutting down an engine, and would instead have reduced the power to idle. One 1998 study found that pilots with approximately 440 hours of flight experience detected more automation failures than did nonpilots, although both groups showed complacency effects. A 2001 study of pilots using a cockpit automation system, the [Engine\\-indicating and crew\\-alerting system](/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system \"Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system\") (EICAS), showed evidence of complacency. The pilots detected fewer engine malfunctions when using the system than when performing the task manually.",
"In a 2005 study, experienced air\\-traffic controllers used high\\-fidelity simulation of an [ATC](/wiki/Air_traffic_control \"Air traffic control\") (Free Flight) scenario that involved the detection of conflicts among \"self\\-separating\" aircraft. They had access to an automated device that identified potential conflicts several minutes ahead of time. When the device failed near the end of the simulation process, considerably fewer controllers detected the conflict than when the situation was handled manually. Other studies have produced similar findings.",
"Two studies of automation bias in aviation discovered a higher rate of commission errors than omission errors, while another aviation study found 55% omission rates and 0% commission rates. Automation\\-related omissions errors are especially common during the cruise phase. When a [China Airlines](/wiki/China_Airlines \"China Airlines\") flight lost power in one engine, the autopilot attempted to correct for this problem by lowering the left wing, an action that hid the problem from the crew. When the autopilot was disengaged, the airplane rolled to the right and descended steeply, causing extensive damage. The 1983 shooting down of a Korean Airlines 747 over [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet \"Soviet\") airspace occurred because the Korean crew \"relied on automation that had been inappropriately set up, and they never checked their progress manually.\"",
"### Health care",
"[Clinical decision support systems](/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system \"Clinical decision support system\") (CDSS) are designed to aid clinical decision\\-making. They have the potential to effect a great improvement in this regard, and to result in improved patient outcomes. Yet while CDSS, when used properly, bring about an overall improvement in performance, they also cause errors that may not be recognized owing to automation bias. One danger is that the incorrect advice given by these systems may cause users to change a correct decision that they have made on their own. Given the highly serious nature of some of the potential consequences of automation bias in the health\\-care field, it is especially important to be aware of this problem when it occurs in clinical settings.",
"Sometimes automation bias in clinical settings is a major problem that renders CDSS, on balance, counterproductive; sometimes it is minor problem, with the benefits outweighing the damage done. One study found more automation bias among older users, but it was noted that could be a result not of age but of experience. Studies suggest, indeed, that familiarity with CDSS often leads to desensitization and habituation effects. Although automation bias occurs more often among persons who are inexperienced in a given task, inexperienced users exhibit the most performance improvement when they use CDSS. In one study, the use of CDSS improved clinicians' answers by 21%, from 29% to 50%, with 7% of correct non\\-CDSS answers being changed incorrectly.",
"A 2005 study found that when [primary\\-care physicians](/wiki/Primary_care_physician \"Primary care physician\") used electronic sources such as [PubMed](/wiki/PubMed \"PubMed\"), [Medline](/wiki/Medline \"Medline\"), and [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\"), there was a \"small to medium\" increase in correct answers, while in an equally small percentage of instances the physicians were misled by their use of those sources, and changed correct to incorrect answers.",
"Studies in 2004 and 2008 that involved the effect of automated aids on diagnosis of [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer \"Breast cancer\") found clear evidence of automation bias involving omission errors. Cancers diagnosed in 46% of cases without automated aids were discovered in only 21% of cases with automated aids that failed to identify the cancer.",
"### Military",
"Automation bias can be a crucial factor in the use of intelligent decision support systems for military command\\-and\\-control operations. One 2004 study found that automation bias effects have contributed to a number of fatal military decisions, including [friendly\\-fire](/wiki/Friendly-fire \"Friendly-fire\") killings during the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\"). Researchers have sought to determine the proper level of automation for decision support systems in this field.",
"### Automotive",
"Automation complacency is also a challenge for automated driving systems in which the human only has to monitor the system or act as a fallback driver. This is for example discussed in the report of [National Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board \"National Transportation Safety Board\") about the fatal accident between an UBER test vehicle and pedestrian [Elaine Herzberg](/wiki/Death_of_Elaine_Herzberg \"Death of Elaine Herzberg\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/HAR1903\\.aspx\\|title\\=Collision Between Vehicle Controlled by Developmental Automated Driving System and Pedestrian\\|website\\=www.ntsb.gov\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2019}}",
""
] |
Family and education
--------------------
Primrose was born at [Dalmeny](/wiki/Dalmeny_House "Dalmeny House"),{{cite web\|last\=Mitchell\|first\=Andy\|title\=24/2/1872 teams? \|url\=http://www.scottishleague.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f\=3\&t\=1163\&start\=15\|publisher\=scottishleague.net\|access\-date\=6 September 2011\|date\=17 November 2009}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}} near [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"), the second of the six sons of the Hon. [Bouverie Francis Primrose](/wiki/Bouverie_Francis_Primrose "Bouverie Francis Primrose") (1813–1898\) and his wife, Frederica Sophia Anson (1814–1867\).
His father was the son of [Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_4th_Earl_of_Rosebery "Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery") and Harriett Bouverie.{{cite web\|title\=Hon. Bouverie Francis Primrose\|last\=Lundy\|first\=Darryl\|url\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1328\.htm\#i13275 \|publisher\=thepeerage.com\|access\-date\=4 April 2011\|date\=22 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\|failed\=y\|date\=August 2012}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}} His mother was the daughter of [Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson](/wiki/Thomas_Anson%2C_1st_Viscount_Anson "Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson") and Lady Anne Margaret Coke.{{cite web\|title\=Hon. Frederica Sophia Anson\|last\=Lundy\|first\=Darryl\|url\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1328\.htm\#i13274\|publisher\=thepeerage.com\|access\-date\=4 April 2011\|date\=22 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\|failed\=y\|date\=August 2012}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}}
His brothers included Francis Archibald, (born 1843\),{{cite web\|title\=Francis Archibald Primrose\|url\=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\=I86316\&tree\=Nixon\|publisher\=familysearch.org\|access\-date\=1 October 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211219/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\=I86316\&tree\=Nixon\|archive\-date\=9 May 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}} [Gilbert Edward](/wiki/Gilbert_E._Primrose "Gilbert E. Primrose") (1848–1935\),{{cite web\|title\=Gilbert Edward Primrose profile\|url\=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\=I86382\&tree\=Nixon\|publisher\=familysearch.org\|access\-date\=1 October 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211209/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\=I86382\&tree\=Nixon\|archive\-date\=9 May 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}} who also made one international football appearance for Scotland, and George Anson Primrose (1849–1930\),{{cite web\|title\=George Anson Primrose grave monument details\|url\=http://forum.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?available\=yes\&fullname\=Mary%20Cecilia%20Primrose\`\=107717\|work\=Municipal B Cemetery, Weybridge\|publisher\=forum.gravestonephotos.com\|access\-date\=1 October 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223250/http://forum.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?available\=yes\&fullname\=Mary%20Cecilia%20Primrose\`\=107717\|archive\-date\=27 March 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} who became a [vice\-admiral](/wiki/Vice-admiral "Vice-admiral").{{cite web\|title\=Vice\-Admiral George Anson Primrose profile\|url\=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\=I86415\&tree\=Nixon\|publisher\=familysearch.org\|access\-date\=1 October 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211259/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\=I86415\&tree\=Nixon\|archive\-date\=9 May 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}}
Primrose was educated at [Trinity College, Glenalmond](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Glenalmond "Trinity College, Glenalmond"), between 1855 and 1864, where he was captain of both the school's football and cricket XIs. In 1864, he went up to [Balliol College, Oxford](/wiki/Balliol_College%2C_Oxford "Balliol College, Oxford") where he obtained second class degrees in classical moderations (1867\) and in the final honour school of law and modern history (1869\).{{cite ODNB\|last\=Matthew\|first\=H. C. G.\|title\=Primrose, Sir Henry William\|url\=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35613\|access\-date\=4 April 2011\|url\-access\=subscription \|year\=2004\|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/35613 }}
### Wife and children
On 2 November 1888,{{cite book\|first\=Henry Massue Ruvigny et Raineval\|last\=Melville\|title\=Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal: The Clarence Volume\|year\=1905\|publisher\=Genealogical Publishing Com\|isbn\=0\-8063\-1432\-X\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=w9UYYThhRIQC\&q\=%22Henry\+William\+Primrose%22\&pg\=PA467\|page\=467}} he married Mrs. Helen Mary Walker, the daughter of Gilbert McMicking of [Wigtownshire](/wiki/Wigtownshire "Wigtownshire").{{cite web\|title\=Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Primrose\|last\=Lundy\|first\=Darryl\|url\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p35546\.htm\#i355456\|publisher\=thepeerage.com\|access\-date\=6 April 2011\|date\=8 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\|failed\=y\|date\=August 2012}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}} She had been married twice previously: first, to the Hon. Richard Denman,{{cite web\|title\=Lord Thomas Denman profile\|url\=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors\-eng/edward\-walford/the\-county\-families\-of\-the\-united\-kingdom\-or\-royal\-manual\-of\-the\-titled\-and\-un\-fla/page\-101\-the\-county\-families\-of\-the\-united\-kingdom\-or\-royal\-manual\-of\-the\-titled\-and\-un\-fla.shtml\|work\=The county families of the United Kingdom\|publisher\=ebooksread.com\|access\-date\=6 April 2011\|year\=1919}} the grandson of [Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman](/wiki/Thomas_Denman%2C_1st_Baron_Denman "Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman"), who was [Lord Chief Justice](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice "Lord Chief Justice") from 1832 to 1850 and spent a month in 1834 as interim [Chancellor of the Exchequer](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer "Chancellor of the Exchequer").
The marriage to Denman lasted from 1871 to 1878, and ended in divorce. There were three children of the marriage:{{cite web\|title\=Helen Mary McMicking profile\|last\=Lundy\|first\=Darryl\|url\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2951\.htm\#i29502\|publisher\=thepeerage.com\|access\-date\=6 April 2011\|date\=8 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\|failed\=y\|date\=August 2012}} {{Self\-published source\|date\=May 2012}}
* Hon. Anna Maria Heywood Denman (c. 1874–1965\) who married [Sir John Emmott Barlow, 1st Baronet](/wiki/Sir_John_Emmott_Barlow%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir John Emmott Barlow, 1st Baronet") (1857–1932\), [M.P.](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") for [Frome](/wiki/Frome_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Frome (UK Parliament constituency)") from 1892 to 1895, and from 1896 to 1918\.
* [Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman](/wiki/Thomas_Denman%2C_3rd_Baron_Denman "Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman") of Dovedale (1874–1954\), who became [Governor\-General of Australia](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia "Governor-General of Australia") from 1911 to 1914\.
* Sir [Richard Douglas Denman](/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Denman "Richard Douglas Denman"), 1st Baronet (1876–1957\), who became M.P. for [Carlisle](/wiki/Carlisle_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Carlisle (UK Parliament constituency)") from 1910 to 1918 and for [Leeds Central](/wiki/Leeds_Central "Leeds Central") from 1929 to 1945\.
Her second marriage, to James Montgomery Walker lasted from 1879 to 1888 but was dissolved on the grounds of desertion.
Lady Primrose died in 1919: there was one child of the marriage:
* Archibald Henry Reginald Primrose, born 14 December 1889\.
|
[
"Family and education\n--------------------",
"Primrose was born at [Dalmeny](/wiki/Dalmeny_House \"Dalmeny House\"),{{cite web\\|last\\=Mitchell\\|first\\=Andy\\|title\\=24/2/1872 teams? \\|url\\=http://www.scottishleague.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f\\=3\\&t\\=1163\\&start\\=15\\|publisher\\=scottishleague.net\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2011\\|date\\=17 November 2009}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}} near [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"), the second of the six sons of the Hon. [Bouverie Francis Primrose](/wiki/Bouverie_Francis_Primrose \"Bouverie Francis Primrose\") (1813–1898\\) and his wife, Frederica Sophia Anson (1814–1867\\).",
"His father was the son of [Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_4th_Earl_of_Rosebery \"Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery\") and Harriett Bouverie.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hon. Bouverie Francis Primrose\\|last\\=Lundy\\|first\\=Darryl\\|url\\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1328\\.htm\\#i13275 \\|publisher\\=thepeerage.com\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2011\\|date\\=22 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\\|failed\\=y\\|date\\=August 2012}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}} His mother was the daughter of [Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson](/wiki/Thomas_Anson%2C_1st_Viscount_Anson \"Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson\") and Lady Anne Margaret Coke.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hon. Frederica Sophia Anson\\|last\\=Lundy\\|first\\=Darryl\\|url\\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1328\\.htm\\#i13274\\|publisher\\=thepeerage.com\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2011\\|date\\=22 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\\|failed\\=y\\|date\\=August 2012}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}}",
"His brothers included Francis Archibald, (born 1843\\),{{cite web\\|title\\=Francis Archibald Primrose\\|url\\=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\\=I86316\\&tree\\=Nixon\\|publisher\\=familysearch.org\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211219/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\\=I86316\\&tree\\=Nixon\\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}} [Gilbert Edward](/wiki/Gilbert_E._Primrose \"Gilbert E. Primrose\") (1848–1935\\),{{cite web\\|title\\=Gilbert Edward Primrose profile\\|url\\=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\\=I86382\\&tree\\=Nixon\\|publisher\\=familysearch.org\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211209/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\\=I86382\\&tree\\=Nixon\\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}} who also made one international football appearance for Scotland, and George Anson Primrose (1849–1930\\),{{cite web\\|title\\=George Anson Primrose grave monument details\\|url\\=http://forum.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?available\\=yes\\&fullname\\=Mary%20Cecilia%20Primrose\\`\\=107717\\|work\\=Municipal B Cemetery, Weybridge\\|publisher\\=forum.gravestonephotos.com\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327223250/http://forum.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?available\\=yes\\&fullname\\=Mary%20Cecilia%20Primrose\\`\\=107717\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} who became a [vice\\-admiral](/wiki/Vice-admiral \"Vice-admiral\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Vice\\-Admiral George Anson Primrose profile\\|url\\=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\\=I86415\\&tree\\=Nixon\\|publisher\\=familysearch.org\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211259/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID\\=I86415\\&tree\\=Nixon\\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}}",
"Primrose was educated at [Trinity College, Glenalmond](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Glenalmond \"Trinity College, Glenalmond\"), between 1855 and 1864, where he was captain of both the school's football and cricket XIs. In 1864, he went up to [Balliol College, Oxford](/wiki/Balliol_College%2C_Oxford \"Balliol College, Oxford\") where he obtained second class degrees in classical moderations (1867\\) and in the final honour school of law and modern history (1869\\).{{cite ODNB\\|last\\=Matthew\\|first\\=H. C. G.\\|title\\=Primrose, Sir Henry William\\|url\\=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35613\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2011\\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|year\\=2004\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/35613 }}",
"### Wife and children",
"On 2 November 1888,{{cite book\\|first\\=Henry Massue Ruvigny et Raineval\\|last\\=Melville\\|title\\=Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal: The Clarence Volume\\|year\\=1905\\|publisher\\=Genealogical Publishing Com\\|isbn\\=0\\-8063\\-1432\\-X\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=w9UYYThhRIQC\\&q\\=%22Henry\\+William\\+Primrose%22\\&pg\\=PA467\\|page\\=467}} he married Mrs. Helen Mary Walker, the daughter of Gilbert McMicking of [Wigtownshire](/wiki/Wigtownshire \"Wigtownshire\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Primrose\\|last\\=Lundy\\|first\\=Darryl\\|url\\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p35546\\.htm\\#i355456\\|publisher\\=thepeerage.com\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011\\|date\\=8 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\\|failed\\=y\\|date\\=August 2012}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}} She had been married twice previously: first, to the Hon. Richard Denman,{{cite web\\|title\\=Lord Thomas Denman profile\\|url\\=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors\\-eng/edward\\-walford/the\\-county\\-families\\-of\\-the\\-united\\-kingdom\\-or\\-royal\\-manual\\-of\\-the\\-titled\\-and\\-un\\-fla/page\\-101\\-the\\-county\\-families\\-of\\-the\\-united\\-kingdom\\-or\\-royal\\-manual\\-of\\-the\\-titled\\-and\\-un\\-fla.shtml\\|work\\=The county families of the United Kingdom\\|publisher\\=ebooksread.com\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011\\|year\\=1919}} the grandson of [Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman](/wiki/Thomas_Denman%2C_1st_Baron_Denman \"Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman\"), who was [Lord Chief Justice](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice \"Lord Chief Justice\") from 1832 to 1850 and spent a month in 1834 as interim [Chancellor of the Exchequer](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer \"Chancellor of the Exchequer\").",
"The marriage to Denman lasted from 1871 to 1878, and ended in divorce. There were three children of the marriage:{{cite web\\|title\\=Helen Mary McMicking profile\\|last\\=Lundy\\|first\\=Darryl\\|url\\=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2951\\.htm\\#i29502\\|publisher\\=thepeerage.com\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011\\|date\\=8 May 2009}}{{Unreliable source?\\|failed\\=y\\|date\\=August 2012}} {{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2012}}\n* Hon. Anna Maria Heywood Denman (c. 1874–1965\\) who married [Sir John Emmott Barlow, 1st Baronet](/wiki/Sir_John_Emmott_Barlow%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir John Emmott Barlow, 1st Baronet\") (1857–1932\\), [M.P.](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") for [Frome](/wiki/Frome_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Frome (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1892 to 1895, and from 1896 to 1918\\.\n* [Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman](/wiki/Thomas_Denman%2C_3rd_Baron_Denman \"Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman\") of Dovedale (1874–1954\\), who became [Governor\\-General of Australia](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia \"Governor-General of Australia\") from 1911 to 1914\\.\n* Sir [Richard Douglas Denman](/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Denman \"Richard Douglas Denman\"), 1st Baronet (1876–1957\\), who became M.P. for [Carlisle](/wiki/Carlisle_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Carlisle (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1910 to 1918 and for [Leeds Central](/wiki/Leeds_Central \"Leeds Central\") from 1929 to 1945\\.",
"Her second marriage, to James Montgomery Walker lasted from 1879 to 1888 but was dissolved on the grounds of desertion.",
"Lady Primrose died in 1919: there was one child of the marriage:\n* Archibald Henry Reginald Primrose, born 14 December 1889\\.",
""
] |
Research and writings
---------------------
### Joe Orton
Coppa is known for her work on [Joe Orton](/wiki/Joe_Orton "Joe Orton"), a British playwright and novelist who came to prominence in 1963 and whose career was cut short by his murder by his lover, [Kenneth Halliwell](/wiki/Kenneth_Halliwell "Kenneth Halliwell"), in 1967\. She started to research Orton formally in 1994, based on an archive of materials at [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University"),{{efn\|Coppa dates her earliest scholarly work on Orton to 1987\.}} as well as papers that she found Orton's sister had been keeping at home in a cardboard box. Coppa says that Orton's writings have "challenged and delighted me", citing "the perfection of his word choice, his almost\-tangible glee at his own inventiveness, the dead\-on rightness of his social anger, his confident assertion of sexual desire." She highlights the rapid pace of social change during his brief career, and states that the "many contradictions" of a man who was "young, working\-class, intellectual, homosexual, and 'macho' all at the same time" render Orton "an almost irresistible symbol."
Many of Orton's early works had never been published, and Coppa edited two of his plays – *Fred and Madge* (written in 1959\) and *[The Visitors](/wiki/The_Visitors_%28play%29 "The Visitors (play)")* (1961\) – for first publication in 1998\. In the same year, she edited for first publication his earliest solo novel, *Between Us Girls*, a parody in diary format written in 1957, and contributed a thirty\-page introduction covering his life and career, described by [Elaine Showalter](/wiki/Elaine_Showalter "Elaine Showalter") as "excellent" and William Hutchings as "useful". Coppa recognizes the bisexual male character Bob Kennedy, who rescues and marries the novel's protagonist Susan, not only as a forerunner to later characters, but also as a model for Orton to reinvent himself as "the successful playwright as swaggering hooligan, ex\-convict, working\-class tough in a leather jacket". She also edited and introduced *Lord Cucumber* and *The Boy Hairdresser*, two of five short novels he wrote in collaboration with Halliwell, on their first publication in 1999\.
She edited *Joe Orton: A Casebook* (2003\), a collection of twelve essays, split into those that address Orton's works as literature and those that attempt to place them in the context of his life. The first section contains essays examining the plays *[Entertaining Mr. Sloane](/wiki/Entertaining_Mr._Sloane "Entertaining Mr. Sloane")*, *[The Good and Faithful Servant](/wiki/The_Good_and_Faithful_Servant "The Good and Faithful Servant")* and *[The Erpingham Camp](/wiki/The_Erpingham_Camp "The Erpingham Camp")*, as well as comparisons with [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde "Oscar Wilde"), [Caryl Churchill](/wiki/Caryl_Churchill "Caryl Churchill") and even [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen "Jane Austen"). The second section includes essays focusing on Orton's sexuality, his diaries, and the context in which he wrote, and includes a contribution by Orton and Halliwell's biographer, Simon Shepherd. Coppa wrote the final essay on a 1995 conversation between the actor [John Alderton](/wiki/John_Alderton "John Alderton") and Orton's sister, who represents his estate. [Tom Smith](/wiki/Tom_Smith_%28playwright%29 "Tom Smith (playwright)"), in a review for *[Theatre Journal](/wiki/Theatre_Journal "Theatre Journal")*, describes the collection as an "excellent scholarly resource" with "diverse and interesting" content, but considers that Coppa has not gone far enough towards broadening Orton scholarship, which has focused on a limited selection of his works.
### Other literature, theatre studies
Orton has frequently been likened to Wilde, and Coppa has also published on the latter. In 2010, she surveyed representations of Wilde in twentieth\-century plays, including [Micheál Mac Liammóir](/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir "Micheál Mac Liammóir")'s one\-man show, *[The Importance of Being Oscar](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Oscar "The Importance of Being Oscar")*, drawing attention to a prevalent "revisionist view" of Wilde's lover [Lord Alfred Douglas](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas "Lord Alfred Douglas"), and concluding that the works are more informative about their own times than that of Wilde. The reviewer Timothy Peltason agrees with her conclusions but points out that Coppa also considers the works from a "somewhat limiting" current perspective, holding the works to "un\-Wildean standards of accuracy and fairness in representation". Her other publications on Wilde include an introduction to *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest "The Importance of Being Earnest")* (2015\), a "clearly written" chapter on performance theory, and an "insightful" article on teaching *[Lady Windermere's Fan](/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan "Lady Windermere's Fan")*, in which she states that in her experience, Wilde needs to be taught as "melodramatist, modernist, and postmodernist all at once". She has also published on the early plays of [Harold Pinter](/wiki/Harold_Pinter "Harold Pinter") and queer sexuality in *[Brideshead Revisited](/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited "Brideshead Revisited")*.
Coppa co\-edited *Performing Magic on the Western Stage: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present* (2008\), with Lawrence Hass and James Peck, a collection that includes both practical magicians and researchers on [stage magic](/wiki/Stage_magic "Stage magic"). She contributed an essay about the low status accorded to the female assistant compared with the male conjuror.
### Fan studies
In 2007, with [Naomi Novik](/wiki/Naomi_Novik "Naomi Novik"), [Rebecca Tushnet](/wiki/Rebecca_Tushnet "Rebecca Tushnet") and others, Coppa was a founder of the [Organization for Transformative Works](/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works "Organization for Transformative Works") (OTW), a nonprofit body that aims "to provide access to and preserve the history of fanworks and fan cultures"; she served on the board until 2012, and remains an emeritus director. The fandom expert [Henry Jenkins](/wiki/Henry_Jenkins "Henry Jenkins") highlights her work on challenging intellectual property rights as applied to fanworks. She is particularly known for her work documenting the history of the [fanvid](/wiki/Vidding "Vidding") – which she defines as "a visual essay" that intends "to make an argument or tell a story" and uses the accompanying music track as "an interpretive lens to help the viewer to see the source text differently" – and has published on vidding as a women's practice, distinct from other forms of fan\-created videos. In 2012, she co\-edited a special issue of the journal *[Transformative Works and Cultures](/wiki/Transformative_Works_and_Cultures "Transformative Works and Cultures")* entitled "Fan/Remix Video", with Julie Levin Russo. Her highest\-cited research paper is on the history of American media fandom,{{efn\|"A brief history of media fandom" (2006\) had 405 citations in \[\[Google Scholar]] in a search on February 2, 2021\.}} which seeks to differentiate it from general [science fiction fandom](/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom "Science fiction fandom"), and has been criticized for not covering non\-western fandoms. In a 2006 paper, Coppa analyzed [fan fiction](/wiki/Fan_fiction "Fan fiction") using [performance theory](/wiki/Performance_studies "Performance studies"), positing that fan fiction writers respond to "dramatic, not literary, modes of storytelling" and so should be assessed by "performative rather than literary criteria"; she developed the theory to address common criticisms of fan fiction, including its focus on the physical, its repetitious and relatively ephemeral nature, and its requirement for an audience. In 2014, she wrote a response to Jonathan Gray, Cornel Sandvoss and C. Lee Harrington's 2007 dismissive description of first\-wave [fan studies](/wiki/Fan_studies "Fan studies") as the "Fandom Is Beautiful" era, entitled "Fuck Yeah, Fandom Is Beautiful".
Coppa edited a collection of fan fiction, *The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for the Digital Age*, published by [University of Michigan Press](/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press "University of Michigan Press") in 2017 and intended as a college\-level teaching text. Describing her motivations for creating the collection, Coppa states: "I want people to see that fanfiction is legal – a transformative fair use that can be published and sold in certain contexts – and also that it's an *art*." Jenkins describes *The Fanfiction Reader* as "the first anthology of fan fiction for use in the classroom", and praises Coppa and University of Michigan Press for their "courage" in tackling what he refers to as "taboos" relating to publishing fan fiction. [Stephanie Burt](/wiki/Stephanie_Burt "Stephanie Burt") points out that the many previous academic works on fan fiction did not include extended examples and "a printed collection of the stuff, from a university press, with no serial numbers removed" would probably not have been possible as recently as 2012 because of the threat of legal action, attributing the change at least in part to the advocacy of OTW.
*The Fanfiction Reader* assembles short, non\-adult\-rated stories covering a range of fan fiction genres, based in widely known American or British sources, which Burt describes as Coppa's idea of "good on\-ramps to the phenomenon". Coppa organizes the anthology as a "modern *[Canterbury Tales](/wiki/Canterbury_Tales "Canterbury Tales")*", with the chapter titles referencing this work. The authors include Astolat, KaydeeFalls, Rheanna, Speranza and Yahtzee, and the stories range in date between 1998 and 2017\. Coppa provides a general overview of fan fiction, including five different definitions, together with brief introductions to each fandom, which include *[Buffy](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*, *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")*, *[Harry Potter](/wiki/Harry_Potter "Harry Potter")*, *[James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond "James Bond")*, *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")* and *[Supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural_%28American_TV_series%29 "Supernatural (American TV series)")*, as well as [real\-person fiction](/wiki/Real-person_fiction "Real-person fiction"), which treats real celebrities as if they were fictional characters. She also locates the stories within their context, emphasizing the communal and collaborative nature of fannish writing, and includes multiple "meta" stories, which comment on fan writing itself. Burt, in a review for *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*, describes most of the stories in the collection as "thoughtful, and delightful", but notes that fan fiction encountered in such a book is divorced from the actual experience of finding and reading fan fiction. Lorraine M. Dubuisson, in a review for *Transformative Works and Cultures*, recommends the collection for teaching purposes, but highlights the relatively limited focus, which excludes non\-western sources and sexually explicit works. Burt describes *The Fanfiction Reader* as accessible and a "good first encounter with the genus", and Dubuisson generally agrees but questions whether Coppa's background information will prove adequate to allow readers to understand stories based in multiple\-season television series. The book won the Media and Cultural Studies category of the [Association of American Publishers](/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers "Association of American Publishers")'s Prose Awards in 2018\.
|
[
"Research and writings\n---------------------",
"### Joe Orton",
"Coppa is known for her work on [Joe Orton](/wiki/Joe_Orton \"Joe Orton\"), a British playwright and novelist who came to prominence in 1963 and whose career was cut short by his murder by his lover, [Kenneth Halliwell](/wiki/Kenneth_Halliwell \"Kenneth Halliwell\"), in 1967\\. She started to research Orton formally in 1994, based on an archive of materials at [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\"),{{efn\\|Coppa dates her earliest scholarly work on Orton to 1987\\.}} as well as papers that she found Orton's sister had been keeping at home in a cardboard box. Coppa says that Orton's writings have \"challenged and delighted me\", citing \"the perfection of his word choice, his almost\\-tangible glee at his own inventiveness, the dead\\-on rightness of his social anger, his confident assertion of sexual desire.\" She highlights the rapid pace of social change during his brief career, and states that the \"many contradictions\" of a man who was \"young, working\\-class, intellectual, homosexual, and 'macho' all at the same time\" render Orton \"an almost irresistible symbol.\"",
"Many of Orton's early works had never been published, and Coppa edited two of his plays – *Fred and Madge* (written in 1959\\) and *[The Visitors](/wiki/The_Visitors_%28play%29 \"The Visitors (play)\")* (1961\\) – for first publication in 1998\\. In the same year, she edited for first publication his earliest solo novel, *Between Us Girls*, a parody in diary format written in 1957, and contributed a thirty\\-page introduction covering his life and career, described by [Elaine Showalter](/wiki/Elaine_Showalter \"Elaine Showalter\") as \"excellent\" and William Hutchings as \"useful\". Coppa recognizes the bisexual male character Bob Kennedy, who rescues and marries the novel's protagonist Susan, not only as a forerunner to later characters, but also as a model for Orton to reinvent himself as \"the successful playwright as swaggering hooligan, ex\\-convict, working\\-class tough in a leather jacket\". She also edited and introduced *Lord Cucumber* and *The Boy Hairdresser*, two of five short novels he wrote in collaboration with Halliwell, on their first publication in 1999\\.",
"She edited *Joe Orton: A Casebook* (2003\\), a collection of twelve essays, split into those that address Orton's works as literature and those that attempt to place them in the context of his life. The first section contains essays examining the plays *[Entertaining Mr. Sloane](/wiki/Entertaining_Mr._Sloane \"Entertaining Mr. Sloane\")*, *[The Good and Faithful Servant](/wiki/The_Good_and_Faithful_Servant \"The Good and Faithful Servant\")* and *[The Erpingham Camp](/wiki/The_Erpingham_Camp \"The Erpingham Camp\")*, as well as comparisons with [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\"), [Caryl Churchill](/wiki/Caryl_Churchill \"Caryl Churchill\") and even [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen \"Jane Austen\"). The second section includes essays focusing on Orton's sexuality, his diaries, and the context in which he wrote, and includes a contribution by Orton and Halliwell's biographer, Simon Shepherd. Coppa wrote the final essay on a 1995 conversation between the actor [John Alderton](/wiki/John_Alderton \"John Alderton\") and Orton's sister, who represents his estate. [Tom Smith](/wiki/Tom_Smith_%28playwright%29 \"Tom Smith (playwright)\"), in a review for *[Theatre Journal](/wiki/Theatre_Journal \"Theatre Journal\")*, describes the collection as an \"excellent scholarly resource\" with \"diverse and interesting\" content, but considers that Coppa has not gone far enough towards broadening Orton scholarship, which has focused on a limited selection of his works.",
"### Other literature, theatre studies",
"Orton has frequently been likened to Wilde, and Coppa has also published on the latter. In 2010, she surveyed representations of Wilde in twentieth\\-century plays, including [Micheál Mac Liammóir](/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir \"Micheál Mac Liammóir\")'s one\\-man show, *[The Importance of Being Oscar](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Oscar \"The Importance of Being Oscar\")*, drawing attention to a prevalent \"revisionist view\" of Wilde's lover [Lord Alfred Douglas](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas \"Lord Alfred Douglas\"), and concluding that the works are more informative about their own times than that of Wilde. The reviewer Timothy Peltason agrees with her conclusions but points out that Coppa also considers the works from a \"somewhat limiting\" current perspective, holding the works to \"un\\-Wildean standards of accuracy and fairness in representation\". Her other publications on Wilde include an introduction to *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest \"The Importance of Being Earnest\")* (2015\\), a \"clearly written\" chapter on performance theory, and an \"insightful\" article on teaching *[Lady Windermere's Fan](/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan \"Lady Windermere's Fan\")*, in which she states that in her experience, Wilde needs to be taught as \"melodramatist, modernist, and postmodernist all at once\". She has also published on the early plays of [Harold Pinter](/wiki/Harold_Pinter \"Harold Pinter\") and queer sexuality in *[Brideshead Revisited](/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited \"Brideshead Revisited\")*.",
"Coppa co\\-edited *Performing Magic on the Western Stage: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present* (2008\\), with Lawrence Hass and James Peck, a collection that includes both practical magicians and researchers on [stage magic](/wiki/Stage_magic \"Stage magic\"). She contributed an essay about the low status accorded to the female assistant compared with the male conjuror.",
"### Fan studies",
"In 2007, with [Naomi Novik](/wiki/Naomi_Novik \"Naomi Novik\"), [Rebecca Tushnet](/wiki/Rebecca_Tushnet \"Rebecca Tushnet\") and others, Coppa was a founder of the [Organization for Transformative Works](/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works \"Organization for Transformative Works\") (OTW), a nonprofit body that aims \"to provide access to and preserve the history of fanworks and fan cultures\"; she served on the board until 2012, and remains an emeritus director. The fandom expert [Henry Jenkins](/wiki/Henry_Jenkins \"Henry Jenkins\") highlights her work on challenging intellectual property rights as applied to fanworks. She is particularly known for her work documenting the history of the [fanvid](/wiki/Vidding \"Vidding\") – which she defines as \"a visual essay\" that intends \"to make an argument or tell a story\" and uses the accompanying music track as \"an interpretive lens to help the viewer to see the source text differently\" – and has published on vidding as a women's practice, distinct from other forms of fan\\-created videos. In 2012, she co\\-edited a special issue of the journal *[Transformative Works and Cultures](/wiki/Transformative_Works_and_Cultures \"Transformative Works and Cultures\")* entitled \"Fan/Remix Video\", with Julie Levin Russo. Her highest\\-cited research paper is on the history of American media fandom,{{efn\\|\"A brief history of media fandom\" (2006\\) had 405 citations in \\[\\[Google Scholar]] in a search on February 2, 2021\\.}} which seeks to differentiate it from general [science fiction fandom](/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom \"Science fiction fandom\"), and has been criticized for not covering non\\-western fandoms. In a 2006 paper, Coppa analyzed [fan fiction](/wiki/Fan_fiction \"Fan fiction\") using [performance theory](/wiki/Performance_studies \"Performance studies\"), positing that fan fiction writers respond to \"dramatic, not literary, modes of storytelling\" and so should be assessed by \"performative rather than literary criteria\"; she developed the theory to address common criticisms of fan fiction, including its focus on the physical, its repetitious and relatively ephemeral nature, and its requirement for an audience. In 2014, she wrote a response to Jonathan Gray, Cornel Sandvoss and C. Lee Harrington's 2007 dismissive description of first\\-wave [fan studies](/wiki/Fan_studies \"Fan studies\") as the \"Fandom Is Beautiful\" era, entitled \"Fuck Yeah, Fandom Is Beautiful\".",
"Coppa edited a collection of fan fiction, *The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for the Digital Age*, published by [University of Michigan Press](/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press \"University of Michigan Press\") in 2017 and intended as a college\\-level teaching text. Describing her motivations for creating the collection, Coppa states: \"I want people to see that fanfiction is legal – a transformative fair use that can be published and sold in certain contexts – and also that it's an *art*.\" Jenkins describes *The Fanfiction Reader* as \"the first anthology of fan fiction for use in the classroom\", and praises Coppa and University of Michigan Press for their \"courage\" in tackling what he refers to as \"taboos\" relating to publishing fan fiction. [Stephanie Burt](/wiki/Stephanie_Burt \"Stephanie Burt\") points out that the many previous academic works on fan fiction did not include extended examples and \"a printed collection of the stuff, from a university press, with no serial numbers removed\" would probably not have been possible as recently as 2012 because of the threat of legal action, attributing the change at least in part to the advocacy of OTW.",
"*The Fanfiction Reader* assembles short, non\\-adult\\-rated stories covering a range of fan fiction genres, based in widely known American or British sources, which Burt describes as Coppa's idea of \"good on\\-ramps to the phenomenon\". Coppa organizes the anthology as a \"modern *[Canterbury Tales](/wiki/Canterbury_Tales \"Canterbury Tales\")*\", with the chapter titles referencing this work. The authors include Astolat, KaydeeFalls, Rheanna, Speranza and Yahtzee, and the stories range in date between 1998 and 2017\\. Coppa provides a general overview of fan fiction, including five different definitions, together with brief introductions to each fandom, which include *[Buffy](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*, *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")*, *[Harry Potter](/wiki/Harry_Potter \"Harry Potter\")*, *[James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\")*, *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\")* and *[Supernatural](/wiki/Supernatural_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Supernatural (American TV series)\")*, as well as [real\\-person fiction](/wiki/Real-person_fiction \"Real-person fiction\"), which treats real celebrities as if they were fictional characters. She also locates the stories within their context, emphasizing the communal and collaborative nature of fannish writing, and includes multiple \"meta\" stories, which comment on fan writing itself. Burt, in a review for *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")*, describes most of the stories in the collection as \"thoughtful, and delightful\", but notes that fan fiction encountered in such a book is divorced from the actual experience of finding and reading fan fiction. Lorraine M. Dubuisson, in a review for *Transformative Works and Cultures*, recommends the collection for teaching purposes, but highlights the relatively limited focus, which excludes non\\-western sources and sexually explicit works. Burt describes *The Fanfiction Reader* as accessible and a \"good first encounter with the genus\", and Dubuisson generally agrees but questions whether Coppa's background information will prove adequate to allow readers to understand stories based in multiple\\-season television series. The book won the Media and Cultural Studies category of the [Association of American Publishers](/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers \"Association of American Publishers\")'s Prose Awards in 2018\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|right\|The Danish (red), Saxon (blue), Frisian (yellow) and Slavonic (brown) settlement areas in Schleswig/Southern Jutland and Holstein (from 800 to 1100\)](/wiki/File:AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png "AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png")
[thumb\|right\|x180px\|[Language shift](/wiki/Language_shift "Language shift") in the 19th century in Southern Schleswig, showing a Danish and a German language map](/wiki/File:SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png "SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png")
From early medieval times, the area's significance was its role as a [buffer zone](/wiki/Danish_March "Danish March") between Denmark and the powerful [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") to the south, as well as being a transit area for the transfer of goods between the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") and the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea"), connecting [the trade route](/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_%28c._1400%E2%80%931800%29 "Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)") through [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") with the trade routes along the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") and the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") coast (see also [Kiel Canal](/wiki/Kiel_Canal "Kiel Canal")). In the earliest records, no distinction is made between North Jutland and South Jutland.
### Early history
Roman sources place the homeland of the tribe of [Jutes](/wiki/Jutes "Jutes") north of the river [Eider](/wiki/Eider_River "Eider River") and that of the [Angles](/wiki/Angles_%28tribe%29 "Angles (tribe)") south of it. The Angles in turn bordered the neighbouring [Saxons](/wiki/Saxons "Saxons"). By the early Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by three groups:
* [Danes](/wiki/Danes "Danes") (including assimilated [Jutes](/wiki/Jutes "Jutes"){{citation needed\|date\=March 2020}}), who lived north of the [Danevirke](/wiki/Danevirke "Danevirke") and the [Eckernförde Bay](/wiki/Eckernf%C3%B6rde_Bay "Eckernförde Bay"),
* [North Frisians](/wiki/North_Frisians "North Frisians"), who lived in most of [North Frisia](/wiki/North_Frisia "North Frisia"), including on the [North Frisian Islands](/wiki/North_Frisian_Islands "North Frisian Islands"), and
* [Saxons](/wiki/Saxons "Saxons") (including [Germanized](/wiki/Germanized "Germanized") [Wagrians](/wiki/Wagrians "Wagrians") and [Wends](/wiki/Wends "Wends")), who lived in the area south of the Danes and the Frisians.
During the 14th century, the population on [Schwansen](/wiki/Schwansen "Schwansen") began to speak Low German alongside Danish,Peter Treschow Hanson: *Reise durch einen Theil von Sachsen und Dänemark*, Altona 1813, p. 44 but otherwise the ethno\-linguistic borders remained remarkably stable until around 1800, with the exception of the population in the towns that became increasingly German from the 14th century onwards.
During the early [Viking Age](/wiki/Viking_Age "Viking Age"), [Hedeby](/wiki/Hedeby "Hedeby") – Scandinavia's biggest trading centre – was located in this region, which is also the location of the interlocking fortifications known as the [*Danewerk* or *Danevirke*](/wiki/Danevirke "Danevirke"). Its construction, and in particular its great expansion around 737, has been interpreted as an indication of the emergence of a unified Danish state.Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid", Politikens Forlag (1\. bogklubudgave), 2002, {{ISBN\|87\-00\-69328\-6}}, pp. 122\-123 {{in lang\|da}} In May 1931, scientists of the [National Museum of Denmark](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark "National Museum of Denmark") announced that they had unearthed eighteen Viking graves with the remains of eighteen men in them. The discovery came during excavations in Schleswig. The skeletons indicated that the men were bigger proportioned than twentieth\-century Danish men. Each of the graves was laid out from east to west. Researchers surmised that the bodies were entombed in wooden coffins originally, but only the iron nails remained."Viking Find Reported", *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, May 17, 1931, p. 5\. Towards the end of the [Early Middle Ages](/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages "Early Middle Ages"), Schleswig formed part of the historical [Lands of Denmark](/wiki/Lands_of_Denmark "Lands of Denmark") as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries in the wake of Viking expansion.
The southern boundary of Denmark in the region of the [Eider River](/wiki/Eider_River "Eider River") and the Danevirke was a source of continuous dispute. The [Treaty of Heiligen](/wiki/Treaty_of_Heiligen "Treaty of Heiligen") was signed in 811 between the Danish King [Hemming](/wiki/Hemming_of_Denmark "Hemming of Denmark") and [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne"), by which the border was established at the Eider. During the 10th century, there were several wars between [East Francia](/wiki/East_Francia "East Francia") and Denmark. In 1027, [Conrad II](/wiki/Conrad_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor") and [Canute the Great](/wiki/Canute_the_Great "Canute the Great") again fixed their mutual border at the Eider.Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition (1885\-90\), entry: "Eider" [http://susi.e\-technik.uni\-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/5/seite/0369/meyers\_b5\_s0369\.html](http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/5/seite/0369/meyers_b5_s0369.html) {{in lang\|de}}
In 1115, King [Niels](/wiki/Niels_of_Denmark "Niels of Denmark") created his nephew [Canute Lavard](/wiki/Canute_Lavard "Canute Lavard") – a son of his predecessor [Eric I](/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark "Eric I of Denmark") – [Earl](/wiki/Earl "Earl") of Schleswig, a title used for only a short time before the recipient began to style himself [duke](/wiki/Duke "Duke").Danmarkshistoriens hvornår skete det, Copenhagen: Politiken, 1966, p. 65 {{in lang\|da}}
In the 1230s, Southern Jutland (the Duchy of Slesvig) was allotted as an [appanage](/wiki/Appanage "Appanage") to [Abel Valdemarsen](/wiki/Abel_of_Denmark "Abel of Denmark"), Canute's great\-grandson, a younger son of [Valdemar II of Denmark](/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark "Valdemar II of Denmark"). Abel, having wrested the Danish throne to himself for a brief period, left his duchy to his sons and their successors, who pressed claims to the throne of Denmark for much of the next century, so that the Danish kings were at odds with their cousins, the dukes of Slesvig. Feuds and marital alliances brought the Abel dynasty into a close connection with the German [Duchy of Holstein](/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt "Holstein-Glückstadt") by the 15th century. The latter was a [fief](/wiki/Fief "Fief") subordinate to the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"), while Schleswig remained a Danish fief. These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of [romantic nationalism](/wiki/Romantic_nationalism "Romantic nationalism") and the [nation\-state](/wiki/Nation-state "Nation-state") gained popular support.
### Early modern times
The title of [duke](/wiki/Duke "Duke") of Schleswig was inherited in 1460 by the hereditary [kings](/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs "List of Danish monarchs") of Norway, who were also regularly elected kings of Denmark simultaneously, and their sons (unlike Denmark, which was not hereditary). This was an anomaly{{dubious\|date\=October 2018}} – a king holding a ducal title of which he as king was the fount and [liege lord](/wiki/Liege_lord "Liege lord"). The title and anomaly survived presumably because it was already co\-regally held by the king's sons. {{citation needed\|date\=October 2018}} Between 1544 and 1713/20, the ducal reign had become a [common dominium](/wiki/Condominium_%28international_law%29 "Condominium (international law)"), with the royal [House of Oldenburg](/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg "House of Oldenburg") and its cadet branch [House of Holstein\-Gottorp](/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp "House of Holstein-Gottorp") jointly holding the stake. A third branch, the short\-lived House of [Haderslev](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev "Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev"), was already extinct in 1580 by the time of [John the Elder](/wiki/John_II%2C_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev "John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev").
Following the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"), when Latin was replaced as the medium of church service by the vernacular languages, the [diocese of Schleswig](/wiki/Diocese_of_Schleswig "Diocese of Schleswig") was divided and an autonomous [archdeaconry](/wiki/Archdeaconry "Archdeaconry") of Haderslev created. On the west coast, the Danish [diocese of Ribe](/wiki/Diocese_of_Ribe "Diocese of Ribe") ended about 5 km (3 mi) north of the present border. This created a new cultural dividing line in the duchy because German was used for church services and teaching in the diocese of Schleswig and Danish was used in the diocese of Ribe and the archdeaconry of Haderslev. This line corresponds remarkably closely with the present border.
In the 17th century, a series of wars between Denmark and Sweden—which Denmark lost—devastated the region economically. However, the nobility responded with a new agricultural system that restored prosperity. In the period 1600 to 1800 the region experienced the growth of [manorialism](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism") of the sort common in the rye\-growing regions of eastern Germany. The manors were large holdings with the work done by feudal peasant farmers. They specialized in high quality dairy products. Feudal lordship was combined with technical modernization, and the distinction between [unfree labour](/wiki/Unfree_labour "Unfree labour") and paid work was often vague. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the late 18th century, starting with the crown lands in 1765 and later the estates of the nobility. In 1805 all serfdom was abolished and land tenure reforms allowed former peasants to own their own farms.Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, "Innovative Feudalism. The development of dairy farming and Koppelwirtschaft on manors in Schleswig\-Holstein in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries," *Agricultural History Review* (2010\) 58\#2 pp 172\-190\.
### 19th century and the two Schleswig wars
From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish\-speaking population on the [Angeln](/wiki/Angeln "Angeln") peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of [Tønder](/wiki/T%C3%B8nder "Tønder") and south of Flensburg.
From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the [National Liberal Party](/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_%28Denmark%29 "National Liberal Party (Denmark)") used the Schleswig question as part of their agitation and demanded that the duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan "Denmark to the Eider". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and [Holstein](/wiki/Holstein "Holstein"), which led to the [Schleswig\-Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question "Schleswig-Holstein question") of the 19th century.
When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the [First Schleswig War](/wiki/First_Schleswig_War "First Schleswig War") (1848–51\). The Schleswig\-Holsteiners were supported by the [German Confederation](/wiki/German_Confederation "German Confederation") of which Holstein (and [Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg "Saxe-Lauenburg")) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short\-lived [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire_%281848%E2%80%931849%29 "German Empire (1848–1849)") of that time) treated Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German: *up ewig ungedeelt*). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") divisions.
Under pressure of the other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850\). This left the Schleswig\-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the [London Protocol of 1852](/wiki/London_Protocol_%281852%29 "London Protocol (1852)") the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper.
Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so\-called [November Constitution](/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein%23The_November_Constitution "History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution")) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863\. This was met by German states in two ways:
* The German Confederation sent troops to Holstein (and Lauenburg) which was a member state. This internal *[Bundesexekution](/wiki/Federal_execution "Federal execution")* was meant to force the duke (i.e. the king of Denmark) to respect the status of the duchy. The troops occupying Holstein were mainly from [Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover "Kingdom of Hanover") and [Saxony](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony "Kingdom of Saxony"), with [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") and Prussian troops waiting as a reserve.
* Austria and Prussia, against the will of the Confederation, in February 1864 sent their troops across the border between Holstein and Schleswig. Occupying Schleswig also was supposed to have influence on the Danish king, originally. This war, the [Second Schleswig War](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War "Second Schleswig War"), was unrelated to the Confederation. (The *Bundesexekution* became meaningless.)
The defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the [Gastein Convention](/wiki/Gastein_Convention "Gastein Convention") of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein, and Prussia administered Schleswig.
However, tensions between the two German powers culminated in the [Austro\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War "Austro-Prussian War") of 1866\. Following the [Peace of Prague](/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_%281866%29 "Peace of Prague (1866)"), the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the [Province of Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein "Province of Schleswig-Holstein"). Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however, [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.{{Cite EB1922\|wstitle\=Schleswig}}
### Since 1900
[thumb\|right\|Schleswig/Slesvig with present\-day administrative borders](/wiki/File:SchleswigSlesvig18642016.png "SchleswigSlesvig18642016.png")
The [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") provided for [plebiscites](/wiki/1920_Schleswig_plebiscites "1920 Schleswig plebiscites") to determine the allegiance of the region.{{Cite Collier's\|wstitle\=Schleswig (duchy)}} Thus, two [referendums](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") were held in 1920, resulting in the partition of the region. [Northern Schleswig](/wiki/South_Jutland_County "South Jutland County") voted by a majority of 75% to join Denmark, whereas Central Schleswig voted by a majority of 80% to remain part of Germany. In Southern Schleswig, no referendum was held, as the likely outcome was apparent. The name [Southern Schleswig](/wiki/Southern_Schleswig "Southern Schleswig") is now used for all of German Schleswig. This decision left substantial minorities on both sides of the new border.
Following the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), a substantial part of the German population in Southern Schleswig changed their nationality and declared themselves as Danish. This change was caused by a number of factors, most importantly the German defeat and an influx of a large number of refugees from the former Prussian eastern provinces, whose culture and appearance differed from the local Germans, who were mostly descendants of Danish families who had changed their nationality in the 19th century.
The change in demographics created a temporary Danish majority in the region and a demand for a new referendum from the Danish population in South Schleswig and some Danish politicians, including prime minister [Knud Kristensen](/wiki/Knud_Kristensen "Knud Kristensen"). However, the majority in the Danish parliament refused to support a referendum in South Schleswig, fearing that the "new Danes" were not genuine in their change of nationality. This proved to be the case and, from 1948 the Danish population began to shrink again. By the early 1950s, it had nevertheless stabilised at a level four times higher than the pre\-war number.
In the [Copenhagen\-Bonn declaration](/wiki/Copenhagen-Bonn_declaration "Copenhagen-Bonn declaration") of 1955, [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") (later Germany as a whole) and Denmark promised to uphold the rights of each other's minority population. Today, both parts co\-operate as a cross\-border [Euroregion](/wiki/Euroregion "Euroregion"): [Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig](/wiki/Region_S%C3%B8nderjylland%E2%80%93Schleswig "Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig"). As Denmark and Germany are both part of the [Schengen Area](/wiki/Schengen_Area "Schengen Area"), there are no regular controls at the border.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The Danish (red), Saxon (blue), Frisian (yellow) and Slavonic (brown) settlement areas in Schleswig/Southern Jutland and Holstein (from 800 to 1100\\)](/wiki/File:AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png \"AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|x180px\\|[Language shift](/wiki/Language_shift \"Language shift\") in the 19th century in Southern Schleswig, showing a Danish and a German language map](/wiki/File:SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png \"SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png\")\nFrom early medieval times, the area's significance was its role as a [buffer zone](/wiki/Danish_March \"Danish March\") between Denmark and the powerful [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") to the south, as well as being a transit area for the transfer of goods between the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") and the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\"), connecting [the trade route](/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_%28c._1400%E2%80%931800%29 \"Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)\") through [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") with the trade routes along the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") and the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") coast (see also [Kiel Canal](/wiki/Kiel_Canal \"Kiel Canal\")). In the earliest records, no distinction is made between North Jutland and South Jutland.",
"### Early history",
"Roman sources place the homeland of the tribe of [Jutes](/wiki/Jutes \"Jutes\") north of the river [Eider](/wiki/Eider_River \"Eider River\") and that of the [Angles](/wiki/Angles_%28tribe%29 \"Angles (tribe)\") south of it. The Angles in turn bordered the neighbouring [Saxons](/wiki/Saxons \"Saxons\"). By the early Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by three groups:\n* [Danes](/wiki/Danes \"Danes\") (including assimilated [Jutes](/wiki/Jutes \"Jutes\"){{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2020}}), who lived north of the [Danevirke](/wiki/Danevirke \"Danevirke\") and the [Eckernförde Bay](/wiki/Eckernf%C3%B6rde_Bay \"Eckernförde Bay\"),\n* [North Frisians](/wiki/North_Frisians \"North Frisians\"), who lived in most of [North Frisia](/wiki/North_Frisia \"North Frisia\"), including on the [North Frisian Islands](/wiki/North_Frisian_Islands \"North Frisian Islands\"), and\n* [Saxons](/wiki/Saxons \"Saxons\") (including [Germanized](/wiki/Germanized \"Germanized\") [Wagrians](/wiki/Wagrians \"Wagrians\") and [Wends](/wiki/Wends \"Wends\")), who lived in the area south of the Danes and the Frisians.",
"During the 14th century, the population on [Schwansen](/wiki/Schwansen \"Schwansen\") began to speak Low German alongside Danish,Peter Treschow Hanson: *Reise durch einen Theil von Sachsen und Dänemark*, Altona 1813, p. 44 but otherwise the ethno\\-linguistic borders remained remarkably stable until around 1800, with the exception of the population in the towns that became increasingly German from the 14th century onwards.",
"During the early [Viking Age](/wiki/Viking_Age \"Viking Age\"), [Hedeby](/wiki/Hedeby \"Hedeby\") – Scandinavia's biggest trading centre – was located in this region, which is also the location of the interlocking fortifications known as the [*Danewerk* or *Danevirke*](/wiki/Danevirke \"Danevirke\"). Its construction, and in particular its great expansion around 737, has been interpreted as an indication of the emergence of a unified Danish state.Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, \"Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid\", Politikens Forlag (1\\. bogklubudgave), 2002, {{ISBN\\|87\\-00\\-69328\\-6}}, pp. 122\\-123 {{in lang\\|da}} In May 1931, scientists of the [National Museum of Denmark](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark \"National Museum of Denmark\") announced that they had unearthed eighteen Viking graves with the remains of eighteen men in them. The discovery came during excavations in Schleswig. The skeletons indicated that the men were bigger proportioned than twentieth\\-century Danish men. Each of the graves was laid out from east to west. Researchers surmised that the bodies were entombed in wooden coffins originally, but only the iron nails remained.\"Viking Find Reported\", *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, May 17, 1931, p. 5\\. Towards the end of the [Early Middle Ages](/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages \"Early Middle Ages\"), Schleswig formed part of the historical [Lands of Denmark](/wiki/Lands_of_Denmark \"Lands of Denmark\") as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries in the wake of Viking expansion.",
"The southern boundary of Denmark in the region of the [Eider River](/wiki/Eider_River \"Eider River\") and the Danevirke was a source of continuous dispute. The [Treaty of Heiligen](/wiki/Treaty_of_Heiligen \"Treaty of Heiligen\") was signed in 811 between the Danish King [Hemming](/wiki/Hemming_of_Denmark \"Hemming of Denmark\") and [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\"), by which the border was established at the Eider. During the 10th century, there were several wars between [East Francia](/wiki/East_Francia \"East Francia\") and Denmark. In 1027, [Conrad II](/wiki/Conrad_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor\") and [Canute the Great](/wiki/Canute_the_Great \"Canute the Great\") again fixed their mutual border at the Eider.Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition (1885\\-90\\), entry: \"Eider\" [http://susi.e\\-technik.uni\\-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/5/seite/0369/meyers\\_b5\\_s0369\\.html](http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/5/seite/0369/meyers_b5_s0369.html) {{in lang\\|de}}",
"In 1115, King [Niels](/wiki/Niels_of_Denmark \"Niels of Denmark\") created his nephew [Canute Lavard](/wiki/Canute_Lavard \"Canute Lavard\") – a son of his predecessor [Eric I](/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark \"Eric I of Denmark\") – [Earl](/wiki/Earl \"Earl\") of Schleswig, a title used for only a short time before the recipient began to style himself [duke](/wiki/Duke \"Duke\").Danmarkshistoriens hvornår skete det, Copenhagen: Politiken, 1966, p. 65 {{in lang\\|da}}",
"In the 1230s, Southern Jutland (the Duchy of Slesvig) was allotted as an [appanage](/wiki/Appanage \"Appanage\") to [Abel Valdemarsen](/wiki/Abel_of_Denmark \"Abel of Denmark\"), Canute's great\\-grandson, a younger son of [Valdemar II of Denmark](/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark \"Valdemar II of Denmark\"). Abel, having wrested the Danish throne to himself for a brief period, left his duchy to his sons and their successors, who pressed claims to the throne of Denmark for much of the next century, so that the Danish kings were at odds with their cousins, the dukes of Slesvig. Feuds and marital alliances brought the Abel dynasty into a close connection with the German [Duchy of Holstein](/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt \"Holstein-Glückstadt\") by the 15th century. The latter was a [fief](/wiki/Fief \"Fief\") subordinate to the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"), while Schleswig remained a Danish fief. These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of [romantic nationalism](/wiki/Romantic_nationalism \"Romantic nationalism\") and the [nation\\-state](/wiki/Nation-state \"Nation-state\") gained popular support.",
"### Early modern times",
"The title of [duke](/wiki/Duke \"Duke\") of Schleswig was inherited in 1460 by the hereditary [kings](/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs \"List of Danish monarchs\") of Norway, who were also regularly elected kings of Denmark simultaneously, and their sons (unlike Denmark, which was not hereditary). This was an anomaly{{dubious\\|date\\=October 2018}} – a king holding a ducal title of which he as king was the fount and [liege lord](/wiki/Liege_lord \"Liege lord\"). The title and anomaly survived presumably because it was already co\\-regally held by the king's sons. {{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2018}} Between 1544 and 1713/20, the ducal reign had become a [common dominium](/wiki/Condominium_%28international_law%29 \"Condominium (international law)\"), with the royal [House of Oldenburg](/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg \"House of Oldenburg\") and its cadet branch [House of Holstein\\-Gottorp](/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp \"House of Holstein-Gottorp\") jointly holding the stake. A third branch, the short\\-lived House of [Haderslev](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev \"Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev\"), was already extinct in 1580 by the time of [John the Elder](/wiki/John_II%2C_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev \"John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev\").",
"Following the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"), when Latin was replaced as the medium of church service by the vernacular languages, the [diocese of Schleswig](/wiki/Diocese_of_Schleswig \"Diocese of Schleswig\") was divided and an autonomous [archdeaconry](/wiki/Archdeaconry \"Archdeaconry\") of Haderslev created. On the west coast, the Danish [diocese of Ribe](/wiki/Diocese_of_Ribe \"Diocese of Ribe\") ended about 5 km (3 mi) north of the present border. This created a new cultural dividing line in the duchy because German was used for church services and teaching in the diocese of Schleswig and Danish was used in the diocese of Ribe and the archdeaconry of Haderslev. This line corresponds remarkably closely with the present border.",
"In the 17th century, a series of wars between Denmark and Sweden—which Denmark lost—devastated the region economically. However, the nobility responded with a new agricultural system that restored prosperity. In the period 1600 to 1800 the region experienced the growth of [manorialism](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of the sort common in the rye\\-growing regions of eastern Germany. The manors were large holdings with the work done by feudal peasant farmers. They specialized in high quality dairy products. Feudal lordship was combined with technical modernization, and the distinction between [unfree labour](/wiki/Unfree_labour \"Unfree labour\") and paid work was often vague. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the late 18th century, starting with the crown lands in 1765 and later the estates of the nobility. In 1805 all serfdom was abolished and land tenure reforms allowed former peasants to own their own farms.Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, \"Innovative Feudalism. The development of dairy farming and Koppelwirtschaft on manors in Schleswig\\-Holstein in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,\" *Agricultural History Review* (2010\\) 58\\#2 pp 172\\-190\\.",
"### 19th century and the two Schleswig wars",
"From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish\\-speaking population on the [Angeln](/wiki/Angeln \"Angeln\") peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of [Tønder](/wiki/T%C3%B8nder \"Tønder\") and south of Flensburg.",
"From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the [National Liberal Party](/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_%28Denmark%29 \"National Liberal Party (Denmark)\") used the Schleswig question as part of their agitation and demanded that the duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan \"Denmark to the Eider\". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and [Holstein](/wiki/Holstein \"Holstein\"), which led to the [Schleswig\\-Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question \"Schleswig-Holstein question\") of the 19th century.",
"When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the [First Schleswig War](/wiki/First_Schleswig_War \"First Schleswig War\") (1848–51\\). The Schleswig\\-Holsteiners were supported by the [German Confederation](/wiki/German_Confederation \"German Confederation\") of which Holstein (and [Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg \"Saxe-Lauenburg\")) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short\\-lived [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire_%281848%E2%80%931849%29 \"German Empire (1848–1849)\") of that time) treated Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German: *up ewig ungedeelt*). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") divisions.",
"Under pressure of the other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850\\). This left the Schleswig\\-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the [London Protocol of 1852](/wiki/London_Protocol_%281852%29 \"London Protocol (1852)\") the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper.",
"Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so\\-called [November Constitution](/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein%23The_November_Constitution \"History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution\")) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863\\. This was met by German states in two ways:\n* The German Confederation sent troops to Holstein (and Lauenburg) which was a member state. This internal *[Bundesexekution](/wiki/Federal_execution \"Federal execution\")* was meant to force the duke (i.e. the king of Denmark) to respect the status of the duchy. The troops occupying Holstein were mainly from [Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover \"Kingdom of Hanover\") and [Saxony](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony \"Kingdom of Saxony\"), with [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") and Prussian troops waiting as a reserve.\n* Austria and Prussia, against the will of the Confederation, in February 1864 sent their troops across the border between Holstein and Schleswig. Occupying Schleswig also was supposed to have influence on the Danish king, originally. This war, the [Second Schleswig War](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War \"Second Schleswig War\"), was unrelated to the Confederation. (The *Bundesexekution* became meaningless.)\nThe defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the [Gastein Convention](/wiki/Gastein_Convention \"Gastein Convention\") of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein, and Prussia administered Schleswig.",
"However, tensions between the two German powers culminated in the [Austro\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War \"Austro-Prussian War\") of 1866\\. Following the [Peace of Prague](/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_%281866%29 \"Peace of Prague (1866)\"), the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the [Province of Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein \"Province of Schleswig-Holstein\"). Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however, [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.{{Cite EB1922\\|wstitle\\=Schleswig}}",
"### Since 1900",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Schleswig/Slesvig with present\\-day administrative borders](/wiki/File:SchleswigSlesvig18642016.png \"SchleswigSlesvig18642016.png\")\nThe [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\") provided for [plebiscites](/wiki/1920_Schleswig_plebiscites \"1920 Schleswig plebiscites\") to determine the allegiance of the region.{{Cite Collier's\\|wstitle\\=Schleswig (duchy)}} Thus, two [referendums](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") were held in 1920, resulting in the partition of the region. [Northern Schleswig](/wiki/South_Jutland_County \"South Jutland County\") voted by a majority of 75% to join Denmark, whereas Central Schleswig voted by a majority of 80% to remain part of Germany. In Southern Schleswig, no referendum was held, as the likely outcome was apparent. The name [Southern Schleswig](/wiki/Southern_Schleswig \"Southern Schleswig\") is now used for all of German Schleswig. This decision left substantial minorities on both sides of the new border.",
"Following the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), a substantial part of the German population in Southern Schleswig changed their nationality and declared themselves as Danish. This change was caused by a number of factors, most importantly the German defeat and an influx of a large number of refugees from the former Prussian eastern provinces, whose culture and appearance differed from the local Germans, who were mostly descendants of Danish families who had changed their nationality in the 19th century.",
"The change in demographics created a temporary Danish majority in the region and a demand for a new referendum from the Danish population in South Schleswig and some Danish politicians, including prime minister [Knud Kristensen](/wiki/Knud_Kristensen \"Knud Kristensen\"). However, the majority in the Danish parliament refused to support a referendum in South Schleswig, fearing that the \"new Danes\" were not genuine in their change of nationality. This proved to be the case and, from 1948 the Danish population began to shrink again. By the early 1950s, it had nevertheless stabilised at a level four times higher than the pre\\-war number.",
"In the [Copenhagen\\-Bonn declaration](/wiki/Copenhagen-Bonn_declaration \"Copenhagen-Bonn declaration\") of 1955, [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") (later Germany as a whole) and Denmark promised to uphold the rights of each other's minority population. Today, both parts co\\-operate as a cross\\-border [Euroregion](/wiki/Euroregion \"Euroregion\"): [Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig](/wiki/Region_S%C3%B8nderjylland%E2%80%93Schleswig \"Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig\"). As Denmark and Germany are both part of the [Schengen Area](/wiki/Schengen_Area \"Schengen Area\"), there are no regular controls at the border.",
""
] |
### 19th century and the two Schleswig wars
From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish\-speaking population on the [Angeln](/wiki/Angeln "Angeln") peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of [Tønder](/wiki/T%C3%B8nder "Tønder") and south of Flensburg.
From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the [National Liberal Party](/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_%28Denmark%29 "National Liberal Party (Denmark)") used the Schleswig question as part of their agitation and demanded that the duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan "Denmark to the Eider". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and [Holstein](/wiki/Holstein "Holstein"), which led to the [Schleswig\-Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question "Schleswig-Holstein question") of the 19th century.
When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the [First Schleswig War](/wiki/First_Schleswig_War "First Schleswig War") (1848–51\). The Schleswig\-Holsteiners were supported by the [German Confederation](/wiki/German_Confederation "German Confederation") of which Holstein (and [Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg "Saxe-Lauenburg")) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short\-lived [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire_%281848%E2%80%931849%29 "German Empire (1848–1849)") of that time) treated Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German: *up ewig ungedeelt*). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") divisions.
Under pressure of the other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850\). This left the Schleswig\-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the [London Protocol of 1852](/wiki/London_Protocol_%281852%29 "London Protocol (1852)") the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper.
Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so\-called [November Constitution](/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein%23The_November_Constitution "History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution")) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863\. This was met by German states in two ways:
* The German Confederation sent troops to Holstein (and Lauenburg) which was a member state. This internal *[Bundesexekution](/wiki/Federal_execution "Federal execution")* was meant to force the duke (i.e. the king of Denmark) to respect the status of the duchy. The troops occupying Holstein were mainly from [Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover "Kingdom of Hanover") and [Saxony](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony "Kingdom of Saxony"), with [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") and Prussian troops waiting as a reserve.
* Austria and Prussia, against the will of the Confederation, in February 1864 sent their troops across the border between Holstein and Schleswig. Occupying Schleswig also was supposed to have influence on the Danish king, originally. This war, the [Second Schleswig War](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War "Second Schleswig War"), was unrelated to the Confederation. (The *Bundesexekution* became meaningless.)
The defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the [Gastein Convention](/wiki/Gastein_Convention "Gastein Convention") of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein, and Prussia administered Schleswig.
However, tensions between the two German powers culminated in the [Austro\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War "Austro-Prussian War") of 1866\. Following the [Peace of Prague](/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_%281866%29 "Peace of Prague (1866)"), the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the [Province of Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein "Province of Schleswig-Holstein"). Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however, [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.{{Cite EB1922\|wstitle\=Schleswig}}
|
[
"### 19th century and the two Schleswig wars",
"From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish\\-speaking population on the [Angeln](/wiki/Angeln \"Angeln\") peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of [Tønder](/wiki/T%C3%B8nder \"Tønder\") and south of Flensburg.",
"From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the [National Liberal Party](/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_%28Denmark%29 \"National Liberal Party (Denmark)\") used the Schleswig question as part of their agitation and demanded that the duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan \"Denmark to the Eider\". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and [Holstein](/wiki/Holstein \"Holstein\"), which led to the [Schleswig\\-Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question \"Schleswig-Holstein question\") of the 19th century.",
"When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the [First Schleswig War](/wiki/First_Schleswig_War \"First Schleswig War\") (1848–51\\). The Schleswig\\-Holsteiners were supported by the [German Confederation](/wiki/German_Confederation \"German Confederation\") of which Holstein (and [Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg \"Saxe-Lauenburg\")) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short\\-lived [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire_%281848%E2%80%931849%29 \"German Empire (1848–1849)\") of that time) treated Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German: *up ewig ungedeelt*). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") divisions.",
"Under pressure of the other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850\\). This left the Schleswig\\-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the [London Protocol of 1852](/wiki/London_Protocol_%281852%29 \"London Protocol (1852)\") the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper.",
"Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so\\-called [November Constitution](/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein%23The_November_Constitution \"History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution\")) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863\\. This was met by German states in two ways:\n* The German Confederation sent troops to Holstein (and Lauenburg) which was a member state. This internal *[Bundesexekution](/wiki/Federal_execution \"Federal execution\")* was meant to force the duke (i.e. the king of Denmark) to respect the status of the duchy. The troops occupying Holstein were mainly from [Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover \"Kingdom of Hanover\") and [Saxony](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony \"Kingdom of Saxony\"), with [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") and Prussian troops waiting as a reserve.\n* Austria and Prussia, against the will of the Confederation, in February 1864 sent their troops across the border between Holstein and Schleswig. Occupying Schleswig also was supposed to have influence on the Danish king, originally. This war, the [Second Schleswig War](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War \"Second Schleswig War\"), was unrelated to the Confederation. (The *Bundesexekution* became meaningless.)\nThe defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the [Gastein Convention](/wiki/Gastein_Convention \"Gastein Convention\") of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein, and Prussia administered Schleswig.",
"However, tensions between the two German powers culminated in the [Austro\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War \"Austro-Prussian War\") of 1866\\. Following the [Peace of Prague](/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_%281866%29 \"Peace of Prague (1866)\"), the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the [Province of Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein \"Province of Schleswig-Holstein\"). Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however, [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.{{Cite EB1922\\|wstitle\\=Schleswig}}",
""
] |
Investigation
-------------
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=June 2023}}
### First interim report
The [Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority](/wiki/Norwegian_Safety_Investigation_Authority "Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority") published an interim report on 8 November 2019, on the day one year after the accident. The conclusion was that a number of systemic, organizational, operational and technical factors contributed to the accident.
The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority also pointed out that the forward\-facing deck lighting on *Sola TS* made it difficult for the frigate's bridge crew to see the navigation lanterns and the signaling from the Aldis lamp on the tanker. The communication between the pilot and the bridge crew on the tanker could also have been better, the Accident Investigation Board pointed out.
The traffic controller at Fedje VTS did not have a good enough understanding of the situation and an overview and thus did not provide relevant and timely information to the vessels involved, and did not carry out traffic regulation when the tanker left the Sture terminal.
The fact that *Helge Ingstad* went with AIS in passive mode meant that neither Fedje sjøtrafikksentral nor *Sola TS* had *Helge Ingstad* identified on their screens.
The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority made 15 safety recommendations to the parties involved, nine of which were aimed at the Royal Norwegian Navy. One recommendation is addressed to the Ministry of Defence, two to the shipping company Tsakos Columbia Shipmanagement S.A., which owns *Sola TS*, two to the Coastal Administration and one to the [Norwegian Maritime Directorate](/wiki/Norwegian_Maritime_Directorate "Norwegian Maritime Directorate").
### Second interim report
The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority published interim report two on 21 April 2021\. This report deals with everything that happened from the collision until the rescue work was finished and made 28 safety recommendations. The report concluded that:
{{Quote\|{{translation\|"accident control with prioritization of the right measures could contribute to gaining control of the situation on board. In order for the crew to have been able to assess actions other than those taken, a better understanding of the vessel's stability characteristics would have been required. Furthermore, further expertise, training and practice, as well as better decision support tools than what they had available, would have been necessary. Based on the knowledge the crew had in the current situation and under the given conditions, it is nevertheless understandable that it was decided to evacuate the vessel and not risk life and health."}}{{Cite web \|title\=Delrapport 2 om kollisjonen mellom fregatten KNM Helge Ingstad og tankbåten Sola TS utenfor Stureterminalen i Hjeltefjorden, Hordaland, 8\. november 2018 {{!}} shk \|url\=https://www.aibn.no/Sjofart/Avgitte\-rapporter/2021\-05?WAF\_IsPreview\=true \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-24 \|website\=\[\[Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority]]}}{{Cite web \|title\=Delrapport 2 om kollisjon mellom fregatten KNM Helge Ingstad og Tankbaten sola TS Utenfor Stureterminalen i Hjeltefjorden, Hordaland, 8\. november 2018 \|trans\-title\=Report 2 on collision between the frigate KNM Helge Ingstad and the Tankbaten sola TS Outside Stureterminalen in Hjeltefjorden, Hordaland, 8 November 2018 \|url\=https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/hfc/documents/2021\-05\-helge\-ingstad.pdf \|access\-date\=24 July 2023 \|website\=Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority}}}}
It was also concluded that the ship could have been kept afloat and thus saved if the crew had closed the watertight bulkheads in the frigate.{{Cite web \|last\=Ntb {{!}} \|date\=2021\-04\-21 \|title\=«Helge Ingstad» kunne ha vært reddet \|trans\-title\="Helge Ingstad" could have been saved \|url\=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/helge\-ingstad\-kunne\-ha\-vaert\-reddet/73670619 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-24 \|website\=\[\[Dagbladet]] \|language\=no \|agency\=Norwegian News Agency}}{{Cite web \|title\=Ny rapport fra Havarikommisjonen \|trans\-title\=New report from the Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority \|url\=https://www.forsvaret.no/aktuelt\-og\-presse/presse/pressemeldinger/hing\-delrapport\-2 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-24 \|website\=Forsvaret \|language\=nb}}
|
[
"Investigation\n-------------",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=June 2023}}",
"### First interim report",
"The [Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority](/wiki/Norwegian_Safety_Investigation_Authority \"Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority\") published an interim report on 8 November 2019, on the day one year after the accident. The conclusion was that a number of systemic, organizational, operational and technical factors contributed to the accident.",
"The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority also pointed out that the forward\\-facing deck lighting on *Sola TS* made it difficult for the frigate's bridge crew to see the navigation lanterns and the signaling from the Aldis lamp on the tanker. The communication between the pilot and the bridge crew on the tanker could also have been better, the Accident Investigation Board pointed out.",
"The traffic controller at Fedje VTS did not have a good enough understanding of the situation and an overview and thus did not provide relevant and timely information to the vessels involved, and did not carry out traffic regulation when the tanker left the Sture terminal.",
"The fact that *Helge Ingstad* went with AIS in passive mode meant that neither Fedje sjøtrafikksentral nor *Sola TS* had *Helge Ingstad* identified on their screens.",
"The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority made 15 safety recommendations to the parties involved, nine of which were aimed at the Royal Norwegian Navy. One recommendation is addressed to the Ministry of Defence, two to the shipping company Tsakos Columbia Shipmanagement S.A., which owns *Sola TS*, two to the Coastal Administration and one to the [Norwegian Maritime Directorate](/wiki/Norwegian_Maritime_Directorate \"Norwegian Maritime Directorate\").",
"### Second interim report",
"The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority published interim report two on 21 April 2021\\. This report deals with everything that happened from the collision until the rescue work was finished and made 28 safety recommendations. The report concluded that: \n{{Quote\\|{{translation\\|\"accident control with prioritization of the right measures could contribute to gaining control of the situation on board. In order for the crew to have been able to assess actions other than those taken, a better understanding of the vessel's stability characteristics would have been required. Furthermore, further expertise, training and practice, as well as better decision support tools than what they had available, would have been necessary. Based on the knowledge the crew had in the current situation and under the given conditions, it is nevertheless understandable that it was decided to evacuate the vessel and not risk life and health.\"}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Delrapport 2 om kollisjonen mellom fregatten KNM Helge Ingstad og tankbåten Sola TS utenfor Stureterminalen i Hjeltefjorden, Hordaland, 8\\. november 2018 {{!}} shk \\|url\\=https://www.aibn.no/Sjofart/Avgitte\\-rapporter/2021\\-05?WAF\\_IsPreview\\=true \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-24 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority]]}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Delrapport 2 om kollisjon mellom fregatten KNM Helge Ingstad og Tankbaten sola TS Utenfor Stureterminalen i Hjeltefjorden, Hordaland, 8\\. november 2018 \\|trans\\-title\\=Report 2 on collision between the frigate KNM Helge Ingstad and the Tankbaten sola TS Outside Stureterminalen in Hjeltefjorden, Hordaland, 8 November 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/hfc/documents/2021\\-05\\-helge\\-ingstad.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2023 \\|website\\=Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority}}}}\nIt was also concluded that the ship could have been kept afloat and thus saved if the crew had closed the watertight bulkheads in the frigate.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ntb {{!}} \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-21 \\|title\\=«Helge Ingstad» kunne ha vært reddet \\|trans\\-title\\=\"Helge Ingstad\" could have been saved \\|url\\=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/helge\\-ingstad\\-kunne\\-ha\\-vaert\\-reddet/73670619 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-24 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Dagbladet]] \\|language\\=no \\|agency\\=Norwegian News Agency}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ny rapport fra Havarikommisjonen \\|trans\\-title\\=New report from the Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority \\|url\\=https://www.forsvaret.no/aktuelt\\-og\\-presse/presse/pressemeldinger/hing\\-delrapport\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-24 \\|website\\=Forsvaret \\|language\\=nb}}",
""
] |
### First interim report
The [Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority](/wiki/Norwegian_Safety_Investigation_Authority "Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority") published an interim report on 8 November 2019, on the day one year after the accident. The conclusion was that a number of systemic, organizational, operational and technical factors contributed to the accident.
The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority also pointed out that the forward\-facing deck lighting on *Sola TS* made it difficult for the frigate's bridge crew to see the navigation lanterns and the signaling from the Aldis lamp on the tanker. The communication between the pilot and the bridge crew on the tanker could also have been better, the Accident Investigation Board pointed out.
The traffic controller at Fedje VTS did not have a good enough understanding of the situation and an overview and thus did not provide relevant and timely information to the vessels involved, and did not carry out traffic regulation when the tanker left the Sture terminal.
The fact that *Helge Ingstad* went with AIS in passive mode meant that neither Fedje sjøtrafikksentral nor *Sola TS* had *Helge Ingstad* identified on their screens.
The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority made 15 safety recommendations to the parties involved, nine of which were aimed at the Royal Norwegian Navy. One recommendation is addressed to the Ministry of Defence, two to the shipping company Tsakos Columbia Shipmanagement S.A., which owns *Sola TS*, two to the Coastal Administration and one to the [Norwegian Maritime Directorate](/wiki/Norwegian_Maritime_Directorate "Norwegian Maritime Directorate").
|
[
"### First interim report",
"The [Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority](/wiki/Norwegian_Safety_Investigation_Authority \"Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority\") published an interim report on 8 November 2019, on the day one year after the accident. The conclusion was that a number of systemic, organizational, operational and technical factors contributed to the accident.",
"The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority also pointed out that the forward\\-facing deck lighting on *Sola TS* made it difficult for the frigate's bridge crew to see the navigation lanterns and the signaling from the Aldis lamp on the tanker. The communication between the pilot and the bridge crew on the tanker could also have been better, the Accident Investigation Board pointed out.",
"The traffic controller at Fedje VTS did not have a good enough understanding of the situation and an overview and thus did not provide relevant and timely information to the vessels involved, and did not carry out traffic regulation when the tanker left the Sture terminal.",
"The fact that *Helge Ingstad* went with AIS in passive mode meant that neither Fedje sjøtrafikksentral nor *Sola TS* had *Helge Ingstad* identified on their screens.",
"The Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority made 15 safety recommendations to the parties involved, nine of which were aimed at the Royal Norwegian Navy. One recommendation is addressed to the Ministry of Defence, two to the shipping company Tsakos Columbia Shipmanagement S.A., which owns *Sola TS*, two to the Coastal Administration and one to the [Norwegian Maritime Directorate](/wiki/Norwegian_Maritime_Directorate \"Norwegian Maritime Directorate\").",
""
] |
Versions
--------
Though it lacked regional lockout, the Net Yaroze console exists in three variations: one for Japan, one for North America and one for Europe and Australia. The Europe/Australia version boots in [PAL](/wiki/PAL "PAL") mode, while the others boot in [NTSC](/wiki/NTSC "NTSC") mode. There are further differences between the Japanese kit and the others; the manuals are in Japanese, the software for Japanese PCs is included, and the discs and access card sticker have different printing. The Japanese version is sometimes unofficially referred to as DTL\-3000 rather than DTL\-H3000\.
The Net Yaroze was only available for purchase by mail order; but Sony also provided it to universities in the UK, France ([EPITA](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Pour_l%27Informatique_et_les_Techniques_Avanc%C3%A9es "École Pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Avancées")), and Japan.
Additionally, a version of [CodeWarrior](/wiki/CodeWarrior "CodeWarrior") for PlayStation was released for both Windows and Macintosh in October 1996\. [LightWave 3D](/wiki/LightWave_3D "LightWave 3D") was another consumer\-level PlayStation development tool.
The Net Yaroze lacks many of the features the official PlayStation Software Developers Kit provided, such as advanced hardware debugging, special software, certain libraries, and Sony's extensive technical support (including [BBS](/wiki/Bulletin_board_system "Bulletin board system") and live telephone support). Dedicated [Usenet](/wiki/Usenet "Usenet") groups, with access restricted to Net Yaroze members, were maintained by Sony; homepage hosting was also provided. The access was restricted according to the kit's region of origin, which made collaboration between users in different territories impractical.
The Yaroze's primary RAM was the same as the consumer's model (2 megabytes). Game code, graphics, audio samples and run\-time libraries were limited to fit in the 2 MB of primary RAM, 1 MB of VRAM, and 0\.5 MB of sound RAM, since the Net Yaroze will not play user\-burned CDs, a necessary restriction in order to prevent piracy and ensure that the Yaroze program would not compete with the PlayStation's professional software development kit. This however, was not a problem for licensed developers who owned the official SDK. There are many commercial PlayStation titles (such as *[Devil Dice](/wiki/Devil_Dice "Devil Dice")*, long mistaken as a Net Yaroze game{{cite web\|author\=John Szczepaniak\|title\=PS1 Puzzler Devil Dice Was Never A 'Net Yaroze' Title, So Why Does The Internet Think It Was?\|url\=https://www.timeextension.com/features/ps1\-puzzler\-devil\-dice\-was\-never\-a\-net\-yaroze\-title\-so\-why\-does\-the\-internet\-think\-it\-was\|website\=Time Extension\|accessdate\=2023\-09\-15}}) that can be entirely RAM\-resident, and have been developed with the Net Yaroze, while using the CD strictly to spool Red Book audio ([CD\-DA](/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio "Compact Disc Digital Audio")).
|
[
"Versions\n--------",
"Though it lacked regional lockout, the Net Yaroze console exists in three variations: one for Japan, one for North America and one for Europe and Australia. The Europe/Australia version boots in [PAL](/wiki/PAL \"PAL\") mode, while the others boot in [NTSC](/wiki/NTSC \"NTSC\") mode. There are further differences between the Japanese kit and the others; the manuals are in Japanese, the software for Japanese PCs is included, and the discs and access card sticker have different printing. The Japanese version is sometimes unofficially referred to as DTL\\-3000 rather than DTL\\-H3000\\.",
"The Net Yaroze was only available for purchase by mail order; but Sony also provided it to universities in the UK, France ([EPITA](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Pour_l%27Informatique_et_les_Techniques_Avanc%C3%A9es \"École Pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Avancées\")), and Japan.",
"Additionally, a version of [CodeWarrior](/wiki/CodeWarrior \"CodeWarrior\") for PlayStation was released for both Windows and Macintosh in October 1996\\. [LightWave 3D](/wiki/LightWave_3D \"LightWave 3D\") was another consumer\\-level PlayStation development tool.",
"The Net Yaroze lacks many of the features the official PlayStation Software Developers Kit provided, such as advanced hardware debugging, special software, certain libraries, and Sony's extensive technical support (including [BBS](/wiki/Bulletin_board_system \"Bulletin board system\") and live telephone support). Dedicated [Usenet](/wiki/Usenet \"Usenet\") groups, with access restricted to Net Yaroze members, were maintained by Sony; homepage hosting was also provided. The access was restricted according to the kit's region of origin, which made collaboration between users in different territories impractical.",
"The Yaroze's primary RAM was the same as the consumer's model (2 megabytes). Game code, graphics, audio samples and run\\-time libraries were limited to fit in the 2 MB of primary RAM, 1 MB of VRAM, and 0\\.5 MB of sound RAM, since the Net Yaroze will not play user\\-burned CDs, a necessary restriction in order to prevent piracy and ensure that the Yaroze program would not compete with the PlayStation's professional software development kit. This however, was not a problem for licensed developers who owned the official SDK. There are many commercial PlayStation titles (such as *[Devil Dice](/wiki/Devil_Dice \"Devil Dice\")*, long mistaken as a Net Yaroze game{{cite web\\|author\\=John Szczepaniak\\|title\\=PS1 Puzzler Devil Dice Was Never A 'Net Yaroze' Title, So Why Does The Internet Think It Was?\\|url\\=https://www.timeextension.com/features/ps1\\-puzzler\\-devil\\-dice\\-was\\-never\\-a\\-net\\-yaroze\\-title\\-so\\-why\\-does\\-the\\-internet\\-think\\-it\\-was\\|website\\=Time Extension\\|accessdate\\=2023\\-09\\-15}}) that can be entirely RAM\\-resident, and have been developed with the Net Yaroze, while using the CD strictly to spool Red Book audio ([CD\\-DA](/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio \"Compact Disc Digital Audio\")).",
""
] |
History
-------
### WWII
[thumb\|US Navy 021213\-N\-1485H\-001 Seabees of NMCB 40 load equipment onto an Air Mobility Command (AMC) C\-5 "Galaxy" cargo plane](/wiki/File:US_Navy_021213-N-1485H-001_Seabees_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Forty_%28NMCB_40%29_load_equipment_onto_an_Air_Mobility_Command_%28AMC%29_C-5_%22Galaxy%22_cargo_plane.jpg "US Navy 021213-N-1485H-001 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Forty (NMCB 40) load equipment onto an Air Mobility Command (AMC) C-5 ")
[thumb\|Defense.gov News Photo 050417\-F\-7823A\-027 U.S. Marine Corps Engineers and U.S. Navy Seabees work alongside members of the Thai Army to raise a framework of rebar as they build a bridge in Ban Jingteenuean, Thailand, during Exercise Cobra Gold 05 on 17 April 2005\. The Marines are from the 9th Engineer Support Battalion and the Seabees are from NMCB 40\.](/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050417-F-7823A-027.jpg "Defense.gov News Photo 050417-F-7823A-027.jpg")
On 6 November 1942 the battalion was commission at Camp Allen, Va. The battalion's first deployment was to [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo "Espiritu Santo") to build Lion 1\. Included on the project list was the construction of an airstrip . This project along with additional support facilities were completed in 1943\. Los Negros was the next island X where 40 CB was attached to the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry. The Seabees of 40 were assigned a portion of the defensive perimeter and came under fierce attack.
That attack lead to the battalions nickname "Fighting Forty". After the attack 40 returned to rehabilitating the airstrip which they had in use within two days. [Momote airfield](/wiki/Momote_Airport "Momote Airport") became operational on 18 May 1944 and remains in use today. It became Hq for the 13th Air Force and had RAF elements from both New Zealand and Australia stationed there. [General MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur") put the battalion up for the [Distinguished Unit Ribbon](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 "Presidential Unit Citation (United States)") which the President gave them for their part in the battle. In 1944, FORTY returned home, regrouped and deployed again in late 1944\. Port calls were made at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), T.H., [Eniwetok](/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") Island; and Tanapag, [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan "Saipan"). In 1945, the week after Easter, the battalion sailed for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"). There it immediately began the work of rebuilding the island's main supply routes. While doing that, the battalion had to fight Japanese forces and endure two major [typhoons](/wiki/Typhoon "Typhoon"). At the end of World War II, 40 CB joined the ranks of the other CBs when it was decommissioned on 28 November 1945 for the post\-war draw\-down.
The 40th earned the Army's WWII equivalent of the Presidential unit citation on Los Negros Island while attached to the [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Cavalry Division (United States)"). Special mention was made of the bulldozers going into the teeth of the enemies positions on 2 March 1944\. Ref. Battle Honors citation dated 5 July 1944 by order of G. C. Marshall and signed by [James Alexander Ulio](/wiki/James_Alexander_Ulio "James Alexander Ulio"), Major General, Adjutant General.
Unbeknownst to the Battalion the [seaplane](/wiki/Seaplane "Seaplane") base they created at Tanapag would survive the War and become a training facility for the [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA") that would eventually include all of the island north of the Tanapag base.
### Reactivation and Vietnam
In 1966 MCB FORTY was reactivated for deployment to [Chu Lai](/wiki/Chu_Lai "Chu Lai"), Vietnam. The first assignment was in support of advance base operations of the [3rd Marine Amphibious Force](/wiki/III_Marine_Expeditionary_Force "III Marine Expeditionary Force"). FORTY built ammunition magazines and maintained main supply routes during that deployment. The battalion returned to Vietnam for two additional tours. In October 1967 it went back to Camp Shields in Chu Lai and to Camp Campbell in [Phu Bai](/wiki/Phu_Bai_Combat_Base "Phu Bai Combat Base"), December 1968\. In 1968 the Navy changed Construction from MCBs to NMCBs.
* Seabee team 4001 \- [Lai Thieu](/wiki/Lai_Thieu "Lai Thieu"), October 1967 – June 1968
* Seabee team 4002 \- [Go Cong](/wiki/Go_Cong "Go Cong"), March–August 1968
* Seabee team 4004 \- [Xuan Loc](/wiki/Xuan_Loc "Xuan Loc"), March–November 1970
* Seabee team 4006 \- [Tan An](/wiki/Tan_An "Tan An"), May 1971 – January 1972Commander Naval Construction Battalion U.S. Pacific Fleet, Tân Sơn Nhất, Republic of Vietnam, Completion Report 1963–1972\. Seabee Teams [https://books.google.com/books?id\=8ZXwbHcoDOkC\&pg\=SA4\-PA17](https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZXwbHcoDOkC&pg=SA4-PA17)
### 1970s, Cold War
In the 1970s NMCB 40 was to play a key role in the "[Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War")" as well as a continuing participation in the "hot war" of Vietnam. On 9 March 1971 the first units of NMCB 40 were deployed to the small British atoll island of [Diego Garcia](/wiki/Diego_Garcia "Diego Garcia") in the middle of the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean"). Their mission was to construct a high priority communications station and airfield "from scratch" in the same manner as the Seabees did in the island hopping days of World War II. All support was to be "over the beach." This key base was needed to counter a growing Soviet presence in the Indian Ocean, and was constructed under the watching eyes of Soviet warships. A communications station was in operation on 25 March, establishing for the first time worldwide US Navy communications, and an operational runway was completed on 15 July 1971 provided the first US airfield in the Indian Ocean, three days ahead of schedule, earning the personal praise of the Chief of Naval Operations [Admiral E. R. Zumwalt, Jr.](/wiki/Elmo_Zumwalt "Elmo Zumwalt"), and the Navy E for "Best of Type." The construction of this remote base changed the balance of power in the Indian Ocean from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") to the United States. NMCB Forty was the pioneer battalion for the beginning of what was to become the largest Seabee construction project in history. Seabee battalion deployments would go on for eleven more years, with detachments continuing to the present. NMCB Forty deployed back to the Diego Garcia in 1980\.US Naval Institute Proceedings, "To Build a Link" by Cdr. Daniel W. Urish CEC USN, April 1971\.
### 1990s to 2010s
[thumb\|Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia December 1992](/wiki/File:1537988235555_Seabees_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_40_at_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.jpg "1537988235555 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia.jpg")
In August 1990, after [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein")'s Iraqi forces invaded [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait"), the battalion was called from its deployment site in Guam to support [I MEF](/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force "I Marine Expeditionary Force") and [II MEF](/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force "II Marine Expeditionary Force") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"). FORTY participated in the II MEF bed\-down. The largest multi\-battalion contingency operation in twenty years. In 36 days Seabees placed over 20,700 cubic meters of concrete and built six separate camps to house 25,000 Marines. In support of [Marine Aircraft Group 16](/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_16 "Marine Aircraft Group 16"), NMCB FORTY prepared {{convert\|1500000\|sqft\|m2}} of aircraft parking, fueling taxiways and maintenance hangar pads.
The first nine\-man team arrived on 10 December 1992 followed by the heavy "Det" two weeks later and the battalion main body one month later. NMCB FORTY provided expeditious construction support to the forces of [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope "Operation Restore Hope") in [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia") including the construction school houses in the south, road clean\-up, construction of schools, sanitary clean\-up, assistance of Operations for the US Army, US Air Force, [Canadian Air Force](/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force "Canadian Air Force"), Italian Army, French Army, [Botswana Defence Force](/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force "Botswana Defence Force"), Egyptian Army, [Kenya Army](/wiki/Kenya_Army "Kenya Army"), and Turkish Army. Logistical support in and around downtown [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu "Mogadishu"), and the surrounding camps around the countryside that are the base of restoration of basic human needs to the lives of the natives Somalis for their day to day existence. in northern Somalia "Fighting FORTY" aided the Somalis through the construction and repair of schools and [orphanages](/wiki/Orphanage "Orphanage") and many other basic life support needs.
Midway through its 1996 European Deployment, NMCB 40 was redeployed to [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") in support of [Operation Joint Endeavor](/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor "Operation Joint Endeavor"), re\-calling five separate detachments and a Water Well Drilling Team operating out of Turkey, including its main body stationed in [Rota, Spain](/wiki/Rota%2C_Spain "Rota, Spain"). Mount\-out and embarkation via ship, rail, line\-haul, and the air was complex. NMCB FORTY planned and operated with the Army's [1st Armored Division](/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Armored Division (United States)") [Implementation Force](/wiki/Implementation_Force "Implementation Force") (IFOR) to close and disestablish fourteen base camps ahead of schedule. All operations in the formidably\-hostile environment of the Bosnia [Posavina Corridor](/wiki/Posavina_Corridor "Posavina Corridor") were done tactically with weapons at the ready. Logging over 256 tactical convoys covering more than 220,000 vehicle miles within a 75\-day operation. FORTY completed camp deconstructions and provided contingency construction support for nineteen critical force projects—enabling enforcement of the [Dayton Peace Accord](/wiki/Dayton_Peace_Accord "Dayton Peace Accord").
In 2003, "Fighting FORTY" was called to support [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") and [Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Iraqi_Freedom "Iraqi Freedom"). [Home ported](/wiki/Home_port "Home port") in Port Hueneme, Ca. during the hostilities, NMCB FORTY aided its sister battalions deployed to Southwest Asia through massive embarkation operations of nearly 9\.6 million pounds of construction equipment from California to [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait") for ongoing combat operations. In August 2003, the battalion's Air Detachment redeployed from Okinawa directly to Southwest Asia to support ongoing [global war on terrorism](/wiki/Global_war_on_terrorism "Global war on terrorism") operations in Kuwait, Iraq, and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan").
In December 2004 the battalion deployed to the Pacific theater of operations. The battalion completed numerous construction projects at the main body site in Okinawa and other locations throughout Japan, including [Atsugi](/wiki/Atsugi "Atsugi"), Fuji, [Iwakuni](/wiki/Iwakuni "Iwakuni"), and Sasebo. There were also detail sites in [Pohang](/wiki/Pohang "Pohang") and [Chinhae](/wiki/Chinhae "Chinhae"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), [Diego Garcia](/wiki/Diego_Garcia "Diego Garcia"), and [San Clemente](/wiki/San_Clemente "San Clemente") Island. Within a month of deployment, a group of 50 Seabees responded to the devastating tsunami that struck Southeast Asia, conducting critical engineering assessments on government facilities and airfields. They also supervised the construction of tension fabric structures and supported runway working parties that delivered relief supplies to the people of Indonesia. Additionally, the battalion participated in the Deployment\-for\-Training (DFT) Cobra Gold, promoting inter\-operability between the nations' military components. Finally, the battalion deployed Seabees in support of a Joint Task Force exercise, New Horizons 2005, to provide humanitarian construction and engineering operations for the nation of Panama.
In September 2005, "Fighting FORTY" conducted humanitarian relief, clearing, and construction operations for the citizens of greater [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), Louisiana and [Gulfport, Mississippi](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Mississippi "Gulfport, Mississippi") following the devastation brought on by [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina"). Under arduous conditions and with limited resources, NMCB 40 employed resourcefulness, ingenuity, and technical expertise to provide immeasurable relief and accelerated recovery in the affected region.
[thumb\|US Navy 030412\-N\-1485H\-009 A Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) from NMCB 40 determine if bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during a field exercise](/wiki/File:US_Navy_030412-N-1485H-009_Seabee_Engineer_Reconnaissance_Team_%28SERT%29_reach_their_mission_destination_to_determine_if_an_old_bridge_can_be_used_to_support_troop_and_convoy_movements_during_an_annual_field_exercise.jpg "US Navy 030412-N-1485H-009 Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) reach their mission destination to determine if an old bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during an annual field exercise.jpg")
[thumb\|US Navy 050615\-N\-3532C\-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS *Mercy* (T\-AH 19\) makes a one\-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB\-40\)](/wiki/File:US_Navy_050615-N-3532C-004_The_Military_Sealift_Command_hospital_ship_USNS_Mercy_%28T-AH_19%29_makes_a_one-day_stop_to_give_the_crew_a_break_and_pick_up_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_Zero_%28NMCB-40%29.jpg "US Navy 050615-N-3532C-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) makes a one-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB-40).jpg")
In April 2006, NMCB 40 deployed to Guam and Southwest Asia, executing peacetime global contingency construction operations including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan supporting OIF, There were detachment sites in [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam"), Whidbey Island, Wash., [Palau](/wiki/Palau "Palau"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), and aboard the [USNS Mercy](/wiki/USNS_Mercy "USNS Mercy"). In the end, the battalion completed over 42,000 man\-days of safe, high quality construction throughout the Pacific and Central Command Theaters of Operation, resulting in a combined cost savings of over $14\.8M.
In August 2007, FORTY mounted out to the CENTCOM, EUCOM, and SOUTHCOM theaters. There were complexities of the battalion's deployment, with sites located throughout Kuwait; the [Horn of Africa](/wiki/Horn_of_Africa "Horn of Africa"); Andros Island; [Guantanamo Bay](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay "Guantánamo Bay"), Cuba; Rota, [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), Sao Tome; and [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"). Despite the challenges associated with such dispersion of personnel and tasking, the battalion safely completing over 46,000 man\-days of construction, camp maintenance service and combat service support on 91 projects.
In January 2009, the battalion deployed to Okinawa with nine detachment sites throughout the Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Operations. NMCB 40 took custody of the Tables of Allowance at Camp Shields in Okinawa and [Camp Covington](/wiki/Camp_Covington "Camp Covington") in Guam manning and maintaining both locations. NMCB 40 participated in eight annual PACOM exercises: Cobra Gold, Freedom Banner, Balikatan, Voluntary Demonstration of Response (VDR), Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT), Foal Eagle/Key Resolve, Talisman Saber, and Ulchi Focus Guardian. The exercises included Humanitarian and Civic Assistance (HCA) projects which continue to further the U.S. strategic goal of Theater Security Cooperation in key regions around the world. In all, NMCB 40 completed a total of 40,143 man\-days of readiness training and construction tasking for more than 48 construction projects in 10 countries dispersed throughout the PACOM AOR. NMCB 40 also opened up the newest 26\-person detail site in Timor\-Leste (formerly known as East Timor) and constructed, repaired and renovated over eight schools for the Timorese Government.
In June 2010, FORTY deployed a reinforced Air Detachment of 125 Seabees from Port Hueneme to [Kandahar](/wiki/Kandahar "Kandahar") in [Regional Command South](/wiki/Regional_Command_South "Regional Command South"), Afghanistan, to support Operation HAMKARI BARAYE (Phase III of [Operation Moshtarak](/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak "Operation Moshtarak")). This operation was critical to shape and enable the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to protect the Afghan people and provide a secure environment for sustainable peace. The Main Body deployed to [Regional Command North](/wiki/Regional_Command_North "Regional Command North") and [Regional Command East](/wiki/Regional_Command_East "Regional Command East") to Forward Operating Base Deh Dadi II and six enduring detail sites in July 2010, throughout the ISAF Theater of Operations. The construction of Deh Dadi II was the largest Earth moving operation US forces undertook in a combat zone since World War II. The Battalion conducted a relief\-in\-place (RIP) with [Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four](/wiki/Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four "Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four") to support the surge of 30,000 additional troops directed by the Commander\-in\-Chief to bolster the Afghanistan strategy.
### Decommissioning
On 12 September 2012, Naval Mobile Construction Battalion FORTY was decommissioned at the Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme, California. In addition to its last commanding officer, CDR Timothy DeWitt, in attendance was Commander Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) RADM Christopher J. Mossey, along with many other former Commanding Officers and Command Master Chiefs.{{Citation
\| title \= NMCB 7, NMCB 40 Stand Down
\| journal \= The Seabee Quarterly
\| volume \= 18
\| issue \= 4
\| page \= 10
\| publisher \= CEC/Seabee Historical Foundation
\| date \= November 2012
}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### WWII",
"[thumb\\|US Navy 021213\\-N\\-1485H\\-001 Seabees of NMCB 40 load equipment onto an Air Mobility Command (AMC) C\\-5 \"Galaxy\" cargo plane](/wiki/File:US_Navy_021213-N-1485H-001_Seabees_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Forty_%28NMCB_40%29_load_equipment_onto_an_Air_Mobility_Command_%28AMC%29_C-5_%22Galaxy%22_cargo_plane.jpg \"US Navy 021213-N-1485H-001 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Forty (NMCB 40) load equipment onto an Air Mobility Command (AMC) C-5 \")\n[thumb\\|Defense.gov News Photo 050417\\-F\\-7823A\\-027 U.S. Marine Corps Engineers and U.S. Navy Seabees work alongside members of the Thai Army to raise a framework of rebar as they build a bridge in Ban Jingteenuean, Thailand, during Exercise Cobra Gold 05 on 17 April 2005\\. The Marines are from the 9th Engineer Support Battalion and the Seabees are from NMCB 40\\.](/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050417-F-7823A-027.jpg \"Defense.gov News Photo 050417-F-7823A-027.jpg\")",
"On 6 November 1942 the battalion was commission at Camp Allen, Va. The battalion's first deployment was to [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo \"Espiritu Santo\") to build Lion 1\\. Included on the project list was the construction of an airstrip . This project along with additional support facilities were completed in 1943\\. Los Negros was the next island X where 40 CB was attached to the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry. The Seabees of 40 were assigned a portion of the defensive perimeter and came under fierce attack. \nThat attack lead to the battalions nickname \"Fighting Forty\". After the attack 40 returned to rehabilitating the airstrip which they had in use within two days. [Momote airfield](/wiki/Momote_Airport \"Momote Airport\") became operational on 18 May 1944 and remains in use today. It became Hq for the 13th Air Force and had RAF elements from both New Zealand and Australia stationed there. [General MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\") put the battalion up for the [Distinguished Unit Ribbon](/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28United_States%29 \"Presidential Unit Citation (United States)\") which the President gave them for their part in the battle. In 1944, FORTY returned home, regrouped and deployed again in late 1944\\. Port calls were made at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), T.H., [Eniwetok](/wiki/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") Island; and Tanapag, [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\"). In 1945, the week after Easter, the battalion sailed for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\"). There it immediately began the work of rebuilding the island's main supply routes. While doing that, the battalion had to fight Japanese forces and endure two major [typhoons](/wiki/Typhoon \"Typhoon\"). At the end of World War II, 40 CB joined the ranks of the other CBs when it was decommissioned on 28 November 1945 for the post\\-war draw\\-down.",
"The 40th earned the Army's WWII equivalent of the Presidential unit citation on Los Negros Island while attached to the [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Cavalry Division (United States)\"). Special mention was made of the bulldozers going into the teeth of the enemies positions on 2 March 1944\\. Ref. Battle Honors citation dated 5 July 1944 by order of G. C. Marshall and signed by [James Alexander Ulio](/wiki/James_Alexander_Ulio \"James Alexander Ulio\"), Major General, Adjutant General.",
"Unbeknownst to the Battalion the [seaplane](/wiki/Seaplane \"Seaplane\") base they created at Tanapag would survive the War and become a training facility for the [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\") that would eventually include all of the island north of the Tanapag base.",
"### Reactivation and Vietnam",
"In 1966 MCB FORTY was reactivated for deployment to [Chu Lai](/wiki/Chu_Lai \"Chu Lai\"), Vietnam. The first assignment was in support of advance base operations of the [3rd Marine Amphibious Force](/wiki/III_Marine_Expeditionary_Force \"III Marine Expeditionary Force\"). FORTY built ammunition magazines and maintained main supply routes during that deployment. The battalion returned to Vietnam for two additional tours. In October 1967 it went back to Camp Shields in Chu Lai and to Camp Campbell in [Phu Bai](/wiki/Phu_Bai_Combat_Base \"Phu Bai Combat Base\"), December 1968\\. In 1968 the Navy changed Construction from MCBs to NMCBs.\n* Seabee team 4001 \\- [Lai Thieu](/wiki/Lai_Thieu \"Lai Thieu\"), October 1967 – June 1968\n* Seabee team 4002 \\- [Go Cong](/wiki/Go_Cong \"Go Cong\"), March–August 1968\n* Seabee team 4004 \\- [Xuan Loc](/wiki/Xuan_Loc \"Xuan Loc\"), March–November 1970\n* Seabee team 4006 \\- [Tan An](/wiki/Tan_An \"Tan An\"), May 1971 – January 1972Commander Naval Construction Battalion U.S. Pacific Fleet, Tân Sơn Nhất, Republic of Vietnam, Completion Report 1963–1972\\. Seabee Teams [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8ZXwbHcoDOkC\\&pg\\=SA4\\-PA17](https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZXwbHcoDOkC&pg=SA4-PA17)",
"### 1970s, Cold War",
"In the 1970s NMCB 40 was to play a key role in the \"[Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\")\" as well as a continuing participation in the \"hot war\" of Vietnam. On 9 March 1971 the first units of NMCB 40 were deployed to the small British atoll island of [Diego Garcia](/wiki/Diego_Garcia \"Diego Garcia\") in the middle of the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\"). Their mission was to construct a high priority communications station and airfield \"from scratch\" in the same manner as the Seabees did in the island hopping days of World War II. All support was to be \"over the beach.\" This key base was needed to counter a growing Soviet presence in the Indian Ocean, and was constructed under the watching eyes of Soviet warships. A communications station was in operation on 25 March, establishing for the first time worldwide US Navy communications, and an operational runway was completed on 15 July 1971 provided the first US airfield in the Indian Ocean, three days ahead of schedule, earning the personal praise of the Chief of Naval Operations [Admiral E. R. Zumwalt, Jr.](/wiki/Elmo_Zumwalt \"Elmo Zumwalt\"), and the Navy E for \"Best of Type.\" The construction of this remote base changed the balance of power in the Indian Ocean from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") to the United States. NMCB Forty was the pioneer battalion for the beginning of what was to become the largest Seabee construction project in history. Seabee battalion deployments would go on for eleven more years, with detachments continuing to the present. NMCB Forty deployed back to the Diego Garcia in 1980\\.US Naval Institute Proceedings, \"To Build a Link\" by Cdr. Daniel W. Urish CEC USN, April 1971\\.",
"### 1990s to 2010s",
"[thumb\\|Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia December 1992](/wiki/File:1537988235555_Seabees_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_40_at_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.jpg \"1537988235555 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia.jpg\")",
"In August 1990, after [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\")'s Iraqi forces invaded [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\"), the battalion was called from its deployment site in Guam to support [I MEF](/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force \"I Marine Expeditionary Force\") and [II MEF](/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force \"II Marine Expeditionary Force\") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"). FORTY participated in the II MEF bed\\-down. The largest multi\\-battalion contingency operation in twenty years. In 36 days Seabees placed over 20,700 cubic meters of concrete and built six separate camps to house 25,000 Marines. In support of [Marine Aircraft Group 16](/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_16 \"Marine Aircraft Group 16\"), NMCB FORTY prepared {{convert\\|1500000\\|sqft\\|m2}} of aircraft parking, fueling taxiways and maintenance hangar pads.",
"The first nine\\-man team arrived on 10 December 1992 followed by the heavy \"Det\" two weeks later and the battalion main body one month later. NMCB FORTY provided expeditious construction support to the forces of [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope \"Operation Restore Hope\") in [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\") including the construction school houses in the south, road clean\\-up, construction of schools, sanitary clean\\-up, assistance of Operations for the US Army, US Air Force, [Canadian Air Force](/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force \"Canadian Air Force\"), Italian Army, French Army, [Botswana Defence Force](/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force \"Botswana Defence Force\"), Egyptian Army, [Kenya Army](/wiki/Kenya_Army \"Kenya Army\"), and Turkish Army. Logistical support in and around downtown [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu \"Mogadishu\"), and the surrounding camps around the countryside that are the base of restoration of basic human needs to the lives of the natives Somalis for their day to day existence. in northern Somalia \"Fighting FORTY\" aided the Somalis through the construction and repair of schools and [orphanages](/wiki/Orphanage \"Orphanage\") and many other basic life support needs.",
"Midway through its 1996 European Deployment, NMCB 40 was redeployed to [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\") in support of [Operation Joint Endeavor](/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor \"Operation Joint Endeavor\"), re\\-calling five separate detachments and a Water Well Drilling Team operating out of Turkey, including its main body stationed in [Rota, Spain](/wiki/Rota%2C_Spain \"Rota, Spain\"). Mount\\-out and embarkation via ship, rail, line\\-haul, and the air was complex. NMCB FORTY planned and operated with the Army's [1st Armored Division](/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Armored Division (United States)\") [Implementation Force](/wiki/Implementation_Force \"Implementation Force\") (IFOR) to close and disestablish fourteen base camps ahead of schedule. All operations in the formidably\\-hostile environment of the Bosnia [Posavina Corridor](/wiki/Posavina_Corridor \"Posavina Corridor\") were done tactically with weapons at the ready. Logging over 256 tactical convoys covering more than 220,000 vehicle miles within a 75\\-day operation. FORTY completed camp deconstructions and provided contingency construction support for nineteen critical force projects—enabling enforcement of the [Dayton Peace Accord](/wiki/Dayton_Peace_Accord \"Dayton Peace Accord\").",
"In 2003, \"Fighting FORTY\" was called to support [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\") and [Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Iraqi_Freedom \"Iraqi Freedom\"). [Home ported](/wiki/Home_port \"Home port\") in Port Hueneme, Ca. during the hostilities, NMCB FORTY aided its sister battalions deployed to Southwest Asia through massive embarkation operations of nearly 9\\.6 million pounds of construction equipment from California to [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\") for ongoing combat operations. In August 2003, the battalion's Air Detachment redeployed from Okinawa directly to Southwest Asia to support ongoing [global war on terrorism](/wiki/Global_war_on_terrorism \"Global war on terrorism\") operations in Kuwait, Iraq, and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"). \n \nIn December 2004 the battalion deployed to the Pacific theater of operations. The battalion completed numerous construction projects at the main body site in Okinawa and other locations throughout Japan, including [Atsugi](/wiki/Atsugi \"Atsugi\"), Fuji, [Iwakuni](/wiki/Iwakuni \"Iwakuni\"), and Sasebo. There were also detail sites in [Pohang](/wiki/Pohang \"Pohang\") and [Chinhae](/wiki/Chinhae \"Chinhae\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), [Diego Garcia](/wiki/Diego_Garcia \"Diego Garcia\"), and [San Clemente](/wiki/San_Clemente \"San Clemente\") Island. Within a month of deployment, a group of 50 Seabees responded to the devastating tsunami that struck Southeast Asia, conducting critical engineering assessments on government facilities and airfields. They also supervised the construction of tension fabric structures and supported runway working parties that delivered relief supplies to the people of Indonesia. Additionally, the battalion participated in the Deployment\\-for\\-Training (DFT) Cobra Gold, promoting inter\\-operability between the nations' military components. Finally, the battalion deployed Seabees in support of a Joint Task Force exercise, New Horizons 2005, to provide humanitarian construction and engineering operations for the nation of Panama.",
"In September 2005, \"Fighting FORTY\" conducted humanitarian relief, clearing, and construction operations for the citizens of greater [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), Louisiana and [Gulfport, Mississippi](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Mississippi \"Gulfport, Mississippi\") following the devastation brought on by [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\"). Under arduous conditions and with limited resources, NMCB 40 employed resourcefulness, ingenuity, and technical expertise to provide immeasurable relief and accelerated recovery in the affected region.\n[thumb\\|US Navy 030412\\-N\\-1485H\\-009 A Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) from NMCB 40 determine if bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during a field exercise](/wiki/File:US_Navy_030412-N-1485H-009_Seabee_Engineer_Reconnaissance_Team_%28SERT%29_reach_their_mission_destination_to_determine_if_an_old_bridge_can_be_used_to_support_troop_and_convoy_movements_during_an_annual_field_exercise.jpg \"US Navy 030412-N-1485H-009 Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) reach their mission destination to determine if an old bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during an annual field exercise.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|US Navy 050615\\-N\\-3532C\\-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS *Mercy* (T\\-AH 19\\) makes a one\\-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB\\-40\\)](/wiki/File:US_Navy_050615-N-3532C-004_The_Military_Sealift_Command_hospital_ship_USNS_Mercy_%28T-AH_19%29_makes_a_one-day_stop_to_give_the_crew_a_break_and_pick_up_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_Zero_%28NMCB-40%29.jpg \"US Navy 050615-N-3532C-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) makes a one-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB-40).jpg\")",
"In April 2006, NMCB 40 deployed to Guam and Southwest Asia, executing peacetime global contingency construction operations including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan supporting OIF, There were detachment sites in [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\"), Whidbey Island, Wash., [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), and aboard the [USNS Mercy](/wiki/USNS_Mercy \"USNS Mercy\"). In the end, the battalion completed over 42,000 man\\-days of safe, high quality construction throughout the Pacific and Central Command Theaters of Operation, resulting in a combined cost savings of over $14\\.8M.",
"In August 2007, FORTY mounted out to the CENTCOM, EUCOM, and SOUTHCOM theaters. There were complexities of the battalion's deployment, with sites located throughout Kuwait; the [Horn of Africa](/wiki/Horn_of_Africa \"Horn of Africa\"); Andros Island; [Guantanamo Bay](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay \"Guantánamo Bay\"), Cuba; Rota, [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\"), Sao Tome; and [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\"). Despite the challenges associated with such dispersion of personnel and tasking, the battalion safely completing over 46,000 man\\-days of construction, camp maintenance service and combat service support on 91 projects.",
"In January 2009, the battalion deployed to Okinawa with nine detachment sites throughout the Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Operations. NMCB 40 took custody of the Tables of Allowance at Camp Shields in Okinawa and [Camp Covington](/wiki/Camp_Covington \"Camp Covington\") in Guam manning and maintaining both locations. NMCB 40 participated in eight annual PACOM exercises: Cobra Gold, Freedom Banner, Balikatan, Voluntary Demonstration of Response (VDR), Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT), Foal Eagle/Key Resolve, Talisman Saber, and Ulchi Focus Guardian. The exercises included Humanitarian and Civic Assistance (HCA) projects which continue to further the U.S. strategic goal of Theater Security Cooperation in key regions around the world. In all, NMCB 40 completed a total of 40,143 man\\-days of readiness training and construction tasking for more than 48 construction projects in 10 countries dispersed throughout the PACOM AOR. NMCB 40 also opened up the newest 26\\-person detail site in Timor\\-Leste (formerly known as East Timor) and constructed, repaired and renovated over eight schools for the Timorese Government.",
"In June 2010, FORTY deployed a reinforced Air Detachment of 125 Seabees from Port Hueneme to [Kandahar](/wiki/Kandahar \"Kandahar\") in [Regional Command South](/wiki/Regional_Command_South \"Regional Command South\"), Afghanistan, to support Operation HAMKARI BARAYE (Phase III of [Operation Moshtarak](/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak \"Operation Moshtarak\")). This operation was critical to shape and enable the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to protect the Afghan people and provide a secure environment for sustainable peace. The Main Body deployed to [Regional Command North](/wiki/Regional_Command_North \"Regional Command North\") and [Regional Command East](/wiki/Regional_Command_East \"Regional Command East\") to Forward Operating Base Deh Dadi II and six enduring detail sites in July 2010, throughout the ISAF Theater of Operations. The construction of Deh Dadi II was the largest Earth moving operation US forces undertook in a combat zone since World War II. The Battalion conducted a relief\\-in\\-place (RIP) with [Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four](/wiki/Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four \"Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four\") to support the surge of 30,000 additional troops directed by the Commander\\-in\\-Chief to bolster the Afghanistan strategy.",
"### Decommissioning",
"On 12 September 2012, Naval Mobile Construction Battalion FORTY was decommissioned at the Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme, California. In addition to its last commanding officer, CDR Timothy DeWitt, in attendance was Commander Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) RADM Christopher J. Mossey, along with many other former Commanding Officers and Command Master Chiefs.{{Citation\n \\| title \\= NMCB 7, NMCB 40 Stand Down\n \\| journal \\= The Seabee Quarterly\n \\| volume \\= 18\n \\| issue \\= 4\n \\| page \\= 10\n \\| publisher \\= CEC/Seabee Historical Foundation\n \\| date \\= November 2012\n }}",
""
] |
### 1990s to 2010s
[thumb\|Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia December 1992](/wiki/File:1537988235555_Seabees_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_40_at_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.jpg "1537988235555 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia.jpg")
In August 1990, after [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein")'s Iraqi forces invaded [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait"), the battalion was called from its deployment site in Guam to support [I MEF](/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force "I Marine Expeditionary Force") and [II MEF](/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force "II Marine Expeditionary Force") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"). FORTY participated in the II MEF bed\-down. The largest multi\-battalion contingency operation in twenty years. In 36 days Seabees placed over 20,700 cubic meters of concrete and built six separate camps to house 25,000 Marines. In support of [Marine Aircraft Group 16](/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_16 "Marine Aircraft Group 16"), NMCB FORTY prepared {{convert\|1500000\|sqft\|m2}} of aircraft parking, fueling taxiways and maintenance hangar pads.
The first nine\-man team arrived on 10 December 1992 followed by the heavy "Det" two weeks later and the battalion main body one month later. NMCB FORTY provided expeditious construction support to the forces of [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope "Operation Restore Hope") in [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia") including the construction school houses in the south, road clean\-up, construction of schools, sanitary clean\-up, assistance of Operations for the US Army, US Air Force, [Canadian Air Force](/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force "Canadian Air Force"), Italian Army, French Army, [Botswana Defence Force](/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force "Botswana Defence Force"), Egyptian Army, [Kenya Army](/wiki/Kenya_Army "Kenya Army"), and Turkish Army. Logistical support in and around downtown [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu "Mogadishu"), and the surrounding camps around the countryside that are the base of restoration of basic human needs to the lives of the natives Somalis for their day to day existence. in northern Somalia "Fighting FORTY" aided the Somalis through the construction and repair of schools and [orphanages](/wiki/Orphanage "Orphanage") and many other basic life support needs.
Midway through its 1996 European Deployment, NMCB 40 was redeployed to [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") in support of [Operation Joint Endeavor](/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor "Operation Joint Endeavor"), re\-calling five separate detachments and a Water Well Drilling Team operating out of Turkey, including its main body stationed in [Rota, Spain](/wiki/Rota%2C_Spain "Rota, Spain"). Mount\-out and embarkation via ship, rail, line\-haul, and the air was complex. NMCB FORTY planned and operated with the Army's [1st Armored Division](/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Armored Division (United States)") [Implementation Force](/wiki/Implementation_Force "Implementation Force") (IFOR) to close and disestablish fourteen base camps ahead of schedule. All operations in the formidably\-hostile environment of the Bosnia [Posavina Corridor](/wiki/Posavina_Corridor "Posavina Corridor") were done tactically with weapons at the ready. Logging over 256 tactical convoys covering more than 220,000 vehicle miles within a 75\-day operation. FORTY completed camp deconstructions and provided contingency construction support for nineteen critical force projects—enabling enforcement of the [Dayton Peace Accord](/wiki/Dayton_Peace_Accord "Dayton Peace Accord").
In 2003, "Fighting FORTY" was called to support [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") and [Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Iraqi_Freedom "Iraqi Freedom"). [Home ported](/wiki/Home_port "Home port") in Port Hueneme, Ca. during the hostilities, NMCB FORTY aided its sister battalions deployed to Southwest Asia through massive embarkation operations of nearly 9\.6 million pounds of construction equipment from California to [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait") for ongoing combat operations. In August 2003, the battalion's Air Detachment redeployed from Okinawa directly to Southwest Asia to support ongoing [global war on terrorism](/wiki/Global_war_on_terrorism "Global war on terrorism") operations in Kuwait, Iraq, and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan").
In December 2004 the battalion deployed to the Pacific theater of operations. The battalion completed numerous construction projects at the main body site in Okinawa and other locations throughout Japan, including [Atsugi](/wiki/Atsugi "Atsugi"), Fuji, [Iwakuni](/wiki/Iwakuni "Iwakuni"), and Sasebo. There were also detail sites in [Pohang](/wiki/Pohang "Pohang") and [Chinhae](/wiki/Chinhae "Chinhae"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), [Diego Garcia](/wiki/Diego_Garcia "Diego Garcia"), and [San Clemente](/wiki/San_Clemente "San Clemente") Island. Within a month of deployment, a group of 50 Seabees responded to the devastating tsunami that struck Southeast Asia, conducting critical engineering assessments on government facilities and airfields. They also supervised the construction of tension fabric structures and supported runway working parties that delivered relief supplies to the people of Indonesia. Additionally, the battalion participated in the Deployment\-for\-Training (DFT) Cobra Gold, promoting inter\-operability between the nations' military components. Finally, the battalion deployed Seabees in support of a Joint Task Force exercise, New Horizons 2005, to provide humanitarian construction and engineering operations for the nation of Panama.
In September 2005, "Fighting FORTY" conducted humanitarian relief, clearing, and construction operations for the citizens of greater [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), Louisiana and [Gulfport, Mississippi](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Mississippi "Gulfport, Mississippi") following the devastation brought on by [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina"). Under arduous conditions and with limited resources, NMCB 40 employed resourcefulness, ingenuity, and technical expertise to provide immeasurable relief and accelerated recovery in the affected region.
[thumb\|US Navy 030412\-N\-1485H\-009 A Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) from NMCB 40 determine if bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during a field exercise](/wiki/File:US_Navy_030412-N-1485H-009_Seabee_Engineer_Reconnaissance_Team_%28SERT%29_reach_their_mission_destination_to_determine_if_an_old_bridge_can_be_used_to_support_troop_and_convoy_movements_during_an_annual_field_exercise.jpg "US Navy 030412-N-1485H-009 Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) reach their mission destination to determine if an old bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during an annual field exercise.jpg")
[thumb\|US Navy 050615\-N\-3532C\-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS *Mercy* (T\-AH 19\) makes a one\-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB\-40\)](/wiki/File:US_Navy_050615-N-3532C-004_The_Military_Sealift_Command_hospital_ship_USNS_Mercy_%28T-AH_19%29_makes_a_one-day_stop_to_give_the_crew_a_break_and_pick_up_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_Zero_%28NMCB-40%29.jpg "US Navy 050615-N-3532C-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) makes a one-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB-40).jpg")
In April 2006, NMCB 40 deployed to Guam and Southwest Asia, executing peacetime global contingency construction operations including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan supporting OIF, There were detachment sites in [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam"), Whidbey Island, Wash., [Palau](/wiki/Palau "Palau"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), and aboard the [USNS Mercy](/wiki/USNS_Mercy "USNS Mercy"). In the end, the battalion completed over 42,000 man\-days of safe, high quality construction throughout the Pacific and Central Command Theaters of Operation, resulting in a combined cost savings of over $14\.8M.
In August 2007, FORTY mounted out to the CENTCOM, EUCOM, and SOUTHCOM theaters. There were complexities of the battalion's deployment, with sites located throughout Kuwait; the [Horn of Africa](/wiki/Horn_of_Africa "Horn of Africa"); Andros Island; [Guantanamo Bay](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay "Guantánamo Bay"), Cuba; Rota, [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), Sao Tome; and [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"). Despite the challenges associated with such dispersion of personnel and tasking, the battalion safely completing over 46,000 man\-days of construction, camp maintenance service and combat service support on 91 projects.
In January 2009, the battalion deployed to Okinawa with nine detachment sites throughout the Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Operations. NMCB 40 took custody of the Tables of Allowance at Camp Shields in Okinawa and [Camp Covington](/wiki/Camp_Covington "Camp Covington") in Guam manning and maintaining both locations. NMCB 40 participated in eight annual PACOM exercises: Cobra Gold, Freedom Banner, Balikatan, Voluntary Demonstration of Response (VDR), Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT), Foal Eagle/Key Resolve, Talisman Saber, and Ulchi Focus Guardian. The exercises included Humanitarian and Civic Assistance (HCA) projects which continue to further the U.S. strategic goal of Theater Security Cooperation in key regions around the world. In all, NMCB 40 completed a total of 40,143 man\-days of readiness training and construction tasking for more than 48 construction projects in 10 countries dispersed throughout the PACOM AOR. NMCB 40 also opened up the newest 26\-person detail site in Timor\-Leste (formerly known as East Timor) and constructed, repaired and renovated over eight schools for the Timorese Government.
In June 2010, FORTY deployed a reinforced Air Detachment of 125 Seabees from Port Hueneme to [Kandahar](/wiki/Kandahar "Kandahar") in [Regional Command South](/wiki/Regional_Command_South "Regional Command South"), Afghanistan, to support Operation HAMKARI BARAYE (Phase III of [Operation Moshtarak](/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak "Operation Moshtarak")). This operation was critical to shape and enable the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to protect the Afghan people and provide a secure environment for sustainable peace. The Main Body deployed to [Regional Command North](/wiki/Regional_Command_North "Regional Command North") and [Regional Command East](/wiki/Regional_Command_East "Regional Command East") to Forward Operating Base Deh Dadi II and six enduring detail sites in July 2010, throughout the ISAF Theater of Operations. The construction of Deh Dadi II was the largest Earth moving operation US forces undertook in a combat zone since World War II. The Battalion conducted a relief\-in\-place (RIP) with [Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four](/wiki/Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four "Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four") to support the surge of 30,000 additional troops directed by the Commander\-in\-Chief to bolster the Afghanistan strategy.
|
[
"### 1990s to 2010s",
"[thumb\\|Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia December 1992](/wiki/File:1537988235555_Seabees_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_40_at_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.jpg \"1537988235555 Seabees of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Mogadishu, Somalia.jpg\")",
"In August 1990, after [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\")'s Iraqi forces invaded [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\"), the battalion was called from its deployment site in Guam to support [I MEF](/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force \"I Marine Expeditionary Force\") and [II MEF](/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force \"II Marine Expeditionary Force\") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"). FORTY participated in the II MEF bed\\-down. The largest multi\\-battalion contingency operation in twenty years. In 36 days Seabees placed over 20,700 cubic meters of concrete and built six separate camps to house 25,000 Marines. In support of [Marine Aircraft Group 16](/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_16 \"Marine Aircraft Group 16\"), NMCB FORTY prepared {{convert\\|1500000\\|sqft\\|m2}} of aircraft parking, fueling taxiways and maintenance hangar pads.",
"The first nine\\-man team arrived on 10 December 1992 followed by the heavy \"Det\" two weeks later and the battalion main body one month later. NMCB FORTY provided expeditious construction support to the forces of [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope \"Operation Restore Hope\") in [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\") including the construction school houses in the south, road clean\\-up, construction of schools, sanitary clean\\-up, assistance of Operations for the US Army, US Air Force, [Canadian Air Force](/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force \"Canadian Air Force\"), Italian Army, French Army, [Botswana Defence Force](/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force \"Botswana Defence Force\"), Egyptian Army, [Kenya Army](/wiki/Kenya_Army \"Kenya Army\"), and Turkish Army. Logistical support in and around downtown [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu \"Mogadishu\"), and the surrounding camps around the countryside that are the base of restoration of basic human needs to the lives of the natives Somalis for their day to day existence. in northern Somalia \"Fighting FORTY\" aided the Somalis through the construction and repair of schools and [orphanages](/wiki/Orphanage \"Orphanage\") and many other basic life support needs.",
"Midway through its 1996 European Deployment, NMCB 40 was redeployed to [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\") in support of [Operation Joint Endeavor](/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor \"Operation Joint Endeavor\"), re\\-calling five separate detachments and a Water Well Drilling Team operating out of Turkey, including its main body stationed in [Rota, Spain](/wiki/Rota%2C_Spain \"Rota, Spain\"). Mount\\-out and embarkation via ship, rail, line\\-haul, and the air was complex. NMCB FORTY planned and operated with the Army's [1st Armored Division](/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Armored Division (United States)\") [Implementation Force](/wiki/Implementation_Force \"Implementation Force\") (IFOR) to close and disestablish fourteen base camps ahead of schedule. All operations in the formidably\\-hostile environment of the Bosnia [Posavina Corridor](/wiki/Posavina_Corridor \"Posavina Corridor\") were done tactically with weapons at the ready. Logging over 256 tactical convoys covering more than 220,000 vehicle miles within a 75\\-day operation. FORTY completed camp deconstructions and provided contingency construction support for nineteen critical force projects—enabling enforcement of the [Dayton Peace Accord](/wiki/Dayton_Peace_Accord \"Dayton Peace Accord\").",
"In 2003, \"Fighting FORTY\" was called to support [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\") and [Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Iraqi_Freedom \"Iraqi Freedom\"). [Home ported](/wiki/Home_port \"Home port\") in Port Hueneme, Ca. during the hostilities, NMCB FORTY aided its sister battalions deployed to Southwest Asia through massive embarkation operations of nearly 9\\.6 million pounds of construction equipment from California to [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\") for ongoing combat operations. In August 2003, the battalion's Air Detachment redeployed from Okinawa directly to Southwest Asia to support ongoing [global war on terrorism](/wiki/Global_war_on_terrorism \"Global war on terrorism\") operations in Kuwait, Iraq, and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"). \n \nIn December 2004 the battalion deployed to the Pacific theater of operations. The battalion completed numerous construction projects at the main body site in Okinawa and other locations throughout Japan, including [Atsugi](/wiki/Atsugi \"Atsugi\"), Fuji, [Iwakuni](/wiki/Iwakuni \"Iwakuni\"), and Sasebo. There were also detail sites in [Pohang](/wiki/Pohang \"Pohang\") and [Chinhae](/wiki/Chinhae \"Chinhae\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), [Diego Garcia](/wiki/Diego_Garcia \"Diego Garcia\"), and [San Clemente](/wiki/San_Clemente \"San Clemente\") Island. Within a month of deployment, a group of 50 Seabees responded to the devastating tsunami that struck Southeast Asia, conducting critical engineering assessments on government facilities and airfields. They also supervised the construction of tension fabric structures and supported runway working parties that delivered relief supplies to the people of Indonesia. Additionally, the battalion participated in the Deployment\\-for\\-Training (DFT) Cobra Gold, promoting inter\\-operability between the nations' military components. Finally, the battalion deployed Seabees in support of a Joint Task Force exercise, New Horizons 2005, to provide humanitarian construction and engineering operations for the nation of Panama.",
"In September 2005, \"Fighting FORTY\" conducted humanitarian relief, clearing, and construction operations for the citizens of greater [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), Louisiana and [Gulfport, Mississippi](/wiki/Gulfport%2C_Mississippi \"Gulfport, Mississippi\") following the devastation brought on by [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\"). Under arduous conditions and with limited resources, NMCB 40 employed resourcefulness, ingenuity, and technical expertise to provide immeasurable relief and accelerated recovery in the affected region.\n[thumb\\|US Navy 030412\\-N\\-1485H\\-009 A Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) from NMCB 40 determine if bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during a field exercise](/wiki/File:US_Navy_030412-N-1485H-009_Seabee_Engineer_Reconnaissance_Team_%28SERT%29_reach_their_mission_destination_to_determine_if_an_old_bridge_can_be_used_to_support_troop_and_convoy_movements_during_an_annual_field_exercise.jpg \"US Navy 030412-N-1485H-009 Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERT) reach their mission destination to determine if an old bridge can be used to support troop and convoy movements during an annual field exercise.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|US Navy 050615\\-N\\-3532C\\-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS *Mercy* (T\\-AH 19\\) makes a one\\-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB\\-40\\)](/wiki/File:US_Navy_050615-N-3532C-004_The_Military_Sealift_Command_hospital_ship_USNS_Mercy_%28T-AH_19%29_makes_a_one-day_stop_to_give_the_crew_a_break_and_pick_up_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_Zero_%28NMCB-40%29.jpg \"US Navy 050615-N-3532C-004 The Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) makes a one-day stop to give the crew a break and pick up Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four Zero (NMCB-40).jpg\")",
"In April 2006, NMCB 40 deployed to Guam and Southwest Asia, executing peacetime global contingency construction operations including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan supporting OIF, There were detachment sites in [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\"), Whidbey Island, Wash., [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), and aboard the [USNS Mercy](/wiki/USNS_Mercy \"USNS Mercy\"). In the end, the battalion completed over 42,000 man\\-days of safe, high quality construction throughout the Pacific and Central Command Theaters of Operation, resulting in a combined cost savings of over $14\\.8M.",
"In August 2007, FORTY mounted out to the CENTCOM, EUCOM, and SOUTHCOM theaters. There were complexities of the battalion's deployment, with sites located throughout Kuwait; the [Horn of Africa](/wiki/Horn_of_Africa \"Horn of Africa\"); Andros Island; [Guantanamo Bay](/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay \"Guantánamo Bay\"), Cuba; Rota, [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\"), Sao Tome; and [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\"). Despite the challenges associated with such dispersion of personnel and tasking, the battalion safely completing over 46,000 man\\-days of construction, camp maintenance service and combat service support on 91 projects.",
"In January 2009, the battalion deployed to Okinawa with nine detachment sites throughout the Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Operations. NMCB 40 took custody of the Tables of Allowance at Camp Shields in Okinawa and [Camp Covington](/wiki/Camp_Covington \"Camp Covington\") in Guam manning and maintaining both locations. NMCB 40 participated in eight annual PACOM exercises: Cobra Gold, Freedom Banner, Balikatan, Voluntary Demonstration of Response (VDR), Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT), Foal Eagle/Key Resolve, Talisman Saber, and Ulchi Focus Guardian. The exercises included Humanitarian and Civic Assistance (HCA) projects which continue to further the U.S. strategic goal of Theater Security Cooperation in key regions around the world. In all, NMCB 40 completed a total of 40,143 man\\-days of readiness training and construction tasking for more than 48 construction projects in 10 countries dispersed throughout the PACOM AOR. NMCB 40 also opened up the newest 26\\-person detail site in Timor\\-Leste (formerly known as East Timor) and constructed, repaired and renovated over eight schools for the Timorese Government.",
"In June 2010, FORTY deployed a reinforced Air Detachment of 125 Seabees from Port Hueneme to [Kandahar](/wiki/Kandahar \"Kandahar\") in [Regional Command South](/wiki/Regional_Command_South \"Regional Command South\"), Afghanistan, to support Operation HAMKARI BARAYE (Phase III of [Operation Moshtarak](/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak \"Operation Moshtarak\")). This operation was critical to shape and enable the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to protect the Afghan people and provide a secure environment for sustainable peace. The Main Body deployed to [Regional Command North](/wiki/Regional_Command_North \"Regional Command North\") and [Regional Command East](/wiki/Regional_Command_East \"Regional Command East\") to Forward Operating Base Deh Dadi II and six enduring detail sites in July 2010, throughout the ISAF Theater of Operations. The construction of Deh Dadi II was the largest Earth moving operation US forces undertook in a combat zone since World War II. The Battalion conducted a relief\\-in\\-place (RIP) with [Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four](/wiki/Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four \"Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Four\") to support the surge of 30,000 additional troops directed by the Commander\\-in\\-Chief to bolster the Afghanistan strategy.",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Lokomotiv Moscow
Bulykin began his football career with [Lokomotiv Moscow](/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow "FC Lokomotiv Moscow") in 1997\. He stayed with Lokomotiv for three years scoring 28 goals in 94 appearances and attracted quite a bit of attention.
In Lokomotiv Moscow Bulykin won Silver medals (1999, 2000\), Bronze (1997\) and 3 times Russian Cup (1997, 2000, 2001\).
### Dynamo Moscow
In 2001, Bulykin signed with [Dynamo Moscow](/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow "FC Dynamo Moscow") and quickly established himself as the first team player for the next three seasons. He scored a total of 29 goals in 90 appearances for the club. In 2003 was invited to the Russian national team.
With improving performances for both club and country, Bulykin, who had never hidden his desire to move to a foreign club, was expected to move abroad. In January 2004 he spent two weeks on trial with [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C."), but he did not have enough caps for a work permit.{{ cite web \| title \= Everton move for Butt \| access\-date \=20 December 2007 \| date \= 25 January 2004 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/e/everton/3419157\.stm }} In 2005, hoping move to England, Bulykin went on trials in [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") but that transfer did not happen.{{ cite web \| title \= Pompey line up move for Bulykin \| access\-date \=20 December 2007 \| date \= 24 January 2005 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/teams/p/portsmouth/4203237\.stm }} As a result, Bulykin remained with Dynamo, and was quickly relegated to play in the second team, and eventually excluded from training process altogether.
While almost breaking his relationship with Dynamo, he re\-signed for the 2006 season, after the former Russia manager [Yuri Syomin](/wiki/Yuri_Syomin "Yuri Syomin") was appointed as the club's manager. On 31 March, when Bulykin was ready to come as a substitute against Saturn, Syomin shouted at him, "Take off the mittens!", a moment that was televised live. Syomin later said that he considers wearing gloves when the weather is relatively mild to be a sign of unwillingness to work hard,{{cite news \| script\-title\=ru:Юрий СЕМИН: "ХОЧУ ОБЪЯСНИТЬСЯ С БОЛЕЛЬЩИКАМИ" \| url \= http://www.sport\-express.ru/newspaper/2006\-04\-20/2\_1/ \| publisher\=\[\[Sport Express]] \| language \= ru \| date \= 20 April 2006 \| access\-date \=18 November 2009}} while Bulykin himself took Syomin's shout as an emboldening, albeit a bit over the top one.{{cite news \| script\-title\=ru:Булыкин: Я еще молодой и перспективный игрок \| url \= http://www.sovsport.ru/news/text\-item/242187 \| publisher\=\[\[Sovetsky Sport]] \| language \= ru \| date \= 15 November 2006 \| access\-date \=18 November 2009}} Syomin was sacked mid season and under the next manager, [Andrei Kobelev](/wiki/Andrei_Kobelev "Andrei Kobelev"), Bulykin was placed on the transfer list, where he spent the end of 2006\. Trying to resolve Bulykin's deadlock with Dynamo, its general manager, Dmitri Ivanov, stated that the club would release Bulykin with no transfer cost, should there be any interest from anyone.
### Bayer Leverkusen
[thumb\|left\|150px\|Bulykin in action for [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen "Bayer 04 Leverkusen")](/wiki/File:D-Bulykin.jpg "D-Bulykin.jpg")
On 28 August 2007, Bulykin secured a one\-year contract with German club [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen "Bayer 04 Leverkusen"), after scoring a goal in two friendly matches during his trial for the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") club.{{cite web \| title \= Bulykin looks to revive career at Leverkusen \| access\-date \=20 December 2007 \| work\=soccerway.com \| url \= https://int.soccerway.com/news/2007/August/27/bulykin\-looks\-to\-revive\-career\-at\-leverkusen}} On 19 December 2007, he scored for the first time for the club, netting two goals against [FC Zürich](/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich "FC Zürich") in the UEFA Cup, and was declared "man of the match" by UEFA. In round 20, Bulykin, starting for the first time in his Bayer career, broke the Bundesliga record for the fastest yellow card received (in the 12th second). He played 19 official games in this 2007–08 season and he scored five goals for Bayer Leverkusen.
### Anderlecht
On 19 August 2008, he moved to Belgian club [Anderlecht](/wiki/RSC_Anderlecht "RSC Anderlecht"), hoping to gain more game time as a striker. After initial success where he scored two headers in his debut in the Belgian Pro League, he was quickly benched by the coach Ariël Jacobs and had marginal appearances through the rest of 2008\. He played 10 games only and scored 3 goals.
### Fortuna Düsseldorf
After being idle for most of 2009, Bulykin was loaned back to Germany, this time to a Bundesliga second division team [Fortuna Düsseldorf](/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf "Fortuna Düsseldorf").{{cite web \| url \= http://www2\.fortuna\-duesseldorf.de/pages/news/uebersicht\-news/artikel/article/dmitri\-bulykin\-kommt\-zu\-fortuna/index.htm \| title \= Dmitri Bulykin kommt zu Fortuna \| language \= de \| access\-date \= 20 August 2009 \| date \= 29 July 2009 \| publisher \= fortuna\-duesseldorf.de \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719024811/http://www2\.fortuna\-duesseldorf.de/pages/news/uebersicht\-news/artikel/article/dmitri\-bulykin\-kommt\-zu\-fortuna/index.htm \| archive\-date \= 19 July 2011 \| url\-status \= dead }} He started with an impressive play in his first match against Hamburger SV in the German Cup. He had bad luck with a serious injury that took him five months to recover from, which made this whole season very unlucky.
### ADO Den Haag
While Anderlecht won the [Belgian Supercup](/wiki/Belgian_Supercup "Belgian Supercup"), Bulykin was on trial at [ADO Den Haag](/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag "ADO Den Haag"). The Dutch [Eredivisie](/wiki/Eredivisie "Eredivisie") team decided to loan him for the 2010–11 season. He scored 21 league goals and became popular among ADO Den Haag fans. After the season ADO Den Haag tried to buy Bulykin, but an agreement couldn't be reached and he returned to Anderlecht after his season in the Netherlands.
### Ajax
[thumb\|left\|150px\|Bulykin with Ajax](/wiki/File:Bulykin_%28original%29.jpg "Bulykin (original).jpg")
On 31 August 2011, it was announced that RSC Anderlecht and Ajax had come to terms on the move of Bulykin to the Amsterdam club as a free transfer. Bulykin signed a one\-year contract with an option for the club to extend it for one more year.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws\-artikel/Ajax\-contracteert\-Dmitry\-Bulykin.htm \| title \= Ajax contracteert Dmitry Bulykin \| language \= nl \| access\-date \= 31 August 2011 \| date \= 31 August 2011 \| publisher \= ajax.nl \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121002075941/http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws\-artikel/Ajax\-contracteert\-Dmitry\-Bulykin.htm \| archive\-date \= 2 October 2012}} In his first competition match, against rivals PSV Eindhoven, he scored the second Ajax goal, deciding the game on a 2–2 draw.
On 7 December 2011, Dmitri Bulykin was voted *Best Russian Football Player abroad* by the [Russian Football Union](/wiki/Russian_Football_Union "Russian Football Union"), but was unable to attend the Gala in Moscow to receive his award, due to the event being scheduled at the same time as the UEFA Champions League home match against [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F. "Real Madrid C.F.").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.soccernews.nl/news/139656/Bulykin\_wint\_Russische\_prijs\_en\_kan\_tien\_minuten\_spelen\_tegen\_Real \| title \= Bulykin wint Russische prijs en kan tien minuten spelen tegen Real \| language \= nl \| access\-date \=5 February 2012 \| date \= 7 December 2011 \| publisher\=soccernews.nl}}
### Twente
After his Ajax contract expired in the summer of 2012, and was not extended, free agent Bulykin signed a one\-year deal, with option for another year at [FC Twente](/wiki/FC_Twente "FC Twente"), who just had seen striker [Luuk de Jong](/wiki/Luuk_de_Jong "Luuk de Jong") leave for [Borussia Mönchengladbach](/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach "Borussia Mönchengladbach").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid\=1842691\.html \| title \= Twente entrust Bulykin to fill De Jong void \| access\-date \= 20 July 2012 \| date \= 20 July 2012 \| first \= Berend \| last \= Scholten \| publisher\= UEFA.com}}
### Volga Nizhny Novgorod
On 18 September 2013, Bulykin joined [Russian Premier League](/wiki/Russian_Football_Premier_League "Russian Football Premier League") side [Volga Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/FC_Volga_Nizhny_Novgorod "FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod"), signing a one\-year contract.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.fcvolgann.ru/volga\-info/news/team/18766/ \| script\-title \= ru:Булыкин стал игроком "Волги" \| publisher \= Volga Nizhny Novgorod \| date \= 18 September 2013 \| access\-date \= 20 September 2013 \| language \= ru \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054653/http://www.fcvolgann.ru/volga\-info/news/team/18766/ \| archive\-date \= 21 September 2013}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Lokomotiv Moscow",
"Bulykin began his football career with [Lokomotiv Moscow](/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow \"FC Lokomotiv Moscow\") in 1997\\. He stayed with Lokomotiv for three years scoring 28 goals in 94 appearances and attracted quite a bit of attention.\nIn Lokomotiv Moscow Bulykin won Silver medals (1999, 2000\\), Bronze (1997\\) and 3 times Russian Cup (1997, 2000, 2001\\).",
"### Dynamo Moscow",
"In 2001, Bulykin signed with [Dynamo Moscow](/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow \"FC Dynamo Moscow\") and quickly established himself as the first team player for the next three seasons. He scored a total of 29 goals in 90 appearances for the club. In 2003 was invited to the Russian national team.",
"With improving performances for both club and country, Bulykin, who had never hidden his desire to move to a foreign club, was expected to move abroad. In January 2004 he spent two weeks on trial with [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\"), but he did not have enough caps for a work permit.{{ cite web \\| title \\= Everton move for Butt \\| access\\-date \\=20 December 2007 \\| date \\= 25 January 2004 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/e/everton/3419157\\.stm }} In 2005, hoping move to England, Bulykin went on trials in [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") but that transfer did not happen.{{ cite web \\| title \\= Pompey line up move for Bulykin \\| access\\-date \\=20 December 2007 \\| date \\= 24 January 2005 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/football/teams/p/portsmouth/4203237\\.stm }} As a result, Bulykin remained with Dynamo, and was quickly relegated to play in the second team, and eventually excluded from training process altogether.\nWhile almost breaking his relationship with Dynamo, he re\\-signed for the 2006 season, after the former Russia manager [Yuri Syomin](/wiki/Yuri_Syomin \"Yuri Syomin\") was appointed as the club's manager. On 31 March, when Bulykin was ready to come as a substitute against Saturn, Syomin shouted at him, \"Take off the mittens!\", a moment that was televised live. Syomin later said that he considers wearing gloves when the weather is relatively mild to be a sign of unwillingness to work hard,{{cite news \\| script\\-title\\=ru:Юрий СЕМИН: \"ХОЧУ ОБЪЯСНИТЬСЯ С БОЛЕЛЬЩИКАМИ\" \\| url \\= http://www.sport\\-express.ru/newspaper/2006\\-04\\-20/2\\_1/ \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Sport Express]] \\| language \\= ru \\| date \\= 20 April 2006 \\| access\\-date \\=18 November 2009}} while Bulykin himself took Syomin's shout as an emboldening, albeit a bit over the top one.{{cite news \\| script\\-title\\=ru:Булыкин: Я еще молодой и перспективный игрок \\| url \\= http://www.sovsport.ru/news/text\\-item/242187 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Sovetsky Sport]] \\| language \\= ru \\| date \\= 15 November 2006 \\| access\\-date \\=18 November 2009}} Syomin was sacked mid season and under the next manager, [Andrei Kobelev](/wiki/Andrei_Kobelev \"Andrei Kobelev\"), Bulykin was placed on the transfer list, where he spent the end of 2006\\. Trying to resolve Bulykin's deadlock with Dynamo, its general manager, Dmitri Ivanov, stated that the club would release Bulykin with no transfer cost, should there be any interest from anyone.",
"### Bayer Leverkusen",
"[thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|Bulykin in action for [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen \"Bayer 04 Leverkusen\")](/wiki/File:D-Bulykin.jpg \"D-Bulykin.jpg\")\nOn 28 August 2007, Bulykin secured a one\\-year contract with German club [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen \"Bayer 04 Leverkusen\"), after scoring a goal in two friendly matches during his trial for the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") club.{{cite web \\| title \\= Bulykin looks to revive career at Leverkusen \\| access\\-date \\=20 December 2007 \\| work\\=soccerway.com \\| url \\= https://int.soccerway.com/news/2007/August/27/bulykin\\-looks\\-to\\-revive\\-career\\-at\\-leverkusen}} On 19 December 2007, he scored for the first time for the club, netting two goals against [FC Zürich](/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich \"FC Zürich\") in the UEFA Cup, and was declared \"man of the match\" by UEFA. In round 20, Bulykin, starting for the first time in his Bayer career, broke the Bundesliga record for the fastest yellow card received (in the 12th second). He played 19 official games in this 2007–08 season and he scored five goals for Bayer Leverkusen.",
"### Anderlecht",
"On 19 August 2008, he moved to Belgian club [Anderlecht](/wiki/RSC_Anderlecht \"RSC Anderlecht\"), hoping to gain more game time as a striker. After initial success where he scored two headers in his debut in the Belgian Pro League, he was quickly benched by the coach Ariël Jacobs and had marginal appearances through the rest of 2008\\. He played 10 games only and scored 3 goals.",
"### Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"After being idle for most of 2009, Bulykin was loaned back to Germany, this time to a Bundesliga second division team [Fortuna Düsseldorf](/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Fortuna Düsseldorf\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www2\\.fortuna\\-duesseldorf.de/pages/news/uebersicht\\-news/artikel/article/dmitri\\-bulykin\\-kommt\\-zu\\-fortuna/index.htm \\| title \\= Dmitri Bulykin kommt zu Fortuna \\| language \\= de \\| access\\-date \\= 20 August 2009 \\| date \\= 29 July 2009 \\| publisher \\= fortuna\\-duesseldorf.de \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719024811/http://www2\\.fortuna\\-duesseldorf.de/pages/news/uebersicht\\-news/artikel/article/dmitri\\-bulykin\\-kommt\\-zu\\-fortuna/index.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 19 July 2011 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} He started with an impressive play in his first match against Hamburger SV in the German Cup. He had bad luck with a serious injury that took him five months to recover from, which made this whole season very unlucky.",
"### ADO Den Haag",
"While Anderlecht won the [Belgian Supercup](/wiki/Belgian_Supercup \"Belgian Supercup\"), Bulykin was on trial at [ADO Den Haag](/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag \"ADO Den Haag\"). The Dutch [Eredivisie](/wiki/Eredivisie \"Eredivisie\") team decided to loan him for the 2010–11 season. He scored 21 league goals and became popular among ADO Den Haag fans. After the season ADO Den Haag tried to buy Bulykin, but an agreement couldn't be reached and he returned to Anderlecht after his season in the Netherlands.",
"### Ajax",
"[thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|Bulykin with Ajax](/wiki/File:Bulykin_%28original%29.jpg \"Bulykin (original).jpg\")\nOn 31 August 2011, it was announced that RSC Anderlecht and Ajax had come to terms on the move of Bulykin to the Amsterdam club as a free transfer. Bulykin signed a one\\-year contract with an option for the club to extend it for one more year.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws\\-artikel/Ajax\\-contracteert\\-Dmitry\\-Bulykin.htm \\| title \\= Ajax contracteert Dmitry Bulykin \\| language \\= nl \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2011 \\| date \\= 31 August 2011 \\| publisher \\= ajax.nl \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121002075941/http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws\\-artikel/Ajax\\-contracteert\\-Dmitry\\-Bulykin.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 2 October 2012}} In his first competition match, against rivals PSV Eindhoven, he scored the second Ajax goal, deciding the game on a 2–2 draw.",
"On 7 December 2011, Dmitri Bulykin was voted *Best Russian Football Player abroad* by the [Russian Football Union](/wiki/Russian_Football_Union \"Russian Football Union\"), but was unable to attend the Gala in Moscow to receive his award, due to the event being scheduled at the same time as the UEFA Champions League home match against [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F. \"Real Madrid C.F.\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.soccernews.nl/news/139656/Bulykin\\_wint\\_Russische\\_prijs\\_en\\_kan\\_tien\\_minuten\\_spelen\\_tegen\\_Real \\| title \\= Bulykin wint Russische prijs en kan tien minuten spelen tegen Real \\| language \\= nl \\| access\\-date \\=5 February 2012 \\| date \\= 7 December 2011 \\| publisher\\=soccernews.nl}}",
"### Twente",
"After his Ajax contract expired in the summer of 2012, and was not extended, free agent Bulykin signed a one\\-year deal, with option for another year at [FC Twente](/wiki/FC_Twente \"FC Twente\"), who just had seen striker [Luuk de Jong](/wiki/Luuk_de_Jong \"Luuk de Jong\") leave for [Borussia Mönchengladbach](/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach \"Borussia Mönchengladbach\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid\\=1842691\\.html \\| title \\= Twente entrust Bulykin to fill De Jong void \\| access\\-date \\= 20 July 2012 \\| date \\= 20 July 2012 \\| first \\= Berend \\| last \\= Scholten \\| publisher\\= UEFA.com}}",
"### Volga Nizhny Novgorod",
"On 18 September 2013, Bulykin joined [Russian Premier League](/wiki/Russian_Football_Premier_League \"Russian Football Premier League\") side [Volga Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/FC_Volga_Nizhny_Novgorod \"FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod\"), signing a one\\-year contract.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.fcvolgann.ru/volga\\-info/news/team/18766/ \\| script\\-title \\= ru:Булыкин стал игроком \"Волги\" \\| publisher \\= Volga Nizhny Novgorod \\| date \\= 18 September 2013 \\| access\\-date \\= 20 September 2013 \\| language \\= ru \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054653/http://www.fcvolgann.ru/volga\\-info/news/team/18766/ \\| archive\\-date \\= 21 September 2013}}",
""
] |
Musical career
--------------
Titov's family ancestry extends back a millennium, and many prominent musically\-inclined persons are included in Titov's chronology. His lineage stems back three cycles and merges military careerdom and musical composition work. Thus, composing and musical adeptness had always been an important secondary, albeit a secondary none of the less. More colloquially known as the Enlightened Amateur status, this class of non\-specialist yet highly passionate individuals had been the vital cornerstone of cultural development in Russia during the 19th century, as due to salons, balls, and other artistically\-minded groups had sprung up everywhere, giving members of the Russian aristocracy and well\-off individuals the chance to create and contribute, despite their varying degrees of formalistic training. Adjacent with the [Russian Enlightenment](/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment "Russian Enlightenment"), the amateur composer had taking a foothold in the Russian [gentry](/wiki/Gentry "Gentry"), and the distinction between Patron, composer, and audience member were forever blurred. In this changing landscape, the Titov "dynasty" would begin to be created.{{Cite web\|title\=ТИТОВ Николай Алексеевич (1800\-1875\)\|url\=http://funeral\-spb.narod.ru/necropols/smolenskoep/tombs/titov/titov.html\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25\|website\=funeral\-spb.narod.ru}}
At the head was Nikolai Sergeevich Titov, a composer, poet and playwright who had primarily dealt with folk\-infused musical comedies. However, he is most known for his involvement in contributing to an expansive network of theatrical hostings and private venues in/around 1766\-1769 prior to their centralization with the founding of [The Bolshoi Theater](/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre "Bolshoi Theatre") in 1776\. Additionally, his Uncle Sergei Titov and cousin Nikolai Sergeyevich were also involved in the compositional atmosphere in Russia, although their presences and works have all but been forgotten.
Although Titov's notoriety as an evocative and well\-developed Amateur composer, Benefactor and highly venerated Salon host, his compositional career had no straight path nor prediction for future success. For although he was granted preliminary training by tutors and family members when he was younger, and was born into a relatively musical family, he quickly started to develop a distaste for musical ventures, and pursued military life instead. His father, A. N. Titov adatamently attempted to coax the young Titov into musical life, but was not successful initially. At age 8 he entered into the First Cadet Corps, and would not venture back to music until around age 19\. Once he began formal training, he quickly improved thanks in part to the private training in music\-theory he received from Italian composer, notable guitarist, and pedagogue [Mauro Giuliani](/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani "Mauro Giuliani"). Due to this, he became far more proficient and trained than his brother Mikhail Alekseyevich.
Beginning around 1819, his love of music started to grow and he then began dabbling in composition, producing rudimentary works as exercises before finally creating one of his first pieces, that being a romance around the anonymous poem{{Cite web\|title\=Rendez\-la moi, cette femme chérie (Anonymous, set by (Nikolai Alexeyevich Titov)) (The LiederNet Archive: Texts and Translations to Lieder, mélodies, canzoni, and other classical vocal music)\|url\=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get\_text.html?TextId\=22069\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-11\|website\=www.lieder.net}} "*Rendez la moi cette femme chérie."* This was enough to convince his father that his son could still have a musical career yet, and recommended he take theory and composition lessons in a formal manner. Thus, he quickly began digesting theory treatises and learning compositional rules, along the way learning how to play the piano. However, due to his late\-blooming and fairly self\-taught stature, using the theoretical teachings and works of Italian composers like [Giovanni Zamboni](/wiki/Giovanni_Zamboni "Giovanni Zamboni") and [Carlo Evasio Soliva](/wiki/Carlo_Evasio_Soliva "Carlo Evasio Soliva") to improve his technical capabilities and create his aesthetic pallet, he was never able to progress farther than Amateur status and enter in the grosser historical record. Despite his social success as a Romance composer, alongside contemporaries like Alyabyev, [Verstovsky](/wiki/Alexey_Verstovsky "Alexey Verstovsky"), and Varlamov, he never developed further than salon repertoire and other more elementary forms and was noted as being harmonically and structurally simple in comparison with his father's practiced aptitude.
In the 1820s, Titov began publishing his dance works professionally and in frequent regularity, beginning in 1823 with the publication La Harpe du Nord, and again in 1824 with the square dance "Vieux péchès" in A\-minor on themes of Russian folk\-songs, a novelty in the early 19th\-century. Additionally, in 1824 he began publishing his military marches which became instantly popular and were used thoroughly within the Courts, so much so that he had regular, commission work from Grand Dukes Nikolai and [Mikhail Pavlovich](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia "Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia") themselves. In total, over 30 instrumental works were attributed to his name, along with some poetry, although his quatrains are regarded as underwhelming and insignificant creations. Some of his texts for his songs may be his own poetry as well.
Around the 1830s, Titov made his acquaintance with two, more well\-known Russian composers, namely M. [Glinka](/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka "Mikhail Glinka") and A. [Dargomyzhsky](/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky "Alexander Dargomyzhsky"). Titov would routinely ask them for advice regarding compositional qualms and career troubles. Right from the initial meeting, the two had become in favor of the soldier\-turned\-composer/Patron and enjoyed his compositions. Titov's relationship with another progenitor of the Russian romance style Alexander Varlamov, was matured to the point that Varlamov had dedicated his romance "The Vagrant's Nightingale" to his buoyant and genuine friend. His demeanor was one of a youthful glow and he shared a sincere devotion to the Russian national consciousness. Thus, when the Russian taste started turning towards Italian sensibilities and foreign operatic styles, he mourned the lack of attentive noticings of the \[now] historically recognized composers such as his two, original colleagues and mentors Glinka and Dargomyzhsky:
> *"All that is ours, Russian, dear, we do not know how to value it, and to our shame we incense and worship everything foreign... But the time will come when the worthy will be rewarded worthy. "*
In 1830, aftering have spent about 13 years in the [Preobrazhensky Regiment](/wiki/Preobrazhensky_Regiment "Preobrazhensky Regiment"), he settled in [Pavlovsk, St. Petersburg](/wiki/Pavlovsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg "Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg"), where in the same year a collection of his works set to Russian and French texts was published, although only about 10 of his songs, with only a handful of his dances and piano works, ever officially appeared in publiciation.
|
[
"Musical career\n--------------",
"Titov's family ancestry extends back a millennium, and many prominent musically\\-inclined persons are included in Titov's chronology. His lineage stems back three cycles and merges military careerdom and musical composition work. Thus, composing and musical adeptness had always been an important secondary, albeit a secondary none of the less. More colloquially known as the Enlightened Amateur status, this class of non\\-specialist yet highly passionate individuals had been the vital cornerstone of cultural development in Russia during the 19th century, as due to salons, balls, and other artistically\\-minded groups had sprung up everywhere, giving members of the Russian aristocracy and well\\-off individuals the chance to create and contribute, despite their varying degrees of formalistic training. Adjacent with the [Russian Enlightenment](/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment \"Russian Enlightenment\"), the amateur composer had taking a foothold in the Russian [gentry](/wiki/Gentry \"Gentry\"), and the distinction between Patron, composer, and audience member were forever blurred. In this changing landscape, the Titov \"dynasty\" would begin to be created.{{Cite web\\|title\\=ТИТОВ Николай Алексеевич (1800\\-1875\\)\\|url\\=http://funeral\\-spb.narod.ru/necropols/smolenskoep/tombs/titov/titov.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25\\|website\\=funeral\\-spb.narod.ru}}",
"At the head was Nikolai Sergeevich Titov, a composer, poet and playwright who had primarily dealt with folk\\-infused musical comedies. However, he is most known for his involvement in contributing to an expansive network of theatrical hostings and private venues in/around 1766\\-1769 prior to their centralization with the founding of [The Bolshoi Theater](/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre \"Bolshoi Theatre\") in 1776\\. Additionally, his Uncle Sergei Titov and cousin Nikolai Sergeyevich were also involved in the compositional atmosphere in Russia, although their presences and works have all but been forgotten.",
"Although Titov's notoriety as an evocative and well\\-developed Amateur composer, Benefactor and highly venerated Salon host, his compositional career had no straight path nor prediction for future success. For although he was granted preliminary training by tutors and family members when he was younger, and was born into a relatively musical family, he quickly started to develop a distaste for musical ventures, and pursued military life instead. His father, A. N. Titov adatamently attempted to coax the young Titov into musical life, but was not successful initially. At age 8 he entered into the First Cadet Corps, and would not venture back to music until around age 19\\. Once he began formal training, he quickly improved thanks in part to the private training in music\\-theory he received from Italian composer, notable guitarist, and pedagogue [Mauro Giuliani](/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani \"Mauro Giuliani\"). Due to this, he became far more proficient and trained than his brother Mikhail Alekseyevich.",
"Beginning around 1819, his love of music started to grow and he then began dabbling in composition, producing rudimentary works as exercises before finally creating one of his first pieces, that being a romance around the anonymous poem{{Cite web\\|title\\=Rendez\\-la moi, cette femme chérie (Anonymous, set by (Nikolai Alexeyevich Titov)) (The LiederNet Archive: Texts and Translations to Lieder, mélodies, canzoni, and other classical vocal music)\\|url\\=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get\\_text.html?TextId\\=22069\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-11\\|website\\=www.lieder.net}} \"*Rendez la moi cette femme chérie.\"* This was enough to convince his father that his son could still have a musical career yet, and recommended he take theory and composition lessons in a formal manner. Thus, he quickly began digesting theory treatises and learning compositional rules, along the way learning how to play the piano. However, due to his late\\-blooming and fairly self\\-taught stature, using the theoretical teachings and works of Italian composers like [Giovanni Zamboni](/wiki/Giovanni_Zamboni \"Giovanni Zamboni\") and [Carlo Evasio Soliva](/wiki/Carlo_Evasio_Soliva \"Carlo Evasio Soliva\") to improve his technical capabilities and create his aesthetic pallet, he was never able to progress farther than Amateur status and enter in the grosser historical record. Despite his social success as a Romance composer, alongside contemporaries like Alyabyev, [Verstovsky](/wiki/Alexey_Verstovsky \"Alexey Verstovsky\"), and Varlamov, he never developed further than salon repertoire and other more elementary forms and was noted as being harmonically and structurally simple in comparison with his father's practiced aptitude.",
"In the 1820s, Titov began publishing his dance works professionally and in frequent regularity, beginning in 1823 with the publication La Harpe du Nord, and again in 1824 with the square dance \"Vieux péchès\" in A\\-minor on themes of Russian folk\\-songs, a novelty in the early 19th\\-century. Additionally, in 1824 he began publishing his military marches which became instantly popular and were used thoroughly within the Courts, so much so that he had regular, commission work from Grand Dukes Nikolai and [Mikhail Pavlovich](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia\") themselves. In total, over 30 instrumental works were attributed to his name, along with some poetry, although his quatrains are regarded as underwhelming and insignificant creations. Some of his texts for his songs may be his own poetry as well.",
"Around the 1830s, Titov made his acquaintance with two, more well\\-known Russian composers, namely M. [Glinka](/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka \"Mikhail Glinka\") and A. [Dargomyzhsky](/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky \"Alexander Dargomyzhsky\"). Titov would routinely ask them for advice regarding compositional qualms and career troubles. Right from the initial meeting, the two had become in favor of the soldier\\-turned\\-composer/Patron and enjoyed his compositions. Titov's relationship with another progenitor of the Russian romance style Alexander Varlamov, was matured to the point that Varlamov had dedicated his romance \"The Vagrant's Nightingale\" to his buoyant and genuine friend. His demeanor was one of a youthful glow and he shared a sincere devotion to the Russian national consciousness. Thus, when the Russian taste started turning towards Italian sensibilities and foreign operatic styles, he mourned the lack of attentive noticings of the \\[now] historically recognized composers such as his two, original colleagues and mentors Glinka and Dargomyzhsky: \n> *\"All that is ours, Russian, dear, we do not know how to value it, and to our shame we incense and worship everything foreign... But the time will come when the worthy will be rewarded worthy. \"*",
"In 1830, aftering have spent about 13 years in the [Preobrazhensky Regiment](/wiki/Preobrazhensky_Regiment \"Preobrazhensky Regiment\"), he settled in [Pavlovsk, St. Petersburg](/wiki/Pavlovsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg \"Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg\"), where in the same year a collection of his works set to Russian and French texts was published, although only about 10 of his songs, with only a handful of his dances and piano works, ever officially appeared in publiciation.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding
Lundy's was founded by Sheepshead Bay native Frederick William Irving Lundy ({{circa}} 1895 – 1977; popularly known as "Irving").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/10/archives/frederick\-wi\-lundy\-of\-seafood\-restaurant\-in\-sheepshead\-bay\-82\.html\|title\=Frederick W. I. Lundy Of Seafood Restaurant In Sheepshead Bay, 82\|date\=September 10, 1977\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803133803/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/10/archives/frederick\-wi\-lundy\-of\-seafood\-restaurant\-in\-sheepshead\-bay\-82\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|last\=Reiss\|first\=Marcia\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gyLUDwAAQBAJ\|title\=Lost Brooklyn\|publisher\=Rizzoli\|year\=2014\|isbn\=978\-1\-909815\-66\-7\|page\=131\|language\=en\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160658/https://books.google.com/books?id\=gyLUDwAAQBAJ\|url\-status\=live}} Irving Lundy was the oldest of seven; his father Fred was a prominent figure in the Brooklyn [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)").{{harvnb\|ps\=.\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1992\|p\=3}} Several of Irving's male relatives, including his father, operated the successful Lundy Brothers fish market, which by the early 1880s sold fish, clams, and oysters [wholesale](/wiki/Wholesaling "Wholesaling") at their shops in [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island") and Sheepshead Bay.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_0PtwQEACAAJ\|title\=Overton's Coney Island \& Sheepshead Bay Guide \& Directory (With Maps \& Illustrations): Embracing Manhattan Beach, Brighton Beach \& West Brighton Beach, Published Annually on July 1\|publisher\=New\-York Historical Society\|year\=1883\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160713/https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_0PtwQEACAAJ\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/lundyfamilytheir00lcarms\|title\=The Lundy Family and Their Descendants of Whatsoever Surname: With a Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Lundy\|last\=Armstrong\|first\=W.C.\|publisher\=J. Heidingsfeld, printer\|year\=1902\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/lundyfamilytheir00lcarms/page/445 445]\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019}} According to a 1902 biography of the Lundys, they were also selling seafood in [Manhattan Beach](/wiki/Manhattan_Beach%2C_Brooklyn "Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn") by then.
At the turn of the 20th century, Irving Lundy started a business selling [clams](/wiki/Clam "Clam") out of a [pushcart](/wiki/Food_cart "Food cart"). By 1907, he had opened a clam bar built on stilts over Sheepshead Bay. By the time he was 16, Lundy claimed to be employing several workers. Then, during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), he joined the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"). Irving Lundy's brothers Clayton and Stanley died in January 1920 in a boating accident while tending the family's clam beds in [Jamaica Bay](/wiki/Jamaica_Bay "Jamaica Bay").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/02/03/archives/two\-brooklyn\-boys\-drown\-off\-rockaway\-stanley\-and\-clayton\-lundy\-die.html\|title\=Two Brooklyn Boys Drown Off Rockaway; Stanley and Clayton Lundy Die After Ice Sinks Boat—Two Others Escape.\|date\=February 3, 1920\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 7, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192726/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/02/03/archives/two\-brooklyn\-boys\-drown\-off\-rockaway\-stanley\-and\-clayton\-lundy\-die.html\|url\-status\=live}}
In 1923 Irving would buy the pier for the original restaurant, located between East 21st Street and [Ocean Avenue](/wiki/Ocean_Avenue_%28Brooklyn%29 "Ocean Avenue (Brooklyn)"). The site had been previously operated by Henrietta Sheirr, who had operated the pier as a restaurant since 1906, initially operating with two tables; at the time, only one other seafood restaurant existed in the area. Sheirr's eatery had expanded to accommodate 235 patrons by the time Lundy purchased the pier.{{cite news\|url\=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35742391/\|title\=Huge Derricks Level Old Bay Landmarks\|date\=April 2, 1934\|work\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|page\=9\|via\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35742391/huge\-derricks\-level\-old\-bay\-landmarks/\|url\-status\=live}} In 1926, Lundy closed the pier in lieu of operating the restaurant. The restaurant was decorated with the letters "F.W.I.L.," standing for "Frederick William Irving Lundy". Irving's surviving brother Allen and their three sisters would manage the restaurant.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.go\-brooklyn.com/html/issues/\_vol24/24\_10/oldeats.html\|title\=The Brooklyn Paper: GO Brooklyn\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231024450/http://www.go\-brooklyn.com/html/issues/\_vol24/24\_10/oldeats.html\|archive\-date\=December 31, 2006\|url\-status\=live}} The same year, Irving Lundy was kidnapped and the restaurant was burglarized in an armed robbery, though Irving escaped relatively unharmed.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769206/\|title\=4 Robbers Kidnap Irving Lundy; Loot Restaurant\|date\=October 18, 1925\|work\=Brooklyn Times\-Union\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|page\=3\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160702/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769206/4\-robbers\-kidnap\-irving\-lundy\-loot/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/19/archives/kidnappers\-stage\-another\-holdup\-owner\-and\-manager\-of\-lundys.html\|title\=Kidnappers Stage Another Hold\-up; Owner and Manager of Lundy's Restaurant Victims in Crime Like the Calder Case.\|date\=October 19, 1926\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160719/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/19/archives/kidnappers\-stage\-another\-holdup\-owner\-and\-manager\-of\-lundys.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Relocation
#### Construction
[thumb\|left\|The shore of Sheepshead Bay, where the original Lundy's was located](/wiki/File:Sheepshead_Bay.jpg "Sheepshead Bay.jpg")
With the development of the Sheepshead Bay community into a residential neighborhood, there were efforts to improve the facilities on the waterfront. The channel of the Sheepshead Bay waterway was [dredged](/wiki/Dredging "Dredging") by 1916 to allow fishing boats to dock there, and in 1922 the [New York City Dock Commission](/wiki/Commissioner_of_Docks_and_Ferries_of_the_City_of_New_York "Commissioner of Docks and Ferries of the City of New York") planned to dredge the bays further, build [bulkheads](/wiki/Bulkhead_%28barrier%29 "Bulkhead (barrier)") on the shore, and widen Emmons Avenue on the waterfront from {{Convert\|80\|to\|120\|ft\|abbr\=}}.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35726717/\|title\=Delaney Urges City to Spend $1,000,000 at Sheepshead Bay\|date\=October 18, 1922\|work\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|page\=2\|via\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}}} As part of the project, 25 piers would be built on the south side of Emmons Avenue, while 26 buildings would be built on the north side. This would make Sheepshead Bay into what the *[Brooklyn Daily Eagle](/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle "Brooklyn Eagle")* described as a "modern [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice")".{{cite news\|url\=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35728088/\|title\=Court Ruling Speeds Sheepshead Waterfront Changes\|date\=March 8, 1936\|work\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|page\=60\|via\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160720/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35728088/court\-ruling\-speeds\-sheepshead/\|url\-status\=live}} Since the Sheepshead Bay development would entail the destruction of the original Lundy's location, Irving Lundy decided to rebuild his restaurant at 1901 Emmons Avenue, on the road's northern sidewalk, at the site of the Bayside Hotel and Casino.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=57F2CQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT23\|title\=Chronicles of Historic Brooklyn\|last\=Manbeck\|first\=J.B.\|publisher\=Arcadia Publishing Incorporated\|year\=2013\|isbn\=978\-1\-62584\-027\-1\|series\=American Chronicles\|page\=23\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160656/https://books.google.com/books?id\=57F2CQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT23\|url\-status\=live}} Lundy commissioned architects Ben Bloch and Walter Hesse to design the new building. By March 1932, his attorney said that "Lundy's would establish a $600,000 restaurant on the north side of Emmons Avenue as soon as the razing of the waterfront structures gets underway."
In 1931, the city condemned several buildings on the bay shore, including the original Lundy's, to widen Emmons Avenue.{{cite web\|url\=http://theweeklynabe.com/2012/08/27/sheepshead\-bay\-brooklyn\-history/\|title\=Sheepshead Bay: built on the bay of Kings\|date\=August 27, 2012\|website\=The Weekly Nabe\|access\-date\=September 7, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530144528/http://theweeklynabe.com/2012/08/27/sheepshead\-bay\-brooklyn\-history/\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2019\|url\-status\=live}} The [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") delayed further progress, as these buildings would not be destroyed until mid\-1934, and construction started on new buildings on Emmons Avenue's northern sidewalk. To avoid excessive disruption to normal business, Lundy waited until the last minute to close his original restaurant. A contemporary account stated that the relocation was timed such that when the new building was opened just in time for "the shucking of the last clam in the old place." Demolition was underway by April 1934\. Herb Shalat, who became a partner at Bloch \& Hesse several decades later, said that "Bloch and Hesse and staff would work at all hours and bring complete or even incomplete design drawings and details to the site each morning during the building process supervised by Walter Hesse, Piero Ghiani \[an architect with Bloch \& Hesse] and Irving Lundy." Lundy retained Bloch \& Hesse for his other Sheepshead Bay projects through the 1970s.
#### 1930s to 1960s
The new building opened in 1934 or 1935\.{{efn\|name\=open}} In 1935, shortly after Lundy's opened, the federal government threatened to seize the restaurant because Irving Lundy had not paid taxes on liquor that he stored in the restaurant. After a federal raid and a brief closure in June 1935,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/18/archives/federal\-raiders\-close\-lundys\-bar\-five\-agents\-seize\-prepared.html\|title\=Federal Raiders Close Lundy's Bar; Five Agents Seize Prepared Cocktails in Bottles and Padlock the Door.\|date\=June 18, 1935\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160740/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/18/archives/federal\-raiders\-close\-lundys\-bar\-five\-agents\-seize\-prepared.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=June 19, 1935\|title\=Lundy Is Held In Seizure of Untaxed Liquor: Owner of Sheepshead Bay Cafe Accused of Mixing Cocktails in Advance Arraigned With Manager Restaurant Will Remain Open Under Court Order\|page\=19\|work\=New York Herald Tribune\|issn\=1941\-0646\|id\={{ProQuest\|1221592341}}}} a judge sympathetic to Lundy ordered an injunction against the federal government's proposal to dismantle the bar at Lundy's.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35798984//\|title\=Court Bars U.S. Wrecking Lundy's Bar\|date\=June 19, 1935\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|access\-date\=August 28, 2019\|page\=476\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160713/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35798984/court\-bars\-us\-wrecking\-lundys\-bar/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/27/archives/court\-puts\-in\-word\-for\-cafe\-in\-tax\-raid\-pointing\-to\-good\-reputation.html\|title\=Court Puts In Word For Cafe In Tax Raid; Pointing to Good Reputation of Lundy's, He Continues Writ Against Stripping Place.\|date\=June 27, 1935\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160700/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/27/archives/court\-puts\-in\-word\-for\-cafe\-in\-tax\-raid\-pointing\-to\-good\-reputation.html\|url\-status\=live}} That October, Lundy agreed to pay back taxes.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/22/archives/lundy\-settles\-suit\-over\-tax\-on\-liquor\-government\-halts\-move\-to.html\|title\=Lundy Settles Suit Over Tax on Liquor; Government Halts Move to Seize Sheepshead Cafe in Dispute Over Stored Cocktails.\|date\=October 22, 1935\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421194028/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/22/archives/lundy\-settles\-suit\-over\-tax\-on\-liquor\-government\-halts\-move\-to.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 1937, part of the ceiling collapsed, injuring five diners.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/04/19/archives/ceiling\-crashes\-in\-a\-restaurant\-five\-brooklyn\-diners\-hurt\-slightly.html\|title\=Ceiling Crashes in a Restaurant; Five Brooklyn Diners Hurt Slightly as Plaster Falls on Crowd at Lundy's\|date\=April 19, 1937\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160723/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/04/19/archives/ceiling\-crashes\-in\-a\-restaurant\-five\-brooklyn\-diners\-hurt\-slightly.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799023/\|title\=5 Hurt, Scores Flee as Lundy Ceiling Falls\|date\=April 19, 1937\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|access\-date\=August 28, 2019\|page\=446\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160720/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799023/5\-hurt\-scores\-flee\-as\-lundy\-ceiling/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=April 19, 1937\|title\=5 Diners Hurt As Ceiling Slab Falls at Lundy's: Piece 10 by 3 Feet Drop on Tables in Restaurant Facing Sheepshead Bay Others Hit In Fragments Customer Says Roar Like Thunder Was Warning\|page\=3\|work\=New York Herald Tribune\|issn\=1941\-0646\|id\={{ProQuest\|1243536507}}}} Simultaneously, Frederick Lundy was seeking $853,000 in compensation from the New York City government for the acquisition of the original building. A state court ruled in 1939 that Lundy was only entitled to $253,000 in damages.{{cite news\|date\=April 10, 1939\|title\=City Wins Case Involving Value Of Bay Parcel: Legal Department Reports Victory Over Property in Sheephead, Brooklyn\|page\=30\|work\=New York Herald Tribune\|issn\=1941\-0646\|id\={{ProQuest\|1255426694}}}}
With the success of Lundy's Restaurant, Irving Lundy was able to buy waterfront real estate along Sheepshead Bay.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1992\|ps\=.\|p\=8}} In some cases, he bought the enterprises of rival restaurateurs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/04/14/archives/fred\-lundy\-buys\-tappen\-property\-rival\-restaurateur\-acquires.html\|title\=Fred Lundy Buys Tappen Property; Rival Restaurateur Acquires 103\-Year\-Old Eating Place at Sheepshead Bay\|date\=April 14, 1948\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/04/14/archives/fred\-lundy\-buys\-tappen\-property\-rival\-restaurateur\-acquires.html\|url\-status\=live}} At one point, his holdings included all of the 70 waterfront properties on Emmons Avenue from East 19th to East 29th Streets. Lundy never resold his properties, but he did lease them to businesspeople that he liked. As a result, much of the north side of Emmons Avenue remained undeveloped through the early 1960s, even as apartment houses were developed in the rest of Sheepshead Bay.{{cite news\|last\=Binder\|first\=David\|date\=July 2, 1961\|title\=Sheepshead Bay Enjoying a Boom: New Apartment Houses Add 20,000 to Population of Old Race Track Area\|page\=R1\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|id\={{ProQuest\|115302275}}}} Lundy never married and became a recluse in his later life.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/05/archives/brooklyn\-area\-counts\-on\-lundys\-heirs\-the\-talk\-of\-sheepshead\-bay.html\|title\=Brooklyn Area Counts on Lundy's Heirs\|date\=November 5, 1979\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160700/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/05/archives/brooklyn\-area\-counts\-on\-lundys\-heirs\-the\-talk\-of\-sheepshead\-bay.html\|url\-status\=live}} Because of his reclusive behavior and his wealth, Lundy became known as the "[Howard Hughes](/wiki/Howard_Hughes "Howard Hughes") of Brooklyn".{{Cite news\|title\=Tam resurrects famed Brooklyn fine\-dining institution Lundy's\|last\=Prewitt\|first\=Milford\|date\=April 8, 1996\|work\=Nation's Restaurant News\|page\=7\|id\={{ProQuest\|229261402}}}} Despite his infrequent public appearances, Irving Lundy managed the restaurant with what one author called "an iron hand", which may have contributed to the waiters' dour expressions.
Lundy constructed the one\-story [Teresa Brewer](/wiki/Teresa_Brewer "Teresa Brewer") Room along Ocean Avenue was constructed in 1945, naming it after the pop singer whom his nephew had married. Lundy added [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning "Air conditioning") to the restaurant around this time. The first [labor strike](/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action") in Lundy's history occurred in July 1946 when waiters walked out due to [union](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union") disagreements;{{cite news\|url\=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35799107/\|title\=Labor Dispute Hits Lundy's Restaurant\|date\=July 7, 1946\|work\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\|access\-date\=August 28, 2019\|page\=3\|via\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160722/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35799107/labor\-dispute\-hits\-lundys\-restaurant/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=July 13, 1946\|title\=Negroes Strike at Swank Lundy's Spot: Lundy's, Famed Sea Food Spot, Hit as 175 Employees Strike Sheepshead Eatery Employees Go on Strike\|page\=13\|work\=New York Amsterdam News\|id\={{proQuest\|225965207}}}} the strike lasted for most of that month.{{Cite news\|date\=July 27, 1946\|title\=Lundy Strike Enters Into Fourth Week: Mgmt. Shows No Signs Of Policy Changes In Employment\|page\=13\|work\=New York Amsterdam News\|id\={{proQuest\|226003233}}}} In 1947, Walter Hesse enclosed the patios on the second floor.
A larger strike started in July 1957, when 75 employees walked out during a dispute over wages;{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/07/05/archives/resort\-waiters\-strike\-pay\-dispute\-walkout\-staged\-at\-sheepshead\-bay.html\|title\=Resort Workers Strike; Pay Dispute Walk\-Out Staged at Sheepshead Bay Cafe\|date\=July 5, 1957\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192532/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/07/05/archives/resort\-waiters\-strike\-pay\-dispute\-walkout\-staged\-at\-sheepshead\-bay.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799221/\|title\=Strikers Shout Coercion at Lundy Threat to Close\|date\=July 10, 1957\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|access\-date\=August 28, 2019\|page\=79\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160702/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799221/strikers\-shout\-coercion\-at\-lundy\-threat/\|url\-status\=live}} another 200 employees walked out soon afterward.{{cite news\|date\=July 10, 1957\|title\=Strike Puts Lundy's Out Of Business: Only Clam Bar And Bar to Stay\|page\=A1\|work\=New York Herald Tribune\|issn\=1941\-0646\|id\={{ProQuest\|1328067652}}}}{{cite news\|date\=July 10, 1957\|title\=Labor Dispute Closes Lundy's Restaurant\|page\=21\|work\=Newsday\|issn\=2574\-5298\|id\={{ProQuest\|884964546}}}} Irving Lundy said that he would permanently shutter the restaurant if the waiters did not stop striking, claiming that he had lost control over his waiters. At the time, the restaurant served 2,000 patrons on an average weekday, which increased to 10,000 on Sundays and 15,000 during holidays. A few days after the strike started, he officially announced that Lundy's would "never reopen" due to the strike.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800606/\|title\=Walk\-Out Shuts Lundy's\|date\=July 13, 1957\|work\=Kings County Courier\|access\-date\=August 23, 2019\|page\=1\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800606/walk\-out\-shuts\-lundys/\|url\-status\=live}} Despite a report in September 1957 that Lundy's would reopen imminently after personnel changes,{{cite news\|title\=Personnel Shifts Delay Lundy's Re\-opening\|date\=September 14, 1957\|work\=Kings County Courier\|pages\=\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800462/ 2], \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800497/ 23]\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}}} much of the restaurant except for the clam bar remained closed until a labor agreement was reached that December.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799353/\|title\=Lundy's Strike Over at Last\|date\=December 28, 1957\|work\=Kings County Courier\|access\-date\=August 23, 2019\|page\=1\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160713/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799353/lundys\-strike\-over\-at\-last/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=December 23, 1957\|title\=6\-Month Lundy Strike Ends\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/12/23/archives/6month\-lundy\-strike\-ends.html\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160711/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/12/23/archives/6month\-lundy\-strike\-ends.html\|url\-status\=live}} The restaurant was briefly closed again in 1968 due to a seafood shortage.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800310/\|title\=Cold Hurts Seafood Businesses\|date\=January 18, 1968\|work\=Democrat and Chronicle\|access\-date\=August 23, 2019\|location\=Rochester, NY\|page\=21\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800310/cold\-hurts\-seafood\-businesses/\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Decline and first closure
By the 1970s, Lundy's was facing numerous problems, including two armed robberies in 1972{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/05/archives/sheepshead\-bay\-thugs\-injure\-two\-at\-lundys.html\|title\=Sheepshead Bay Thugs Injure Two at Lundy's\|date\=September 5, 1972\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160714/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/05/archives/sheepshead\-bay\-thugs\-injure\-two\-at\-lundys.html\|url\-status\=live}} and November 1974;{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/26/archives/30000\-in\-receipts\-stolen\-from\-lundys\-restaurant.html\|title\=$30,000 in Receipts Stolen From Lundy's Restaurant\|date\=November 26, 1974\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160715/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/26/archives/30000\-in\-receipts\-stolen\-from\-lundys\-restaurant.html\|url\-status\=live}} after a third attempted robbery in December 1974, one of the restaurant's managers got into a shoot\-out with policemen after assuming that they were robbers.{{cite news\|date\=December 11, 1974\|title\=Comedy of Errors\-\-Not on Lundy's Menu\|page\=44\|work\=Newsday\|issn\=2574\-5298\|id\={{ProQuest\|919528822}}}}{{Cite news\|last\=Lichtenstein\|first\=Grace\|date\=December 12, 1974\|title\=Cops or Robbers? Manager of Lundy's Shoots First\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/12/archives/cops\-or\-robbers\-manager\-of\-lundys\-shoots\-first\-reinforcements.html\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023}} The restaurant was temporarily closed following an unfavorable health\-inspection report in 1973,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/27/archives/lundy\-restaurant\-ordered\-to\-close\-after\-3d\-inspection.html\|title\=Lundy Restaurant Ordered to Close. After 3d Inspection\|date\=October 27, 1973\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192527/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/27/archives/lundy\-restaurant\-ordered\-to\-close\-after\-3d\-inspection.html\|url\-status\=live}} and it suffered after two of the Lundy siblings were murdered in 1975\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/19/archives/2\-in\-lundy\-family\-slain\-in\-burglary\-sister\-and\-brotherinlaw\-of.html\|title\=2 in Lundy Family Slain in Burglary\|date\=September 19, 1975\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160725/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/19/archives/2\-in\-lundy\-family\-slain\-in\-burglary\-sister\-and\-brotherinlaw\-of.html\|url\-status\=live}} In the years before Irving Lundy's death in September 1977, he had become increasingly reclusive, refusing even to talk to the police about the killings of his siblings. A fire damaged Lundy's that same November.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/20/archives/fire\-at\-lundys\-restaurant.html\|title\=Fire at Lundy's Restaurant\|date\=November 20, 1977\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192529/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/20/archives/fire\-at\-lundys\-restaurant.html\|url\-status\=live}}
After Irving Lundy's death, his $25 million estate was distributed among a niece and three nephews. Under subsequent management, Lundy's Restaurant started to lose money, making it financially unsustainable.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769264/\|title\=Latest fare at Lundy's is 'a la court'\|last\=Schaffer\|first\=Katharine\|date\=October 5, 1979\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|page\=549\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160705/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769264/latest\-fare\-at\-lundys\-is\-a\-la\-court/\|url\-status\=live}} Changes were also occurring in the surrounding community; while Sheepshead Bay did not undergo the [white flight](/wiki/White_flight "White flight") and high crime that afflicted other New York City neighborhoods, the waterfront economy was dependent on the success of Lundy's. The last surviving Lundy siblings were unable to resolve their disputes, and officials discovered in 1979 that numerous people, including Irving Lundy's longtime chauffeur, had embezzled $11 million from the restaurant.{{Cite news\|last\=Fried\|first\=Joseph P.\|date\=February 15, 1979\|title\=5 Accused of Looting Lundy Assets Of $ 11 Million in Elaborate Plot\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/15/archives/5\-accused\-of\-looting\-lundy\-assets\-of\-11\-million\-in\-elaborate\-plot.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150427/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/15/archives/5\-accused\-of\-looting\-lundy\-assets\-of\-11\-million\-in\-elaborate\-plot.html\|url\-status\=live}} Lundy's closed in October 1979,{{efn\|Two articles in ''The New York Times'' cite the year of closure as being in 1979\. Another ''Times'' article in 2007 says that Lundy's had "closed after the death of the founder, Irving Lundy, in 1977", though this seems to confirm Lundy's death in 1977 rather than assert that the restaurant had closed at that date.\|name\=close}} with a sign stating that Lundy's was "Closed for Renovations".
### Abandonment
The Lundy's Restaurant building was sold to investment company Litas Group in 1981 for about $11 million.{{Cite news\|last\=Johnson\|first\=Kirk\|date\=June 16, 1985\|title\=City Revitalizing Sheepshead Bay\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/realestate/city\-revitalizing\-sheepshead\-bay.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150427/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/realestate/city\-revitalizing\-sheepshead\-bay.html\|url\-status\=live}} The new owners wished to build a high\-rise residential development with [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium_%28living_space%29 "Condominium (living space)"), a [nightclub](/wiki/Nightclub "Nightclub"), a [hotel](/wiki/Hotel "Hotel"), and specialty shops on the nearly {{Convert\|14\|acre\|\|abbr\=\|adj\=on}} site.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769352/\|title\=Lundy's restaurant \& land sold for $11M\|last\=Davila\|first\=Albert\|date\=December 31, 1981\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|page\=78\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769352/lundys\-restaurant\-land\-sold\-for\-11m/\|url\-status\=live}} The building soon became dilapidated and filled with graffiti, and other stores in Sheepshead Bay had closed in turn due to a general decline in visitors.{{cite news\|last\=English\|first\=Merle\|date\=May 28, 1994\|title\=Lundy's May Return\|page\=A06\|work\=Newsday\|issn\=2574\-5298\|id\={{ProQuest\|278748142}}}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* wrote that, even though local officials did not consider the neighborhood to be [blighted](/wiki/Urban_decay "Urban decay"), "the deteriorating wooden docks and the vacancy of Lundy's Restaurant on Emmons Avenue, a local landmark, have kept the area from attracting the number of visitors it once did". The city government had proposed converting the site to a museum, stores, and 63 [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium "Condominium") in 1987 but was unsuccessful.{{Cite news\|last\=Pierre\-Pierre\|first\=Garry\|date\=June 5, 1994\|title\=Neighborhood Report: Sheepshead Bay; Renovation At Lundy's. Yes, Really.\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/05/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-sheepshead\-bay\-renovation\-at\-lundy\-s\-yes\-really.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141912/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/05/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-sheepshead\-bay\-renovation\-at\-lundy\-s\-yes\-really.html\|url\-status\=live}}
As early as 1986, there had been proposals to preserve the building's exterior as a city landmark, protecting it from demolition.{{cite news\|date\=July 24, 1986\|title\=Brooklyn Neighborhoods\|page\=29\|work\=Newsday\|issn\=2574\-5298\|id\={{ProQuest\|285352261}}}} The Sheepshead Bay Beautification Group's co\-director Peter Romeo, who thought that Lundy' s abandonment affected economic development along Sheepshead Bay, started lobbying for Lundy's to be restored. Romeo began looking for developers to purchase, maintain, and restore the building.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-manhattan\-beachsheepshead\-baylundys\-leads\-a.html\|title\=Neighborhood Report: Manhattan Beach/Sheepshead Bay; Lundy's Leads a Street's Revival\|date\=March 17, 1996\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192727/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-manhattan\-beachsheepshead\-baylundys\-leads\-a.html\|url\-status\=live}} The [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission "New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission") designated the building an official city landmark on March 3, 1992\.{{Cite news\|last\=Oestricher\|first\=David J.\|date\=March 4, 1992\|title\=Developer to put new, landmarked Lundy's on menu\|pages\=74\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263668/developer\-to\-put\-new\-landmarked/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}} \|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141912/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263668/developer\-to\-put\-new\-landmarked/ \|url\-status\=live }} The Seaside Restaurant Development Corporation, which owned the building, supported landmark designation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/04/nyregion/panel\-rejects\-fee\-for\-landmark\-buildings.html\|title\=Panel Rejects Fee for Landmark Buildings\|date\=March 4, 1992\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115174241/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/04/nyregion/panel\-rejects\-fee\-for\-landmark\-buildings.html\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2018\|url\-status\=live}} Immediately after the landmark designation, the owner started looking for $10 million to restore the building. At that point, the restaurant's reopening had been proposed unsuccessfully at least 12 times.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/22/nyregion/about\-new\-york\-restaurant\-s\-rebirth\-a\-breeze\-blows\-in\-brooklyn.html\|title\=ABOUT NEW YORK; Restaurant's Rebirth: A Breeze Blows in Brooklyn\|date\=April 22, 1992\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114212616/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/22/nyregion/about\-new\-york\-restaurant\-s\-rebirth\-a\-breeze\-blows\-in\-brooklyn.html\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2018\|url\-status\=live}} With permission from the restaurant's owner,{{cite news\|last\=English\|first\=Merle\|date\=October 8, 1993\|title\=Closeup Lundy's New Face\|page\=33\|work\=Newsday\|issn\=2574\-5298\|id\={{ProQuest\|278699707}}}} Romeo covered the graffiti on the facade with more than three dozen murals in 1993\.{{cite news\|last\=English\|first\=Merle\|date\=August 30, 1993\|title\=Closeup Artwork Bringing Life Back to Lundy's\|page\=23\|work\=Newsday\|issn\=2574\-5298\|id\={{ProQuest\|278672384}}}} The [New York City Council](/wiki/New_York_City_Council "New York City Council") approved the landmark designation that June.{{Cite news\|last\=Bertrand\|first\=Donald\|date\=June 24, 1992\|title\=City set to make Lundy's a landmark\|pages\=633\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263601/city\-set\-to\-make\-lundys\-a/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}} \|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141912/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263601/city\-set\-to\-make\-lundys\-a/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### Use as shopping plaza
#### Initial stores and second restaurant
Donald Lentnek and Steve Pappas of Lundy's Management Corporation leased the restaurant building for 49 years from the owner, Sheepshead Bay Restaurant Associates, in 1994 and began renovating it that June. Lundy's Management Corporation offered to renovate a nearby vacant lot into a public park in exchange for permission to operate a 100\-space parking lot next to Lundy's.{{Cite news\|last\=Steinhauer\|first\=Jennifer\|date\=November 20, 1994\|title\=Neighborhood Report: Sheepshead Bay; Opening Lot For Parking To Get a Park\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/20/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-sheepshead\-bay\-opening\-lot\-for\-parking\-to\-get\-a\-park.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141913/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/20/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-sheepshead\-bay\-opening\-lot\-for\-parking\-to\-get\-a\-park.html\|url\-status\=live}} The firm began converting the Lundy's building into a small shopping center, with two restaurants on Emmons Avenue, including a scaled\-down revival of Lundy's, and up to 50 stores inside.{{Cite news\|last\=Deutsch\|first\=Claudia H.\|date\=July 9, 1995\|title\=Commercial Property/Sheepshead Bay; Should There Be a Fishing Village or a Loehmann's?\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/realestate/commercial\-property\-sheepshead\-bay\-should\-there\-be\-fishing\-village\-loehmann\-s.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=August 29, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215718/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/realestate/commercial\-property\-sheepshead\-bay\-should\-there\-be\-fishing\-village\-loehmann\-s.html\|url\-status\=live}} Tam Restaurant Group (headed by restaurateurs Frank and Jeanne Cretella, who also managed the Boathouse Cafe at [Loeb Boathouse](/wiki/Loeb_Boathouse "Loeb Boathouse") in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"){{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35743936/\|title\=Redoing the Lundy's\|last\=Hamill\|first\=Denis\|date\=February 1, 1995\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|access\-date\=August 28, 2019\|page\=276\|via\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160736/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35743936/redoing\-the\-lundys/\|url\-status\=live}}) agreed to operate the scaled\-down Lundy's in January 1995\.{{Cite news\|last\=Fabricant\|first\=Florence\|date\=January 25, 1995\|title\=Food Notes\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/25/garden/food\-notes\-993095\.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150432/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/25/garden/food\-notes\-993095\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Frank Cretella said he had leased the restaurant because, "whenever I talked about restaurants in Brooklyn, someone said, 'Lundy's.'"{{cite magazine\|last\=Kamen\|first\=Robin\|date\=March 4, 1996\|title\=Bridge, tunnel fare: Dining boom nourishes Brooklyn locales\|magazine\=Crain's New York Business\|volume\=12\|issue\=10\|page\=3\|id\={{ProQuest\|219154421}}}} Niemitz Design Group was hired to renovate the restaurant.
Tam reopened the second Lundy's on December 6, 1995\.{{Cite news\|last\=Fabricant\|first\=Florence\|date\=December 6, 1995\|title\=Food Notes\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/garden/food\-notes\-074470\.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150430/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/garden/food\-notes\-074470\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The second iteration of Lundy's only occupied about half of the space taken up by the original eatery.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/03/31/five\-dead\-and\-gone\-classic\-brooklyn\-restaurants/\|title\=Five Dead and Gone Classic Brooklyn Restaurants\|last\=Karp\|first\=Walter\|date\=March 31, 2011\|website\=Village Voice\|access\-date\=September 8, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913141922/https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/03/31/five\-dead\-and\-gone\-classic\-brooklyn\-restaurants/\|archive\-date\=September 13, 2018\|url\-status\=live}} The opening of the new Lundy's location spurred a wave of development on Emmons Avenue. By March 1996, property owners reported that real estate prices had doubled and that vacant apartments were being occupied. Formerly vacant lots were being developed and new restaurants and other businesses were being opened along Emmons Avenue, including two shopping plazas and a sports bar. Lundy's itself saw waiting lists of up to one month for weekend reservations, and many people called to ask if the restaurant had reopened. Despite its relative remoteness (it was nearly 10 miles from [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") and not easily accessible by [subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway "New York City Subway") or [taxi](/wiki/Taxis_of_New_York_City "Taxis of New York City")), Lundy's was popular, with patrons coming from as far as eastern [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"). The *Times* later wrote that the Cretellas had "helped revive Lundy's".{{cite web\|date\=December 18, 2005\|title\=Living With Frank Lloyd Wright\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/realestate/living\-with\-frank\-lloyd\-wright.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227211843/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/realestate/living\-with\-frank\-lloyd\-wright.html\|archive\-date\=February 27, 2018\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331}} By 1998 there was also a Japanese restaurant at the site of the original Lundy's, while the retail space was being converted into office space. The unused space later became Lundy's Landing Shopping Plaza, though the shopping space was initially unsuccessful.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/29/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-sheepshead\-bay\-mall\-has\-plenty\-eat\-but\-nothing\-much\-left\-buy.html\|title\=Neighborhood Report: Sheepshead Bay; Mall Has Plenty to Eat, but Nothing Much Left to Buy\|last\=Biederman\|first\=Marcia\|date\=March 29, 1998\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011191657/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/29/nyregion/neighborhood\-report\-sheepshead\-bay\-mall\-has\-plenty\-eat\-but\-nothing\-much\-left\-buy.html\|archive\-date\=October 11, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}
Tam had planned to expand Lundy's into a brand with dozens of locations across the U.S.,{{cite magazine\|last\=Kramer\|first\=Louise\|date\=September 25, 2000\|title\=Seafood server in rough water\|magazine\=Crain's New York Business\|volume\=16\|issue\=39\|page\=14\|id\={{ProQuest\|219104829}}}}{{cite news\|last\=Hays\|first\=Elizabeth\|date\=February 27, 2005\|title\=Lundy's New Lineup Full Menu of Changes at Fabled Restaurant\|page\=1\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|id\={{ProQuest\|305931299}}}} but this was canceled after the company began to experience financial issues in late 2000\. Tam opened a branch location in 2001, at 205 West [50th Street](/wiki/50th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "50th Street (Manhattan)") near Manhattan's [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square "Times Square"), which lasted only a short time.{{cite web\|url\=http://nymag.com/listings/restaurant/lundys\_times\_square/\|title\=Lundy's Times Square\|work\=NYMag.com\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003170051/http://nymag.com/listings/restaurant/lundys\_times\_square/\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.go\-brooklyn.com/html/Issues/\_vol24/24\_28/lundys.html\|title\=The Brooklyn Paper: GO Brooklyn\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217225521/http://www.go\-brooklyn.com/html/issues/\_vol24/24\_28/lundys.html\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2006\|url\-status\=live}} Lundy's temporarily closed in May 2003 after Tam failed to pay taxes, but it reopened soon afterward when Tam filed for [Chapter 11](/wiki/Chapter_11%2C_Title_11%2C_United_States_Code "Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code") bankruptcy protection.{{cite magazine\|date\=May 26, 2003\|title\=Tam Restaurants of NYC files for Chapter 11 shield\|magazine\=Nation's Restaurant News\|volume\=37\|issue\=21\|page\=36\|id\={{ProQuest\|229354810}}}}{{cite news\|last\=Son\|first\=Hugh\|date\=May 9, 2003\|title\=A Bankrupt Lundy's Reopens\|page\=5\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|id\={{ProQuest\|305800070}}}} By the next year, Tam's president Tony Golio said that "business is good".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/following\-up.html\|title\=Following Up\|date\=May 16, 2004\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430000526/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/following\-up.html\|archive\-date\=April 30, 2018\|url\-status\=live}} A family\-owned business named The Players Club, headed by restaurateur Afrodite Dimitroulakos, acquired Lundy's from Tam in December 2004\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pr9\.net/health/nutrition/1392december.html\|title\=Lundy Brothers Restaurant Looking to Regain Former Glory\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003194311/http://www.pr9\.net/health/nutrition/1392december.html\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|url\-status\=live}} The Dimitroulakos family expanded the restaurant's menu and added a sushi bar. Lundy's again closed in January 2007;{{cite web\|last\=Fabricant\|first\=Florence\|date\=February 14, 2007\|title\=Off the Menu\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/14/dining/14off.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429155637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/14/dining/14off.html\|archive\-date\=April 29, 2018\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{cite book\|last\=Manbeck\|first\=J.B.\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VZl2CQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT109\|title\=Brooklyn: Historically Speaking\|publisher\=Arcadia Publishing Incorporated\|year\=2008\|isbn\=978\-1\-61423\-789\-1\|series\=American Chronicles\|page\=109\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160722/https://books.google.com/books?id\=VZl2CQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT109\|url\-status\=live}} a state judge had ordered the closure of the restaurant because the Demetroulakos family had filed for bankruptcy and had not paid rent in several months.{{cite news\|last\=Romano\|first\=Denise\|date\=February 7, 2007\|title\=Famed Eatery by the Sea Couldn't Stay Afloat\|page\=1\|work\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|id\={{ProQuest\|306080514}}}}
#### Late 2000s to present
After the second Lundy's closed, Lentnek sought to lease out its space. The former space of the second Lundy's was renovated and incorporated into Lundy's Landing Shopping Plaza, hosting several restaurants and businesses. Neighborhood residents felt that the new occupants of the Lundy's location, the Russian\-themed Cherry Hill Gourmet Market, were radically altering the space. In particular, residents objected when David Isaev, who operated the market, removed lettering from the "Lundy's" sign above the entrance.{{cite web\|last\=Fahim\|first\=Kareem\|date\=September 30, 2008\|title\=Renovation of Lundy's Stirs Dispute in Brooklyn\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/nyregion/30lundys.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309131948/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/nyregion/30lundys.html\|archive\-date\=March 9, 2020\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|website\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{cite web\|last\=Barbanel\|first\=Josh\|date\=September 21, 2011\|title\=Division in Sheepshead Bay\|url\=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576582941385699126\.html\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|work\=The Wall Street Journal\|issn\=0099\-9660\|archive\-date\=December 27, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227100355/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576582941385699126\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The city government ordered Isaev to stop renovating the space in late 2008 after finding that the market violated local [zoning](/wiki/Zoning "Zoning") ordinances, since Lundy's fell within a zoning district that prohibited non\-maritime uses.{{cite web\|last\=Durkin\|first\=Erin\|date\=October 22, 2008\|title\=City halts Lundy's restoration, saying market breaks zoning rules\|url\=https://www.nydailynews.com/new\-york/brooklyn/city\-halts\-lundy\-restoration\-market\-breaks\-zoning\-rules\-article\-1\.304125\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155613/https://www.nydailynews.com/new\-york/brooklyn/city\-halts\-lundy\-restoration\-market\-breaks\-zoning\-rules\-article\-1\.304125\|url\-status\=live}} Work resumed after Isaev submitted revised plans for the market, but city inspectors again issued a stop\-work order in April 2009, since the market still violated the local zoning ordinance.{{cite web\|last\=Durkin\|first\=Erin\|date\=April 13, 2009\|title\=City orders work stopped at ex\-Lundy's Inspection finds new violation\|url\=https://www.nydailynews.com/new\-york/brooklyn/city\-orders\-work\-stopped\-ex\-lundy\-inspection\-finds\-new\-violation\-article\-1\.360517\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155615/https://www.nydailynews.com/new\-york/brooklyn/city\-orders\-work\-stopped\-ex\-lundy\-inspection\-finds\-new\-violation\-article\-1\.360517\|url\-status\=live}} In total, the city issued 46 stop\-work orders for the project; Isaev said of the controversy: "I was in war in Israel and saw nothing like this."{{cite web\|date\=July 30, 2010\|title\=True, it's not Lundy's, but the locals like it just fine\|url\=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100801/REAL\_ESTATE/308019983/true\-it\-s\-not\-lundy\-s\-but\-the\-locals\-like\-it\-just\-fine\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=Crain's New York Business\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155623/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100801/REAL\_ESTATE/308019983/true\-it\-s\-not\-lundy\-s\-but\-the\-locals\-like\-it\-just\-fine\|url\-status\=live}} The renovation of the market ultimately cost $7 million.
[thumb\|Storm damage from Hurricane SandyWhen](/wiki/File:Lundy_Masal_canopy_torn_Sandy_jeh.jpg "Lundy Masal canopy torn Sandy jeh.jpg") Cherry Hill Gourmet Market opened in May 2009, city inspectors promptly fined Isaev for violating zoning ordinances.{{cite web\|last\=Berke\|first\=Ned\|date\=May 6, 2009\|title\=Cherry Hill Issued $5000 Fine, Owner Says "We'll Fight"\|url\=https://bklyner.com/cherry\-hill\-issued\-5000\-fine\-says\-we\-ll\-2\-sheepshead\-bay/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=Bklyner\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155614/https://bklyner.com/cherry\-hill\-issued\-5000\-fine\-says\-we\-ll\-2\-sheepshead\-bay/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Durkin\|first\=Erin\|date\=May 11, 2009\|title\=Fat fine for gourmet mart: Zoning violation at new business on old Lundy's site\|url\=https://www.nydailynews.com/new\-york/brooklyn/fat\-fine\-gourmet\-mart\-zoning\-violation\-new\-business\-old\-lundy\-site\-article\-1\.411095\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=New York Daily News\|issn\=2692\-1251\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155613/https://www.nydailynews.com/new\-york/brooklyn/fat\-fine\-gourmet\-mart\-zoning\-violation\-new\-business\-old\-lundy\-site\-article\-1\.411095\|url\-status\=live}} At the time, the remaining space was occupied by Turkish and Japanese restaurants. Despite the controversies over the renovations, the market was popular, and *Crain's New York Business* said "the market has helped revive a local landmark". After Isaev agreed to restore the sign above the building's entrance, the LPC waived the zoning\-code violations in August 2011\.{{cite web\|last\=Short\|first\=Aaron\|date\=August 2, 2011\|title\=Landmark decision: City sweeps away Lundy's violations\|url\=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/landmark\-decision\-city\-sweeps\-away\-lundys\-violations/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=Brooklyn Paper\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155615/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/landmark\-decision\-city\-sweeps\-away\-lundys\-violations/\|url\-status\=live}} Isaev asked the city to rezone the Lundy's site later the same year.{{cite web\|last\=Bush\|first\=Daniel\|date\=November 15, 2011\|title\=Grocery owner seeks to rezone Lundy's for supermarkets\|url\=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/grocery\-owner\-seeks\-to\-rezone\-lundys\-for\-supermarkets/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=Brooklyn Paper\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155614/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/grocery\-owner\-seeks\-to\-rezone\-lundys\-for\-supermarkets/\|url\-status\=live}} In the [aftermath](/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York "Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York") of [Hurricane Sandy](/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy") in October 2012, the waters of Sheepshead Bay overflowed, flooding the building.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2012/45/bn\_sandygroceryaftermath\_2012\_11\_09\_bk.html\|title\=Emmons Avenue businesses clean up after Hurricane Sandy\|work\=Brooklyn Daily\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003212041/http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2012/45/bn\_sandygroceryaftermath\_2012\_11\_09\_bk.html\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|url\-status\=live}} The front of Masal's Cafe looking out on Sheepshead Bay at Lundy's Landing Shopping Plaza shows the high height of the water level entering the Lundy's structure at the peak of Hurricane Sandy.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sheepsheadbites.com/2012/10/flooding\-reported\-all\-around\-neighborhood/\|title\=Flooding Reported All Around Neighborhood\|author\=Ned Berke\|work\=Sheepshead Bites\|access\-date\=October 3, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180807/http://www.sheepsheadbites.com/2012/10/flooding\-reported\-all\-around\-neighborhood/\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2015, a seafood restaurant named Cipura moved into the western side of the former Lundy's building.{{cite web\|url\=https://bklyner.com/cipura\-emmons\-avenues\-newest\-seafood\-restaurant\-opens\-lundys\-sheepshead\-bay/\|title\=Sheepshead Bay's Newest Seafood Restaurant, Cipura, Opens In Lundy's Building\|date\=September 16, 2015\|website\=BKLYNER\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019\|archive\-date\=August 27, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827185612/https://bklyner.com/cipura\-emmons\-avenues\-newest\-seafood\-restaurant\-opens\-lundys\-sheepshead\-bay/\|url\-status\=live}}
After one of the building's co\-owners, Dimitrios Kaloidis, died in 2019, his estate retained 25 percent of the [shares](/wiki/Share_%28finance%29 "Share (finance)") in the building, which was valued at $11 million. His brother George Kaloidis, another co\-owner, sued Dimitrios's estate in 2021 in an attempt to force the estate to sell the shares.{{cite web\|last\=Modi\|first\=Priyanka\|date\=August 3, 2021\|title\=Family Fights Over Sheepshead Bay Landmark Restaurant Lundy's\|url\=https://therealdeal.com/new\-york/2021/08/03/family\-feud\-for\-11m\-lundys\-restaurant\-building\-boils\-over/\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023\|website\=The Real Deal\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155614/https://therealdeal.com/new\-york/2021/08/03/family\-feud\-for\-11m\-lundys\-restaurant\-building\-boils\-over/\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding",
"Lundy's was founded by Sheepshead Bay native Frederick William Irving Lundy ({{circa}} 1895 – 1977; popularly known as \"Irving\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/10/archives/frederick\\-wi\\-lundy\\-of\\-seafood\\-restaurant\\-in\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-82\\.html\\|title\\=Frederick W. I. Lundy Of Seafood Restaurant In Sheepshead Bay, 82\\|date\\=September 10, 1977\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803133803/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/10/archives/frederick\\-wi\\-lundy\\-of\\-seafood\\-restaurant\\-in\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-82\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Reiss\\|first\\=Marcia\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gyLUDwAAQBAJ\\|title\\=Lost Brooklyn\\|publisher\\=Rizzoli\\|year\\=2014\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-909815\\-66\\-7\\|page\\=131\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160658/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gyLUDwAAQBAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Irving Lundy was the oldest of seven; his father Fred was a prominent figure in the Brooklyn [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\").{{harvnb\\|ps\\=.\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1992\\|p\\=3}} Several of Irving's male relatives, including his father, operated the successful Lundy Brothers fish market, which by the early 1880s sold fish, clams, and oysters [wholesale](/wiki/Wholesaling \"Wholesaling\") at their shops in [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\") and Sheepshead Bay.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_0PtwQEACAAJ\\|title\\=Overton's Coney Island \\& Sheepshead Bay Guide \\& Directory (With Maps \\& Illustrations): Embracing Manhattan Beach, Brighton Beach \\& West Brighton Beach, Published Annually on July 1\\|publisher\\=New\\-York Historical Society\\|year\\=1883\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160713/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_0PtwQEACAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lundyfamilytheir00lcarms\\|title\\=The Lundy Family and Their Descendants of Whatsoever Surname: With a Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Lundy\\|last\\=Armstrong\\|first\\=W.C.\\|publisher\\=J. Heidingsfeld, printer\\|year\\=1902\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lundyfamilytheir00lcarms/page/445 445]\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019}} According to a 1902 biography of the Lundys, they were also selling seafood in [Manhattan Beach](/wiki/Manhattan_Beach%2C_Brooklyn \"Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn\") by then.",
"At the turn of the 20th century, Irving Lundy started a business selling [clams](/wiki/Clam \"Clam\") out of a [pushcart](/wiki/Food_cart \"Food cart\"). By 1907, he had opened a clam bar built on stilts over Sheepshead Bay. By the time he was 16, Lundy claimed to be employing several workers. Then, during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), he joined the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"). Irving Lundy's brothers Clayton and Stanley died in January 1920 in a boating accident while tending the family's clam beds in [Jamaica Bay](/wiki/Jamaica_Bay \"Jamaica Bay\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/02/03/archives/two\\-brooklyn\\-boys\\-drown\\-off\\-rockaway\\-stanley\\-and\\-clayton\\-lundy\\-die.html\\|title\\=Two Brooklyn Boys Drown Off Rockaway; Stanley and Clayton Lundy Die After Ice Sinks Boat—Two Others Escape.\\|date\\=February 3, 1920\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192726/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/02/03/archives/two\\-brooklyn\\-boys\\-drown\\-off\\-rockaway\\-stanley\\-and\\-clayton\\-lundy\\-die.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 1923 Irving would buy the pier for the original restaurant, located between East 21st Street and [Ocean Avenue](/wiki/Ocean_Avenue_%28Brooklyn%29 \"Ocean Avenue (Brooklyn)\"). The site had been previously operated by Henrietta Sheirr, who had operated the pier as a restaurant since 1906, initially operating with two tables; at the time, only one other seafood restaurant existed in the area. Sheirr's eatery had expanded to accommodate 235 patrons by the time Lundy purchased the pier.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35742391/\\|title\\=Huge Derricks Level Old Bay Landmarks\\|date\\=April 2, 1934\\|work\\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|page\\=9\\|via\\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35742391/huge\\-derricks\\-level\\-old\\-bay\\-landmarks/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 1926, Lundy closed the pier in lieu of operating the restaurant. The restaurant was decorated with the letters \"F.W.I.L.,\" standing for \"Frederick William Irving Lundy\". Irving's surviving brother Allen and their three sisters would manage the restaurant.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.go\\-brooklyn.com/html/issues/\\_vol24/24\\_10/oldeats.html\\|title\\=The Brooklyn Paper: GO Brooklyn\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231024450/http://www.go\\-brooklyn.com/html/issues/\\_vol24/24\\_10/oldeats.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 31, 2006\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The same year, Irving Lundy was kidnapped and the restaurant was burglarized in an armed robbery, though Irving escaped relatively unharmed.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769206/\\|title\\=4 Robbers Kidnap Irving Lundy; Loot Restaurant\\|date\\=October 18, 1925\\|work\\=Brooklyn Times\\-Union\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|page\\=3\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160702/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769206/4\\-robbers\\-kidnap\\-irving\\-lundy\\-loot/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/19/archives/kidnappers\\-stage\\-another\\-holdup\\-owner\\-and\\-manager\\-of\\-lundys.html\\|title\\=Kidnappers Stage Another Hold\\-up; Owner and Manager of Lundy's Restaurant Victims in Crime Like the Calder Case.\\|date\\=October 19, 1926\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160719/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/19/archives/kidnappers\\-stage\\-another\\-holdup\\-owner\\-and\\-manager\\-of\\-lundys.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Relocation",
"#### Construction",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The shore of Sheepshead Bay, where the original Lundy's was located](/wiki/File:Sheepshead_Bay.jpg \"Sheepshead Bay.jpg\")",
"With the development of the Sheepshead Bay community into a residential neighborhood, there were efforts to improve the facilities on the waterfront. The channel of the Sheepshead Bay waterway was [dredged](/wiki/Dredging \"Dredging\") by 1916 to allow fishing boats to dock there, and in 1922 the [New York City Dock Commission](/wiki/Commissioner_of_Docks_and_Ferries_of_the_City_of_New_York \"Commissioner of Docks and Ferries of the City of New York\") planned to dredge the bays further, build [bulkheads](/wiki/Bulkhead_%28barrier%29 \"Bulkhead (barrier)\") on the shore, and widen Emmons Avenue on the waterfront from {{Convert\\|80\\|to\\|120\\|ft\\|abbr\\=}}.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35726717/\\|title\\=Delaney Urges City to Spend $1,000,000 at Sheepshead Bay\\|date\\=October 18, 1922\\|work\\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|page\\=2\\|via\\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}}} As part of the project, 25 piers would be built on the south side of Emmons Avenue, while 26 buildings would be built on the north side. This would make Sheepshead Bay into what the *[Brooklyn Daily Eagle](/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle \"Brooklyn Eagle\")* described as a \"modern [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\")\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35728088/\\|title\\=Court Ruling Speeds Sheepshead Waterfront Changes\\|date\\=March 8, 1936\\|work\\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|page\\=60\\|via\\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160720/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35728088/court\\-ruling\\-speeds\\-sheepshead/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Since the Sheepshead Bay development would entail the destruction of the original Lundy's location, Irving Lundy decided to rebuild his restaurant at 1901 Emmons Avenue, on the road's northern sidewalk, at the site of the Bayside Hotel and Casino.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=57F2CQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT23\\|title\\=Chronicles of Historic Brooklyn\\|last\\=Manbeck\\|first\\=J.B.\\|publisher\\=Arcadia Publishing Incorporated\\|year\\=2013\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-62584\\-027\\-1\\|series\\=American Chronicles\\|page\\=23\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160656/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=57F2CQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT23\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lundy commissioned architects Ben Bloch and Walter Hesse to design the new building. By March 1932, his attorney said that \"Lundy's would establish a $600,000 restaurant on the north side of Emmons Avenue as soon as the razing of the waterfront structures gets underway.\"",
"In 1931, the city condemned several buildings on the bay shore, including the original Lundy's, to widen Emmons Avenue.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theweeklynabe.com/2012/08/27/sheepshead\\-bay\\-brooklyn\\-history/\\|title\\=Sheepshead Bay: built on the bay of Kings\\|date\\=August 27, 2012\\|website\\=The Weekly Nabe\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530144528/http://theweeklynabe.com/2012/08/27/sheepshead\\-bay\\-brooklyn\\-history/\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") delayed further progress, as these buildings would not be destroyed until mid\\-1934, and construction started on new buildings on Emmons Avenue's northern sidewalk. To avoid excessive disruption to normal business, Lundy waited until the last minute to close his original restaurant. A contemporary account stated that the relocation was timed such that when the new building was opened just in time for \"the shucking of the last clam in the old place.\" Demolition was underway by April 1934\\. Herb Shalat, who became a partner at Bloch \\& Hesse several decades later, said that \"Bloch and Hesse and staff would work at all hours and bring complete or even incomplete design drawings and details to the site each morning during the building process supervised by Walter Hesse, Piero Ghiani \\[an architect with Bloch \\& Hesse] and Irving Lundy.\" Lundy retained Bloch \\& Hesse for his other Sheepshead Bay projects through the 1970s.",
"#### 1930s to 1960s",
"The new building opened in 1934 or 1935\\.{{efn\\|name\\=open}} In 1935, shortly after Lundy's opened, the federal government threatened to seize the restaurant because Irving Lundy had not paid taxes on liquor that he stored in the restaurant. After a federal raid and a brief closure in June 1935,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/18/archives/federal\\-raiders\\-close\\-lundys\\-bar\\-five\\-agents\\-seize\\-prepared.html\\|title\\=Federal Raiders Close Lundy's Bar; Five Agents Seize Prepared Cocktails in Bottles and Padlock the Door.\\|date\\=June 18, 1935\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160740/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/18/archives/federal\\-raiders\\-close\\-lundys\\-bar\\-five\\-agents\\-seize\\-prepared.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=June 19, 1935\\|title\\=Lundy Is Held In Seizure of Untaxed Liquor: Owner of Sheepshead Bay Cafe Accused of Mixing Cocktails in Advance Arraigned With Manager Restaurant Will Remain Open Under Court Order\\|page\\=19\\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune\\|issn\\=1941\\-0646\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1221592341}}}} a judge sympathetic to Lundy ordered an injunction against the federal government's proposal to dismantle the bar at Lundy's.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35798984//\\|title\\=Court Bars U.S. Wrecking Lundy's Bar\\|date\\=June 19, 1935\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2019\\|page\\=476\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160713/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35798984/court\\-bars\\-us\\-wrecking\\-lundys\\-bar/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/27/archives/court\\-puts\\-in\\-word\\-for\\-cafe\\-in\\-tax\\-raid\\-pointing\\-to\\-good\\-reputation.html\\|title\\=Court Puts In Word For Cafe In Tax Raid; Pointing to Good Reputation of Lundy's, He Continues Writ Against Stripping Place.\\|date\\=June 27, 1935\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160700/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/06/27/archives/court\\-puts\\-in\\-word\\-for\\-cafe\\-in\\-tax\\-raid\\-pointing\\-to\\-good\\-reputation.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} That October, Lundy agreed to pay back taxes.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/22/archives/lundy\\-settles\\-suit\\-over\\-tax\\-on\\-liquor\\-government\\-halts\\-move\\-to.html\\|title\\=Lundy Settles Suit Over Tax on Liquor; Government Halts Move to Seize Sheepshead Cafe in Dispute Over Stored Cocktails.\\|date\\=October 22, 1935\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421194028/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/22/archives/lundy\\-settles\\-suit\\-over\\-tax\\-on\\-liquor\\-government\\-halts\\-move\\-to.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 1937, part of the ceiling collapsed, injuring five diners.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/04/19/archives/ceiling\\-crashes\\-in\\-a\\-restaurant\\-five\\-brooklyn\\-diners\\-hurt\\-slightly.html\\|title\\=Ceiling Crashes in a Restaurant; Five Brooklyn Diners Hurt Slightly as Plaster Falls on Crowd at Lundy's\\|date\\=April 19, 1937\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160723/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/04/19/archives/ceiling\\-crashes\\-in\\-a\\-restaurant\\-five\\-brooklyn\\-diners\\-hurt\\-slightly.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799023/\\|title\\=5 Hurt, Scores Flee as Lundy Ceiling Falls\\|date\\=April 19, 1937\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2019\\|page\\=446\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160720/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799023/5\\-hurt\\-scores\\-flee\\-as\\-lundy\\-ceiling/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=April 19, 1937\\|title\\=5 Diners Hurt As Ceiling Slab Falls at Lundy's: Piece 10 by 3 Feet Drop on Tables in Restaurant Facing Sheepshead Bay Others Hit In Fragments Customer Says Roar Like Thunder Was Warning\\|page\\=3\\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune\\|issn\\=1941\\-0646\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1243536507}}}} Simultaneously, Frederick Lundy was seeking $853,000 in compensation from the New York City government for the acquisition of the original building. A state court ruled in 1939 that Lundy was only entitled to $253,000 in damages.{{cite news\\|date\\=April 10, 1939\\|title\\=City Wins Case Involving Value Of Bay Parcel: Legal Department Reports Victory Over Property in Sheephead, Brooklyn\\|page\\=30\\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune\\|issn\\=1941\\-0646\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1255426694}}}}",
"With the success of Lundy's Restaurant, Irving Lundy was able to buy waterfront real estate along Sheepshead Bay.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1992\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=8}} In some cases, he bought the enterprises of rival restaurateurs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/04/14/archives/fred\\-lundy\\-buys\\-tappen\\-property\\-rival\\-restaurateur\\-acquires.html\\|title\\=Fred Lundy Buys Tappen Property; Rival Restaurateur Acquires 103\\-Year\\-Old Eating Place at Sheepshead Bay\\|date\\=April 14, 1948\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/04/14/archives/fred\\-lundy\\-buys\\-tappen\\-property\\-rival\\-restaurateur\\-acquires.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At one point, his holdings included all of the 70 waterfront properties on Emmons Avenue from East 19th to East 29th Streets. Lundy never resold his properties, but he did lease them to businesspeople that he liked. As a result, much of the north side of Emmons Avenue remained undeveloped through the early 1960s, even as apartment houses were developed in the rest of Sheepshead Bay.{{cite news\\|last\\=Binder\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=July 2, 1961\\|title\\=Sheepshead Bay Enjoying a Boom: New Apartment Houses Add 20,000 to Population of Old Race Track Area\\|page\\=R1\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|115302275}}}} Lundy never married and became a recluse in his later life.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/05/archives/brooklyn\\-area\\-counts\\-on\\-lundys\\-heirs\\-the\\-talk\\-of\\-sheepshead\\-bay.html\\|title\\=Brooklyn Area Counts on Lundy's Heirs\\|date\\=November 5, 1979\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160700/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/05/archives/brooklyn\\-area\\-counts\\-on\\-lundys\\-heirs\\-the\\-talk\\-of\\-sheepshead\\-bay.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Because of his reclusive behavior and his wealth, Lundy became known as the \"[Howard Hughes](/wiki/Howard_Hughes \"Howard Hughes\") of Brooklyn\".{{Cite news\\|title\\=Tam resurrects famed Brooklyn fine\\-dining institution Lundy's\\|last\\=Prewitt\\|first\\=Milford\\|date\\=April 8, 1996\\|work\\=Nation's Restaurant News\\|page\\=7\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|229261402}}}} Despite his infrequent public appearances, Irving Lundy managed the restaurant with what one author called \"an iron hand\", which may have contributed to the waiters' dour expressions.",
"Lundy constructed the one\\-story [Teresa Brewer](/wiki/Teresa_Brewer \"Teresa Brewer\") Room along Ocean Avenue was constructed in 1945, naming it after the pop singer whom his nephew had married. Lundy added [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning \"Air conditioning\") to the restaurant around this time. The first [labor strike](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\") in Lundy's history occurred in July 1946 when waiters walked out due to [union](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\") disagreements;{{cite news\\|url\\=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35799107/\\|title\\=Labor Dispute Hits Lundy's Restaurant\\|date\\=July 7, 1946\\|work\\=Brooklyn Daily Eagle\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2019\\|page\\=3\\|via\\=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160722/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/35799107/labor\\-dispute\\-hits\\-lundys\\-restaurant/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=July 13, 1946\\|title\\=Negroes Strike at Swank Lundy's Spot: Lundy's, Famed Sea Food Spot, Hit as 175 Employees Strike Sheepshead Eatery Employees Go on Strike\\|page\\=13\\|work\\=New York Amsterdam News\\|id\\={{proQuest\\|225965207}}}} the strike lasted for most of that month.{{Cite news\\|date\\=July 27, 1946\\|title\\=Lundy Strike Enters Into Fourth Week: Mgmt. Shows No Signs Of Policy Changes In Employment\\|page\\=13\\|work\\=New York Amsterdam News\\|id\\={{proQuest\\|226003233}}}} In 1947, Walter Hesse enclosed the patios on the second floor.",
"A larger strike started in July 1957, when 75 employees walked out during a dispute over wages;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/07/05/archives/resort\\-waiters\\-strike\\-pay\\-dispute\\-walkout\\-staged\\-at\\-sheepshead\\-bay.html\\|title\\=Resort Workers Strike; Pay Dispute Walk\\-Out Staged at Sheepshead Bay Cafe\\|date\\=July 5, 1957\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192532/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/07/05/archives/resort\\-waiters\\-strike\\-pay\\-dispute\\-walkout\\-staged\\-at\\-sheepshead\\-bay.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799221/\\|title\\=Strikers Shout Coercion at Lundy Threat to Close\\|date\\=July 10, 1957\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2019\\|page\\=79\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160702/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799221/strikers\\-shout\\-coercion\\-at\\-lundy\\-threat/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} another 200 employees walked out soon afterward.{{cite news\\|date\\=July 10, 1957\\|title\\=Strike Puts Lundy's Out Of Business: Only Clam Bar And Bar to Stay\\|page\\=A1\\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune\\|issn\\=1941\\-0646\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1328067652}}}}{{cite news\\|date\\=July 10, 1957\\|title\\=Labor Dispute Closes Lundy's Restaurant\\|page\\=21\\|work\\=Newsday\\|issn\\=2574\\-5298\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|884964546}}}} Irving Lundy said that he would permanently shutter the restaurant if the waiters did not stop striking, claiming that he had lost control over his waiters. At the time, the restaurant served 2,000 patrons on an average weekday, which increased to 10,000 on Sundays and 15,000 during holidays. A few days after the strike started, he officially announced that Lundy's would \"never reopen\" due to the strike.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800606/\\|title\\=Walk\\-Out Shuts Lundy's\\|date\\=July 13, 1957\\|work\\=Kings County Courier\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2019\\|page\\=1\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800606/walk\\-out\\-shuts\\-lundys/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Despite a report in September 1957 that Lundy's would reopen imminently after personnel changes,{{cite news\\|title\\=Personnel Shifts Delay Lundy's Re\\-opening\\|date\\=September 14, 1957\\|work\\=Kings County Courier\\|pages\\=\\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800462/ 2], \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800497/ 23]\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}}} much of the restaurant except for the clam bar remained closed until a labor agreement was reached that December.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799353/\\|title\\=Lundy's Strike Over at Last\\|date\\=December 28, 1957\\|work\\=Kings County Courier\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2019\\|page\\=1\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160713/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35799353/lundys\\-strike\\-over\\-at\\-last/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=December 23, 1957\\|title\\=6\\-Month Lundy Strike Ends\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/12/23/archives/6month\\-lundy\\-strike\\-ends.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160711/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/12/23/archives/6month\\-lundy\\-strike\\-ends.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The restaurant was briefly closed again in 1968 due to a seafood shortage.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800310/\\|title\\=Cold Hurts Seafood Businesses\\|date\\=January 18, 1968\\|work\\=Democrat and Chronicle\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2019\\|location\\=Rochester, NY\\|page\\=21\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35800310/cold\\-hurts\\-seafood\\-businesses/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Decline and first closure",
"By the 1970s, Lundy's was facing numerous problems, including two armed robberies in 1972{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/05/archives/sheepshead\\-bay\\-thugs\\-injure\\-two\\-at\\-lundys.html\\|title\\=Sheepshead Bay Thugs Injure Two at Lundy's\\|date\\=September 5, 1972\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160714/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/05/archives/sheepshead\\-bay\\-thugs\\-injure\\-two\\-at\\-lundys.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and November 1974;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/26/archives/30000\\-in\\-receipts\\-stolen\\-from\\-lundys\\-restaurant.html\\|title\\=$30,000 in Receipts Stolen From Lundy's Restaurant\\|date\\=November 26, 1974\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160715/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/26/archives/30000\\-in\\-receipts\\-stolen\\-from\\-lundys\\-restaurant.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} after a third attempted robbery in December 1974, one of the restaurant's managers got into a shoot\\-out with policemen after assuming that they were robbers.{{cite news\\|date\\=December 11, 1974\\|title\\=Comedy of Errors\\-\\-Not on Lundy's Menu\\|page\\=44\\|work\\=Newsday\\|issn\\=2574\\-5298\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|919528822}}}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Lichtenstein\\|first\\=Grace\\|date\\=December 12, 1974\\|title\\=Cops or Robbers? Manager of Lundy's Shoots First\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/12/archives/cops\\-or\\-robbers\\-manager\\-of\\-lundys\\-shoots\\-first\\-reinforcements.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023}} The restaurant was temporarily closed following an unfavorable health\\-inspection report in 1973,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/27/archives/lundy\\-restaurant\\-ordered\\-to\\-close\\-after\\-3d\\-inspection.html\\|title\\=Lundy Restaurant Ordered to Close. After 3d Inspection\\|date\\=October 27, 1973\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192527/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/27/archives/lundy\\-restaurant\\-ordered\\-to\\-close\\-after\\-3d\\-inspection.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and it suffered after two of the Lundy siblings were murdered in 1975\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/19/archives/2\\-in\\-lundy\\-family\\-slain\\-in\\-burglary\\-sister\\-and\\-brotherinlaw\\-of.html\\|title\\=2 in Lundy Family Slain in Burglary\\|date\\=September 19, 1975\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160725/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/19/archives/2\\-in\\-lundy\\-family\\-slain\\-in\\-burglary\\-sister\\-and\\-brotherinlaw\\-of.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the years before Irving Lundy's death in September 1977, he had become increasingly reclusive, refusing even to talk to the police about the killings of his siblings. A fire damaged Lundy's that same November.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/20/archives/fire\\-at\\-lundys\\-restaurant.html\\|title\\=Fire at Lundy's Restaurant\\|date\\=November 20, 1977\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192529/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/20/archives/fire\\-at\\-lundys\\-restaurant.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"After Irving Lundy's death, his $25 million estate was distributed among a niece and three nephews. Under subsequent management, Lundy's Restaurant started to lose money, making it financially unsustainable.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769264/\\|title\\=Latest fare at Lundy's is 'a la court'\\|last\\=Schaffer\\|first\\=Katharine\\|date\\=October 5, 1979\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|page\\=549\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160705/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769264/latest\\-fare\\-at\\-lundys\\-is\\-a\\-la\\-court/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Changes were also occurring in the surrounding community; while Sheepshead Bay did not undergo the [white flight](/wiki/White_flight \"White flight\") and high crime that afflicted other New York City neighborhoods, the waterfront economy was dependent on the success of Lundy's. The last surviving Lundy siblings were unable to resolve their disputes, and officials discovered in 1979 that numerous people, including Irving Lundy's longtime chauffeur, had embezzled $11 million from the restaurant.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Fried\\|first\\=Joseph P.\\|date\\=February 15, 1979\\|title\\=5 Accused of Looting Lundy Assets Of $ 11 Million in Elaborate Plot\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/15/archives/5\\-accused\\-of\\-looting\\-lundy\\-assets\\-of\\-11\\-million\\-in\\-elaborate\\-plot.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150427/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/15/archives/5\\-accused\\-of\\-looting\\-lundy\\-assets\\-of\\-11\\-million\\-in\\-elaborate\\-plot.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lundy's closed in October 1979,{{efn\\|Two articles in ''The New York Times'' cite the year of closure as being in 1979\\. Another ''Times'' article in 2007 says that Lundy's had \"closed after the death of the founder, Irving Lundy, in 1977\", though this seems to confirm Lundy's death in 1977 rather than assert that the restaurant had closed at that date.\\|name\\=close}} with a sign stating that Lundy's was \"Closed for Renovations\".",
"### Abandonment",
"The Lundy's Restaurant building was sold to investment company Litas Group in 1981 for about $11 million.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Johnson\\|first\\=Kirk\\|date\\=June 16, 1985\\|title\\=City Revitalizing Sheepshead Bay\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/realestate/city\\-revitalizing\\-sheepshead\\-bay.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150427/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/realestate/city\\-revitalizing\\-sheepshead\\-bay.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The new owners wished to build a high\\-rise residential development with [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium_%28living_space%29 \"Condominium (living space)\"), a [nightclub](/wiki/Nightclub \"Nightclub\"), a [hotel](/wiki/Hotel \"Hotel\"), and specialty shops on the nearly {{Convert\\|14\\|acre\\|\\|abbr\\=\\|adj\\=on}} site.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769352/\\|title\\=Lundy's restaurant \\& land sold for $11M\\|last\\=Davila\\|first\\=Albert\\|date\\=December 31, 1981\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|page\\=78\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160717/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35769352/lundys\\-restaurant\\-land\\-sold\\-for\\-11m/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The building soon became dilapidated and filled with graffiti, and other stores in Sheepshead Bay had closed in turn due to a general decline in visitors.{{cite news\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Merle\\|date\\=May 28, 1994\\|title\\=Lundy's May Return\\|page\\=A06\\|work\\=Newsday\\|issn\\=2574\\-5298\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|278748142}}}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* wrote that, even though local officials did not consider the neighborhood to be [blighted](/wiki/Urban_decay \"Urban decay\"), \"the deteriorating wooden docks and the vacancy of Lundy's Restaurant on Emmons Avenue, a local landmark, have kept the area from attracting the number of visitors it once did\". The city government had proposed converting the site to a museum, stores, and 63 [condominiums](/wiki/Condominium \"Condominium\") in 1987 but was unsuccessful.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Pierre\\-Pierre\\|first\\=Garry\\|date\\=June 5, 1994\\|title\\=Neighborhood Report: Sheepshead Bay; Renovation At Lundy's. Yes, Really.\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/05/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-renovation\\-at\\-lundy\\-s\\-yes\\-really.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141912/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/05/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-renovation\\-at\\-lundy\\-s\\-yes\\-really.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"As early as 1986, there had been proposals to preserve the building's exterior as a city landmark, protecting it from demolition.{{cite news\\|date\\=July 24, 1986\\|title\\=Brooklyn Neighborhoods\\|page\\=29\\|work\\=Newsday\\|issn\\=2574\\-5298\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|285352261}}}} The Sheepshead Bay Beautification Group's co\\-director Peter Romeo, who thought that Lundy' s abandonment affected economic development along Sheepshead Bay, started lobbying for Lundy's to be restored. Romeo began looking for developers to purchase, maintain, and restore the building.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-manhattan\\-beachsheepshead\\-baylundys\\-leads\\-a.html\\|title\\=Neighborhood Report: Manhattan Beach/Sheepshead Bay; Lundy's Leads a Street's Revival\\|date\\=March 17, 1996\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421192727/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-manhattan\\-beachsheepshead\\-baylundys\\-leads\\-a.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission \"New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission\") designated the building an official city landmark on March 3, 1992\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Oestricher\\|first\\=David J.\\|date\\=March 4, 1992\\|title\\=Developer to put new, landmarked Lundy's on menu\\|pages\\=74\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263668/developer\\-to\\-put\\-new\\-landmarked/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}} \\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141912/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263668/developer\\-to\\-put\\-new\\-landmarked/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Seaside Restaurant Development Corporation, which owned the building, supported landmark designation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/04/nyregion/panel\\-rejects\\-fee\\-for\\-landmark\\-buildings.html\\|title\\=Panel Rejects Fee for Landmark Buildings\\|date\\=March 4, 1992\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115174241/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/04/nyregion/panel\\-rejects\\-fee\\-for\\-landmark\\-buildings.html\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Immediately after the landmark designation, the owner started looking for $10 million to restore the building. At that point, the restaurant's reopening had been proposed unsuccessfully at least 12 times.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/22/nyregion/about\\-new\\-york\\-restaurant\\-s\\-rebirth\\-a\\-breeze\\-blows\\-in\\-brooklyn.html\\|title\\=ABOUT NEW YORK; Restaurant's Rebirth: A Breeze Blows in Brooklyn\\|date\\=April 22, 1992\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114212616/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/22/nyregion/about\\-new\\-york\\-restaurant\\-s\\-rebirth\\-a\\-breeze\\-blows\\-in\\-brooklyn.html\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} With permission from the restaurant's owner,{{cite news\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Merle\\|date\\=October 8, 1993\\|title\\=Closeup Lundy's New Face\\|page\\=33\\|work\\=Newsday\\|issn\\=2574\\-5298\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|278699707}}}} Romeo covered the graffiti on the facade with more than three dozen murals in 1993\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Merle\\|date\\=August 30, 1993\\|title\\=Closeup Artwork Bringing Life Back to Lundy's\\|page\\=23\\|work\\=Newsday\\|issn\\=2574\\-5298\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|278672384}}}} The [New York City Council](/wiki/New_York_City_Council \"New York City Council\") approved the landmark designation that June.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Bertrand\\|first\\=Donald\\|date\\=June 24, 1992\\|title\\=City set to make Lundy's a landmark\\|pages\\=633\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263601/city\\-set\\-to\\-make\\-lundys\\-a/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}} \\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141912/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123263601/city\\-set\\-to\\-make\\-lundys\\-a/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Use as shopping plaza",
"#### Initial stores and second restaurant",
"Donald Lentnek and Steve Pappas of Lundy's Management Corporation leased the restaurant building for 49 years from the owner, Sheepshead Bay Restaurant Associates, in 1994 and began renovating it that June. Lundy's Management Corporation offered to renovate a nearby vacant lot into a public park in exchange for permission to operate a 100\\-space parking lot next to Lundy's.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Steinhauer\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|date\\=November 20, 1994\\|title\\=Neighborhood Report: Sheepshead Bay; Opening Lot For Parking To Get a Park\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/20/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-opening\\-lot\\-for\\-parking\\-to\\-get\\-a\\-park.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141913/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/20/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-opening\\-lot\\-for\\-parking\\-to\\-get\\-a\\-park.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The firm began converting the Lundy's building into a small shopping center, with two restaurants on Emmons Avenue, including a scaled\\-down revival of Lundy's, and up to 50 stores inside.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Deutsch\\|first\\=Claudia H.\\|date\\=July 9, 1995\\|title\\=Commercial Property/Sheepshead Bay; Should There Be a Fishing Village or a Loehmann's?\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/realestate/commercial\\-property\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-should\\-there\\-be\\-fishing\\-village\\-loehmann\\-s.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215718/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/realestate/commercial\\-property\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-should\\-there\\-be\\-fishing\\-village\\-loehmann\\-s.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Tam Restaurant Group (headed by restaurateurs Frank and Jeanne Cretella, who also managed the Boathouse Cafe at [Loeb Boathouse](/wiki/Loeb_Boathouse \"Loeb Boathouse\") in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"){{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35743936/\\|title\\=Redoing the Lundy's\\|last\\=Hamill\\|first\\=Denis\\|date\\=February 1, 1995\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2019\\|page\\=276\\|via\\=newspapers.com {{open access}}\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160736/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35743936/redoing\\-the\\-lundys/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}) agreed to operate the scaled\\-down Lundy's in January 1995\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Fabricant\\|first\\=Florence\\|date\\=January 25, 1995\\|title\\=Food Notes\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/25/garden/food\\-notes\\-993095\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150432/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/25/garden/food\\-notes\\-993095\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Frank Cretella said he had leased the restaurant because, \"whenever I talked about restaurants in Brooklyn, someone said, 'Lundy's.'\"{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Kamen\\|first\\=Robin\\|date\\=March 4, 1996\\|title\\=Bridge, tunnel fare: Dining boom nourishes Brooklyn locales\\|magazine\\=Crain's New York Business\\|volume\\=12\\|issue\\=10\\|page\\=3\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|219154421}}}} Niemitz Design Group was hired to renovate the restaurant.",
"Tam reopened the second Lundy's on December 6, 1995\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Fabricant\\|first\\=Florence\\|date\\=December 6, 1995\\|title\\=Food Notes\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/garden/food\\-notes\\-074470\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421150430/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/garden/food\\-notes\\-074470\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The second iteration of Lundy's only occupied about half of the space taken up by the original eatery.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/03/31/five\\-dead\\-and\\-gone\\-classic\\-brooklyn\\-restaurants/\\|title\\=Five Dead and Gone Classic Brooklyn Restaurants\\|last\\=Karp\\|first\\=Walter\\|date\\=March 31, 2011\\|website\\=Village Voice\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913141922/https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/03/31/five\\-dead\\-and\\-gone\\-classic\\-brooklyn\\-restaurants/\\|archive\\-date\\=September 13, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The opening of the new Lundy's location spurred a wave of development on Emmons Avenue. By March 1996, property owners reported that real estate prices had doubled and that vacant apartments were being occupied. Formerly vacant lots were being developed and new restaurants and other businesses were being opened along Emmons Avenue, including two shopping plazas and a sports bar. Lundy's itself saw waiting lists of up to one month for weekend reservations, and many people called to ask if the restaurant had reopened. Despite its relative remoteness (it was nearly 10 miles from [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") and not easily accessible by [subway](/wiki/New_York_City_Subway \"New York City Subway\") or [taxi](/wiki/Taxis_of_New_York_City \"Taxis of New York City\")), Lundy's was popular, with patrons coming from as far as eastern [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\"). The *Times* later wrote that the Cretellas had \"helped revive Lundy's\".{{cite web\\|date\\=December 18, 2005\\|title\\=Living With Frank Lloyd Wright\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/realestate/living\\-with\\-frank\\-lloyd\\-wright.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227211843/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/realestate/living\\-with\\-frank\\-lloyd\\-wright.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} By 1998 there was also a Japanese restaurant at the site of the original Lundy's, while the retail space was being converted into office space. The unused space later became Lundy's Landing Shopping Plaza, though the shopping space was initially unsuccessful.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/29/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-mall\\-has\\-plenty\\-eat\\-but\\-nothing\\-much\\-left\\-buy.html\\|title\\=Neighborhood Report: Sheepshead Bay; Mall Has Plenty to Eat, but Nothing Much Left to Buy\\|last\\=Biederman\\|first\\=Marcia\\|date\\=March 29, 1998\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011191657/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/29/nyregion/neighborhood\\-report\\-sheepshead\\-bay\\-mall\\-has\\-plenty\\-eat\\-but\\-nothing\\-much\\-left\\-buy.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Tam had planned to expand Lundy's into a brand with dozens of locations across the U.S.,{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Kramer\\|first\\=Louise\\|date\\=September 25, 2000\\|title\\=Seafood server in rough water\\|magazine\\=Crain's New York Business\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=39\\|page\\=14\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|219104829}}}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Hays\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|date\\=February 27, 2005\\|title\\=Lundy's New Lineup Full Menu of Changes at Fabled Restaurant\\|page\\=1\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|305931299}}}} but this was canceled after the company began to experience financial issues in late 2000\\. Tam opened a branch location in 2001, at 205 West [50th Street](/wiki/50th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"50th Street (Manhattan)\") near Manhattan's [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square \"Times Square\"), which lasted only a short time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nymag.com/listings/restaurant/lundys\\_times\\_square/\\|title\\=Lundy's Times Square\\|work\\=NYMag.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003170051/http://nymag.com/listings/restaurant/lundys\\_times\\_square/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.go\\-brooklyn.com/html/Issues/\\_vol24/24\\_28/lundys.html\\|title\\=The Brooklyn Paper: GO Brooklyn\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217225521/http://www.go\\-brooklyn.com/html/issues/\\_vol24/24\\_28/lundys.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2006\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lundy's temporarily closed in May 2003 after Tam failed to pay taxes, but it reopened soon afterward when Tam filed for [Chapter 11](/wiki/Chapter_11%2C_Title_11%2C_United_States_Code \"Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code\") bankruptcy protection.{{cite magazine\\|date\\=May 26, 2003\\|title\\=Tam Restaurants of NYC files for Chapter 11 shield\\|magazine\\=Nation's Restaurant News\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=21\\|page\\=36\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|229354810}}}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Son\\|first\\=Hugh\\|date\\=May 9, 2003\\|title\\=A Bankrupt Lundy's Reopens\\|page\\=5\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|305800070}}}} By the next year, Tam's president Tony Golio said that \"business is good\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/following\\-up.html\\|title\\=Following Up\\|date\\=May 16, 2004\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430000526/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/following\\-up.html\\|archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A family\\-owned business named The Players Club, headed by restaurateur Afrodite Dimitroulakos, acquired Lundy's from Tam in December 2004\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pr9\\.net/health/nutrition/1392december.html\\|title\\=Lundy Brothers Restaurant Looking to Regain Former Glory\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003194311/http://www.pr9\\.net/health/nutrition/1392december.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Dimitroulakos family expanded the restaurant's menu and added a sushi bar. Lundy's again closed in January 2007;{{cite web\\|last\\=Fabricant\\|first\\=Florence\\|date\\=February 14, 2007\\|title\\=Off the Menu\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/14/dining/14off.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429155637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/14/dining/14off.html\\|archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Manbeck\\|first\\=J.B.\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VZl2CQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT109\\|title\\=Brooklyn: Historically Speaking\\|publisher\\=Arcadia Publishing Incorporated\\|year\\=2008\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61423\\-789\\-1\\|series\\=American Chronicles\\|page\\=109\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160722/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VZl2CQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT109\\|url\\-status\\=live}} a state judge had ordered the closure of the restaurant because the Demetroulakos family had filed for bankruptcy and had not paid rent in several months.{{cite news\\|last\\=Romano\\|first\\=Denise\\|date\\=February 7, 2007\\|title\\=Famed Eatery by the Sea Couldn't Stay Afloat\\|page\\=1\\|work\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|306080514}}}}",
"#### Late 2000s to present",
"After the second Lundy's closed, Lentnek sought to lease out its space. The former space of the second Lundy's was renovated and incorporated into Lundy's Landing Shopping Plaza, hosting several restaurants and businesses. Neighborhood residents felt that the new occupants of the Lundy's location, the Russian\\-themed Cherry Hill Gourmet Market, were radically altering the space. In particular, residents objected when David Isaev, who operated the market, removed lettering from the \"Lundy's\" sign above the entrance.{{cite web\\|last\\=Fahim\\|first\\=Kareem\\|date\\=September 30, 2008\\|title\\=Renovation of Lundy's Stirs Dispute in Brooklyn\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/nyregion/30lundys.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309131948/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/nyregion/30lundys.html\\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Barbanel\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=September 21, 2011\\|title\\=Division in Sheepshead Bay\\|url\\=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576582941385699126\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|issn\\=0099\\-9660\\|archive\\-date\\=December 27, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227100355/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576582941385699126\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The city government ordered Isaev to stop renovating the space in late 2008 after finding that the market violated local [zoning](/wiki/Zoning \"Zoning\") ordinances, since Lundy's fell within a zoning district that prohibited non\\-maritime uses.{{cite web\\|last\\=Durkin\\|first\\=Erin\\|date\\=October 22, 2008\\|title\\=City halts Lundy's restoration, saying market breaks zoning rules\\|url\\=https://www.nydailynews.com/new\\-york/brooklyn/city\\-halts\\-lundy\\-restoration\\-market\\-breaks\\-zoning\\-rules\\-article\\-1\\.304125\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155613/https://www.nydailynews.com/new\\-york/brooklyn/city\\-halts\\-lundy\\-restoration\\-market\\-breaks\\-zoning\\-rules\\-article\\-1\\.304125\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Work resumed after Isaev submitted revised plans for the market, but city inspectors again issued a stop\\-work order in April 2009, since the market still violated the local zoning ordinance.{{cite web\\|last\\=Durkin\\|first\\=Erin\\|date\\=April 13, 2009\\|title\\=City orders work stopped at ex\\-Lundy's Inspection finds new violation\\|url\\=https://www.nydailynews.com/new\\-york/brooklyn/city\\-orders\\-work\\-stopped\\-ex\\-lundy\\-inspection\\-finds\\-new\\-violation\\-article\\-1\\.360517\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155615/https://www.nydailynews.com/new\\-york/brooklyn/city\\-orders\\-work\\-stopped\\-ex\\-lundy\\-inspection\\-finds\\-new\\-violation\\-article\\-1\\.360517\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In total, the city issued 46 stop\\-work orders for the project; Isaev said of the controversy: \"I was in war in Israel and saw nothing like this.\"{{cite web\\|date\\=July 30, 2010\\|title\\=True, it's not Lundy's, but the locals like it just fine\\|url\\=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100801/REAL\\_ESTATE/308019983/true\\-it\\-s\\-not\\-lundy\\-s\\-but\\-the\\-locals\\-like\\-it\\-just\\-fine\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=Crain's New York Business\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155623/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100801/REAL\\_ESTATE/308019983/true\\-it\\-s\\-not\\-lundy\\-s\\-but\\-the\\-locals\\-like\\-it\\-just\\-fine\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The renovation of the market ultimately cost $7 million.",
"[thumb\\|Storm damage from Hurricane SandyWhen](/wiki/File:Lundy_Masal_canopy_torn_Sandy_jeh.jpg \"Lundy Masal canopy torn Sandy jeh.jpg\") Cherry Hill Gourmet Market opened in May 2009, city inspectors promptly fined Isaev for violating zoning ordinances.{{cite web\\|last\\=Berke\\|first\\=Ned\\|date\\=May 6, 2009\\|title\\=Cherry Hill Issued $5000 Fine, Owner Says \"We'll Fight\"\\|url\\=https://bklyner.com/cherry\\-hill\\-issued\\-5000\\-fine\\-says\\-we\\-ll\\-2\\-sheepshead\\-bay/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=Bklyner\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155614/https://bklyner.com/cherry\\-hill\\-issued\\-5000\\-fine\\-says\\-we\\-ll\\-2\\-sheepshead\\-bay/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Durkin\\|first\\=Erin\\|date\\=May 11, 2009\\|title\\=Fat fine for gourmet mart: Zoning violation at new business on old Lundy's site\\|url\\=https://www.nydailynews.com/new\\-york/brooklyn/fat\\-fine\\-gourmet\\-mart\\-zoning\\-violation\\-new\\-business\\-old\\-lundy\\-site\\-article\\-1\\.411095\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=New York Daily News\\|issn\\=2692\\-1251\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155613/https://www.nydailynews.com/new\\-york/brooklyn/fat\\-fine\\-gourmet\\-mart\\-zoning\\-violation\\-new\\-business\\-old\\-lundy\\-site\\-article\\-1\\.411095\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the time, the remaining space was occupied by Turkish and Japanese restaurants. Despite the controversies over the renovations, the market was popular, and *Crain's New York Business* said \"the market has helped revive a local landmark\". After Isaev agreed to restore the sign above the building's entrance, the LPC waived the zoning\\-code violations in August 2011\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Short\\|first\\=Aaron\\|date\\=August 2, 2011\\|title\\=Landmark decision: City sweeps away Lundy's violations\\|url\\=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/landmark\\-decision\\-city\\-sweeps\\-away\\-lundys\\-violations/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=Brooklyn Paper\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155615/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/landmark\\-decision\\-city\\-sweeps\\-away\\-lundys\\-violations/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Isaev asked the city to rezone the Lundy's site later the same year.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bush\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=November 15, 2011\\|title\\=Grocery owner seeks to rezone Lundy's for supermarkets\\|url\\=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/grocery\\-owner\\-seeks\\-to\\-rezone\\-lundys\\-for\\-supermarkets/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=Brooklyn Paper\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155614/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/grocery\\-owner\\-seeks\\-to\\-rezone\\-lundys\\-for\\-supermarkets/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the [aftermath](/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York \"Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York\") of [Hurricane Sandy](/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy \"Hurricane Sandy\") in October 2012, the waters of Sheepshead Bay overflowed, flooding the building.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2012/45/bn\\_sandygroceryaftermath\\_2012\\_11\\_09\\_bk.html\\|title\\=Emmons Avenue businesses clean up after Hurricane Sandy\\|work\\=Brooklyn Daily\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003212041/http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2012/45/bn\\_sandygroceryaftermath\\_2012\\_11\\_09\\_bk.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The front of Masal's Cafe looking out on Sheepshead Bay at Lundy's Landing Shopping Plaza shows the high height of the water level entering the Lundy's structure at the peak of Hurricane Sandy.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sheepsheadbites.com/2012/10/flooding\\-reported\\-all\\-around\\-neighborhood/\\|title\\=Flooding Reported All Around Neighborhood\\|author\\=Ned Berke\\|work\\=Sheepshead Bites\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180807/http://www.sheepsheadbites.com/2012/10/flooding\\-reported\\-all\\-around\\-neighborhood/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2015, a seafood restaurant named Cipura moved into the western side of the former Lundy's building.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://bklyner.com/cipura\\-emmons\\-avenues\\-newest\\-seafood\\-restaurant\\-opens\\-lundys\\-sheepshead\\-bay/\\|title\\=Sheepshead Bay's Newest Seafood Restaurant, Cipura, Opens In Lundy's Building\\|date\\=September 16, 2015\\|website\\=BKLYNER\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=August 27, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827185612/https://bklyner.com/cipura\\-emmons\\-avenues\\-newest\\-seafood\\-restaurant\\-opens\\-lundys\\-sheepshead\\-bay/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"After one of the building's co\\-owners, Dimitrios Kaloidis, died in 2019, his estate retained 25 percent of the [shares](/wiki/Share_%28finance%29 \"Share (finance)\") in the building, which was valued at $11 million. His brother George Kaloidis, another co\\-owner, sued Dimitrios's estate in 2021 in an attempt to force the estate to sell the shares.{{cite web\\|last\\=Modi\\|first\\=Priyanka\\|date\\=August 3, 2021\\|title\\=Family Fights Over Sheepshead Bay Landmark Restaurant Lundy's\\|url\\=https://therealdeal.com/new\\-york/2021/08/03/family\\-feud\\-for\\-11m\\-lundys\\-restaurant\\-building\\-boils\\-over/\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|website\\=The Real Deal\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421155614/https://therealdeal.com/new\\-york/2021/08/03/family\\-feud\\-for\\-11m\\-lundys\\-restaurant\\-building\\-boils\\-over/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
The Lundy's restaurant building was designed in the [Spanish Colonial Revival](/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture "Spanish Colonial Revival architecture") style by Bloch \& Hesse.{{Cite aia5\|page\=1818}}{{Cite nycland\|page\=280}} The architects had to make the building large enough to be appealing to patrons while also blending in with the seaside\-resort and "modern Venice" designs of Sheepshead Bay. The entire [city block](/wiki/City_block "City block") occupied by Lundy's measured {{Convert\|250\|ft\|\|abbr\=}} on its southern side (along Emmons Avenue) and {{Convert\|200\|ft\|\|abbr\=}} along its western and eastern sides (along East 19th Street and Ocean Avenue, respectively). The structure has a mostly rectangular footprint, except at its northwestern corner, where it incorporates part of the {{Frac\|2\|1\|2}}\-story Bayside Hotel on East 19th Street.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1992\|ps\=.\|p\=6}}
Lundy's contained numerous spaces including indoor and outdoor dining, clam and liquor bars, kitchens, storage, a salesmen's waiting room, restrooms, offices, and a staff lounge. The former Bayside Hotel contained the offices, lounge, waiting rooms, and storage, while the one\-story wing on Ocean Avenue contained the bars.
### Main building
The primary structure comprising Lundy's is a two\-story Spanish Colonial Revival structure, newly built by Bloch \& Hesse. Its facade contained large windows that could be opened to let in air; there was no air conditioning at the time of the restaurant's construction, and the windows also provided views of the bay. Specific elements in the Spanish Colonial Revival style included its [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") walls, sloping mission\-tiled roofs, an [arcade](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 "Arcade (architecture)") on the second story, a large chimney, tiled gateways, ornate entrance pavilions, and detailing such as wooden lintels and grills at each of the entrances along Emmons Avenue.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1992\|ps\=.\|p\=5}} At the time of the building's construction, the Mediterranean style was commonly used at seaside resorts,{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oqC5wgEACAAJ\|title\=Hotel Planning and Outfitting, Commercial, Residential, Recreational: A Compilation of Authoritative Information on Problems of Hotel Economics, Architecture, Planning, Food Service Engineering, Furnishing and General Outfitting, Including Numerous Illustrations, Plans and Tables of Data\|last1\=Pick\|first1\=Albert, Barth \& Company\|last2\=Taylor\|first2\=C.S.\|last3\=Bliss\|first3\=V.R.\|publisher\=Albert Pick\-Barth Companies\|year\=1928\|pages\=159–160\|oclc\=1844261\|access\-date\=September 9, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160724/https://books.google.com/books?id\=oqC5wgEACAAJ\|url\-status\=live}} so the use of the Spanish Colonial Revival style at Lundy's would have made it seem like a seaside resort.
The southern facade along Emmons Avenue serves as the main facade for the building. Along that side, there is an enclosed second story that is slightly set back from the first story below. The windows on both floors are composed of large [casement windows](/wiki/Casement_window "Casement window"), designed at a time where air\-conditioning was nonexistent. The Emmons Avenue facade contains twenty\-one [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") and two pavilions with [hip roofs](/wiki/Hip_roof "Hip roof"); the ground\-floor bays are separated by [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster"). The entrance bays originally contained wood\-and\-glass doors with seafood\-themed carvings, as well as glass [fanlights](/wiki/Fanlight "Fanlight") that contained depictions of seahorses and crabs. Raised lettering with the words {{Smallcaps\|f.w.i.l. lundy bros}} is located above the entrance bays. The other bays contain projecting stone [window sills](/wiki/Window_sill "Window sill").
The second story has rectangular window openings that are wider and shorter than the corresponding windows on the ground floor, as well as groups of three [ocular](/wiki/Oculus_%28architecture%29 "Oculus (architecture)") window openings above each of the entrance pavilions. The rectangular windows are composed of three vertical sections: a decorated center section and transparent top and bottom sections. The second floor's enclosed porches are covered by a red [corrugated sheet metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") roof. The portion of the second story above the entrance pavilions is also enclosed.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|1992\|ps\=.\|p\=7}}
The northern or rear facade contains two sections: a kitchen wing on the western side (adjacent to the Bayside Hotel annex on the northwestern corner of the building), and a dining room wing on the eastern side. The ground floor of the kitchen wing contained the kitchens and included four long, horizontal bays for window openings, while the second floor was an extension of the dining area there, with stucco walls and casement windows. On the dining room wing, there are two pavilions with ocular windows extending from the second floor, between which is an enclosed porch with casement windows.
### Ancillary structures
The Bayside Hotel was incorporated onto the western portion of the building. In 1934 it was redesigned with a stucco facade and Spanish Colonial Revival elements to maintain a continuous design with the new structure. The former hotel is physically separated from the main building by a private [alley](/wiki/Alley "Alley"). At ground level, the western facade of the structure (facing East 19th Street) is composed of four bays with a doorway at the southernmost bay. The second and third levels contain six windows each: two windows that correspond to the southernmost ground\-level bay, and four corresponding to the remaining three bays. In the renovation, the hotel structure's original windows were expanded, and on the back facade, an exterior stairway was built to provide access to the second floor. When the original restaurant was in operation, Lundy lived in the old hotel with his [significant other](/wiki/Significant_other "Significant other"), Henry Linker.
The Ocean Avenue side of the restaurant was a separate one\-story wing that housed the liquor and clam bars, and was expanded to two stories in 1947\. The Ocean Avenue facade has eight bays. Both of the end bays contain entrance pavilions with [gable roofs](/wiki/Gable_roof "Gable roof") and arched entrances. The six center bays are simpler in design, similar to those on the Emmons Avenue side, though the southernmost of these intermediate bays also contains a doorway. The second story design is similar to that of the second\-story porches along Emmons Avenue.
In 1945, the one\-story Teresa Brewer Room was erected on the Ocean Avenue side of the building. The room is a one\-story log\-and\-stucco\-faced frame structure, with a mosaic war memorial facing Ocean Avenue.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"The Lundy's restaurant building was designed in the [Spanish Colonial Revival](/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture \"Spanish Colonial Revival architecture\") style by Bloch \\& Hesse.{{Cite aia5\\|page\\=1818}}{{Cite nycland\\|page\\=280}} The architects had to make the building large enough to be appealing to patrons while also blending in with the seaside\\-resort and \"modern Venice\" designs of Sheepshead Bay. The entire [city block](/wiki/City_block \"City block\") occupied by Lundy's measured {{Convert\\|250\\|ft\\|\\|abbr\\=}} on its southern side (along Emmons Avenue) and {{Convert\\|200\\|ft\\|\\|abbr\\=}} along its western and eastern sides (along East 19th Street and Ocean Avenue, respectively). The structure has a mostly rectangular footprint, except at its northwestern corner, where it incorporates part of the {{Frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}}\\-story Bayside Hotel on East 19th Street.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1992\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=6}}",
"Lundy's contained numerous spaces including indoor and outdoor dining, clam and liquor bars, kitchens, storage, a salesmen's waiting room, restrooms, offices, and a staff lounge. The former Bayside Hotel contained the offices, lounge, waiting rooms, and storage, while the one\\-story wing on Ocean Avenue contained the bars.",
"### Main building",
"The primary structure comprising Lundy's is a two\\-story Spanish Colonial Revival structure, newly built by Bloch \\& Hesse. Its facade contained large windows that could be opened to let in air; there was no air conditioning at the time of the restaurant's construction, and the windows also provided views of the bay. Specific elements in the Spanish Colonial Revival style included its [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") walls, sloping mission\\-tiled roofs, an [arcade](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 \"Arcade (architecture)\") on the second story, a large chimney, tiled gateways, ornate entrance pavilions, and detailing such as wooden lintels and grills at each of the entrances along Emmons Avenue.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1992\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=5}} At the time of the building's construction, the Mediterranean style was commonly used at seaside resorts,{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oqC5wgEACAAJ\\|title\\=Hotel Planning and Outfitting, Commercial, Residential, Recreational: A Compilation of Authoritative Information on Problems of Hotel Economics, Architecture, Planning, Food Service Engineering, Furnishing and General Outfitting, Including Numerous Illustrations, Plans and Tables of Data\\|last1\\=Pick\\|first1\\=Albert, Barth \\& Company\\|last2\\=Taylor\\|first2\\=C.S.\\|last3\\=Bliss\\|first3\\=V.R.\\|publisher\\=Albert Pick\\-Barth Companies\\|year\\=1928\\|pages\\=159–160\\|oclc\\=1844261\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160724/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oqC5wgEACAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}} so the use of the Spanish Colonial Revival style at Lundy's would have made it seem like a seaside resort.",
"The southern facade along Emmons Avenue serves as the main facade for the building. Along that side, there is an enclosed second story that is slightly set back from the first story below. The windows on both floors are composed of large [casement windows](/wiki/Casement_window \"Casement window\"), designed at a time where air\\-conditioning was nonexistent. The Emmons Avenue facade contains twenty\\-one [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") and two pavilions with [hip roofs](/wiki/Hip_roof \"Hip roof\"); the ground\\-floor bays are separated by [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\"). The entrance bays originally contained wood\\-and\\-glass doors with seafood\\-themed carvings, as well as glass [fanlights](/wiki/Fanlight \"Fanlight\") that contained depictions of seahorses and crabs. Raised lettering with the words {{Smallcaps\\|f.w.i.l. lundy bros}} is located above the entrance bays. The other bays contain projecting stone [window sills](/wiki/Window_sill \"Window sill\").",
"The second story has rectangular window openings that are wider and shorter than the corresponding windows on the ground floor, as well as groups of three [ocular](/wiki/Oculus_%28architecture%29 \"Oculus (architecture)\") window openings above each of the entrance pavilions. The rectangular windows are composed of three vertical sections: a decorated center section and transparent top and bottom sections. The second floor's enclosed porches are covered by a red [corrugated sheet metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") roof. The portion of the second story above the entrance pavilions is also enclosed.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|1992\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=7}}",
"The northern or rear facade contains two sections: a kitchen wing on the western side (adjacent to the Bayside Hotel annex on the northwestern corner of the building), and a dining room wing on the eastern side. The ground floor of the kitchen wing contained the kitchens and included four long, horizontal bays for window openings, while the second floor was an extension of the dining area there, with stucco walls and casement windows. On the dining room wing, there are two pavilions with ocular windows extending from the second floor, between which is an enclosed porch with casement windows.",
"### Ancillary structures",
"The Bayside Hotel was incorporated onto the western portion of the building. In 1934 it was redesigned with a stucco facade and Spanish Colonial Revival elements to maintain a continuous design with the new structure. The former hotel is physically separated from the main building by a private [alley](/wiki/Alley \"Alley\"). At ground level, the western facade of the structure (facing East 19th Street) is composed of four bays with a doorway at the southernmost bay. The second and third levels contain six windows each: two windows that correspond to the southernmost ground\\-level bay, and four corresponding to the remaining three bays. In the renovation, the hotel structure's original windows were expanded, and on the back facade, an exterior stairway was built to provide access to the second floor. When the original restaurant was in operation, Lundy lived in the old hotel with his [significant other](/wiki/Significant_other \"Significant other\"), Henry Linker.",
"The Ocean Avenue side of the restaurant was a separate one\\-story wing that housed the liquor and clam bars, and was expanded to two stories in 1947\\. The Ocean Avenue facade has eight bays. Both of the end bays contain entrance pavilions with [gable roofs](/wiki/Gable_roof \"Gable roof\") and arched entrances. The six center bays are simpler in design, similar to those on the Emmons Avenue side, though the southernmost of these intermediate bays also contains a doorway. The second story design is similar to that of the second\\-story porches along Emmons Avenue.",
"In 1945, the one\\-story Teresa Brewer Room was erected on the Ocean Avenue side of the building. The room is a one\\-story log\\-and\\-stucco\\-faced frame structure, with a mosaic war memorial facing Ocean Avenue.",
""
] |
History
-------
The settlement of Barbacena was definitively reconquered by King D. [Sancho II](/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal "Sancho II of Portugal"), in the first half of the 13th century.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/patrimonio/patrimonio\-imovel/pesquisa\-do\-patrimonio/classificado\-ou\-em\-vias\-de\-classificacao/geral/view/74225 \|title\=Castelo de Barbacena \|editor\=IGESPAR \|access\-date\=10 April 2017 \|year\=2016 \|location\=Lisbon, Portugal \|publisher\=IGESPAR\-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico \|language\=pt}} The settlement of the site, which possibly developed from a pre\-Roman [castro](/wiki/Castro_culture "Castro culture"), developed from its gift to D. Estêvão Anes, chancellor of King D. [Afonso III](/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal "Afonso III of Portugal") (who was married to the illegitimate daughter of the monarch, and Master of Alvito in 1251\.{{citation \|url\=http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\=3214 \|title\=Castelo de Barbacena / Fortificações de Barbacena (IPA.00003214/PT041207040021\) \|publisher\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico \|editor\=SIPA \|location\=Lisbon, Portugal \|language\=pt \|first\=Rosário \|last\=Gordalina \|first2\=Domingos \|last2\=Bucho \|year\=1997 \|access\-date\=21 August 2017}} The first [foral](/wiki/Foral "Foral") was signed by its new master in 1273, still in the reign of King Afonso. During the reign of King D. [John I](/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal "John I of Portugal"), there is reference to two partisan noblemen, João Fernandes Pacheco and Martim Afonso de Melo. The latter was the king's bodyguard ({{lang\|pt\|guarda\-mor}}) and [alcalde](/wiki/Alcalde "Alcalde") of Évora, to whom was later granted the lordship of Barbacena. João Fernandes Pacheco, who was a supporter of the Master of Avis, lost this and other lordships for betraying the King, and Barbacena was given to Martim Afonso de Melo.
On 15 December 1519, D. [Manuel I](/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal "Manuel I of Portugal") provided the town with a new foral, ordering the re\-construction of the castle, which it can be assumed was in a bad state of repair. A few years later, in 1536, Barbacena was a *{{lang\|pt\|\[\[morgadio]]}}* of D. Jorge Henriques, huntsman to King D. [John III](/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal "John III of Portugal"), to whom was attributed the beginning of the construction of the castle, but this terminated on the death of its founder, in 1572\. Three years later, the fortification was purchased by Diogo de Castro do Rio, Knight in the Order of Christ and Nobleman in the Royal House, who was the first to use the title *Master of Barbacena*. At this time, the castle was already erected, following a rectangular layout, on the site of a previous medieval project. It was short\-lived: in 1587, the {{lang\|pt\|morgadio}} was once again auctioned off to Martim de Castro, under the condition of removing the two corbels and the keep tower.
In the 17th century, during the context of the Restoration Wars, the fortress underwent public works in order to improve its strategic worth, resulting in the construction of a modern bastion. The principal entranceway, which included a stone portico and frontispiece with sculpted pinnacles, was constructed during this era.
In 1645, Castilian forces assaulted the castle and in 1658 the garrison was forced to surrender to the Duke of Ossuna. Constant attacks and pillaging, as well as a need to modernize its defenses and improve its strategic worth, resulted in moves by Afonso Furtado de Mendonça (the king's chancellor and first Viscount of Barbacena, great\-grandson of Diogo de Castro do Rio) to elaborate new plans. New attacks on the bastion then occurred, by the Marquês of Bay, governor of Badajoz, during the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession "War of the Spanish Succession"). Barbacena was actually besieged several times in the 19th century, and its proximity to Spain was a cause of considerable instability, due to Spanish incursions.
Of the original rectangular castle, there are remains of the walls and principal entrance, in addition to vestiges of the arched old gate (which was covered over). The fortification walls were transformed in the 17th century into a star\-shaped bastion, with several of the walls and barbicans remaining. The keep tower was destroyed at the beginning of the 17th century. Still visible is the *House of the Governor* ({{lang\-pt\|Casa do Governador}}), a nobleman's residence, with central staircase and vestiges of a chapel on the upper floor.
The castle continued in the same family for several years. In 1816, King D. [John VI](/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal "John VI of Portugal") created the title of Count of Barbacena, to the benefit of Luís António Furtado de Castro do Rio de Mendonça e Faro, 1st Count and 6th Viscount of Barbacena. His son, Francisco Furtado de Castro do Rio de Mendonça, 2nd Count and 7th Viscount of Barbacena, continued to live at the castle. In 1896, as recorded in a property notice, Hermenegildo José Costa Campos sold it to Alfredo de Andrade, whose descendant José Luis Sommer de Andrade, sold it in 2005 to Mico da Câmara Pereira.
In 1974, the fortifications were occupied by the population of Barbacena.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The settlement of Barbacena was definitively reconquered by King D. [Sancho II](/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal \"Sancho II of Portugal\"), in the first half of the 13th century.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/patrimonio/patrimonio\\-imovel/pesquisa\\-do\\-patrimonio/classificado\\-ou\\-em\\-vias\\-de\\-classificacao/geral/view/74225 \\|title\\=Castelo de Barbacena \\|editor\\=IGESPAR \\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2017 \\|year\\=2016 \\|location\\=Lisbon, Portugal \\|publisher\\=IGESPAR\\-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico \\|language\\=pt}} The settlement of the site, which possibly developed from a pre\\-Roman [castro](/wiki/Castro_culture \"Castro culture\"), developed from its gift to D. Estêvão Anes, chancellor of King D. [Afonso III](/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal \"Afonso III of Portugal\") (who was married to the illegitimate daughter of the monarch, and Master of Alvito in 1251\\.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP\\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\\=3214 \\|title\\=Castelo de Barbacena / Fortificações de Barbacena (IPA.00003214/PT041207040021\\) \\|publisher\\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico \\|editor\\=SIPA \\|location\\=Lisbon, Portugal \\|language\\=pt \\|first\\=Rosário \\|last\\=Gordalina \\|first2\\=Domingos \\|last2\\=Bucho \\|year\\=1997 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2017}} The first [foral](/wiki/Foral \"Foral\") was signed by its new master in 1273, still in the reign of King Afonso. During the reign of King D. [John I](/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal \"John I of Portugal\"), there is reference to two partisan noblemen, João Fernandes Pacheco and Martim Afonso de Melo. The latter was the king's bodyguard ({{lang\\|pt\\|guarda\\-mor}}) and [alcalde](/wiki/Alcalde \"Alcalde\") of Évora, to whom was later granted the lordship of Barbacena. João Fernandes Pacheco, who was a supporter of the Master of Avis, lost this and other lordships for betraying the King, and Barbacena was given to Martim Afonso de Melo.",
"On 15 December 1519, D. [Manuel I](/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal \"Manuel I of Portugal\") provided the town with a new foral, ordering the re\\-construction of the castle, which it can be assumed was in a bad state of repair. A few years later, in 1536, Barbacena was a *{{lang\\|pt\\|\\[\\[morgadio]]}}* of D. Jorge Henriques, huntsman to King D. [John III](/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal \"John III of Portugal\"), to whom was attributed the beginning of the construction of the castle, but this terminated on the death of its founder, in 1572\\. Three years later, the fortification was purchased by Diogo de Castro do Rio, Knight in the Order of Christ and Nobleman in the Royal House, who was the first to use the title *Master of Barbacena*. At this time, the castle was already erected, following a rectangular layout, on the site of a previous medieval project. It was short\\-lived: in 1587, the {{lang\\|pt\\|morgadio}} was once again auctioned off to Martim de Castro, under the condition of removing the two corbels and the keep tower.",
"In the 17th century, during the context of the Restoration Wars, the fortress underwent public works in order to improve its strategic worth, resulting in the construction of a modern bastion. The principal entranceway, which included a stone portico and frontispiece with sculpted pinnacles, was constructed during this era.\nIn 1645, Castilian forces assaulted the castle and in 1658 the garrison was forced to surrender to the Duke of Ossuna. Constant attacks and pillaging, as well as a need to modernize its defenses and improve its strategic worth, resulted in moves by Afonso Furtado de Mendonça (the king's chancellor and first Viscount of Barbacena, great\\-grandson of Diogo de Castro do Rio) to elaborate new plans. New attacks on the bastion then occurred, by the Marquês of Bay, governor of Badajoz, during the [War of the Spanish Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession \"War of the Spanish Succession\"). Barbacena was actually besieged several times in the 19th century, and its proximity to Spain was a cause of considerable instability, due to Spanish incursions.",
"Of the original rectangular castle, there are remains of the walls and principal entrance, in addition to vestiges of the arched old gate (which was covered over). The fortification walls were transformed in the 17th century into a star\\-shaped bastion, with several of the walls and barbicans remaining. The keep tower was destroyed at the beginning of the 17th century. Still visible is the *House of the Governor* ({{lang\\-pt\\|Casa do Governador}}), a nobleman's residence, with central staircase and vestiges of a chapel on the upper floor.",
"The castle continued in the same family for several years. In 1816, King D. [John VI](/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal \"John VI of Portugal\") created the title of Count of Barbacena, to the benefit of Luís António Furtado de Castro do Rio de Mendonça e Faro, 1st Count and 6th Viscount of Barbacena. His son, Francisco Furtado de Castro do Rio de Mendonça, 2nd Count and 7th Viscount of Barbacena, continued to live at the castle. In 1896, as recorded in a property notice, Hermenegildo José Costa Campos sold it to Alfredo de Andrade, whose descendant José Luis Sommer de Andrade, sold it in 2005 to Mico da Câmara Pereira.",
"In 1974, the fortifications were occupied by the population of Barbacena.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was raised in [Duston, Northamptonshire](/wiki/Duston "Duston").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/news/moore\-the\-merrier\-as\-play\-comes\-to\-town\-1\-749650\|title\=Moore the merrier as play comes to Town\|date\=28 May 2010\|website\=Northamptonshire Telegraph\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309152551/http://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/news/moore\-the\-merrier\-as\-play\-comes\-to\-town\-1\-749650\|archive\-date\=9 March 2016}} Now based in [London](/wiki/London "London"), he started out as an [assistant director](/wiki/Assistant_director "Assistant director") and worked with [Rupert Goold](/wiki/Rupert_Goold "Rupert Goold") on productions of *[The Weir](/wiki/The_Weir "The Weir")* and *[Waiting for Godot](/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot "Waiting for Godot")*. He was then part of the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre")'s Young Writers' Programme. His first play *Alaska* was produced upstairs at the Royal Court in 2007, and he won the inaugural Tom Erhardt Award for promising new playwright in 2008\.
His second play at the Royal Court, *[The Empire](/wiki/The_Empire_%28play%29 "The Empire (play)")*, about young men in the [War in Afghanistan](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29 "War in Afghanistan (2001–present)"), opened in 2010 and received positive reviews.Taylor, Paul, ["*The Empire*, Theatre Upstairs, London"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/the-empire-theatre-upstairs-london-1948693.html), *The Independent*, 20 April 2010\. Retrieved 2011\-02\-24\.Marlowe, Sam, ["*The Empire*"](http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/166227/the-empire) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018082951/http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/166227/the\-empire \|date\=18 October 2012 }}, *Time Out*, 14 April 2010\. Retrieved 2011\-03\-06\. On the strength of that play he was nominated for the 2010 [Evening Standard Award](/wiki/Evening_Standard_Award "Evening Standard Award") for Most Promising Playwright. The play was nominated for the 2010 [Olivier Awards](/wiki/Olivier_Awards "Olivier Awards") in the Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre category.
*Honest*, a 45\-minute [monologue](/wiki/Monologue "Monologue"), was produced by [Royal \& Derngate](/wiki/Royal_%26_Derngate "Royal & Derngate") in Northampton in 2010 at the Mailcoach pub and also received good reviews.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/27427/honest\|title\=Honest\|last\=Morris\|first\=Caroline\|date\=4 March 2010\|website\=The Stage Reviews\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008105549/http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/27427/honest\|archive\-date\=8 October 2012}} It was then revived at the 2010 [Edinburgh Fringe Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival "Edinburgh Fringe Festival") at Milne's Bar as part of the Assembly programme.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.edfringe.com/whats\-on/theatre/honest\|title\=Honest\|date\=30 August 2010\|website\=Edinburgh Festival Fringe\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827154307/http://www.edfringe.com/whats\-on/theatre/honest\|archive\-date\=27 August 2010\|url\-status\=live}} It is being revived once more for the Edinburgh Fringe in 2014 by Organised Crime Theatre Company at The Space @ Jury's Inn.{{Cite web\|url\=https://tickets.edfringe.com/whats\-on/honest\|title\=Honest\|website\=Edinburgh Festival Fringe\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827154307/http://www.edfringe.com/whats\-on/theatre/honest\|archive\-date\=27 August 2010\|access\-date\=18 March 2011\|url\-status\=live}}
Commissioned by Royal \& Derngate, Moore's play *Town* is a contemporary story inspired by local 19th\-century poet [John Clare](/wiki/John_Clare "John Clare")'s struggle with madness and his walk from [London](/wiki/London "London") to [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton "Northampton").Gardner, Lyn, ["This Week's New Theatre: *Town*"](https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2010/jun/19/theatre-lift-festival-greenwich-docklands), *The Guardian*, 19 June 2010\. Retrieved 2011\-03\-18\.
His play *The Swan* premiered as part of a double feature in a production staged in the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre")'s Paintframe, where the sets are usually painted, in 2011\.
He has also written for television, creating the 2015 comedy\-drama series *[Not Safe for Work](/wiki/Not_Safe_for_Work_%28TV_series%29 "Not Safe for Work (TV series)")* and contributing episodes of *[Killing Eve](/wiki/Killing_Eve "Killing Eve")* and *[Temple](/wiki/Temple_%28TV_series%29 "Temple (TV series)")*. Moore created the historical drama *[Mary \& George](/wiki/Mary_%26_George "Mary & George")*, based on Benjamin Woolley's non\-fiction book *The King's Assassin*. The series focuses on [George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham "George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham"), a key figure in the reigns of James I and Charles I, and his scheming mother [Mary Villiers](/wiki/Mary_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Buckingham "Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham"), played by [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore "Julianne Moore") (no relation). It premiered in 2024 on [Starz](/wiki/Starz "Starz") and the UK's [History Channel](/wiki/History_%28European_TV_channel%29 "History (European TV channel)").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was raised in [Duston, Northamptonshire](/wiki/Duston \"Duston\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/news/moore\\-the\\-merrier\\-as\\-play\\-comes\\-to\\-town\\-1\\-749650\\|title\\=Moore the merrier as play comes to Town\\|date\\=28 May 2010\\|website\\=Northamptonshire Telegraph\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309152551/http://www.northantstelegraph.co.uk/news/moore\\-the\\-merrier\\-as\\-play\\-comes\\-to\\-town\\-1\\-749650\\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2016}} Now based in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), he started out as an [assistant director](/wiki/Assistant_director \"Assistant director\") and worked with [Rupert Goold](/wiki/Rupert_Goold \"Rupert Goold\") on productions of *[The Weir](/wiki/The_Weir \"The Weir\")* and *[Waiting for Godot](/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot \"Waiting for Godot\")*. He was then part of the [Royal Court Theatre](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\")'s Young Writers' Programme. His first play *Alaska* was produced upstairs at the Royal Court in 2007, and he won the inaugural Tom Erhardt Award for promising new playwright in 2008\\.",
"His second play at the Royal Court, *[The Empire](/wiki/The_Empire_%28play%29 \"The Empire (play)\")*, about young men in the [War in Afghanistan](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29 \"War in Afghanistan (2001–present)\"), opened in 2010 and received positive reviews.Taylor, Paul, [\"*The Empire*, Theatre Upstairs, London\"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/the-empire-theatre-upstairs-london-1948693.html), *The Independent*, 20 April 2010\\. Retrieved 2011\\-02\\-24\\.Marlowe, Sam, [\"*The Empire*\"](http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/166227/the-empire) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018082951/http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/166227/the\\-empire \\|date\\=18 October 2012 }}, *Time Out*, 14 April 2010\\. Retrieved 2011\\-03\\-06\\. On the strength of that play he was nominated for the 2010 [Evening Standard Award](/wiki/Evening_Standard_Award \"Evening Standard Award\") for Most Promising Playwright. The play was nominated for the 2010 [Olivier Awards](/wiki/Olivier_Awards \"Olivier Awards\") in the Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre category.",
"*Honest*, a 45\\-minute [monologue](/wiki/Monologue \"Monologue\"), was produced by [Royal \\& Derngate](/wiki/Royal_%26_Derngate \"Royal & Derngate\") in Northampton in 2010 at the Mailcoach pub and also received good reviews.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/27427/honest\\|title\\=Honest\\|last\\=Morris\\|first\\=Caroline\\|date\\=4 March 2010\\|website\\=The Stage Reviews\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008105549/http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/27427/honest\\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2012}} It was then revived at the 2010 [Edinburgh Fringe Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival \"Edinburgh Fringe Festival\") at Milne's Bar as part of the Assembly programme.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.edfringe.com/whats\\-on/theatre/honest\\|title\\=Honest\\|date\\=30 August 2010\\|website\\=Edinburgh Festival Fringe\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827154307/http://www.edfringe.com/whats\\-on/theatre/honest\\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2010\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is being revived once more for the Edinburgh Fringe in 2014 by Organised Crime Theatre Company at The Space @ Jury's Inn.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tickets.edfringe.com/whats\\-on/honest\\|title\\=Honest\\|website\\=Edinburgh Festival Fringe\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827154307/http://www.edfringe.com/whats\\-on/theatre/honest\\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2010\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Commissioned by Royal \\& Derngate, Moore's play *Town* is a contemporary story inspired by local 19th\\-century poet [John Clare](/wiki/John_Clare \"John Clare\")'s struggle with madness and his walk from [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton \"Northampton\").Gardner, Lyn, [\"This Week's New Theatre: *Town*\"](https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2010/jun/19/theatre-lift-festival-greenwich-docklands), *The Guardian*, 19 June 2010\\. Retrieved 2011\\-03\\-18\\.",
"His play *The Swan* premiered as part of a double feature in a production staged in the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\")'s Paintframe, where the sets are usually painted, in 2011\\.",
"He has also written for television, creating the 2015 comedy\\-drama series *[Not Safe for Work](/wiki/Not_Safe_for_Work_%28TV_series%29 \"Not Safe for Work (TV series)\")* and contributing episodes of *[Killing Eve](/wiki/Killing_Eve \"Killing Eve\")* and *[Temple](/wiki/Temple_%28TV_series%29 \"Temple (TV series)\")*. Moore created the historical drama *[Mary \\& George](/wiki/Mary_%26_George \"Mary & George\")*, based on Benjamin Woolley's non\\-fiction book *The King's Assassin*. The series focuses on [George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham \"George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham\"), a key figure in the reigns of James I and Charles I, and his scheming mother [Mary Villiers](/wiki/Mary_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Buckingham \"Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham\"), played by [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore \"Julianne Moore\") (no relation). It premiered in 2024 on [Starz](/wiki/Starz \"Starz\") and the UK's [History Channel](/wiki/History_%28European_TV_channel%29 \"History (European TV channel)\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Hylander received his doctorate in botany at [Uppsala University](/wiki/Uppsala_University "Uppsala University") in June 1943\. His thesis “Die Grassameneinkömmlinge Schwedischer Parke, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hieracia silvaticiformia.”, deals with the plants that were introduced into Swedish parks and larger gardens in the late 1800s via foreign grass seed, including about 140 different subspecies of hawkweed ([Hieracium](/wiki/Hieracium "Hieracium")). One of the objectives was to use these park hawkweeds to identify from which locations in Europe the grass seed originated.
His early interest in mycology gave rise to his 1953 publication, with others, of “Enumeratio Uredinearum Scandinavicarum”, a catalogue of [rust fungi](/wiki/Rust_%28fungus%29 "Rust (fungus)"), but Hylander's greatest contribution was within Swedish vascular plant taxonomy, where he appears as one of the major figures of the twentieth century.
After much preliminary work the first part of “Nordisk kärlväxtflora”, the Nordic vascular plant flora, was published in 1953; the second followed in 1966\. The flora, which was intended to be published in five parts, was largely a one\-man job and work on it was sustained with great ambition. The two published parts deal with several major and difficult genera, where each species is described very fully in a highly compressed text. The Flora work entailed his own basic research, which involved a critical examination of herbarium material and literature and some experimental crops and field studies. Hylander's treatment of the Nordic vascular plants takes a modern approach and is characterized by deep insights concerning, for example, species variation in the field. The discursive parts that accompany the descriptions are of great value. The Nordic vascular plant flora can be considered as Hylander's most important work and is already an international standard work. There is a more or less finished manuscript of the third part.
As preparation for the flora one can to some extent consider the 3rd (1941\) and 4th (1955\) editions, prepared by Hylander, of the “Förteckning över Skandinaviens växter”, Index of Scandinavian plants, part :1 Vascular Plants, published by Lund Botanical Association. These editions contained several significant novelties for Nordic floristics both in terms of nomenclature and systematics, as more fully discussed in an important work “Nomenklatorische und systematische Studien über nordische Gefässpflanzen” (1945\). Hylander's great insights into Nordic vascular plant taxonomy led to several international assignments, including as a regional adviser for [Flora Europaea](/wiki/Flora_Europaea "Flora Europaea").
Hylander showed his taste for taxonomically difficult plant groups in a couple of studies of the genera [Alchemilla](/wiki/Alchemilla "Alchemilla") and [Mentha](/wiki/Mentha "Mentha"). He devoted a great interest to the so\-called [adventive plants](/wiki/Adventive_species "Adventive species"), plants that temporarily pop up in Sweden (but can be a steady contribution to the Swedish flora). Hylander reported occurrences of such in a variety of small essays, and as a final product of this work, one can consider the posthumously published “Prima loca plantarum vascularium Sueciae”, whose manuscript was completed a few months before his death.
Hylander's other main interest was Swedish horticulture. He devoted several works to ornamental plant taxonomy, such as [peonies](/wiki/Peonies "Peonies"), [spirea](/wiki/Spirea "Spirea"), [begonias](/wiki/Begonias "Begonias") and [serviceberry](/wiki/Serviceberry "Serviceberry"). The most important of these works deals with the many representatives of the genus [Hosta](/wiki/Hosta "Hosta") (plantain lilies) cultivated in Sweden.
A very useful book is “Våra prydnadsväxters namn på svenska och latin” (Our ornamental plant names in Swedish and Latin) (1948, 2 ed 1960\). This recognized and named most of the ornamentals grown in Sweden. Its importance lies in the rehabilitation and normalization of the Latin and Swedish names of these plants, a naming which had previously been rather chaotic. In his efforts to find the appropriate Swedish name for many ornamental plants Hylander showed a great inventiveness, and his attempts to stabilize the allocation of Swedish names seems to have had a good influence. He was also active in the work of developing international rules for ornamental plant naming.
Hylander was also interested in dendrology. In a couple of major works (1957\), he described birches and alders with different leaf shapes. He took a prominent position in The Association for Dendrology and Park Care and appeared frequently as both tour guide, demonstrator and rapporteur at the association's excursions.
In 1953 Hylander became the first garden curator at the [Botanical Garden in Uppsala](/wiki/Botaniska_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_%28Uppsala%29 "Botaniska trädgården (Uppsala)"), a unique and personal position he retained until his death. Through his work the Botanical Gardens became one of the most important in Scandinavia. His special interests are reflected in the garden's finest attractions and in both scientifically and aesthetically well\-designed species selection. Under his leadership, there were introduced a number of new plants whose hardiness and value for cultivation was tested in extensive experiments.
He was not a field botanist in the accepted sense but had seen more species in the Swedish flora than most. He was of an elegant appearance, and it was said that he would rather abandon a visit to a swamp than take off his paten leather shoes. He was a bachelor with careful habits, critical and even egocentric, but he also had great charm and a broad general knowledge. This was expressed in his various writings on the fringes of botany. Several of these deals with plant names, both Swedish and scientific, often related to any curious and interesting facts, such as plant genera named after Swedes.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Hylander received his doctorate in botany at [Uppsala University](/wiki/Uppsala_University \"Uppsala University\") in June 1943\\. His thesis “Die Grassameneinkömmlinge Schwedischer Parke, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hieracia silvaticiformia.”, deals with the plants that were introduced into Swedish parks and larger gardens in the late 1800s via foreign grass seed, including about 140 different subspecies of hawkweed ([Hieracium](/wiki/Hieracium \"Hieracium\")). One of the objectives was to use these park hawkweeds to identify from which locations in Europe the grass seed originated.",
"His early interest in mycology gave rise to his 1953 publication, with others, of “Enumeratio Uredinearum Scandinavicarum”, a catalogue of [rust fungi](/wiki/Rust_%28fungus%29 \"Rust (fungus)\"), but Hylander's greatest contribution was within Swedish vascular plant taxonomy, where he appears as one of the major figures of the twentieth century.",
"After much preliminary work the first part of “Nordisk kärlväxtflora”, the Nordic vascular plant flora, was published in 1953; the second followed in 1966\\. The flora, which was intended to be published in five parts, was largely a one\\-man job and work on it was sustained with great ambition. The two published parts deal with several major and difficult genera, where each species is described very fully in a highly compressed text. The Flora work entailed his own basic research, which involved a critical examination of herbarium material and literature and some experimental crops and field studies. Hylander's treatment of the Nordic vascular plants takes a modern approach and is characterized by deep insights concerning, for example, species variation in the field. The discursive parts that accompany the descriptions are of great value. The Nordic vascular plant flora can be considered as Hylander's most important work and is already an international standard work. There is a more or less finished manuscript of the third part.\nAs preparation for the flora one can to some extent consider the 3rd (1941\\) and 4th (1955\\) editions, prepared by Hylander, of the “Förteckning över Skandinaviens växter”, Index of Scandinavian plants, part :1 Vascular Plants, published by Lund Botanical Association. These editions contained several significant novelties for Nordic floristics both in terms of nomenclature and systematics, as more fully discussed in an important work “Nomenklatorische und systematische Studien über nordische Gefässpflanzen” (1945\\). Hylander's great insights into Nordic vascular plant taxonomy led to several international assignments, including as a regional adviser for [Flora Europaea](/wiki/Flora_Europaea \"Flora Europaea\").",
"Hylander showed his taste for taxonomically difficult plant groups in a couple of studies of the genera [Alchemilla](/wiki/Alchemilla \"Alchemilla\") and [Mentha](/wiki/Mentha \"Mentha\"). He devoted a great interest to the so\\-called [adventive plants](/wiki/Adventive_species \"Adventive species\"), plants that temporarily pop up in Sweden (but can be a steady contribution to the Swedish flora). Hylander reported occurrences of such in a variety of small essays, and as a final product of this work, one can consider the posthumously published “Prima loca plantarum vascularium Sueciae”, whose manuscript was completed a few months before his death.",
"Hylander's other main interest was Swedish horticulture. He devoted several works to ornamental plant taxonomy, such as [peonies](/wiki/Peonies \"Peonies\"), [spirea](/wiki/Spirea \"Spirea\"), [begonias](/wiki/Begonias \"Begonias\") and [serviceberry](/wiki/Serviceberry \"Serviceberry\"). The most important of these works deals with the many representatives of the genus [Hosta](/wiki/Hosta \"Hosta\") (plantain lilies) cultivated in Sweden.\nA very useful book is “Våra prydnadsväxters namn på svenska och latin” (Our ornamental plant names in Swedish and Latin) (1948, 2 ed 1960\\). This recognized and named most of the ornamentals grown in Sweden. Its importance lies in the rehabilitation and normalization of the Latin and Swedish names of these plants, a naming which had previously been rather chaotic. In his efforts to find the appropriate Swedish name for many ornamental plants Hylander showed a great inventiveness, and his attempts to stabilize the allocation of Swedish names seems to have had a good influence. He was also active in the work of developing international rules for ornamental plant naming.\nHylander was also interested in dendrology. In a couple of major works (1957\\), he described birches and alders with different leaf shapes. He took a prominent position in The Association for Dendrology and Park Care and appeared frequently as both tour guide, demonstrator and rapporteur at the association's excursions.",
"In 1953 Hylander became the first garden curator at the [Botanical Garden in Uppsala](/wiki/Botaniska_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_%28Uppsala%29 \"Botaniska trädgården (Uppsala)\"), a unique and personal position he retained until his death. Through his work the Botanical Gardens became one of the most important in Scandinavia. His special interests are reflected in the garden's finest attractions and in both scientifically and aesthetically well\\-designed species selection. Under his leadership, there were introduced a number of new plants whose hardiness and value for cultivation was tested in extensive experiments.",
"He was not a field botanist in the accepted sense but had seen more species in the Swedish flora than most. He was of an elegant appearance, and it was said that he would rather abandon a visit to a swamp than take off his paten leather shoes. He was a bachelor with careful habits, critical and even egocentric, but he also had great charm and a broad general knowledge. This was expressed in his various writings on the fringes of botany. Several of these deals with plant names, both Swedish and scientific, often related to any curious and interesting facts, such as plant genera named after Swedes.",
""
] |
History
-------
Initially when the Main\-Neckar Railway was opened, on 1 August 1846, there was no Neu\-Isenburg station. To gain an economic benefit from the railway, the citizens of Neu\-Isenburg made numerous submissions to the Ministry of Finance of the [Grand Duchy of Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse") in [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"), which was then responsible for transport in the state. These submissions were initially rejected. It was only at the beginning of 1852 that the request was granted and, on 1 November 1852, Isenburg station was opened. Initially, only a few used the new station. The accounts of 1852/1853 noted that receipts amounting to 107 [guilders](/wiki/South_German_gulden "South German gulden") and 15 [Kreuzers](/wiki/Kreuzer "Kreuzer") had been taken for the transport of passengers, animals and baggage.
Originally, the only station building was a signalman's house, which was replaced by a station building during the laying of the second track in the autumn of 1861\. A year later the station was connected by telegraph.
### Extension
Two shunting sidings were built in late 1873 and a rail siding was opened to the brickworks of [Philipp Holzmann](/wiki/Philipp_Holzmann "Philipp Holzmann") \& Cie. in the same year, which boosted the economy of the town. All the [sets of points](/wiki/Railroad_switch "Railroad switch") at the site had to be operated by hand at first. The first signal box was built in 1876, which could set points and signals using wires. In 1893, the signal box was replaced by a centralised [interlocking](/wiki/Interlocking "Interlocking")Mathias Tank, Bahnhof Neu\-Isenburg – Eine Bahnstation macht Karriere, p. 79 called *Isb*.
In 1894 the station received its first electric lights. In 1900, the northern shunting siding on the line to Darmstadt, which had in the meantime been used as a freight yard, was reinstated for shunting. Traffic at the station had already increased to 100,000 passengers and 45,000 tons of freight per year.
{{stack\|
\[\[File:Abzweig Neu\-Isenburg.jpg\|thumb\|Branch to freight yard]]
\[\[File:Neu\-isenburg gueterbahnhof.jpg\|thumb\|Neu\-Isenburg freight yard]]
}}
In 1904, a second signal box was opened with the name *If*.
### Branch line to Neu\-Isenburg\-Stadt
In order to improve the railway connection to the centre of Neu\-Isenburg, a branch line, which was about 2\.2 km long, was commissioned to the southern part of the town on 20 March 1902\. The line was single track and ran to a freight yard with six tracks. The southernmost of these tracks had two manually operated [turntables](/wiki/Railway_turntable "Railway turntable"), which connected to industrial sidings. This branch line only carried freight because the [Frankfurt Forest Railway](/wiki/Frankfurt_Forest_Railway "Frankfurt Forest Railway") (*Frankfurter Waldbahn*,) already provided a connection from Neu\-Isenburg to Frankfurt for passengers (now line 14 of the [Frankfurt trams](/wiki/Trams_in_Frankfurt_am_Main "Trams in Frankfurt am Main")). At the end of 2006 this (never electrified) branch line was closed and the tracks were later partly removed.
### Interwar period
During the [occupation of the Ruhr](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr "Occupation of the Ruhr") in 1923, Neu\-Isenburg station was commandeered by French troops and could not be entered by Germans. As many in Isenburg depended on a railway connection, an emergency station was established by a local railway on a siding only 400 metres away from the station in the district of Frankfurt, which was not occupied. It consisted merely of a wooden hut for the sale of tickets and a plank crossing of the track, which ensured a reasonably safe entry and exit. The provisional station only closed with the withdrawal of French troops in September 1924\.
During the Second World War the town of Neu\-Isenburg and its station were repeated exposed to heavy air raids, but—in contrast to other stations in the area—the entrance building was unharmed and only parts of its tracks were damaged; these were quickly repaired after the war. There was a major accident in the last days of 1945 when the dispatcher on duty left the signal box to go to a shelter in anticipation of an air raid. Previously he had set the signal to permit a train from Frankfurt to run on to track 3, without remembering that the track was still occupied by a passenger train. The collision of the trains led to the death of nearly forty people.
### Deutsche Bundesbahn
In the early 1960s, [Deutsche Bundesbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn "Deutsche Bundesbahn") decided to join the [Frankfurt Rhine\-Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main "Frankfurt Rhine-Main") region to the international [motorail](/wiki/Motorail "Motorail") network. It chose Neu\-Isenburg station as the terminal for these operations. The first car train stopped here in on 29 May 1961\. In 1968, the car loading facility gained a second track.
On 14 April 1969, the *Isb* and *If* signal boxes were replaced by a new combined signal box called *If*, which took over the functions of the *Bf* and *Bn* signal boxes in [Dreieich\-Buchschlag](/wiki/Dreieich-Buchschlag_station "Dreieich-Buchschlag station"). It is a [relay interlocking](/wiki/Relay_interlocking "Relay interlocking") of class *Sp Dr S 60* (a [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") pushbutton interlocking introduced in 1960\). The interlocking is still operating today.
Shunting ended at Neu\-Isenburg station in 1983\. Since 1997, the station has been an S\-Bahn stop.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Initially when the Main\\-Neckar Railway was opened, on 1 August 1846, there was no Neu\\-Isenburg station. To gain an economic benefit from the railway, the citizens of Neu\\-Isenburg made numerous submissions to the Ministry of Finance of the [Grand Duchy of Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\") in [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\"), which was then responsible for transport in the state. These submissions were initially rejected. It was only at the beginning of 1852 that the request was granted and, on 1 November 1852, Isenburg station was opened. Initially, only a few used the new station. The accounts of 1852/1853 noted that receipts amounting to 107 [guilders](/wiki/South_German_gulden \"South German gulden\") and 15 [Kreuzers](/wiki/Kreuzer \"Kreuzer\") had been taken for the transport of passengers, animals and baggage.",
"Originally, the only station building was a signalman's house, which was replaced by a station building during the laying of the second track in the autumn of 1861\\. A year later the station was connected by telegraph.",
"### Extension",
"Two shunting sidings were built in late 1873 and a rail siding was opened to the brickworks of [Philipp Holzmann](/wiki/Philipp_Holzmann \"Philipp Holzmann\") \\& Cie. in the same year, which boosted the economy of the town. All the [sets of points](/wiki/Railroad_switch \"Railroad switch\") at the site had to be operated by hand at first. The first signal box was built in 1876, which could set points and signals using wires. In 1893, the signal box was replaced by a centralised [interlocking](/wiki/Interlocking \"Interlocking\")Mathias Tank, Bahnhof Neu\\-Isenburg – Eine Bahnstation macht Karriere, p. 79 called *Isb*.",
"In 1894 the station received its first electric lights. In 1900, the northern shunting siding on the line to Darmstadt, which had in the meantime been used as a freight yard, was reinstated for shunting. Traffic at the station had already increased to 100,000 passengers and 45,000 tons of freight per year.\n{{stack\\|\n\\[\\[File:Abzweig Neu\\-Isenburg.jpg\\|thumb\\|Branch to freight yard]]\n\\[\\[File:Neu\\-isenburg gueterbahnhof.jpg\\|thumb\\|Neu\\-Isenburg freight yard]]\n}}\nIn 1904, a second signal box was opened with the name *If*.",
"### Branch line to Neu\\-Isenburg\\-Stadt",
"In order to improve the railway connection to the centre of Neu\\-Isenburg, a branch line, which was about 2\\.2 km long, was commissioned to the southern part of the town on 20 March 1902\\. The line was single track and ran to a freight yard with six tracks. The southernmost of these tracks had two manually operated [turntables](/wiki/Railway_turntable \"Railway turntable\"), which connected to industrial sidings. This branch line only carried freight because the [Frankfurt Forest Railway](/wiki/Frankfurt_Forest_Railway \"Frankfurt Forest Railway\") (*Frankfurter Waldbahn*,) already provided a connection from Neu\\-Isenburg to Frankfurt for passengers (now line 14 of the [Frankfurt trams](/wiki/Trams_in_Frankfurt_am_Main \"Trams in Frankfurt am Main\")). At the end of 2006 this (never electrified) branch line was closed and the tracks were later partly removed.",
"### Interwar period",
"During the [occupation of the Ruhr](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr \"Occupation of the Ruhr\") in 1923, Neu\\-Isenburg station was commandeered by French troops and could not be entered by Germans. As many in Isenburg depended on a railway connection, an emergency station was established by a local railway on a siding only 400 metres away from the station in the district of Frankfurt, which was not occupied. It consisted merely of a wooden hut for the sale of tickets and a plank crossing of the track, which ensured a reasonably safe entry and exit. The provisional station only closed with the withdrawal of French troops in September 1924\\.",
"During the Second World War the town of Neu\\-Isenburg and its station were repeated exposed to heavy air raids, but—in contrast to other stations in the area—the entrance building was unharmed and only parts of its tracks were damaged; these were quickly repaired after the war. There was a major accident in the last days of 1945 when the dispatcher on duty left the signal box to go to a shelter in anticipation of an air raid. Previously he had set the signal to permit a train from Frankfurt to run on to track 3, without remembering that the track was still occupied by a passenger train. The collision of the trains led to the death of nearly forty people.",
"### Deutsche Bundesbahn",
"In the early 1960s, [Deutsche Bundesbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn \"Deutsche Bundesbahn\") decided to join the [Frankfurt Rhine\\-Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main \"Frankfurt Rhine-Main\") region to the international [motorail](/wiki/Motorail \"Motorail\") network. It chose Neu\\-Isenburg station as the terminal for these operations. The first car train stopped here in on 29 May 1961\\. In 1968, the car loading facility gained a second track.",
"On 14 April 1969, the *Isb* and *If* signal boxes were replaced by a new combined signal box called *If*, which took over the functions of the *Bf* and *Bn* signal boxes in [Dreieich\\-Buchschlag](/wiki/Dreieich-Buchschlag_station \"Dreieich-Buchschlag station\"). It is a [relay interlocking](/wiki/Relay_interlocking \"Relay interlocking\") of class *Sp Dr S 60* (a [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens \"Siemens\") pushbutton interlocking introduced in 1960\\). The interlocking is still operating today.",
"Shunting ended at Neu\\-Isenburg station in 1983\\. Since 1997, the station has been an S\\-Bahn stop.",
""
] |
Flora and fauna
---------------
The aquatic flora composed of [reed](/wiki/Phragmites "Phragmites"), [common club\-rush](/wiki/Common_club-rush "Common club-rush"), [flowering rush](/wiki/Flowering_rush "Flowering rush"), [yellow iris](/wiki/Iris_pseudacorus "Iris pseudacorus"), [greater water\-parsnip](/wiki/Sium_latifolium "Sium latifolium"), [brooklime](/wiki/Brooklime "Brooklime"), [bulbous rush](/wiki/Juncus_bulbosus "Juncus bulbosus"), [toad rush](/wiki/Juncus_bufonius "Juncus bufonius"), [eight\-stamened waterwort](/wiki/Elatine_hydropiper "Elatine hydropiper"), [needle spike\-rush](/wiki/Eleocharis_acicularis "Eleocharis acicularis"), [spring quillwort](/wiki/Spring_quillwort "Spring quillwort"), [amphibious bistort](/wiki/Amphibious_bistort "Amphibious bistort"), [pale persicaria](/wiki/Persicaria_lapathifolia "Persicaria lapathifolia"), [rigid hornwort](/wiki/Ceratophyllum_demersum "Ceratophyllum demersum"), [horned pondweed](/wiki/Zannichellia_palustris "Zannichellia palustris"), [perfoliate pondweed](/wiki/Perfoliate_pondweed "Perfoliate pondweed"), [blunt\-leaved pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_obtusifolius "Potamogeton obtusifolius"), [grass\-wrack pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_compressus "Potamogeton compressus"), [fennel pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_pectinatus "Potamogeton pectinatus"), [various\-leaved pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_gramineus "Potamogeton gramineus"), [lesser pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_pusillus "Potamogeton pusillus"), [fan\-leaved water\-goosefoot](/wiki/Ranunculus_circinatus "Ranunculus circinatus"), [whorled water\-milfoil](/wiki/Myriophyllum_verticillatum "Myriophyllum verticillatum"), [alternate water\-milfoil](/wiki/Myriophyllum_alterniflorum "Myriophyllum alterniflorum"), [spiked water\-milfoil](/wiki/Myriophyllum_spicatum "Myriophyllum spicatum"), [Canadian waterweed](/wiki/Elodea_canadensis "Elodea canadensis"), [Nuttall's waterweed](/wiki/Elodea_nuttallii "Elodea nuttallii"), and [common duckweed](/wiki/Lemna_minor "Lemna minor"). There are [stoneworts](/wiki/Charales "Charales") such as *[Chara delicatula](/wiki/Chara_delicatula "Chara delicatula")* and *[Nitella flexilis](/wiki/Nitella_flexilis "Nitella flexilis")*.
On the shores are plants like [alders](/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa "Alnus glutinosa"), [hybrid crack willows](/wiki/Hybrid_crack_willow "Hybrid crack willow"), [osiers](/wiki/Salix_viminalis "Salix viminalis"), [elms](/wiki/Elm "Elm"), [ashes](/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior "Fraxinus excelsior"), [grey willow](/wiki/Salix_cinerea "Salix cinerea"), [birch](/wiki/Birch "Birch"), [aspens](/wiki/Populus_tremula "Populus tremula"), [great yellow\-cress](/wiki/Rorippa_amphibia "Rorippa amphibia"), [gypsywort](/wiki/Gypsywort "Gypsywort"), [skullcap](/wiki/Scutellaria_galericulata "Scutellaria galericulata"), [whorled mint](/wiki/Mentha_x_verticillata "Mentha x verticillata") (a hybrid species between [corn mint](/wiki/Mentha_arvensis "Mentha arvensis") and [water mint](/wiki/Mentha_aquatica "Mentha aquatica")), [trifid bur\-marigold](/wiki/Bidens_tripartita "Bidens tripartita"), [slender tufted\-sedge](/wiki/Carex_acuta "Carex acuta"), [reed sweet\-grass](/wiki/Glyceria_maxima "Glyceria maxima"), [annual meadow\-grass](/wiki/Poa_annua "Poa annua"), [silverweed](/wiki/Argentina_anserina "Argentina anserina") and [purple\-loosestrife](/wiki/Lythrum_salicaria "Lythrum salicaria").
Naturally occurring fishes are [smelt](/wiki/European_smelt "European smelt"), [northern pike](/wiki/Northern_pike "Northern pike"), [roach](/wiki/Rutilus "Rutilus"), [rudd](/wiki/Rudd "Rudd"), [tench](/wiki/Tench "Tench"), [bleak](/wiki/Common_bleak "Common bleak"), [silver bream](/wiki/Blicca_bjoerkna "Blicca bjoerkna"), [carp bream](/wiki/Carp_bream "Carp bream"), [eel](/wiki/Eel "Eel"), [burbot](/wiki/Burbot "Burbot"), [perch](/wiki/European_perch "European perch"), [zander](/wiki/Zander "Zander"), and [ruffe](/wiki/Ruffe "Ruffe"). The [spined loach](/wiki/Spined_loach "Spined loach") was discovered in 2002 and occasionally [salmon](/wiki/Atlantic_salmon "Atlantic salmon") and [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout "Brown trout") find their way into the lake, the later introduced in a local brook in 1992\-93\.
The [invasive](/wiki/Invasive_species "Invasive species") [bivalve](/wiki/Bivalve "Bivalve") [zebra mussel](/wiki/Zebra_mussel "Zebra mussel") was first documented in Lake Mälaren in the 1920s and was confirmed in Albysjön in 2002\. Other [molluscs](/wiki/Mollusc "Mollusc") include [painter's mussel](/wiki/Painter%27s_mussel "Painter's mussel"), [duck mussel](/wiki/Duck_mussel "Duck mussel"), [river nerite](/wiki/Theodoxus_fluviatilis "Theodoxus fluviatilis"), and [river snail](/wiki/Viviparus_viviparus "Viviparus viviparus"). [Crayfishes](/wiki/Crayfish "Crayfish") are not documented in the lake but as the [signal crayfish](/wiki/Signal_crayfish "Signal crayfish") is present throughout Lake Mälaren it is believed to be present in Albysjön as well.
Commons birds include the [Canada goose](/wiki/Canada_goose "Canada goose"), [mute swan](/wiki/Mute_swan "Mute swan"), [mallard](/wiki/Mallard "Mallard"), [great crested grebe](/wiki/Great_crested_grebe "Great crested grebe"), [coot](/wiki/Eurasian_coot "Eurasian coot"), [goldeneye](/wiki/Common_goldeneye "Common goldeneye"), [gull](/wiki/Common_gull "Common gull"), [herring gull](/wiki/European_herring_gull "European herring gull"), [black\-headed gull](/wiki/Black-headed_gull "Black-headed gull"), and [reed bunting](/wiki/Reed_bunting "Reed bunting"). In the summer common visitors include [osprey](/wiki/Osprey "Osprey"), [grey heron](/wiki/Grey_heron "Grey heron") and [great cormorant](/wiki/Great_cormorant "Great cormorant").
|
[
"Flora and fauna\n---------------",
"The aquatic flora composed of [reed](/wiki/Phragmites \"Phragmites\"), [common club\\-rush](/wiki/Common_club-rush \"Common club-rush\"), [flowering rush](/wiki/Flowering_rush \"Flowering rush\"), [yellow iris](/wiki/Iris_pseudacorus \"Iris pseudacorus\"), [greater water\\-parsnip](/wiki/Sium_latifolium \"Sium latifolium\"), [brooklime](/wiki/Brooklime \"Brooklime\"), [bulbous rush](/wiki/Juncus_bulbosus \"Juncus bulbosus\"), [toad rush](/wiki/Juncus_bufonius \"Juncus bufonius\"), [eight\\-stamened waterwort](/wiki/Elatine_hydropiper \"Elatine hydropiper\"), [needle spike\\-rush](/wiki/Eleocharis_acicularis \"Eleocharis acicularis\"), [spring quillwort](/wiki/Spring_quillwort \"Spring quillwort\"), [amphibious bistort](/wiki/Amphibious_bistort \"Amphibious bistort\"), [pale persicaria](/wiki/Persicaria_lapathifolia \"Persicaria lapathifolia\"), [rigid hornwort](/wiki/Ceratophyllum_demersum \"Ceratophyllum demersum\"), [horned pondweed](/wiki/Zannichellia_palustris \"Zannichellia palustris\"), [perfoliate pondweed](/wiki/Perfoliate_pondweed \"Perfoliate pondweed\"), [blunt\\-leaved pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_obtusifolius \"Potamogeton obtusifolius\"), [grass\\-wrack pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_compressus \"Potamogeton compressus\"), [fennel pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_pectinatus \"Potamogeton pectinatus\"), [various\\-leaved pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_gramineus \"Potamogeton gramineus\"), [lesser pondweed](/wiki/Potamogeton_pusillus \"Potamogeton pusillus\"), [fan\\-leaved water\\-goosefoot](/wiki/Ranunculus_circinatus \"Ranunculus circinatus\"), [whorled water\\-milfoil](/wiki/Myriophyllum_verticillatum \"Myriophyllum verticillatum\"), [alternate water\\-milfoil](/wiki/Myriophyllum_alterniflorum \"Myriophyllum alterniflorum\"), [spiked water\\-milfoil](/wiki/Myriophyllum_spicatum \"Myriophyllum spicatum\"), [Canadian waterweed](/wiki/Elodea_canadensis \"Elodea canadensis\"), [Nuttall's waterweed](/wiki/Elodea_nuttallii \"Elodea nuttallii\"), and [common duckweed](/wiki/Lemna_minor \"Lemna minor\"). There are [stoneworts](/wiki/Charales \"Charales\") such as *[Chara delicatula](/wiki/Chara_delicatula \"Chara delicatula\")* and *[Nitella flexilis](/wiki/Nitella_flexilis \"Nitella flexilis\")*.",
"On the shores are plants like [alders](/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa \"Alnus glutinosa\"), [hybrid crack willows](/wiki/Hybrid_crack_willow \"Hybrid crack willow\"), [osiers](/wiki/Salix_viminalis \"Salix viminalis\"), [elms](/wiki/Elm \"Elm\"), [ashes](/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior \"Fraxinus excelsior\"), [grey willow](/wiki/Salix_cinerea \"Salix cinerea\"), [birch](/wiki/Birch \"Birch\"), [aspens](/wiki/Populus_tremula \"Populus tremula\"), [great yellow\\-cress](/wiki/Rorippa_amphibia \"Rorippa amphibia\"), [gypsywort](/wiki/Gypsywort \"Gypsywort\"), [skullcap](/wiki/Scutellaria_galericulata \"Scutellaria galericulata\"), [whorled mint](/wiki/Mentha_x_verticillata \"Mentha x verticillata\") (a hybrid species between [corn mint](/wiki/Mentha_arvensis \"Mentha arvensis\") and [water mint](/wiki/Mentha_aquatica \"Mentha aquatica\")), [trifid bur\\-marigold](/wiki/Bidens_tripartita \"Bidens tripartita\"), [slender tufted\\-sedge](/wiki/Carex_acuta \"Carex acuta\"), [reed sweet\\-grass](/wiki/Glyceria_maxima \"Glyceria maxima\"), [annual meadow\\-grass](/wiki/Poa_annua \"Poa annua\"), [silverweed](/wiki/Argentina_anserina \"Argentina anserina\") and [purple\\-loosestrife](/wiki/Lythrum_salicaria \"Lythrum salicaria\").",
"Naturally occurring fishes are [smelt](/wiki/European_smelt \"European smelt\"), [northern pike](/wiki/Northern_pike \"Northern pike\"), [roach](/wiki/Rutilus \"Rutilus\"), [rudd](/wiki/Rudd \"Rudd\"), [tench](/wiki/Tench \"Tench\"), [bleak](/wiki/Common_bleak \"Common bleak\"), [silver bream](/wiki/Blicca_bjoerkna \"Blicca bjoerkna\"), [carp bream](/wiki/Carp_bream \"Carp bream\"), [eel](/wiki/Eel \"Eel\"), [burbot](/wiki/Burbot \"Burbot\"), [perch](/wiki/European_perch \"European perch\"), [zander](/wiki/Zander \"Zander\"), and [ruffe](/wiki/Ruffe \"Ruffe\"). The [spined loach](/wiki/Spined_loach \"Spined loach\") was discovered in 2002 and occasionally [salmon](/wiki/Atlantic_salmon \"Atlantic salmon\") and [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout \"Brown trout\") find their way into the lake, the later introduced in a local brook in 1992\\-93\\.",
"The [invasive](/wiki/Invasive_species \"Invasive species\") [bivalve](/wiki/Bivalve \"Bivalve\") [zebra mussel](/wiki/Zebra_mussel \"Zebra mussel\") was first documented in Lake Mälaren in the 1920s and was confirmed in Albysjön in 2002\\. Other [molluscs](/wiki/Mollusc \"Mollusc\") include [painter's mussel](/wiki/Painter%27s_mussel \"Painter's mussel\"), [duck mussel](/wiki/Duck_mussel \"Duck mussel\"), [river nerite](/wiki/Theodoxus_fluviatilis \"Theodoxus fluviatilis\"), and [river snail](/wiki/Viviparus_viviparus \"Viviparus viviparus\"). [Crayfishes](/wiki/Crayfish \"Crayfish\") are not documented in the lake but as the [signal crayfish](/wiki/Signal_crayfish \"Signal crayfish\") is present throughout Lake Mälaren it is believed to be present in Albysjön as well.",
"Commons birds include the [Canada goose](/wiki/Canada_goose \"Canada goose\"), [mute swan](/wiki/Mute_swan \"Mute swan\"), [mallard](/wiki/Mallard \"Mallard\"), [great crested grebe](/wiki/Great_crested_grebe \"Great crested grebe\"), [coot](/wiki/Eurasian_coot \"Eurasian coot\"), [goldeneye](/wiki/Common_goldeneye \"Common goldeneye\"), [gull](/wiki/Common_gull \"Common gull\"), [herring gull](/wiki/European_herring_gull \"European herring gull\"), [black\\-headed gull](/wiki/Black-headed_gull \"Black-headed gull\"), and [reed bunting](/wiki/Reed_bunting \"Reed bunting\"). In the summer common visitors include [osprey](/wiki/Osprey \"Osprey\"), [grey heron](/wiki/Grey_heron \"Grey heron\") and [great cormorant](/wiki/Great_cormorant \"Great cormorant\").",
""
] |
Terrain
-------
{{see also\|List of mountains in Taiwan\|List of rivers of Taiwan}}
[thumb\|right\|A [relief map](/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction "Cartographic relief depiction") of Taiwan](/wiki/File:Taiwan_map_large.gif "Taiwan map large.gif")
The terrain in Taiwan is divided into two parts: the flat to gently rolling plains in the west, where 90% of the population lives, and the mostly rugged forest\-covered mountains in the eastern two\-thirds.
The eastern part of the island is dominated by five mountain ranges, each running from north\-northeast to south\-southwest, roughly parallel to the east coast of the island. As a group, they extend {{convert\|330\|km\|mi\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} from north to south and average about {{convert\|80\|km\|mi}} from east to west. They include more than two hundred peaks with elevations of over {{convert\|3000\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}}.{{sfnp\|Exec. Yuan\|2014\|p\=40}}
The [Central Mountain Range](/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range "Central Mountain Range") extends from [Su'ao](/wiki/Su%27ao "Su'ao") in the northeast to [Eluanbi](/wiki/Eluanbi "Eluanbi") at the southern tip of the island, forming a ridge of high mountains and serving as the island's principal watershed. The mountains are predominantly composed of hard rock formations resistant to weathering and erosion, although heavy rainfall has deeply scarred the sides with gorges and sharp valleys. The relative relief of the terrain is usually extensive, and the forest\-clad mountains with their extreme ruggedness are almost impenetrable. The east side of the Central Mountain Range is the steepest mountain slope in Taiwan, with fault scarps ranging in height from {{convert\|120\|to\|1200\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}}. [Taroko National Park](/wiki/Taroko_National_Park "Taroko National Park"), on the steep eastern side of the range, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and [erosion](/wiki/Erosion "Erosion") caused by a swiftly flowing river.
The [East Coast Mountain Range](/wiki/Haian_Range "Haian Range") extends down the east coast of the island from the mouth of the [Hualien River](/wiki/Hualien_River "Hualien River") in the north to [Taitung County](/wiki/Taitung_County "Taitung County") in the south, and chiefly consist of sandstone and shale. It is separated from the Central Range by the narrow [Huatung Valley](/wiki/Huatung_Valley "Huatung Valley"), at an altitude of {{convert\|120\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}}. Although Hsinkangshan (新港山), the highest peak, reaches an elevation of {{convert\|1682\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}}, most of the range is composed of large hills. Small streams have developed on the flanks, but only one large river cuts across the range. Badlands are located at the western foot of the range, where the ground water level is the lowest and rock formations are the least resistant to weathering. Raised coral reefs along the east coast and the frequent occurrences of earthquakes in the rift valley indicate that the fault block is still rising.
The ranges to the west of the Central range are divided into two groups separated by the [Sun Moon Lake](/wiki/Sun_Moon_Lake "Sun Moon Lake") Basin in the centre of the island. The [Dadu](/wiki/Dadu_River_%28Taiwan%29 "Dadu River (Taiwan)") and [Zhuoshui Rivers](/wiki/Zhuoshui_River "Zhuoshui River") flow from the western slopes of the Central Range through the basin to the west coast of the island.
The [Xueshan Range](/wiki/Xueshan_Range "Xueshan Range") lies to the northwest of the Central Mountain Range, beginning at [Sandiaojiao](/wiki/Sandiaojiao "Sandiaojiao"), the northeast tip of the island, and gaining elevation as it extends southwest towards [Nantou County](/wiki/Nantou_County "Nantou County"). [Xueshan](/wiki/Xueshan "Xueshan"), the main peak, is {{convert\|3886\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}} high.
[thumb\|right\|The [Sanguang River](/wiki/Sanguang_River "Sanguang River") in northwestern Taiwan](/wiki/File:San_Guang_River%2C_Fusing%2C_Taoyuan%2C_Taiwan_-_20080601.jpg "San Guang River, Fusing, Taoyuan, Taiwan - 20080601.jpg")
The [Yushan Range](/wiki/Yushan_Range "Yushan Range") runs along the southwestern flank of the Central Range. It includes the island's tallest peak, the {{convert\|3952\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}} [Yu Shan](/wiki/Yu_Shan "Yu Shan") ('Jade Mountain'){{r\|World Factbook}}{{sfnp\|Exec. Yuan\|2014\|p\=43}}Reported by Taiwan's National Geographic Information System Steering Committee ([NGISSC](http://www.land.moi.gov.tw/landdatabase/enhtml/index.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121095400/http://www.land.moi.gov.tw/landdatabase/enhtml/index.asp \|date\=21 November 2008 }}) which makes Taiwan the world's [fourth\-highest island](/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point "List of islands by highest point"), and is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the [Kamchatka Peninsula](/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula "Kamchatka Peninsula"), [New Guinea Highlands](/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands "New Guinea Highlands") and [Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu "Mount Kinabalu").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1\.htm \|title\=Tallest Islands of the World – World Island Info web site \|publisher\=Worldislandinfo.com \|access\-date\=1 August 2010 \|archive\-date\=1 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201042156/http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1\.htm \|url\-status\=live }}
The [Alishan Range](/wiki/Alishan_Range "Alishan Range") lies west of the Yushan Range, across the valley of the south\-flowing [Kaoping River](/wiki/Kaoping_River "Kaoping River"). The range has major elevations between {{convert\|1000\|and\|2000\|m\|ft\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}}. The main peak, Data Mountain (大塔山), towers {{convert\|2663\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}}.
Below the western foothills of the ranges, such as the [Hsinchu Hills](/wiki/Hsinchu_Hills "Hsinchu Hills") and the [Miaoli Hills](/wiki/Miaoli_Hills "Miaoli Hills"), lie raised [terraces](/wiki/Terrace_%28geology%29 "Terrace (geology)") formed of material eroded from the ranges. These include the [Linkou Plateau](/wiki/Linkou_Plateau "Linkou Plateau"), the [Taoyuan Plateau](/wiki/Taoyuan_Plateau "Taoyuan Plateau") and the [Dadu Plateau](/wiki/Dadu_Plateau "Dadu Plateau"). About 23% of Taiwan's land area consists of fertile [alluvial plains](/wiki/Alluvial_plain "Alluvial plain") and [basins](/wiki/Sedimentary_basin "Sedimentary basin") watered by rivers running from the eastern mountains. Over half of this land lies in the [Chianan Plain](/wiki/Chianan_Plain "Chianan Plain") in southwest Taiwan, with lesser areas in the [Pingtung Plain](/wiki/Pingtung_Plain "Pingtung Plain"), [Taichung Basin](/wiki/Taichung_Basin "Taichung Basin") and [Taipei Basin](/wiki/Taipei_Basin "Taipei Basin"). The only sizable plain on the east coast is the [Yilan Plain](/wiki/Yilan_Plain "Yilan Plain") in the northeast.{{sfnp\|Exec. Yuan\|2014\|pp\=2, 43}}
|
[
"Terrain\n-------",
"{{see also\\|List of mountains in Taiwan\\|List of rivers of Taiwan}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|A [relief map](/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction \"Cartographic relief depiction\") of Taiwan](/wiki/File:Taiwan_map_large.gif \"Taiwan map large.gif\")",
"The terrain in Taiwan is divided into two parts: the flat to gently rolling plains in the west, where 90% of the population lives, and the mostly rugged forest\\-covered mountains in the eastern two\\-thirds.",
"The eastern part of the island is dominated by five mountain ranges, each running from north\\-northeast to south\\-southwest, roughly parallel to the east coast of the island. As a group, they extend {{convert\\|330\\|km\\|mi\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} from north to south and average about {{convert\\|80\\|km\\|mi}} from east to west. They include more than two hundred peaks with elevations of over {{convert\\|3000\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{sfnp\\|Exec. Yuan\\|2014\\|p\\=40}}",
"The [Central Mountain Range](/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range \"Central Mountain Range\") extends from [Su'ao](/wiki/Su%27ao \"Su'ao\") in the northeast to [Eluanbi](/wiki/Eluanbi \"Eluanbi\") at the southern tip of the island, forming a ridge of high mountains and serving as the island's principal watershed. The mountains are predominantly composed of hard rock formations resistant to weathering and erosion, although heavy rainfall has deeply scarred the sides with gorges and sharp valleys. The relative relief of the terrain is usually extensive, and the forest\\-clad mountains with their extreme ruggedness are almost impenetrable. The east side of the Central Mountain Range is the steepest mountain slope in Taiwan, with fault scarps ranging in height from {{convert\\|120\\|to\\|1200\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}}. [Taroko National Park](/wiki/Taroko_National_Park \"Taroko National Park\"), on the steep eastern side of the range, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and [erosion](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") caused by a swiftly flowing river.",
"The [East Coast Mountain Range](/wiki/Haian_Range \"Haian Range\") extends down the east coast of the island from the mouth of the [Hualien River](/wiki/Hualien_River \"Hualien River\") in the north to [Taitung County](/wiki/Taitung_County \"Taitung County\") in the south, and chiefly consist of sandstone and shale. It is separated from the Central Range by the narrow [Huatung Valley](/wiki/Huatung_Valley \"Huatung Valley\"), at an altitude of {{convert\\|120\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}}. Although Hsinkangshan (新港山), the highest peak, reaches an elevation of {{convert\\|1682\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, most of the range is composed of large hills. Small streams have developed on the flanks, but only one large river cuts across the range. Badlands are located at the western foot of the range, where the ground water level is the lowest and rock formations are the least resistant to weathering. Raised coral reefs along the east coast and the frequent occurrences of earthquakes in the rift valley indicate that the fault block is still rising.",
"The ranges to the west of the Central range are divided into two groups separated by the [Sun Moon Lake](/wiki/Sun_Moon_Lake \"Sun Moon Lake\") Basin in the centre of the island. The [Dadu](/wiki/Dadu_River_%28Taiwan%29 \"Dadu River (Taiwan)\") and [Zhuoshui Rivers](/wiki/Zhuoshui_River \"Zhuoshui River\") flow from the western slopes of the Central Range through the basin to the west coast of the island.",
"The [Xueshan Range](/wiki/Xueshan_Range \"Xueshan Range\") lies to the northwest of the Central Mountain Range, beginning at [Sandiaojiao](/wiki/Sandiaojiao \"Sandiaojiao\"), the northeast tip of the island, and gaining elevation as it extends southwest towards [Nantou County](/wiki/Nantou_County \"Nantou County\"). [Xueshan](/wiki/Xueshan \"Xueshan\"), the main peak, is {{convert\\|3886\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} high.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The [Sanguang River](/wiki/Sanguang_River \"Sanguang River\") in northwestern Taiwan](/wiki/File:San_Guang_River%2C_Fusing%2C_Taoyuan%2C_Taiwan_-_20080601.jpg \"San Guang River, Fusing, Taoyuan, Taiwan - 20080601.jpg\")",
"The [Yushan Range](/wiki/Yushan_Range \"Yushan Range\") runs along the southwestern flank of the Central Range. It includes the island's tallest peak, the {{convert\\|3952\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} [Yu Shan](/wiki/Yu_Shan \"Yu Shan\") ('Jade Mountain'){{r\\|World Factbook}}{{sfnp\\|Exec. Yuan\\|2014\\|p\\=43}}Reported by Taiwan's National Geographic Information System Steering Committee ([NGISSC](http://www.land.moi.gov.tw/landdatabase/enhtml/index.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121095400/http://www.land.moi.gov.tw/landdatabase/enhtml/index.asp \\|date\\=21 November 2008 }}) which makes Taiwan the world's [fourth\\-highest island](/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point \"List of islands by highest point\"), and is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the [Kamchatka Peninsula](/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula \"Kamchatka Peninsula\"), [New Guinea Highlands](/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands \"New Guinea Highlands\") and [Mount Kinabalu](/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu \"Mount Kinabalu\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1\\.htm \\|title\\=Tallest Islands of the World – World Island Info web site \\|publisher\\=Worldislandinfo.com \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201042156/http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The [Alishan Range](/wiki/Alishan_Range \"Alishan Range\") lies west of the Yushan Range, across the valley of the south\\-flowing [Kaoping River](/wiki/Kaoping_River \"Kaoping River\"). The range has major elevations between {{convert\\|1000\\|and\\|2000\\|m\\|ft\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}}. The main peak, Data Mountain (大塔山), towers {{convert\\|2663\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"Below the western foothills of the ranges, such as the [Hsinchu Hills](/wiki/Hsinchu_Hills \"Hsinchu Hills\") and the [Miaoli Hills](/wiki/Miaoli_Hills \"Miaoli Hills\"), lie raised [terraces](/wiki/Terrace_%28geology%29 \"Terrace (geology)\") formed of material eroded from the ranges. These include the [Linkou Plateau](/wiki/Linkou_Plateau \"Linkou Plateau\"), the [Taoyuan Plateau](/wiki/Taoyuan_Plateau \"Taoyuan Plateau\") and the [Dadu Plateau](/wiki/Dadu_Plateau \"Dadu Plateau\"). About 23% of Taiwan's land area consists of fertile [alluvial plains](/wiki/Alluvial_plain \"Alluvial plain\") and [basins](/wiki/Sedimentary_basin \"Sedimentary basin\") watered by rivers running from the eastern mountains. Over half of this land lies in the [Chianan Plain](/wiki/Chianan_Plain \"Chianan Plain\") in southwest Taiwan, with lesser areas in the [Pingtung Plain](/wiki/Pingtung_Plain \"Pingtung Plain\"), [Taichung Basin](/wiki/Taichung_Basin \"Taichung Basin\") and [Taipei Basin](/wiki/Taipei_Basin \"Taipei Basin\"). The only sizable plain on the east coast is the [Yilan Plain](/wiki/Yilan_Plain \"Yilan Plain\") in the northeast.{{sfnp\\|Exec. Yuan\\|2014\\|pp\\=2, 43}}",
""
] |
Early life
----------
Mickey (named by his older sister, Dorothy Louise (Whatley) Boatwright, because he reminded her of Mickey Mouse when he was young) was born on 7 October 1935 in [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), the son of Homer Lee Whatley, Sr. and Louise Ottille (McDonald) Whatley.
Mickey's life was dedicated to public service. He began at the Post \& Courier News as a journeyman printer but enlisted in the US Army serving from 1958 to 1960\.
Mickey was first a fireman and later a police officer for Charleston County. Mickey's father, Lawrence Stewart, was a county policeman and the first to be recognized as Policeman of the Year by the Kiwanis Club; Mickey also received this award. Mickey was part of the original police force in North Charleston and became one of the City's first detectives.
He attended the Southern Police Institute and held a Bachelor of Science degree with a double major in Political Science and Criminal Justice from the Baptist College (now known as Charleston Southern University.)
Mickey was a Lieutenant for the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) from 1984 to 1992 and served as Chief of Police for the City of North Charleston from 1992 to 1994\.
He served two terms in the SC House of Representatives for District 113\. He was a commissioner for the Charleston County Parks and Recreation Department. Mickey's past affiliations include: Past President of the South Carolina Chapter of the FBI National Academy, a member of the National Law Enforcement Explorer Commission, the International Association of Police Chiefs, the Environmental Crimes Commission, and National Boy Scouts Council of America.
Mickey has four children: Tim, Todd, Leah and Buck. His brother, Bill; sisters, Pat and Julie; He has three grandchildren. He had two former wives, Pacita (married 1967 \- 1987\) and Evette (married 1992 \- 1994\).
### Committee assignments
Whatley served on the following [committees](/wiki/Committees "Committees") in the state house:["South Carolina General Assembly, 112th Session, 1997\-1998: Indicates New Matter"](http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess112_1997-1998/hj97/19961204.htm) Journal of the House of Representatives. 4 December 1996\. Retrieved 11 August 2010\.
* Judiciary
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"Mickey (named by his older sister, Dorothy Louise (Whatley) Boatwright, because he reminded her of Mickey Mouse when he was young) was born on 7 October 1935 in [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), the son of Homer Lee Whatley, Sr. and Louise Ottille (McDonald) Whatley.",
"Mickey's life was dedicated to public service. He began at the Post \\& Courier News as a journeyman printer but enlisted in the US Army serving from 1958 to 1960\\.",
"Mickey was first a fireman and later a police officer for Charleston County. Mickey's father, Lawrence Stewart, was a county policeman and the first to be recognized as Policeman of the Year by the Kiwanis Club; Mickey also received this award. Mickey was part of the original police force in North Charleston and became one of the City's first detectives.",
"He attended the Southern Police Institute and held a Bachelor of Science degree with a double major in Political Science and Criminal Justice from the Baptist College (now known as Charleston Southern University.)",
"Mickey was a Lieutenant for the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) from 1984 to 1992 and served as Chief of Police for the City of North Charleston from 1992 to 1994\\.",
"He served two terms in the SC House of Representatives for District 113\\. He was a commissioner for the Charleston County Parks and Recreation Department. Mickey's past affiliations include: Past President of the South Carolina Chapter of the FBI National Academy, a member of the National Law Enforcement Explorer Commission, the International Association of Police Chiefs, the Environmental Crimes Commission, and National Boy Scouts Council of America.",
"Mickey has four children: Tim, Todd, Leah and Buck. His brother, Bill; sisters, Pat and Julie; He has three grandchildren. He had two former wives, Pacita (married 1967 \\- 1987\\) and Evette (married 1992 \\- 1994\\).",
"### Committee assignments",
"Whatley served on the following [committees](/wiki/Committees \"Committees\") in the state house:[\"South Carolina General Assembly, 112th Session, 1997\\-1998: Indicates New Matter\"](http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess112_1997-1998/hj97/19961204.htm) Journal of the House of Representatives. 4 December 1996\\. Retrieved 11 August 2010\\.\n* Judiciary",
""
] |
Life
----
Ellenberg's father (a school teacher) died during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") in 1914\. From 1920 to 1932 Ellenberg studied in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover"), where his interest in local flora and fauna was established, and where he came in contact with [Reinhold Tüxen](/wiki/Reinhold_T%C3%BCxen "Reinhold Tüxen").
In 1932 he moved to [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier "Montpellier"), where he started his studies of ecology under the direction of [Swiss](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") ecologist [Josias Braun\-Blanquet](/wiki/Josias_Braun-Blanquet "Josias Braun-Blanquet"). Later he studied botany, zoology, chemistry and geology in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg"), Hanover and Göttingen, where he obtained a doctorate in Biology in 1938 in Göttingen under [Franz Firbas](/wiki/Franz_Firbas "Franz Firbas").
After completing his doctorate he worked at the central office for vegetation mapping in [Hannover](/wiki/Hannover "Hannover") under the direction of [Reinhold Tüxen](/wiki/Reinhold_T%C3%BCxen "Reinhold Tüxen") and during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") served in a "research relay". Ellenberg successfully worked on developing roof plantings of bunkers that would allow them to blend in with landscape and deceive hostile airplanes. These proceeded from layers of earth up to two meters thick, which are still visible today.
After the war he served as an assistant of [Heinrich Walter](/wiki/Heinrich_Walter "Heinrich Walter") in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart "Stuttgart"). In 1953 he became a professor at the [University of Hamburg](/wiki/University_of_Hamburg "University of Hamburg"). From 1958 he was a director at Department of Botany at the [ETH Zurich](/wiki/ETH_Zurich "ETH Zurich").
Heinz Ellenberg was among the first to experimentally show the importance of a distinction between [fundamental niche](/wiki/Fundamental_niche "Fundamental niche") and [realized niche](/wiki/Realized_niche "Realized niche") for plants. He experimentally grew two species of *[Bromus](/wiki/Bromus "Bromus")* along a moisture gradient and showed that, in monoculture, both species were able to inhabit the entire range. Nevertheless, in mixture, the two species dissociated and showed clear preference for either the dry or the moist end of the gradientEllenberg, H. (1953\) Physiologisches und ökologisches Verhalten derselben Pflanzenarten. Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 65: 351\-362\.
In 1966 he moved to the [University of Göttingen](/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen "University of Göttingen"), where he established the [Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen](/wiki/Neuer_Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen "Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen"). He became [emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus "Emeritus") in 1981\. From 1982 to 1986, he served as president of the [International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS)](/wiki/International_Association_for_Vegetation_Science "International Association for Vegetation Science").
He is a Honorary Member of the [International Association for Vegetation Science](/wiki/International_Association_for_Vegetation_Science "International Association for Vegetation Science") (1988\).{{Cite web \| url\=http://iavs.org/Awards/Honorary\-Members.aspx \|title \= IAVS \- Honorary Members}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Ellenberg's father (a school teacher) died during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") in 1914\\. From 1920 to 1932 Ellenberg studied in [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\"), where his interest in local flora and fauna was established, and where he came in contact with [Reinhold Tüxen](/wiki/Reinhold_T%C3%BCxen \"Reinhold Tüxen\").",
"In 1932 he moved to [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier \"Montpellier\"), where he started his studies of ecology under the direction of [Swiss](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") ecologist [Josias Braun\\-Blanquet](/wiki/Josias_Braun-Blanquet \"Josias Braun-Blanquet\"). Later he studied botany, zoology, chemistry and geology in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\"), Hanover and Göttingen, where he obtained a doctorate in Biology in 1938 in Göttingen under [Franz Firbas](/wiki/Franz_Firbas \"Franz Firbas\").",
"After completing his doctorate he worked at the central office for vegetation mapping in [Hannover](/wiki/Hannover \"Hannover\") under the direction of [Reinhold Tüxen](/wiki/Reinhold_T%C3%BCxen \"Reinhold Tüxen\") and during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") served in a \"research relay\". Ellenberg successfully worked on developing roof plantings of bunkers that would allow them to blend in with landscape and deceive hostile airplanes. These proceeded from layers of earth up to two meters thick, which are still visible today.",
"After the war he served as an assistant of [Heinrich Walter](/wiki/Heinrich_Walter \"Heinrich Walter\") in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\"). In 1953 he became a professor at the [University of Hamburg](/wiki/University_of_Hamburg \"University of Hamburg\"). From 1958 he was a director at Department of Botany at the [ETH Zurich](/wiki/ETH_Zurich \"ETH Zurich\").",
"Heinz Ellenberg was among the first to experimentally show the importance of a distinction between [fundamental niche](/wiki/Fundamental_niche \"Fundamental niche\") and [realized niche](/wiki/Realized_niche \"Realized niche\") for plants. He experimentally grew two species of *[Bromus](/wiki/Bromus \"Bromus\")* along a moisture gradient and showed that, in monoculture, both species were able to inhabit the entire range. Nevertheless, in mixture, the two species dissociated and showed clear preference for either the dry or the moist end of the gradientEllenberg, H. (1953\\) Physiologisches und ökologisches Verhalten derselben Pflanzenarten. Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 65: 351\\-362\\.",
"In 1966 he moved to the [University of Göttingen](/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen \"University of Göttingen\"), where he established the [Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen](/wiki/Neuer_Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen \"Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen\"). He became [emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus \"Emeritus\") in 1981\\. From 1982 to 1986, he served as president of the [International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS)](/wiki/International_Association_for_Vegetation_Science \"International Association for Vegetation Science\").\nHe is a Honorary Member of the [International Association for Vegetation Science](/wiki/International_Association_for_Vegetation_Science \"International Association for Vegetation Science\") (1988\\).{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://iavs.org/Awards/Honorary\\-Members.aspx \\|title \\= IAVS \\- Honorary Members}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
Albritton was selected by the [Philadelphia Stars](/wiki/Philadelphia/Baltimore_Stars "Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars") in the sixteenth round (329th overall) of the [1984 USFL Draft](/wiki/1984_USFL_Draft "1984 USFL Draft"). Although he wasn't selected in the [1984 NFL draft](/wiki/1984_NFL_draft "1984 NFL draft"), he opted to sign as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent "Undrafted free agent") with the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys"). As a rookie, he was first tried at [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker "Linebacker") before being moved to [strong safety](/wiki/Strong_safety "Strong safety").
On August 20, [1985](/wiki/1985_NFL_season "1985 NFL season"), he was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list "Injured reserve list") with a pulled hamstring he injured in the preseason, returning later in the season to play [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker "Linebacker") in the last 7 games.{{cite web\| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1955\&dat\=19850821\&id\=PA4iAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=P6cFAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2920,513986 \| title\=Transactions \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}} The next year, he was moved back to [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 "Safety (American football position)") and played [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker "Linebacker") only in passing situations, registering 42 tackles and 2 fumble recoveries.
In [1987](/wiki/1987_NFL_season "1987 NFL season"), he posted 35 tackles, with 11 coming in the last game against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals_%28NFL%29 "St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)"). He also was named the Cowboys [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams "Special teams") player of the year.
In [1988](/wiki/1988_NFL_season "1988 NFL season"), he suffered a bruised left thigh in the preseason game against the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") and was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list "Injured reserve list") until October 28\. During the season he injured his right thigh and missed 2 additional contests. He played in six games, making 18 tackles and 2 sacks.{{cite web\| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=861\&dat\=19880823\&id\=frxdAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=Gl4NAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5572,5371400 \| title\=Pelluer Still No.1 Despite Off Night \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}}
Albritton was mainly used as a [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams "Special teams") player until [1989](/wiki/1989_NFL_season "1989 NFL season"), when he earned the starting [strong safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_and_Canadian_football_position%29 "Safety (American and Canadian football position)") job over [Bill Bates](/wiki/Bill_Bates "Bill Bates") and finished with 111 tackles (third on the team), 4 passes defensed, 5 quarterback pressures, one interception and 2 forced fumbles.
The next year after starting 8 games at [strong safety](/wiki/Strong_safety "Strong safety") and being on track to register career\-high numbers, he suffered a bruise right quad and was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list "Injured reserve list") on November 29\.{{cite web\| url\=http://articles.philly.com/1990\-12\-22/sports/25923253\_1\_eagle\-vince\-albritton\-waiver \| title\=Transactions \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}} He led the secondary with 63 tackles, including 16 against the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants"). He also had 6 passes defensed and 2 fumble recoveries.
Albritton was waived on August 26, [1991](/wiki/1991_NFL_season "1991 NFL season"),{{cite web\| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2519\&dat\=19910827\&id\=qbBdAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=wF0NAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5332,4173163 \| title\=Transactions \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}} only to be re\-signed one day later.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/dallas\-reclaims\-stoudt\-albritton\-dixon/article\_e070ba65\-6422\-5a88\-80df\-346dd14a3132\.html \| title\=Dallas Reclaims Stoudt, Albritton, Dixon \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}} After suffering a broken left forearm, he was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list "Injured reserve list") on October 11\.{{cite web\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/sports/transactions\-505791\.html \| title\=Transactions \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}} He was released on July 8, [1992](/wiki/1992_NFL_season "1992 NFL season").{{cite web\| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=861\&dat\=19920709\&id\=\_EhSAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=fTYNAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3434,4184158 \| title\=Dallas waives Albritton \| access\-date\=April 21, 2018}}
Injuries affected his career, after being able to play in only 3 full seasons.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"Albritton was selected by the [Philadelphia Stars](/wiki/Philadelphia/Baltimore_Stars \"Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars\") in the sixteenth round (329th overall) of the [1984 USFL Draft](/wiki/1984_USFL_Draft \"1984 USFL Draft\"). Although he wasn't selected in the [1984 NFL draft](/wiki/1984_NFL_draft \"1984 NFL draft\"), he opted to sign as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") with the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\"). As a rookie, he was first tried at [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker \"Linebacker\") before being moved to [strong safety](/wiki/Strong_safety \"Strong safety\").",
"On August 20, [1985](/wiki/1985_NFL_season \"1985 NFL season\"), he was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\") with a pulled hamstring he injured in the preseason, returning later in the season to play [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker \"Linebacker\") in the last 7 games.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1955\\&dat\\=19850821\\&id\\=PA4iAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=P6cFAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2920,513986 \\| title\\=Transactions \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}} The next year, he was moved back to [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 \"Safety (American football position)\") and played [linebacker](/wiki/Linebacker \"Linebacker\") only in passing situations, registering 42 tackles and 2 fumble recoveries.",
"In [1987](/wiki/1987_NFL_season \"1987 NFL season\"), he posted 35 tackles, with 11 coming in the last game against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals_%28NFL%29 \"St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)\"). He also was named the Cowboys [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams \"Special teams\") player of the year.",
"In [1988](/wiki/1988_NFL_season \"1988 NFL season\"), he suffered a bruised left thigh in the preseason game against the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") and was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\") until October 28\\. During the season he injured his right thigh and missed 2 additional contests. He played in six games, making 18 tackles and 2 sacks.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=861\\&dat\\=19880823\\&id\\=frxdAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=Gl4NAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5572,5371400 \\| title\\=Pelluer Still No.1 Despite Off Night \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}}",
"Albritton was mainly used as a [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams \"Special teams\") player until [1989](/wiki/1989_NFL_season \"1989 NFL season\"), when he earned the starting [strong safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_and_Canadian_football_position%29 \"Safety (American and Canadian football position)\") job over [Bill Bates](/wiki/Bill_Bates \"Bill Bates\") and finished with 111 tackles (third on the team), 4 passes defensed, 5 quarterback pressures, one interception and 2 forced fumbles.",
"The next year after starting 8 games at [strong safety](/wiki/Strong_safety \"Strong safety\") and being on track to register career\\-high numbers, he suffered a bruise right quad and was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\") on November 29\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://articles.philly.com/1990\\-12\\-22/sports/25923253\\_1\\_eagle\\-vince\\-albritton\\-waiver \\| title\\=Transactions \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}} He led the secondary with 63 tackles, including 16 against the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\"). He also had 6 passes defensed and 2 fumble recoveries.",
"Albritton was waived on August 26, [1991](/wiki/1991_NFL_season \"1991 NFL season\"),{{cite web\\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2519\\&dat\\=19910827\\&id\\=qbBdAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=wF0NAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5332,4173163 \\| title\\=Transactions \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}} only to be re\\-signed one day later.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/dallas\\-reclaims\\-stoudt\\-albritton\\-dixon/article\\_e070ba65\\-6422\\-5a88\\-80df\\-346dd14a3132\\.html \\| title\\=Dallas Reclaims Stoudt, Albritton, Dixon \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}} After suffering a broken left forearm, he was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\") on October 11\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/sports/transactions\\-505791\\.html \\| title\\=Transactions \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}} He was released on July 8, [1992](/wiki/1992_NFL_season \"1992 NFL season\").{{cite web\\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=861\\&dat\\=19920709\\&id\\=\\_EhSAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=fTYNAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3434,4184158 \\| title\\=Dallas waives Albritton \\| access\\-date\\=April 21, 2018}}",
"Injuries affected his career, after being able to play in only 3 full seasons.",
""
] |
Career
------
### San Diego Padres
Wisler was drafted by the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") in the seventh round of the [2011 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2011 Major League Baseball draft").
In 2012, pitching for the [Fort Wayne TinCaps](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_TinCaps "Fort Wayne TinCaps"), Wisler went 5–4 with a 2\.53 [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") and 113 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeouts "Strikeouts") in 114 [innings pitched](/wiki/Innings_pitched "Innings pitched"). He started 2013 with High\-A [Lake Elsinore](/wiki/Lake_Elsinore_Storm "Lake Elsinore Storm"), going 2–1 with a 2\.03 ERA with 28 strikeouts in 31 innings. He was promoted to the Double\-A [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions "San Antonio Missions") on May 6, 2013\.{{cite web\|first1\=Corey\|last1\=Brock\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/46781294 \|title\=Padres prospect Wisler moves to Double\-A \|work\=MLB.com \|access\-date\=December 16, 2013}}
The Padres invited Wisler to spring training in 2014, but he did not make the team.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/Feb/12/matt\-wisler\-rookie\-to\-scout\-spring\-jim\-bowden/\|title\=Wisler a rookie to watch this spring\|first1\=Dennis\|last1\=Lin\|work\=U\-T San Diego\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Wisler split the 2014 season between the Double A and Triple A levels, recording a 4\.42 ERA, and 10–5 record, along with 136 strikeouts over {{frac\|146 \|2\|3}} innings pitched with the Missions and [El Paso Chihuahuas](/wiki/El_Paso_Chihuahuas "El Paso Chihuahuas") (giving up 21 home runs in 146\.2 innings).{{cite news\|last1\=Marshall\|first1\=Ashley\|title\=Padres send prospects, pick to Braves\|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20150405\&content\_id\=116493386\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_l112\&sid\=l112\|access\-date\=March 10, 2016\|publisher\=MILB.com\|date\=April 5, 2015}} In 2015, Wisler was again invited to spring training.
### Atlanta Braves
On April 5, 2015, he was traded to the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves"), along with [Carlos Quentin](/wiki/Carlos_Quentin "Carlos Quentin"), [Cameron Maybin](/wiki/Cameron_Maybin "Cameron Maybin"), Jordan Paroubeck, and the 41st overall draft pick, in exchange for [Craig Kimbrel](/wiki/Craig_Kimbrel "Craig Kimbrel") and [Melvin Upton, Jr.](/wiki/Melvin_Upton%2C_Jr. "Melvin Upton, Jr."){{cite news\|last1\=O'Brien\|first1\=David\|title\=Braves deal Kimbrel, Upton to Padres\|url\=http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves\-deal\-kimbrel\-upton\-to\-padres/nknLr/\|access\-date\=April 5, 2015\|work\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution\|date\=April 5, 2015\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519190350/http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves\-deal\-kimbrel\-upton\-to\-padres/nknLr/\|url\-status\=dead}} He was then sent to Triple\-A [Gwinnett](/wiki/Gwinnett_Braves "Gwinnett Braves"). On June 19, Wisler was called up to the major leagues, and that night he made his major league debut as the starting pitcher against the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets").{{cite web\|first1\=Carlos\|last1\=Collazo\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/131581102/braves\-call\-up\-prospect\-matt\-wisler\-to\-start\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619175344/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/131581102/braves\-call\-up\-prospect\-matt\-wisler\-to\-start\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2015\|title\=Braves call up prospect Wisler to start vs. Mets\|work\=MLB.com\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} He pitched eight innings to pick up the win, the first time a Braves pitcher had accomplished that in his debut since [John Smoltz](/wiki/John_Smoltz "John Smoltz")'s debut performance.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=350619115\|title\=Wisler shines in debut as Braves beat deGrom, Mets 2–1\|work\=ESPN.com\|access\-date\=June 22, 2015}} Wisler recorded a 9\.49 ERA from August 1 to September 3, and was demoted to the bullpen. Fellow rookie pitchers [Manny Banuelos](/wiki/Manny_Banuelos "Manny Banuelos") and [Mike Foltynewicz](/wiki/Mike_Foltynewicz "Mike Foltynewicz") suffered injuries later that month, and Wisler was reinserted into the starting rotation.{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Wisler bears down after Jays' 4\-run fourth\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/150209338/matt\-wisler\-impresses\-despite\-loss\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927221542/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/150209338/matt\-wisler\-impresses\-despite\-loss\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2015\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=September 17, 2015}} He started another five games to finish the season, and compiled a 2\.33 ERA during that period. In Wisler's final start of the year, he pitched {{frac\|8\|2\|3}} innings of a 2–0 win against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals").{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Dominant start boosts Wisler's confidence\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/153283548/braves\-matt\-wisler\-nearly\-shuts\-out\-cardinals\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005093214/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/153283548/braves\-matt\-wisler\-nearly\-shuts\-out\-cardinals\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 5, 2015\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=October 4, 2015}} In 2015, he was 8–8 with a 4\.71 ERA in 20 games (19 starts).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/w/wislema01\.shtml\|title\=Matt Wisler Stats\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}}
Wisler began the 2016 season third in the Braves starting rotation,{{cite news\|last1\=Cunningham\|first1\=Mchael\|title\=Matt Wisler ready to pitch full season for Atlanta Braves\|url\=http://www.albanyherald.com/sports/matt\-wisler\-ready\-to\-pitch\-full\-season\-for\-atlanta\-braves/article\_c5220a60\-2909\-53bb\-862b\-1f6064ad3323\.html\|access\-date\=April 17, 2016\|work\=Albany Herald\|date\=April 7, 2016}} making his season debut on April 8 against the Cardinals.{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\='Big mistake' haunts Wisler, Braves\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/171298100\|access\-date\=April 17, 2016\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=April 6, 2016}} On April 17, Wisler recorded his first major league save, helping the Braves secure a sweep of the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins").{{cite news\|title\=Smith's RBI in 10th helps Braves beat Marlins 6–5 for sweep\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=360417128\|access\-date\=April 17, 2016\|agency\=Associated Press\|work\=ESPN.com\|date\=April 17, 2016}} He pitched effectively as a starter until May, recording a 3\.16 ERA in ten starts.{{cite news\|last1\=Pace\|first1\=Cody\|title\=Wisler struggles second time through order\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/190411024/braves\-starter\-matt\-wisler\-struggles\-vs\-reds/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720170816/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/190411024/braves\-starter\-matt\-wisler\-struggles\-vs\-reds/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 20, 2016\|access\-date\=July 20, 2016\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=July 19, 2016}} In his following ten starts, Wisler pitched to a 7\.71 ERA and allowed 16 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"). His [batting average against](/wiki/Batting_average_against "Batting average against") also rose, and as a result, the Braves demoted Wisler to Gwinnett on July 28\.{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Stung by HRs, Wisler sent back to Minors\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/192372904/braves\-option\-matt\-wisler\-to\-triple\-a\-gwinnett/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730205625/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/192372904/braves\-option\-matt\-wisler\-to\-triple\-a\-gwinnett/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 30, 2016\|access\-date\=July 28, 2016\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=July 28, 2016}} The team announced on August 24 that Wisler would be recalled the next day to start against the Marlins.{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Wisler being promoted after stint in Minors\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/197500290/braves\-matt\-wisler\-set\-to\-return\-to\-majors/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826183051/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/197500290/braves\-matt\-wisler\-set\-to\-return\-to\-majors/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 26, 2016\|access\-date\=August 24, 2016\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=August 24, 2016}} He pitched well against the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks") and [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres"), and left the latter start with a strained oblique. In 2016, at Triple\-A Gwinnett he was 2–1 with a 3\.71 ERA, and in the major leagues he was 7–13 in 27 games (26 starts) with a 5\.00 ERA (giving up 26 home runs in 156\.2 innings).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/player/matt\-wisler\-605538\|title\=Matt Wisler Stats, Fantasy \& News\|website\=MLB.com}} In the offseason, Wisler pitched two games in the [Dominican Winter League](/wiki/Dominican_Winter_League "Dominican Winter League") for [Tigres del Licey](/wiki/Tigres_del_Licey "Tigres del Licey").{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Wisler playing in Dominican League with something to prove\|url\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/207427062/braves\-matt\-wisler\-in\-dominican\-league/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029105447/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/207427062/braves\-matt\-wisler\-in\-dominican\-league/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2016\|access\-date\=October 29, 2016\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=October 29, 2016}}
Wisler was called up for the first time during the 2017 season on April 23\.{{cite news\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Mark\|title\=Wisler called up to provide fresh arm out of 'pen\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/226026450/braves\-call\-up\-matt\-wisler\-for\-bullpen\-role/?game\_pk\=490366\|access\-date\=April 23, 2017\|date\=April 23, 2017}} In 2017, he was 0–1 with an ERA of 8\.35\. He appeared in 7 games for the team in 2018, logging a 1–1 record and 5\.40 ERA.
### Cincinnati Reds
On July 30, 2018, the Braves traded Wisler, [Lucas Sims](/wiki/Lucas_Sims "Lucas Sims"), and [Preston Tucker](/wiki/Preston_Tucker_%28baseball%29 "Preston Tucker (baseball)") to the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") in exchange for [Adam Duvall](/wiki/Adam_Duvall "Adam Duvall").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/baseball/braves\-acquire\-adam\-duvall\-for\-trio\-players/brGg28fKAFcXW5wghK3bVI/\|title\=Braves acquire Adam Duvall for trio of players\|work\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution\|first\=Gabriel\|last\=Burns\|date\=July 30, 2018\|access\-date\=July 30, 2018}}{{cite news \|last1\=Kelly \|first1\=Matt \|title\=Braves acquire former All\-Star Duvall from Reds \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/adam\-duvall\-traded\-to\-braves/c\-288122448 \|access\-date\=July 30, 2018 \|work\=MLB.com \|date\=July 30, 2018}} In 11 appearances for Cincinnati, he posted a 2\.03 ERA. He was designated for assignment on March 28, 2019, after [Derek Dietrich](/wiki/Derek_Dietrich "Derek Dietrich") and [José Iglesias](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Iglesias_%28baseball%29 "José Iglesias (baseball)") had their contracts selected.{{cite web\|last\=Butler\|first\=Alex\|title\=Reds place 2B Scooter Gennett on injured list\|publisher\=UPI.com\|date\=2019\-03\-28\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-25\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Reds\-place\-2B\-Scooter\-Gennett\-on\-injured\-list/6901553784373/}}
### San Diego Padres (second stint)
On April 1, 2019, the Reds traded Wisler to the Padres for Diomar López.{{cite news \|last1\=Cassavell \|first1\=AJ \|title\=Padres acquire former Draft pick Wisler in trade \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/reds\-deal\-matt\-wisler\-to\-padres\-for\-diomar\-lopez \|access\-date\=April 30, 2019 \|work\=MLB.com \|date\=April 1, 2019}} Wisler was designated for assignment on June 29\. In 21 relief appearances for the Padres, Wisler was 2–2 with an ERA of 5\.28 in 29 innings.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/w/wislema01\.shtml\| title \= Matt Wisler Stats {{!}} Baseball\-Reference.com}}
### Seattle Mariners
On July 4, 2019, Wisler was traded to the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") in exchange for cash considerations.{{cite news\|author\=Ryan Divish\|title\=Mariners acquire reliever Matt Wisler from the Padres for cash considerations\|url\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners\-acquire\-reliever\-matt\-wisler\-from\-the\-padres\-for\-cash\-considerations/\|access\-date\=July 4, 2019\|publisher\=\[\[The Seattle Times]]\|date\=July 4, 2019}} In 23 games (8 starts) he was 1–2 with a 6\.04 ERA, and 6 walks and 29 strikeouts in 22\.1 innings.
### Minnesota Twins
On October 29, 2019, Wisler was claimed off waivers by the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins").{{cite news \|title\=Twins claim RHP Matt Wisler off waivers from Mariners \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story?id\=27959045 \|access\-date\=April 14, 2020 \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=ESPN.com \|date\=October 29, 2019}}{{cite news \|last1\=Neal III \|first1\=La Velle E. \|title\=Twins claim pitcher Matt Wisler off waivers \|url\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\-claim\-pitcher\-matt\-wisler\-off\-waivers/564055432/ \|access\-date\=April 14, 2020 \|work\=Star Tribune \|date\=October 30, 2019}} In 18 games (4 starts) during the 2020 season, Wisler had an ERA of 1\.07 in {{frac\|25\|1\|3}} innings, while striking out 35 batters, a career\-high 12\.4 strikeouts per 9 innings. Despite his solid performance that year, Wisler was non\-tendered by the Twins on December 2\.{{cite news \|title\=Twins non\-tender Eddie Rosario, agree to deals with five players \|url\=https://www.foxsports.com/north/story/minnesota\-twins\-non\-tender\-eddie\-rosario\-agree\-deals\-five\-players\-120220 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2022 \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=Fox Sports \|date\=December 2, 2020}}
### San Francisco Giants
Wisler signed a one\-year deal with the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") on December 8, 2020\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/matt\-wisler\-giants\-deal\|title\=Giants, RHP Wisler agree to 1\-year deal\|website\=MLB.com}} After struggling to a 6\.05 ERA in 21 appearances for the Giants, Wisler was designated for assignment on June 9, 2021\.{{cite news \|last1\=Guardado \|first1\=Maria \|title\=Notes: Dickerson to IL (back); Wisler DFA'd \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/alex\-dickerson\-to\-il\-matt\-wisler\-designated\-for\-assignment \|access\-date\=June 14, 2022 \|work\=MLB.com \|date\=June 9, 2022}}{{cite news \|title\=Bryan's Wisler designated for assignment by Giants \|url\=https://www.toledoblade.com/sports/pro/2021/06/10/bryan\-wisler\-designated\-for\-assignment\-by\-giants/stories/20210610108 \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Toledo Blade \|date\=June 10, 2021}}
### Tampa Bay Rays
On June 11, 2021, Wisler was traded to the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays") in exchange for minor league pitcher [Michael Plassmeyer](/wiki/Michael_Plassmeyer "Michael Plassmeyer").{{cite news \|last1\=Berry \|first1\=Adam \|title\=Rays acquire reliever Wisler from Giants \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/matt\-wisler\-acquired\-by\-rays \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=MLB.com \|date\=June 11, 2021}}{{cite news \|last1\=Guardado \|first1\=Maria \|title\=Giants send Wisler to Rays for Minors lefty \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/michael\-plassmeyer\-acquired\-by\-giants\-matt\-wisler\-to\-rays \|access\-date\=June 14, 2022 \|work\=MLB.com \|date\=June 11, 2022}} On July 7, Wisler combined with [Collin McHugh](/wiki/Collin_McHugh "Collin McHugh"), [Josh Fleming](/wiki/Josh_Fleming_%28baseball%29 "Josh Fleming (baseball)"), [Diego Castillo](/wiki/Diego_Castillo_%28pitcher%29 "Diego Castillo (pitcher)"), and [Peter Fairbanks](/wiki/Pete_Fairbanks "Pete Fairbanks") to no–hit the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"). However, since the feat was achieved in a truncated seven–inning [doubleheader](/wiki/Doubleheader_%28baseball%29 "Doubleheader (baseball)") game, it was not recorded as an official [no\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter "No-hitter").{{Cite web\|title\=5 Rays pitchers no\-hit Indians for doubleheader sweep\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/fl\-state\-wire\-ryan\-sherriff\-michael\-wacha\-franco\-oh\-state\-wire\-f5c5dcc29897e5258c363b1a06840b48\#:\~:text\=ST.,Wednesday%20for%20a%20doubleheader%20sweep.\|access\-date\=June 18, 2023\|website\=apnews.com\| date\=July 7, 2021 \|language\=en}} Wisler appeared in 27 games for Tampa Bay down the stretch, pitching to a 2–3 record and 2\.15 ERA with 36 strikeouts in 29\.1 innings of work.
In 2022, Wisler made 39 appearances out of the bullpen for the Rays. He posted a 3–3 record and 2\.86 ERA with 34 strikeouts and 14 walks, before missing significant time from July to September with a neck injury.{{cite news \|last1\=Topkin \|first1\=Marc \|title\=Reliever Matt Wisler becomes 17th Rays player on injured list \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/07/27/reliever\-matt\-wisler\-becomes\-17th\-rays\-player\-on\-injured\-list/ \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times \|date\=July 27, 2022}}{{cite news \|last1\=Topkin \|first1\=Marc \|title\=Rays add Jonathan Aranda, Matt Wisler as rosters expand \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/09/01/rays\-add\-jonathan\-aranda\-matt\-wisler\-as\-rosters\-expand/ \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times \|date\=September 1, 2022}} Wisler was designated for assignment on September 5, 2022\.{{cite news \|title\=Rays designate Wisler for assignment, Miley posts solid outing \|url\=https://www.bryantimes.com/bryan\_times/rays\-designate\-wisler\-for\-assignment\-miley\-posts\-solid\-outing/article\_cf350c2e\-6078\-59f4\-9b57\-33b85ed83ca0\.html \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Bryan Times \|date\=September 6, 2022}}{{cite news \|last1\=Crane \|first1\=Andrew \|title\=Rays' Wander Franco exits rehab game earlier than expected \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/09/05/rays\-wander\-franco\-exits\-rehab\-game\-earlier\-than\-expected/ \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Tampa Bay Times \|date\=September 5, 2022}} He rejected an outright assignment on September 7 and became a free agent.{{Cite tweet \|user\=TBTimes\_Rays \|number\=1567620542710022146 \|title\=RH Matt Wisler, who was DFA'd by \#Rays after Sunday game, cleared waivers. He rejected an outright assignment to stay with Rays by going to AAA @DurhamBulls, so was released and is now a free agent (though not eligible for postseason play).}}
### Detroit Tigers
On February 13, 2023, Wisler signed a minor league contract with the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") organization.{{cite news \|last1\=Petzold \|first1\=Evan \|title\=Detroit Tigers, reliever Matt Wisler in agreement on minor\-league contract, camp invite \|url\=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2023/02/13/detroit\-tigers\-reliever\-matt\-wisler\-to\-minor\-league\-contract/69896381007/ \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Detroit Free Press \|date\=February 13, 2023}}{{cite news \|last1\=Levine \|first1\=Amanda \|title\=Tigers sign Bryan's Matt Wisler to minor\-league deal \|url\=https://www.toledoblade.com/sports/tigers/2023/02/13/tigers\-sign\-bryan\-s\-matt\-wisler\-to\-minor\-league\-deal/stories/20230213098 \|access\-date\=May 29, 2023 \|work\=Toledo Blade \|date\=February 13, 2023}} In 39 appearances for the Triple–A [Toledo Mud Hens](/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens "Toledo Mud Hens"), he posted a 5–2 record and 4\.40 ERA with 53 strikeouts and 2 saves in 47\.0 innings of work. On August 5, Wisler was released by the Tigers.{{Cite web\|title\=Matt Wisler: Cut loose by Detroit\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/matt\-wisler\-cut\-loose\-by\-detroit/amp/\|access\-date\=August 5, 2023\|website\=cbssports.com\|language\=en}}
### Toronto Blue Jays
On August 12, 2023, Wisler signed a minor league contract with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays").{{cite web \|last1\=Treuden \|first1\=Eric \|title\=Eric Treuden on Twitter: "Source: Matt Wisler, released by the Tigers just a few days ago, has signed a minor league contract with the \#BlueJays." \|url\=https://twitter.com/ETreuden/status/1690449058790264832 \|website\=Twitter.com \|access\-date\=August 12, 2022 \|date\=August 12, 2022}}{{Cite web\|title\=Blue Jays send closer Jordan Romano on rehab assignment\|url\=https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/story/\_/id/38180251/blue\-jays\-send\-closer\-jordan\-romano\-rehab\-assignment?platform\=amp\|access\-date\=August 12, 2023\|website\=espn.co.uk\| date\=August 12, 2023 \|language\=en}} In 15 appearances out of the bullpen for the Triple–A [Buffalo Bisons](/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons "Buffalo Bisons"), he recorded a 5\.17 ERA with 20 strikeouts across {{fraction\|15\|2\|3}} innings of work. Wisler elected free agency following the season on November 6\.{{Cite web\|title\=2023 MiLB Free Agents\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/2023\-milb\-free\-agents/\|access\-date\=May 7, 2024\|website\=baseballamerica.com\|date\=November 8, 2023 \|language\=en}}
On March 17, 2024, Wisler announced his retirement from professional baseball via an [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") post.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/C4oEVyyv4Va/?igsh\=MzRlODBiNWFlZA\=\= \| title\=Instagram }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### San Diego Padres",
"Wisler was drafted by the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") in the seventh round of the [2011 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2011 Major League Baseball draft\").",
"In 2012, pitching for the [Fort Wayne TinCaps](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_TinCaps \"Fort Wayne TinCaps\"), Wisler went 5–4 with a 2\\.53 [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") and 113 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeouts \"Strikeouts\") in 114 [innings pitched](/wiki/Innings_pitched \"Innings pitched\"). He started 2013 with High\\-A [Lake Elsinore](/wiki/Lake_Elsinore_Storm \"Lake Elsinore Storm\"), going 2–1 with a 2\\.03 ERA with 28 strikeouts in 31 innings. He was promoted to the Double\\-A [San Antonio Missions](/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions \"San Antonio Missions\") on May 6, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|first1\\=Corey\\|last1\\=Brock\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/46781294 \\|title\\=Padres prospect Wisler moves to Double\\-A \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2013}}",
"The Padres invited Wisler to spring training in 2014, but he did not make the team.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/Feb/12/matt\\-wisler\\-rookie\\-to\\-scout\\-spring\\-jim\\-bowden/\\|title\\=Wisler a rookie to watch this spring\\|first1\\=Dennis\\|last1\\=Lin\\|work\\=U\\-T San Diego\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Wisler split the 2014 season between the Double A and Triple A levels, recording a 4\\.42 ERA, and 10–5 record, along with 136 strikeouts over {{frac\\|146 \\|2\\|3}} innings pitched with the Missions and [El Paso Chihuahuas](/wiki/El_Paso_Chihuahuas \"El Paso Chihuahuas\") (giving up 21 home runs in 146\\.2 innings).{{cite news\\|last1\\=Marshall\\|first1\\=Ashley\\|title\\=Padres send prospects, pick to Braves\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20150405\\&content\\_id\\=116493386\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_l112\\&sid\\=l112\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2016\\|publisher\\=MILB.com\\|date\\=April 5, 2015}} In 2015, Wisler was again invited to spring training.",
"### Atlanta Braves",
"On April 5, 2015, he was traded to the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\"), along with [Carlos Quentin](/wiki/Carlos_Quentin \"Carlos Quentin\"), [Cameron Maybin](/wiki/Cameron_Maybin \"Cameron Maybin\"), Jordan Paroubeck, and the 41st overall draft pick, in exchange for [Craig Kimbrel](/wiki/Craig_Kimbrel \"Craig Kimbrel\") and [Melvin Upton, Jr.](/wiki/Melvin_Upton%2C_Jr. \"Melvin Upton, Jr.\"){{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Brien\\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Braves deal Kimbrel, Upton to Padres\\|url\\=http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves\\-deal\\-kimbrel\\-upton\\-to\\-padres/nknLr/\\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2015\\|work\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution\\|date\\=April 5, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519190350/http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves\\-deal\\-kimbrel\\-upton\\-to\\-padres/nknLr/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He was then sent to Triple\\-A [Gwinnett](/wiki/Gwinnett_Braves \"Gwinnett Braves\"). On June 19, Wisler was called up to the major leagues, and that night he made his major league debut as the starting pitcher against the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\").{{cite web\\|first1\\=Carlos\\|last1\\=Collazo\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/131581102/braves\\-call\\-up\\-prospect\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-start\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619175344/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/131581102/braves\\-call\\-up\\-prospect\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-start\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2015\\|title\\=Braves call up prospect Wisler to start vs. Mets\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} He pitched eight innings to pick up the win, the first time a Braves pitcher had accomplished that in his debut since [John Smoltz](/wiki/John_Smoltz \"John Smoltz\")'s debut performance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=350619115\\|title\\=Wisler shines in debut as Braves beat deGrom, Mets 2–1\\|work\\=ESPN.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2015}} Wisler recorded a 9\\.49 ERA from August 1 to September 3, and was demoted to the bullpen. Fellow rookie pitchers [Manny Banuelos](/wiki/Manny_Banuelos \"Manny Banuelos\") and [Mike Foltynewicz](/wiki/Mike_Foltynewicz \"Mike Foltynewicz\") suffered injuries later that month, and Wisler was reinserted into the starting rotation.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Wisler bears down after Jays' 4\\-run fourth\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/150209338/matt\\-wisler\\-impresses\\-despite\\-loss\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927221542/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/150209338/matt\\-wisler\\-impresses\\-despite\\-loss\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=September 17, 2015}} He started another five games to finish the season, and compiled a 2\\.33 ERA during that period. In Wisler's final start of the year, he pitched {{frac\\|8\\|2\\|3}} innings of a 2–0 win against the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Dominant start boosts Wisler's confidence\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/153283548/braves\\-matt\\-wisler\\-nearly\\-shuts\\-out\\-cardinals\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005093214/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/153283548/braves\\-matt\\-wisler\\-nearly\\-shuts\\-out\\-cardinals\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=October 4, 2015}} In 2015, he was 8–8 with a 4\\.71 ERA in 20 games (19 starts).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/w/wislema01\\.shtml\\|title\\=Matt Wisler Stats\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}}",
"Wisler began the 2016 season third in the Braves starting rotation,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Cunningham\\|first1\\=Mchael\\|title\\=Matt Wisler ready to pitch full season for Atlanta Braves\\|url\\=http://www.albanyherald.com/sports/matt\\-wisler\\-ready\\-to\\-pitch\\-full\\-season\\-for\\-atlanta\\-braves/article\\_c5220a60\\-2909\\-53bb\\-862b\\-1f6064ad3323\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2016\\|work\\=Albany Herald\\|date\\=April 7, 2016}} making his season debut on April 8 against the Cardinals.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\='Big mistake' haunts Wisler, Braves\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/171298100\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2016\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=April 6, 2016}} On April 17, Wisler recorded his first major league save, helping the Braves secure a sweep of the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Smith's RBI in 10th helps Braves beat Marlins 6–5 for sweep\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=360417128\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2016\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|work\\=ESPN.com\\|date\\=April 17, 2016}} He pitched effectively as a starter until May, recording a 3\\.16 ERA in ten starts.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Pace\\|first1\\=Cody\\|title\\=Wisler struggles second time through order\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/190411024/braves\\-starter\\-matt\\-wisler\\-struggles\\-vs\\-reds/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720170816/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/190411024/braves\\-starter\\-matt\\-wisler\\-struggles\\-vs\\-reds/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2016\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=July 19, 2016}} In his following ten starts, Wisler pitched to a 7\\.71 ERA and allowed 16 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"). His [batting average against](/wiki/Batting_average_against \"Batting average against\") also rose, and as a result, the Braves demoted Wisler to Gwinnett on July 28\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Stung by HRs, Wisler sent back to Minors\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/192372904/braves\\-option\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-triple\\-a\\-gwinnett/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730205625/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/192372904/braves\\-option\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-triple\\-a\\-gwinnett/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2016\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=July 28, 2016}} The team announced on August 24 that Wisler would be recalled the next day to start against the Marlins.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Wisler being promoted after stint in Minors\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/197500290/braves\\-matt\\-wisler\\-set\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-majors/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826183051/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/197500290/braves\\-matt\\-wisler\\-set\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-majors/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2016\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=August 24, 2016}} He pitched well against the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\") and [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\"), and left the latter start with a strained oblique. In 2016, at Triple\\-A Gwinnett he was 2–1 with a 3\\.71 ERA, and in the major leagues he was 7–13 in 27 games (26 starts) with a 5\\.00 ERA (giving up 26 home runs in 156\\.2 innings).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/player/matt\\-wisler\\-605538\\|title\\=Matt Wisler Stats, Fantasy \\& News\\|website\\=MLB.com}} In the offseason, Wisler pitched two games in the [Dominican Winter League](/wiki/Dominican_Winter_League \"Dominican Winter League\") for [Tigres del Licey](/wiki/Tigres_del_Licey \"Tigres del Licey\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Wisler playing in Dominican League with something to prove\\|url\\=http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/207427062/braves\\-matt\\-wisler\\-in\\-dominican\\-league/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029105447/http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/207427062/braves\\-matt\\-wisler\\-in\\-dominican\\-league/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2016\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=October 29, 2016}}",
"Wisler was called up for the first time during the 2017 season on April 23\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=Wisler called up to provide fresh arm out of 'pen\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/226026450/braves\\-call\\-up\\-matt\\-wisler\\-for\\-bullpen\\-role/?game\\_pk\\=490366\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2017\\|date\\=April 23, 2017}} In 2017, he was 0–1 with an ERA of 8\\.35\\. He appeared in 7 games for the team in 2018, logging a 1–1 record and 5\\.40 ERA.",
"### Cincinnati Reds",
"On July 30, 2018, the Braves traded Wisler, [Lucas Sims](/wiki/Lucas_Sims \"Lucas Sims\"), and [Preston Tucker](/wiki/Preston_Tucker_%28baseball%29 \"Preston Tucker (baseball)\") to the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") in exchange for [Adam Duvall](/wiki/Adam_Duvall \"Adam Duvall\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/baseball/braves\\-acquire\\-adam\\-duvall\\-for\\-trio\\-players/brGg28fKAFcXW5wghK3bVI/\\|title\\=Braves acquire Adam Duvall for trio of players\\|work\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution\\|first\\=Gabriel\\|last\\=Burns\\|date\\=July 30, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2018}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kelly \\|first1\\=Matt \\|title\\=Braves acquire former All\\-Star Duvall from Reds \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/adam\\-duvall\\-traded\\-to\\-braves/c\\-288122448 \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2018 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=July 30, 2018}} In 11 appearances for Cincinnati, he posted a 2\\.03 ERA. He was designated for assignment on March 28, 2019, after [Derek Dietrich](/wiki/Derek_Dietrich \"Derek Dietrich\") and [José Iglesias](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Iglesias_%28baseball%29 \"José Iglesias (baseball)\") had their contracts selected.{{cite web\\|last\\=Butler\\|first\\=Alex\\|title\\=Reds place 2B Scooter Gennett on injured list\\|publisher\\=UPI.com\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-25\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Reds\\-place\\-2B\\-Scooter\\-Gennett\\-on\\-injured\\-list/6901553784373/}}",
"### San Diego Padres (second stint)",
"On April 1, 2019, the Reds traded Wisler to the Padres for Diomar López.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cassavell \\|first1\\=AJ \\|title\\=Padres acquire former Draft pick Wisler in trade \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/reds\\-deal\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-padres\\-for\\-diomar\\-lopez \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2019 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=April 1, 2019}} Wisler was designated for assignment on June 29\\. In 21 relief appearances for the Padres, Wisler was 2–2 with an ERA of 5\\.28 in 29 innings.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/w/wislema01\\.shtml\\| title \\= Matt Wisler Stats {{!}} Baseball\\-Reference.com}}",
"### Seattle Mariners",
"On July 4, 2019, Wisler was traded to the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") in exchange for cash considerations.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ryan Divish\\|title\\=Mariners acquire reliever Matt Wisler from the Padres for cash considerations\\|url\\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners\\-acquire\\-reliever\\-matt\\-wisler\\-from\\-the\\-padres\\-for\\-cash\\-considerations/\\|access\\-date\\=July 4, 2019\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Seattle Times]]\\|date\\=July 4, 2019}} In 23 games (8 starts) he was 1–2 with a 6\\.04 ERA, and 6 walks and 29 strikeouts in 22\\.1 innings.",
"### Minnesota Twins",
"On October 29, 2019, Wisler was claimed off waivers by the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Twins claim RHP Matt Wisler off waivers from Mariners \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story?id\\=27959045 \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2020 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=October 29, 2019}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Neal III \\|first1\\=La Velle E. \\|title\\=Twins claim pitcher Matt Wisler off waivers \\|url\\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\\-claim\\-pitcher\\-matt\\-wisler\\-off\\-waivers/564055432/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2020 \\|work\\=Star Tribune \\|date\\=October 30, 2019}} In 18 games (4 starts) during the 2020 season, Wisler had an ERA of 1\\.07 in {{frac\\|25\\|1\\|3}} innings, while striking out 35 batters, a career\\-high 12\\.4 strikeouts per 9 innings. Despite his solid performance that year, Wisler was non\\-tendered by the Twins on December 2\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Twins non\\-tender Eddie Rosario, agree to deals with five players \\|url\\=https://www.foxsports.com/north/story/minnesota\\-twins\\-non\\-tender\\-eddie\\-rosario\\-agree\\-deals\\-five\\-players\\-120220 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2022 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=Fox Sports \\|date\\=December 2, 2020}}",
"### San Francisco Giants",
"Wisler signed a one\\-year deal with the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") on December 8, 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/matt\\-wisler\\-giants\\-deal\\|title\\=Giants, RHP Wisler agree to 1\\-year deal\\|website\\=MLB.com}} After struggling to a 6\\.05 ERA in 21 appearances for the Giants, Wisler was designated for assignment on June 9, 2021\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Guardado \\|first1\\=Maria \\|title\\=Notes: Dickerson to IL (back); Wisler DFA'd \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/alex\\-dickerson\\-to\\-il\\-matt\\-wisler\\-designated\\-for\\-assignment \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2022 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=June 9, 2022}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Bryan's Wisler designated for assignment by Giants \\|url\\=https://www.toledoblade.com/sports/pro/2021/06/10/bryan\\-wisler\\-designated\\-for\\-assignment\\-by\\-giants/stories/20210610108 \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Toledo Blade \\|date\\=June 10, 2021}}",
"### Tampa Bay Rays",
"On June 11, 2021, Wisler was traded to the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\") in exchange for minor league pitcher [Michael Plassmeyer](/wiki/Michael_Plassmeyer \"Michael Plassmeyer\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Berry \\|first1\\=Adam \\|title\\=Rays acquire reliever Wisler from Giants \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/matt\\-wisler\\-acquired\\-by\\-rays \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=June 11, 2021}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Guardado \\|first1\\=Maria \\|title\\=Giants send Wisler to Rays for Minors lefty \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/michael\\-plassmeyer\\-acquired\\-by\\-giants\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-rays \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2022 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=June 11, 2022}} On July 7, Wisler combined with [Collin McHugh](/wiki/Collin_McHugh \"Collin McHugh\"), [Josh Fleming](/wiki/Josh_Fleming_%28baseball%29 \"Josh Fleming (baseball)\"), [Diego Castillo](/wiki/Diego_Castillo_%28pitcher%29 \"Diego Castillo (pitcher)\"), and [Peter Fairbanks](/wiki/Pete_Fairbanks \"Pete Fairbanks\") to no–hit the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"). However, since the feat was achieved in a truncated seven–inning [doubleheader](/wiki/Doubleheader_%28baseball%29 \"Doubleheader (baseball)\") game, it was not recorded as an official [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=5 Rays pitchers no\\-hit Indians for doubleheader sweep\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/fl\\-state\\-wire\\-ryan\\-sherriff\\-michael\\-wacha\\-franco\\-oh\\-state\\-wire\\-f5c5dcc29897e5258c363b1a06840b48\\#:\\~:text\\=ST.,Wednesday%20for%20a%20doubleheader%20sweep.\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023\\|website\\=apnews.com\\| date\\=July 7, 2021 \\|language\\=en}} Wisler appeared in 27 games for Tampa Bay down the stretch, pitching to a 2–3 record and 2\\.15 ERA with 36 strikeouts in 29\\.1 innings of work.",
"In 2022, Wisler made 39 appearances out of the bullpen for the Rays. He posted a 3–3 record and 2\\.86 ERA with 34 strikeouts and 14 walks, before missing significant time from July to September with a neck injury.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Topkin \\|first1\\=Marc \\|title\\=Reliever Matt Wisler becomes 17th Rays player on injured list \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/07/27/reliever\\-matt\\-wisler\\-becomes\\-17th\\-rays\\-player\\-on\\-injured\\-list/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\=July 27, 2022}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Topkin \\|first1\\=Marc \\|title\\=Rays add Jonathan Aranda, Matt Wisler as rosters expand \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/09/01/rays\\-add\\-jonathan\\-aranda\\-matt\\-wisler\\-as\\-rosters\\-expand/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\=September 1, 2022}} Wisler was designated for assignment on September 5, 2022\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rays designate Wisler for assignment, Miley posts solid outing \\|url\\=https://www.bryantimes.com/bryan\\_times/rays\\-designate\\-wisler\\-for\\-assignment\\-miley\\-posts\\-solid\\-outing/article\\_cf350c2e\\-6078\\-59f4\\-9b57\\-33b85ed83ca0\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Bryan Times \\|date\\=September 6, 2022}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Crane \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|title\\=Rays' Wander Franco exits rehab game earlier than expected \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/rays/2022/09/05/rays\\-wander\\-franco\\-exits\\-rehab\\-game\\-earlier\\-than\\-expected/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\=September 5, 2022}} He rejected an outright assignment on September 7 and became a free agent.{{Cite tweet \\|user\\=TBTimes\\_Rays \\|number\\=1567620542710022146 \\|title\\=RH Matt Wisler, who was DFA'd by \\#Rays after Sunday game, cleared waivers. He rejected an outright assignment to stay with Rays by going to AAA @DurhamBulls, so was released and is now a free agent (though not eligible for postseason play).}}",
"### Detroit Tigers",
"On February 13, 2023, Wisler signed a minor league contract with the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") organization.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Petzold \\|first1\\=Evan \\|title\\=Detroit Tigers, reliever Matt Wisler in agreement on minor\\-league contract, camp invite \\|url\\=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2023/02/13/detroit\\-tigers\\-reliever\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-contract/69896381007/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Detroit Free Press \\|date\\=February 13, 2023}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Levine \\|first1\\=Amanda \\|title\\=Tigers sign Bryan's Matt Wisler to minor\\-league deal \\|url\\=https://www.toledoblade.com/sports/tigers/2023/02/13/tigers\\-sign\\-bryan\\-s\\-matt\\-wisler\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-deal/stories/20230213098 \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2023 \\|work\\=Toledo Blade \\|date\\=February 13, 2023}} In 39 appearances for the Triple–A [Toledo Mud Hens](/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens \"Toledo Mud Hens\"), he posted a 5–2 record and 4\\.40 ERA with 53 strikeouts and 2 saves in 47\\.0 innings of work. On August 5, Wisler was released by the Tigers.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Matt Wisler: Cut loose by Detroit\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/matt\\-wisler\\-cut\\-loose\\-by\\-detroit/amp/\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2023\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Toronto Blue Jays",
"On August 12, 2023, Wisler signed a minor league contract with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Treuden \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=Eric Treuden on Twitter: \"Source: Matt Wisler, released by the Tigers just a few days ago, has signed a minor league contract with the \\#BlueJays.\" \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/ETreuden/status/1690449058790264832 \\|website\\=Twitter.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2022 \\|date\\=August 12, 2022}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jays send closer Jordan Romano on rehab assignment\\|url\\=https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/story/\\_/id/38180251/blue\\-jays\\-send\\-closer\\-jordan\\-romano\\-rehab\\-assignment?platform\\=amp\\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2023\\|website\\=espn.co.uk\\| date\\=August 12, 2023 \\|language\\=en}} In 15 appearances out of the bullpen for the Triple–A [Buffalo Bisons](/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons \"Buffalo Bisons\"), he recorded a 5\\.17 ERA with 20 strikeouts across {{fraction\\|15\\|2\\|3}} innings of work. Wisler elected free agency following the season on November 6\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=2023 MiLB Free Agents\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/2023\\-milb\\-free\\-agents/\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2024\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\|date\\=November 8, 2023 \\|language\\=en}}",
"On March 17, 2024, Wisler announced his retirement from professional baseball via an [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") post.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/C4oEVyyv4Va/?igsh\\=MzRlODBiNWFlZA\\=\\= \\| title\\=Instagram }}",
""
] |
Mako Shark II
-------------
### History
[thumb\|1965 Mako Shark II](/wiki/File:65_Mako_Shark.jpg "65 Mako Shark.jpg")
Bill Mitchell's design brief for the XP\-830 was as follows:
*"a narrow, slim, center section and coupe body, a tapered tail, an all\-of\-a\-piece blending of the upper and lower portions of the body through the center (avoiding the look of a roof added to a body), and prominent wheels with their protective fenders distinctly separate from the main body, yet grafted organically to it."*{{cite web \|last1\=Teeters \|first1\=K. Scott \|title\=The 1965 Mako Shark\-II is Alive in Switzerland \|url\=https://www.hotrod.com/articles/the\-1965\-mako\-shark\-ii\-is\-alive\-in\-switzerland/ \|website\=Hot Rod \|access\-date\=29 March 2020 \|date\=27 Nov 2017}}
The Mako Shark II concept strongly influenced the all new exterior design of the 3rd generation [(C3\) Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C3 "Chevrolet Corvette C3") introduced for 1968\. Especially, in addition to the pointy shark nose, the very curvacious fenders over the front and rear wheel openings, contributed to the strong ['Coca Cola bottle'](/wiki/Coke_bottle_styling "Coke bottle styling") look of the C3 Corvette, that in a more subtle way continued in its C4 successor.
Chevrolet created two copies \- only one of which was fully functional. The non\-running show car sported more futuristic details, such as square section side pipes and a squared\-off steering wheel. This car debuted at the 1965 New York Auto Show. The second, running show\-car, made its debut at the 1965 [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show "Paris Motor Show"), with more conventional steering wheel and exhaust. The car did have a retractable rear spoiler, and a square section bumper that could be extended for added protection. The Mako Shark II was powered by a [427 Mark IV](/wiki/Chevrolet_big-block_engine "Chevrolet big-block engine") engine, which did become available on production Corvette models. The paint scheme was similar to the original Mako Shark, with dark blue/gray on top, fading gradually downwards into silver/white at the rockers.
In 1965, the Mako Shark II was also on display [1964/5 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1964 New York World's Fair") in the General Motors Futurama Pavilion.
After the pure show\-car made the rounds on the auto show circuit, it was returned to GM where it was dismantled. The running car would be given a reprieve and return to the show car circuit in modified form as the Manta Ray in 1969\.
#### Baldwin Maco Shark
[thumb\|Baldwin Phase III GT with similar front end to Baldwin Manta Ray](/wiki/File:%2768_Chevrolet_Corvette_Baldwin-Motion_%28Toronto_Spring_%2712_Classic_Car_Auction%29.JPG "'68 Chevrolet Corvette Baldwin-Motion (Toronto Spring '12 Classic Car Auction).JPG")
Many consumers were disappointed at the translation of the Mako Shark II into production reality with the 1968 C3 Corvette. Hot rodder and customizer Joe Silva was one of those, and used his skills to create a fiberglass kit to transform the C3 Corvette into road\-going Mako Shark. Joel Rosen of Baldwin\-Motion supercar performance fame added his mechanical expertise to the project, bringing the Phase III GT performance package (and some re\-engineering of the kit) to Silva's fiberglass body. In order to avoid legal issues with GM, they changed the name of their product to "Maco Shark". Silva created the fiberglass panels and basic components, while Rosen handled the mechanical, chassis and suspension upgrades along with marketing. Rosen continued to build variations on the Maco Shark theme for the next decade, including a Manta Ray version with tunneled headlights and an even more radical [Morey Eel](http://www.corvettereport.com/vette-videos-super-rare-one-of-a-kind-1972-motion-moray-eel-corvette/) version.{{cite book \|last1\=Schorr \|first1\=Martyn L. \|title\=Motion Performance: Tales of a Muscle Car Builder \|date\=9 Oct 2009 \|publisher\=Motorbooks International \|isbn\=9781616730444 \|page\=153 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DR4y2DgC1wgC\&q\=mako\+by\+silva\&pg\=PA153 \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}{{cite web \|author\=Scott \|title\=Mako Shark Attack Week!!! The Motion / Silva Macos \|url\=http://www.corvettereport.com/mako\-shark\-attack\-week\-the\-motion\-silva\-macos/ \|website\=Corvette Report \|access\-date\=29 March 2020 \|date\=6 Jan 2012}}{{cite web \|last1\=Kuryla \|first1\=Steven M. \|title\=History behind the Mako Shark \|url\=http://www.cybergate\-corp.ch/mako\_clip/ \|website\=Mako Shark \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}
#### Manta Ray
[thumb\|The running Mako Shark II was restyled, and became the 'Manta Ray'](/wiki/File:Manta_Ray.jpg "Manta Ray.jpg")
In 1969, the Mako Shark II was returned to GM Design Studios and transformed into the Manta Ray. Modifications included a front spoiler and redesigned grille and external exhaust pipes. Modifications were also made to the rear that included a buttress style rear window and a longer more horizontal end section. The Firestone tires were replaced with Goodyear tires. Both Mako I and Manta Ray are currently part of the GM Heritage Center Collection. A new, the all\-aluminum [ZL\-1](/wiki/Chevy_big_block_engine "Chevy big block engine") 427ci (making approximately 430 horsepower) was installed in the revised car.{{cite web \|title\=1969 Manta Ray \|url\=https://www.corvettes.nl/gm\_prototypes/manta\_ray/index.html \|website\=Remarkable Corvettes \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}
The Manta Ray resides in the GM Heritage Collection.{{cite web \|title\=1969 Manta Ray Concept \|url\=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/gm\-vehicle\-collection/1969\_Manta\_Ray.html \|website\=GM Heritage Center \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}
##### 2020 Corvette
In 2016 General Motors filed a trademark on the name "Manta Ray", leading to much speculation on how (or if) the name would be used.{{cite web \|title\=GM's USPTO Trademark Application For 'Manta Ray' Progresses \|url\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2016/03/gms\-uspto\-trademark\-application\-for\-manta\-ray\-progresses/ \|website\=GM Authority \|access\-date\=29 March 2020 \|date\=19 Mar 2016}} In the run\-up to the introduction to the [2020 C8 Corvette](/wiki/C8_Corvette "C8 Corvette"), many believed that it would be called the Manta Ray.{{cite web \|last1\=SZYMKOWSKI \|first1\=SEAN \|title\='Insider' Claims To Have Details On C8 Corvette Manta Ray \|url\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2018/12/insider\-claims\-to\-have\-details\-on\-c8\-corvette\-manta\-ray/ \|website\=GM Authority \|date\=5 Dec 2018}} Chevrolet decided not to resurrect the name and stuck with the Stingray name for the C8\.
#### Tribute Car
In 2013, Hanspeter Boehi from [Muenchenstein](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenstein "Münchenstein"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") started work on a tribute car to the Mako Shark II as it appeared in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"), Switzerland in 1966\. He used a 1969 C3 Corvette (big\-block) as his starting point, fabricating everything as necessary. Boehi used drawings from the [US Patent Office](/wiki/US_patent_office "US patent office") and images from the Geneva show to help guide the process of building a running version of the non\-operational show car.
{{Clear}}
### Gallery
1966\_Chevrolet\_Ad\-Mako\_shark\_II.jpg\|Mako Shark II Advertisement
Manta\_Ray.jpg\|Manta Ray
Dsc00944\_(3280693754\).jpg\|Manta Ray, rear view
Manta\_Ray\_interior.jpg\|Manta Ray, interior
|
[
"Mako Shark II\n-------------",
"### History",
"[thumb\\|1965 Mako Shark II](/wiki/File:65_Mako_Shark.jpg \"65 Mako Shark.jpg\")\nBill Mitchell's design brief for the XP\\-830 was as follows:",
"*\"a narrow, slim, center section and coupe body, a tapered tail, an all\\-of\\-a\\-piece blending of the upper and lower portions of the body through the center (avoiding the look of a roof added to a body), and prominent wheels with their protective fenders distinctly separate from the main body, yet grafted organically to it.\"*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Teeters \\|first1\\=K. Scott \\|title\\=The 1965 Mako Shark\\-II is Alive in Switzerland \\|url\\=https://www.hotrod.com/articles/the\\-1965\\-mako\\-shark\\-ii\\-is\\-alive\\-in\\-switzerland/ \\|website\\=Hot Rod \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|date\\=27 Nov 2017}}\nThe Mako Shark II concept strongly influenced the all new exterior design of the 3rd generation [(C3\\) Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C3 \"Chevrolet Corvette C3\") introduced for 1968\\. Especially, in addition to the pointy shark nose, the very curvacious fenders over the front and rear wheel openings, contributed to the strong ['Coca Cola bottle'](/wiki/Coke_bottle_styling \"Coke bottle styling\") look of the C3 Corvette, that in a more subtle way continued in its C4 successor.",
"Chevrolet created two copies \\- only one of which was fully functional. The non\\-running show car sported more futuristic details, such as square section side pipes and a squared\\-off steering wheel. This car debuted at the 1965 New York Auto Show. The second, running show\\-car, made its debut at the 1965 [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show \"Paris Motor Show\"), with more conventional steering wheel and exhaust. The car did have a retractable rear spoiler, and a square section bumper that could be extended for added protection. The Mako Shark II was powered by a [427 Mark IV](/wiki/Chevrolet_big-block_engine \"Chevrolet big-block engine\") engine, which did become available on production Corvette models. The paint scheme was similar to the original Mako Shark, with dark blue/gray on top, fading gradually downwards into silver/white at the rockers.",
"In 1965, the Mako Shark II was also on display [1964/5 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1964 New York World's Fair\") in the General Motors Futurama Pavilion.",
"After the pure show\\-car made the rounds on the auto show circuit, it was returned to GM where it was dismantled. The running car would be given a reprieve and return to the show car circuit in modified form as the Manta Ray in 1969\\.",
"#### Baldwin Maco Shark",
"[thumb\\|Baldwin Phase III GT with similar front end to Baldwin Manta Ray](/wiki/File:%2768_Chevrolet_Corvette_Baldwin-Motion_%28Toronto_Spring_%2712_Classic_Car_Auction%29.JPG \"'68 Chevrolet Corvette Baldwin-Motion (Toronto Spring '12 Classic Car Auction).JPG\")\nMany consumers were disappointed at the translation of the Mako Shark II into production reality with the 1968 C3 Corvette. Hot rodder and customizer Joe Silva was one of those, and used his skills to create a fiberglass kit to transform the C3 Corvette into road\\-going Mako Shark. Joel Rosen of Baldwin\\-Motion supercar performance fame added his mechanical expertise to the project, bringing the Phase III GT performance package (and some re\\-engineering of the kit) to Silva's fiberglass body. In order to avoid legal issues with GM, they changed the name of their product to \"Maco Shark\". Silva created the fiberglass panels and basic components, while Rosen handled the mechanical, chassis and suspension upgrades along with marketing. Rosen continued to build variations on the Maco Shark theme for the next decade, including a Manta Ray version with tunneled headlights and an even more radical [Morey Eel](http://www.corvettereport.com/vette-videos-super-rare-one-of-a-kind-1972-motion-moray-eel-corvette/) version.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schorr \\|first1\\=Martyn L. \\|title\\=Motion Performance: Tales of a Muscle Car Builder \\|date\\=9 Oct 2009 \\|publisher\\=Motorbooks International \\|isbn\\=9781616730444 \\|page\\=153 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DR4y2DgC1wgC\\&q\\=mako\\+by\\+silva\\&pg\\=PA153 \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}{{cite web \\|author\\=Scott \\|title\\=Mako Shark Attack Week!!! The Motion / Silva Macos \\|url\\=http://www.corvettereport.com/mako\\-shark\\-attack\\-week\\-the\\-motion\\-silva\\-macos/ \\|website\\=Corvette Report \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|date\\=6 Jan 2012}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kuryla \\|first1\\=Steven M. \\|title\\=History behind the Mako Shark \\|url\\=http://www.cybergate\\-corp.ch/mako\\_clip/ \\|website\\=Mako Shark \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}",
"#### Manta Ray",
"[thumb\\|The running Mako Shark II was restyled, and became the 'Manta Ray'](/wiki/File:Manta_Ray.jpg \"Manta Ray.jpg\")\nIn 1969, the Mako Shark II was returned to GM Design Studios and transformed into the Manta Ray. Modifications included a front spoiler and redesigned grille and external exhaust pipes. Modifications were also made to the rear that included a buttress style rear window and a longer more horizontal end section. The Firestone tires were replaced with Goodyear tires. Both Mako I and Manta Ray are currently part of the GM Heritage Center Collection. A new, the all\\-aluminum [ZL\\-1](/wiki/Chevy_big_block_engine \"Chevy big block engine\") 427ci (making approximately 430 horsepower) was installed in the revised car.{{cite web \\|title\\=1969 Manta Ray \\|url\\=https://www.corvettes.nl/gm\\_prototypes/manta\\_ray/index.html \\|website\\=Remarkable Corvettes \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}",
"The Manta Ray resides in the GM Heritage Collection.{{cite web \\|title\\=1969 Manta Ray Concept \\|url\\=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/gm\\-vehicle\\-collection/1969\\_Manta\\_Ray.html \\|website\\=GM Heritage Center \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}",
"##### 2020 Corvette",
"In 2016 General Motors filed a trademark on the name \"Manta Ray\", leading to much speculation on how (or if) the name would be used.{{cite web \\|title\\=GM's USPTO Trademark Application For 'Manta Ray' Progresses \\|url\\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2016/03/gms\\-uspto\\-trademark\\-application\\-for\\-manta\\-ray\\-progresses/ \\|website\\=GM Authority \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|date\\=19 Mar 2016}} In the run\\-up to the introduction to the [2020 C8 Corvette](/wiki/C8_Corvette \"C8 Corvette\"), many believed that it would be called the Manta Ray.{{cite web \\|last1\\=SZYMKOWSKI \\|first1\\=SEAN \\|title\\='Insider' Claims To Have Details On C8 Corvette Manta Ray \\|url\\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2018/12/insider\\-claims\\-to\\-have\\-details\\-on\\-c8\\-corvette\\-manta\\-ray/ \\|website\\=GM Authority \\|date\\=5 Dec 2018}} Chevrolet decided not to resurrect the name and stuck with the Stingray name for the C8\\.",
"#### Tribute Car",
"In 2013, Hanspeter Boehi from [Muenchenstein](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenstein \"Münchenstein\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") started work on a tribute car to the Mako Shark II as it appeared in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"), Switzerland in 1966\\. He used a 1969 C3 Corvette (big\\-block) as his starting point, fabricating everything as necessary. Boehi used drawings from the [US Patent Office](/wiki/US_patent_office \"US patent office\") and images from the Geneva show to help guide the process of building a running version of the non\\-operational show car.",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Gallery",
"",
"1966\\_Chevrolet\\_Ad\\-Mako\\_shark\\_II.jpg\\|Mako Shark II Advertisement\nManta\\_Ray.jpg\\|Manta Ray\nDsc00944\\_(3280693754\\).jpg\\|Manta Ray, rear view\nManta\\_Ray\\_interior.jpg\\|Manta Ray, interior",
"",
""
] |
### History
[thumb\|1965 Mako Shark II](/wiki/File:65_Mako_Shark.jpg "65 Mako Shark.jpg")
Bill Mitchell's design brief for the XP\-830 was as follows:
*"a narrow, slim, center section and coupe body, a tapered tail, an all\-of\-a\-piece blending of the upper and lower portions of the body through the center (avoiding the look of a roof added to a body), and prominent wheels with their protective fenders distinctly separate from the main body, yet grafted organically to it."*{{cite web \|last1\=Teeters \|first1\=K. Scott \|title\=The 1965 Mako Shark\-II is Alive in Switzerland \|url\=https://www.hotrod.com/articles/the\-1965\-mako\-shark\-ii\-is\-alive\-in\-switzerland/ \|website\=Hot Rod \|access\-date\=29 March 2020 \|date\=27 Nov 2017}}
The Mako Shark II concept strongly influenced the all new exterior design of the 3rd generation [(C3\) Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C3 "Chevrolet Corvette C3") introduced for 1968\. Especially, in addition to the pointy shark nose, the very curvacious fenders over the front and rear wheel openings, contributed to the strong ['Coca Cola bottle'](/wiki/Coke_bottle_styling "Coke bottle styling") look of the C3 Corvette, that in a more subtle way continued in its C4 successor.
Chevrolet created two copies \- only one of which was fully functional. The non\-running show car sported more futuristic details, such as square section side pipes and a squared\-off steering wheel. This car debuted at the 1965 New York Auto Show. The second, running show\-car, made its debut at the 1965 [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show "Paris Motor Show"), with more conventional steering wheel and exhaust. The car did have a retractable rear spoiler, and a square section bumper that could be extended for added protection. The Mako Shark II was powered by a [427 Mark IV](/wiki/Chevrolet_big-block_engine "Chevrolet big-block engine") engine, which did become available on production Corvette models. The paint scheme was similar to the original Mako Shark, with dark blue/gray on top, fading gradually downwards into silver/white at the rockers.
In 1965, the Mako Shark II was also on display [1964/5 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1964 New York World's Fair") in the General Motors Futurama Pavilion.
After the pure show\-car made the rounds on the auto show circuit, it was returned to GM where it was dismantled. The running car would be given a reprieve and return to the show car circuit in modified form as the Manta Ray in 1969\.
#### Baldwin Maco Shark
[thumb\|Baldwin Phase III GT with similar front end to Baldwin Manta Ray](/wiki/File:%2768_Chevrolet_Corvette_Baldwin-Motion_%28Toronto_Spring_%2712_Classic_Car_Auction%29.JPG "'68 Chevrolet Corvette Baldwin-Motion (Toronto Spring '12 Classic Car Auction).JPG")
Many consumers were disappointed at the translation of the Mako Shark II into production reality with the 1968 C3 Corvette. Hot rodder and customizer Joe Silva was one of those, and used his skills to create a fiberglass kit to transform the C3 Corvette into road\-going Mako Shark. Joel Rosen of Baldwin\-Motion supercar performance fame added his mechanical expertise to the project, bringing the Phase III GT performance package (and some re\-engineering of the kit) to Silva's fiberglass body. In order to avoid legal issues with GM, they changed the name of their product to "Maco Shark". Silva created the fiberglass panels and basic components, while Rosen handled the mechanical, chassis and suspension upgrades along with marketing. Rosen continued to build variations on the Maco Shark theme for the next decade, including a Manta Ray version with tunneled headlights and an even more radical [Morey Eel](http://www.corvettereport.com/vette-videos-super-rare-one-of-a-kind-1972-motion-moray-eel-corvette/) version.{{cite book \|last1\=Schorr \|first1\=Martyn L. \|title\=Motion Performance: Tales of a Muscle Car Builder \|date\=9 Oct 2009 \|publisher\=Motorbooks International \|isbn\=9781616730444 \|page\=153 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DR4y2DgC1wgC\&q\=mako\+by\+silva\&pg\=PA153 \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}{{cite web \|author\=Scott \|title\=Mako Shark Attack Week!!! The Motion / Silva Macos \|url\=http://www.corvettereport.com/mako\-shark\-attack\-week\-the\-motion\-silva\-macos/ \|website\=Corvette Report \|access\-date\=29 March 2020 \|date\=6 Jan 2012}}{{cite web \|last1\=Kuryla \|first1\=Steven M. \|title\=History behind the Mako Shark \|url\=http://www.cybergate\-corp.ch/mako\_clip/ \|website\=Mako Shark \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}
#### Manta Ray
[thumb\|The running Mako Shark II was restyled, and became the 'Manta Ray'](/wiki/File:Manta_Ray.jpg "Manta Ray.jpg")
In 1969, the Mako Shark II was returned to GM Design Studios and transformed into the Manta Ray. Modifications included a front spoiler and redesigned grille and external exhaust pipes. Modifications were also made to the rear that included a buttress style rear window and a longer more horizontal end section. The Firestone tires were replaced with Goodyear tires. Both Mako I and Manta Ray are currently part of the GM Heritage Center Collection. A new, the all\-aluminum [ZL\-1](/wiki/Chevy_big_block_engine "Chevy big block engine") 427ci (making approximately 430 horsepower) was installed in the revised car.{{cite web \|title\=1969 Manta Ray \|url\=https://www.corvettes.nl/gm\_prototypes/manta\_ray/index.html \|website\=Remarkable Corvettes \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}
The Manta Ray resides in the GM Heritage Collection.{{cite web \|title\=1969 Manta Ray Concept \|url\=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/gm\-vehicle\-collection/1969\_Manta\_Ray.html \|website\=GM Heritage Center \|access\-date\=29 March 2020}}
##### 2020 Corvette
In 2016 General Motors filed a trademark on the name "Manta Ray", leading to much speculation on how (or if) the name would be used.{{cite web \|title\=GM's USPTO Trademark Application For 'Manta Ray' Progresses \|url\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2016/03/gms\-uspto\-trademark\-application\-for\-manta\-ray\-progresses/ \|website\=GM Authority \|access\-date\=29 March 2020 \|date\=19 Mar 2016}} In the run\-up to the introduction to the [2020 C8 Corvette](/wiki/C8_Corvette "C8 Corvette"), many believed that it would be called the Manta Ray.{{cite web \|last1\=SZYMKOWSKI \|first1\=SEAN \|title\='Insider' Claims To Have Details On C8 Corvette Manta Ray \|url\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2018/12/insider\-claims\-to\-have\-details\-on\-c8\-corvette\-manta\-ray/ \|website\=GM Authority \|date\=5 Dec 2018}} Chevrolet decided not to resurrect the name and stuck with the Stingray name for the C8\.
#### Tribute Car
In 2013, Hanspeter Boehi from [Muenchenstein](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenstein "Münchenstein"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") started work on a tribute car to the Mako Shark II as it appeared in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"), Switzerland in 1966\. He used a 1969 C3 Corvette (big\-block) as his starting point, fabricating everything as necessary. Boehi used drawings from the [US Patent Office](/wiki/US_patent_office "US patent office") and images from the Geneva show to help guide the process of building a running version of the non\-operational show car.
{{Clear}}
|
[
"### History",
"[thumb\\|1965 Mako Shark II](/wiki/File:65_Mako_Shark.jpg \"65 Mako Shark.jpg\")\nBill Mitchell's design brief for the XP\\-830 was as follows:",
"*\"a narrow, slim, center section and coupe body, a tapered tail, an all\\-of\\-a\\-piece blending of the upper and lower portions of the body through the center (avoiding the look of a roof added to a body), and prominent wheels with their protective fenders distinctly separate from the main body, yet grafted organically to it.\"*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Teeters \\|first1\\=K. Scott \\|title\\=The 1965 Mako Shark\\-II is Alive in Switzerland \\|url\\=https://www.hotrod.com/articles/the\\-1965\\-mako\\-shark\\-ii\\-is\\-alive\\-in\\-switzerland/ \\|website\\=Hot Rod \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|date\\=27 Nov 2017}}\nThe Mako Shark II concept strongly influenced the all new exterior design of the 3rd generation [(C3\\) Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_C3 \"Chevrolet Corvette C3\") introduced for 1968\\. Especially, in addition to the pointy shark nose, the very curvacious fenders over the front and rear wheel openings, contributed to the strong ['Coca Cola bottle'](/wiki/Coke_bottle_styling \"Coke bottle styling\") look of the C3 Corvette, that in a more subtle way continued in its C4 successor.",
"Chevrolet created two copies \\- only one of which was fully functional. The non\\-running show car sported more futuristic details, such as square section side pipes and a squared\\-off steering wheel. This car debuted at the 1965 New York Auto Show. The second, running show\\-car, made its debut at the 1965 [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show \"Paris Motor Show\"), with more conventional steering wheel and exhaust. The car did have a retractable rear spoiler, and a square section bumper that could be extended for added protection. The Mako Shark II was powered by a [427 Mark IV](/wiki/Chevrolet_big-block_engine \"Chevrolet big-block engine\") engine, which did become available on production Corvette models. The paint scheme was similar to the original Mako Shark, with dark blue/gray on top, fading gradually downwards into silver/white at the rockers.",
"In 1965, the Mako Shark II was also on display [1964/5 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1964 New York World's Fair\") in the General Motors Futurama Pavilion.",
"After the pure show\\-car made the rounds on the auto show circuit, it was returned to GM where it was dismantled. The running car would be given a reprieve and return to the show car circuit in modified form as the Manta Ray in 1969\\.",
"#### Baldwin Maco Shark",
"[thumb\\|Baldwin Phase III GT with similar front end to Baldwin Manta Ray](/wiki/File:%2768_Chevrolet_Corvette_Baldwin-Motion_%28Toronto_Spring_%2712_Classic_Car_Auction%29.JPG \"'68 Chevrolet Corvette Baldwin-Motion (Toronto Spring '12 Classic Car Auction).JPG\")\nMany consumers were disappointed at the translation of the Mako Shark II into production reality with the 1968 C3 Corvette. Hot rodder and customizer Joe Silva was one of those, and used his skills to create a fiberglass kit to transform the C3 Corvette into road\\-going Mako Shark. Joel Rosen of Baldwin\\-Motion supercar performance fame added his mechanical expertise to the project, bringing the Phase III GT performance package (and some re\\-engineering of the kit) to Silva's fiberglass body. In order to avoid legal issues with GM, they changed the name of their product to \"Maco Shark\". Silva created the fiberglass panels and basic components, while Rosen handled the mechanical, chassis and suspension upgrades along with marketing. Rosen continued to build variations on the Maco Shark theme for the next decade, including a Manta Ray version with tunneled headlights and an even more radical [Morey Eel](http://www.corvettereport.com/vette-videos-super-rare-one-of-a-kind-1972-motion-moray-eel-corvette/) version.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schorr \\|first1\\=Martyn L. \\|title\\=Motion Performance: Tales of a Muscle Car Builder \\|date\\=9 Oct 2009 \\|publisher\\=Motorbooks International \\|isbn\\=9781616730444 \\|page\\=153 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DR4y2DgC1wgC\\&q\\=mako\\+by\\+silva\\&pg\\=PA153 \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}{{cite web \\|author\\=Scott \\|title\\=Mako Shark Attack Week!!! The Motion / Silva Macos \\|url\\=http://www.corvettereport.com/mako\\-shark\\-attack\\-week\\-the\\-motion\\-silva\\-macos/ \\|website\\=Corvette Report \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|date\\=6 Jan 2012}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kuryla \\|first1\\=Steven M. \\|title\\=History behind the Mako Shark \\|url\\=http://www.cybergate\\-corp.ch/mako\\_clip/ \\|website\\=Mako Shark \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}",
"#### Manta Ray",
"[thumb\\|The running Mako Shark II was restyled, and became the 'Manta Ray'](/wiki/File:Manta_Ray.jpg \"Manta Ray.jpg\")\nIn 1969, the Mako Shark II was returned to GM Design Studios and transformed into the Manta Ray. Modifications included a front spoiler and redesigned grille and external exhaust pipes. Modifications were also made to the rear that included a buttress style rear window and a longer more horizontal end section. The Firestone tires were replaced with Goodyear tires. Both Mako I and Manta Ray are currently part of the GM Heritage Center Collection. A new, the all\\-aluminum [ZL\\-1](/wiki/Chevy_big_block_engine \"Chevy big block engine\") 427ci (making approximately 430 horsepower) was installed in the revised car.{{cite web \\|title\\=1969 Manta Ray \\|url\\=https://www.corvettes.nl/gm\\_prototypes/manta\\_ray/index.html \\|website\\=Remarkable Corvettes \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}",
"The Manta Ray resides in the GM Heritage Collection.{{cite web \\|title\\=1969 Manta Ray Concept \\|url\\=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/gm\\-vehicle\\-collection/1969\\_Manta\\_Ray.html \\|website\\=GM Heritage Center \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020}}",
"##### 2020 Corvette",
"In 2016 General Motors filed a trademark on the name \"Manta Ray\", leading to much speculation on how (or if) the name would be used.{{cite web \\|title\\=GM's USPTO Trademark Application For 'Manta Ray' Progresses \\|url\\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2016/03/gms\\-uspto\\-trademark\\-application\\-for\\-manta\\-ray\\-progresses/ \\|website\\=GM Authority \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|date\\=19 Mar 2016}} In the run\\-up to the introduction to the [2020 C8 Corvette](/wiki/C8_Corvette \"C8 Corvette\"), many believed that it would be called the Manta Ray.{{cite web \\|last1\\=SZYMKOWSKI \\|first1\\=SEAN \\|title\\='Insider' Claims To Have Details On C8 Corvette Manta Ray \\|url\\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2018/12/insider\\-claims\\-to\\-have\\-details\\-on\\-c8\\-corvette\\-manta\\-ray/ \\|website\\=GM Authority \\|date\\=5 Dec 2018}} Chevrolet decided not to resurrect the name and stuck with the Stingray name for the C8\\.",
"#### Tribute Car",
"In 2013, Hanspeter Boehi from [Muenchenstein](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenstein \"Münchenstein\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") started work on a tribute car to the Mako Shark II as it appeared in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"), Switzerland in 1966\\. He used a 1969 C3 Corvette (big\\-block) as his starting point, fabricating everything as necessary. Boehi used drawings from the [US Patent Office](/wiki/US_patent_office \"US patent office\") and images from the Geneva show to help guide the process of building a running version of the non\\-operational show car.",
"{{Clear}}",
""
] |
Biography and career
--------------------
Detmer chaired the 1991 study, *The Computer\-based Patient Record*.{{cite book \|editor\-last1\=Dick \|editor\-first1\=Richard S. \|editor\-last2\=Steen \|editor\-first2\=Elaine B. \|editor\-last3\=Detmer \|editor\-first3\=Don E. \|title\=The Computer\-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care, Revised Edition \|url\=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn\=0309055326 \|year\=1997 \|publisher\=National Academies Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-309\-05532\-1}} He was a member of the committee that developed the IOM Reports, *To Err is Human*{{cite book \|editor\-first1\=Linda T. \|editor\-last1\=Kohn \|editor\-first2\=Janet M. \|editor\-last2\=Corrigan \|editor\-first3\=Molla S. \|editor\-last3\=Donaldson \|title\=To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System \|publisher\=National Academies Press \|date\=2000 \|isbn\=0\-309\-06837\-1 \|url\=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn\=0309068371}} and *Crossing the Quality Chasm.*{{cite book \|author\=Committee on Quality of Health Care in America \|title\=Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century \|publisher\=National Academies Press \|date\=2001 \|isbn\=0\-309\-07280\-8 \|url\=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn\=0309072808}} From 1999 to 2003 he was the Dennis Gillings Professor of Health Management at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University") and is a lifetime member of Clare Hall College, Cambridge. From 2005 to 2015 he was visiting professor, Centre for Health Informatics and Multi\-professional Education, University College London.
Considered to be a mover of the US National Health Information Infrastructure, Detmer has also been a consultant to the government of England and the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong. Prior to the years in England, he was vice president for health sciences at the Universities of [Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") and [Utah](/wiki/University_of_Utah "University of Utah"). While at Virginia he led implementation of a physician order entry system and was principal investigator of its IAIMS grant. While at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison"), he developed the nation’s first administrative medicine program, a master's degree program for clinician\-executives. As a surgeon, he was instrumental in the adoption and development of ambulatory surgery in the early 1970s and was team physician for the Wisconsin Badgers for ten years while also serving as president of the medical staff. He won a UW–Madison Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award.
Detmer was appointed as president and CEO of the [American Medical Informatics Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Informatics_Association "American Medical Informatics Association") in 2004 until 2009 when he became senior advisor to AMIA until 2011\. He served as medical director for advocacy and health policy of the American College of Surgeons from 2011 to 2013\. In 2014, he was director of advanced inter\-professional informatics certification of AMIA. Currently, he serves on the boards of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, the University of Virginia Colonnade Club, and the Lewis and Clark Exploratory Center.
Detmer's education includes a medical degree from the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") with subsequent training at the [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health"), the [Johns Hopkins Hospital](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital "Johns Hopkins Hospital"), [Duke University Medical Center](/wiki/Duke_University_Health_System "Duke University Health System"), the [Institute of Medicine](/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine "Institute of Medicine"), and [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School"). His MA is from the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge").
Detmer's research interests include national health information policy, quality improvement, administrative medicine, [vascular surgery](/wiki/Vascular_surgery "Vascular surgery"), [sports medicine](/wiki/Sports_medicine "Sports medicine"), and management of academic health centers. He has written and edited a number of research articles, books, book chapters, and monographs on these topics. He enjoys grandchildren, horse riding, fly\-fishing, reading biographies, and various crafts.
|
[
"Biography and career\n--------------------",
"Detmer chaired the 1991 study, *The Computer\\-based Patient Record*.{{cite book \\|editor\\-last1\\=Dick \\|editor\\-first1\\=Richard S. \\|editor\\-last2\\=Steen \\|editor\\-first2\\=Elaine B. \\|editor\\-last3\\=Detmer \\|editor\\-first3\\=Don E. \\|title\\=The Computer\\-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care, Revised Edition \\|url\\=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn\\=0309055326 \\|year\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=National Academies Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-309\\-05532\\-1}} He was a member of the committee that developed the IOM Reports, *To Err is Human*{{cite book \\|editor\\-first1\\=Linda T. \\|editor\\-last1\\=Kohn \\|editor\\-first2\\=Janet M. \\|editor\\-last2\\=Corrigan \\|editor\\-first3\\=Molla S. \\|editor\\-last3\\=Donaldson \\|title\\=To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System \\|publisher\\=National Academies Press \\|date\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=0\\-309\\-06837\\-1 \\|url\\=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn\\=0309068371}} and *Crossing the Quality Chasm.*{{cite book \\|author\\=Committee on Quality of Health Care in America \\|title\\=Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century \\|publisher\\=National Academies Press \\|date\\=2001 \\|isbn\\=0\\-309\\-07280\\-8 \\|url\\=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn\\=0309072808}} From 1999 to 2003 he was the Dennis Gillings Professor of Health Management at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\") and is a lifetime member of Clare Hall College, Cambridge. From 2005 to 2015 he was visiting professor, Centre for Health Informatics and Multi\\-professional Education, University College London.",
"Considered to be a mover of the US National Health Information Infrastructure, Detmer has also been a consultant to the government of England and the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong. Prior to the years in England, he was vice president for health sciences at the Universities of [Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") and [Utah](/wiki/University_of_Utah \"University of Utah\"). While at Virginia he led implementation of a physician order entry system and was principal investigator of its IAIMS grant. While at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\"), he developed the nation’s first administrative medicine program, a master's degree program for clinician\\-executives. As a surgeon, he was instrumental in the adoption and development of ambulatory surgery in the early 1970s and was team physician for the Wisconsin Badgers for ten years while also serving as president of the medical staff. He won a UW–Madison Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award.",
"Detmer was appointed as president and CEO of the [American Medical Informatics Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Informatics_Association \"American Medical Informatics Association\") in 2004 until 2009 when he became senior advisor to AMIA until 2011\\. He served as medical director for advocacy and health policy of the American College of Surgeons from 2011 to 2013\\. In 2014, he was director of advanced inter\\-professional informatics certification of AMIA. Currently, he serves on the boards of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, the University of Virginia Colonnade Club, and the Lewis and Clark Exploratory Center.",
"Detmer's education includes a medical degree from the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") with subsequent training at the [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\"), the [Johns Hopkins Hospital](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital \"Johns Hopkins Hospital\"), [Duke University Medical Center](/wiki/Duke_University_Health_System \"Duke University Health System\"), the [Institute of Medicine](/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine \"Institute of Medicine\"), and [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\"). His MA is from the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\").",
"Detmer's research interests include national health information policy, quality improvement, administrative medicine, [vascular surgery](/wiki/Vascular_surgery \"Vascular surgery\"), [sports medicine](/wiki/Sports_medicine \"Sports medicine\"), and management of academic health centers. He has written and edited a number of research articles, books, book chapters, and monographs on these topics. He enjoys grandchildren, horse riding, fly\\-fishing, reading biographies, and various crafts.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Rainer was a son of Emperor [Leopold II](/wiki/Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor") and Empress [Maria Luisa](/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain "Maria Luisa of Spain"), and was thus a younger brother of [Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor").
Although Rainer suffered from a mild form of [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy"), this did not visibly interfere with his military career.[George R. Marek](/wiki/George_R._Marek "George R. Marek"), *The Eagles Die. Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria*, pp. 41–42\. New York: [Harper \& Row](/wiki/Harper_%28publisher%29 "Harper (publisher)"), 1974\. This mild form of epilepsy was also suffered by Archduke Karl and his son, Archduke Albrecht, both of whom were able military commanders.
Rainer served as [Viceroy](/wiki/Viceroy "Viceroy") of the [Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia") from 1818 to 1848\. The position made Rainer and his wife the head of the Austrian court at [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan"). Rainer's politics were increasingly unpopular, the Italians resented him for their lack of political freedom and for collecting revenues with so little benefit to them.
Throughout the 1840s, the political situation worsened to such an extent that in 1847, [Klemens von Metternich](/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich "Klemens von Metternich") resurrected his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery by sending his right\-hand man Count [Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont](/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Ficquelmont "Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont") to Milan as acting Chancellor of Lombardy–Venetia to restore the Austrian rule while taking over Northern Italy's administration. But only a few months later, Ficquelmont was recalled to Vienna to assume the leadership of the [Council of war](/wiki/Council_of_war_%28Austria%29 "Council of war (Austria)") as the [Revolutions of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire "Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire") started.
Archduke Rainer's mistakes as well as the lack of understanding between Rainer and *Feldmarschall* Graf [Radetzky](/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz "Joseph Radetzky von Radetz"), were blamed for the disasters of the [Italian Revolution of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states "Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states").[Joan Haslip](/wiki/Joan_Haslip "Joan Haslip"), *The Crown of Mexico*, pp. 22, 89, 109\. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Rainer was a son of Emperor [Leopold II](/wiki/Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor\") and Empress [Maria Luisa](/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain \"Maria Luisa of Spain\"), and was thus a younger brother of [Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor\").",
"Although Rainer suffered from a mild form of [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy \"Epilepsy\"), this did not visibly interfere with his military career.[George R. Marek](/wiki/George_R._Marek \"George R. Marek\"), *The Eagles Die. Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria*, pp. 41–42\\. New York: [Harper \\& Row](/wiki/Harper_%28publisher%29 \"Harper (publisher)\"), 1974\\. This mild form of epilepsy was also suffered by Archduke Karl and his son, Archduke Albrecht, both of whom were able military commanders.",
"Rainer served as [Viceroy](/wiki/Viceroy \"Viceroy\") of the [Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia \"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia\") from 1818 to 1848\\. The position made Rainer and his wife the head of the Austrian court at [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"). Rainer's politics were increasingly unpopular, the Italians resented him for their lack of political freedom and for collecting revenues with so little benefit to them.",
"Throughout the 1840s, the political situation worsened to such an extent that in 1847, [Klemens von Metternich](/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich \"Klemens von Metternich\") resurrected his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery by sending his right\\-hand man Count [Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont](/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Ficquelmont \"Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont\") to Milan as acting Chancellor of Lombardy–Venetia to restore the Austrian rule while taking over Northern Italy's administration. But only a few months later, Ficquelmont was recalled to Vienna to assume the leadership of the [Council of war](/wiki/Council_of_war_%28Austria%29 \"Council of war (Austria)\") as the [Revolutions of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire \"Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire\") started.",
"Archduke Rainer's mistakes as well as the lack of understanding between Rainer and *Feldmarschall* Graf [Radetzky](/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz \"Joseph Radetzky von Radetz\"), were blamed for the disasters of the [Italian Revolution of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states \"Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states\").[Joan Haslip](/wiki/Joan_Haslip \"Joan Haslip\"), *The Crown of Mexico*, pp. 22, 89, 109\\. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971\\.",
""
] |
Characters
----------
[thumb\|160px\|right\|A screen\-used hand\-painted Pugwash card "puppet" from the 1950s when the series was filmed in black\-and\-white](/wiki/File:John_Ryan_Captain_Pugwash_puppet.jpg "John Ryan Captain Pugwash puppet.jpg")
### Captain Pugwash
The pompous but likeable captain of the *Black Pig*. Although he boasts of being the "bravest buccaneer", he is actually quite cowardly and stupid. His greed often gets him into trouble. Nevertheless, he usually wins the day – either with the help of Tom the Cabin Boy or by sheer luck. Despite being a pirate, he is rarely seen committing any acts of piracy.
### The Mate/Master Mate/Mr. Mate
A somewhat dopey character, who has a tendency to use [malapropisms](/wiki/Malapropisms "Malapropisms") and to mispronounce common words. He has a teddy bear in his bunk and is quite mild\-mannered. It is not entirely clear why he is the mate, as he does not appear to have any authority over the rest of the crew. He was present in the first ever Pugwash story, in which he was depicted as being constantly sleepy. Pugwash's adenoidal pronunciation of Master Mate's name appears to be the main source of the [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend "Urban legend") about characters' sexually suggestive names.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/pugwash.asp\|title\='Captain Pugwash' Double Meanings\|author\=David Mikkelson\|date\=11 September 1999\|accessdate\=3 July 2022\|work\=Snopes}}
### Barnabas
The most aggressive of the pirates, but in reality just as harmless. He is quite rebellious and grumpy, and is perhaps marginally more intelligent than Willy, the Mate or the Captain. He was not present in the 1998 series.
### Willy
A simple sailor from [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan "Wigan"). He appears to be the youngest crew member (apart from Tom). He is against using violence, and has been the crew's saviour on occasion (more by luck than by design).
### Tom the Cabin Boy
It might be argued that without Tom, Pugwash would have been sunk long ago. He is the most intelligent and resourceful member of the crew, the only one who can cook and the only one who can actually sail a ship. Although Pugwash never admits it, Tom's ability to think up schemes is probably the only thing that prevents him from being a total failure as a pirate, though Tom is never angry at him stealing the spotlight. The rest of the crew also found they were unable to operate without Tom, after he left with the captain when the crew mutinied. Tom is an expert [concertina](/wiki/Concertina "Concertina") player, despite this being a 19th\-century anachronism for an 18th\-century pirate, and part of his repertoire is "The Trumpet Hornpipe" (the *Captain Pugwash* theme).
He was portrayed with a [Home Counties](/wiki/Home_Counties "Home Counties") accent in the first television adaptation, and with an Irish accent in the 1998 series.
### Cut\-Throat Jake
Captain Pugwash's fearsome arch\-enemy, captain of the *Flying Dustman* (a pun on the [Flying Dutchman](/wiki/Flying_Dutchman "Flying Dutchman") combined with a reference to the occupation of [dustman](/wiki/Dustman "Dustman")). When he is not scheming to bring about Pugwash's downfall, he is a rather more competent pirate than his enemy, and always seems to have plenty of treasure. He speaks with a stereotypical [West Country accent](/wiki/West_Country_accent "West Country accent"), and is easily recognisable by his eye patch and enormous black beard.
### Characters added in the 1998 series
* **Jonah**
This character replaced pirate Barnabas, who was in the earlier series. His catchphrase is "No good will come of this, mark my words!" Jonah appears to be of [Jamaican](/wiki/Jamaicans "Jamaicans") origin. He is the tallest of the crew so he often hits his head on the ceiling of the ship's lower deck. He is also one of the strongest of the crew as he is the *Black Pig*'s [carpenter](/wiki/Carpenter "Carpenter").
* **Governor of [Portobello](/wiki/Portobelo%2C_Col%C3%B3n "Portobelo, Colón")**
This character lives at the top of the island in a mansion covered in vines. He talks very quietly and his head of guard, Lt. Scratchwood, usually acts as a megaphone. He is deeply in love with Donna Bonanza and attends to her every need.
* **Donna Bonanza**
An infamous opera singer who is the love of the Governor of Portobello and has her own group of security guards. She owns a cat named Franco.
* **Toni**
Tom the Cabin Boy’s best friend, who works for barber Betty, and has dreams of becoming a member of the *Black Pig*.
* **Dook**
A member of Jake’s crew who somewhat resembles Barnabas, but is less aggressive in the 1998 series. This character appeared in the original series, but was never named.
* **Swine**
An Australian pirate who works for Jake. He almost always has a mug of grog in his hand. Like Dook, he appeared in the original series but was unnamed.
* **Stinka**
A Mexican who works for Jake, who sometimes finds him annoying. Again, this character was unnamed in the earlier series.
* **Jake’s Mum**
The mother of Cut\-Throat Jake, who serves as the *Flying Dustman*’s cook.
* **Lieutenant Scratchwood Toddington**
The voice for the governor and the law for the town of Portobello. In charge of the guard and collecting taxes, he also spends his time chasing thieves.
* **Rook**
Portobello’s merchant, who sometimes works for Cut\-Throat Jake.
### Libel case regarding *double entendres*
In 1991, the *Pugwash* cartoonist John Ryan successfully sued the *Sunday Correspondent* and *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* newspapers for inaccurately claiming that some *Pugwash* character names were *[double entendres](/wiki/Double_entendre "Double entendre")*.{{cite news\|url\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8167027\.stm \|title\= Pugwash author's legacy\|last\= Davies\|first \= Ben\|date \= 24 July 2009\|work\= \[\[BBC News]]\|access\-date\= 7 December 2012\|url\-status\= live\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180428213752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8167027\.stm\|archive\-date \= 28 April 2018}}
|
[
"Characters\n----------",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|right\\|A screen\\-used hand\\-painted Pugwash card \"puppet\" from the 1950s when the series was filmed in black\\-and\\-white](/wiki/File:John_Ryan_Captain_Pugwash_puppet.jpg \"John Ryan Captain Pugwash puppet.jpg\")",
"### Captain Pugwash",
"The pompous but likeable captain of the *Black Pig*. Although he boasts of being the \"bravest buccaneer\", he is actually quite cowardly and stupid. His greed often gets him into trouble. Nevertheless, he usually wins the day – either with the help of Tom the Cabin Boy or by sheer luck. Despite being a pirate, he is rarely seen committing any acts of piracy.",
"### The Mate/Master Mate/Mr. Mate",
"A somewhat dopey character, who has a tendency to use [malapropisms](/wiki/Malapropisms \"Malapropisms\") and to mispronounce common words. He has a teddy bear in his bunk and is quite mild\\-mannered. It is not entirely clear why he is the mate, as he does not appear to have any authority over the rest of the crew. He was present in the first ever Pugwash story, in which he was depicted as being constantly sleepy. Pugwash's adenoidal pronunciation of Master Mate's name appears to be the main source of the [urban legend](/wiki/Urban_legend \"Urban legend\") about characters' sexually suggestive names.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/pugwash.asp\\|title\\='Captain Pugwash' Double Meanings\\|author\\=David Mikkelson\\|date\\=11 September 1999\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2022\\|work\\=Snopes}}",
"### Barnabas",
"The most aggressive of the pirates, but in reality just as harmless. He is quite rebellious and grumpy, and is perhaps marginally more intelligent than Willy, the Mate or the Captain. He was not present in the 1998 series.",
"### Willy",
"A simple sailor from [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan \"Wigan\"). He appears to be the youngest crew member (apart from Tom). He is against using violence, and has been the crew's saviour on occasion (more by luck than by design).",
"### Tom the Cabin Boy",
"It might be argued that without Tom, Pugwash would have been sunk long ago. He is the most intelligent and resourceful member of the crew, the only one who can cook and the only one who can actually sail a ship. Although Pugwash never admits it, Tom's ability to think up schemes is probably the only thing that prevents him from being a total failure as a pirate, though Tom is never angry at him stealing the spotlight. The rest of the crew also found they were unable to operate without Tom, after he left with the captain when the crew mutinied. Tom is an expert [concertina](/wiki/Concertina \"Concertina\") player, despite this being a 19th\\-century anachronism for an 18th\\-century pirate, and part of his repertoire is \"The Trumpet Hornpipe\" (the *Captain Pugwash* theme).",
"He was portrayed with a [Home Counties](/wiki/Home_Counties \"Home Counties\") accent in the first television adaptation, and with an Irish accent in the 1998 series.",
"### Cut\\-Throat Jake",
"Captain Pugwash's fearsome arch\\-enemy, captain of the *Flying Dustman* (a pun on the [Flying Dutchman](/wiki/Flying_Dutchman \"Flying Dutchman\") combined with a reference to the occupation of [dustman](/wiki/Dustman \"Dustman\")). When he is not scheming to bring about Pugwash's downfall, he is a rather more competent pirate than his enemy, and always seems to have plenty of treasure. He speaks with a stereotypical [West Country accent](/wiki/West_Country_accent \"West Country accent\"), and is easily recognisable by his eye patch and enormous black beard.",
"### Characters added in the 1998 series",
"* **Jonah**\nThis character replaced pirate Barnabas, who was in the earlier series. His catchphrase is \"No good will come of this, mark my words!\" Jonah appears to be of [Jamaican](/wiki/Jamaicans \"Jamaicans\") origin. He is the tallest of the crew so he often hits his head on the ceiling of the ship's lower deck. He is also one of the strongest of the crew as he is the *Black Pig*'s [carpenter](/wiki/Carpenter \"Carpenter\").\n* **Governor of [Portobello](/wiki/Portobelo%2C_Col%C3%B3n \"Portobelo, Colón\")**\nThis character lives at the top of the island in a mansion covered in vines. He talks very quietly and his head of guard, Lt. Scratchwood, usually acts as a megaphone. He is deeply in love with Donna Bonanza and attends to her every need.\n* **Donna Bonanza**\nAn infamous opera singer who is the love of the Governor of Portobello and has her own group of security guards. She owns a cat named Franco.\n* **Toni**\nTom the Cabin Boy’s best friend, who works for barber Betty, and has dreams of becoming a member of the *Black Pig*.\n* **Dook** \nA member of Jake’s crew who somewhat resembles Barnabas, but is less aggressive in the 1998 series. This character appeared in the original series, but was never named.\n* **Swine**\nAn Australian pirate who works for Jake. He almost always has a mug of grog in his hand. Like Dook, he appeared in the original series but was unnamed.\n* **Stinka**\nA Mexican who works for Jake, who sometimes finds him annoying. Again, this character was unnamed in the earlier series.\n* **Jake’s Mum**\nThe mother of Cut\\-Throat Jake, who serves as the *Flying Dustman*’s cook.\n* **Lieutenant Scratchwood Toddington**\nThe voice for the governor and the law for the town of Portobello. In charge of the guard and collecting taxes, he also spends his time chasing thieves.\n* **Rook**\nPortobello’s merchant, who sometimes works for Cut\\-Throat Jake.",
"### Libel case regarding *double entendres*",
"In 1991, the *Pugwash* cartoonist John Ryan successfully sued the *Sunday Correspondent* and *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* newspapers for inaccurately claiming that some *Pugwash* character names were *[double entendres](/wiki/Double_entendre \"Double entendre\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8167027\\.stm \\|title\\= Pugwash author's legacy\\|last\\= Davies\\|first \\= Ben\\|date \\= 24 July 2009\\|work\\= \\[\\[BBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\= 7 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\= live\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180428213752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8167027\\.stm\\|archive\\-date \\= 28 April 2018}}",
""
] |
Theme music
-----------
The series' signature tune was the "Trumpet [Hornpipe](/wiki/Hornpipe "Hornpipe")", a folk dance that dates to at least the early nineteenth century. Some early versions of the tune refer to it as "Lascelles Hornpipe" and "Baloon Hornpipe".{{Cite journal\|last\=Darlington\|first\=Wilf\|date\=1992\|title\=The Trumpet Hornpipe\|journal\=Folk Music Journal\|volume\=6\|issue\=3\|pages\=277–290}} The composer and country of origin are unknown.
The original black\-and\-white episodes of *Captain Pugwash* used a solo rendition by the accordionist Tom Edmondson, who had learned the tune from watching [Jimmy Shand](/wiki/Jimmy_Shand "Jimmy Shand")'s band in [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland "Northumberland") as a teenager. Edmondson's version was recorded in the front room of his home in [Harbottle](/wiki/Harbottle "Harbottle"), Northumberland, on 12 July 1954\.{{Cite web\|title\=Northumberland 1954 – Page 6\|website\=Peter Kennedy Archive\|url\=https://www.peterkennedyarchive.org/northumberland\-1954/6/\|access\-date\=9 June 2020}} The recording was made by the folklorist [Peter Kennedy](/wiki/Peter_Kennedy_%28folk_musician%29 "Peter Kennedy (folk musician)") as part of the BBC's Folk Music and Dialect Recording Scheme{{Cite web\|title\=Peter Kennedy Archive – A unique collection of British and Irish traditional music and customs\|url\=https://www.peterkennedyarchive.org/\|access\-date\=9 June 2020}} and Edmondson was paid £1\.50 (30s) for his efforts.{{Cite web\|last\=Woolcock\|first\=Nicola\|date\=8 December 2001\|title\=Pugwash Theme Tune Man Dies\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364679/Pugwash\-theme\-tune\-man\-dies.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364679/Pugwash\-theme\-tune\-man\-dies.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|website\=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}} The track was transferred to disc for the BBC Sound Library and, according to John Ryan, it was later chosen as the *Captain Pugwash* theme by "a genius at the BBC", whose name he could not remember.
For the colour *Captain Pugwash* episodes, a new recording of the "Trumpet Hornpipe" was commissioned from [Johnny Pearson](/wiki/Johnny_Pearson "Johnny Pearson") in 1973\. This version used accordion, bass and acoustic guitar, and the finished piece was retitled "Shipshape". The recording was published by [KPM](/wiki/KPM_Music "KPM Music") and was later added to the [KPM Recorded Music Library](/wiki/EMI_Production_Music "EMI Production Music") which gave Pearson the composer credit.{{Cite web\|title\=Captain Pugwash KPM\-0433 \#29\|url\=https://www.apmmusic.com/search/%5B%7B%22field%22:%5B%22tags%22,%22track\_title%22,%22track\_description%22,%22album\_title%22,%22album\_description%22,%22sound\_alikes%22,%22lyrics%22,%22library%22,%22composer%22%5D,%22type%22:%22text%22,%22value%22:%22kpm%200433%22,%22is\_regular%22:true,%22is\_query%22:true,%22operation%22:%22must%22%7D,%7B%22field%22:%5B%22tags%22,%22track\_title%22,%22track\_description%22,%22album\_title%22,%22album\_description%22,%22sound\_alikes%22,%22lyrics%22,%22library%22,%22composer%22%5D,%22type%22:%22text%22,%22value%22:%22pugwash%22,%22is\_regular%22:true,%22is\_query%22:true,%22operation%22:%22must%22%7D%5D\|access\-date\=8 June 2020\|publisher\=APM Music}} Pearson’s arrangement of the theme is also used as the goal theme for [Fleetwood Town FC](/wiki/Fleetwood_Town_F.C. "Fleetwood Town F.C.").
For the 1998 series, a new arrangement of the theme was created by [Philip Lane](/wiki/Philip_Lane_%28composer%29 "Philip Lane (composer)"). Another arrangement appears in the audiobook versions.
The Trumpet Hornpipe itself is in the code of [BBC Micro](/wiki/BBC_Micro "BBC Micro") computer game *[Frak!](/wiki/Frak%21 "Frak!")* and [Acorn Electron](/wiki/Acorn_Electron "Acorn Electron") game *Zalaga*, intended to be played when a pirated version of the game was loaded, a reference to *Captain Pugwash*.
|
[
"Theme music\n-----------",
"The series' signature tune was the \"Trumpet [Hornpipe](/wiki/Hornpipe \"Hornpipe\")\", a folk dance that dates to at least the early nineteenth century. Some early versions of the tune refer to it as \"Lascelles Hornpipe\" and \"Baloon Hornpipe\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Darlington\\|first\\=Wilf\\|date\\=1992\\|title\\=The Trumpet Hornpipe\\|journal\\=Folk Music Journal\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=277–290}} The composer and country of origin are unknown.",
"The original black\\-and\\-white episodes of *Captain Pugwash* used a solo rendition by the accordionist Tom Edmondson, who had learned the tune from watching [Jimmy Shand](/wiki/Jimmy_Shand \"Jimmy Shand\")'s band in [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland \"Northumberland\") as a teenager. Edmondson's version was recorded in the front room of his home in [Harbottle](/wiki/Harbottle \"Harbottle\"), Northumberland, on 12 July 1954\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Northumberland 1954 – Page 6\\|website\\=Peter Kennedy Archive\\|url\\=https://www.peterkennedyarchive.org/northumberland\\-1954/6/\\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2020}} The recording was made by the folklorist [Peter Kennedy](/wiki/Peter_Kennedy_%28folk_musician%29 \"Peter Kennedy (folk musician)\") as part of the BBC's Folk Music and Dialect Recording Scheme{{Cite web\\|title\\=Peter Kennedy Archive – A unique collection of British and Irish traditional music and customs\\|url\\=https://www.peterkennedyarchive.org/\\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2020}} and Edmondson was paid £1\\.50 (30s) for his efforts.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Woolcock\\|first\\=Nicola\\|date\\=8 December 2001\\|title\\=Pugwash Theme Tune Man Dies\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364679/Pugwash\\-theme\\-tune\\-man\\-dies.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364679/Pugwash\\-theme\\-tune\\-man\\-dies.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}} The track was transferred to disc for the BBC Sound Library and, according to John Ryan, it was later chosen as the *Captain Pugwash* theme by \"a genius at the BBC\", whose name he could not remember.",
"For the colour *Captain Pugwash* episodes, a new recording of the \"Trumpet Hornpipe\" was commissioned from [Johnny Pearson](/wiki/Johnny_Pearson \"Johnny Pearson\") in 1973\\. This version used accordion, bass and acoustic guitar, and the finished piece was retitled \"Shipshape\". The recording was published by [KPM](/wiki/KPM_Music \"KPM Music\") and was later added to the [KPM Recorded Music Library](/wiki/EMI_Production_Music \"EMI Production Music\") which gave Pearson the composer credit.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Captain Pugwash KPM\\-0433 \\#29\\|url\\=https://www.apmmusic.com/search/%5B%7B%22field%22:%5B%22tags%22,%22track\\_title%22,%22track\\_description%22,%22album\\_title%22,%22album\\_description%22,%22sound\\_alikes%22,%22lyrics%22,%22library%22,%22composer%22%5D,%22type%22:%22text%22,%22value%22:%22kpm%200433%22,%22is\\_regular%22:true,%22is\\_query%22:true,%22operation%22:%22must%22%7D,%7B%22field%22:%5B%22tags%22,%22track\\_title%22,%22track\\_description%22,%22album\\_title%22,%22album\\_description%22,%22sound\\_alikes%22,%22lyrics%22,%22library%22,%22composer%22%5D,%22type%22:%22text%22,%22value%22:%22pugwash%22,%22is\\_regular%22:true,%22is\\_query%22:true,%22operation%22:%22must%22%7D%5D\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2020\\|publisher\\=APM Music}} Pearson’s arrangement of the theme is also used as the goal theme for [Fleetwood Town FC](/wiki/Fleetwood_Town_F.C. \"Fleetwood Town F.C.\").",
"For the 1998 series, a new arrangement of the theme was created by [Philip Lane](/wiki/Philip_Lane_%28composer%29 \"Philip Lane (composer)\"). Another arrangement appears in the audiobook versions.",
"The Trumpet Hornpipe itself is in the code of [BBC Micro](/wiki/BBC_Micro \"BBC Micro\") computer game *[Frak!](/wiki/Frak%21 \"Frak!\")* and [Acorn Electron](/wiki/Acorn_Electron \"Acorn Electron\") game *Zalaga*, intended to be played when a pirated version of the game was loaded, a reference to *Captain Pugwash*.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Origins and early years (1969–1977\)
In 1967, [Rick Nielsen](/wiki/Rick_Nielsen "Rick Nielsen") formed [Fuse](/wiki/Fuse_%28band%29 "Fuse (band)") with Tom Peterson (later known as [Tom Petersson](/wiki/Tom_Petersson "Tom Petersson")), who had played in another [Rockford, Illinois](/wiki/Rockford%2C_Illinois "Rockford, Illinois"), band called The Bo Weevils.{{Cite book\|first\=Martin C. \|last\=Strong \|year\=2000 \|title\=The Great Rock Discography \|edition\=5th \|publisher\=Mojo Books \|location\=Edinburgh \|pages\=170–71 \|isbn\=1\-84195\-017\-3}} With [Bun E. Carlos](/wiki/Bun_E._Carlos "Bun E. Carlos") joining on drums, Fuse moved to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") in 1971\. From 1972 to 1973, they called themselves Sick Man of Europe. After a European tour in 1973, Nielsen and Petersson returned to Rockford and reunited with Carlos.{{cite web \|title\=Nazz biography \|publisher\=Technicolor Web of Sound\|url\=http://www.techwebsound.com/playlistdetail.cfm?artist\=381}}{{cite web\|title\=Cheap Trick line\-up history \|publisher\=Classic Webs \|url\=http://www.classicwebs.com/cheaptrk.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024144442/http://www.classicwebs.com/cheaptrk.htm \|archive\-date\=October 24, 2014}} According to *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, the band adopted the name Cheap Trick on August 15, 1973\.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/inside\-cheap\-tricks\-unlikely\-renaissance\-194122/ \|title\=Inside Cheap Trick's Unlikely Renaissance \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|last\=Greene \|first\=Andy \|date\=April 8, 2016 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2018}} The name was inspired by the band's attendance at a [Slade](/wiki/Slade "Slade") concert, where Petersson commented that Slade used "every cheap trick in the book" as part of their act.{{cite web \|url\=http://blogcritics.org/music/article/music\-review\-cheap\-trick\-the\-latest1/ \|title\=Music Review: Cheap Trick – The Latest\|publisher\=BlogCritics.org \|access\-date\=October 9, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028195802/http://blogcritics.org/music/article/music\-review\-cheap\-trick\-the\-latest1/ \|archive\-date\=October 28, 2011}}
Randy "Xeno" Hogan was the original lead singer for Cheap Trick. He left the band shortly after its formation and was replaced by [Robin Zander](/wiki/Robin_Zander "Robin Zander").{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock]]\|editor\=\[\[Colin Larkin (writer)\|Colin Larkin]]\|publisher\=\[\[Virgin Books]]\|date\=1999\|edition\=First\|isbn\=0\-7535\-0257\-7\|page\=95/6}}
[thumb\|right\|Nielsen and Petersson performing in 1977](/wiki/File:CheapTrick1977.jpg "CheapTrick1977.jpg")
With Robin Zander on vocals, the band recorded a demo in 1975 and played in warehouses, bowling alleys, and various other venues around the [midwestern United States](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States "Midwestern United States"). The band was signed to [Epic Records](/wiki/Epic_Records "Epic Records") in early 1976\.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} The band released its first album, *[Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_%281977_album%29 "Cheap Trick (1977 album)")*, in early 1977\. While favored by critics, the album did not sell well. The album's lone single, "[Oh, Candy](/wiki/Oh%2C_Candy "Oh, Candy")", failed to chart, as did the album. Their second album, *[In Color](/wiki/In_Color_%28album%29 "In Color (album)")*, was released later that year. The singles "[I Want You to Want Me](/wiki/I_Want_You_to_Want_Me "I Want You to Want Me")" and "[Southern Girls](/wiki/Southern_Girls "Southern Girls")" failed to chart. *In Color* was ranked No. 443 on the 2012 edition of [Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time").{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-lists/500\-greatest\-albums\-of\-all\-time\-156826/cheap\-trick\-in\-color\-36658/ \|title\=Cheap Trick, 'In Color' \|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=May 31, 2012}}
### Budokan brings success (1978–1980\)
When Cheap Trick toured in Japan for the first time in April 1978, they were received with a frenzy reminiscent of [Beatlemania](/wiki/Beatlemania "Beatlemania").{{cite magazine \|title\=Cheap Trick Biography \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/cheap\-trick/biography\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505003139/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/cheap\-trick/biography\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=May 5, 2013\|access\-date\=July 12, 2017}} During the tour, Cheap Trick recorded two concerts at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan "Nippon Budokan"). Ten tracks taken from both shows were compiled and released as a live album titled *[Cheap Trick at Budokan](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_at_Budokan "Cheap Trick at Budokan")*, which was intended to be exclusive to Japan.{{cite magazine\|last\=Marsh\|first\=Dave\|title\=Cheap Trick: Dream Police\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|issue\=305 \|date\=November 29, 1979 \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/dream\-police\-19791129\|access\-date\=July 12, 2017}}
The band's third studio album, *[Heaven Tonight](/wiki/Heaven_Tonight "Heaven Tonight")* was released in May 1978\. The lead\-off track "[Surrender](/wiki/Surrender_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Surrender (Cheap Trick song)")" was Cheap Trick's first single to chart in the United States, peaking at No. 62\. It has gone on to become one of the band's signature songs.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
[thumb\|left\|Zander and Petersson performing in 1978](/wiki/File:Cheaptrick1.jpg "Cheaptrick1.jpg")
Demand for *Cheap Trick at Budokan* became so great that Epic Records finally released the album in the U.S. in February 1979\.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} *Cheap Trick at Budokan* launched the band into international stardom, and the album went [triple platinum](/wiki/Triple_platinum "Triple platinum") in the United States.{{cite web\|title\=Cheap Trick – At Budokan (album) \|publisher\=SwissCharts.com \|url\=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?key\=40527\&cat\=a \|access\-date\=November 10, 2007}} The first single from the album was the live version of "I Want You to Want Me", which had originally been released on *In Color*. It reached No. 7 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100"), and became Cheap Trick's best\-selling single to date.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/cheap\-trick\|title\=Cheap Trick\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]}} The second single, "[Ain't That a Shame](/wiki/Ain%27t_That_a_Shame "Ain't That a Shame")", peaked at No. 35\. "[Need Your Love](/wiki/Need_Your_Love_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Need Your Love (Cheap Trick song)")" had already been recorded for the forthcoming *[Dream Police](/wiki/Dream_Police "Dream Police")* album that had already been finished, but after the unprecedented success of *Cheap Trick at Budokan*, Epic postponed the album's release.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
*Dream Police* was released later in 1979, and was their third album in a row produced by Tom Werman. The [title track](/wiki/Dream_Police_%28song%29 "Dream Police (song)") of the album was a hit single, as was "[Voices](/wiki/Voices_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Voices (Cheap Trick song)")". *Dream Police* also found the band taking its style in a more experimental direction by incorporating strings and dabbling in [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") on tracks like "Gonna Raise Hell". By 1980, Cheap Trick was headlining arenas.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
On August 26, 1980, Petersson left the group to record a solo album with his wife Dagmar, using the band name Another Language. [Jon Brant](/wiki/Jon_Brant "Jon Brant") became Petersson's steady replacement, after a year of Cheap Trick touring and recording with Pete Comita.
*[All Shook Up](/wiki/All_Shook_Up_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 "All Shook Up (Cheap Trick album)")* (1980\), produced by former Beatles producer [George Martin](/wiki/George_Martin "George Martin"), reached No. 24 on the charts and was certified gold. However, the album's high\-class background did not save it from descriptions like "[Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") gone psycho".{{cite magazine \|last\=Fricke \|first\=David \|title\=Cheap Trick: All Shook Up \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|issue\=339 \|date\=March 19, 1981 \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/all\-shook\-up\-19810319 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2017}}
### 1980s struggles (1981–1986\)
In July 1981, CBS Inc. sued Cheap Trick and their manager Ken Adamany for $10 million, alleging they were attempting to coerce CBS into re\-negotiating their contract and had refused to record any new material for the label since October 1980\. The lawsuit was settled in early 1982 and work commenced on the next album: *[One on One](/wiki/One_on_One_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 "One on One (Cheap Trick album)")*.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} The album spawned two minor hits with the power ballad "[If You Want My Love](/wiki/If_You_Want_My_Love "If You Want My Love")" (which peaked at no. 45\) and the innuendo\-laced rocker "[She's Tight](/wiki/She%27s_Tight "She's Tight")" (which peaked at no. 65\).
Cheap Trick released *[Next Position Please](/wiki/Next_Position_Please "Next Position Please")* in 1983\. The album's two singles, "[Dancing the Night Away](/wiki/Dancing_the_Night_Away%23Cheap_Trick_version "Dancing the Night Away#Cheap Trick version")" and "[I Can't Take It](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Take_It_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "I Can't Take It (Cheap Trick song)")," failed to chart.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/a\-slowdown\-in\-hits\-from\-cheap\-trick\-i\-cant\-take\-it/2306497/\|title\=A slowdown in hits from Cheap Trick? I can't take it!\|newspaper\=\[\[Tampa Bay Times]]\|last\=Wuench \|first\=Kevin \|date\=December 15, 2016}} In the same year, Cheap Trick performed two songs for the soundtrack of the adult animated film *[Rock \& Rule](/wiki/Rock_%26_Rule "Rock & Rule")*, which became a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic "Cult classic").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.laweekly.com/rock\-rule\-blu\-ray\-release\-debbie\-harry\-and\-cheap\-trick\-vs\-cartoon\-guitar\-mutants\-and\-lou\-reed/\|title\=Rock \& Rule Blu\-Ray Release: Debbie Harry and Cheap Trick vs. Cartoon Guitar Mutants (and Lou Reed!)\|date\=November 10, 2010\|author\=Connell J., Sean\|website\=LA Weekly.com\|access\-date\=March 2, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 2, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085905/https://www.laweekly.com/rock\-rule\-blu\-ray\-release\-debbie\-harry\-and\-cheap\-trick\-vs\-cartoon\-guitar\-mutants\-and\-lou\-reed/\|url\-status\=live}}
In 1984, the band recorded the [title track](/wiki/Up_the_Creek_%28song%29 "Up the Creek (song)") to the [Tim Matheson](/wiki/Tim_Matheson "Tim Matheson") comedy *[Up The Creek](/wiki/Up_the_Creek_%281984_film%29 "Up the Creek (1984 film)")*, which Nielsen later called "one of the worst" songs he'd ever written.{{cite news\|last\=Krewson \|first\=John \|url\=http://www.avclub.com/article/cheap\-trick\-13461 \|title\=Cheap Trick \|newspaper\=The A.V. Club \|access\-date\=July 12, 2017}}
The band released *[Standing on the Edge](/wiki/Standing_on_the_Edge_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 "Standing on the Edge (Cheap Trick album)")* in 1985\. This album was called their "best collection of bubblegum bazooka rock in years".{{cite magazine \|last\=Fricke \|first\=David \|title\=Cheap Trick: Standing on the Edge \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|issue\=458 \|date\=October 10, 1985 \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/standing\-on\-the\-edge\-19851010 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2017}} The album's first single, "[Tonight It's You](/wiki/Tonight_It%27s_You "Tonight It's You")", reached No. 8 on *Billboard*{{'}}s [Top Rock Tracks](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 "Mainstream Rock (chart)") chart.
In 1986, the band recorded "[Mighty Wings](/wiki/Mighty_Wings "Mighty Wings")", the end\-title cut for the film *[Top Gun](/wiki/Top_Gun "Top Gun")*. They then released *[The Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 "The Doctor (Cheap Trick album)")* in the fall. The album's lone single, "[It's Only Love](/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "It's Only Love (Cheap Trick song)")", failed to chart. The music video for "It's Only Love" made history as the first music video to use captioning for hearing\-impaired persons.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NUUEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=cheap\+trick\+it%27s\+only\+love\&pg\=RA1\-PA53 \|title\=Billboard – Google Books \|date\=December 6, 1986 \|access\-date\=May 7, 2012\|page\=53}} *The Doctor* turned out to be the band's final album with Jon Brant as bassist.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
### Popular resurgence (1987–1989\)
Petersson rejoined the group in 1987{{cite news\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/lake\-county\-news\-sun/lifestyles/ct\-lns\-cheap\-trick\-st\-0303\-20170223\-story.html\|title\=Cheap Trick's bass player talks music, luck, family\|first\=Sheryl\|last\=DeVore\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]}} and helped record 1988's *[Lap of Luxury](/wiki/Lap_of_Luxury "Lap of Luxury")*, produced by [Richie Zito](/wiki/Richie_Zito "Richie Zito"). Due to the band's commercial decline, Epic Records insisted that the band collaborate with professional songwriters on the album. Nielsen said, "*Lap of Luxury* was a tough record to make. We could lie to you and tell you it was all wonderful and great. It wasn't. It was tough working with other writers. But it was a lesson for us."*Billboard*, "Talent: Cheap Trick offers new audio treat," Ed Christman, October 6, 1990, page 32
"[The Flame](/wiki/The_Flame_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "The Flame (Cheap Trick song)")", a ballad, was issued as the first single from the album, and became the band's first\-ever No. 1 hit. The second single, a cover of [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley")'s "[Don't Be Cruel](/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Cruel "Don't Be Cruel")", peaked at no. 4\. This song also reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 list in 1988\.{{Cite web \|last\=tolsen \|date\=2013\-01\-02 \|title\=Billboard Hot 100™ \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot\-100/1988\-09\-24/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-20 \|website\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}} The other singles from the album were "[Ghost Town](/wiki/Ghost_Town_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Ghost Town (Cheap Trick song)")", "[Never Had a Lot to Lose](/wiki/Never_Had_a_Lot_to_Lose "Never Had a Lot to Lose")", and "[Let Go](/wiki/Let_Go_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Let Go (Cheap Trick song)")"; "Ghost Town" and "Never Had a Lot to Lose" also charted. *Lap of Luxury* went [platinum](/wiki/Platinum_certification "Platinum certification") and became recognized as the band's comeback album.{{cite web\|url\=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/cheap\-trick\-lap\-of\-luxury/\|title\=30 Years Ago: Cheap Trick Make a Comeback With 'Lap of Luxury'\|first\=Dave\|last\=Swanson\|date\=April 12, 2013 \|publisher\=Ultimate Classic Rock}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.classicrockreview.com/2013/07/1988\-cheap\-trick\-lol/\|title\=Lap of Luxury by Cheap Trick\|date\=July 25, 2013 \|publisher\=Classic Rock Review}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/lap\-of\-luxury\-mw0000651929\|title\=Lap of Luxury \- Cheap Trick \- Songs, Reviews, Credits\|publisher\=\[\[AllMusic.com]]}} *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* commented: "After a long hitless streak, Cheap Trick brings it all back home. This is the quartet's punchiest effort since its mid\-'70s heyday."Haring, Bruce, Gett, Steve (July 9, 1988\). "Talent: 'Lap' splash no cheap trick". *Billboard* p. 20\.
### Transitions (1990–2015\)
[thumb\|left\|Cheap Trick performing in Baltimore, August 4, 2007](/wiki/File:Cheap_Trick_live_2007.jpg "Cheap Trick live 2007.jpg")
*[Busted](/wiki/Busted_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 "Busted (Cheap Trick album)")* was released in 1990\. The band was allowed more creative control, and professional songwriters were only used on a handful of songs. The first single, "Can't Stop Falling Into Love", reached {{Numero\|12}} on the *Billboard* Hot 100,{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/cheap\-trick/chart\-history/hsi/ \|title\=Cheap Trick Chart History \- Hot 100 \|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=August 9, 2019}} and {{Numero\|4}} on the [Album Rock Tracks chart](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 "Mainstream Rock (chart)"). The second single, the [Diane Warren](/wiki/Diane_Warren "Diane Warren")\-penned "[Wherever Would I Be](/wiki/Wherever_Would_I_Be "Wherever Would I Be")", reached {{Numero\|50}} on the charts.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/cheap\-trick/chart\-history/hsi/ \|title\=Cheap Trick Wherever Would I Be Chart History \|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=August 9, 2019}} The single "If You Need Me" was not successful, although the track "Back 'n Blue" reached {{Numero\|32}} on the U.S. *Billboard* [Album Rock Tracks chart](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 "Mainstream Rock (chart)").{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/cheap\-trick/chart\-history/rtt/ \|title\=Cheap Trick Chart History \- Mainstream Rock Songs \|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=August 9, 2019}}
In 1991, Cheap Trick's *[The Greatest Hits](/wiki/The_Greatest_Hits_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 "The Greatest Hits (Cheap Trick album)")* was released.
The group left Epic after the disappointing sales of *Busted* to sign with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records "Warner Bros. Records"). In 1994, the band released *[Woke Up with a Monster](/wiki/Woke_Up_with_a_Monster "Woke Up with a Monster")*. The album's title track was issued as the first single and reached No. 16 on the US Mainstream Rock charts. The album's sales were poor, and it peaked at only No. 123\.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
In 1997, Cheap Trick signed with indie label Red Ant Records and released *[Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_%281997_album%29 "Cheap Trick (1997 album)")*. The band attempted to re\-introduce themselves to a new generation, as the album was self\-titled and the artwork was similar to their first album which had been released twenty years before.{{cite web \|title\=Tom Werman blog \|date\=June 11, 2009 \|publisher\=Popdose.com \|url\=http://popdose.com/the\-producers\-oysters\-cheap\-tricks\-and\-jake\-elwood\-blues/\#more\-20497 \|access\-date\=March 5, 2010}} The album was critically acclaimed and hailed as a return to form. Eleven weeks after the release, Red Ant's parent company Alliance Entertainment Corporation declared [Chapter 11 bankruptcy](/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy "Chapter 11 bankruptcy"). The single "[Say Goodbye](/wiki/Say_Goodbye_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Say Goodbye (Cheap Trick song)")" only reached No. 119 on the charts, and the band again found themselves without a record label. Two other singles were released from the album, "Baby No More" and "[Carnival Game](/wiki/Carnival_Game_%28song%29 "Carnival Game (song)")".{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
Cheap Trick began to rebuild in 1998\. The band toured behind the release of *Cheap Trick at Budokan: The Complete Concert*, and the [remastered](/wiki/Remaster "Remaster") re\-issues of the band's first three albums. One of the multi\-night stands from this tour resulted in *[Music for Hangovers](/wiki/Music_for_Hangovers "Music for Hangovers")*, a live album that featured members of [the Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins "The Smashing Pumpkins") on two tracks. In 1999, the band recorded a cover of [Big Star's](/wiki/Big_Star "Big Star") 1972 song "[In the Street](/wiki/In_the_Street_%28song%29 "In the Street (song)")" that was used as the theme song for the [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") sitcom *[That '70s Show](/wiki/That_%2770s_Show "That '70s Show")*. Cheap Trick ended the song with the lyric "We're all all right," which was drawn from their own 1978 song "[Surrender](/wiki/Surrender_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Surrender (Cheap Trick song)")".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-lists/readers\-poll\-the\-best\-television\-theme\-songs\-23185/7\-that\-70s\-show\-in\-the\-street\-32090/\|title\=Readers Poll: The Best Television Theme Songs\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=September 21, 2011\|access\-date\=September 26, 2018}}
[thumb\|left\|220px\|Vocalist [Robin Zander](/wiki/Robin_Zander "Robin Zander") performing at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park "Gulfstream Park") in 1999\.](/wiki/File:Cheap_Trick_at_Gulfstream_Park_-_Robin_Zander.jpg "Cheap Trick at Gulfstream Park - Robin Zander.jpg")
After spending much of 2001 writing songs and about six weeks in pre\-production, Cheap Trick went into [Bearsville Studios](/wiki/Bearsville_Studios "Bearsville Studios") in [Woodstock, New York](/wiki/Woodstock%2C_New_York "Woodstock, New York"), in March 2002, where they recorded their first studio album in six years, *[Special One](/wiki/Special_One "Special One")* in May 2003\.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2019}}
Cheap Trick released *[Rockford](/wiki/Rockford_%28album%29 "Rockford (album)")* on Cheap Trick Unlimited/Big3 Records in 2006\. The first single from the album was "[Perfect Stranger](/wiki/Perfect_Stranger_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 "Perfect Stranger (Cheap Trick song)")" (produced by [Linda Perry](/wiki/Linda_Perry "Linda Perry") and co\-written by Cheap Trick and Perry). The band also appeared in a [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") advertising campaign called "This Is Your Wake\-Up Call" featuring the band.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.podshowradio.com/?p\=38 \|title\=Podshow Radio \|publisher\=Podshow Radio \|access\-date\=April 17, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227151328/http://www.podshowradio.com/?p\=38 \|archive\-date\=February 27, 2012}}
[thumb\|318x318px\|Guitarist [Rick Nielsen](/wiki/Rick_Nielsen "Rick Nielsen") in 2007 .](/wiki/File:Rick_Nielsen_playing_1983_Hamer_Uncle_Dick.jpg "Rick Nielsen playing 1983 Hamer Uncle Dick.jpg")
In 2007, officials of Rockford, Illinois, honored Cheap Trick by reproducing the *Rockford* album cover art on that year's city vehicle sticker. On June 19, 2007, the [Illinois Senate](/wiki/Illinois_Senate "Illinois Senate") passed Senate Resolution 255, which designated April 1 of every year as Cheap Trick Day in the State of Illinois.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ilga.gov/senate/journals/95/2007/SJ095057R.pdf \|title\=Senate Journal : State of Illinois : Ninety\-Fifth General Assembly: 2007 \|publisher\=Ilga.gov \|access\-date\=September 24, 2012}} In August of that year, Cheap Trick honored the 40th anniversary of *[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band](/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band")* by playing the album in its entirety with the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, conducted by Edwin Outwater, along with guest vocalists including [Joan Osborne](/wiki/Joan_Osborne "Joan Osborne") and [Aimee Mann](/wiki/Aimee_Mann "Aimee Mann").{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.hollywoodbowl.com/press/sgt\-peppers\-40a\-beatles\-celebration\-features\-cheap\-trick\-hollywood\-bowl\-orchestra \|title\="SGT. PEPPER'S AT 40…A BEATLES CELEBRATION" FEATURES CHEAP TRICK WITH THE HOLLYWOOD BOWL ORCHESTRA \|publisher\=\[\[Hollywood Bowl]] \|access\-date\=August 8, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808155817/https://www.hollywoodbowl.com/press/sgt\-peppers\-40a\-beatles\-celebration\-features\-cheap\-trick\-hollywood\-bowl\-orchestra \|archive\-date\=August 8, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}
On April 24, 2008, Cheap Trick performed at Japan's [Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan "Nippon Budokan") arena in [Chiyoda, Tokyo](/wiki/Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo "Chiyoda, Tokyo"), for the 30th anniversary of the 1978 album *[Cheap Trick at Budokan](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_at_Budokan "Cheap Trick at Budokan")*.{{cite news\|last\=Brasor \|first\=Philip \|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/04/18/music/how\-cheap\-trick\-put\-the\-budokan\-on\-the\-map/\#.WWqEG\_krJQI \|title\=How Cheap Trick put the Budokan on the map \|work\=The Japan Times \|date\=April 18, 2008 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2014}}
Bun E. Carlos stopped touring and recording with the band, and officially left the band in 2010\. Rick Nielsen's son Daxx, who had filled in for Bun E. while he was recovering from back surgery in 2001, became the band's touring drummer.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-features/16\-things\-we\-learned\-hanging\-out\-with\-cheap\-trick\-191379/\|title\=16 Things We Learned Hanging Out With Cheap Trick\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|last\=Greene\|first\=Andy\|date\=April 11, 2016\|access\-date\=September 25, 2018}}{{cite web\|title\=Cheap Trick (and sons) rock Packard\|publisher\=The Vindicator\|date\=November 12, 2021\|url\=https://www.vindy.com/life/ticket/2021/11/cheap\-trick\-and\-sons\-rock\-packard/\|accessdate\=November 13, 2021\|author\=Gray, Andy}}
On July 17, 2011, at Canada's Bluesfest in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa"), Ontario, a thunderstorm blew through the festival area 20 minutes into the band's set. The band and crew were on the stage when, without warning, the 40\-ton roof fell. It fell away from the audience and landed on the band's truck, which was parked alongside the back of the stage. The van broke the fall and allowed everyone about 30 seconds to escape.{{cite news\|title\=Cheap Trick lobbies Congress to regulate temporary stages\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/10/03/cheap\-trick\-lobbies\-congress\-to\-regulate\-temporary\-stages/ \|work\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|date\=October 3, 2011}}
Carlos filed a lawsuit against his former bandmates in 2013\. He claimed that even though they claimed that he was departed from Cheap Trick, he was not being allowed to participate in band\-related activities, including recording. The remaining three members of Cheap Trick filed a countersuit, seeking a legal affirmation of their removal of Carlos. Their lawsuit was dismissed in late 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rttnews.com/2183231/cheap\-trick\-countersue\-bun\-e\-carlos.aspx \|title\=Cheap Trick Countersue Bun E. Carlos \|website\=Rttnews.com \|access\-date\=April 17, 2014}} The legal dispute was eventually settled. Following the settlement, Carlos did not record or tour with them. The three remaining members decided they would continue Cheap Trick as a trio.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rrstar.com/special/20160411/cheap\-trick\-new\-guy\-daxx\-nielsen\-has\-known\-bandmates\-his\-whole\-life\|title\=Cheap Trick: 'New Guy' Daxx Nielsen Has Known Bandmates His Whole Life\|work\=\[\[Rockford Register Star]]\|last\=Curry\|first\=Corina\|date\=April 11, 2016\|access\-date\=September 25, 2018}}{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/cheap\-tricks\-bun\-e\-carlos\-on\-possible\-rock\-hall\-reunion\-62942/\|title\=Cheap Trick's Bun E. Carlos on Possible Rock Hall Reunion \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|last\=Greene\|first\=Andy\|date\=December 22, 2015\|access\-date\=September 25, 2018}}
### Hall of Fame induction and later years (2016–present)
[alt\=Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander of Cheap Trick\|thumb\|Cheap Trick performs live at Rockfest 80's in [Pembroke Pines, Florida](/wiki/Pembroke_Pines%2C_Florida "Pembroke Pines, Florida") on November 4, 2017\.](/wiki/File:Cheap_Trick_live_at_Rockfest_80%27s_in_2017.jpg "Cheap Trick live at Rockfest 80's in 2017.jpg")
On April 1, 2016, the band released its first album in five years, *[Bang, Zoom, Crazy... Hello](/wiki/Bang%2C_Zoom%2C_Crazy..._Hello "Bang, Zoom, Crazy... Hello")*. They released a single, "No Direction Home," as a teaser for the album.{{cite web \|url\=http://chicagoist.com/2016/01/22/cheap\_trick\_announces\_1st\_album\_in.php \|title\=Here's A Glimpse Of Cheap Trick's First New Album In 5 Years \|publisher\=Chicagoist.com \|date\=January 22, 2016 \|access\-date\=January 22, 2016 \|author\=Tankboy \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124184223/http://chicagoist.com/2016/01/22/cheap\_trick\_announces\_1st\_album\_in.php \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2016 }} The album was the band's first record on a major label in 22 years. Daxx Nielsen played drums on the album.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kmuw.org/post/outlaw\-kids\-lambo\-doors\-and\-portugal\-man\|title\=Outlaw Kids, Lambo Doors And Portugal. The Man\|first\=Jedd\|last\=Beaudoin\|date\=June 23, 2017\|publisher\=\[\[KMUW]]}}
On April 8, 2016, Cheap Trick was inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rrstar.com/special/20160414/rockfords\-cheap\-trick\-big\-hit\-all\-over\-with\-rock\-and\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-induction\|title\=Rockford's Cheap Trick a big hit all over with Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction\|work\=Rockford Register Star\|last\=Braun\|first\=Georgette\|date\=April 14, 2016\|access\-date\=September 25, 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rock\-and\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-inducts\-nwa\-cheap\-trick\-chicago\-deep\-purple\-steve\-miller/\|title\=Rock Hall of Fame ceremony honors diverse acts \- then ends on sour note\|work\=CBS News\|date\=April 9, 2016\|access\-date\=September 25, 2018}}
On June 16, 2017, the band released the album *[We're All Alright!](/wiki/We%27re_All_Alright%21 "We're All Alright!")*.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7775662/cheap\-trick\-were\-all\-alright\-album\-long\-time\-coming \|title\=Cheap Trick Debuts 'Long Time Coming' Single From 'We're All Alright!' Album \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=April 27, 2017 \|access\-date\=April 28, 2017}} Daxx Nielsen played drums on the album.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2017/06/17/listen\-to\-cheap\-tricks\-high\-energy\-new\-album\-were\-all\-alright/\|title\=Listen to Cheap Trick's High\-Energy New Album, 'We're All Alright!'\|magazine\=Rock Cellar Magazine\|date\=June 17, 2017\|access\-date\=September 26, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111190339/https://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2017/06/17/listen\-to\-cheap\-tricks\-high\-energy\-new\-album\-were\-all\-alright/\|archive\-date\=January 11, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} In August 2017, the band appeared on [Insane Clown Posse](/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse "Insane Clown Posse")'s single "Black Blizzard".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.faygoluvers.net/v5/2017/08/insane\-clown\-posse\-black\-blizzard\-ft\-cheap\-trick/\|title\=Insane Clown Posse – "Black Blizzard" (ft. Cheap Trick) \|date\=August 13, 2017 \|publisher\=Faygoluvers.net\|access\-date\=August 17, 2017}} On October 20, 2017, the band released a Christmas album, *[Christmas Christmas](/wiki/Christmas_Christmas "Christmas Christmas")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/cheap\-trick\-christmas\-christmas\-album \|title\=Cheap Trick to Release 'Christmas Christmas' album \|publisher\=Ultimate Classic Rock \|date\=September 24, 2017 \|access\-date\=October 20, 2017}}
On January 29, 2021, Cheap Trick released the single "Light Up the Fire" in the run up to their album *In Another World*, due for release on April 9, 2021\.{{Cite web\|last\=Colothan\|first\=Scott\|date\=January 29, 2021\|title\=Cheap Trick reschedule tour \& premiere new song 'Light Up The Fire'\|url\=https://planetradio.co.uk/planet\-rock/news/rock\-news/cheap\-trick\-february\-uk\-tour/\|access\-date\=January 29, 2021\|website\=\[\[Planet Rock (radio station)\|Planet Rock]]}}
The band was announced as part of the 2021 Australian concert series, Under the Southern Stars, alongside [Bush](/wiki/Bush_%28British_band%29 "Bush (British band)") and [Stone Temple Pilots](/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots "Stone Temple Pilots"). They replaced original headliners [Live](/wiki/Live_%28band%29 "Live (band)") on the bill.{{cite web \|last1\=Langford \|first1\=Jackson \|title\=NEWS Cheap Trick Joins Under The Southern Stars' 2021 Lineup \|url\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/cheap\-trick\-joints\-under\-the\-southern\-stars\-2021\-lineup/ \|website\=Music Feeds \|date\=February 2, 2021 \|publisher\=Evolve Media \|access\-date\=February 3, 2021}} In April 2021, the concert series was postponed to 2022\.{{cite news \|last1\=Piovesan \|first1\=Anthony \|title\='We are upset': Festival forced to cancel for second year \|url\=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/music\-festivals/under\-the\-southern\-stars\-festival\-organisers\-cancel\-2021\-concert\-series\-over\-covid19\-fears/news\-story/2461e1fc66531931b3068286927c8003 \|access\-date\=April 21, 2021 \|work\=NewsComAu \|agency\=NCA NewsWire \|date\=April 21, 2021 \|language\=en}}
When Petersson was sidelined from touring in 2021 due to [open\-heart surgery](/wiki/Open-heart_surgery "Open-heart surgery"). Zander's son, Robin Taylor Zander, filled in for him on tour.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins and early years (1969–1977\\)",
"In 1967, [Rick Nielsen](/wiki/Rick_Nielsen \"Rick Nielsen\") formed [Fuse](/wiki/Fuse_%28band%29 \"Fuse (band)\") with Tom Peterson (later known as [Tom Petersson](/wiki/Tom_Petersson \"Tom Petersson\")), who had played in another [Rockford, Illinois](/wiki/Rockford%2C_Illinois \"Rockford, Illinois\"), band called The Bo Weevils.{{Cite book\\|first\\=Martin C. \\|last\\=Strong \\|year\\=2000 \\|title\\=The Great Rock Discography \\|edition\\=5th \\|publisher\\=Mojo Books \\|location\\=Edinburgh \\|pages\\=170–71 \\|isbn\\=1\\-84195\\-017\\-3}} With [Bun E. Carlos](/wiki/Bun_E._Carlos \"Bun E. Carlos\") joining on drums, Fuse moved to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") in 1971\\. From 1972 to 1973, they called themselves Sick Man of Europe. After a European tour in 1973, Nielsen and Petersson returned to Rockford and reunited with Carlos.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nazz biography \\|publisher\\=Technicolor Web of Sound\\|url\\=http://www.techwebsound.com/playlistdetail.cfm?artist\\=381}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Cheap Trick line\\-up history \\|publisher\\=Classic Webs \\|url\\=http://www.classicwebs.com/cheaptrk.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024144442/http://www.classicwebs.com/cheaptrk.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=October 24, 2014}} According to *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*, the band adopted the name Cheap Trick on August 15, 1973\\.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/inside\\-cheap\\-tricks\\-unlikely\\-renaissance\\-194122/ \\|title\\=Inside Cheap Trick's Unlikely Renaissance \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|last\\=Greene \\|first\\=Andy \\|date\\=April 8, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2018}} The name was inspired by the band's attendance at a [Slade](/wiki/Slade \"Slade\") concert, where Petersson commented that Slade used \"every cheap trick in the book\" as part of their act.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://blogcritics.org/music/article/music\\-review\\-cheap\\-trick\\-the\\-latest1/ \\|title\\=Music Review: Cheap Trick – The Latest\\|publisher\\=BlogCritics.org \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028195802/http://blogcritics.org/music/article/music\\-review\\-cheap\\-trick\\-the\\-latest1/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 28, 2011}}",
"Randy \"Xeno\" Hogan was the original lead singer for Cheap Trick. He left the band shortly after its formation and was replaced by [Robin Zander](/wiki/Robin_Zander \"Robin Zander\").{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock]]\\|editor\\=\\[\\[Colin Larkin (writer)\\|Colin Larkin]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Virgin Books]]\\|date\\=1999\\|edition\\=First\\|isbn\\=0\\-7535\\-0257\\-7\\|page\\=95/6}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Nielsen and Petersson performing in 1977](/wiki/File:CheapTrick1977.jpg \"CheapTrick1977.jpg\")\nWith Robin Zander on vocals, the band recorded a demo in 1975 and played in warehouses, bowling alleys, and various other venues around the [midwestern United States](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States \"Midwestern United States\"). The band was signed to [Epic Records](/wiki/Epic_Records \"Epic Records\") in early 1976\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} The band released its first album, *[Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_%281977_album%29 \"Cheap Trick (1977 album)\")*, in early 1977\\. While favored by critics, the album did not sell well. The album's lone single, \"[Oh, Candy](/wiki/Oh%2C_Candy \"Oh, Candy\")\", failed to chart, as did the album. Their second album, *[In Color](/wiki/In_Color_%28album%29 \"In Color (album)\")*, was released later that year. The singles \"[I Want You to Want Me](/wiki/I_Want_You_to_Want_Me \"I Want You to Want Me\")\" and \"[Southern Girls](/wiki/Southern_Girls \"Southern Girls\")\" failed to chart. *In Color* was ranked No. 443 on the 2012 edition of [Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time \"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-lists/500\\-greatest\\-albums\\-of\\-all\\-time\\-156826/cheap\\-trick\\-in\\-color\\-36658/ \\|title\\=Cheap Trick, 'In Color' \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=May 31, 2012}}",
"### Budokan brings success (1978–1980\\)",
"When Cheap Trick toured in Japan for the first time in April 1978, they were received with a frenzy reminiscent of [Beatlemania](/wiki/Beatlemania \"Beatlemania\").{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Cheap Trick Biography \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/cheap\\-trick/biography\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505003139/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/cheap\\-trick/biography\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2017}} During the tour, Cheap Trick recorded two concerts at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan \"Nippon Budokan\"). Ten tracks taken from both shows were compiled and released as a live album titled *[Cheap Trick at Budokan](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_at_Budokan \"Cheap Trick at Budokan\")*, which was intended to be exclusive to Japan.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Marsh\\|first\\=Dave\\|title\\=Cheap Trick: Dream Police\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|issue\\=305 \\|date\\=November 29, 1979 \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/dream\\-police\\-19791129\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2017}}",
"The band's third studio album, *[Heaven Tonight](/wiki/Heaven_Tonight \"Heaven Tonight\")* was released in May 1978\\. The lead\\-off track \"[Surrender](/wiki/Surrender_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Surrender (Cheap Trick song)\")\" was Cheap Trick's first single to chart in the United States, peaking at No. 62\\. It has gone on to become one of the band's signature songs.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Zander and Petersson performing in 1978](/wiki/File:Cheaptrick1.jpg \"Cheaptrick1.jpg\")\nDemand for *Cheap Trick at Budokan* became so great that Epic Records finally released the album in the U.S. in February 1979\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} *Cheap Trick at Budokan* launched the band into international stardom, and the album went [triple platinum](/wiki/Triple_platinum \"Triple platinum\") in the United States.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cheap Trick – At Budokan (album) \\|publisher\\=SwissCharts.com \\|url\\=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?key\\=40527\\&cat\\=a \\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2007}} The first single from the album was the live version of \"I Want You to Want Me\", which had originally been released on *In Color*. It reached No. 7 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\"), and became Cheap Trick's best\\-selling single to date.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/cheap\\-trick\\|title\\=Cheap Trick\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]}} The second single, \"[Ain't That a Shame](/wiki/Ain%27t_That_a_Shame \"Ain't That a Shame\")\", peaked at No. 35\\. \"[Need Your Love](/wiki/Need_Your_Love_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Need Your Love (Cheap Trick song)\")\" had already been recorded for the forthcoming *[Dream Police](/wiki/Dream_Police \"Dream Police\")* album that had already been finished, but after the unprecedented success of *Cheap Trick at Budokan*, Epic postponed the album's release.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}",
"*Dream Police* was released later in 1979, and was their third album in a row produced by Tom Werman. The [title track](/wiki/Dream_Police_%28song%29 \"Dream Police (song)\") of the album was a hit single, as was \"[Voices](/wiki/Voices_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Voices (Cheap Trick song)\")\". *Dream Police* also found the band taking its style in a more experimental direction by incorporating strings and dabbling in [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") on tracks like \"Gonna Raise Hell\". By 1980, Cheap Trick was headlining arenas.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}",
"On August 26, 1980, Petersson left the group to record a solo album with his wife Dagmar, using the band name Another Language. [Jon Brant](/wiki/Jon_Brant \"Jon Brant\") became Petersson's steady replacement, after a year of Cheap Trick touring and recording with Pete Comita.",
"*[All Shook Up](/wiki/All_Shook_Up_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 \"All Shook Up (Cheap Trick album)\")* (1980\\), produced by former Beatles producer [George Martin](/wiki/George_Martin \"George Martin\"), reached No. 24 on the charts and was certified gold. However, the album's high\\-class background did not save it from descriptions like \"[Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") gone psycho\".{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Fricke \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Cheap Trick: All Shook Up \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|issue\\=339 \\|date\\=March 19, 1981 \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/all\\-shook\\-up\\-19810319 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2017}}",
"### 1980s struggles (1981–1986\\)",
"In July 1981, CBS Inc. sued Cheap Trick and their manager Ken Adamany for $10 million, alleging they were attempting to coerce CBS into re\\-negotiating their contract and had refused to record any new material for the label since October 1980\\. The lawsuit was settled in early 1982 and work commenced on the next album: *[One on One](/wiki/One_on_One_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 \"One on One (Cheap Trick album)\")*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} The album spawned two minor hits with the power ballad \"[If You Want My Love](/wiki/If_You_Want_My_Love \"If You Want My Love\")\" (which peaked at no. 45\\) and the innuendo\\-laced rocker \"[She's Tight](/wiki/She%27s_Tight \"She's Tight\")\" (which peaked at no. 65\\).",
"Cheap Trick released *[Next Position Please](/wiki/Next_Position_Please \"Next Position Please\")* in 1983\\. The album's two singles, \"[Dancing the Night Away](/wiki/Dancing_the_Night_Away%23Cheap_Trick_version \"Dancing the Night Away#Cheap Trick version\")\" and \"[I Can't Take It](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Take_It_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"I Can't Take It (Cheap Trick song)\"),\" failed to chart.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/a\\-slowdown\\-in\\-hits\\-from\\-cheap\\-trick\\-i\\-cant\\-take\\-it/2306497/\\|title\\=A slowdown in hits from Cheap Trick? I can't take it!\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]]\\|last\\=Wuench \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=December 15, 2016}} In the same year, Cheap Trick performed two songs for the soundtrack of the adult animated film *[Rock \\& Rule](/wiki/Rock_%26_Rule \"Rock & Rule\")*, which became a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic \"Cult classic\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.laweekly.com/rock\\-rule\\-blu\\-ray\\-release\\-debbie\\-harry\\-and\\-cheap\\-trick\\-vs\\-cartoon\\-guitar\\-mutants\\-and\\-lou\\-reed/\\|title\\=Rock \\& Rule Blu\\-Ray Release: Debbie Harry and Cheap Trick vs. Cartoon Guitar Mutants (and Lou Reed!)\\|date\\=November 10, 2010\\|author\\=Connell J., Sean\\|website\\=LA Weekly.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 2, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085905/https://www.laweekly.com/rock\\-rule\\-blu\\-ray\\-release\\-debbie\\-harry\\-and\\-cheap\\-trick\\-vs\\-cartoon\\-guitar\\-mutants\\-and\\-lou\\-reed/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 1984, the band recorded the [title track](/wiki/Up_the_Creek_%28song%29 \"Up the Creek (song)\") to the [Tim Matheson](/wiki/Tim_Matheson \"Tim Matheson\") comedy *[Up The Creek](/wiki/Up_the_Creek_%281984_film%29 \"Up the Creek (1984 film)\")*, which Nielsen later called \"one of the worst\" songs he'd ever written.{{cite news\\|last\\=Krewson \\|first\\=John \\|url\\=http://www.avclub.com/article/cheap\\-trick\\-13461 \\|title\\=Cheap Trick \\|newspaper\\=The A.V. Club \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2017}}",
"The band released *[Standing on the Edge](/wiki/Standing_on_the_Edge_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 \"Standing on the Edge (Cheap Trick album)\")* in 1985\\. This album was called their \"best collection of bubblegum bazooka rock in years\".{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Fricke \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Cheap Trick: Standing on the Edge \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|issue\\=458 \\|date\\=October 10, 1985 \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/standing\\-on\\-the\\-edge\\-19851010 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2017}} The album's first single, \"[Tonight It's You](/wiki/Tonight_It%27s_You \"Tonight It's You\")\", reached No. 8 on *Billboard*{{'}}s [Top Rock Tracks](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 \"Mainstream Rock (chart)\") chart.",
"In 1986, the band recorded \"[Mighty Wings](/wiki/Mighty_Wings \"Mighty Wings\")\", the end\\-title cut for the film *[Top Gun](/wiki/Top_Gun \"Top Gun\")*. They then released *[The Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 \"The Doctor (Cheap Trick album)\")* in the fall. The album's lone single, \"[It's Only Love](/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"It's Only Love (Cheap Trick song)\")\", failed to chart. The music video for \"It's Only Love\" made history as the first music video to use captioning for hearing\\-impaired persons.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NUUEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=cheap\\+trick\\+it%27s\\+only\\+love\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA53 \\|title\\=Billboard – Google Books \\|date\\=December 6, 1986 \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2012\\|page\\=53}} *The Doctor* turned out to be the band's final album with Jon Brant as bassist.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}",
"### Popular resurgence (1987–1989\\)",
"Petersson rejoined the group in 1987{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/lake\\-county\\-news\\-sun/lifestyles/ct\\-lns\\-cheap\\-trick\\-st\\-0303\\-20170223\\-story.html\\|title\\=Cheap Trick's bass player talks music, luck, family\\|first\\=Sheryl\\|last\\=DeVore\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]}} and helped record 1988's *[Lap of Luxury](/wiki/Lap_of_Luxury \"Lap of Luxury\")*, produced by [Richie Zito](/wiki/Richie_Zito \"Richie Zito\"). Due to the band's commercial decline, Epic Records insisted that the band collaborate with professional songwriters on the album. Nielsen said, \"*Lap of Luxury* was a tough record to make. We could lie to you and tell you it was all wonderful and great. It wasn't. It was tough working with other writers. But it was a lesson for us.\"*Billboard*, \"Talent: Cheap Trick offers new audio treat,\" Ed Christman, October 6, 1990, page 32",
"\"[The Flame](/wiki/The_Flame_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"The Flame (Cheap Trick song)\")\", a ballad, was issued as the first single from the album, and became the band's first\\-ever No. 1 hit. The second single, a cover of [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\")'s \"[Don't Be Cruel](/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Cruel \"Don't Be Cruel\")\", peaked at no. 4\\. This song also reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 list in 1988\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=tolsen \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-02 \\|title\\=Billboard Hot 100™ \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot\\-100/1988\\-09\\-24/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|website\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The other singles from the album were \"[Ghost Town](/wiki/Ghost_Town_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Ghost Town (Cheap Trick song)\")\", \"[Never Had a Lot to Lose](/wiki/Never_Had_a_Lot_to_Lose \"Never Had a Lot to Lose\")\", and \"[Let Go](/wiki/Let_Go_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Let Go (Cheap Trick song)\")\"; \"Ghost Town\" and \"Never Had a Lot to Lose\" also charted. *Lap of Luxury* went [platinum](/wiki/Platinum_certification \"Platinum certification\") and became recognized as the band's comeback album.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/cheap\\-trick\\-lap\\-of\\-luxury/\\|title\\=30 Years Ago: Cheap Trick Make a Comeback With 'Lap of Luxury'\\|first\\=Dave\\|last\\=Swanson\\|date\\=April 12, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Ultimate Classic Rock}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.classicrockreview.com/2013/07/1988\\-cheap\\-trick\\-lol/\\|title\\=Lap of Luxury by Cheap Trick\\|date\\=July 25, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Classic Rock Review}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/lap\\-of\\-luxury\\-mw0000651929\\|title\\=Lap of Luxury \\- Cheap Trick \\- Songs, Reviews, Credits\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AllMusic.com]]}} *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* commented: \"After a long hitless streak, Cheap Trick brings it all back home. This is the quartet's punchiest effort since its mid\\-'70s heyday.\"Haring, Bruce, Gett, Steve (July 9, 1988\\). \"Talent: 'Lap' splash no cheap trick\". *Billboard* p. 20\\.",
"### Transitions (1990–2015\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Cheap Trick performing in Baltimore, August 4, 2007](/wiki/File:Cheap_Trick_live_2007.jpg \"Cheap Trick live 2007.jpg\")",
"*[Busted](/wiki/Busted_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 \"Busted (Cheap Trick album)\")* was released in 1990\\. The band was allowed more creative control, and professional songwriters were only used on a handful of songs. The first single, \"Can't Stop Falling Into Love\", reached {{Numero\\|12}} on the *Billboard* Hot 100,{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/cheap\\-trick/chart\\-history/hsi/ \\|title\\=Cheap Trick Chart History \\- Hot 100 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2019}} and {{Numero\\|4}} on the [Album Rock Tracks chart](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 \"Mainstream Rock (chart)\"). The second single, the [Diane Warren](/wiki/Diane_Warren \"Diane Warren\")\\-penned \"[Wherever Would I Be](/wiki/Wherever_Would_I_Be \"Wherever Would I Be\")\", reached {{Numero\\|50}} on the charts.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/cheap\\-trick/chart\\-history/hsi/ \\|title\\=Cheap Trick Wherever Would I Be Chart History \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2019}} The single \"If You Need Me\" was not successful, although the track \"Back 'n Blue\" reached {{Numero\\|32}} on the U.S. *Billboard* [Album Rock Tracks chart](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_%28chart%29 \"Mainstream Rock (chart)\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/cheap\\-trick/chart\\-history/rtt/ \\|title\\=Cheap Trick Chart History \\- Mainstream Rock Songs \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2019}}",
"In 1991, Cheap Trick's *[The Greatest Hits](/wiki/The_Greatest_Hits_%28Cheap_Trick_album%29 \"The Greatest Hits (Cheap Trick album)\")* was released.",
"The group left Epic after the disappointing sales of *Busted* to sign with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records \"Warner Bros. Records\"). In 1994, the band released *[Woke Up with a Monster](/wiki/Woke_Up_with_a_Monster \"Woke Up with a Monster\")*. The album's title track was issued as the first single and reached No. 16 on the US Mainstream Rock charts. The album's sales were poor, and it peaked at only No. 123\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}",
"In 1997, Cheap Trick signed with indie label Red Ant Records and released *[Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_%281997_album%29 \"Cheap Trick (1997 album)\")*. The band attempted to re\\-introduce themselves to a new generation, as the album was self\\-titled and the artwork was similar to their first album which had been released twenty years before.{{cite web \\|title\\=Tom Werman blog \\|date\\=June 11, 2009 \\|publisher\\=Popdose.com \\|url\\=http://popdose.com/the\\-producers\\-oysters\\-cheap\\-tricks\\-and\\-jake\\-elwood\\-blues/\\#more\\-20497 \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2010}} The album was critically acclaimed and hailed as a return to form. Eleven weeks after the release, Red Ant's parent company Alliance Entertainment Corporation declared [Chapter 11 bankruptcy](/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy \"Chapter 11 bankruptcy\"). The single \"[Say Goodbye](/wiki/Say_Goodbye_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Say Goodbye (Cheap Trick song)\")\" only reached No. 119 on the charts, and the band again found themselves without a record label. Two other singles were released from the album, \"Baby No More\" and \"[Carnival Game](/wiki/Carnival_Game_%28song%29 \"Carnival Game (song)\")\".{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}",
"Cheap Trick began to rebuild in 1998\\. The band toured behind the release of *Cheap Trick at Budokan: The Complete Concert*, and the [remastered](/wiki/Remaster \"Remaster\") re\\-issues of the band's first three albums. One of the multi\\-night stands from this tour resulted in *[Music for Hangovers](/wiki/Music_for_Hangovers \"Music for Hangovers\")*, a live album that featured members of [the Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins \"The Smashing Pumpkins\") on two tracks. In 1999, the band recorded a cover of [Big Star's](/wiki/Big_Star \"Big Star\") 1972 song \"[In the Street](/wiki/In_the_Street_%28song%29 \"In the Street (song)\")\" that was used as the theme song for the [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") sitcom *[That '70s Show](/wiki/That_%2770s_Show \"That '70s Show\")*. Cheap Trick ended the song with the lyric \"We're all all right,\" which was drawn from their own 1978 song \"[Surrender](/wiki/Surrender_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Surrender (Cheap Trick song)\")\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-lists/readers\\-poll\\-the\\-best\\-television\\-theme\\-songs\\-23185/7\\-that\\-70s\\-show\\-in\\-the\\-street\\-32090/\\|title\\=Readers Poll: The Best Television Theme Songs\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=September 21, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2018}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Vocalist [Robin Zander](/wiki/Robin_Zander \"Robin Zander\") performing at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park \"Gulfstream Park\") in 1999\\.](/wiki/File:Cheap_Trick_at_Gulfstream_Park_-_Robin_Zander.jpg \"Cheap Trick at Gulfstream Park - Robin Zander.jpg\") \nAfter spending much of 2001 writing songs and about six weeks in pre\\-production, Cheap Trick went into [Bearsville Studios](/wiki/Bearsville_Studios \"Bearsville Studios\") in [Woodstock, New York](/wiki/Woodstock%2C_New_York \"Woodstock, New York\"), in March 2002, where they recorded their first studio album in six years, *[Special One](/wiki/Special_One \"Special One\")* in May 2003\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}",
"Cheap Trick released *[Rockford](/wiki/Rockford_%28album%29 \"Rockford (album)\")* on Cheap Trick Unlimited/Big3 Records in 2006\\. The first single from the album was \"[Perfect Stranger](/wiki/Perfect_Stranger_%28Cheap_Trick_song%29 \"Perfect Stranger (Cheap Trick song)\")\" (produced by [Linda Perry](/wiki/Linda_Perry \"Linda Perry\") and co\\-written by Cheap Trick and Perry). The band also appeared in a [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") advertising campaign called \"This Is Your Wake\\-Up Call\" featuring the band.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.podshowradio.com/?p\\=38 \\|title\\=Podshow Radio \\|publisher\\=Podshow Radio \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227151328/http://www.podshowradio.com/?p\\=38 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2012}}\n[thumb\\|318x318px\\|Guitarist [Rick Nielsen](/wiki/Rick_Nielsen \"Rick Nielsen\") in 2007 .](/wiki/File:Rick_Nielsen_playing_1983_Hamer_Uncle_Dick.jpg \"Rick Nielsen playing 1983 Hamer Uncle Dick.jpg\")\nIn 2007, officials of Rockford, Illinois, honored Cheap Trick by reproducing the *Rockford* album cover art on that year's city vehicle sticker. On June 19, 2007, the [Illinois Senate](/wiki/Illinois_Senate \"Illinois Senate\") passed Senate Resolution 255, which designated April 1 of every year as Cheap Trick Day in the State of Illinois.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ilga.gov/senate/journals/95/2007/SJ095057R.pdf \\|title\\=Senate Journal : State of Illinois : Ninety\\-Fifth General Assembly: 2007 \\|publisher\\=Ilga.gov \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2012}} In August of that year, Cheap Trick honored the 40th anniversary of *[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band](/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\")* by playing the album in its entirety with the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, conducted by Edwin Outwater, along with guest vocalists including [Joan Osborne](/wiki/Joan_Osborne \"Joan Osborne\") and [Aimee Mann](/wiki/Aimee_Mann \"Aimee Mann\").{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodbowl.com/press/sgt\\-peppers\\-40a\\-beatles\\-celebration\\-features\\-cheap\\-trick\\-hollywood\\-bowl\\-orchestra \\|title\\=\"SGT. PEPPER'S AT 40…A BEATLES CELEBRATION\" FEATURES CHEAP TRICK WITH THE HOLLYWOOD BOWL ORCHESTRA \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hollywood Bowl]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808155817/https://www.hollywoodbowl.com/press/sgt\\-peppers\\-40a\\-beatles\\-celebration\\-features\\-cheap\\-trick\\-hollywood\\-bowl\\-orchestra \\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On April 24, 2008, Cheap Trick performed at Japan's [Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan \"Nippon Budokan\") arena in [Chiyoda, Tokyo](/wiki/Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo \"Chiyoda, Tokyo\"), for the 30th anniversary of the 1978 album *[Cheap Trick at Budokan](/wiki/Cheap_Trick_at_Budokan \"Cheap Trick at Budokan\")*.{{cite news\\|last\\=Brasor \\|first\\=Philip \\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2008/04/18/music/how\\-cheap\\-trick\\-put\\-the\\-budokan\\-on\\-the\\-map/\\#.WWqEG\\_krJQI \\|title\\=How Cheap Trick put the Budokan on the map \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|date\\=April 18, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2014}}",
"Bun E. Carlos stopped touring and recording with the band, and officially left the band in 2010\\. Rick Nielsen's son Daxx, who had filled in for Bun E. while he was recovering from back surgery in 2001, became the band's touring drummer.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-features/16\\-things\\-we\\-learned\\-hanging\\-out\\-with\\-cheap\\-trick\\-191379/\\|title\\=16 Things We Learned Hanging Out With Cheap Trick\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|last\\=Greene\\|first\\=Andy\\|date\\=April 11, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2018}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Cheap Trick (and sons) rock Packard\\|publisher\\=The Vindicator\\|date\\=November 12, 2021\\|url\\=https://www.vindy.com/life/ticket/2021/11/cheap\\-trick\\-and\\-sons\\-rock\\-packard/\\|accessdate\\=November 13, 2021\\|author\\=Gray, Andy}}",
"On July 17, 2011, at Canada's Bluesfest in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\"), Ontario, a thunderstorm blew through the festival area 20 minutes into the band's set. The band and crew were on the stage when, without warning, the 40\\-ton roof fell. It fell away from the audience and landed on the band's truck, which was parked alongside the back of the stage. The van broke the fall and allowed everyone about 30 seconds to escape.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cheap Trick lobbies Congress to regulate temporary stages\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/10/03/cheap\\-trick\\-lobbies\\-congress\\-to\\-regulate\\-temporary\\-stages/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|date\\=October 3, 2011}}",
"Carlos filed a lawsuit against his former bandmates in 2013\\. He claimed that even though they claimed that he was departed from Cheap Trick, he was not being allowed to participate in band\\-related activities, including recording. The remaining three members of Cheap Trick filed a countersuit, seeking a legal affirmation of their removal of Carlos. Their lawsuit was dismissed in late 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rttnews.com/2183231/cheap\\-trick\\-countersue\\-bun\\-e\\-carlos.aspx \\|title\\=Cheap Trick Countersue Bun E. Carlos \\|website\\=Rttnews.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2014}} The legal dispute was eventually settled. Following the settlement, Carlos did not record or tour with them. The three remaining members decided they would continue Cheap Trick as a trio.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rrstar.com/special/20160411/cheap\\-trick\\-new\\-guy\\-daxx\\-nielsen\\-has\\-known\\-bandmates\\-his\\-whole\\-life\\|title\\=Cheap Trick: 'New Guy' Daxx Nielsen Has Known Bandmates His Whole Life\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rockford Register Star]]\\|last\\=Curry\\|first\\=Corina\\|date\\=April 11, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2018}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/cheap\\-tricks\\-bun\\-e\\-carlos\\-on\\-possible\\-rock\\-hall\\-reunion\\-62942/\\|title\\=Cheap Trick's Bun E. Carlos on Possible Rock Hall Reunion \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|last\\=Greene\\|first\\=Andy\\|date\\=December 22, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2018}}",
"### Hall of Fame induction and later years (2016–present)",
"[alt\\=Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander of Cheap Trick\\|thumb\\|Cheap Trick performs live at Rockfest 80's in [Pembroke Pines, Florida](/wiki/Pembroke_Pines%2C_Florida \"Pembroke Pines, Florida\") on November 4, 2017\\.](/wiki/File:Cheap_Trick_live_at_Rockfest_80%27s_in_2017.jpg \"Cheap Trick live at Rockfest 80's in 2017.jpg\") \nOn April 1, 2016, the band released its first album in five years, *[Bang, Zoom, Crazy... Hello](/wiki/Bang%2C_Zoom%2C_Crazy..._Hello \"Bang, Zoom, Crazy... Hello\")*. They released a single, \"No Direction Home,\" as a teaser for the album.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://chicagoist.com/2016/01/22/cheap\\_trick\\_announces\\_1st\\_album\\_in.php \\|title\\=Here's A Glimpse Of Cheap Trick's First New Album In 5 Years \\|publisher\\=Chicagoist.com \\|date\\=January 22, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016 \\|author\\=Tankboy \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124184223/http://chicagoist.com/2016/01/22/cheap\\_trick\\_announces\\_1st\\_album\\_in.php \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2016 }} The album was the band's first record on a major label in 22 years. Daxx Nielsen played drums on the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kmuw.org/post/outlaw\\-kids\\-lambo\\-doors\\-and\\-portugal\\-man\\|title\\=Outlaw Kids, Lambo Doors And Portugal. The Man\\|first\\=Jedd\\|last\\=Beaudoin\\|date\\=June 23, 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KMUW]]}}",
"On April 8, 2016, Cheap Trick was inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rrstar.com/special/20160414/rockfords\\-cheap\\-trick\\-big\\-hit\\-all\\-over\\-with\\-rock\\-and\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-induction\\|title\\=Rockford's Cheap Trick a big hit all over with Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction\\|work\\=Rockford Register Star\\|last\\=Braun\\|first\\=Georgette\\|date\\=April 14, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rock\\-and\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-inducts\\-nwa\\-cheap\\-trick\\-chicago\\-deep\\-purple\\-steve\\-miller/\\|title\\=Rock Hall of Fame ceremony honors diverse acts \\- then ends on sour note\\|work\\=CBS News\\|date\\=April 9, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2018}}",
"On June 16, 2017, the band released the album *[We're All Alright!](/wiki/We%27re_All_Alright%21 \"We're All Alright!\")*.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7775662/cheap\\-trick\\-were\\-all\\-alright\\-album\\-long\\-time\\-coming \\|title\\=Cheap Trick Debuts 'Long Time Coming' Single From 'We're All Alright!' Album \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=April 27, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2017}} Daxx Nielsen played drums on the album.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2017/06/17/listen\\-to\\-cheap\\-tricks\\-high\\-energy\\-new\\-album\\-were\\-all\\-alright/\\|title\\=Listen to Cheap Trick's High\\-Energy New Album, 'We're All Alright!'\\|magazine\\=Rock Cellar Magazine\\|date\\=June 17, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111190339/https://www.rockcellarmagazine.com/2017/06/17/listen\\-to\\-cheap\\-tricks\\-high\\-energy\\-new\\-album\\-were\\-all\\-alright/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In August 2017, the band appeared on [Insane Clown Posse](/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse \"Insane Clown Posse\")'s single \"Black Blizzard\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.faygoluvers.net/v5/2017/08/insane\\-clown\\-posse\\-black\\-blizzard\\-ft\\-cheap\\-trick/\\|title\\=Insane Clown Posse – \"Black Blizzard\" (ft. Cheap Trick) \\|date\\=August 13, 2017 \\|publisher\\=Faygoluvers.net\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2017}} On October 20, 2017, the band released a Christmas album, *[Christmas Christmas](/wiki/Christmas_Christmas \"Christmas Christmas\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/cheap\\-trick\\-christmas\\-christmas\\-album \\|title\\=Cheap Trick to Release 'Christmas Christmas' album \\|publisher\\=Ultimate Classic Rock \\|date\\=September 24, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2017}}",
"On January 29, 2021, Cheap Trick released the single \"Light Up the Fire\" in the run up to their album *In Another World*, due for release on April 9, 2021\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Colothan\\|first\\=Scott\\|date\\=January 29, 2021\\|title\\=Cheap Trick reschedule tour \\& premiere new song 'Light Up The Fire'\\|url\\=https://planetradio.co.uk/planet\\-rock/news/rock\\-news/cheap\\-trick\\-february\\-uk\\-tour/\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Planet Rock (radio station)\\|Planet Rock]]}}",
"The band was announced as part of the 2021 Australian concert series, Under the Southern Stars, alongside [Bush](/wiki/Bush_%28British_band%29 \"Bush (British band)\") and [Stone Temple Pilots](/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots \"Stone Temple Pilots\"). They replaced original headliners [Live](/wiki/Live_%28band%29 \"Live (band)\") on the bill.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Langford \\|first1\\=Jackson \\|title\\=NEWS Cheap Trick Joins Under The Southern Stars' 2021 Lineup \\|url\\=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/cheap\\-trick\\-joints\\-under\\-the\\-southern\\-stars\\-2021\\-lineup/ \\|website\\=Music Feeds \\|date\\=February 2, 2021 \\|publisher\\=Evolve Media \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2021}} In April 2021, the concert series was postponed to 2022\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Piovesan \\|first1\\=Anthony \\|title\\='We are upset': Festival forced to cancel for second year \\|url\\=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/music\\-festivals/under\\-the\\-southern\\-stars\\-festival\\-organisers\\-cancel\\-2021\\-concert\\-series\\-over\\-covid19\\-fears/news\\-story/2461e1fc66531931b3068286927c8003 \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2021 \\|work\\=NewsComAu \\|agency\\=NCA NewsWire \\|date\\=April 21, 2021 \\|language\\=en}}",
"When Petersson was sidelined from touring in 2021 due to [open\\-heart surgery](/wiki/Open-heart_surgery \"Open-heart surgery\"). Zander's son, Robin Taylor Zander, filled in for him on tour.",
""
] |
Founding and settlement by Europeans
------------------------------------
[left\|thumb\|[Newcastle Government House](/wiki/Newcastle_Government_House "Newcastle Government House") in January 1820](/wiki/File:Government_House_Newcastle.jpg "Government House Newcastle.jpg")
The first European to explore the area was Lieutenant [John Shortland](/wiki/John_Shortland "John Shortland") in September 1797\. His discovery of the area was largely accidental; as he had been sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized {{HMS\|Cumberland\|1774\|6}} as she was sailing from [Sydney Cove](/wiki/Sydney_Cove "Sydney Cove").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover\_newcastle/visit\_our\_libraries/discovery\_and\_founding\_of\_newcastle\|title\=Discovery and founding of Newcastle\|publisher\=\[\[Newcastle City Council]]\|access\-date\=2008\-09\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724032922/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover\_newcastle/visit\_our\_libraries/discovery\_and\_founding\_of\_newcastle\|archive\-date\=2008\-07\-24\|url\-status\=dead}}
While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he later described as "a very fine coal river", which he named after New South Wales' Governor, [John Hunter](/wiki/John_Hunter_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/new\-south\-wales/newcastle/2005/02/17/1108500198331\.html\|title\=Newcastle\|publisher\=\[\[Sydney Morning Herald]]\|date\=2004\-02\-08\|access\-date\=2008\-09\-24}} He returned with reports of the deep\-water port and the area's abundant coal. Over the next two years, [coal](/wiki/Coal "Coal") mined from the area was the [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") colony's first export.
[thumb\|The Coal River or Port of Newcastle New South Wales](/wiki/File:Coal_River_or_Port_of_Newcastle.jpg "Coal River or Port of Newcastle.jpg")
Newcastle gained a reputation as a "hellhole" as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes.
By the turn of the century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by diverse groups of men, including coal diggers, timber\-cutters, and more escaped convicts. [Philip Gidley King](/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King "Philip Gidley King"), the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, decided on a more positive approach to exploit the now obvious natural resources of the [Hunter Valley](/wiki/Hunter_Valley "Hunter Valley").
In 1801, a convict camp called King's Town (named after Governor King) was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney. This settlement closed less than a year later.
A settlement was again attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, after [England's famous coal port](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne"). The name first appeared by the commission issued by Governor King on 15 March 1804 to Lieutenant [Charles Menzies](/wiki/Charles_Menzies_%28commandant%29 "Charles Menzies (commandant)") of the [Royal Marines](/wiki/Royal_Marines "Royal Marines"), appointing him superintendent of the new settlement.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/coalriver/pdf/sg25thmarch1804\.pdf \|title\=Sydney Gazette \|date\=1804\-03\-25 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725070335/http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/coalriver/pdf/sg25thmarch1804\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-07\-25 }}
The new settlement, comprising [convicts](/wiki/Convict "Convict") and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships: {{HMS\|Lady Nelson\|1798\|6}}, the *Resource* and the *James*.{{cite book\|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7509\|title\=The Logbooks of the Lady Nelson by Ida Lee\|author\=Ida Lee\|publisher\=\[\[Project Gutenberg]]\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-02}} The convicts were rebels from the 1804 [Castle Hill convict rebellion](/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion "Castle Hill convict rebellion").
The link with [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne"), UK, its namesake and also from whence many of the 19th century coal miners came, is still obvious in some of the place\-names – such as [Jesmond](/wiki/Jesmond%2C_New_South_Wales "Jesmond, New South Wales"), [Hexham](/wiki/Hexham%2C_New_South_Wales "Hexham, New South Wales"), [Wickham](/wiki/Wickham%2C_New_South_Wales "Wickham, New South Wales"), [Wallsend](/wiki/Wallsend%2C_New_South_Wales "Wallsend, New South Wales") and [Gateshead](/wiki/Gateshead%2C_New_South_Wales "Gateshead, New South Wales"). [Morpeth, New South Wales](/wiki/Morpeth%2C_New_South_Wales "Morpeth, New South Wales") is a similar distance north of Newcastle as [Morpeth, Northumberland](/wiki/Morpeth%2C_Northumberland "Morpeth, Northumberland") is north of Newcastle upon Tyne.
[thumb\|[Christ Church Cathedral](/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle "Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle") dominates the skyline of Newcastle.](/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_Newcastle_NSW.jpg "Christ Church Cathedral Newcastle NSW.jpg")
Under Captain [James Wallis](/wiki/James_Wallis_%28British_Army_officer%29 "James Wallis (British Army officer)"), commandant from 1816 to 1818, the convicts' conditions improved, and a building boom began. Captain Wallis laid out the streets of the town, built the first church of the site of the present [Christ Church Cathedral](/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle "Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle"), erected the old gaol on the seashore, and began work on the breakwater which now joins [Nobbys Head](/wiki/Nobbys_Head "Nobbys Head") to the mainland. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only (a much reinforced) breakwater survives. During this period, in 1816, the [first school](/wiki/Christ_Church_School_%28Colony_of_NSW%29 "Christ Church School (Colony of NSW)") was built in Newcastle.
Newcastle remained a penal settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/north\-road/information.html\|title\=Old Great North Road more information\|publisher\=\[\[Government of Australia\|Australian Government]]\|access\-date\=2008\-09\-24}} As a penal colony, the military rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners' Bay, on the inner side of [Stockton](/wiki/Stockton%2C_New_South_Wales "Stockton, New South Wales") peninsula. There, convicts were sent to burn oyster shells for making lime.
Military rule in Newcastle ended in 1823\. Prisoner numbers were reduced to 100 (most of these were employed on the building of the breakwater), and the remaining 900 were sent to [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie "Port Macquarie").
|
[
"Founding and settlement by Europeans\n------------------------------------",
"[left\\|thumb\\|[Newcastle Government House](/wiki/Newcastle_Government_House \"Newcastle Government House\") in January 1820](/wiki/File:Government_House_Newcastle.jpg \"Government House Newcastle.jpg\")\nThe first European to explore the area was Lieutenant [John Shortland](/wiki/John_Shortland \"John Shortland\") in September 1797\\. His discovery of the area was largely accidental; as he had been sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized {{HMS\\|Cumberland\\|1774\\|6}} as she was sailing from [Sydney Cove](/wiki/Sydney_Cove \"Sydney Cove\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover\\_newcastle/visit\\_our\\_libraries/discovery\\_and\\_founding\\_of\\_newcastle\\|title\\=Discovery and founding of Newcastle\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newcastle City Council]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724032922/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover\\_newcastle/visit\\_our\\_libraries/discovery\\_and\\_founding\\_of\\_newcastle\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-24\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he later described as \"a very fine coal river\", which he named after New South Wales' Governor, [John Hunter](/wiki/John_Hunter_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/new\\-south\\-wales/newcastle/2005/02/17/1108500198331\\.html\\|title\\=Newcastle\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sydney Morning Herald]]\\|date\\=2004\\-02\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-24}} He returned with reports of the deep\\-water port and the area's abundant coal. Over the next two years, [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") mined from the area was the [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") colony's first export.\n[thumb\\|The Coal River or Port of Newcastle New South Wales](/wiki/File:Coal_River_or_Port_of_Newcastle.jpg \"Coal River or Port of Newcastle.jpg\")\nNewcastle gained a reputation as a \"hellhole\" as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes.",
"By the turn of the century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by diverse groups of men, including coal diggers, timber\\-cutters, and more escaped convicts. [Philip Gidley King](/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King \"Philip Gidley King\"), the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, decided on a more positive approach to exploit the now obvious natural resources of the [Hunter Valley](/wiki/Hunter_Valley \"Hunter Valley\").",
"In 1801, a convict camp called King's Town (named after Governor King) was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney. This settlement closed less than a year later.",
"A settlement was again attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, after [England's famous coal port](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\"). The name first appeared by the commission issued by Governor King on 15 March 1804 to Lieutenant [Charles Menzies](/wiki/Charles_Menzies_%28commandant%29 \"Charles Menzies (commandant)\") of the [Royal Marines](/wiki/Royal_Marines \"Royal Marines\"), appointing him superintendent of the new settlement.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/coalriver/pdf/sg25thmarch1804\\.pdf \\|title\\=Sydney Gazette \\|date\\=1804\\-03\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725070335/http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/coalriver/pdf/sg25thmarch1804\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-25 }}",
"The new settlement, comprising [convicts](/wiki/Convict \"Convict\") and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships: {{HMS\\|Lady Nelson\\|1798\\|6}}, the *Resource* and the *James*.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7509\\|title\\=The Logbooks of the Lady Nelson by Ida Lee\\|author\\=Ida Lee\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Project Gutenberg]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-02}} The convicts were rebels from the 1804 [Castle Hill convict rebellion](/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion \"Castle Hill convict rebellion\").",
"The link with [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\"), UK, its namesake and also from whence many of the 19th century coal miners came, is still obvious in some of the place\\-names – such as [Jesmond](/wiki/Jesmond%2C_New_South_Wales \"Jesmond, New South Wales\"), [Hexham](/wiki/Hexham%2C_New_South_Wales \"Hexham, New South Wales\"), [Wickham](/wiki/Wickham%2C_New_South_Wales \"Wickham, New South Wales\"), [Wallsend](/wiki/Wallsend%2C_New_South_Wales \"Wallsend, New South Wales\") and [Gateshead](/wiki/Gateshead%2C_New_South_Wales \"Gateshead, New South Wales\"). [Morpeth, New South Wales](/wiki/Morpeth%2C_New_South_Wales \"Morpeth, New South Wales\") is a similar distance north of Newcastle as [Morpeth, Northumberland](/wiki/Morpeth%2C_Northumberland \"Morpeth, Northumberland\") is north of Newcastle upon Tyne.\n[thumb\\|[Christ Church Cathedral](/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle \"Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle\") dominates the skyline of Newcastle.](/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_Newcastle_NSW.jpg \"Christ Church Cathedral Newcastle NSW.jpg\")\nUnder Captain [James Wallis](/wiki/James_Wallis_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"James Wallis (British Army officer)\"), commandant from 1816 to 1818, the convicts' conditions improved, and a building boom began. Captain Wallis laid out the streets of the town, built the first church of the site of the present [Christ Church Cathedral](/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle \"Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle\"), erected the old gaol on the seashore, and began work on the breakwater which now joins [Nobbys Head](/wiki/Nobbys_Head \"Nobbys Head\") to the mainland. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only (a much reinforced) breakwater survives. During this period, in 1816, the [first school](/wiki/Christ_Church_School_%28Colony_of_NSW%29 \"Christ Church School (Colony of NSW)\") was built in Newcastle.",
"Newcastle remained a penal settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/north\\-road/information.html\\|title\\=Old Great North Road more information\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Australia\\|Australian Government]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-24}} As a penal colony, the military rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners' Bay, on the inner side of [Stockton](/wiki/Stockton%2C_New_South_Wales \"Stockton, New South Wales\") peninsula. There, convicts were sent to burn oyster shells for making lime.",
"Military rule in Newcastle ended in 1823\\. Prisoner numbers were reduced to 100 (most of these were employed on the building of the breakwater), and the remaining 900 were sent to [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie \"Port Macquarie\").",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Style of play
Withe was a big, tall, strong, powerful and imposing centre\-forward. Dangerous in the air, his ability to shield the ball was also an asset to teammates.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.goodyearpublications.com/buy\-books/peter\-withe \|title\="The Peter Withe Autobiography – All for the Love of the Game" goodyearpublications.com \|access\-date\=4 May 2019 \|archive\-date\=4 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504101122/https://www.goodyearpublications.com/buy\-books/peter\-withe \|url\-status\=dead }}["Peter Withe" The Observer, 6 February 2005](http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1404055,00.html){{Cite web \|url\=https://www.bcfc.com/news/articles/2018/blue\-eyed\-boys\-peter\-withe/ \|title\="Blue\-eyed boys – Peter Withe" bcfc.com \|access\-date\=4 May 2019 \|archive\-date\=4 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504102011/https://www.bcfc.com/news/articles/2018/blue\-eyed\-boys\-peter\-withe/ \|url\-status\=dead }}["Player Details Peter Withe" toon1892](http://www.toon1892.com/detail_player.php?id=818) His biggest successes were when paired with a sharp, quick strike partner.
### Club career
#### Early career
He began his career at Southport but left in 1971 after a handful of appearances. Late that year he made an appearance for the reserve team of [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C.")Preston North End v Bristol City football programme, 27 December 1971, p. 12 – this confirms Withe had appeared for the reserves but soon moved on to Barrow for whom he made one appearance (against his former club Southport on 1 January 1972\).Rothmans Football Yearbook 1972–1973 (published 1972\), p. 87, Queen Anne Press After this he played in South Africa.
Withe played for [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers "Wolverhampton Wanderers") in two seasons from 1973\. In 17 league games he scored three goals.[Peter Withe on Neil Brown's player website](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/peterwithe.html)
During the summer of 1975, Withe spent one season in the United States as a member of the expansion [Portland Timbers](/wiki/Portland_Timbers_%28NASL%29 "Portland Timbers (NASL)") of the [North American Soccer League (NASL)](/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%931984%29 "North American Soccer League (1968–1984)").{{cite book\|author\=Matthew Horner\|title\=He Shot, He Scored: The Official Biography of Peter Ward\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fp1qKuNF7ssC\&pg\=PA30\|year\=2009\|publisher\=ebookpartnership.com\|isbn\=978\-0\-9562769\-0\-2\|pages\=30–}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} He scored 17 goals and added 7 assists in 22 games, leading the Timbers to first place in their division, and tied for the best record in the league at 16–6\. Withe's goals that summer made him a Timbers fan favourite, who nicknamed him "The Mad Header" and "The Wizard of Nod".{{cite book\|author\=Michael Orr\|title\=The 1975 Portland Timbers: The Birth of Soccer City, USA\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xKwretQccJkC\&pg\=PA24\|date\=21 November 2011\|publisher\=The History Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-60949\-466\-7\|pages\=24–}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In August the Timbers played two home play\-off games in front of more than 30,000 fans each, numbers unheard of for US soccer at the time. They advanced to [Soccer Bowl '75](/wiki/Soccer_Bowl "Soccer Bowl"), the League Championship final, in San Jose, California on 24 August, where they lost to the [Tampa Bay Rowdies](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies_%281975%E2%80%931993%29 "Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993)") 2–0\.{{cite book\|author\=Paul Peters\|title\=Aston Villa The England Story\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-Gg\_CQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA76\|date\=8 February 2015\|publisher\=Lulu.com\|isbn\=978\-1\-326\-16557\-4\|pages\=76–}}{{self\-published source\|date\=May 2021}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}}
Withe returned to the West Midlands to join [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City "Birmingham City") in 1975\. He scored nine goals in 35 league games in just over a season before departing early in the 1976/77 season.
#### Nottingham Forest
[Brian Clough](/wiki/Brian_Clough "Brian Clough") joined [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest "Nottingham Forest") as manager in January 1975\. In the summer of 1976 he was joined by [Peter Taylor](/wiki/Peter_Taylor_%28footballer%2C_born_1928%29 "Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)"), who had been his assistant at [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County "Derby County") in winning the [1971–72 Football League](/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Football_League "1971–72 Football League").[dcfc.co.uk "Derby County Club History"](https://www.dcfc.co.uk/page/the-history-of-derby-county) From Taylor's arrival Forest immediately went into upswing.[nffc.co.uk "History of NFFC – Nottingham Forest"](https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/club/history-landing-page/history-of-nffc/) Forest signed the 25\-year\-old Withe to make his debut for the club on 25 September 1976\. He scored on his debut in a 5–1 [Football League Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") home win v [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United "Carlisle United") with strike partner [John O'Hare](/wiki/John_O%27Hare "John O'Hare") also scoring. Withe was given a new strike partner on 3 November 1976 in an [Anglo\-Scottish Cup](/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Cup "Anglo-Scottish Cup") 2–0 win at [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United "Ayr United"). [Tony Woodcock](/wiki/Tony_Woodcock_%28footballer%29 "Tony Woodcock (footballer)") was recalled to the first team, bringing speed and anticipation to the front two to complement Withe's height, strength and power.["Arsenal's original 'Fox\-in\-the\-box" – Highbury Hero Tony Woodcock"](https://www.gunnerstown.com/arsenal/2017/07/12/arsenals-original-fox-in-the-box-highbury-hero-tony-woodcock/) Withe and Woodcock both scored at Ayr. Withe ended the season as the club top scorer with 19 goals and Woodcock second with 17 and Forest's Player of the Year despite his November seasonal debut. Forest's first trophy of the Clough and Taylor regime was in December that season beating Orient over two legs in the Anglo\-Scottish Cup final. Withe played in the 1–1 first leg away draw on 13 December 1976 but then spent two weeks out the side missing the 4–0 second leg win. Forest won promotion at the end of the season to the top tier from finishing third in Division Two.["The City Ground – Peter Withe"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Peter%20Withe)["The City Ground – Tony Woodcock"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Tony%20Woodcock)
Withe and Woodcock won the [1977–78 Football League First Division](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_First_Division "1977–78 Football League First Division") and [1977–78 Football League Cup](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_Cup "1977–78 Football League Cup") with Forest. They ended the season as Forest's joint top scorers with 19 goals each. Withe scored in the [1978 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1978_FA_Charity_Shield "1978 FA Charity Shield") 5–0 win against [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town "Ipswich Town") on 12 August 1978\. After playing in the 1–1 league home draw the week after against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur "Tottenham Hotspur"), Forest agreed to sell him for £225,000 just before his 27th birthday at the end of that month. Withe scored 39 goals in 99 competitive first team games for Forest. This included 28 goals in 75 league games. His place in the next three games was given to league debutant [Steve Elliott](/wiki/Steve_Elliott_%28footballer%2C_born_1958%29 "Steve Elliott (footballer, born 1958)"); all of them ended goalless.["SEASON: 1978–79" The City Ground](http://thecityground.com/season_details.php?season_id=1978-79) The number 9 jersey was then given to 22\-year\-old [Garry Birtles](/wiki/Garry_Birtles "Garry Birtles") who promptly became a regular first choice, winning the [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup "European Cup") with Forest in this season and the following one.["GARRY BIRTLES"](http://thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Garry%20Birtles)
#### Newcastle United
Withe joined [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C."){{cite book\|author\=Kev Fletcher\|title\=The Toon's Greatest 100 Players...EVER!\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q7QVCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA113\|date\=26 June 2015\|publisher\=Lulu.com\|isbn\=978\-1\-326\-29685\-8\|pages\=113–}}{{self\-published source\|date\=May 2021}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}} then in the [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") for a transfer fee of £225,000\. He debuted in a 1–1 home draw v [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town "Luton Town") In just under two seasons he scored 25 goals in 76 league games.
#### Aston Villa
[thumb\|left\|Peter Withe (right) with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 "Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)") and [Tony Morley](/wiki/Tony_Morley "Tony Morley") after winning the [1982 European Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Cup "1982 European Cup") on [26 May](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final "1982 European Cup final")](/wiki/File:FC_Bayern_Munchen_tegen_Aston_Villa_0-1_Europa_Cup_I_blijde_Aston_Villa_spelers_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-1813.jpg "FC Bayern Munchen tegen Aston Villa 0-1 Europa Cup I blijde Aston Villa spelers , Bestanddeelnr 932-1813.jpg")
[Ron Saunders](/wiki/Ron_Saunders "Ron Saunders") took him to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") on the eve of the [1980–81 season](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_in_English_football "1980–81 in English football") when the Birmingham club paid £500,000 for the club's record signing at the time. He was 29 at the end of the month that league season started. Withe was paired with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 "Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)") whose pace and anticipation gave Withe a strike partner with playing similarities to Tony Woodcock when Withe was at Forest.["Gary Shaw: A true Aston Villa legend" Express and Star, 27 February 2017](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2017/02/27/gary-shaw-a-true-aston-villa-legend/)["We are the Champions: 1980\-81\- Aston Villa" gameofthepeople.com 25 November 2016](https://gameofthepeople.com/2016/11/25/we-are-the-champions-1980-81-aston-villa/) Withe won a trophy in each of his first three seasons at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park "Villa Park").["Peter Withe" Aston Villa Football Club](https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/p/w/peter-withe) Withe scored 20 times in 36 games to finish joint\-top scorer in the league with [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur "Tottenham Hotspur")'s [Steve Archibald](/wiki/Steve_Archibald "Steve Archibald") in that first season as [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa "Aston Villa") won the Football League title. Withe and Spurs' [Mark Falco](/wiki/Mark_Falco "Mark Falco") both scored twice sharing the [1981 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1981_FA_Charity_Shield "1981 FA Charity Shield") from a 2–2 draw.[footballsite.co.uk 1981–82 Charity Shield](http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1981-82CharityShield.htm)
Withe scored the only goal in the [1982 European Cup final](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final "1982 European Cup final") win against [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich "Bayern Munich"). The season after Withe played in the [1982 European Super Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Super_Cup "1982 European Super Cup") 3–1 aggregate win against [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona").
He scored 90 goals in over 200 games for Villa. After five years he eventually moved on in what he later described as "the biggest wrench of my career."
#### Later career
He joined [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United "Sheffield United") scoring 18 goals in 74 league games in three seasons from 1985 to 1988\. In his last season there he scored twice in eight league games on loan back at ex\-club, Birmingham City. He ended his senior playing days scoring once in 38 league games at [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town "Huddersfield Town") between 1988 and 1990\.
### International
His England debut was in a 1–0 home friendly defeat by Brazil on 12 May 1981\. His first four England caps were all without victory with a draw with Wales and defeats by Scotland and Norway.["Peter Withe" Sporting Heroes](http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/england/peter-withe-9720/biography-of-his-england-career-1981-1984_a12468/) Capped by [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") 11 times, Withe scored once, and was the first Aston Villa player to be selected in an England World Cup Finals squad (in [Spain 1982](/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup "1982 FIFA World Cup")). His goal was against Hungary on 27 April 1983 in his 7th cap. His last cap was on 14 November 1984 when Turkey were beaten 8–0\. Withe ended his international career with 5 wins, 3 draws and 3 defeats.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Style of play",
"Withe was a big, tall, strong, powerful and imposing centre\\-forward. Dangerous in the air, his ability to shield the ball was also an asset to teammates.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.goodyearpublications.com/buy\\-books/peter\\-withe \\|title\\=\"The Peter Withe Autobiography – All for the Love of the Game\" goodyearpublications.com \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504101122/https://www.goodyearpublications.com/buy\\-books/peter\\-withe \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[\"Peter Withe\" The Observer, 6 February 2005](http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1404055,00.html){{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bcfc.com/news/articles/2018/blue\\-eyed\\-boys\\-peter\\-withe/ \\|title\\=\"Blue\\-eyed boys – Peter Withe\" bcfc.com \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504102011/https://www.bcfc.com/news/articles/2018/blue\\-eyed\\-boys\\-peter\\-withe/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[\"Player Details Peter Withe\" toon1892](http://www.toon1892.com/detail_player.php?id=818) His biggest successes were when paired with a sharp, quick strike partner.",
"### Club career",
"#### Early career",
"He began his career at Southport but left in 1971 after a handful of appearances. Late that year he made an appearance for the reserve team of [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\")Preston North End v Bristol City football programme, 27 December 1971, p. 12 – this confirms Withe had appeared for the reserves but soon moved on to Barrow for whom he made one appearance (against his former club Southport on 1 January 1972\\).Rothmans Football Yearbook 1972–1973 (published 1972\\), p. 87, Queen Anne Press After this he played in South Africa.",
"Withe played for [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers \"Wolverhampton Wanderers\") in two seasons from 1973\\. In 17 league games he scored three goals.[Peter Withe on Neil Brown's player website](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/peterwithe.html)",
"During the summer of 1975, Withe spent one season in the United States as a member of the expansion [Portland Timbers](/wiki/Portland_Timbers_%28NASL%29 \"Portland Timbers (NASL)\") of the [North American Soccer League (NASL)](/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%931984%29 \"North American Soccer League (1968–1984)\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Matthew Horner\\|title\\=He Shot, He Scored: The Official Biography of Peter Ward\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fp1qKuNF7ssC\\&pg\\=PA30\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=ebookpartnership.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9562769\\-0\\-2\\|pages\\=30–}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} He scored 17 goals and added 7 assists in 22 games, leading the Timbers to first place in their division, and tied for the best record in the league at 16–6\\. Withe's goals that summer made him a Timbers fan favourite, who nicknamed him \"The Mad Header\" and \"The Wizard of Nod\".{{cite book\\|author\\=Michael Orr\\|title\\=The 1975 Portland Timbers: The Birth of Soccer City, USA\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xKwretQccJkC\\&pg\\=PA24\\|date\\=21 November 2011\\|publisher\\=The History Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60949\\-466\\-7\\|pages\\=24–}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In August the Timbers played two home play\\-off games in front of more than 30,000 fans each, numbers unheard of for US soccer at the time. They advanced to [Soccer Bowl '75](/wiki/Soccer_Bowl \"Soccer Bowl\"), the League Championship final, in San Jose, California on 24 August, where they lost to the [Tampa Bay Rowdies](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies_%281975%E2%80%931993%29 \"Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993)\") 2–0\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Paul Peters\\|title\\=Aston Villa The England Story\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-Gg\\_CQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA76\\|date\\=8 February 2015\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-326\\-16557\\-4\\|pages\\=76–}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2021}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"Withe returned to the West Midlands to join [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City \"Birmingham City\") in 1975\\. He scored nine goals in 35 league games in just over a season before departing early in the 1976/77 season.",
"#### Nottingham Forest",
"[Brian Clough](/wiki/Brian_Clough \"Brian Clough\") joined [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest \"Nottingham Forest\") as manager in January 1975\\. In the summer of 1976 he was joined by [Peter Taylor](/wiki/Peter_Taylor_%28footballer%2C_born_1928%29 \"Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)\"), who had been his assistant at [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County \"Derby County\") in winning the [1971–72 Football League](/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Football_League \"1971–72 Football League\").[dcfc.co.uk \"Derby County Club History\"](https://www.dcfc.co.uk/page/the-history-of-derby-county) From Taylor's arrival Forest immediately went into upswing.[nffc.co.uk \"History of NFFC – Nottingham Forest\"](https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/club/history-landing-page/history-of-nffc/) Forest signed the 25\\-year\\-old Withe to make his debut for the club on 25 September 1976\\. He scored on his debut in a 5–1 [Football League Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") home win v [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United \"Carlisle United\") with strike partner [John O'Hare](/wiki/John_O%27Hare \"John O'Hare\") also scoring. Withe was given a new strike partner on 3 November 1976 in an [Anglo\\-Scottish Cup](/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Cup \"Anglo-Scottish Cup\") 2–0 win at [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United \"Ayr United\"). [Tony Woodcock](/wiki/Tony_Woodcock_%28footballer%29 \"Tony Woodcock (footballer)\") was recalled to the first team, bringing speed and anticipation to the front two to complement Withe's height, strength and power.[\"Arsenal's original 'Fox\\-in\\-the\\-box\" – Highbury Hero Tony Woodcock\"](https://www.gunnerstown.com/arsenal/2017/07/12/arsenals-original-fox-in-the-box-highbury-hero-tony-woodcock/) Withe and Woodcock both scored at Ayr. Withe ended the season as the club top scorer with 19 goals and Woodcock second with 17 and Forest's Player of the Year despite his November seasonal debut. Forest's first trophy of the Clough and Taylor regime was in December that season beating Orient over two legs in the Anglo\\-Scottish Cup final. Withe played in the 1–1 first leg away draw on 13 December 1976 but then spent two weeks out the side missing the 4–0 second leg win. Forest won promotion at the end of the season to the top tier from finishing third in Division Two.[\"The City Ground – Peter Withe\"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Peter%20Withe)[\"The City Ground – Tony Woodcock\"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Tony%20Woodcock)",
"Withe and Woodcock won the [1977–78 Football League First Division](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_First_Division \"1977–78 Football League First Division\") and [1977–78 Football League Cup](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_Cup \"1977–78 Football League Cup\") with Forest. They ended the season as Forest's joint top scorers with 19 goals each. Withe scored in the [1978 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1978_FA_Charity_Shield \"1978 FA Charity Shield\") 5–0 win against [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town \"Ipswich Town\") on 12 August 1978\\. After playing in the 1–1 league home draw the week after against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur \"Tottenham Hotspur\"), Forest agreed to sell him for £225,000 just before his 27th birthday at the end of that month. Withe scored 39 goals in 99 competitive first team games for Forest. This included 28 goals in 75 league games. His place in the next three games was given to league debutant [Steve Elliott](/wiki/Steve_Elliott_%28footballer%2C_born_1958%29 \"Steve Elliott (footballer, born 1958)\"); all of them ended goalless.[\"SEASON: 1978–79\" The City Ground](http://thecityground.com/season_details.php?season_id=1978-79) The number 9 jersey was then given to 22\\-year\\-old [Garry Birtles](/wiki/Garry_Birtles \"Garry Birtles\") who promptly became a regular first choice, winning the [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup \"European Cup\") with Forest in this season and the following one.[\"GARRY BIRTLES\"](http://thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Garry%20Birtles)",
"#### Newcastle United",
"Withe joined [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Kev Fletcher\\|title\\=The Toon's Greatest 100 Players...EVER!\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q7QVCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA113\\|date\\=26 June 2015\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-326\\-29685\\-8\\|pages\\=113–}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2021}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}} then in the [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") for a transfer fee of £225,000\\. He debuted in a 1–1 home draw v [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town \"Luton Town\") In just under two seasons he scored 25 goals in 76 league games.",
"#### Aston Villa",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Peter Withe (right) with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 \"Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)\") and [Tony Morley](/wiki/Tony_Morley \"Tony Morley\") after winning the [1982 European Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Cup \"1982 European Cup\") on [26 May](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final \"1982 European Cup final\")](/wiki/File:FC_Bayern_Munchen_tegen_Aston_Villa_0-1_Europa_Cup_I_blijde_Aston_Villa_spelers_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-1813.jpg \"FC Bayern Munchen tegen Aston Villa 0-1 Europa Cup I blijde Aston Villa spelers , Bestanddeelnr 932-1813.jpg\")",
"[Ron Saunders](/wiki/Ron_Saunders \"Ron Saunders\") took him to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") on the eve of the [1980–81 season](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_in_English_football \"1980–81 in English football\") when the Birmingham club paid £500,000 for the club's record signing at the time. He was 29 at the end of the month that league season started. Withe was paired with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 \"Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)\") whose pace and anticipation gave Withe a strike partner with playing similarities to Tony Woodcock when Withe was at Forest.[\"Gary Shaw: A true Aston Villa legend\" Express and Star, 27 February 2017](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2017/02/27/gary-shaw-a-true-aston-villa-legend/)[\"We are the Champions: 1980\\-81\\- Aston Villa\" gameofthepeople.com 25 November 2016](https://gameofthepeople.com/2016/11/25/we-are-the-champions-1980-81-aston-villa/) Withe won a trophy in each of his first three seasons at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park \"Villa Park\").[\"Peter Withe\" Aston Villa Football Club](https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/p/w/peter-withe) Withe scored 20 times in 36 games to finish joint\\-top scorer in the league with [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur \"Tottenham Hotspur\")'s [Steve Archibald](/wiki/Steve_Archibald \"Steve Archibald\") in that first season as [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa \"Aston Villa\") won the Football League title. Withe and Spurs' [Mark Falco](/wiki/Mark_Falco \"Mark Falco\") both scored twice sharing the [1981 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1981_FA_Charity_Shield \"1981 FA Charity Shield\") from a 2–2 draw.[footballsite.co.uk 1981–82 Charity Shield](http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1981-82CharityShield.htm)",
"Withe scored the only goal in the [1982 European Cup final](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final \"1982 European Cup final\") win against [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich \"Bayern Munich\"). The season after Withe played in the [1982 European Super Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Super_Cup \"1982 European Super Cup\") 3–1 aggregate win against [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\").",
"He scored 90 goals in over 200 games for Villa. After five years he eventually moved on in what he later described as \"the biggest wrench of my career.\"",
"#### Later career",
"He joined [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United \"Sheffield United\") scoring 18 goals in 74 league games in three seasons from 1985 to 1988\\. In his last season there he scored twice in eight league games on loan back at ex\\-club, Birmingham City. He ended his senior playing days scoring once in 38 league games at [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town \"Huddersfield Town\") between 1988 and 1990\\.",
"### International",
"His England debut was in a 1–0 home friendly defeat by Brazil on 12 May 1981\\. His first four England caps were all without victory with a draw with Wales and defeats by Scotland and Norway.[\"Peter Withe\" Sporting Heroes](http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/england/peter-withe-9720/biography-of-his-england-career-1981-1984_a12468/) Capped by [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") 11 times, Withe scored once, and was the first Aston Villa player to be selected in an England World Cup Finals squad (in [Spain 1982](/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup \"1982 FIFA World Cup\")). His goal was against Hungary on 27 April 1983 in his 7th cap. His last cap was on 14 November 1984 when Turkey were beaten 8–0\\. Withe ended his international career with 5 wins, 3 draws and 3 defeats.",
""
] |
### Club career
#### Early career
He began his career at Southport but left in 1971 after a handful of appearances. Late that year he made an appearance for the reserve team of [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C.")Preston North End v Bristol City football programme, 27 December 1971, p. 12 – this confirms Withe had appeared for the reserves but soon moved on to Barrow for whom he made one appearance (against his former club Southport on 1 January 1972\).Rothmans Football Yearbook 1972–1973 (published 1972\), p. 87, Queen Anne Press After this he played in South Africa.
Withe played for [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers "Wolverhampton Wanderers") in two seasons from 1973\. In 17 league games he scored three goals.[Peter Withe on Neil Brown's player website](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/peterwithe.html)
During the summer of 1975, Withe spent one season in the United States as a member of the expansion [Portland Timbers](/wiki/Portland_Timbers_%28NASL%29 "Portland Timbers (NASL)") of the [North American Soccer League (NASL)](/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%931984%29 "North American Soccer League (1968–1984)").{{cite book\|author\=Matthew Horner\|title\=He Shot, He Scored: The Official Biography of Peter Ward\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fp1qKuNF7ssC\&pg\=PA30\|year\=2009\|publisher\=ebookpartnership.com\|isbn\=978\-0\-9562769\-0\-2\|pages\=30–}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} He scored 17 goals and added 7 assists in 22 games, leading the Timbers to first place in their division, and tied for the best record in the league at 16–6\. Withe's goals that summer made him a Timbers fan favourite, who nicknamed him "The Mad Header" and "The Wizard of Nod".{{cite book\|author\=Michael Orr\|title\=The 1975 Portland Timbers: The Birth of Soccer City, USA\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xKwretQccJkC\&pg\=PA24\|date\=21 November 2011\|publisher\=The History Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-60949\-466\-7\|pages\=24–}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In August the Timbers played two home play\-off games in front of more than 30,000 fans each, numbers unheard of for US soccer at the time. They advanced to [Soccer Bowl '75](/wiki/Soccer_Bowl "Soccer Bowl"), the League Championship final, in San Jose, California on 24 August, where they lost to the [Tampa Bay Rowdies](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies_%281975%E2%80%931993%29 "Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993)") 2–0\.{{cite book\|author\=Paul Peters\|title\=Aston Villa The England Story\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-Gg\_CQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA76\|date\=8 February 2015\|publisher\=Lulu.com\|isbn\=978\-1\-326\-16557\-4\|pages\=76–}}{{self\-published source\|date\=May 2021}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}}
Withe returned to the West Midlands to join [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City "Birmingham City") in 1975\. He scored nine goals in 35 league games in just over a season before departing early in the 1976/77 season.
#### Nottingham Forest
[Brian Clough](/wiki/Brian_Clough "Brian Clough") joined [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest "Nottingham Forest") as manager in January 1975\. In the summer of 1976 he was joined by [Peter Taylor](/wiki/Peter_Taylor_%28footballer%2C_born_1928%29 "Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)"), who had been his assistant at [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County "Derby County") in winning the [1971–72 Football League](/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Football_League "1971–72 Football League").[dcfc.co.uk "Derby County Club History"](https://www.dcfc.co.uk/page/the-history-of-derby-county) From Taylor's arrival Forest immediately went into upswing.[nffc.co.uk "History of NFFC – Nottingham Forest"](https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/club/history-landing-page/history-of-nffc/) Forest signed the 25\-year\-old Withe to make his debut for the club on 25 September 1976\. He scored on his debut in a 5–1 [Football League Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") home win v [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United "Carlisle United") with strike partner [John O'Hare](/wiki/John_O%27Hare "John O'Hare") also scoring. Withe was given a new strike partner on 3 November 1976 in an [Anglo\-Scottish Cup](/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Cup "Anglo-Scottish Cup") 2–0 win at [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United "Ayr United"). [Tony Woodcock](/wiki/Tony_Woodcock_%28footballer%29 "Tony Woodcock (footballer)") was recalled to the first team, bringing speed and anticipation to the front two to complement Withe's height, strength and power.["Arsenal's original 'Fox\-in\-the\-box" – Highbury Hero Tony Woodcock"](https://www.gunnerstown.com/arsenal/2017/07/12/arsenals-original-fox-in-the-box-highbury-hero-tony-woodcock/) Withe and Woodcock both scored at Ayr. Withe ended the season as the club top scorer with 19 goals and Woodcock second with 17 and Forest's Player of the Year despite his November seasonal debut. Forest's first trophy of the Clough and Taylor regime was in December that season beating Orient over two legs in the Anglo\-Scottish Cup final. Withe played in the 1–1 first leg away draw on 13 December 1976 but then spent two weeks out the side missing the 4–0 second leg win. Forest won promotion at the end of the season to the top tier from finishing third in Division Two.["The City Ground – Peter Withe"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Peter%20Withe)["The City Ground – Tony Woodcock"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Tony%20Woodcock)
Withe and Woodcock won the [1977–78 Football League First Division](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_First_Division "1977–78 Football League First Division") and [1977–78 Football League Cup](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_Cup "1977–78 Football League Cup") with Forest. They ended the season as Forest's joint top scorers with 19 goals each. Withe scored in the [1978 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1978_FA_Charity_Shield "1978 FA Charity Shield") 5–0 win against [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town "Ipswich Town") on 12 August 1978\. After playing in the 1–1 league home draw the week after against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur "Tottenham Hotspur"), Forest agreed to sell him for £225,000 just before his 27th birthday at the end of that month. Withe scored 39 goals in 99 competitive first team games for Forest. This included 28 goals in 75 league games. His place in the next three games was given to league debutant [Steve Elliott](/wiki/Steve_Elliott_%28footballer%2C_born_1958%29 "Steve Elliott (footballer, born 1958)"); all of them ended goalless.["SEASON: 1978–79" The City Ground](http://thecityground.com/season_details.php?season_id=1978-79) The number 9 jersey was then given to 22\-year\-old [Garry Birtles](/wiki/Garry_Birtles "Garry Birtles") who promptly became a regular first choice, winning the [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup "European Cup") with Forest in this season and the following one.["GARRY BIRTLES"](http://thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Garry%20Birtles)
#### Newcastle United
Withe joined [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C."){{cite book\|author\=Kev Fletcher\|title\=The Toon's Greatest 100 Players...EVER!\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q7QVCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA113\|date\=26 June 2015\|publisher\=Lulu.com\|isbn\=978\-1\-326\-29685\-8\|pages\=113–}}{{self\-published source\|date\=May 2021}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}} then in the [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") for a transfer fee of £225,000\. He debuted in a 1–1 home draw v [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town "Luton Town") In just under two seasons he scored 25 goals in 76 league games.
#### Aston Villa
[thumb\|left\|Peter Withe (right) with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 "Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)") and [Tony Morley](/wiki/Tony_Morley "Tony Morley") after winning the [1982 European Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Cup "1982 European Cup") on [26 May](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final "1982 European Cup final")](/wiki/File:FC_Bayern_Munchen_tegen_Aston_Villa_0-1_Europa_Cup_I_blijde_Aston_Villa_spelers_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-1813.jpg "FC Bayern Munchen tegen Aston Villa 0-1 Europa Cup I blijde Aston Villa spelers , Bestanddeelnr 932-1813.jpg")
[Ron Saunders](/wiki/Ron_Saunders "Ron Saunders") took him to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") on the eve of the [1980–81 season](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_in_English_football "1980–81 in English football") when the Birmingham club paid £500,000 for the club's record signing at the time. He was 29 at the end of the month that league season started. Withe was paired with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 "Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)") whose pace and anticipation gave Withe a strike partner with playing similarities to Tony Woodcock when Withe was at Forest.["Gary Shaw: A true Aston Villa legend" Express and Star, 27 February 2017](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2017/02/27/gary-shaw-a-true-aston-villa-legend/)["We are the Champions: 1980\-81\- Aston Villa" gameofthepeople.com 25 November 2016](https://gameofthepeople.com/2016/11/25/we-are-the-champions-1980-81-aston-villa/) Withe won a trophy in each of his first three seasons at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park "Villa Park").["Peter Withe" Aston Villa Football Club](https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/p/w/peter-withe) Withe scored 20 times in 36 games to finish joint\-top scorer in the league with [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur "Tottenham Hotspur")'s [Steve Archibald](/wiki/Steve_Archibald "Steve Archibald") in that first season as [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa "Aston Villa") won the Football League title. Withe and Spurs' [Mark Falco](/wiki/Mark_Falco "Mark Falco") both scored twice sharing the [1981 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1981_FA_Charity_Shield "1981 FA Charity Shield") from a 2–2 draw.[footballsite.co.uk 1981–82 Charity Shield](http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1981-82CharityShield.htm)
Withe scored the only goal in the [1982 European Cup final](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final "1982 European Cup final") win against [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich "Bayern Munich"). The season after Withe played in the [1982 European Super Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Super_Cup "1982 European Super Cup") 3–1 aggregate win against [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona").
He scored 90 goals in over 200 games for Villa. After five years he eventually moved on in what he later described as "the biggest wrench of my career."
#### Later career
He joined [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United "Sheffield United") scoring 18 goals in 74 league games in three seasons from 1985 to 1988\. In his last season there he scored twice in eight league games on loan back at ex\-club, Birmingham City. He ended his senior playing days scoring once in 38 league games at [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town "Huddersfield Town") between 1988 and 1990\.
|
[
"### Club career",
"#### Early career",
"He began his career at Southport but left in 1971 after a handful of appearances. Late that year he made an appearance for the reserve team of [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\")Preston North End v Bristol City football programme, 27 December 1971, p. 12 – this confirms Withe had appeared for the reserves but soon moved on to Barrow for whom he made one appearance (against his former club Southport on 1 January 1972\\).Rothmans Football Yearbook 1972–1973 (published 1972\\), p. 87, Queen Anne Press After this he played in South Africa.",
"Withe played for [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers \"Wolverhampton Wanderers\") in two seasons from 1973\\. In 17 league games he scored three goals.[Peter Withe on Neil Brown's player website](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/peterwithe.html)",
"During the summer of 1975, Withe spent one season in the United States as a member of the expansion [Portland Timbers](/wiki/Portland_Timbers_%28NASL%29 \"Portland Timbers (NASL)\") of the [North American Soccer League (NASL)](/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%931984%29 \"North American Soccer League (1968–1984)\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Matthew Horner\\|title\\=He Shot, He Scored: The Official Biography of Peter Ward\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fp1qKuNF7ssC\\&pg\\=PA30\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=ebookpartnership.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9562769\\-0\\-2\\|pages\\=30–}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} He scored 17 goals and added 7 assists in 22 games, leading the Timbers to first place in their division, and tied for the best record in the league at 16–6\\. Withe's goals that summer made him a Timbers fan favourite, who nicknamed him \"The Mad Header\" and \"The Wizard of Nod\".{{cite book\\|author\\=Michael Orr\\|title\\=The 1975 Portland Timbers: The Birth of Soccer City, USA\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xKwretQccJkC\\&pg\\=PA24\\|date\\=21 November 2011\\|publisher\\=The History Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60949\\-466\\-7\\|pages\\=24–}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In August the Timbers played two home play\\-off games in front of more than 30,000 fans each, numbers unheard of for US soccer at the time. They advanced to [Soccer Bowl '75](/wiki/Soccer_Bowl \"Soccer Bowl\"), the League Championship final, in San Jose, California on 24 August, where they lost to the [Tampa Bay Rowdies](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies_%281975%E2%80%931993%29 \"Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993)\") 2–0\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Paul Peters\\|title\\=Aston Villa The England Story\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-Gg\\_CQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA76\\|date\\=8 February 2015\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-326\\-16557\\-4\\|pages\\=76–}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2021}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"Withe returned to the West Midlands to join [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City \"Birmingham City\") in 1975\\. He scored nine goals in 35 league games in just over a season before departing early in the 1976/77 season.",
"#### Nottingham Forest",
"[Brian Clough](/wiki/Brian_Clough \"Brian Clough\") joined [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest \"Nottingham Forest\") as manager in January 1975\\. In the summer of 1976 he was joined by [Peter Taylor](/wiki/Peter_Taylor_%28footballer%2C_born_1928%29 \"Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)\"), who had been his assistant at [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County \"Derby County\") in winning the [1971–72 Football League](/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Football_League \"1971–72 Football League\").[dcfc.co.uk \"Derby County Club History\"](https://www.dcfc.co.uk/page/the-history-of-derby-county) From Taylor's arrival Forest immediately went into upswing.[nffc.co.uk \"History of NFFC – Nottingham Forest\"](https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/club/history-landing-page/history-of-nffc/) Forest signed the 25\\-year\\-old Withe to make his debut for the club on 25 September 1976\\. He scored on his debut in a 5–1 [Football League Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") home win v [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United \"Carlisle United\") with strike partner [John O'Hare](/wiki/John_O%27Hare \"John O'Hare\") also scoring. Withe was given a new strike partner on 3 November 1976 in an [Anglo\\-Scottish Cup](/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Cup \"Anglo-Scottish Cup\") 2–0 win at [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United \"Ayr United\"). [Tony Woodcock](/wiki/Tony_Woodcock_%28footballer%29 \"Tony Woodcock (footballer)\") was recalled to the first team, bringing speed and anticipation to the front two to complement Withe's height, strength and power.[\"Arsenal's original 'Fox\\-in\\-the\\-box\" – Highbury Hero Tony Woodcock\"](https://www.gunnerstown.com/arsenal/2017/07/12/arsenals-original-fox-in-the-box-highbury-hero-tony-woodcock/) Withe and Woodcock both scored at Ayr. Withe ended the season as the club top scorer with 19 goals and Woodcock second with 17 and Forest's Player of the Year despite his November seasonal debut. Forest's first trophy of the Clough and Taylor regime was in December that season beating Orient over two legs in the Anglo\\-Scottish Cup final. Withe played in the 1–1 first leg away draw on 13 December 1976 but then spent two weeks out the side missing the 4–0 second leg win. Forest won promotion at the end of the season to the top tier from finishing third in Division Two.[\"The City Ground – Peter Withe\"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Peter%20Withe)[\"The City Ground – Tony Woodcock\"](http://www.thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Tony%20Woodcock)",
"Withe and Woodcock won the [1977–78 Football League First Division](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_First_Division \"1977–78 Football League First Division\") and [1977–78 Football League Cup](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Football_League_Cup \"1977–78 Football League Cup\") with Forest. They ended the season as Forest's joint top scorers with 19 goals each. Withe scored in the [1978 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1978_FA_Charity_Shield \"1978 FA Charity Shield\") 5–0 win against [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town \"Ipswich Town\") on 12 August 1978\\. After playing in the 1–1 league home draw the week after against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur \"Tottenham Hotspur\"), Forest agreed to sell him for £225,000 just before his 27th birthday at the end of that month. Withe scored 39 goals in 99 competitive first team games for Forest. This included 28 goals in 75 league games. His place in the next three games was given to league debutant [Steve Elliott](/wiki/Steve_Elliott_%28footballer%2C_born_1958%29 \"Steve Elliott (footballer, born 1958)\"); all of them ended goalless.[\"SEASON: 1978–79\" The City Ground](http://thecityground.com/season_details.php?season_id=1978-79) The number 9 jersey was then given to 22\\-year\\-old [Garry Birtles](/wiki/Garry_Birtles \"Garry Birtles\") who promptly became a regular first choice, winning the [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup \"European Cup\") with Forest in this season and the following one.[\"GARRY BIRTLES\"](http://thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=Garry%20Birtles)",
"#### Newcastle United",
"Withe joined [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Kev Fletcher\\|title\\=The Toon's Greatest 100 Players...EVER!\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q7QVCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA113\\|date\\=26 June 2015\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-326\\-29685\\-8\\|pages\\=113–}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=May 2021}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}} then in the [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") for a transfer fee of £225,000\\. He debuted in a 1–1 home draw v [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town \"Luton Town\") In just under two seasons he scored 25 goals in 76 league games.",
"#### Aston Villa",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Peter Withe (right) with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 \"Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)\") and [Tony Morley](/wiki/Tony_Morley \"Tony Morley\") after winning the [1982 European Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Cup \"1982 European Cup\") on [26 May](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final \"1982 European Cup final\")](/wiki/File:FC_Bayern_Munchen_tegen_Aston_Villa_0-1_Europa_Cup_I_blijde_Aston_Villa_spelers_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-1813.jpg \"FC Bayern Munchen tegen Aston Villa 0-1 Europa Cup I blijde Aston Villa spelers , Bestanddeelnr 932-1813.jpg\")",
"[Ron Saunders](/wiki/Ron_Saunders \"Ron Saunders\") took him to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") on the eve of the [1980–81 season](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_in_English_football \"1980–81 in English football\") when the Birmingham club paid £500,000 for the club's record signing at the time. He was 29 at the end of the month that league season started. Withe was paired with [Gary Shaw](/wiki/Gary_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 \"Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)\") whose pace and anticipation gave Withe a strike partner with playing similarities to Tony Woodcock when Withe was at Forest.[\"Gary Shaw: A true Aston Villa legend\" Express and Star, 27 February 2017](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2017/02/27/gary-shaw-a-true-aston-villa-legend/)[\"We are the Champions: 1980\\-81\\- Aston Villa\" gameofthepeople.com 25 November 2016](https://gameofthepeople.com/2016/11/25/we-are-the-champions-1980-81-aston-villa/) Withe won a trophy in each of his first three seasons at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park \"Villa Park\").[\"Peter Withe\" Aston Villa Football Club](https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/p/w/peter-withe) Withe scored 20 times in 36 games to finish joint\\-top scorer in the league with [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur \"Tottenham Hotspur\")'s [Steve Archibald](/wiki/Steve_Archibald \"Steve Archibald\") in that first season as [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa \"Aston Villa\") won the Football League title. Withe and Spurs' [Mark Falco](/wiki/Mark_Falco \"Mark Falco\") both scored twice sharing the [1981 FA Charity Shield](/wiki/1981_FA_Charity_Shield \"1981 FA Charity Shield\") from a 2–2 draw.[footballsite.co.uk 1981–82 Charity Shield](http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1981-82CharityShield.htm)",
"Withe scored the only goal in the [1982 European Cup final](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_final \"1982 European Cup final\") win against [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich \"Bayern Munich\"). The season after Withe played in the [1982 European Super Cup](/wiki/1982_European_Super_Cup \"1982 European Super Cup\") 3–1 aggregate win against [FC Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\").",
"He scored 90 goals in over 200 games for Villa. After five years he eventually moved on in what he later described as \"the biggest wrench of my career.\"",
"#### Later career",
"He joined [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United \"Sheffield United\") scoring 18 goals in 74 league games in three seasons from 1985 to 1988\\. In his last season there he scored twice in eight league games on loan back at ex\\-club, Birmingham City. He ended his senior playing days scoring once in 38 league games at [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town \"Huddersfield Town\") between 1988 and 1990\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The station came into existence following [GMG Radio](/wiki/Real_and_Smooth "Real and Smooth")'s purchase of the [Saga Radio Group](/wiki/Saga_Radio_Group "Saga Radio Group") in December 2006, and the granting of permission from the regulator [Ofcom](/wiki/Ofcom "Ofcom") to change the format of its [Smooth FM](/wiki/Smooth_Radio_%282010%29 "Smooth Radio (2010)") stations. The decision was made to change both the Smooth FM and Saga stations to Smooth Radio. Saga 106\.6 FM closed at 6 pm on Friday 23 March 2007, and was followed by a preview weekend for the new Smooth Radio.
[Smooth](/wiki/Smooth_Radio_%282010%29 "Smooth Radio (2010)") network of stations. Connect FM closed and merged with Smooth East Midlands on 1 October 2019\. in [Kettering](/wiki/Kettering "Kettering"), [Corby](/wiki/Corby "Corby"), [Wellingborough](/wiki/Wellingborough "Wellingborough") [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton "Northampton") [Peterborough](/wiki/Peterborough "Peterborough"), and [Rushden](/wiki/Rushden "Rushden")
Smooth East Midlands played middle\-of\-the\-road, [adult contemporary music](/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music "Adult contemporary music"), aimed at listeners aged 45 and over. It had very few similarities to its predecessor. Though many of the presenters who worked on Saga 106\.6 FM initially hosted shows on 106\.6 Smooth Radio, many later departed and by the time of its closure none of the specialist shows from the Saga days had survived. Moreover, Smooth's initial slogan *Your Life, Your Music*, which was used on Saga stations, was modified to *Love Life, Love Music*, which continues to be used by the station's successor. The station gradually networked many of its programmes since 2007, and from 28 June 2010 Tony Lyman was the only remaining original presenter from the Saga line up.
Local programming originated from studios in [Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire "Nottinghamshire"). Networked programming was syndicated from [Smooth North West](/wiki/Smooth_North_West "Smooth North West") studios at [Salford Quays](/wiki/Salford_Quays "Salford Quays"), [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester").
In 2010 GMG announced that it would be merging its five Smooth stations in England to create a nationwide Smooth Radio service based in Manchester. The new station was launched on 4 October 2010 and could be heard both on DAB and locally on the FM frequencies.
### Global Radio franchisee under Communicorp ownership
{{further\|Smooth Radio (2014\)}}
Smooth Radio's output was relocated to new owner [Global](/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment "Global Media & Entertainment")'s [Leicester Square](/wiki/Leicester_Square "Leicester Square") headquarters on 1 October 2013, a move that coincided with a major overhaul of its schedule, and the closure of Smooth 70s after 21 months on air.{{cite news\|url\=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2013/10/global\-welcomes\-smooth\-radio\-to\-london\-hq/ \|title\=Global welcomes Smooth Radio to London HQ \|publisher\=Radio Today \|date\=3 October 2013 \|access\-date\=3 October 2013}}{{cite news\|url\=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2013/10/smooth\-radio\-70s\-to\-close\-after\-21\-months/ \|title\=Smooth Radio 70s to close after 21 months \|publisher\=Radio Today \|date\=3 October 2013 \|access\-date\=3 October 2013}}
Global reached an agreement to sell Smooth East Midlands and seven others to [Communicorp](/wiki/Communicorp "Communicorp"), as part of a plan to allay competition fears following Global's purchase of GMG Radio.{{cite news\|last\=Sandle\|first\=Paul \|date\=6 February 2014 \|title\=Denis O'Brien buys eight UK radio stations from Global Radio \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-communicorp\-global\-idUKBREA150LF20140206 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230909/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-communicorp\-global\-idUKBREA150LF20140206 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 8, 2015 \|newspaper\=Reuters \|access\-date\=10 February 2014}}
\-
On 4 February 2014, the *[Radio Today](/wiki/Radio_Today_%28website%29 "Radio Today (website)")* website reported that Ofcom had given Global permission to remove Smooth from the Digital One platform, and to replace it with a service playing music from the 1970s, 80s and 90s.{{cite news\|url\=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2014/02/smooth\-radio\-to\-be\-removed\-from\-digital\-1/ \|title\=Smooth Radio to be removed from Digital 1 \|publisher\=Radio Today \|date\=4 February 2014 \|access\-date\=5 February 2014}} Under this agreement, Smooth would continue to broadcast on its regional frequencies, but would be required to provide seven hours of local output per day.
On 2 March 2014 a new slogan *Your Relaxing Music Mix* was introduced.
In September 2019, following OFCOM's decision to relax local content obligations from commercial radio, Smooth's local Drivetime and weekend shows were replaced by network programming from London.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-05\-29\|title\=Smooth Radio poaches Angie Greaves for national Drive\|url\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/05/smooth\-radio\-poaches\-angie\-greaves\-for\-national\-drive/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-21\|website\=RadioToday\|language\=en\-GB}} Local news bulletins, traffic updates and advertising were retained, alongside the station's East Midlands breakfast show.
On 1 October 2019, Connect Radio 97\.2, 106\.8 \& 107\.4 closed and merged with Smooth East Midlands.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-09\-13\|title\=Connect FM given Ofcom go\-ahead to merge with Smooth\|url\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/09/connect\-fm\-given\-ofcom\-go\-ahead\-to\-merge\-with\-smooth/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-21\|website\=RadioToday\|language\=en\-GB}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The station came into existence following [GMG Radio](/wiki/Real_and_Smooth \"Real and Smooth\")'s purchase of the [Saga Radio Group](/wiki/Saga_Radio_Group \"Saga Radio Group\") in December 2006, and the granting of permission from the regulator [Ofcom](/wiki/Ofcom \"Ofcom\") to change the format of its [Smooth FM](/wiki/Smooth_Radio_%282010%29 \"Smooth Radio (2010)\") stations. The decision was made to change both the Smooth FM and Saga stations to Smooth Radio. Saga 106\\.6 FM closed at 6 pm on Friday 23 March 2007, and was followed by a preview weekend for the new Smooth Radio.",
"[Smooth](/wiki/Smooth_Radio_%282010%29 \"Smooth Radio (2010)\") network of stations. Connect FM closed and merged with Smooth East Midlands on 1 October 2019\\. in [Kettering](/wiki/Kettering \"Kettering\"), [Corby](/wiki/Corby \"Corby\"), [Wellingborough](/wiki/Wellingborough \"Wellingborough\") [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton \"Northampton\") [Peterborough](/wiki/Peterborough \"Peterborough\"), and [Rushden](/wiki/Rushden \"Rushden\")",
"Smooth East Midlands played middle\\-of\\-the\\-road, [adult contemporary music](/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music \"Adult contemporary music\"), aimed at listeners aged 45 and over. It had very few similarities to its predecessor. Though many of the presenters who worked on Saga 106\\.6 FM initially hosted shows on 106\\.6 Smooth Radio, many later departed and by the time of its closure none of the specialist shows from the Saga days had survived. Moreover, Smooth's initial slogan *Your Life, Your Music*, which was used on Saga stations, was modified to *Love Life, Love Music*, which continues to be used by the station's successor. The station gradually networked many of its programmes since 2007, and from 28 June 2010 Tony Lyman was the only remaining original presenter from the Saga line up.",
"Local programming originated from studios in [Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire \"Nottinghamshire\"). Networked programming was syndicated from [Smooth North West](/wiki/Smooth_North_West \"Smooth North West\") studios at [Salford Quays](/wiki/Salford_Quays \"Salford Quays\"), [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\").",
"In 2010 GMG announced that it would be merging its five Smooth stations in England to create a nationwide Smooth Radio service based in Manchester. The new station was launched on 4 October 2010 and could be heard both on DAB and locally on the FM frequencies.",
"### Global Radio franchisee under Communicorp ownership",
"{{further\\|Smooth Radio (2014\\)}}",
"Smooth Radio's output was relocated to new owner [Global](/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment \"Global Media & Entertainment\")'s [Leicester Square](/wiki/Leicester_Square \"Leicester Square\") headquarters on 1 October 2013, a move that coincided with a major overhaul of its schedule, and the closure of Smooth 70s after 21 months on air.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2013/10/global\\-welcomes\\-smooth\\-radio\\-to\\-london\\-hq/ \\|title\\=Global welcomes Smooth Radio to London HQ \\|publisher\\=Radio Today \\|date\\=3 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2013}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2013/10/smooth\\-radio\\-70s\\-to\\-close\\-after\\-21\\-months/ \\|title\\=Smooth Radio 70s to close after 21 months \\|publisher\\=Radio Today \\|date\\=3 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2013}}",
"Global reached an agreement to sell Smooth East Midlands and seven others to [Communicorp](/wiki/Communicorp \"Communicorp\"), as part of a plan to allay competition fears following Global's purchase of GMG Radio.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sandle\\|first\\=Paul \\|date\\=6 February 2014 \\|title\\=Denis O'Brien buys eight UK radio stations from Global Radio \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-communicorp\\-global\\-idUKBREA150LF20140206 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230909/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-communicorp\\-global\\-idUKBREA150LF20140206 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 8, 2015 \\|newspaper\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2014}}\n\\-\nOn 4 February 2014, the *[Radio Today](/wiki/Radio_Today_%28website%29 \"Radio Today (website)\")* website reported that Ofcom had given Global permission to remove Smooth from the Digital One platform, and to replace it with a service playing music from the 1970s, 80s and 90s.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2014/02/smooth\\-radio\\-to\\-be\\-removed\\-from\\-digital\\-1/ \\|title\\=Smooth Radio to be removed from Digital 1 \\|publisher\\=Radio Today \\|date\\=4 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2014}} Under this agreement, Smooth would continue to broadcast on its regional frequencies, but would be required to provide seven hours of local output per day.",
"On 2 March 2014 a new slogan *Your Relaxing Music Mix* was introduced.",
"In September 2019, following OFCOM's decision to relax local content obligations from commercial radio, Smooth's local Drivetime and weekend shows were replaced by network programming from London.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-29\\|title\\=Smooth Radio poaches Angie Greaves for national Drive\\|url\\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/05/smooth\\-radio\\-poaches\\-angie\\-greaves\\-for\\-national\\-drive/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-21\\|website\\=RadioToday\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} Local news bulletins, traffic updates and advertising were retained, alongside the station's East Midlands breakfast show.",
"On 1 October 2019, Connect Radio 97\\.2, 106\\.8 \\& 107\\.4 closed and merged with Smooth East Midlands.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-13\\|title\\=Connect FM given Ofcom go\\-ahead to merge with Smooth\\|url\\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/09/connect\\-fm\\-given\\-ofcom\\-go\\-ahead\\-to\\-merge\\-with\\-smooth/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-21\\|website\\=RadioToday\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Rui Gonçalves studied in Lisbon, at Corte, where his father maintained important connections. During his stay, he was informed of the untimely death of his father: he was eleven years at the time of his death. Owing to his age, the administration of the captaincy of São Miguel was assumed by his uncle [Pedro Rodrigues da Câmara](/wiki/Pedro_Rodrigues_da_C%C3%A2mara "Pedro Rodrigues da Câmara") until 1504\. Meanwhile, in 1503, King D. [Manuel I](/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal "Manuel I of Portugal") named a [Corregedor](/wiki/Corregedor "Corregedor") (*magistrate*) to the Azores, with legal, tax and inspection powers over local authorities, ostensibly eliminating the absolute authority of the donatary\-captains.
### Donatário
Achieving age of majority in 1504 (two years following his father's death), he assumed the captaincy of the island.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\), p.33 Shortly after arriving in São Miguel, his mother and siblings were lost at sea during a voyage to Lisbon: the ship was lost.
Rui da Câmara married D. Filipa Coutinho, daughter of the [Count of Marialva](/wiki/Count_of_Marialva "Count of Marialva").
The presence of the magistrates triggered a serious conflict of powers involving the captain, the counter of the royal treasury and the ecclesiastical magistrate, the latter having been arrogated powers that far exceeded tutelage over the clergy (since he was aware of civil matters and exempt from compliance with other authorities). This conflict, and others, came to the attention of the king when he called the captain to Corte, before dispatching him to north Africa. The captain was dismissed resulting in serious financial problems. This situation was resolved five years later, through the efforts of D. Jorge de Melo who, in trade for a promise to marry his daughter to the Captain's first born, he offered some influences at Corte. By royal charter, Rui da Câmara was readmitted as Donatary\-Captain to São Miguel on 22 August 1515\.
As his financial situation was progressing well enough, on 22 October 1522 a strong earthquake destroyed many of the settlements of the island, and made it susceptible to the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death"). [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo "Vila Franca do Campo"), then capital of the island, was buried following a landslide that killed his first\-born son and a majority of his family. The Captain survived the event owing to his presence in Lagoa, along with his wife and son ([Manuel da Câmara](/wiki/Manuel_da_C%C3%A2mara "Manuel da Câmara")), at his summer residence. Due to its destruction, the capital of São Miguel moved to Ponta Delgada, where the Captain\-Donatário eventually began to reside in a residence near the Church of São Pedro. Before arriving in Ponta Delgada, though, Rui and his wife spent some time in Vale de Cabaças (today Caloura) where they befriended the daughters of the nobleman Jorge da Mota, who had taken shelter in the location following the earthquakes.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\=8092 \|editor\=SIPA \|publisher\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico\|title\=Convento da Caloura/Recolhimento da Caloura (no.PT072101010007\)\|location\=Lisbon, Portugal \|language\=Portuguese\|year\=2012 \|accessdate\=25 August 2012 \|first\=Paula \|last\=Noé}} They had begun a small shelter, supported by local donations, and Rui decided to support the sisters, going as far as petitioning the Pope for a [bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") to establishment a convent (Convent of Santo André in [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo "Vila Franca do Campo"), moving his family to the location and ordering remodelling of the buildings. Eventually, though, his need in the provincial capital forced Rui and D. Coutinho to move to Ponta Delgada, which may have been the reason why the Convent of Caloura was abandoned in 1540 (and why the [Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança](/wiki/Convent_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Esperan%C3%A7a "Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança"), in Ponta Delgada, was erected).
Following the death of his first\-born, Rui da Câmara made his surviving son marry D. Joana de Melo, daughter of D. Jorge de Melo. This turn of events did not appeal to the youth, who fled aboard a galleon to Madeira, and from there to North Africa. His father ordered his retrieval, but was only successful when the King intervened, ordering his marriage.
During Câmara second term as Captain\-Donatário he was responsible for improvements to coastal defenses on the island, owing to the increased activity of pirates within the waters of the Azores. Along with reorganizing the military forces on the island, under his administration Rui da Câmara was responsible for improvements to forts, including the construction of the Fort of São Brás.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\), p.34
### Later life
By the time of his grandson's birth ([Rui III](/wiki/Rui_Gon%C3%A7alves_da_C%C3%A2mara_III "Rui Gonçalves da Câmara III")), Rui da Câmara had transferred his residence to the road later known as *Rua do Conde*, which was renamed following the title bestowed on the Câmara family (during the Philippine Union).
The captain, with financial problems and personal heartbreaks, died in [Ponta Delgada](/wiki/Ponta_Delgada "Ponta Delgada") on 20 October 1535, and was buried in the Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Rui Gonçalves studied in Lisbon, at Corte, where his father maintained important connections. During his stay, he was informed of the untimely death of his father: he was eleven years at the time of his death. Owing to his age, the administration of the captaincy of São Miguel was assumed by his uncle [Pedro Rodrigues da Câmara](/wiki/Pedro_Rodrigues_da_C%C3%A2mara \"Pedro Rodrigues da Câmara\") until 1504\\. Meanwhile, in 1503, King D. [Manuel I](/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal \"Manuel I of Portugal\") named a [Corregedor](/wiki/Corregedor \"Corregedor\") (*magistrate*) to the Azores, with legal, tax and inspection powers over local authorities, ostensibly eliminating the absolute authority of the donatary\\-captains.",
"### Donatário",
"Achieving age of majority in 1504 (two years following his father's death), he assumed the captaincy of the island.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\\), p.33 Shortly after arriving in São Miguel, his mother and siblings were lost at sea during a voyage to Lisbon: the ship was lost.",
"Rui da Câmara married D. Filipa Coutinho, daughter of the [Count of Marialva](/wiki/Count_of_Marialva \"Count of Marialva\").",
"The presence of the magistrates triggered a serious conflict of powers involving the captain, the counter of the royal treasury and the ecclesiastical magistrate, the latter having been arrogated powers that far exceeded tutelage over the clergy (since he was aware of civil matters and exempt from compliance with other authorities). This conflict, and others, came to the attention of the king when he called the captain to Corte, before dispatching him to north Africa. The captain was dismissed resulting in serious financial problems. This situation was resolved five years later, through the efforts of D. Jorge de Melo who, in trade for a promise to marry his daughter to the Captain's first born, he offered some influences at Corte. By royal charter, Rui da Câmara was readmitted as Donatary\\-Captain to São Miguel on 22 August 1515\\.",
"As his financial situation was progressing well enough, on 22 October 1522 a strong earthquake destroyed many of the settlements of the island, and made it susceptible to the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\"). [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo \"Vila Franca do Campo\"), then capital of the island, was buried following a landslide that killed his first\\-born son and a majority of his family. The Captain survived the event owing to his presence in Lagoa, along with his wife and son ([Manuel da Câmara](/wiki/Manuel_da_C%C3%A2mara \"Manuel da Câmara\")), at his summer residence. Due to its destruction, the capital of São Miguel moved to Ponta Delgada, where the Captain\\-Donatário eventually began to reside in a residence near the Church of São Pedro. Before arriving in Ponta Delgada, though, Rui and his wife spent some time in Vale de Cabaças (today Caloura) where they befriended the daughters of the nobleman Jorge da Mota, who had taken shelter in the location following the earthquakes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\\=8092 \\|editor\\=SIPA \\|publisher\\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico\\|title\\=Convento da Caloura/Recolhimento da Caloura (no.PT072101010007\\)\\|location\\=Lisbon, Portugal \\|language\\=Portuguese\\|year\\=2012 \\|accessdate\\=25 August 2012 \\|first\\=Paula \\|last\\=Noé}} They had begun a small shelter, supported by local donations, and Rui decided to support the sisters, going as far as petitioning the Pope for a [bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") to establishment a convent (Convent of Santo André in [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo \"Vila Franca do Campo\"), moving his family to the location and ordering remodelling of the buildings. Eventually, though, his need in the provincial capital forced Rui and D. Coutinho to move to Ponta Delgada, which may have been the reason why the Convent of Caloura was abandoned in 1540 (and why the [Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança](/wiki/Convent_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Esperan%C3%A7a \"Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança\"), in Ponta Delgada, was erected).",
"Following the death of his first\\-born, Rui da Câmara made his surviving son marry D. Joana de Melo, daughter of D. Jorge de Melo. This turn of events did not appeal to the youth, who fled aboard a galleon to Madeira, and from there to North Africa. His father ordered his retrieval, but was only successful when the King intervened, ordering his marriage.",
"During Câmara second term as Captain\\-Donatário he was responsible for improvements to coastal defenses on the island, owing to the increased activity of pirates within the waters of the Azores. Along with reorganizing the military forces on the island, under his administration Rui da Câmara was responsible for improvements to forts, including the construction of the Fort of São Brás.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\\), p.34",
"### Later life",
"By the time of his grandson's birth ([Rui III](/wiki/Rui_Gon%C3%A7alves_da_C%C3%A2mara_III \"Rui Gonçalves da Câmara III\")), Rui da Câmara had transferred his residence to the road later known as *Rua do Conde*, which was renamed following the title bestowed on the Câmara family (during the Philippine Union).",
"The captain, with financial problems and personal heartbreaks, died in [Ponta Delgada](/wiki/Ponta_Delgada \"Ponta Delgada\") on 20 October 1535, and was buried in the Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança.",
""
] |
### Donatário
Achieving age of majority in 1504 (two years following his father's death), he assumed the captaincy of the island.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\), p.33 Shortly after arriving in São Miguel, his mother and siblings were lost at sea during a voyage to Lisbon: the ship was lost.
Rui da Câmara married D. Filipa Coutinho, daughter of the [Count of Marialva](/wiki/Count_of_Marialva "Count of Marialva").
The presence of the magistrates triggered a serious conflict of powers involving the captain, the counter of the royal treasury and the ecclesiastical magistrate, the latter having been arrogated powers that far exceeded tutelage over the clergy (since he was aware of civil matters and exempt from compliance with other authorities). This conflict, and others, came to the attention of the king when he called the captain to Corte, before dispatching him to north Africa. The captain was dismissed resulting in serious financial problems. This situation was resolved five years later, through the efforts of D. Jorge de Melo who, in trade for a promise to marry his daughter to the Captain's first born, he offered some influences at Corte. By royal charter, Rui da Câmara was readmitted as Donatary\-Captain to São Miguel on 22 August 1515\.
As his financial situation was progressing well enough, on 22 October 1522 a strong earthquake destroyed many of the settlements of the island, and made it susceptible to the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death"). [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo "Vila Franca do Campo"), then capital of the island, was buried following a landslide that killed his first\-born son and a majority of his family. The Captain survived the event owing to his presence in Lagoa, along with his wife and son ([Manuel da Câmara](/wiki/Manuel_da_C%C3%A2mara "Manuel da Câmara")), at his summer residence. Due to its destruction, the capital of São Miguel moved to Ponta Delgada, where the Captain\-Donatário eventually began to reside in a residence near the Church of São Pedro. Before arriving in Ponta Delgada, though, Rui and his wife spent some time in Vale de Cabaças (today Caloura) where they befriended the daughters of the nobleman Jorge da Mota, who had taken shelter in the location following the earthquakes.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\=8092 \|editor\=SIPA \|publisher\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico\|title\=Convento da Caloura/Recolhimento da Caloura (no.PT072101010007\)\|location\=Lisbon, Portugal \|language\=Portuguese\|year\=2012 \|accessdate\=25 August 2012 \|first\=Paula \|last\=Noé}} They had begun a small shelter, supported by local donations, and Rui decided to support the sisters, going as far as petitioning the Pope for a [bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") to establishment a convent (Convent of Santo André in [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo "Vila Franca do Campo"), moving his family to the location and ordering remodelling of the buildings. Eventually, though, his need in the provincial capital forced Rui and D. Coutinho to move to Ponta Delgada, which may have been the reason why the Convent of Caloura was abandoned in 1540 (and why the [Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança](/wiki/Convent_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Esperan%C3%A7a "Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança"), in Ponta Delgada, was erected).
Following the death of his first\-born, Rui da Câmara made his surviving son marry D. Joana de Melo, daughter of D. Jorge de Melo. This turn of events did not appeal to the youth, who fled aboard a galleon to Madeira, and from there to North Africa. His father ordered his retrieval, but was only successful when the King intervened, ordering his marriage.
During Câmara second term as Captain\-Donatário he was responsible for improvements to coastal defenses on the island, owing to the increased activity of pirates within the waters of the Azores. Along with reorganizing the military forces on the island, under his administration Rui da Câmara was responsible for improvements to forts, including the construction of the Fort of São Brás.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\), p.34
|
[
"### Donatário",
"Achieving age of majority in 1504 (two years following his father's death), he assumed the captaincy of the island.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\\), p.33 Shortly after arriving in São Miguel, his mother and siblings were lost at sea during a voyage to Lisbon: the ship was lost.",
"Rui da Câmara married D. Filipa Coutinho, daughter of the [Count of Marialva](/wiki/Count_of_Marialva \"Count of Marialva\").",
"The presence of the magistrates triggered a serious conflict of powers involving the captain, the counter of the royal treasury and the ecclesiastical magistrate, the latter having been arrogated powers that far exceeded tutelage over the clergy (since he was aware of civil matters and exempt from compliance with other authorities). This conflict, and others, came to the attention of the king when he called the captain to Corte, before dispatching him to north Africa. The captain was dismissed resulting in serious financial problems. This situation was resolved five years later, through the efforts of D. Jorge de Melo who, in trade for a promise to marry his daughter to the Captain's first born, he offered some influences at Corte. By royal charter, Rui da Câmara was readmitted as Donatary\\-Captain to São Miguel on 22 August 1515\\.",
"As his financial situation was progressing well enough, on 22 October 1522 a strong earthquake destroyed many of the settlements of the island, and made it susceptible to the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\"). [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo \"Vila Franca do Campo\"), then capital of the island, was buried following a landslide that killed his first\\-born son and a majority of his family. The Captain survived the event owing to his presence in Lagoa, along with his wife and son ([Manuel da Câmara](/wiki/Manuel_da_C%C3%A2mara \"Manuel da Câmara\")), at his summer residence. Due to its destruction, the capital of São Miguel moved to Ponta Delgada, where the Captain\\-Donatário eventually began to reside in a residence near the Church of São Pedro. Before arriving in Ponta Delgada, though, Rui and his wife spent some time in Vale de Cabaças (today Caloura) where they befriended the daughters of the nobleman Jorge da Mota, who had taken shelter in the location following the earthquakes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\\=8092 \\|editor\\=SIPA \\|publisher\\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico\\|title\\=Convento da Caloura/Recolhimento da Caloura (no.PT072101010007\\)\\|location\\=Lisbon, Portugal \\|language\\=Portuguese\\|year\\=2012 \\|accessdate\\=25 August 2012 \\|first\\=Paula \\|last\\=Noé}} They had begun a small shelter, supported by local donations, and Rui decided to support the sisters, going as far as petitioning the Pope for a [bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") to establishment a convent (Convent of Santo André in [Vila Franca do Campo](/wiki/Vila_Franca_do_Campo \"Vila Franca do Campo\"), moving his family to the location and ordering remodelling of the buildings. Eventually, though, his need in the provincial capital forced Rui and D. Coutinho to move to Ponta Delgada, which may have been the reason why the Convent of Caloura was abandoned in 1540 (and why the [Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança](/wiki/Convent_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Esperan%C3%A7a \"Convent of Nossa Senhora da Esperança\"), in Ponta Delgada, was erected).",
"Following the death of his first\\-born, Rui da Câmara made his surviving son marry D. Joana de Melo, daughter of D. Jorge de Melo. This turn of events did not appeal to the youth, who fled aboard a galleon to Madeira, and from there to North Africa. His father ordered his retrieval, but was only successful when the King intervened, ordering his marriage.",
"During Câmara second term as Captain\\-Donatário he was responsible for improvements to coastal defenses on the island, owing to the increased activity of pirates within the waters of the Azores. Along with reorganizing the military forces on the island, under his administration Rui da Câmara was responsible for improvements to forts, including the construction of the Fort of São Brás.Carlos Melo Bento (2008\\), p.34",
""
] |
Projects
--------
Shadow Parliament (Skuggaþing) opened formally in February 2010,[Vísir – Skuggaþing opnað](http://www.visir.is/skuggathing-opnad/article/2010992522405) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165520/http://www.visir.is/skuggathing\-opnad/article/2010992522405 \|date\=23 March 2012 }}. Visir.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. imports all proposals from the Icelandic Parliament ([Alþingi](/wiki/Al%C3%BEingi "Alþingi"))[Alţingi](http://althingi.is/). Althingi.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. and enables citizens to choose which proposals they support or oppose as well as allowing them to put forward their own proposals. The system received acclaim from the Icelandic blogosphere[Skuggaþing « Silfur Egils](http://silfuregils.eyjan.is/2010/02/14/skuggathing/). Silfuregils.eyjan.is (14 February 2010\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\.[» Skuggaþing – góð viðbót í umræðuna – Gísli Baldvinsson](http://blog.eyjan.is/gislibal/2010/02/17/skuggathing-god-vidbot-i-umraeduna/). Blog.eyjan.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. and over 2,000 citizens took part in using the system,[Hittu áhrifamesta fólkið hjá Skuggaþing](http://skuggathing.is/network) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213224028/http://skuggathing.is/network \|date\=13 December 2011 }}. Skuggathing.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. including members of the Parliament.[Birgitta Jonsdottir hjá Skuggaþing](http://skuggathing.is/users/1350-birgitta-jonsdottir) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225005630/http://skuggathing.is/users/1350\-birgitta\-jonsdottir \|date\=25 February 2011 }}. Skuggathing.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.[Alþingi – Æviágrip: Birgitta Jónsdóttir](http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv.php4?nfaerslunr=728). Althingi.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.[Margrét Tryggvadóttir hjá Skuggaþing](http://skuggathing.is/users/358-margret-tryggvadottir) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225005641/http://skuggathing.is/users/358\-margret\-tryggvadottir \|date\=25 February 2011 }}. Skuggathing.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.[Alþingi – Æviágrip: Margrét Tryggvadóttir](http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv.php4?nfaerslunr=723). Althingi.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. It has however not been used in any formal way by the Icelandic Parliament.
A few months later, on 25 May 2010, the website *Shadow City* (Skuggaborg) opened, a few days before the municipal elections in Icelands capital, Reykjavík with all parties running in the election given their own section for promotion and usage.[Skuggaborg – Hugmyndavefur fyrir Reykjavík \| Svipan](http://www.svipan.is/?p=7434) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319222058/http://www.svipan.is/?p\=7434 \|date\=19 March 2012 }}. Svipan.is (28 May 2010\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\. The website was received with acclaim by the Best Party whose supporters used it extensively for their proposals and ideas.[Skoðanaskipti í Skuggaborg](http://www.mbl.is/frettir/forsida/2010/06/03/skodanaskipti_i_skuggaborg/). mbl.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. The Best Party won the elections{{in lang\|is}} [Reykjavíkurborg \| Höfuðborgarsvæðið \| Sveitarfélög / kjördæmi \| Kosningavefur Dómsmála\- og Mannréttindaráðuneytisins \| Reykjavíkurborg \| Höfuðborgarsvæðið \| Sveitarfélög – úrslit \| Sveitarstjórnarkosningar \| Kosningavefur innanríkisráðuneytisins](http://www.kosning.is/sveitarstjornarkosningar/sveitarfelog/hofudborgarsvaedid/reykjavikurborg/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521065020/http://www.kosning.is/sveitarstjornarkosningar/sveitarfelog/hofudborgarsvaedid/reykjavikurborg \|date\=21 May 2010 }}. Kosning.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. and started majority negotiations with the [Social Democratic Alliance](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance "Social Democratic Alliance"). The parties asked the founders of Skuggaborg to create a special area on the website called Better Reykjavík for the citizens to help them create a majority agreement.[Besti Flokkurinn – Pólítískt Partí \| Leynifundir og Betri Reykjavík](http://bestiflokkurinn.is/ur-starfi-flokksins/leynifundir-og-betri-reykjavik) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021812/http://bestiflokkurinn.is/ur\-starfi\-flokksins/leynifundir\-og\-betri\-reykjavik \|date\=22 July 2011 }}. Bestiflokkurinn.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.[Fréttir – Beint lýðræði í betri Reykjavík](http://www.dv.is/frettir/2010/6/1/beint-lydraedi-i-betri-reykjavik/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114004230/http://www.dv.is/frettir/2010/6/1/beint\-lydraedi\-i\-betri\-reykjavik/ \|date\=14 January 2012 }}. DV.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.{{cite web\|title\=Auglýst eftir stefnumálum\|url\=http://www.ruv.is/frett/auglyst\-eftir\-stefnumalum \|accessdate\=16 September 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608000826/http://www.ruv.is/frett/auglyst\-eftir\-stefnumalum \|archivedate\=8 June 2010 }} In 3 days the number of users had reached almost 3\.000 with over 400 ideas and 873 points for and against those ideas.[Skoðanaskipti í Skuggaborg](http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2010/06/03/skodanaskipti_i_skuggaborg/). mbl.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. One news site referred to this as "A flood of ideas about a Better Reykjavík".[Flóð hugmynda um Betri Reykjavík « Eyjan](http://eyjan.is/2010/06/04/flod-hugmynda-um-betri-reykjavik/). Eyjan.is (25 February 2010\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\. In their majority agreement the parties said: The website Better Reykjavík will be used as support in decision making and policy formulation[Besti Flokkurinn – Pólítískt Partí \| Samstarfsyfirlýsing Besta flokksins og Samfylkingarinnar](http://www.bestiflokkurinn.is/ur-starfi-flokksins/samstarfsyfirlysing-besta-flokksins-og-samfylkingarinnar) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117072019/http://www.bestiflokkurinn.is/ur\-starfi\-flokksins/samstarfsyfirlysing\-besta\-flokksins\-og\-samfylkingarinnar \|date\=17 January 2012 }}. Bestiflokkurinn.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. and the city has been working with the Citizens Foundation in opening a new and improved version of Better Reykjavík that will be used as an integral part of the city's governance.
This success prompted the Young Social Democrats (the youth movement related to the Social Democratic Alliance) to challenge the government to implement a similar system for the country.[Vefur Ungra jafnaðarmanna](http://www.politik.is/upplysingar/stefnan/landsthing-2010/). Politik.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.
Some of the ideas from Better Reykjavík have already been put into practice, one of them is a proposal to keep one swimmingpool open 24/7 for 1–2 months in the summer.[Efstu rök – Betri Reykjavík](http://betrireykjavik.is/priorities/374-solahrings-opnun-einnar-sundlaugar-ad-sumri-til-12-manudi/top_points) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095517/http://betrireykjavik.is/priorities/374\-solahrings\-opnun\-einnar\-sundlaugar\-ad\-sumri\-til\-12\-manudi/top\_points \|date\=2 April 2012 }}. BetriReykjavík.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\. This was realized two months after the election in the biggest swimmingpool in Reykjavík, Laugardalslaugin[Nætursund í Laugardalslaug](http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2010/07/20/naetursund_i_laugardalslaug/). mbl.is (20 July 2010\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\. although the pool was only open continuously for a week.
After Better Reykjavík the Citizens Foundation team, [Róbert Bjarnason](/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_Bjarnason "Róbert Bjarnason"), [Gunnar Grímsson](/wiki/Gunnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson "Gunnar Grímsson") and [Óskar J. Sandholt](/wiki/%C3%93skar_J._Sandholt "Óskar J. Sandholt") started focusing on the Foundation's international effort, *Your Priorities*, which includes a website like Better Reykjavík for every country in the world, free of charge.[Uw prioriteiten Welcome](http://www.yrpri.org/). Yrpri.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011\.
|
[
"Projects\n--------",
"Shadow Parliament (Skuggaþing) opened formally in February 2010,[Vísir – Skuggaþing opnað](http://www.visir.is/skuggathing-opnad/article/2010992522405) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165520/http://www.visir.is/skuggathing\\-opnad/article/2010992522405 \\|date\\=23 March 2012 }}. Visir.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. imports all proposals from the Icelandic Parliament ([Alþingi](/wiki/Al%C3%BEingi \"Alþingi\"))[Alţingi](http://althingi.is/). Althingi.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. and enables citizens to choose which proposals they support or oppose as well as allowing them to put forward their own proposals. The system received acclaim from the Icelandic blogosphere[Skuggaþing « Silfur Egils](http://silfuregils.eyjan.is/2010/02/14/skuggathing/). Silfuregils.eyjan.is (14 February 2010\\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.[» Skuggaþing – góð viðbót í umræðuna – Gísli Baldvinsson](http://blog.eyjan.is/gislibal/2010/02/17/skuggathing-god-vidbot-i-umraeduna/). Blog.eyjan.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. and over 2,000 citizens took part in using the system,[Hittu áhrifamesta fólkið hjá Skuggaþing](http://skuggathing.is/network) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213224028/http://skuggathing.is/network \\|date\\=13 December 2011 }}. Skuggathing.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. including members of the Parliament.[Birgitta Jonsdottir hjá Skuggaþing](http://skuggathing.is/users/1350-birgitta-jonsdottir) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225005630/http://skuggathing.is/users/1350\\-birgitta\\-jonsdottir \\|date\\=25 February 2011 }}. Skuggathing.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.[Alþingi – Æviágrip: Birgitta Jónsdóttir](http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv.php4?nfaerslunr=728). Althingi.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.[Margrét Tryggvadóttir hjá Skuggaþing](http://skuggathing.is/users/358-margret-tryggvadottir) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225005641/http://skuggathing.is/users/358\\-margret\\-tryggvadottir \\|date\\=25 February 2011 }}. Skuggathing.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.[Alþingi – Æviágrip: Margrét Tryggvadóttir](http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv.php4?nfaerslunr=723). Althingi.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. It has however not been used in any formal way by the Icelandic Parliament.",
"A few months later, on 25 May 2010, the website *Shadow City* (Skuggaborg) opened, a few days before the municipal elections in Icelands capital, Reykjavík with all parties running in the election given their own section for promotion and usage.[Skuggaborg – Hugmyndavefur fyrir Reykjavík \\| Svipan](http://www.svipan.is/?p=7434) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319222058/http://www.svipan.is/?p\\=7434 \\|date\\=19 March 2012 }}. Svipan.is (28 May 2010\\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. The website was received with acclaim by the Best Party whose supporters used it extensively for their proposals and ideas.[Skoðanaskipti í Skuggaborg](http://www.mbl.is/frettir/forsida/2010/06/03/skodanaskipti_i_skuggaborg/). mbl.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. The Best Party won the elections{{in lang\\|is}} [Reykjavíkurborg \\| Höfuðborgarsvæðið \\| Sveitarfélög / kjördæmi \\| Kosningavefur Dómsmála\\- og Mannréttindaráðuneytisins \\| Reykjavíkurborg \\| Höfuðborgarsvæðið \\| Sveitarfélög – úrslit \\| Sveitarstjórnarkosningar \\| Kosningavefur innanríkisráðuneytisins](http://www.kosning.is/sveitarstjornarkosningar/sveitarfelog/hofudborgarsvaedid/reykjavikurborg/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521065020/http://www.kosning.is/sveitarstjornarkosningar/sveitarfelog/hofudborgarsvaedid/reykjavikurborg \\|date\\=21 May 2010 }}. Kosning.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. and started majority negotiations with the [Social Democratic Alliance](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance \"Social Democratic Alliance\"). The parties asked the founders of Skuggaborg to create a special area on the website called Better Reykjavík for the citizens to help them create a majority agreement.[Besti Flokkurinn – Pólítískt Partí \\| Leynifundir og Betri Reykjavík](http://bestiflokkurinn.is/ur-starfi-flokksins/leynifundir-og-betri-reykjavik) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021812/http://bestiflokkurinn.is/ur\\-starfi\\-flokksins/leynifundir\\-og\\-betri\\-reykjavik \\|date\\=22 July 2011 }}. Bestiflokkurinn.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.[Fréttir – Beint lýðræði í betri Reykjavík](http://www.dv.is/frettir/2010/6/1/beint-lydraedi-i-betri-reykjavik/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114004230/http://www.dv.is/frettir/2010/6/1/beint\\-lydraedi\\-i\\-betri\\-reykjavik/ \\|date\\=14 January 2012 }}. DV.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Auglýst eftir stefnumálum\\|url\\=http://www.ruv.is/frett/auglyst\\-eftir\\-stefnumalum \\|accessdate\\=16 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608000826/http://www.ruv.is/frett/auglyst\\-eftir\\-stefnumalum \\|archivedate\\=8 June 2010 }} In 3 days the number of users had reached almost 3\\.000 with over 400 ideas and 873 points for and against those ideas.[Skoðanaskipti í Skuggaborg](http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2010/06/03/skodanaskipti_i_skuggaborg/). mbl.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. One news site referred to this as \"A flood of ideas about a Better Reykjavík\".[Flóð hugmynda um Betri Reykjavík « Eyjan](http://eyjan.is/2010/06/04/flod-hugmynda-um-betri-reykjavik/). Eyjan.is (25 February 2010\\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. In their majority agreement the parties said: The website Better Reykjavík will be used as support in decision making and policy formulation[Besti Flokkurinn – Pólítískt Partí \\| Samstarfsyfirlýsing Besta flokksins og Samfylkingarinnar](http://www.bestiflokkurinn.is/ur-starfi-flokksins/samstarfsyfirlysing-besta-flokksins-og-samfylkingarinnar) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117072019/http://www.bestiflokkurinn.is/ur\\-starfi\\-flokksins/samstarfsyfirlysing\\-besta\\-flokksins\\-og\\-samfylkingarinnar \\|date\\=17 January 2012 }}. Bestiflokkurinn.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. and the city has been working with the Citizens Foundation in opening a new and improved version of Better Reykjavík that will be used as an integral part of the city's governance.",
"This success prompted the Young Social Democrats (the youth movement related to the Social Democratic Alliance) to challenge the government to implement a similar system for the country.[Vefur Ungra jafnaðarmanna](http://www.politik.is/upplysingar/stefnan/landsthing-2010/). Politik.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.",
"Some of the ideas from Better Reykjavík have already been put into practice, one of them is a proposal to keep one swimmingpool open 24/7 for 1–2 months in the summer.[Efstu rök – Betri Reykjavík](http://betrireykjavik.is/priorities/374-solahrings-opnun-einnar-sundlaugar-ad-sumri-til-12-manudi/top_points) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095517/http://betrireykjavik.is/priorities/374\\-solahrings\\-opnun\\-einnar\\-sundlaugar\\-ad\\-sumri\\-til\\-12\\-manudi/top\\_points \\|date\\=2 April 2012 }}. BetriReykjavík.is. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. This was realized two months after the election in the biggest swimmingpool in Reykjavík, Laugardalslaugin[Nætursund í Laugardalslaug](http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2010/07/20/naetursund_i_laugardalslaug/). mbl.is (20 July 2010\\). Retrieved 12 November 2011\\. although the pool was only open continuously for a week.",
"After Better Reykjavík the Citizens Foundation team, [Róbert Bjarnason](/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_Bjarnason \"Róbert Bjarnason\"), [Gunnar Grímsson](/wiki/Gunnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson \"Gunnar Grímsson\") and [Óskar J. Sandholt](/wiki/%C3%93skar_J._Sandholt \"Óskar J. Sandholt\") started focusing on the Foundation's international effort, *Your Priorities*, which includes a website like Better Reykjavík for every country in the world, free of charge.[Uw prioriteiten Welcome](http://www.yrpri.org/). Yrpri.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011\\.",
""
] |
Open Active Democracy
---------------------
The Citizens Foundation develops software called *Open Active Democracy* (OAD). The basic premise behind OAD is to bridge the gap between those who rule and those who are ruled, i.e. to allow the rulers to call out to the public for the priorities, arguments for and against those priorities as well as general opinions on the issues at hand. This also works in reverse; it gives its users the power to show the rulers what their priorities are.
In order to do this, the system has the priorities as its core function. Any user can add a new priority where users can support or oppose them, add their points for and against them and also rate the points’ usefulness. The outcome of this is a prioritised list of issues/ideas/proposals/priorities, both for each person and collectively.
OAD was designed to aggregate the priorities with the widest support as well as the best points for and against those priorities. It uses crowdsourcing to achieve these objectives, allowing its users to submit their own priorities as well as supporting or opposing other users’ priorities and marking points as useful or not.
In order to encourage users to participate, a Social point system is used in which users get Social points when other users find their input useful and also if those the user invited accept the invitation. Those who accept your{{Who\|date\=June 2012}} invitation automatically follow you and you them. Users can also manually decide to follow other users although this avenue has yet to be explored fully by the developers. Users can add comments to any priority, points and also to other users’ personal spaces.
The point system is engineered to prevent arguments which make users gather their thoughts in order to make their point come through. There is a strict length limit on points in order to enable other users to quickly scan through the best points although it is possible to add links to further information. Points for and against are in their own respective columns which has the effect of stifling the classic comment arguments of Yes/No/Yes/No so common in standard website comment areas. Those futile Yes/No arguments function more like a real\-life heated argument whereas the point system in OAD steers the user towards convincing other users that their own point is valid and should influence the decision.
This also has the effect of users watching their language and thinking carefully on how to best make their point come across in as few words as possible.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2012}} Most of this is unconscious on the part of the users and has been proven to work very well.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2012}} The system is mostly self\-governing as users report abusive behaviour from other users but so far there has been little need for that as the design of the system discourages such behaviour, with very few cases of abusive behaviour having been reported.
|
[
"Open Active Democracy\n---------------------",
"The Citizens Foundation develops software called *Open Active Democracy* (OAD). The basic premise behind OAD is to bridge the gap between those who rule and those who are ruled, i.e. to allow the rulers to call out to the public for the priorities, arguments for and against those priorities as well as general opinions on the issues at hand. This also works in reverse; it gives its users the power to show the rulers what their priorities are.",
"In order to do this, the system has the priorities as its core function. Any user can add a new priority where users can support or oppose them, add their points for and against them and also rate the points’ usefulness. The outcome of this is a prioritised list of issues/ideas/proposals/priorities, both for each person and collectively.",
"OAD was designed to aggregate the priorities with the widest support as well as the best points for and against those priorities. It uses crowdsourcing to achieve these objectives, allowing its users to submit their own priorities as well as supporting or opposing other users’ priorities and marking points as useful or not.",
"In order to encourage users to participate, a Social point system is used in which users get Social points when other users find their input useful and also if those the user invited accept the invitation. Those who accept your{{Who\\|date\\=June 2012}} invitation automatically follow you and you them. Users can also manually decide to follow other users although this avenue has yet to be explored fully by the developers. Users can add comments to any priority, points and also to other users’ personal spaces.",
"The point system is engineered to prevent arguments which make users gather their thoughts in order to make their point come through. There is a strict length limit on points in order to enable other users to quickly scan through the best points although it is possible to add links to further information. Points for and against are in their own respective columns which has the effect of stifling the classic comment arguments of Yes/No/Yes/No so common in standard website comment areas. Those futile Yes/No arguments function more like a real\\-life heated argument whereas the point system in OAD steers the user towards convincing other users that their own point is valid and should influence the decision.",
"This also has the effect of users watching their language and thinking carefully on how to best make their point come across in as few words as possible.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2012}} Most of this is unconscious on the part of the users and has been proven to work very well.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2012}} The system is mostly self\\-governing as users report abusive behaviour from other users but so far there has been little need for that as the design of the system discourages such behaviour, with very few cases of abusive behaviour having been reported.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 879, the [Normans](/wiki/Normans "Normans") were pillaging the [Vimeu](/wiki/Vimeu "Vimeu") region, but were defeated in 881 by [Louis III of France](/wiki/Louis_III_of_France "Louis III of France") at the [Battle of Saucourt](/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt "Battle of Saucourt"), at the very gates of Maisnières. All the towns of the Vimeu were then fortified to try to keep out the Normans.
In 1459, the château and ownership of Maisnières was soldPhilippe Seydoux \- « Gentilhommières en Picardie \- *Ponthieu et Vimeu* » \- Maisnières, p. 116 ( éd. de La Morande, 2002 \- {{ISBN\|2\-902 091\-33\-8}} mentionne **220** écus d'or. to the abbey of [Corbie](/wiki/Corbie "Corbie") for about 220 écus d'or. The abbots of [Corbie](/wiki/Corbie "Corbie"), as masters of Maisnières, collected [tithes](/wiki/Tithes "Tithes") and were also responsible for justice.
Maisnières cultivated [hops](/wiki/Hops "Hops") in the 17th century.
A century later, the hamlets of
Courtieux, Harcelaines and Monchelet were joined into the one parish.
The railway arrived in 1872, as part of the line serving [Frévent](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9vent "Frévent") to [Gamaches](/wiki/Gamaches "Gamaches").
A single\-storey schoolhouse was built in 1878\. A second floor was added in 1954 so that two classes could be taught separately. The school was used as a billet for [Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") troops during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), as was the château.
During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the Germans occupied homes, the old presbytery and the château, which served as the *Kommandantur*. On 3 July 1944, a [V1](/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb "V-1 flying bomb") rocket fell on the homes between the church and the presbytery. It killed 3 children from one family and wounded a dozen others. It had been launched from a site less than {{convert\|3\|mi\|km}} way, at Longuemort and had failed to take off properly.
Maisnières was liberated on 2 September 1944 by a Canadian [armoured division](/wiki/Armoured_division "Armoured division") on their way to Abbeville, where they joined up with the 1st Polish armoured division, to drive out the Germans.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 879, the [Normans](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\") were pillaging the [Vimeu](/wiki/Vimeu \"Vimeu\") region, but were defeated in 881 by [Louis III of France](/wiki/Louis_III_of_France \"Louis III of France\") at the [Battle of Saucourt](/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt \"Battle of Saucourt\"), at the very gates of Maisnières. All the towns of the Vimeu were then fortified to try to keep out the Normans.\nIn 1459, the château and ownership of Maisnières was soldPhilippe Seydoux \\- « Gentilhommières en Picardie \\- *Ponthieu et Vimeu* » \\- Maisnières, p. 116 ( éd. de La Morande, 2002 \\- {{ISBN\\|2\\-902 091\\-33\\-8}} mentionne **220** écus d'or. to the abbey of [Corbie](/wiki/Corbie \"Corbie\") for about 220 écus d'or. The abbots of [Corbie](/wiki/Corbie \"Corbie\"), as masters of Maisnières, collected [tithes](/wiki/Tithes \"Tithes\") and were also responsible for justice.",
"Maisnières cultivated [hops](/wiki/Hops \"Hops\") in the 17th century. \nA century later, the hamlets of\nCourtieux, Harcelaines and Monchelet were joined into the one parish.",
"The railway arrived in 1872, as part of the line serving [Frévent](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9vent \"Frévent\") to [Gamaches](/wiki/Gamaches \"Gamaches\").",
"A single\\-storey schoolhouse was built in 1878\\. A second floor was added in 1954 so that two classes could be taught separately. The school was used as a billet for [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") troops during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), as was the château.",
"During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the Germans occupied homes, the old presbytery and the château, which served as the *Kommandantur*. On 3 July 1944, a [V1](/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb \"V-1 flying bomb\") rocket fell on the homes between the church and the presbytery. It killed 3 children from one family and wounded a dozen others. It had been launched from a site less than {{convert\\|3\\|mi\\|km}} way, at Longuemort and had failed to take off properly.\nMaisnières was liberated on 2 September 1944 by a Canadian [armoured division](/wiki/Armoured_division \"Armoured division\") on their way to Abbeville, where they joined up with the 1st Polish armoured division, to drive out the Germans.",
""
] |
Latin American music
--------------------
Latin American music has been intertwined with politics across the years. 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s protest songs played a critical role in the fight against authoritarian regimes in countries like Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Today, Latin American musicians continue to tackle pressing social and political issues like immigration, inequality, and corruption through their work. As economist and musician Sumangala Damodaran explains, lyrics intertwined with activism are shaping the vast region's political landscape, creating a repertoire of new genres, and inspiring new generations of artists to do the same.{{Cite web \|last\=Damodaran \|first\=Sumangala \|date\=2016\-08\-05 \|title\=Protest and Music \|url\=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\.001\.0001/acrefore\-9780190228637\-e\-81 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04 \|website\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\.013\.81\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-022863\-7 }}
Some notable political issues across the region include discrimination, toxic masculinity, and colonization. Musical artists from across Latin America have contributed to the fight political issues occurring in their specific countries, like [Bad Bunny](/wiki/Bad_Bunny "Bad Bunny") for Puerto Rico and [Los Tigres del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte "Los Tigres del Norte") for Mexico. Throughout history, artists across Latin America have used music as a political tool to bring awareness to social issues.
### Nueva Canción
[Nueva canción](/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n "Nueva canción") or "New Song" is a musical movement that emerged in Latin America in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In a Remezcla article, Julyssa Lopez discloses that the genre focused on socially and politically conscious lyrics, often addressing the oppression and inequality experienced by marginalized communities, especially the Indigenous culture.{{Cite web \|title\=From Nueva Canción to Tropicália: 5 Music Genres Born Out of Latin American Political Resistance \|url\=https://remezcla.com/lists/music/5\-music\-genres\-resistance/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-04 \|website\=Remezcla \|language\=en\-US}} Global languages and cultures professor Robert Neustadt affirms that artists like [Violeta Parra](/wiki/Violeta_Parra "Violeta Parra"), [Victor Jara](/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Jara "Víctor Jara"), and [Inti\-Ilimani](/wiki/Inti-Illimani "Inti-Illimani") used their music to speak out against censorship, state violence, and human rights abuses.
Nueva canción was relevant because it gave voice and visibility to social and political issues and provided a platform for marginalized communities to express their struggles and resistance through music. It also played a significant role in the fight against oppressive regimes and contributed to the development of cultural identity and social consciousness in Latin America.
### Salsa
{{Main\|Salsa music}}Salsa is most known for its rhythm and inclusion of various instruments. Cumbia is characterized by its energetic rhythm and fusion of African, Indigenous, and European influences. It has evolved over time, incorporating various musical styles and instruments, and continues to dominate dance floors in Latin America and beyond. Cumbia's relevance lies in its ability to bring people together, celebrate hybridity of the Latin American culture, while also serving as a marker of race and class differences in Latin American countries like Puerto, Rico, and Venezuela.Aparicio, Frances R. *Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures*. Music/Culture. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998\.Rondon, Cesar Miguel. *El Libro de La Salsa. Cronica de la Musica del Caribe Urbano*, Editorial Arte, 1980\. Political themes in salsa have included racial discrimination, white supremacy, colonialism, sexism, homophobia, environmental disaster.Agurto, Andrés Espinoza. *Salsa Consciente: Politics, Poetics, and Latinidad in the Meta\-Barrio*. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2021\.Rivera\-Rideau, Petra R. *Remixing Reggaetón: The Cultural Politics of Race in Puerto Rico*. Illustrated edition. Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2015\.
### Reggaeton
{{Main\|Reggaeton}}
As a musical genre born out of the Caribbean and Latin American regions, [Reggaeton](/wiki/Reggaeton "Reggaeton") frequently engages with the tropes of other popular musical genres like love, money, and sexual conquests; but has also been used as a form of social commentary and has played a significant role in promoting [social change](/wiki/Social_change "Social change"). Reggaeton often addresses issues such as poverty, racism, [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality "Police brutality"), and political corruption in its lyrics. Additionally, many Reggaeton artists use their platforms to speak out against inequalities and social issues by organizing concerts, rallies, and charity events to raise awareness and funds for various social justice causes. Reggaeton also serves as a vehicle for empowering marginalized communities, particularly Black communities, Latin American people, women, and the [LGBTQ\+ community.](/wiki/LGBT_community "LGBT community") Throughout its history, people have come to believe Reggaeton has become more than just a music genre but a voice for social justice and activism.
#### Bad Bunny
[Bad Bunny](/wiki/Bad_Bunny "Bad Bunny"), whose real name is Benito Antonio Martinez Ocasio, is a Puerto Rican [singer](/wiki/Singer "Singer"), [rapper](/wiki/Rapper "Rapper"), and [songwriter](/wiki/Songwriter "Songwriter"). He is known for his multiple chart\-topping hits like “[Titi Me Pregunto](/wiki/Tit%C3%AD_Me_Pregunt%C3%B3 "Tití Me Preguntó"),” “[DÁKITI](/wiki/Dakiti "Dakiti")”, “[Yonaguni](/wiki/Yonaguni_%28song%29 "Yonaguni (song)"),” and “[Callaita](/wiki/Calla%C3%ADta "Callaíta").” He also was the most listened to artists in 2022\.{{Cite magazine \|last\= \|date\=2013\-01\-02 \|title\=Top Artists \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year\-end/top\-artists/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}} Additionally, Bad Bunny is recognized for his various awards, record\-breaking achievement, and collaborations with major artist around the world.
One of his music video, "[Yo Perreo Sola](/wiki/Yo_Perreo_Sola "Yo Perreo Sola")", translating to I twerk alone, from his second album [YHLQMDLG](/wiki/YHLQMDLG "YHLQMDLG") caused controversy as he dressed up in 3 drag outfits. His music video became the most\-watched Latin music video in 2020\.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Fernandez \|first\=Suzette \|date\=2020\-04\-16 \|title\=Everything You Need to Know About the Making of Bad Bunny's 'Yo Perreo Sola' Video \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/bad\-bunny\-yo\-perreo\-sola\-video\-everything\-you\-need\-to\-know\-9359233/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}}
In his most recent album, [Un Verano Sin Ti](/wiki/Un_Verano_Sin_Ti "Un Verano Sin Ti"), released May 2022, the 16th track was named “[El Apagón](/wiki/El_Apag%C3%B3n "El Apagón"),” translated to "The Blackout." Rather than just releasing a music video, he worked with Puerto Rican reporter [Bianca Graulau](/wiki/Bianca_Graulau "Bianca Graulau") to produce a 18\-minute documentary about the impact of US colonialism on the island and the displacement of Puerto Ricans.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-09\-19 \|title\=Bad Bunny, No. 1 Again, Puts a Spotlight on Inequities in Puerto Rico \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/19/arts/music/bad\-bunny\-el\-apagon\-billboard.html \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|last1\=Sisario \|first1\=Ben }} The documentary, “El Apagón" functions as a political statement from Puerto Rico about the ongoing modern\-day colonization of the island, which has been happening since 1917\. The song was inspired by [Act 22](/wiki/Act_22_of_2012 "Act 22 of 2012"), which is a law passed in the United States after [Hurricane Maria](/wiki/Hurricane_Maria_%282011%29 "Hurricane Maria (2011)") which offered tax incentives to people in the US relocating to Puerto Rico. The law allows U.S. citizens to avoid paying taxes on their property, income, and wealth in Puerto Rico if they become [bona fide residents](/wiki/Bona_fide_resident_test "Bona fide resident test"). To qualify as a bona fide resident, a person must be a [U.S. citizen](/wiki/U.S._citizen "U.S. citizen") who actively earns income from another country, has no intention of moving back to the United States, and has a permanent address in the other country.
It caused many [millionaires](/wiki/Millionaire "Millionaire") and [investors](/wiki/Investor "Investor") to buy multiple properties on the island, which has led to the displacement of many Puerto Ricans from their homes. The law was intended to improve the economy, but it has failed to do so.
#### Ivy Queen
[Ivy Queen](/wiki/Ivy_Queen "Ivy Queen"), also known as "La Reina del Reggaetón" (The Queen of Reggaeton), has been a prominent figure in Latin music since the beginning of her musical career in 1995\. Throughout her career, she has produced hits like “Quiero Bailar” and “Quiero Saber” while also using her platform to advocate for social justice, particularly by crating narrative\-based lyrics and videos exploring topics mentioning femininity, domestic violence, inequality, and sexuality. Gender and Women's studies scholar Dana E. Goldman explains that Ivy Queen's engagement with gender throughout her lyrics encourages dialogue to challenge gender norms, especially since male singers tend to perform Reggaeton more frequently and often express a desire for unattainable women or lament heartbreak.{{Cite journal \|last\=Goldman \|first\=Dara E. \|date\=2017\-11\-01 \|title\=Walk like a woman, talk like a man: Ivy Queen's troubling of gender \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1057/s41276\-017\-0088\-5 \|journal\=Latino Studies \|language\=en \|volume\=15 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=439–457 \|doi\=10\.1057/s41276\-017\-0088\-5 \|s2cid\=256517140 \|issn\=1476\-3443}}
### Regional Mexican Music
Regional Mexican music encompasses diverse Spanish language genres originating in Mexico, such as mariachi, banda, duranguense, nortenos, grupo, corridos, and more.{{Cite web \|title\=6 Regional Mexican Music Acts Redefining The Genre: Christian Nodal, Grupo Firme, Ángela Aguilar \& More \|url\=https://www.grammy.com/news/regional\-mexican\-artists\-new\-generation\-christian\-nodal\-grupo\-firme\-angela\-aguilar\-natanael\-cano\-eslabon\-armado\-yahritza\-y\-su\-esencia \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|website\=www.grammy.com}} These genres hold significant popularity among Spanish\-speaking audiences.{{Cite web \|title\=Not Your Abuela's Music: A Deep Dive Into Mexican Regional Music \|website\=\[\[NPR]] \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/04/993611962/not\-your\-abuelas\-music\-a\-deep\-dive\-into\-mexican\-regional\-music \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07}} They are deeply rooted in Mexican identity and cultural traditions. Each genre serves as a platform for various forms of activism, addressing issues such as gun violence, immigration, drug crime, governmental matters in Mexico and the United States, and corruption through their powerful lyrics.
#### Los Tigres Del Norte
[Los Tigres Del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte "Los Tigres del Norte") is California\-based norteño musical group that has used their platform on a variety of issues. The group consisted of four brothers and their cousin. Originally [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants "Undocumented immigrants"), they formed the group in 1968 while residing in [San Jose, California](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_California "San Jose, California").{{Cite news \|date\=2014\-06\-27 \|title\=The United States of Los Tigres (Published 2014\) \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/arts/music/los\-tigres\-del\-norte\-breaks\-boundaries.html \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|last1\=Rohter \|first1\=Larry }} They initially arrived in the United States with [temporary visas](/wiki/Temporary_visa "Temporary visa") to perform for [incarcerated](/wiki/Incarcerated "Incarcerated") individuals, which marked the beginning of their journey as a grupo.
In 2013, Los Tigres del Norte, the renowned musical group, took the spotlight at a significant immigration rally in [Washington D.C](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")., advocating for [immigration reform](/wiki/Immigration_reform "Immigration reform").{{Cite magazine \|last\=Flores \|first\=Griselda \|date\=2020\-10\-04 \|title\=Hispanic Heritage Month 2020: 5 Times Los Tigres Del Norte Spoke Out Against Social Injustice \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/los\-tigres\-del\-norte\-social\-injustice\-9327502/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}} During the rally, they performed their popular songs "La Jaula de Oro," "Vivir En Las Sombras," and "Tres Veces Mojado." It's worth noting that this rally was not their only one, as they also organized an immigration rally at the National Mall in Hollywood in October of the same year. During the rally, their aim was to consistently address their themes. After each song, they engaged in discussions to reflect upon the messages conveyed.{{Cite news \|title\=Los Tigres del Norte sing 'the real stuff' at immigration rally \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/los\-tigres\-del\-norte\-sing\-the\-real\-stuff\-at\-immigration\-rally/2013/10/08/c3a26a84\-304f\-11e3\-bbed\-a8a60c601153\_story.html \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07}}
One of their biggest hits is "La Jaula de Oro," meaning "The Gilded Cage." This [song](/wiki/Song "Song") has been performed numerous times and delves into the life of an [immigrant](/wiki/Immigrant "Immigrant") and their American\-born child who feels disconnected from their cultural heritage. The powerful message conveyed is, "What value does money hold when I feel trapped in this promising nation?"
Los Tigres Del Norte also tackle the topic of [prison reform](/wiki/Prison_reform "Prison reform") in their music. In 2019, they gave a memorable performance inside [Folsom Prison](/wiki/Folsom_State_Prison "Folsom State Prison"), located in [California](/wiki/California "California"), which led to the creation of a song called "La Prisión de Folsom" (Folsom Prison).{{Cite web \|title\=Los Tigres Del Norte Retrace Johnny Cash's Steps In 'Folsom Prison' Documentary \|website\=\[\[NPR]] \|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2019/10/18/771255113/los\-tigres\-del\-norte\-retrace\-johnny\-cashs\-steps\-in\-folsom\-prison\-documentary \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07}} This performance was influenced by the legendary musician [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash "Johnny Cash"). It is worth noting that the majority of the inmates present during the performance were Hispanic and Black, reflecting the demographic composition of the entire prison system. Los Tigres Del Norte documented their experience at Folsom Prison in a [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") documentary titled "[Los Tigres del Norte at Folsom Prison](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte_at_Folsom_Prison "Los Tigres del Norte at Folsom Prison")." The documentary explores the grupo's impact on inmates, both prior to and following their time in prison.
|
[
"Latin American music\n--------------------",
"Latin American music has been intertwined with politics across the years. 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s protest songs played a critical role in the fight against authoritarian regimes in countries like Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Today, Latin American musicians continue to tackle pressing social and political issues like immigration, inequality, and corruption through their work. As economist and musician Sumangala Damodaran explains, lyrics intertwined with activism are shaping the vast region's political landscape, creating a repertoire of new genres, and inspiring new generations of artists to do the same.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Damodaran \\|first\\=Sumangala \\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-05 \\|title\\=Protest and Music \\|url\\=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10\\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\\.001\\.0001/acrefore\\-9780190228637\\-e\\-81 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04 \\|website\\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\\.013\\.81\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-022863\\-7 }}",
"Some notable political issues across the region include discrimination, toxic masculinity, and colonization. Musical artists from across Latin America have contributed to the fight political issues occurring in their specific countries, like [Bad Bunny](/wiki/Bad_Bunny \"Bad Bunny\") for Puerto Rico and [Los Tigres del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte \"Los Tigres del Norte\") for Mexico. Throughout history, artists across Latin America have used music as a political tool to bring awareness to social issues.",
"### Nueva Canción",
"[Nueva canción](/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n \"Nueva canción\") or \"New Song\" is a musical movement that emerged in Latin America in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In a Remezcla article, Julyssa Lopez discloses that the genre focused on socially and politically conscious lyrics, often addressing the oppression and inequality experienced by marginalized communities, especially the Indigenous culture.{{Cite web \\|title\\=From Nueva Canción to Tropicália: 5 Music Genres Born Out of Latin American Political Resistance \\|url\\=https://remezcla.com/lists/music/5\\-music\\-genres\\-resistance/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=Remezcla \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Global languages and cultures professor Robert Neustadt affirms that artists like [Violeta Parra](/wiki/Violeta_Parra \"Violeta Parra\"), [Victor Jara](/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Jara \"Víctor Jara\"), and [Inti\\-Ilimani](/wiki/Inti-Illimani \"Inti-Illimani\") used their music to speak out against censorship, state violence, and human rights abuses.",
"Nueva canción was relevant because it gave voice and visibility to social and political issues and provided a platform for marginalized communities to express their struggles and resistance through music. It also played a significant role in the fight against oppressive regimes and contributed to the development of cultural identity and social consciousness in Latin America.",
"### Salsa",
"{{Main\\|Salsa music}}Salsa is most known for its rhythm and inclusion of various instruments. Cumbia is characterized by its energetic rhythm and fusion of African, Indigenous, and European influences. It has evolved over time, incorporating various musical styles and instruments, and continues to dominate dance floors in Latin America and beyond. Cumbia's relevance lies in its ability to bring people together, celebrate hybridity of the Latin American culture, while also serving as a marker of race and class differences in Latin American countries like Puerto, Rico, and Venezuela.Aparicio, Frances R. *Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures*. Music/Culture. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998\\.Rondon, Cesar Miguel. *El Libro de La Salsa. Cronica de la Musica del Caribe Urbano*, Editorial Arte, 1980\\. Political themes in salsa have included racial discrimination, white supremacy, colonialism, sexism, homophobia, environmental disaster.Agurto, Andrés Espinoza. *Salsa Consciente: Politics, Poetics, and Latinidad in the Meta\\-Barrio*. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2021\\.Rivera\\-Rideau, Petra R. *Remixing Reggaetón: The Cultural Politics of Race in Puerto Rico*. Illustrated edition. Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2015\\.",
"### Reggaeton",
"{{Main\\|Reggaeton}}",
"As a musical genre born out of the Caribbean and Latin American regions, [Reggaeton](/wiki/Reggaeton \"Reggaeton\") frequently engages with the tropes of other popular musical genres like love, money, and sexual conquests; but has also been used as a form of social commentary and has played a significant role in promoting [social change](/wiki/Social_change \"Social change\"). Reggaeton often addresses issues such as poverty, racism, [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality \"Police brutality\"), and political corruption in its lyrics. Additionally, many Reggaeton artists use their platforms to speak out against inequalities and social issues by organizing concerts, rallies, and charity events to raise awareness and funds for various social justice causes. Reggaeton also serves as a vehicle for empowering marginalized communities, particularly Black communities, Latin American people, women, and the [LGBTQ\\+ community.](/wiki/LGBT_community \"LGBT community\") Throughout its history, people have come to believe Reggaeton has become more than just a music genre but a voice for social justice and activism.",
"#### Bad Bunny",
"[Bad Bunny](/wiki/Bad_Bunny \"Bad Bunny\"), whose real name is Benito Antonio Martinez Ocasio, is a Puerto Rican [singer](/wiki/Singer \"Singer\"), [rapper](/wiki/Rapper \"Rapper\"), and [songwriter](/wiki/Songwriter \"Songwriter\"). He is known for his multiple chart\\-topping hits like “[Titi Me Pregunto](/wiki/Tit%C3%AD_Me_Pregunt%C3%B3 \"Tití Me Preguntó\"),” “[DÁKITI](/wiki/Dakiti \"Dakiti\")”, “[Yonaguni](/wiki/Yonaguni_%28song%29 \"Yonaguni (song)\"),” and “[Callaita](/wiki/Calla%C3%ADta \"Callaíta\").” He also was the most listened to artists in 2022\\.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-02 \\|title\\=Top Artists \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year\\-end/top\\-artists/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Additionally, Bad Bunny is recognized for his various awards, record\\-breaking achievement, and collaborations with major artist around the world.",
"One of his music video, \"[Yo Perreo Sola](/wiki/Yo_Perreo_Sola \"Yo Perreo Sola\")\", translating to I twerk alone, from his second album [YHLQMDLG](/wiki/YHLQMDLG \"YHLQMDLG\") caused controversy as he dressed up in 3 drag outfits. His music video became the most\\-watched Latin music video in 2020\\.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Fernandez \\|first\\=Suzette \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-16 \\|title\\=Everything You Need to Know About the Making of Bad Bunny's 'Yo Perreo Sola' Video \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/bad\\-bunny\\-yo\\-perreo\\-sola\\-video\\-everything\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know\\-9359233/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In his most recent album, [Un Verano Sin Ti](/wiki/Un_Verano_Sin_Ti \"Un Verano Sin Ti\"), released May 2022, the 16th track was named “[El Apagón](/wiki/El_Apag%C3%B3n \"El Apagón\"),” translated to \"The Blackout.\" Rather than just releasing a music video, he worked with Puerto Rican reporter [Bianca Graulau](/wiki/Bianca_Graulau \"Bianca Graulau\") to produce a 18\\-minute documentary about the impact of US colonialism on the island and the displacement of Puerto Ricans.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-19 \\|title\\=Bad Bunny, No. 1 Again, Puts a Spotlight on Inequities in Puerto Rico \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/19/arts/music/bad\\-bunny\\-el\\-apagon\\-billboard.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|last1\\=Sisario \\|first1\\=Ben }} The documentary, “El Apagón\" functions as a political statement from Puerto Rico about the ongoing modern\\-day colonization of the island, which has been happening since 1917\\. The song was inspired by [Act 22](/wiki/Act_22_of_2012 \"Act 22 of 2012\"), which is a law passed in the United States after [Hurricane Maria](/wiki/Hurricane_Maria_%282011%29 \"Hurricane Maria (2011)\") which offered tax incentives to people in the US relocating to Puerto Rico. The law allows U.S. citizens to avoid paying taxes on their property, income, and wealth in Puerto Rico if they become [bona fide residents](/wiki/Bona_fide_resident_test \"Bona fide resident test\"). To qualify as a bona fide resident, a person must be a [U.S. citizen](/wiki/U.S._citizen \"U.S. citizen\") who actively earns income from another country, has no intention of moving back to the United States, and has a permanent address in the other country.",
"It caused many [millionaires](/wiki/Millionaire \"Millionaire\") and [investors](/wiki/Investor \"Investor\") to buy multiple properties on the island, which has led to the displacement of many Puerto Ricans from their homes. The law was intended to improve the economy, but it has failed to do so.",
"#### Ivy Queen",
"[Ivy Queen](/wiki/Ivy_Queen \"Ivy Queen\"), also known as \"La Reina del Reggaetón\" (The Queen of Reggaeton), has been a prominent figure in Latin music since the beginning of her musical career in 1995\\. Throughout her career, she has produced hits like “Quiero Bailar” and “Quiero Saber” while also using her platform to advocate for social justice, particularly by crating narrative\\-based lyrics and videos exploring topics mentioning femininity, domestic violence, inequality, and sexuality. Gender and Women's studies scholar Dana E. Goldman explains that Ivy Queen's engagement with gender throughout her lyrics encourages dialogue to challenge gender norms, especially since male singers tend to perform Reggaeton more frequently and often express a desire for unattainable women or lament heartbreak.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Goldman \\|first\\=Dara E. \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-01 \\|title\\=Walk like a woman, talk like a man: Ivy Queen's troubling of gender \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1057/s41276\\-017\\-0088\\-5 \\|journal\\=Latino Studies \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=439–457 \\|doi\\=10\\.1057/s41276\\-017\\-0088\\-5 \\|s2cid\\=256517140 \\|issn\\=1476\\-3443}}",
"### Regional Mexican Music",
"Regional Mexican music encompasses diverse Spanish language genres originating in Mexico, such as mariachi, banda, duranguense, nortenos, grupo, corridos, and more.{{Cite web \\|title\\=6 Regional Mexican Music Acts Redefining The Genre: Christian Nodal, Grupo Firme, Ángela Aguilar \\& More \\|url\\=https://www.grammy.com/news/regional\\-mexican\\-artists\\-new\\-generation\\-christian\\-nodal\\-grupo\\-firme\\-angela\\-aguilar\\-natanael\\-cano\\-eslabon\\-armado\\-yahritza\\-y\\-su\\-esencia \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=www.grammy.com}} These genres hold significant popularity among Spanish\\-speaking audiences.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Not Your Abuela's Music: A Deep Dive Into Mexican Regional Music \\|website\\=\\[\\[NPR]] \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/04/993611962/not\\-your\\-abuelas\\-music\\-a\\-deep\\-dive\\-into\\-mexican\\-regional\\-music \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07}} They are deeply rooted in Mexican identity and cultural traditions. Each genre serves as a platform for various forms of activism, addressing issues such as gun violence, immigration, drug crime, governmental matters in Mexico and the United States, and corruption through their powerful lyrics.",
"#### Los Tigres Del Norte",
"[Los Tigres Del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte \"Los Tigres del Norte\") is California\\-based norteño musical group that has used their platform on a variety of issues. The group consisted of four brothers and their cousin. Originally [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants \"Undocumented immigrants\"), they formed the group in 1968 while residing in [San Jose, California](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_California \"San Jose, California\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-27 \\|title\\=The United States of Los Tigres (Published 2014\\) \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/arts/music/los\\-tigres\\-del\\-norte\\-breaks\\-boundaries.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|last1\\=Rohter \\|first1\\=Larry }} They initially arrived in the United States with [temporary visas](/wiki/Temporary_visa \"Temporary visa\") to perform for [incarcerated](/wiki/Incarcerated \"Incarcerated\") individuals, which marked the beginning of their journey as a grupo.",
"In 2013, Los Tigres del Norte, the renowned musical group, took the spotlight at a significant immigration rally in [Washington D.C](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")., advocating for [immigration reform](/wiki/Immigration_reform \"Immigration reform\").{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Flores \\|first\\=Griselda \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-04 \\|title\\=Hispanic Heritage Month 2020: 5 Times Los Tigres Del Norte Spoke Out Against Social Injustice \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/los\\-tigres\\-del\\-norte\\-social\\-injustice\\-9327502/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}} During the rally, they performed their popular songs \"La Jaula de Oro,\" \"Vivir En Las Sombras,\" and \"Tres Veces Mojado.\" It's worth noting that this rally was not their only one, as they also organized an immigration rally at the National Mall in Hollywood in October of the same year. During the rally, their aim was to consistently address their themes. After each song, they engaged in discussions to reflect upon the messages conveyed.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Los Tigres del Norte sing 'the real stuff' at immigration rally \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/los\\-tigres\\-del\\-norte\\-sing\\-the\\-real\\-stuff\\-at\\-immigration\\-rally/2013/10/08/c3a26a84\\-304f\\-11e3\\-bbed\\-a8a60c601153\\_story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07}}",
"One of their biggest hits is \"La Jaula de Oro,\" meaning \"The Gilded Cage.\" This [song](/wiki/Song \"Song\") has been performed numerous times and delves into the life of an [immigrant](/wiki/Immigrant \"Immigrant\") and their American\\-born child who feels disconnected from their cultural heritage. The powerful message conveyed is, \"What value does money hold when I feel trapped in this promising nation?\"",
"Los Tigres Del Norte also tackle the topic of [prison reform](/wiki/Prison_reform \"Prison reform\") in their music. In 2019, they gave a memorable performance inside [Folsom Prison](/wiki/Folsom_State_Prison \"Folsom State Prison\"), located in [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), which led to the creation of a song called \"La Prisión de Folsom\" (Folsom Prison).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Los Tigres Del Norte Retrace Johnny Cash's Steps In 'Folsom Prison' Documentary \\|website\\=\\[\\[NPR]] \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2019/10/18/771255113/los\\-tigres\\-del\\-norte\\-retrace\\-johnny\\-cashs\\-steps\\-in\\-folsom\\-prison\\-documentary \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07}} This performance was influenced by the legendary musician [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\"). It is worth noting that the majority of the inmates present during the performance were Hispanic and Black, reflecting the demographic composition of the entire prison system. Los Tigres Del Norte documented their experience at Folsom Prison in a [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") documentary titled \"[Los Tigres del Norte at Folsom Prison](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte_at_Folsom_Prison \"Los Tigres del Norte at Folsom Prison\").\" The documentary explores the grupo's impact on inmates, both prior to and following their time in prison.",
""
] |
Rock music
----------
Many rock artists, as varied as [Crosby, Stills, Nash \& Young](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills%2C_Nash_%26_Young "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young"),{{cite web\|last\=Sheehan \|first\=Ivan \|url\=http://rockhall.com/blog/post/crosby\-stills\-nash\-young\-ohio\-kent\-state\-shooting/ \|title\=The Story of "Ohio" \| Rock \& Roll Hall of Fame \|website\=Rockhall.com \|date\=2012\-05\-17 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen "Bruce Springsteen"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.redpepper.org.uk/bring\-on\-your\-wrecking\-ball/ \|title\=Bring on your wrecking ball: the politics of Bruce Springsteen \|publisher\=Red Pepper \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Little Steven](/wiki/Little_Steven "Little Steven"),{{cite web\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/10\-things\-you\-didnt\-know\-about\-steve\-van\-zandt/ \|title\=10 Things You Didn't Know About Steve Van Zandt \|website\=Ultimateclassicrock.com \|date\=2013\-11\-22 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/233089/ratm.htm\#1 \|title\=The Politics Behind Rage Against The Machine's Biggest Songs \|publisher\=Tone Deaf \|date\=2012\-11\-29 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead "Radiohead"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1134\-how\-radiohead\-became\-for\-a\-time\-the\-worlds\-biggest\-political\-band/\|title\=How Radiohead Became, for a Time, the World's Biggest Political Band\|website\=\[\[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]\|date\=11 May 2016}} [Manic Street Preachers](/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers "Manic Street Preachers"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/blog\_comments/rebel\_music\_5\_manic\_street\_preachers \|title\=Farewell from NLP \|publisher\=New Left Project \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231403/http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/blog\_comments/rebel\_music\_5\_manic\_street\_preachers \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-25 \|url\-status\=usurped }} [Megadeth](/wiki/Megadeth "Megadeth"),{{cite web\|author\=Steve Huey \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/peace\-sellsbut\-whos\-buying\-mw0000650486 \|title\=Peace Sells...But Who's Buying? – Megadeth \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Enter Shikari](/wiki/Enter_Shikari "Enter Shikari"),{{cite news\|author\=Ian Gittins \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/17/enter\-shikari\-review \|title\=Enter Shikari – review \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Architects](/wiki/Architects_%28British_band%29 "Architects (British band)"),{{cite magazine\|author\=Hannah Ewens \|url\=https://noisey.vice.com/en\_uk/article/trolling\-changing\-the\-world\-and\-uk\-rock\-with\-architect \|title\=Architects – interview \| \|magazine\=\[\[Vice (magazine)\|Vice]] \|date\= 2015\-03\-16\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-16}} [Muse](/wiki/Muse_%28band%29 "Muse (band)"), [System of a Down](/wiki/System_of_a_Down "System of a Down"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/08/29/system\-of\-a\-down\-serj\-tankian\-mitt\-romney\_n\_1840731\.html \|title\=System of a Down's Serj Tankian Talks Obama, Romney and Why He'll Never Run For Office \|website\=Huffingtonpost.ca \|date\=2012\-08\-29 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} [Sonic Boom Six](/wiki/Sonic_Boom_Six "Sonic Boom Six"){{cite web \|url\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/10/21/sonic\-boom\-six\-on\-why\-there\-are\-still\-lots\-of\-bands\-about\-that\-do\-have\-elements\-of\-social\-commentary\-out\-there/ \|title\=Sonic Boom Six on why there are still lots of bands about that do have elements of social commentary out there \| \| Independent Arts Blogs \|website\=blogs.independent.co.uk \|access\-date\=17 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021143749/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/10/21/sonic\-boom\-six\-on\-why\-there\-are\-still\-lots\-of\-bands\-about\-that\-do\-have\-elements\-of\-social\-commentary\-out\-there/ \|archive\-date\=21 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} and [Drive\-By Truckers](/wiki/Drive-By_Truckers "Drive-By Truckers"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/feb/09/drive\-by\-truckers\-interview\-the\-unraveling\-alabama\|title\=Drive\-By Truckers: 'We have redneck in us. No one tells us what to do'\|website\=\[\[TheGuardian.com]]\|date\=9 February 2020}} have had openly political messages in their music. The use of political lyrics and the taking of political stances by rock musicians can be traced back to the [1960s counterculture](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s "Counterculture of the 1960s"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.furious.com/perfect/marcus.html \|title\=Greil Marcus interview \|website\=Furious.com \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} specifically the influence of the early career of [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan"), itself shaped by the politicised [folk revival](/wiki/American_folk_music_revival "American folk music revival").
### 1960s–70s counterculture
During the 1960s and early 1970s counterculture era, musicians such as [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon") commonly expressed protest themes in their music,{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/133778\-revolutionary\-man\-john\-lennon\-as\-political\-artist/ \|title\=Revolutionary Man: John Lennon As Political Artist \|magazine\=PopMatters \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} for example on the [Plastic Ono Band](/wiki/Plastic_Ono_Band "Plastic Ono Band")'s 1969 single "[Give Peace a Chance](/wiki/Give_Peace_a_Chance "Give Peace a Chance")". Lennon later devoted [an entire album](/wiki/Some_Time_in_New_York_City "Some Time in New York City") to politics and wrote the song [Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_song%29 "Imagine (John Lennon song)"), widely considered to be a peace anthem. Its lyrics invoke a world without religion, national borders or private property.
In 1962–63, [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan") sang about the evils of war, racism and poverty on his trademark political albums "[The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan](/wiki/The_Freewheelin%27_Bob_Dylan "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan")" and "[The Times They Are a\-Changin'](/wiki/The_Times_They_Are_a-Changin%27_%28album%29 "The Times They Are a-Changin' (album)")" (released in 1964\), popularising the cause of the Civil Rights Movement. Dylan was influenced by the folk revival, as well as by the [Beat](/wiki/Beat_Generation "Beat Generation") writers, and the political beliefs of the young generation of the era. In turn, while Dylan's political phase comes under the 'folk' category, he was known as a rock artist from 1965 and remained associated with an anti\-establishment stance that influenced other musicians – such as the [British Invasion](/wiki/British_Invasion "British Invasion") bands – and the rock music audience, by broadening the spectrum of subjects that could be addressed in popular song.
The [MC5](/wiki/MC5 "MC5") (Motor City 5\) came out of the [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") underground scene of the late 1960s,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.furious.com/perfect/MC5/benedmonds.html \|title\=MC5\- Ben Edmonds interview \|website\=Furious.com \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} and embodied an aggressive evolution of [garage rock](/wiki/Garage_rock "Garage rock") which was often fused with socio\-political and countercultural lyrics, such as in the songs "Motor City Is Burning", (a [John Lee Hooker](/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker "John Lee Hooker") cover adapting the story of the [Detroit Race Riot (1943\)](/wiki/Detroit_Race_Riot_%281943%29 "Detroit Race Riot (1943)") to the [1967 12th Street Detroit Riot](/wiki/12th_Street_riot "12th Street riot")), and "American Ruse" (which discusses U.S. [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality "Police brutality") as well as [pollution](/wiki/Pollution "Pollution"), [prison](/wiki/Prison "Prison"), [materialism](/wiki/Materialism "Materialism") and [rebellion](/wiki/Rebellion "Rebellion")). They had ties to [radical leftist](/wiki/Far_left "Far left") groups such as [Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers](/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers "Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers") and [John Sinclair](/wiki/John_Sinclair_%28poet%29 "John Sinclair (poet)")'s [White Panther Party](/wiki/White_Panther_Party "White Panther Party"). MC5 was the only band to perform a set before the August [1968 Democratic Convention](/wiki/1968_Democratic_Convention "1968 Democratic Convention") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), as part of the [Yippies](/wiki/Yippie "Yippie")' [Festival of Life](/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity "1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity") where an infamous riot subsequently broke out between police and students protesting the April [assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.") and the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War").
Other rock groups that conveyed specific political messages in the late 1960s/early 1970s – [often in regard to the Vietnam War](/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War "List of songs about the Vietnam War") – include [The Fugs](/wiki/The_Fugs "The Fugs"), [Country Joe and the Fish](/wiki/Country_Joe_and_the_Fish "Country Joe and the Fish"), [Jefferson Airplane](/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane "Jefferson Airplane"), [Creedence Clearwater Revival](/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival "Creedence Clearwater Revival"), and [Third World War](/wiki/Third_World_War_%28band%29 "Third World War (band)"), while some bands, such as The Beatles, [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones") and [Hawkwind](/wiki/Hawkwind "Hawkwind"), referenced political issues occasionally and in a more observational than engaged way, e.g. in songs like "[Revolution](/wiki/Revolution_%28Beatles_song%29 "Revolution (Beatles song)")", "[Street Fighting Man](/wiki/Street_Fighting_Man "Street Fighting Man")", "[Salt of the Earth](/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_%28song%29 "Salt of the Earth (song)")" and "[Urban Guerrilla](/wiki/Urban_Guerrilla "Urban Guerrilla")".
### Punk rock
{{Main\|Punk ideologies}}
Notable punk rock bands, such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass "Crass"), [Conflict](/wiki/Conflict_%28band%29 "Conflict (band)"), [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols"), [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash"), [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys "Dead Kennedys"), [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 "Black Flag (band)"), [Refused](/wiki/Refused "Refused"), [American Standards](/wiki/American_Standards "American Standards"), [Discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28band%29 "Discharge (band)"), [MDC](/wiki/Millions_of_Dead_Cops "Millions of Dead Cops"), [Aus\-Rotten](/wiki/Aus-Rotten "Aus-Rotten"), [Billy Talent](/wiki/Billy_Talent "Billy Talent"), [Anti\-Flag](/wiki/Anti-Flag "Anti-Flag"), and [Leftöver Crack](/wiki/Left%C3%B6ver_Crack "Leftöver Crack") have used political and sometimes controversial lyrics that attack the establishment, sexism, capitalism, racism, speciesism, colonialism, and other phenomena they see as sources of social problems.
Since the late 1970s, [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") has been associated with various left\-wing or anti\-establishment ideologies,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\-riot\-punk\-rock\-politics\-fascism\-and\-rock\-against\-racism\|title\=What Riot? Punk Rock Politics, Fascism, and Rock Against Racism – Student Pulse\|date\=22 October 2012\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124345/http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\-riot\-punk\-rock\-politics\-fascism\-and\-rock\-against\-racism\|archive\-date\=22 October 2012}}{{cite news\|author\=Dorian Lynskey \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/01/no\-future\-punk\-youth\-rebellion \|title\=No future? Punk is still the sound of youth rebellion the world over \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/theoretical\-review/19801802\.htm \|title\=Popular Culture and Revolutionary Theory: Understanding Punk Rock \|website\=Marxists.org \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} including [anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism "Anarchism") and [socialism](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism"). Punk's [DIY culture](/wiki/DIY_culture "DIY culture") held an attraction for some on the [Left](/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics"), suggesting affinity with the ideals of [workers' control](/wiki/Workers%27_control "Workers' control"), and empowerment of the powerless{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uncarved.org/music/apunk/autonomia.html \|title\=Punk And Autonomia \|website\=Uncarved.org \|date\=1977\-02\-17 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} (though it is arguable that the punk movement's partial focus on apathy towards the establishment, combined with the fact that in many situations, punk rock music generated income for major record companies, and the notable similarities between some strains of anarchism and capitalism, meant that the punk movement ran contrary to left\-wing ideologies) – and the genre as a whole came, largely through the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols"), to be associated with anarchism. The sincerity of the early punk bands has been questioned – some critics saw their referencing of revolutionary politics as a provocative pose rather than an ideology{{cite book\|last1\=Burchill\|first1\=Julie\|last2\=Parsons\|first2\=Tony\|title\=The Boy Looked At Johnny\|year\=1978\|publisher\=\[\[Pluto Press]]\|location\=London\|isbn\=978\-0\-86104\-030\-8}}{{cite book\|last\=Denselow\|first\=Robin\|title\=When The Music's Over\|url\=https://archive.org/details/whenmusicsoverst0000dens\|url\-access\=registration\|year\=1989\|publisher\=Faber and Faber\|location\=London\|isbn\=978\-0\-571\-13906\-4}} – but bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass "Crass"){{cite web\|author\=Richie Unterberger \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/crass\-mn0000129637/biography \|title\=Crass \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Richie Unterberger }} and [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys "Dead Kennedys"){{cite web\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dead\-kennedys\-mn0000786613/biography \|title\=Dead Kennedys \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} later emerged who held strong anarchist views, and over time this association strengthened, as they went on to influence other bands in the UK [anarcho\-punk](/wiki/Anarcho-punk "Anarcho-punk") and US [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk "Hardcore punk") [subgenres](/wiki/Subgenre "Subgenre"), respectively.
The Sex Pistols song "[God Save the Queen](/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_%28Sex_Pistols_song%29 "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)")" was banned from broadcast by the BBC{{cite web\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sex\-pistols\-mn0000418740/biography \|title\=Sex Pistols \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} in [1977](/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II") due to its presumed anti\-[Royalism](/wiki/Royalism "Royalism"), partly due to its apparent equation of the monarchy with a "fascist regime". The following year, the release of debut Crass album [The Feeding Of the 5000](/wiki/The_Feeding_Of_the_5000 "The Feeding Of the 5000") was initially obstructed when pressing plant workers refused to produce it due to sacrilegious lyrical content.{{cite news\|author\=Matt Grimes \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\-history\-of\-music\-censorship\-9051887\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\-history\-of\-music\-censorship\-9051887\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-06\-18 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=A history of music censorship \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} Crass later faced court charges of obscenity related to their [Penis Envy](/wiki/Penis_Envy_%28album%29 "Penis Envy (album)") album, as the Dead Kennedys later did over their [Frankenchrist](/wiki/Frankenchrist "Frankenchrist") album artwork.
[The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash") are regarded as pioneers of political punk, and were seen to represent a progressive, socialistic worldview compared to the apparently anti\-social or [nihilistic](/wiki/Political_nihilism "Political nihilism") attack of many early punk bands.{{cite magazine\|author\=Antonino D’Ambrosio \|url\=http://monthlyreview.org/2003/06/01/let\-fury\-have\-the\-hour\-the\-passionate\-politics\-of\-joe\-strummer \|title\='Let Fury Have the Hour': The Passionate Politics of Joe Strummer by Antonino D'Ambrosio \|magazine\=Monthly Review \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the\-clash\-mn0000075747/biography \|title\=The Clash \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} Partly inspired by 1960s protest music such as the MC5, their stance influenced other first and second wave punk/[new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music") bands such as [The Jam](/wiki/The_Jam "The Jam"), [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts "The Ruts"), [Stiff Little Fingers](/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers "Stiff Little Fingers"), [Angelic Upstarts](/wiki/Angelic_Upstarts "Angelic Upstarts"), [TRB](/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band "Tom Robinson Band") and [Newtown Neurotics](/wiki/Newtown_Neurotics "Newtown Neurotics"), and inspired a lyrical focus on subjects such as [racial tension](/wiki/White_Riot "White Riot"), [unemployment](/wiki/Career_Opportunities_%28song%29 "Career Opportunities (song)"), [class resentment](/wiki/Garageland_%28song%29 "Garageland (song)"), [urban alienation](/wiki/London%27s_Burning_%28The_Clash_song%29 "London's Burning (The Clash song)") and police violence, as well as [imperialism](/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA "I'm So Bored with the USA"). Partially credited with aligning punk and [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae"),{{cite web\|url\=http://niceup.com/writers/carter/two\_sevens\_clashed \|format\=PDF \|title\=When The Two Sevens Clashed : Joe Strummer and The Clash helped start the punky reggae party Jamaican reggae deejay/producer MIKEY DREAD was there
\|website\=Niceup.com \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite news\|author\=Dave Simpson \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/20/urban.popandrock \|title\=Dave Simpson on what happened when reggae and punk went head to head in the UK \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} The Clash's anti\-racism helped to cement punk's anti\-fascist politics, and they famously headlined the first joint [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism "Rock Against Racism") (RAR)/[Anti Nazi League](/wiki/Anti_Nazi_League "Anti Nazi League") (ANL) carnival in [Hackney](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney "London Borough of Hackney"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), in April 1978\.{{cite news\|author\=Dorian Lynskey \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/punk\-rock\-against\-racism \|title\=Rock Against Racism defines punk politics \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite news\|author\=Sarfraz Manzoor \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race \|title\=1978, the year rock found the power to unite \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite news\|author1\=Ben Naylor \|author2\=Chris Mugan \|author3\=Colin Brown \|author4\=Charlotte Cripps \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/rock\-against\-racism\-remembering\-that\-gig\-that\-started\-it\-all\-815054\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/rock\-against\-racism\-remembering\-that\-gig\-that\-started\-it\-all\-815054\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-06\-18 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Rock against racism: Remembering that gig that started it all \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} The RAR/ANL campaign is credited with helping to destroy the UK [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28UK%29%23Late_1970s:Riots%2C_in-fighting_and_decline "Riots, in-fighting and decline") as a credible political force, aided by the support received from punk and reggae bands.
Many punk musicians, such as [Vic Bondi](/wiki/Vic_Bondi "Vic Bondi") ([Articles of Faith](/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_%28band%29 "Articles of Faith (band)")), [Joey Keithley](/wiki/Joey_Keithley "Joey Keithley") ([DOA](/wiki/DOA_%28band%29 "DOA (band)")), [Tim McIlrath](/wiki/Tim_McIlrath "Tim McIlrath") ([Rise Against](/wiki/Rise_Against "Rise Against")), [The Crucifucks](/wiki/The_Crucifucks "The Crucifucks"), [Bad Religion](/wiki/Bad_Religion "Bad Religion"), [The Proletariat](/wiki/The_Proletariat "The Proletariat"), [Against All Authority](/wiki/Against_All_Authority "Against All Authority"), [Dropkick Murphys](/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys "Dropkick Murphys") and [Crashdog](/wiki/Crashdog "Crashdog") have held and expressed left\-wing views. Dead Kennedys singer [Jello Biafra](/wiki/Jello_Biafra "Jello Biafra"), as well as [T.S.O.L.](/wiki/T.S.O.L. "T.S.O.L.") frontman [Jack Grisham](/wiki/Jack_Grisham "Jack Grisham"), have run as candidates for public office under left\-wing platforms. However, some punk bands have expressed more [populist](/wiki/Populism "Populism") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservative "Conservative") opinions, and an ambiguous form of [patriotism](/wiki/Patriotism "Patriotism"), beginning in the U.S. with many of the groups associated with 1980s [New York hardcore](/wiki/New_York_hardcore "New York hardcore"),{{cite web\|author\=Damon Root \|url\=http://reason.com/blog/2009/12/08/the\-politics\-of\-hardcore\-punk \|title\=The Politics of Hardcore Punk – Hit \& Run \|website\=Reason.com \|date\=2009\-12\-08 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} and prior to that in the UK with a small section of the [Oi!](/wiki/Oi%21 "Oi!") movement.{{cite web\|author\=Matthew Worley \|url\=http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\.full \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116181212/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\.full \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-16 \|title\=Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk \|website\=Tcbh.oxfordjournals.org \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.garry\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731120915/http://www.garry\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \|archive\-date\=2008\-07\-31 \|title\=www.garry\-bushell.co.uk – Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}
An extremely small minority of punk rock bands, exemplified by (1980s\-era) [Skrewdriver](/wiki/Skrewdriver "Skrewdriver") and [Skullhead](/wiki/Skullhead "Skullhead"), have held [far\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics "Far-right politics") and [anti\-communist](/wiki/Anticommunism "Anticommunism") stances, and were consequently reviled in the broader, largely Leftist punk subculture.
#### Latino Rock/Punk
Music within the "[Rock](/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music")" genre have been linked to left\-leaning political views, including views against racism and xenophobia.Leung, Ambrose, and Cheryl Kier. “Music Preferences and Civic Activism of Young People.” *Journal of Youth Studies* 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2008\): 445–60\. {{doi\|10\.1080/13676260802104790}}. [Latin punk](/wiki/Latino_punk "Latino punk") became a movement within the Rock genre. Within the genre, issues that are prevalent specifically within the Latino communities were being discussed.Avant\-Mier, Roberto. *Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010\. The issues pertained to the violation of immigrant rights, including within the workforce.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams)*. Many musicians within the genre paid homage to their cultural roots and adopted philosophies such as those that arose from the [Zapatista Uprising.](/wiki/Zapatista_uprising "Zapatista uprising")
The movement shed light on the Chicano/Latino scene within their communities.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams).* This became a form of protest against the xenophobia that exists against the community in the US
##### Rage Against the Machine and Tigres del Norte
[thumb\|[Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine") performing in front of the flag of the [Zapatista Army of National Liberation](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation "Zapatista Army of National Liberation").](/wiki/File:Rage_Against_The_Machine_11.jpg "Rage Against The Machine 11.jpg")
Lead singer of [Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine"), [Zach De La Rocha](/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha "Zack de la Rocha") is introduced by [Los Tigres del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte "Los Tigres del Norte") for their [MTV Unplugged](/wiki/MTV_Unplugged "MTV Unplugged") performance in 2011\.{{Citation \|title\=Somos Más Americanos (En Directo Desde Los Angeles MTV Unplugged) \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=0ue\-YP\-wvsY \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|language\=en}} Together, they perform a song of Los Tigres del Norte, "“*Somos mas americanos."* Zach De La Rocha is introduced as someone who “fights for the rights of us all.” [Rage against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine") is known for having [socio\-political](/wiki/Political_sociology "Political sociology") commentary in their music as well as Los Tigres del Norte. Rage against the Machine's ["political views and activism are central to the band's message."](/wiki/Political_views_and_activism_of_Rage_Against_the_Machine "Political views and activism of Rage Against the Machine") Zach De La Rocha has described being interested in "...spreading those ideas through art, because music has the power to cross borders, to break military sieges and to establish real dialogue."Wooldridge, Simon (February 2000\), "Fight the Power", *[Juice Magazine](/wiki/Juice_Magazine "Juice Magazine")*. Retrieved October 6, 2007\. Los Tigres del Norte also have a history of displaying their political views through their music. From supporting LGBT\+ rights, prison abolition, and immigrant rights.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Flores \|first\=Griselda \|date\=2020\-10\-04 \|title\=Hispanic Heritage Month 2020: 5 Times Los Tigres Del Norte Spoke Out Against Social Injustice \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/los\-tigres\-del\-norte\-social\-injustice\-9327502/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}}
Together, they perform ‘*Somos Más Americanos.’* Los Tigres Del Norte being [Regional Mexican music](/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music "Regional styles of Mexican music") that dates back to the 60s while Zach's musical background coming from a [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") and [rap](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music") background which originated in the 90s.
The performance gives historical and social commentary on the [xenophobia](/wiki/Xenophobia "Xenophobia") and [racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States "Racism in the United States") that is targeted against Mexican and [Chicanx](/wiki/Xicanx "Xicanx") folks in the US. Both the group and Zach perform the song whilst adding anedoctes about the US government.
One of the introductory lyrics in the song is “I have to remind them that I didn't cross the border, the border crossed me.” These words directly reference US and Mexico history. Specifically to how a significant amount of what is now considered the [Southwest US](/wiki/Southwestern_United_States "Southwestern United States"), was once [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"). These words have also become a slogan for many Latino movements and organizations in the US who aim to fight against xenophobic systems that target immigrants.McCaughan, Edward J. “‘We Didn't Cross the Border, the Border Crossed Us’: Artists’ Images of the US\-Mexico Border and Immigration.” *Latin American and Latino Visual Culture* 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020\): 6–31\. {{doi\|10\.1525/lavc.2020\.210003}}. The lyrics that end the song are “*Somos mas americanos que todititos los Gringos."* Meaning, "we are more American than all of the White people."
### Rock the Vote
[Rock the Vote](/wiki/Rock_the_Vote "Rock the Vote") is an American [501(c)(3\)](/wiki/501%28c%29%283%29 "501(c)(3)") [non\-profit](/wiki/Non-profit "Non-profit"), [non\-partisan](/wiki/Non-partisan "Non-partisan") organization founded in Los Angeles in 1990 by [Jeff Ayeroff](/wiki/Jeff_Ayeroff "Jeff Ayeroff") for the purposes of political advocacy. Rock the Vote works to engage youth in the political process by incorporating the entertainment community and youth culture into its activities.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rockthevote.com/rtv\_about.php \|title\=About Rock the Vote \|website\=Rockthevote.com \|date\=1993\-02\-05 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} Rock the Vote's stated mission is to "build the political clout and engagement of young people in order to achieve progressive change in our country."{{cite web \|url\=http://www2\.prnewswire.com/cgi\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\=ind\_focus.story\&STORY\=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F12\-19\-2007%2F0004725469\&EDATE\=WED\+Dec\+19\+2007%2C\+09%3A00\+AM \|title\=Error \|website\=www2\.prnewswire.com \|access\-date\=17 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930064408/http://www2\.prnewswire.com/cgi\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\=ind\_focus.story\&STORY\=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F12\-19\-2007%2F0004725469\&EDATE\=WED\+Dec\+19\+2007%2C\+09%3A00\+AM \|archive\-date\=30 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Rock music\n----------",
"Many rock artists, as varied as [Crosby, Stills, Nash \\& Young](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills%2C_Nash_%26_Young \"Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young\"),{{cite web\\|last\\=Sheehan \\|first\\=Ivan \\|url\\=http://rockhall.com/blog/post/crosby\\-stills\\-nash\\-young\\-ohio\\-kent\\-state\\-shooting/ \\|title\\=The Story of \"Ohio\" \\| Rock \\& Roll Hall of Fame \\|website\\=Rockhall.com \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen \"Bruce Springsteen\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.redpepper.org.uk/bring\\-on\\-your\\-wrecking\\-ball/ \\|title\\=Bring on your wrecking ball: the politics of Bruce Springsteen \\|publisher\\=Red Pepper \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Little Steven](/wiki/Little_Steven \"Little Steven\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/10\\-things\\-you\\-didnt\\-know\\-about\\-steve\\-van\\-zandt/ \\|title\\=10 Things You Didn't Know About Steve Van Zandt \\|website\\=Ultimateclassicrock.com \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/233089/ratm.htm\\#1 \\|title\\=The Politics Behind Rage Against The Machine's Biggest Songs \\|publisher\\=Tone Deaf \\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead \"Radiohead\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1134\\-how\\-radiohead\\-became\\-for\\-a\\-time\\-the\\-worlds\\-biggest\\-political\\-band/\\|title\\=How Radiohead Became, for a Time, the World's Biggest Political Band\\|website\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork (website)\\|Pitchfork]]\\|date\\=11 May 2016}} [Manic Street Preachers](/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers \"Manic Street Preachers\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/blog\\_comments/rebel\\_music\\_5\\_manic\\_street\\_preachers \\|title\\=Farewell from NLP \\|publisher\\=New Left Project \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231403/http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/blog\\_comments/rebel\\_music\\_5\\_manic\\_street\\_preachers \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped }} [Megadeth](/wiki/Megadeth \"Megadeth\"),{{cite web\\|author\\=Steve Huey \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/peace\\-sellsbut\\-whos\\-buying\\-mw0000650486 \\|title\\=Peace Sells...But Who's Buying? – Megadeth \\| Songs, Reviews, Credits \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Enter Shikari](/wiki/Enter_Shikari \"Enter Shikari\"),{{cite news\\|author\\=Ian Gittins \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/17/enter\\-shikari\\-review \\|title\\=Enter Shikari – review \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Architects](/wiki/Architects_%28British_band%29 \"Architects (British band)\"),{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Hannah Ewens \\|url\\=https://noisey.vice.com/en\\_uk/article/trolling\\-changing\\-the\\-world\\-and\\-uk\\-rock\\-with\\-architect \\|title\\=Architects – interview \\| \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Vice (magazine)\\|Vice]] \\|date\\= 2015\\-03\\-16\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-16}} [Muse](/wiki/Muse_%28band%29 \"Muse (band)\"), [System of a Down](/wiki/System_of_a_Down \"System of a Down\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/08/29/system\\-of\\-a\\-down\\-serj\\-tankian\\-mitt\\-romney\\_n\\_1840731\\.html \\|title\\=System of a Down's Serj Tankian Talks Obama, Romney and Why He'll Never Run For Office \\|website\\=Huffingtonpost.ca \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} [Sonic Boom Six](/wiki/Sonic_Boom_Six \"Sonic Boom Six\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/10/21/sonic\\-boom\\-six\\-on\\-why\\-there\\-are\\-still\\-lots\\-of\\-bands\\-about\\-that\\-do\\-have\\-elements\\-of\\-social\\-commentary\\-out\\-there/ \\|title\\=Sonic Boom Six on why there are still lots of bands about that do have elements of social commentary out there \\| \\| Independent Arts Blogs \\|website\\=blogs.independent.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021143749/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2013/10/21/sonic\\-boom\\-six\\-on\\-why\\-there\\-are\\-still\\-lots\\-of\\-bands\\-about\\-that\\-do\\-have\\-elements\\-of\\-social\\-commentary\\-out\\-there/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and [Drive\\-By Truckers](/wiki/Drive-By_Truckers \"Drive-By Truckers\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/feb/09/drive\\-by\\-truckers\\-interview\\-the\\-unraveling\\-alabama\\|title\\=Drive\\-By Truckers: 'We have redneck in us. No one tells us what to do'\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheGuardian.com]]\\|date\\=9 February 2020}} have had openly political messages in their music. The use of political lyrics and the taking of political stances by rock musicians can be traced back to the [1960s counterculture](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s \"Counterculture of the 1960s\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.furious.com/perfect/marcus.html \\|title\\=Greil Marcus interview \\|website\\=Furious.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} specifically the influence of the early career of [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"), itself shaped by the politicised [folk revival](/wiki/American_folk_music_revival \"American folk music revival\").",
"### 1960s–70s counterculture",
"During the 1960s and early 1970s counterculture era, musicians such as [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\") commonly expressed protest themes in their music,{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/133778\\-revolutionary\\-man\\-john\\-lennon\\-as\\-political\\-artist/ \\|title\\=Revolutionary Man: John Lennon As Political Artist \\|magazine\\=PopMatters \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} for example on the [Plastic Ono Band](/wiki/Plastic_Ono_Band \"Plastic Ono Band\")'s 1969 single \"[Give Peace a Chance](/wiki/Give_Peace_a_Chance \"Give Peace a Chance\")\". Lennon later devoted [an entire album](/wiki/Some_Time_in_New_York_City \"Some Time in New York City\") to politics and wrote the song [Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_song%29 \"Imagine (John Lennon song)\"), widely considered to be a peace anthem. Its lyrics invoke a world without religion, national borders or private property.",
"In 1962–63, [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\") sang about the evils of war, racism and poverty on his trademark political albums \"[The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan](/wiki/The_Freewheelin%27_Bob_Dylan \"The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan\")\" and \"[The Times They Are a\\-Changin'](/wiki/The_Times_They_Are_a-Changin%27_%28album%29 \"The Times They Are a-Changin' (album)\")\" (released in 1964\\), popularising the cause of the Civil Rights Movement. Dylan was influenced by the folk revival, as well as by the [Beat](/wiki/Beat_Generation \"Beat Generation\") writers, and the political beliefs of the young generation of the era. In turn, while Dylan's political phase comes under the 'folk' category, he was known as a rock artist from 1965 and remained associated with an anti\\-establishment stance that influenced other musicians – such as the [British Invasion](/wiki/British_Invasion \"British Invasion\") bands – and the rock music audience, by broadening the spectrum of subjects that could be addressed in popular song.",
"The [MC5](/wiki/MC5 \"MC5\") (Motor City 5\\) came out of the [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\") underground scene of the late 1960s,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.furious.com/perfect/MC5/benedmonds.html \\|title\\=MC5\\- Ben Edmonds interview \\|website\\=Furious.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} and embodied an aggressive evolution of [garage rock](/wiki/Garage_rock \"Garage rock\") which was often fused with socio\\-political and countercultural lyrics, such as in the songs \"Motor City Is Burning\", (a [John Lee Hooker](/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker \"John Lee Hooker\") cover adapting the story of the [Detroit Race Riot (1943\\)](/wiki/Detroit_Race_Riot_%281943%29 \"Detroit Race Riot (1943)\") to the [1967 12th Street Detroit Riot](/wiki/12th_Street_riot \"12th Street riot\")), and \"American Ruse\" (which discusses U.S. [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality \"Police brutality\") as well as [pollution](/wiki/Pollution \"Pollution\"), [prison](/wiki/Prison \"Prison\"), [materialism](/wiki/Materialism \"Materialism\") and [rebellion](/wiki/Rebellion \"Rebellion\")). They had ties to [radical leftist](/wiki/Far_left \"Far left\") groups such as [Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers](/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers \"Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers\") and [John Sinclair](/wiki/John_Sinclair_%28poet%29 \"John Sinclair (poet)\")'s [White Panther Party](/wiki/White_Panther_Party \"White Panther Party\"). MC5 was the only band to perform a set before the August [1968 Democratic Convention](/wiki/1968_Democratic_Convention \"1968 Democratic Convention\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), as part of the [Yippies](/wiki/Yippie \"Yippie\")' [Festival of Life](/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity \"1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity\") where an infamous riot subsequently broke out between police and students protesting the April [assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.\") and the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").",
"Other rock groups that conveyed specific political messages in the late 1960s/early 1970s – [often in regard to the Vietnam War](/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War \"List of songs about the Vietnam War\") – include [The Fugs](/wiki/The_Fugs \"The Fugs\"), [Country Joe and the Fish](/wiki/Country_Joe_and_the_Fish \"Country Joe and the Fish\"), [Jefferson Airplane](/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane \"Jefferson Airplane\"), [Creedence Clearwater Revival](/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival \"Creedence Clearwater Revival\"), and [Third World War](/wiki/Third_World_War_%28band%29 \"Third World War (band)\"), while some bands, such as The Beatles, [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\") and [Hawkwind](/wiki/Hawkwind \"Hawkwind\"), referenced political issues occasionally and in a more observational than engaged way, e.g. in songs like \"[Revolution](/wiki/Revolution_%28Beatles_song%29 \"Revolution (Beatles song)\")\", \"[Street Fighting Man](/wiki/Street_Fighting_Man \"Street Fighting Man\")\", \"[Salt of the Earth](/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_%28song%29 \"Salt of the Earth (song)\")\" and \"[Urban Guerrilla](/wiki/Urban_Guerrilla \"Urban Guerrilla\")\".",
"### Punk rock",
"{{Main\\|Punk ideologies}}",
"Notable punk rock bands, such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\"), [Conflict](/wiki/Conflict_%28band%29 \"Conflict (band)\"), [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"), [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\"), [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys \"Dead Kennedys\"), [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 \"Black Flag (band)\"), [Refused](/wiki/Refused \"Refused\"), [American Standards](/wiki/American_Standards \"American Standards\"), [Discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28band%29 \"Discharge (band)\"), [MDC](/wiki/Millions_of_Dead_Cops \"Millions of Dead Cops\"), [Aus\\-Rotten](/wiki/Aus-Rotten \"Aus-Rotten\"), [Billy Talent](/wiki/Billy_Talent \"Billy Talent\"), [Anti\\-Flag](/wiki/Anti-Flag \"Anti-Flag\"), and [Leftöver Crack](/wiki/Left%C3%B6ver_Crack \"Leftöver Crack\") have used political and sometimes controversial lyrics that attack the establishment, sexism, capitalism, racism, speciesism, colonialism, and other phenomena they see as sources of social problems.",
"Since the late 1970s, [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") has been associated with various left\\-wing or anti\\-establishment ideologies,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\\-riot\\-punk\\-rock\\-politics\\-fascism\\-and\\-rock\\-against\\-racism\\|title\\=What Riot? Punk Rock Politics, Fascism, and Rock Against Racism – Student Pulse\\|date\\=22 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124345/http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\\-riot\\-punk\\-rock\\-politics\\-fascism\\-and\\-rock\\-against\\-racism\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2012}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Dorian Lynskey \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/01/no\\-future\\-punk\\-youth\\-rebellion \\|title\\=No future? Punk is still the sound of youth rebellion the world over \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/theoretical\\-review/19801802\\.htm \\|title\\=Popular Culture and Revolutionary Theory: Understanding Punk Rock \\|website\\=Marxists.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} including [anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism \"Anarchism\") and [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\"). Punk's [DIY culture](/wiki/DIY_culture \"DIY culture\") held an attraction for some on the [Left](/wiki/Left-wing_politics \"Left-wing politics\"), suggesting affinity with the ideals of [workers' control](/wiki/Workers%27_control \"Workers' control\"), and empowerment of the powerless{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uncarved.org/music/apunk/autonomia.html \\|title\\=Punk And Autonomia \\|website\\=Uncarved.org \\|date\\=1977\\-02\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} (though it is arguable that the punk movement's partial focus on apathy towards the establishment, combined with the fact that in many situations, punk rock music generated income for major record companies, and the notable similarities between some strains of anarchism and capitalism, meant that the punk movement ran contrary to left\\-wing ideologies) – and the genre as a whole came, largely through the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"), to be associated with anarchism. The sincerity of the early punk bands has been questioned – some critics saw their referencing of revolutionary politics as a provocative pose rather than an ideology{{cite book\\|last1\\=Burchill\\|first1\\=Julie\\|last2\\=Parsons\\|first2\\=Tony\\|title\\=The Boy Looked At Johnny\\|year\\=1978\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pluto Press]]\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-86104\\-030\\-8}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Denselow\\|first\\=Robin\\|title\\=When The Music's Over\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/whenmusicsoverst0000dens\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|year\\=1989\\|publisher\\=Faber and Faber\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-571\\-13906\\-4}} – but bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Richie Unterberger \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/crass\\-mn0000129637/biography \\|title\\=Crass \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Richie Unterberger }} and [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys \"Dead Kennedys\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dead\\-kennedys\\-mn0000786613/biography \\|title\\=Dead Kennedys \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} later emerged who held strong anarchist views, and over time this association strengthened, as they went on to influence other bands in the UK [anarcho\\-punk](/wiki/Anarcho-punk \"Anarcho-punk\") and US [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk \"Hardcore punk\") [subgenres](/wiki/Subgenre \"Subgenre\"), respectively.",
"The Sex Pistols song \"[God Save the Queen](/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_%28Sex_Pistols_song%29 \"God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)\")\" was banned from broadcast by the BBC{{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sex\\-pistols\\-mn0000418740/biography \\|title\\=Sex Pistols \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} in [1977](/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II\") due to its presumed anti\\-[Royalism](/wiki/Royalism \"Royalism\"), partly due to its apparent equation of the monarchy with a \"fascist regime\". The following year, the release of debut Crass album [The Feeding Of the 5000](/wiki/The_Feeding_Of_the_5000 \"The Feeding Of the 5000\") was initially obstructed when pressing plant workers refused to produce it due to sacrilegious lyrical content.{{cite news\\|author\\=Matt Grimes \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\\-history\\-of\\-music\\-censorship\\-9051887\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\\-history\\-of\\-music\\-censorship\\-9051887\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=A history of music censorship \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} Crass later faced court charges of obscenity related to their [Penis Envy](/wiki/Penis_Envy_%28album%29 \"Penis Envy (album)\") album, as the Dead Kennedys later did over their [Frankenchrist](/wiki/Frankenchrist \"Frankenchrist\") album artwork.",
"[The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\") are regarded as pioneers of political punk, and were seen to represent a progressive, socialistic worldview compared to the apparently anti\\-social or [nihilistic](/wiki/Political_nihilism \"Political nihilism\") attack of many early punk bands.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Antonino D’Ambrosio \\|url\\=http://monthlyreview.org/2003/06/01/let\\-fury\\-have\\-the\\-hour\\-the\\-passionate\\-politics\\-of\\-joe\\-strummer \\|title\\='Let Fury Have the Hour': The Passionate Politics of Joe Strummer by Antonino D'Ambrosio \\|magazine\\=Monthly Review \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the\\-clash\\-mn0000075747/biography \\|title\\=The Clash \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} Partly inspired by 1960s protest music such as the MC5, their stance influenced other first and second wave punk/[new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") bands such as [The Jam](/wiki/The_Jam \"The Jam\"), [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts \"The Ruts\"), [Stiff Little Fingers](/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers \"Stiff Little Fingers\"), [Angelic Upstarts](/wiki/Angelic_Upstarts \"Angelic Upstarts\"), [TRB](/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band \"Tom Robinson Band\") and [Newtown Neurotics](/wiki/Newtown_Neurotics \"Newtown Neurotics\"), and inspired a lyrical focus on subjects such as [racial tension](/wiki/White_Riot \"White Riot\"), [unemployment](/wiki/Career_Opportunities_%28song%29 \"Career Opportunities (song)\"), [class resentment](/wiki/Garageland_%28song%29 \"Garageland (song)\"), [urban alienation](/wiki/London%27s_Burning_%28The_Clash_song%29 \"London's Burning (The Clash song)\") and police violence, as well as [imperialism](/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA \"I'm So Bored with the USA\"). Partially credited with aligning punk and [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://niceup.com/writers/carter/two\\_sevens\\_clashed \\|format\\=PDF \\|title\\=When The Two Sevens Clashed : Joe Strummer and The Clash helped start the punky reggae party Jamaican reggae deejay/producer MIKEY DREAD was there\n\\|website\\=Niceup.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Dave Simpson \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/20/urban.popandrock \\|title\\=Dave Simpson on what happened when reggae and punk went head to head in the UK \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} The Clash's anti\\-racism helped to cement punk's anti\\-fascist politics, and they famously headlined the first joint [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism \"Rock Against Racism\") (RAR)/[Anti Nazi League](/wiki/Anti_Nazi_League \"Anti Nazi League\") (ANL) carnival in [Hackney](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney \"London Borough of Hackney\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), in April 1978\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Dorian Lynskey \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/punk\\-rock\\-against\\-racism \\|title\\=Rock Against Racism defines punk politics \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Sarfraz Manzoor \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race \\|title\\=1978, the year rock found the power to unite \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite news\\|author1\\=Ben Naylor \\|author2\\=Chris Mugan \\|author3\\=Colin Brown \\|author4\\=Charlotte Cripps \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/rock\\-against\\-racism\\-remembering\\-that\\-gig\\-that\\-started\\-it\\-all\\-815054\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/rock\\-against\\-racism\\-remembering\\-that\\-gig\\-that\\-started\\-it\\-all\\-815054\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Rock against racism: Remembering that gig that started it all \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} The RAR/ANL campaign is credited with helping to destroy the UK [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28UK%29%23Late_1970s:Riots%2C_in-fighting_and_decline \"Riots, in-fighting and decline\") as a credible political force, aided by the support received from punk and reggae bands.",
"Many punk musicians, such as [Vic Bondi](/wiki/Vic_Bondi \"Vic Bondi\") ([Articles of Faith](/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_%28band%29 \"Articles of Faith (band)\")), [Joey Keithley](/wiki/Joey_Keithley \"Joey Keithley\") ([DOA](/wiki/DOA_%28band%29 \"DOA (band)\")), [Tim McIlrath](/wiki/Tim_McIlrath \"Tim McIlrath\") ([Rise Against](/wiki/Rise_Against \"Rise Against\")), [The Crucifucks](/wiki/The_Crucifucks \"The Crucifucks\"), [Bad Religion](/wiki/Bad_Religion \"Bad Religion\"), [The Proletariat](/wiki/The_Proletariat \"The Proletariat\"), [Against All Authority](/wiki/Against_All_Authority \"Against All Authority\"), [Dropkick Murphys](/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys \"Dropkick Murphys\") and [Crashdog](/wiki/Crashdog \"Crashdog\") have held and expressed left\\-wing views. Dead Kennedys singer [Jello Biafra](/wiki/Jello_Biafra \"Jello Biafra\"), as well as [T.S.O.L.](/wiki/T.S.O.L. \"T.S.O.L.\") frontman [Jack Grisham](/wiki/Jack_Grisham \"Jack Grisham\"), have run as candidates for public office under left\\-wing platforms. However, some punk bands have expressed more [populist](/wiki/Populism \"Populism\") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservative \"Conservative\") opinions, and an ambiguous form of [patriotism](/wiki/Patriotism \"Patriotism\"), beginning in the U.S. with many of the groups associated with 1980s [New York hardcore](/wiki/New_York_hardcore \"New York hardcore\"),{{cite web\\|author\\=Damon Root \\|url\\=http://reason.com/blog/2009/12/08/the\\-politics\\-of\\-hardcore\\-punk \\|title\\=The Politics of Hardcore Punk – Hit \\& Run \\|website\\=Reason.com \\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} and prior to that in the UK with a small section of the [Oi!](/wiki/Oi%21 \"Oi!\") movement.{{cite web\\|author\\=Matthew Worley \\|url\\=http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\\.full \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116181212/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\\.full \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-16 \\|title\\=Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk \\|website\\=Tcbh.oxfordjournals.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.garry\\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731120915/http://www.garry\\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-31 \\|title\\=www.garry\\-bushell.co.uk – Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}",
"An extremely small minority of punk rock bands, exemplified by (1980s\\-era) [Skrewdriver](/wiki/Skrewdriver \"Skrewdriver\") and [Skullhead](/wiki/Skullhead \"Skullhead\"), have held [far\\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics \"Far-right politics\") and [anti\\-communist](/wiki/Anticommunism \"Anticommunism\") stances, and were consequently reviled in the broader, largely Leftist punk subculture.",
"#### Latino Rock/Punk",
"Music within the \"[Rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\")\" genre have been linked to left\\-leaning political views, including views against racism and xenophobia.Leung, Ambrose, and Cheryl Kier. “Music Preferences and Civic Activism of Young People.” *Journal of Youth Studies* 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2008\\): 445–60\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1080/13676260802104790}}. [Latin punk](/wiki/Latino_punk \"Latino punk\") became a movement within the Rock genre. Within the genre, issues that are prevalent specifically within the Latino communities were being discussed.Avant\\-Mier, Roberto. *Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010\\. The issues pertained to the violation of immigrant rights, including within the workforce.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams)*. Many musicians within the genre paid homage to their cultural roots and adopted philosophies such as those that arose from the [Zapatista Uprising.](/wiki/Zapatista_uprising \"Zapatista uprising\")",
"The movement shed light on the Chicano/Latino scene within their communities.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams).* This became a form of protest against the xenophobia that exists against the community in the US",
"##### Rage Against the Machine and Tigres del Norte",
"[thumb\\|[Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\") performing in front of the flag of the [Zapatista Army of National Liberation](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation \"Zapatista Army of National Liberation\").](/wiki/File:Rage_Against_The_Machine_11.jpg \"Rage Against The Machine 11.jpg\")\nLead singer of [Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\"), [Zach De La Rocha](/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha \"Zack de la Rocha\") is introduced by [Los Tigres del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte \"Los Tigres del Norte\") for their [MTV Unplugged](/wiki/MTV_Unplugged \"MTV Unplugged\") performance in 2011\\.{{Citation \\|title\\=Somos Más Americanos (En Directo Desde Los Angeles MTV Unplugged) \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=0ue\\-YP\\-wvsY \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|language\\=en}} Together, they perform a song of Los Tigres del Norte, \"“*Somos mas americanos.\"* Zach De La Rocha is introduced as someone who “fights for the rights of us all.” [Rage against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\") is known for having [socio\\-political](/wiki/Political_sociology \"Political sociology\") commentary in their music as well as Los Tigres del Norte. Rage against the Machine's [\"political views and activism are central to the band's message.\"](/wiki/Political_views_and_activism_of_Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Political views and activism of Rage Against the Machine\") Zach De La Rocha has described being interested in \"...spreading those ideas through art, because music has the power to cross borders, to break military sieges and to establish real dialogue.\"Wooldridge, Simon (February 2000\\), \"Fight the Power\", *[Juice Magazine](/wiki/Juice_Magazine \"Juice Magazine\")*. Retrieved October 6, 2007\\. Los Tigres del Norte also have a history of displaying their political views through their music. From supporting LGBT\\+ rights, prison abolition, and immigrant rights.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Flores \\|first\\=Griselda \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-04 \\|title\\=Hispanic Heritage Month 2020: 5 Times Los Tigres Del Norte Spoke Out Against Social Injustice \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/los\\-tigres\\-del\\-norte\\-social\\-injustice\\-9327502/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Together, they perform ‘*Somos Más Americanos.’* Los Tigres Del Norte being [Regional Mexican music](/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music \"Regional styles of Mexican music\") that dates back to the 60s while Zach's musical background coming from a [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") and [rap](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") background which originated in the 90s.",
"The performance gives historical and social commentary on the [xenophobia](/wiki/Xenophobia \"Xenophobia\") and [racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States \"Racism in the United States\") that is targeted against Mexican and [Chicanx](/wiki/Xicanx \"Xicanx\") folks in the US. Both the group and Zach perform the song whilst adding anedoctes about the US government.",
"One of the introductory lyrics in the song is “I have to remind them that I didn't cross the border, the border crossed me.” These words directly reference US and Mexico history. Specifically to how a significant amount of what is now considered the [Southwest US](/wiki/Southwestern_United_States \"Southwestern United States\"), was once [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"). These words have also become a slogan for many Latino movements and organizations in the US who aim to fight against xenophobic systems that target immigrants.McCaughan, Edward J. “‘We Didn't Cross the Border, the Border Crossed Us’: Artists’ Images of the US\\-Mexico Border and Immigration.” *Latin American and Latino Visual Culture* 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020\\): 6–31\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1525/lavc.2020\\.210003}}. The lyrics that end the song are “*Somos mas americanos que todititos los Gringos.\"* Meaning, \"we are more American than all of the White people.\"",
"### Rock the Vote",
"[Rock the Vote](/wiki/Rock_the_Vote \"Rock the Vote\") is an American [501(c)(3\\)](/wiki/501%28c%29%283%29 \"501(c)(3)\") [non\\-profit](/wiki/Non-profit \"Non-profit\"), [non\\-partisan](/wiki/Non-partisan \"Non-partisan\") organization founded in Los Angeles in 1990 by [Jeff Ayeroff](/wiki/Jeff_Ayeroff \"Jeff Ayeroff\") for the purposes of political advocacy. Rock the Vote works to engage youth in the political process by incorporating the entertainment community and youth culture into its activities.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rockthevote.com/rtv\\_about.php \\|title\\=About Rock the Vote \\|website\\=Rockthevote.com \\|date\\=1993\\-02\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} Rock the Vote's stated mission is to \"build the political clout and engagement of young people in order to achieve progressive change in our country.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.prnewswire.com/cgi\\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\\=ind\\_focus.story\\&STORY\\=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F12\\-19\\-2007%2F0004725469\\&EDATE\\=WED\\+Dec\\+19\\+2007%2C\\+09%3A00\\+AM \\|title\\=Error \\|website\\=www2\\.prnewswire.com \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930064408/http://www2\\.prnewswire.com/cgi\\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\\=ind\\_focus.story\\&STORY\\=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F12\\-19\\-2007%2F0004725469\\&EDATE\\=WED\\+Dec\\+19\\+2007%2C\\+09%3A00\\+AM \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
### Punk rock
{{Main\|Punk ideologies}}
Notable punk rock bands, such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass "Crass"), [Conflict](/wiki/Conflict_%28band%29 "Conflict (band)"), [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols"), [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash"), [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys "Dead Kennedys"), [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 "Black Flag (band)"), [Refused](/wiki/Refused "Refused"), [American Standards](/wiki/American_Standards "American Standards"), [Discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28band%29 "Discharge (band)"), [MDC](/wiki/Millions_of_Dead_Cops "Millions of Dead Cops"), [Aus\-Rotten](/wiki/Aus-Rotten "Aus-Rotten"), [Billy Talent](/wiki/Billy_Talent "Billy Talent"), [Anti\-Flag](/wiki/Anti-Flag "Anti-Flag"), and [Leftöver Crack](/wiki/Left%C3%B6ver_Crack "Leftöver Crack") have used political and sometimes controversial lyrics that attack the establishment, sexism, capitalism, racism, speciesism, colonialism, and other phenomena they see as sources of social problems.
Since the late 1970s, [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") has been associated with various left\-wing or anti\-establishment ideologies,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\-riot\-punk\-rock\-politics\-fascism\-and\-rock\-against\-racism\|title\=What Riot? Punk Rock Politics, Fascism, and Rock Against Racism – Student Pulse\|date\=22 October 2012\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124345/http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\-riot\-punk\-rock\-politics\-fascism\-and\-rock\-against\-racism\|archive\-date\=22 October 2012}}{{cite news\|author\=Dorian Lynskey \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/01/no\-future\-punk\-youth\-rebellion \|title\=No future? Punk is still the sound of youth rebellion the world over \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/theoretical\-review/19801802\.htm \|title\=Popular Culture and Revolutionary Theory: Understanding Punk Rock \|website\=Marxists.org \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} including [anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism "Anarchism") and [socialism](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism"). Punk's [DIY culture](/wiki/DIY_culture "DIY culture") held an attraction for some on the [Left](/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics"), suggesting affinity with the ideals of [workers' control](/wiki/Workers%27_control "Workers' control"), and empowerment of the powerless{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uncarved.org/music/apunk/autonomia.html \|title\=Punk And Autonomia \|website\=Uncarved.org \|date\=1977\-02\-17 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} (though it is arguable that the punk movement's partial focus on apathy towards the establishment, combined with the fact that in many situations, punk rock music generated income for major record companies, and the notable similarities between some strains of anarchism and capitalism, meant that the punk movement ran contrary to left\-wing ideologies) – and the genre as a whole came, largely through the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols"), to be associated with anarchism. The sincerity of the early punk bands has been questioned – some critics saw their referencing of revolutionary politics as a provocative pose rather than an ideology{{cite book\|last1\=Burchill\|first1\=Julie\|last2\=Parsons\|first2\=Tony\|title\=The Boy Looked At Johnny\|year\=1978\|publisher\=\[\[Pluto Press]]\|location\=London\|isbn\=978\-0\-86104\-030\-8}}{{cite book\|last\=Denselow\|first\=Robin\|title\=When The Music's Over\|url\=https://archive.org/details/whenmusicsoverst0000dens\|url\-access\=registration\|year\=1989\|publisher\=Faber and Faber\|location\=London\|isbn\=978\-0\-571\-13906\-4}} – but bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass "Crass"){{cite web\|author\=Richie Unterberger \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/crass\-mn0000129637/biography \|title\=Crass \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Richie Unterberger }} and [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys "Dead Kennedys"){{cite web\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dead\-kennedys\-mn0000786613/biography \|title\=Dead Kennedys \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} later emerged who held strong anarchist views, and over time this association strengthened, as they went on to influence other bands in the UK [anarcho\-punk](/wiki/Anarcho-punk "Anarcho-punk") and US [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk "Hardcore punk") [subgenres](/wiki/Subgenre "Subgenre"), respectively.
The Sex Pistols song "[God Save the Queen](/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_%28Sex_Pistols_song%29 "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)")" was banned from broadcast by the BBC{{cite web\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sex\-pistols\-mn0000418740/biography \|title\=Sex Pistols \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} in [1977](/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II") due to its presumed anti\-[Royalism](/wiki/Royalism "Royalism"), partly due to its apparent equation of the monarchy with a "fascist regime". The following year, the release of debut Crass album [The Feeding Of the 5000](/wiki/The_Feeding_Of_the_5000 "The Feeding Of the 5000") was initially obstructed when pressing plant workers refused to produce it due to sacrilegious lyrical content.{{cite news\|author\=Matt Grimes \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\-history\-of\-music\-censorship\-9051887\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\-history\-of\-music\-censorship\-9051887\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-06\-18 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=A history of music censorship \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} Crass later faced court charges of obscenity related to their [Penis Envy](/wiki/Penis_Envy_%28album%29 "Penis Envy (album)") album, as the Dead Kennedys later did over their [Frankenchrist](/wiki/Frankenchrist "Frankenchrist") album artwork.
[The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash") are regarded as pioneers of political punk, and were seen to represent a progressive, socialistic worldview compared to the apparently anti\-social or [nihilistic](/wiki/Political_nihilism "Political nihilism") attack of many early punk bands.{{cite magazine\|author\=Antonino D’Ambrosio \|url\=http://monthlyreview.org/2003/06/01/let\-fury\-have\-the\-hour\-the\-passionate\-politics\-of\-joe\-strummer \|title\='Let Fury Have the Hour': The Passionate Politics of Joe Strummer by Antonino D'Ambrosio \|magazine\=Monthly Review \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the\-clash\-mn0000075747/biography \|title\=The Clash \| Biography \& History \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17\|author\-link\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} Partly inspired by 1960s protest music such as the MC5, their stance influenced other first and second wave punk/[new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music") bands such as [The Jam](/wiki/The_Jam "The Jam"), [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts "The Ruts"), [Stiff Little Fingers](/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers "Stiff Little Fingers"), [Angelic Upstarts](/wiki/Angelic_Upstarts "Angelic Upstarts"), [TRB](/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band "Tom Robinson Band") and [Newtown Neurotics](/wiki/Newtown_Neurotics "Newtown Neurotics"), and inspired a lyrical focus on subjects such as [racial tension](/wiki/White_Riot "White Riot"), [unemployment](/wiki/Career_Opportunities_%28song%29 "Career Opportunities (song)"), [class resentment](/wiki/Garageland_%28song%29 "Garageland (song)"), [urban alienation](/wiki/London%27s_Burning_%28The_Clash_song%29 "London's Burning (The Clash song)") and police violence, as well as [imperialism](/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA "I'm So Bored with the USA"). Partially credited with aligning punk and [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae"),{{cite web\|url\=http://niceup.com/writers/carter/two\_sevens\_clashed \|format\=PDF \|title\=When The Two Sevens Clashed : Joe Strummer and The Clash helped start the punky reggae party Jamaican reggae deejay/producer MIKEY DREAD was there
\|website\=Niceup.com \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite news\|author\=Dave Simpson \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/20/urban.popandrock \|title\=Dave Simpson on what happened when reggae and punk went head to head in the UK \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} The Clash's anti\-racism helped to cement punk's anti\-fascist politics, and they famously headlined the first joint [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism "Rock Against Racism") (RAR)/[Anti Nazi League](/wiki/Anti_Nazi_League "Anti Nazi League") (ANL) carnival in [Hackney](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney "London Borough of Hackney"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), in April 1978\.{{cite news\|author\=Dorian Lynskey \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/punk\-rock\-against\-racism \|title\=Rock Against Racism defines punk politics \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite news\|author\=Sarfraz Manzoor \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race \|title\=1978, the year rock found the power to unite \| Music \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite news\|author1\=Ben Naylor \|author2\=Chris Mugan \|author3\=Colin Brown \|author4\=Charlotte Cripps \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/rock\-against\-racism\-remembering\-that\-gig\-that\-started\-it\-all\-815054\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/rock\-against\-racism\-remembering\-that\-gig\-that\-started\-it\-all\-815054\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-06\-18 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Rock against racism: Remembering that gig that started it all \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} The RAR/ANL campaign is credited with helping to destroy the UK [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28UK%29%23Late_1970s:Riots%2C_in-fighting_and_decline "Riots, in-fighting and decline") as a credible political force, aided by the support received from punk and reggae bands.
Many punk musicians, such as [Vic Bondi](/wiki/Vic_Bondi "Vic Bondi") ([Articles of Faith](/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_%28band%29 "Articles of Faith (band)")), [Joey Keithley](/wiki/Joey_Keithley "Joey Keithley") ([DOA](/wiki/DOA_%28band%29 "DOA (band)")), [Tim McIlrath](/wiki/Tim_McIlrath "Tim McIlrath") ([Rise Against](/wiki/Rise_Against "Rise Against")), [The Crucifucks](/wiki/The_Crucifucks "The Crucifucks"), [Bad Religion](/wiki/Bad_Religion "Bad Religion"), [The Proletariat](/wiki/The_Proletariat "The Proletariat"), [Against All Authority](/wiki/Against_All_Authority "Against All Authority"), [Dropkick Murphys](/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys "Dropkick Murphys") and [Crashdog](/wiki/Crashdog "Crashdog") have held and expressed left\-wing views. Dead Kennedys singer [Jello Biafra](/wiki/Jello_Biafra "Jello Biafra"), as well as [T.S.O.L.](/wiki/T.S.O.L. "T.S.O.L.") frontman [Jack Grisham](/wiki/Jack_Grisham "Jack Grisham"), have run as candidates for public office under left\-wing platforms. However, some punk bands have expressed more [populist](/wiki/Populism "Populism") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservative "Conservative") opinions, and an ambiguous form of [patriotism](/wiki/Patriotism "Patriotism"), beginning in the U.S. with many of the groups associated with 1980s [New York hardcore](/wiki/New_York_hardcore "New York hardcore"),{{cite web\|author\=Damon Root \|url\=http://reason.com/blog/2009/12/08/the\-politics\-of\-hardcore\-punk \|title\=The Politics of Hardcore Punk – Hit \& Run \|website\=Reason.com \|date\=2009\-12\-08 \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}} and prior to that in the UK with a small section of the [Oi!](/wiki/Oi%21 "Oi!") movement.{{cite web\|author\=Matthew Worley \|url\=http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\.full \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116181212/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\.full \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-16 \|title\=Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk \|website\=Tcbh.oxfordjournals.org \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.garry\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731120915/http://www.garry\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \|archive\-date\=2008\-07\-31 \|title\=www.garry\-bushell.co.uk – Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell \|access\-date\=2016\-11\-17}}
An extremely small minority of punk rock bands, exemplified by (1980s\-era) [Skrewdriver](/wiki/Skrewdriver "Skrewdriver") and [Skullhead](/wiki/Skullhead "Skullhead"), have held [far\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics "Far-right politics") and [anti\-communist](/wiki/Anticommunism "Anticommunism") stances, and were consequently reviled in the broader, largely Leftist punk subculture.
#### Latino Rock/Punk
Music within the "[Rock](/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music")" genre have been linked to left\-leaning political views, including views against racism and xenophobia.Leung, Ambrose, and Cheryl Kier. “Music Preferences and Civic Activism of Young People.” *Journal of Youth Studies* 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2008\): 445–60\. {{doi\|10\.1080/13676260802104790}}. [Latin punk](/wiki/Latino_punk "Latino punk") became a movement within the Rock genre. Within the genre, issues that are prevalent specifically within the Latino communities were being discussed.Avant\-Mier, Roberto. *Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010\. The issues pertained to the violation of immigrant rights, including within the workforce.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams)*. Many musicians within the genre paid homage to their cultural roots and adopted philosophies such as those that arose from the [Zapatista Uprising.](/wiki/Zapatista_uprising "Zapatista uprising")
The movement shed light on the Chicano/Latino scene within their communities.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams).* This became a form of protest against the xenophobia that exists against the community in the US
##### Rage Against the Machine and Tigres del Norte
[thumb\|[Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine") performing in front of the flag of the [Zapatista Army of National Liberation](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation "Zapatista Army of National Liberation").](/wiki/File:Rage_Against_The_Machine_11.jpg "Rage Against The Machine 11.jpg")
Lead singer of [Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine"), [Zach De La Rocha](/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha "Zack de la Rocha") is introduced by [Los Tigres del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte "Los Tigres del Norte") for their [MTV Unplugged](/wiki/MTV_Unplugged "MTV Unplugged") performance in 2011\.{{Citation \|title\=Somos Más Americanos (En Directo Desde Los Angeles MTV Unplugged) \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=0ue\-YP\-wvsY \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|language\=en}} Together, they perform a song of Los Tigres del Norte, "“*Somos mas americanos."* Zach De La Rocha is introduced as someone who “fights for the rights of us all.” [Rage against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine "Rage Against the Machine") is known for having [socio\-political](/wiki/Political_sociology "Political sociology") commentary in their music as well as Los Tigres del Norte. Rage against the Machine's ["political views and activism are central to the band's message."](/wiki/Political_views_and_activism_of_Rage_Against_the_Machine "Political views and activism of Rage Against the Machine") Zach De La Rocha has described being interested in "...spreading those ideas through art, because music has the power to cross borders, to break military sieges and to establish real dialogue."Wooldridge, Simon (February 2000\), "Fight the Power", *[Juice Magazine](/wiki/Juice_Magazine "Juice Magazine")*. Retrieved October 6, 2007\. Los Tigres del Norte also have a history of displaying their political views through their music. From supporting LGBT\+ rights, prison abolition, and immigrant rights.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Flores \|first\=Griselda \|date\=2020\-10\-04 \|title\=Hispanic Heritage Month 2020: 5 Times Los Tigres Del Norte Spoke Out Against Social Injustice \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/los\-tigres\-del\-norte\-social\-injustice\-9327502/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}}
Together, they perform ‘*Somos Más Americanos.’* Los Tigres Del Norte being [Regional Mexican music](/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music "Regional styles of Mexican music") that dates back to the 60s while Zach's musical background coming from a [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") and [rap](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music") background which originated in the 90s.
The performance gives historical and social commentary on the [xenophobia](/wiki/Xenophobia "Xenophobia") and [racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States "Racism in the United States") that is targeted against Mexican and [Chicanx](/wiki/Xicanx "Xicanx") folks in the US. Both the group and Zach perform the song whilst adding anedoctes about the US government.
One of the introductory lyrics in the song is “I have to remind them that I didn't cross the border, the border crossed me.” These words directly reference US and Mexico history. Specifically to how a significant amount of what is now considered the [Southwest US](/wiki/Southwestern_United_States "Southwestern United States"), was once [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"). These words have also become a slogan for many Latino movements and organizations in the US who aim to fight against xenophobic systems that target immigrants.McCaughan, Edward J. “‘We Didn't Cross the Border, the Border Crossed Us’: Artists’ Images of the US\-Mexico Border and Immigration.” *Latin American and Latino Visual Culture* 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020\): 6–31\. {{doi\|10\.1525/lavc.2020\.210003}}. The lyrics that end the song are “*Somos mas americanos que todititos los Gringos."* Meaning, "we are more American than all of the White people."
|
[
"### Punk rock",
"{{Main\\|Punk ideologies}}",
"Notable punk rock bands, such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\"), [Conflict](/wiki/Conflict_%28band%29 \"Conflict (band)\"), [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"), [The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\"), [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys \"Dead Kennedys\"), [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 \"Black Flag (band)\"), [Refused](/wiki/Refused \"Refused\"), [American Standards](/wiki/American_Standards \"American Standards\"), [Discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28band%29 \"Discharge (band)\"), [MDC](/wiki/Millions_of_Dead_Cops \"Millions of Dead Cops\"), [Aus\\-Rotten](/wiki/Aus-Rotten \"Aus-Rotten\"), [Billy Talent](/wiki/Billy_Talent \"Billy Talent\"), [Anti\\-Flag](/wiki/Anti-Flag \"Anti-Flag\"), and [Leftöver Crack](/wiki/Left%C3%B6ver_Crack \"Leftöver Crack\") have used political and sometimes controversial lyrics that attack the establishment, sexism, capitalism, racism, speciesism, colonialism, and other phenomena they see as sources of social problems.",
"Since the late 1970s, [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") has been associated with various left\\-wing or anti\\-establishment ideologies,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\\-riot\\-punk\\-rock\\-politics\\-fascism\\-and\\-rock\\-against\\-racism\\|title\\=What Riot? Punk Rock Politics, Fascism, and Rock Against Racism – Student Pulse\\|date\\=22 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124345/http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/612/what\\-riot\\-punk\\-rock\\-politics\\-fascism\\-and\\-rock\\-against\\-racism\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2012}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Dorian Lynskey \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/01/no\\-future\\-punk\\-youth\\-rebellion \\|title\\=No future? Punk is still the sound of youth rebellion the world over \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/theoretical\\-review/19801802\\.htm \\|title\\=Popular Culture and Revolutionary Theory: Understanding Punk Rock \\|website\\=Marxists.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} including [anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism \"Anarchism\") and [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\"). Punk's [DIY culture](/wiki/DIY_culture \"DIY culture\") held an attraction for some on the [Left](/wiki/Left-wing_politics \"Left-wing politics\"), suggesting affinity with the ideals of [workers' control](/wiki/Workers%27_control \"Workers' control\"), and empowerment of the powerless{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uncarved.org/music/apunk/autonomia.html \\|title\\=Punk And Autonomia \\|website\\=Uncarved.org \\|date\\=1977\\-02\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} (though it is arguable that the punk movement's partial focus on apathy towards the establishment, combined with the fact that in many situations, punk rock music generated income for major record companies, and the notable similarities between some strains of anarchism and capitalism, meant that the punk movement ran contrary to left\\-wing ideologies) – and the genre as a whole came, largely through the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"), to be associated with anarchism. The sincerity of the early punk bands has been questioned – some critics saw their referencing of revolutionary politics as a provocative pose rather than an ideology{{cite book\\|last1\\=Burchill\\|first1\\=Julie\\|last2\\=Parsons\\|first2\\=Tony\\|title\\=The Boy Looked At Johnny\\|year\\=1978\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pluto Press]]\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-86104\\-030\\-8}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Denselow\\|first\\=Robin\\|title\\=When The Music's Over\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/whenmusicsoverst0000dens\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|year\\=1989\\|publisher\\=Faber and Faber\\|location\\=London\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-571\\-13906\\-4}} – but bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Richie Unterberger \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/crass\\-mn0000129637/biography \\|title\\=Crass \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Richie Unterberger }} and [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys \"Dead Kennedys\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dead\\-kennedys\\-mn0000786613/biography \\|title\\=Dead Kennedys \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} later emerged who held strong anarchist views, and over time this association strengthened, as they went on to influence other bands in the UK [anarcho\\-punk](/wiki/Anarcho-punk \"Anarcho-punk\") and US [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk \"Hardcore punk\") [subgenres](/wiki/Subgenre \"Subgenre\"), respectively.",
"The Sex Pistols song \"[God Save the Queen](/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_%28Sex_Pistols_song%29 \"God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)\")\" was banned from broadcast by the BBC{{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sex\\-pistols\\-mn0000418740/biography \\|title\\=Sex Pistols \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} in [1977](/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II\") due to its presumed anti\\-[Royalism](/wiki/Royalism \"Royalism\"), partly due to its apparent equation of the monarchy with a \"fascist regime\". The following year, the release of debut Crass album [The Feeding Of the 5000](/wiki/The_Feeding_Of_the_5000 \"The Feeding Of the 5000\") was initially obstructed when pressing plant workers refused to produce it due to sacrilegious lyrical content.{{cite news\\|author\\=Matt Grimes \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\\-history\\-of\\-music\\-censorship\\-9051887\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/a\\-history\\-of\\-music\\-censorship\\-9051887\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=A history of music censorship \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} Crass later faced court charges of obscenity related to their [Penis Envy](/wiki/Penis_Envy_%28album%29 \"Penis Envy (album)\") album, as the Dead Kennedys later did over their [Frankenchrist](/wiki/Frankenchrist \"Frankenchrist\") album artwork.",
"[The Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\") are regarded as pioneers of political punk, and were seen to represent a progressive, socialistic worldview compared to the apparently anti\\-social or [nihilistic](/wiki/Political_nihilism \"Political nihilism\") attack of many early punk bands.{{cite magazine\\|author\\=Antonino D’Ambrosio \\|url\\=http://monthlyreview.org/2003/06/01/let\\-fury\\-have\\-the\\-hour\\-the\\-passionate\\-politics\\-of\\-joe\\-strummer \\|title\\='Let Fury Have the Hour': The Passionate Politics of Joe Strummer by Antonino D'Ambrosio \\|magazine\\=Monthly Review \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the\\-clash\\-mn0000075747/biography \\|title\\=The Clash \\| Biography \\& History \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine }} Partly inspired by 1960s protest music such as the MC5, their stance influenced other first and second wave punk/[new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") bands such as [The Jam](/wiki/The_Jam \"The Jam\"), [The Ruts](/wiki/The_Ruts \"The Ruts\"), [Stiff Little Fingers](/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers \"Stiff Little Fingers\"), [Angelic Upstarts](/wiki/Angelic_Upstarts \"Angelic Upstarts\"), [TRB](/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band \"Tom Robinson Band\") and [Newtown Neurotics](/wiki/Newtown_Neurotics \"Newtown Neurotics\"), and inspired a lyrical focus on subjects such as [racial tension](/wiki/White_Riot \"White Riot\"), [unemployment](/wiki/Career_Opportunities_%28song%29 \"Career Opportunities (song)\"), [class resentment](/wiki/Garageland_%28song%29 \"Garageland (song)\"), [urban alienation](/wiki/London%27s_Burning_%28The_Clash_song%29 \"London's Burning (The Clash song)\") and police violence, as well as [imperialism](/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA \"I'm So Bored with the USA\"). Partially credited with aligning punk and [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://niceup.com/writers/carter/two\\_sevens\\_clashed \\|format\\=PDF \\|title\\=When The Two Sevens Clashed : Joe Strummer and The Clash helped start the punky reggae party Jamaican reggae deejay/producer MIKEY DREAD was there\n\\|website\\=Niceup.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Dave Simpson \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/20/urban.popandrock \\|title\\=Dave Simpson on what happened when reggae and punk went head to head in the UK \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} The Clash's anti\\-racism helped to cement punk's anti\\-fascist politics, and they famously headlined the first joint [Rock Against Racism](/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism \"Rock Against Racism\") (RAR)/[Anti Nazi League](/wiki/Anti_Nazi_League \"Anti Nazi League\") (ANL) carnival in [Hackney](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney \"London Borough of Hackney\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), in April 1978\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Dorian Lynskey \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/punk\\-rock\\-against\\-racism \\|title\\=Rock Against Racism defines punk politics \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Sarfraz Manzoor \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race \\|title\\=1978, the year rock found the power to unite \\| Music \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite news\\|author1\\=Ben Naylor \\|author2\\=Chris Mugan \\|author3\\=Colin Brown \\|author4\\=Charlotte Cripps \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/rock\\-against\\-racism\\-remembering\\-that\\-gig\\-that\\-started\\-it\\-all\\-815054\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/rock\\-against\\-racism\\-remembering\\-that\\-gig\\-that\\-started\\-it\\-all\\-815054\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Rock against racism: Remembering that gig that started it all \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} The RAR/ANL campaign is credited with helping to destroy the UK [National Front](/wiki/National_Front_%28UK%29%23Late_1970s:Riots%2C_in-fighting_and_decline \"Riots, in-fighting and decline\") as a credible political force, aided by the support received from punk and reggae bands.",
"Many punk musicians, such as [Vic Bondi](/wiki/Vic_Bondi \"Vic Bondi\") ([Articles of Faith](/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_%28band%29 \"Articles of Faith (band)\")), [Joey Keithley](/wiki/Joey_Keithley \"Joey Keithley\") ([DOA](/wiki/DOA_%28band%29 \"DOA (band)\")), [Tim McIlrath](/wiki/Tim_McIlrath \"Tim McIlrath\") ([Rise Against](/wiki/Rise_Against \"Rise Against\")), [The Crucifucks](/wiki/The_Crucifucks \"The Crucifucks\"), [Bad Religion](/wiki/Bad_Religion \"Bad Religion\"), [The Proletariat](/wiki/The_Proletariat \"The Proletariat\"), [Against All Authority](/wiki/Against_All_Authority \"Against All Authority\"), [Dropkick Murphys](/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys \"Dropkick Murphys\") and [Crashdog](/wiki/Crashdog \"Crashdog\") have held and expressed left\\-wing views. Dead Kennedys singer [Jello Biafra](/wiki/Jello_Biafra \"Jello Biafra\"), as well as [T.S.O.L.](/wiki/T.S.O.L. \"T.S.O.L.\") frontman [Jack Grisham](/wiki/Jack_Grisham \"Jack Grisham\"), have run as candidates for public office under left\\-wing platforms. However, some punk bands have expressed more [populist](/wiki/Populism \"Populism\") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservative \"Conservative\") opinions, and an ambiguous form of [patriotism](/wiki/Patriotism \"Patriotism\"), beginning in the U.S. with many of the groups associated with 1980s [New York hardcore](/wiki/New_York_hardcore \"New York hardcore\"),{{cite web\\|author\\=Damon Root \\|url\\=http://reason.com/blog/2009/12/08/the\\-politics\\-of\\-hardcore\\-punk \\|title\\=The Politics of Hardcore Punk – Hit \\& Run \\|website\\=Reason.com \\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}} and prior to that in the UK with a small section of the [Oi!](/wiki/Oi%21 \"Oi!\") movement.{{cite web\\|author\\=Matthew Worley \\|url\\=http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\\.full \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116181212/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001\\.full \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-16 \\|title\\=Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk \\|website\\=Tcbh.oxfordjournals.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.garry\\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731120915/http://www.garry\\-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-31 \\|title\\=www.garry\\-bushell.co.uk – Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-17}}",
"An extremely small minority of punk rock bands, exemplified by (1980s\\-era) [Skrewdriver](/wiki/Skrewdriver \"Skrewdriver\") and [Skullhead](/wiki/Skullhead \"Skullhead\"), have held [far\\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics \"Far-right politics\") and [anti\\-communist](/wiki/Anticommunism \"Anticommunism\") stances, and were consequently reviled in the broader, largely Leftist punk subculture.",
"#### Latino Rock/Punk",
"Music within the \"[Rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\")\" genre have been linked to left\\-leaning political views, including views against racism and xenophobia.Leung, Ambrose, and Cheryl Kier. “Music Preferences and Civic Activism of Young People.” *Journal of Youth Studies* 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2008\\): 445–60\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1080/13676260802104790}}. [Latin punk](/wiki/Latino_punk \"Latino punk\") became a movement within the Rock genre. Within the genre, issues that are prevalent specifically within the Latino communities were being discussed.Avant\\-Mier, Roberto. *Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010\\. The issues pertained to the violation of immigrant rights, including within the workforce.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams)*. Many musicians within the genre paid homage to their cultural roots and adopted philosophies such as those that arose from the [Zapatista Uprising.](/wiki/Zapatista_uprising \"Zapatista uprising\")",
"The movement shed light on the Chicano/Latino scene within their communities.Martin Sorrondeguy (1991\\). *Mas Alla De Los Gritos (Beyond the Screams).* This became a form of protest against the xenophobia that exists against the community in the US",
"##### Rage Against the Machine and Tigres del Norte",
"[thumb\\|[Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\") performing in front of the flag of the [Zapatista Army of National Liberation](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation \"Zapatista Army of National Liberation\").](/wiki/File:Rage_Against_The_Machine_11.jpg \"Rage Against The Machine 11.jpg\")\nLead singer of [Rage Against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\"), [Zach De La Rocha](/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha \"Zack de la Rocha\") is introduced by [Los Tigres del Norte](/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte \"Los Tigres del Norte\") for their [MTV Unplugged](/wiki/MTV_Unplugged \"MTV Unplugged\") performance in 2011\\.{{Citation \\|title\\=Somos Más Americanos (En Directo Desde Los Angeles MTV Unplugged) \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=0ue\\-YP\\-wvsY \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|language\\=en}} Together, they perform a song of Los Tigres del Norte, \"“*Somos mas americanos.\"* Zach De La Rocha is introduced as someone who “fights for the rights of us all.” [Rage against the Machine](/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Rage Against the Machine\") is known for having [socio\\-political](/wiki/Political_sociology \"Political sociology\") commentary in their music as well as Los Tigres del Norte. Rage against the Machine's [\"political views and activism are central to the band's message.\"](/wiki/Political_views_and_activism_of_Rage_Against_the_Machine \"Political views and activism of Rage Against the Machine\") Zach De La Rocha has described being interested in \"...spreading those ideas through art, because music has the power to cross borders, to break military sieges and to establish real dialogue.\"Wooldridge, Simon (February 2000\\), \"Fight the Power\", *[Juice Magazine](/wiki/Juice_Magazine \"Juice Magazine\")*. Retrieved October 6, 2007\\. Los Tigres del Norte also have a history of displaying their political views through their music. From supporting LGBT\\+ rights, prison abolition, and immigrant rights.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Flores \\|first\\=Griselda \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-04 \\|title\\=Hispanic Heritage Month 2020: 5 Times Los Tigres Del Norte Spoke Out Against Social Injustice \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/los\\-tigres\\-del\\-norte\\-social\\-injustice\\-9327502/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Together, they perform ‘*Somos Más Americanos.’* Los Tigres Del Norte being [Regional Mexican music](/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music \"Regional styles of Mexican music\") that dates back to the 60s while Zach's musical background coming from a [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") and [rap](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") background which originated in the 90s.",
"The performance gives historical and social commentary on the [xenophobia](/wiki/Xenophobia \"Xenophobia\") and [racism](/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States \"Racism in the United States\") that is targeted against Mexican and [Chicanx](/wiki/Xicanx \"Xicanx\") folks in the US. Both the group and Zach perform the song whilst adding anedoctes about the US government.",
"One of the introductory lyrics in the song is “I have to remind them that I didn't cross the border, the border crossed me.” These words directly reference US and Mexico history. Specifically to how a significant amount of what is now considered the [Southwest US](/wiki/Southwestern_United_States \"Southwestern United States\"), was once [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"). These words have also become a slogan for many Latino movements and organizations in the US who aim to fight against xenophobic systems that target immigrants.McCaughan, Edward J. “‘We Didn't Cross the Border, the Border Crossed Us’: Artists’ Images of the US\\-Mexico Border and Immigration.” *Latin American and Latino Visual Culture* 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020\\): 6–31\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1525/lavc.2020\\.210003}}. The lyrics that end the song are “*Somos mas americanos que todititos los Gringos.\"* Meaning, \"we are more American than all of the White people.\"",
""
] |
By country
----------
{{Recentism section\|date\=March 2024}}
Aware of the motivational power of music, politicians across the world seek to incorporate different songs into their campaigns. However, the viewpoints of the musicians and the politicians using their music occasionally clash. In addition to [protest songs](/wiki/Protest_song "Protest song") created specifically to call attention to matters of [social change](/wiki/Social_change "Social change"), musicians around the world resist politicians. Governments and leaders also assert their resistance to critical musicians in a variety of ways. Within each different national and cultural context, musician resistance and politician response is a unique relationship.
### Brazil
Since his election as the [President of Brazil in 2018](/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election "2018 Brazilian general election"), [Jair Bolsonaro](/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") had become an increasingly controversial leader. Much like rightist contemporaries Donald Trump and Narendra Modi, Bolsonaro has been described as both a populist and nationalist. While Bolsonaro directly supports far\-right policies on gay rights and gun ownership,{{Cite news \|last\=Boadle \|first\=Anthony \|date\=2017\-09\-28 \|title\=Far\-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-brazil\-politics\-bolsonaro\-interview\-idUSKCN1C2384 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|work\=Reuters \|language\=en}} more moderate conservatives also claim that he supports their interests.{{Cite news \|date\=2018\-04\-02 \|title\=Brazil's rising tide of young conservatives seeks change \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-latin\-america\-43414315 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|work\=BBC News \|language\=en\-GB}} To gain support from Brazil's conservative voters, Bolsonaro's speeches were heavily nationalistic and patriotic.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Tamaki \|first1\=Eduardo Ryo \|last2\=Fuks \|first2\=Mario \|date\=April 2020 \|title\=Populism in Brazil's 2018 General Elections: An Analysis of Bolsonaro's Campaign Speeches \|url\=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script\=sci\_abstract\&pid\=S0102\-64452020000100103\&lng\=en\&nrm\=iso\&tlng\=en \|journal\=Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política \|issue\=109 \|pages\=103–127 \|doi\=10\.1590/0102\-103127/109 \|issn\=0102\-6445 \|s2cid\=226061722 \|doi\-access\=free}} While Bolsonaro's direct appeals to the people were more limited within his national addresses, he emphasized a prideful brand of Brazilian nationalism. As a figure whose policies and actions have been deeply polarizing and divisive,{{Cite journal \|last\=Ivanov \|first\=Vladimir G. \|date\=2020\-12\-15 \|title\=The Evolution of Populism in South America: Was J. Bolsonaro's Victory in the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election a Precedent or a Model for the Region? \|url\=http://journals.rudn.ru/political\-science/article/view/23278 \|journal\=RUDN Journal of Political Science \|volume\=22 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=71–80 \|doi\=10\.22363/2313\-1438\-2020\-22\-1\-71\-80 \|issn\=2313\-1446 \|s2cid\=234587214 \|doi\-access\=free}} Bolsonaro became a main source of scorn and criticism for Brazilian musicians both domestic and abroad.
Musician [Caetano Veloso](/wiki/Caetano_Veloso "Caetano Veloso"), who was exiled during Brazil's military dictatorship that lasted from the 1964 to 1985, called Bolsonaro's heavy\-handed nationalistic rhetoric and leadership “an utter nightmare.”{{Cite news \|last1\=Briso \|first1\=Caio Barretto \|last2\=Phillips \|first2\=Tom \|date\=2020\-07\-29 \|title\='It's just madness': Brazil music legend Caetano Veloso on Bolsonaro \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/29/caetano\-veloso\-brazil\-bolsonaro\-so\-confused\-so\-incompetent \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}} While Veloso's brand of music is not protest music, he takes the opportunity to speak out and use his visibility for resistance. In August 2020, Veloso joined a chorus of prominent Brazilian figures in mocking Bolsonaro for his perceived role in an embezzlement and money laundering scheme.{{Cite magazine \|title\='I'd Like to Punch You in the Mouth.' Brazil's Far\-Right President Jair Bolsonaro Enraged by Reporter's Question About Payments to His Wife \|url\=https://time.com/5882886/jair\-bolsonaro\-punch\-reporter\-question/ \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|magazine\=Time}}
While some Brazilian artists like Veloso resisted mainly from their social media accounts, Brazil has a rich history of protest music against its former authoritarian dictatorship regime that is continued by many contemporary artists.{{Cite news \|last\=Farago \|first\=Jason \|date\=2015\-09\-14 \|title\=Exile, arrest and torture: why Brazil's pop artists risked everything \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/14/brazil\-exile\-arrest\-and\-torture\-pop\-artists\-risked\-everything \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}} Artists from all over the country had found ways to resist, criticize, and allude to Bolsonaro in their works. Troubadour [Chico César](/wiki/Chico_C%C3%A9sar "Chico César") took a direct approach by asserting that Bolsonaro's supporters were fascists, composer Manu da Cuíca veiled his criticism included a warning about Bolsonaro as one of the dangerous “gun\-toting messiahs,” and singer Marina Iris indirectly worked in criticism against the regime as persistent themes of angst and frustration toward the current state of Brazil.{{Cite news \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Caio Barretto Briso Tom \|date\=2019\-12\-28 \|title\=Brazil's artists lead a chorus of resistance to Jair Bolsonaro \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/28/brazil\-artists\-lead\-chorus\-of\-resistance\-jair\-bolsonaro \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|work\=The Observer \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0029\-7712}} These customary forms of Brazilian music, rooted in indigenous musical forms, are a key form of anti\-status quo music.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Lena \|first1\=Jennifer C. \|last2\=Peterson \|first2\=Richard A. \|date\=May 2011 \|title\=Politically Purposed Music Genres \|url\=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10\.1177/0002764211398080 \|journal\=American Behavioral Scientist \|language\=en \|volume\=55 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=574–588 \|doi\=10\.1177/0002764211398080 \|issn\=0002\-7642 \|s2cid\=144061958}}
In response to the resistance, instead of adopting music like Trump or relying on the support of his followers like Modi, Bolsonaro drastically cut the public support and resources for musicians, film\-makers, and visual artists. Many artists viewed this act as payback for their resistance. However, several right\-wing Brazilian rappers took it upon themselves in the music scene to defend and support Bolsonaro.
### China
{{Excerpt\|Political music in China\|templates\=no}}
### Ethiopia
{{Excerpt\|Music and politics in Ethiopia}}
### India
After the 2014 [Lok Sabha election](/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election "2014 Indian general election"), [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi") was sworn in Prime Minister of India.{{Cite web\|date\=May 20, 2014\|title\=Pranab Mukherjee: Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra\-Modi\-appointed\-Prime\-Minister\-swearing\-in\-on\-May\-26/articleshow/35388297\.cms\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24\|website\=The Times of India\|language\=en}} Modi, who is notable for this effective nationalistic appeal to the Indian people,{{Cite journal\|last\=López Areu\|first\=Mario\|date\=2018\-09\-21\|title\=El populismo hinduista de Narendra Modi: reimaginando la nación india\|url\=https://www.cidob.org/es/articulos/revista\_cidob\_d\_afers\_internacionals/119/el\_populismo\_hinduista\_de\_narendra\_modi\_reimaginando\_la\_nacion\_india\|journal\=Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals\|issue\=119\|pages\=113–134\|doi\=10\.24241/rcai.2018\.119\.2\.113\|s2cid\=240177406\|doi\-access\=free}} quickly began to centralize power{{Cite journal\|last\=Sen\|first\=Ronojoy\|date\=2015\-10\-02\|title\=House Matters: The BJP, Modi and Parliament\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1080/00856401\.2015\.1091200\|journal\=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies\|volume\=38\|issue\=4\|pages\=776–790\|doi\=10\.1080/00856401\.2015\.1091200\|s2cid\=147683722\|issn\=0085\-6401}} and subject both civil and foreign non\-governmental organization to scrutiny.{{Cite news\|title\=Indian charities battle for survival after government crackdown\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/41e65a46\-1ca3\-4cfa\-b1db\-c7a1b7273996 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/41e65a46\-1ca3\-4cfa\-b1db\-c7a1b7273996 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-10 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24\|newspaper\=Financial Times\|date\=30 September 2020\|last1\=Kazmin\|first1\=Amy}}
With Modi's populist support and increasing governmental power, musicians face a unique social and political landscape in their options for resistance. In May 2020, an arrest warrant was brought against singer Mainul Ahsan Noble for making derogatory comments toward Modi on Facebook.{{Cite web\|last\=Liakat\|first\=Farjana\|title\=Singer Noble sued for 'derogatory remarks' on Indian PM Modi\|url\=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/music/case\-filed\-against\-singer\-noble\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24\|website\=Prothomalo\|date\=28 May 2020 \|language\=en}} While the lawsuit was filed by a private Indian citizen who “could not accept such defamatory remarks against the PM of \[India].” With India's populist turn, criticism and resistance against politicians is now riskier for musicians. The late singer [S.P. Balasubrahmanyam](/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam "S. P. Balasubrahmanyam") carefully resisted the actions of Modi when he suggested that artists from Southern India were subject to different restrictions than Bollywood artists at Modi's 2019 Change Within gathering.{{Cite web\|title\=Here is why singer SP Balasubrahmanyam is upset with PM Modi's 'Change Within' meet\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/03/here\-is\-why\-singer\-sp\-balasubrahmanyam\-is\-upset\-with\-pm\-modis\-change\-within\-meet\-2056473\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24\|website\=The New Indian Express\|date\=3 November 2019 }} Where Noble's overt comments ignited anger and legal action, Balasubrahmanyam's muted criticism did not draw the same response. Because Modi's populist policy choices strongly suggest to the Indian people that he is concerned with welfare of the everyday citizen,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Acemoglu\|first1\=Daron\|last2\=Egorov\|first2\=Georgy\|last3\=Sonin\|first3\=Konstantin\|date\=2013\-05\-01\|title\=A Political Theory of Populism \*\|url\=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/128/2/771/1942304\|journal\=The Quarterly Journal of Economics\|language\=en\|volume\=128\|issue\=2\|pages\=771–805\|doi\=10\.1093/qje/qjs077\|s2cid\=1237679\|issn\=0033\-5533\|hdl\=1721\.1/65159\|hdl\-access\=free}} more citizens come to his aid and resistance to Modi becomes more difficult for contemporary Indian musicians.
However, criticism of Modi may be less careful abroad. Desi\-American punk [The Kominas](/wiki/The_Kominas "The Kominas") and several other South Asian performers organized an anti\-Modi benefit in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"){{Cite web\|title\='Fuck Modi', a Protest Show in NYC, Will Go Up on Sunday Alongside Houston's 'Howdy Modi' Event\|url\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5yjvy/fuck\-modi\-a\-protest\-show\-in\-nyc\-will\-go\-up\-on\-sunday\-alongside\-houstons\-howdy\-modi\-event\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24\|website\=www.vice.com\|date\=20 September 2019 \|language\=en}} to coincide with a Trump administration\-organized, pro\-Modi event in [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston").{{Cite web\|agency\=PTI\|date\=Sep 19, 2019\|title\=Modi US Visit 2019: Donald Trump hints at some announcement at 'Howdy Modi!' event in Houston\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trump\-hints\-at\-some\-announcement\-at\-howdy\-modi\-event\-in\-houston/articleshow/71197155\.cms\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24\|website\=The Times of India\|language\=en}} The New York City pro\-Kashmir opposition event triggered attacks and condemnation from some Indians online, but no international legal actions against the bands and artists involved. Despite the opposition event highlighting human rights abuses regarding the military lockdown of Kashmir, the populist view of Modi as a purifier of corruption and defender of the Indian people persists among much of India.{{Cite journal\|last\=Wojczewski\|first\=Thorsten\|date\=2020\-09\-01\|title\=Populism, Hindu Nationalism, and Foreign Policy in India: The Politics of Representing "the People"\|url\=https://academic.oup.com/isr/article/22/3/396/5303907\|journal\=International Studies Review\|language\=en\|volume\=22\|issue\=3\|pages\=396–422\|doi\=10\.1093/isr/viz007\|issn\=1521\-9488}} To further expand their musical acts of resistance, the Kominas are considering bringing the punk anti\-Modi opposition events to different countries and even perhaps [New Delhi](/wiki/New_Delhi "New Delhi").
### Philippines
{{Excerpt\|Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship}}
### South Africa
{{Excerpt\|Music in the movement against apartheid\|templates\=\-Apartheid}}
### United States
{{See\|Music and women's suffrage in the United States}}
[thumb\|[Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") with [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra")](/wiki/File:Nixon_and_Sinatra_shake_hands_%281972%29.jpg "Nixon and Sinatra shake hands (1972).jpg")
In the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), musicians including [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young "Neil Young"), the [Dropkick Murphys](/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys "Dropkick Murphys") and [Explosions in the Sky](/wiki/Explosions_in_the_Sky "Explosions in the Sky") have taken issue with or action against such politicians as President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"), Wisconsin Governor [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 "Scott Walker (politician)") and Texas Senator [Ted Cruz](/wiki/Ted_Cruz "Ted Cruz"). These conflicts between popular musicians and politicians in the United States are common in the election cycle, but play out differently.
Trump used Young's song "[Rockin in the Free World](/wiki/Rockin_in_the_Free_World "Rockin in the Free World")" from the beginning of his presidential campaign against [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") in 2015\. While Young argued Trump was not authorized to use the song in his campaign, a Trump spokesperson stated the song was legally obtained through a license with [ASCAP](/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers%2C_Authors_and_Publishers "American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers") and that the campaign "will continue to \[use his song] regardless of Neil's political views."{{Cite magazine \|last1\=Newman \|first1\=Jason \|date\=2015\-06\-17 \|title\=Neil Young, Donald Trump Spar Over Song Use \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics\-news/neil\-young\-donald\-trump\-spar\-over\-rockin\-in\-the\-free\-world\-use\-42869/ \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-23 \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|language\=en\-US}} And though the song itself, from 1989, may appear to be an endorsement of the American lifestyle, closer examination reveals criticism of the George H. W. Bush administration.{{Cite web \|title\=Rockin' In The Free World by Neil Young \|url\=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/neil\-young/rockin\-in\-the\-free\-world \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|website\=songfacts.com}} This suggests that the effect of music in a political campaign cannot be limited to lyrics alone.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Dewberry \|first1\=David R. \|last2\=Millen \|first2\=Jonathan H. \|date\=2014\-03\-15 \|title\=Music as Rhetoric: Popular Music in Presidential Campaigns \|url\=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10\.1080/15456870\.2014\.890101 \|journal\=Atlantic Journal of Communication \|language\=en \|volume\=22 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=81–92 \|doi\=10\.1080/15456870\.2014\.890101 \|issn\=1545\-6870 \|s2cid\=143140182}} Despite the song's pointed words and Young's continued resistance, the Trump campaign began using the song again in 2018 in his presidential reelection campaign.{{Cite magazine \|last1\=Greene \|first1\=Andy \|date\=2018\-11\-06 \|title\=Neil Young: Trump 'Does Not Have My Permission' to Play 'Rockin' In The Free World' \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/neil\-young\-trump\-does\-not\-have\-my\-permission\-to\-play\-rockin\-in\-the\-free\-world\-752774/ \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-23 \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|language\=en\-US}}
Similarly, in 2015, Scott Walker utilized the Dropkick Murphys' popular cover of [Woody Guthrie](/wiki/Woody_Guthrie "Woody Guthrie")’s "I'm Shipping Up to Boston" at a political event in Iowa. Owing heavily to disagreements over issues like unions, the band tweeted "please stop using our music in any way ... we literally hate you!!!" to Walker.{{Cite magazine \|title\=Dropkick Murphys Tell Gov. Scott Walker, 'Stop Using Our Music' \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6450875/dropkick\-murphys\-scott\-walker\-stop\-using\-our\-music \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-23 \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en}} While there was no threat of legal action, the band took to social media to distance themselves from Walker and resist his usage of their song.
Some musicians have effectively used copyright law to resist the political use of their music. When Ted Cruz included the Explosions in the Sky song "Your Hand in Mine" in an endorsement video for Texas Governor [Greg Abbott](/wiki/Greg_Abbott "Greg Abbott"), the band tweeted they were "absolutely not okay with it."{{Cite web \|last\=Hogan \|first\=Marc \|date\=24 February 2016 \|title\=Explosions in the Sky "Not OK" With Ted Cruz Using Their Music in Campaign Video \|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/63747\-explosions\-in\-the\-sky\-not\-ok\-with\-ted\-cruz\-using\-their\-music\-in\-campaign\-video/ \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-23 \|website\=Pitchfork \|language\=en\-us}} The band's label, Temporary Residence, forced the Cruz campaign to remove the video due to a violation of U.S. Copyright Law. Legally, politicians can license music without consulting the artists themselves through deals with performance rights organizations.{{Cite journal \|last\=Schwender \|first\=Danwill D. \|date\=2017 \|title\=The Copyright Conflict between Musicians and Political Campaigns Spins Around Again \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10\.5406/americanmusic.35\.4\.0490 \|journal\=American Music \|volume\=35 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=490–500 \|doi\=10\.5406/americanmusic.35\.4\.0490 \|issn\=0734\-4392 \|jstor\=10\.5406/americanmusic.35\.4\.0490 \|s2cid\=158604967}} Where the Trump campaign sidestepped consulting Young and legally licensed "Rockin' in the Free World" from such an organization (ASCAP), Cruz's effort did neither.
In the United States there is also a long and complex history of public schools instilling support for the military through their musical activities, and of music teachers either endorsing or resisting these tendencies.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Hebert \|first1\=David G. \|year\=2015 \|title\=Another Perspective \|url\=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10\.1177/0027432114564190 \|journal\=Music Educators Journal \|volume\=101 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=77–84 \|doi\=10\.1177/0027432114564190 \|s2cid\=145184292}} Musicologists have noted the impact of [militarism](/wiki/Militarism "Militarism") in US society, arguing that "militarism endangers music education" and that although military models are inappropriate for the education of schoolchildren in a democracy,Hebert, David and Kertz\-Welzel, Alexandra (2016\). *Patriotism and Nationalism in Music Education*. London: Routledge Press {{ISBN\|1409430804}} there is evidence that "In the United States, we find an array of music education partnership projects with the military that would be unthinkable in many other countries.
|
[
"By country\n----------",
"{{Recentism section\\|date\\=March 2024}}\nAware of the motivational power of music, politicians across the world seek to incorporate different songs into their campaigns. However, the viewpoints of the musicians and the politicians using their music occasionally clash. In addition to [protest songs](/wiki/Protest_song \"Protest song\") created specifically to call attention to matters of [social change](/wiki/Social_change \"Social change\"), musicians around the world resist politicians. Governments and leaders also assert their resistance to critical musicians in a variety of ways. Within each different national and cultural context, musician resistance and politician response is a unique relationship.",
"### Brazil",
"Since his election as the [President of Brazil in 2018](/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election \"2018 Brazilian general election\"), [Jair Bolsonaro](/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro \"Jair Bolsonaro\") had become an increasingly controversial leader. Much like rightist contemporaries Donald Trump and Narendra Modi, Bolsonaro has been described as both a populist and nationalist. While Bolsonaro directly supports far\\-right policies on gay rights and gun ownership,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Boadle \\|first\\=Anthony \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-28 \\|title\\=Far\\-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-brazil\\-politics\\-bolsonaro\\-interview\\-idUSKCN1C2384 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|language\\=en}} more moderate conservatives also claim that he supports their interests.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-02 \\|title\\=Brazil's rising tide of young conservatives seeks change \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-latin\\-america\\-43414315 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} To gain support from Brazil's conservative voters, Bolsonaro's speeches were heavily nationalistic and patriotic.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Tamaki \\|first1\\=Eduardo Ryo \\|last2\\=Fuks \\|first2\\=Mario \\|date\\=April 2020 \\|title\\=Populism in Brazil's 2018 General Elections: An Analysis of Bolsonaro's Campaign Speeches \\|url\\=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script\\=sci\\_abstract\\&pid\\=S0102\\-64452020000100103\\&lng\\=en\\&nrm\\=iso\\&tlng\\=en \\|journal\\=Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política \\|issue\\=109 \\|pages\\=103–127 \\|doi\\=10\\.1590/0102\\-103127/109 \\|issn\\=0102\\-6445 \\|s2cid\\=226061722 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} While Bolsonaro's direct appeals to the people were more limited within his national addresses, he emphasized a prideful brand of Brazilian nationalism. As a figure whose policies and actions have been deeply polarizing and divisive,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ivanov \\|first\\=Vladimir G. \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-15 \\|title\\=The Evolution of Populism in South America: Was J. Bolsonaro's Victory in the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election a Precedent or a Model for the Region? \\|url\\=http://journals.rudn.ru/political\\-science/article/view/23278 \\|journal\\=RUDN Journal of Political Science \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=71–80 \\|doi\\=10\\.22363/2313\\-1438\\-2020\\-22\\-1\\-71\\-80 \\|issn\\=2313\\-1446 \\|s2cid\\=234587214 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Bolsonaro became a main source of scorn and criticism for Brazilian musicians both domestic and abroad.",
"Musician [Caetano Veloso](/wiki/Caetano_Veloso \"Caetano Veloso\"), who was exiled during Brazil's military dictatorship that lasted from the 1964 to 1985, called Bolsonaro's heavy\\-handed nationalistic rhetoric and leadership “an utter nightmare.”{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Briso \\|first1\\=Caio Barretto \\|last2\\=Phillips \\|first2\\=Tom \\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\='It's just madness': Brazil music legend Caetano Veloso on Bolsonaro \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/29/caetano\\-veloso\\-brazil\\-bolsonaro\\-so\\-confused\\-so\\-incompetent \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} While Veloso's brand of music is not protest music, he takes the opportunity to speak out and use his visibility for resistance. In August 2020, Veloso joined a chorus of prominent Brazilian figures in mocking Bolsonaro for his perceived role in an embezzlement and money laundering scheme.{{Cite magazine \\|title\\='I'd Like to Punch You in the Mouth.' Brazil's Far\\-Right President Jair Bolsonaro Enraged by Reporter's Question About Payments to His Wife \\|url\\=https://time.com/5882886/jair\\-bolsonaro\\-punch\\-reporter\\-question/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|magazine\\=Time}}",
"While some Brazilian artists like Veloso resisted mainly from their social media accounts, Brazil has a rich history of protest music against its former authoritarian dictatorship regime that is continued by many contemporary artists.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Farago \\|first\\=Jason \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-14 \\|title\\=Exile, arrest and torture: why Brazil's pop artists risked everything \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/14/brazil\\-exile\\-arrest\\-and\\-torture\\-pop\\-artists\\-risked\\-everything \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} Artists from all over the country had found ways to resist, criticize, and allude to Bolsonaro in their works. Troubadour [Chico César](/wiki/Chico_C%C3%A9sar \"Chico César\") took a direct approach by asserting that Bolsonaro's supporters were fascists, composer Manu da Cuíca veiled his criticism included a warning about Bolsonaro as one of the dangerous “gun\\-toting messiahs,” and singer Marina Iris indirectly worked in criticism against the regime as persistent themes of angst and frustration toward the current state of Brazil.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Caio Barretto Briso Tom \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-28 \\|title\\=Brazil's artists lead a chorus of resistance to Jair Bolsonaro \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/28/brazil\\-artists\\-lead\\-chorus\\-of\\-resistance\\-jair\\-bolsonaro \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|work\\=The Observer \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0029\\-7712}} These customary forms of Brazilian music, rooted in indigenous musical forms, are a key form of anti\\-status quo music.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Lena \\|first1\\=Jennifer C. \\|last2\\=Peterson \\|first2\\=Richard A. \\|date\\=May 2011 \\|title\\=Politically Purposed Music Genres \\|url\\=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10\\.1177/0002764211398080 \\|journal\\=American Behavioral Scientist \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=574–588 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0002764211398080 \\|issn\\=0002\\-7642 \\|s2cid\\=144061958}}\nIn response to the resistance, instead of adopting music like Trump or relying on the support of his followers like Modi, Bolsonaro drastically cut the public support and resources for musicians, film\\-makers, and visual artists. Many artists viewed this act as payback for their resistance. However, several right\\-wing Brazilian rappers took it upon themselves in the music scene to defend and support Bolsonaro.",
"### China",
"{{Excerpt\\|Political music in China\\|templates\\=no}}",
"### Ethiopia",
"{{Excerpt\\|Music and politics in Ethiopia}}",
"### India",
"After the 2014 [Lok Sabha election](/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election \"2014 Indian general election\"), [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi \"Narendra Modi\") was sworn in Prime Minister of India.{{Cite web\\|date\\=May 20, 2014\\|title\\=Pranab Mukherjee: Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra\\-Modi\\-appointed\\-Prime\\-Minister\\-swearing\\-in\\-on\\-May\\-26/articleshow/35388297\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24\\|website\\=The Times of India\\|language\\=en}} Modi, who is notable for this effective nationalistic appeal to the Indian people,{{Cite journal\\|last\\=López Areu\\|first\\=Mario\\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-21\\|title\\=El populismo hinduista de Narendra Modi: reimaginando la nación india\\|url\\=https://www.cidob.org/es/articulos/revista\\_cidob\\_d\\_afers\\_internacionals/119/el\\_populismo\\_hinduista\\_de\\_narendra\\_modi\\_reimaginando\\_la\\_nacion\\_india\\|journal\\=Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals\\|issue\\=119\\|pages\\=113–134\\|doi\\=10\\.24241/rcai.2018\\.119\\.2\\.113\\|s2cid\\=240177406\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} quickly began to centralize power{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Sen\\|first\\=Ronojoy\\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-02\\|title\\=House Matters: The BJP, Modi and Parliament\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1080/00856401\\.2015\\.1091200\\|journal\\=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies\\|volume\\=38\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=776–790\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00856401\\.2015\\.1091200\\|s2cid\\=147683722\\|issn\\=0085\\-6401}} and subject both civil and foreign non\\-governmental organization to scrutiny.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Indian charities battle for survival after government crackdown\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/41e65a46\\-1ca3\\-4cfa\\-b1db\\-c7a1b7273996 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/41e65a46\\-1ca3\\-4cfa\\-b1db\\-c7a1b7273996 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-10 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24\\|newspaper\\=Financial Times\\|date\\=30 September 2020\\|last1\\=Kazmin\\|first1\\=Amy}}",
"With Modi's populist support and increasing governmental power, musicians face a unique social and political landscape in their options for resistance. In May 2020, an arrest warrant was brought against singer Mainul Ahsan Noble for making derogatory comments toward Modi on Facebook.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Liakat\\|first\\=Farjana\\|title\\=Singer Noble sued for 'derogatory remarks' on Indian PM Modi\\|url\\=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/music/case\\-filed\\-against\\-singer\\-noble\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24\\|website\\=Prothomalo\\|date\\=28 May 2020 \\|language\\=en}} While the lawsuit was filed by a private Indian citizen who “could not accept such defamatory remarks against the PM of \\[India].” With India's populist turn, criticism and resistance against politicians is now riskier for musicians. The late singer [S.P. Balasubrahmanyam](/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam \"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam\") carefully resisted the actions of Modi when he suggested that artists from Southern India were subject to different restrictions than Bollywood artists at Modi's 2019 Change Within gathering.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Here is why singer SP Balasubrahmanyam is upset with PM Modi's 'Change Within' meet\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/03/here\\-is\\-why\\-singer\\-sp\\-balasubrahmanyam\\-is\\-upset\\-with\\-pm\\-modis\\-change\\-within\\-meet\\-2056473\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24\\|website\\=The New Indian Express\\|date\\=3 November 2019 }} Where Noble's overt comments ignited anger and legal action, Balasubrahmanyam's muted criticism did not draw the same response. Because Modi's populist policy choices strongly suggest to the Indian people that he is concerned with welfare of the everyday citizen,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Acemoglu\\|first1\\=Daron\\|last2\\=Egorov\\|first2\\=Georgy\\|last3\\=Sonin\\|first3\\=Konstantin\\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-01\\|title\\=A Political Theory of Populism \\*\\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/128/2/771/1942304\\|journal\\=The Quarterly Journal of Economics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=128\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=771–805\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/qje/qjs077\\|s2cid\\=1237679\\|issn\\=0033\\-5533\\|hdl\\=1721\\.1/65159\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} more citizens come to his aid and resistance to Modi becomes more difficult for contemporary Indian musicians.",
"However, criticism of Modi may be less careful abroad. Desi\\-American punk [The Kominas](/wiki/The_Kominas \"The Kominas\") and several other South Asian performers organized an anti\\-Modi benefit in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"){{Cite web\\|title\\='Fuck Modi', a Protest Show in NYC, Will Go Up on Sunday Alongside Houston's 'Howdy Modi' Event\\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5yjvy/fuck\\-modi\\-a\\-protest\\-show\\-in\\-nyc\\-will\\-go\\-up\\-on\\-sunday\\-alongside\\-houstons\\-howdy\\-modi\\-event\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24\\|website\\=www.vice.com\\|date\\=20 September 2019 \\|language\\=en}} to coincide with a Trump administration\\-organized, pro\\-Modi event in [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\").{{Cite web\\|agency\\=PTI\\|date\\=Sep 19, 2019\\|title\\=Modi US Visit 2019: Donald Trump hints at some announcement at 'Howdy Modi!' event in Houston\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trump\\-hints\\-at\\-some\\-announcement\\-at\\-howdy\\-modi\\-event\\-in\\-houston/articleshow/71197155\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24\\|website\\=The Times of India\\|language\\=en}} The New York City pro\\-Kashmir opposition event triggered attacks and condemnation from some Indians online, but no international legal actions against the bands and artists involved. Despite the opposition event highlighting human rights abuses regarding the military lockdown of Kashmir, the populist view of Modi as a purifier of corruption and defender of the Indian people persists among much of India.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Wojczewski\\|first\\=Thorsten\\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=Populism, Hindu Nationalism, and Foreign Policy in India: The Politics of Representing \"the People\"\\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/isr/article/22/3/396/5303907\\|journal\\=International Studies Review\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=396–422\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/isr/viz007\\|issn\\=1521\\-9488}} To further expand their musical acts of resistance, the Kominas are considering bringing the punk anti\\-Modi opposition events to different countries and even perhaps [New Delhi](/wiki/New_Delhi \"New Delhi\").",
"### Philippines",
"{{Excerpt\\|Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship}}",
"### South Africa",
"{{Excerpt\\|Music in the movement against apartheid\\|templates\\=\\-Apartheid}}",
"### United States",
"{{See\\|Music and women's suffrage in the United States}}\n[thumb\\|[Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") with [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\")](/wiki/File:Nixon_and_Sinatra_shake_hands_%281972%29.jpg \"Nixon and Sinatra shake hands (1972).jpg\")\nIn the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), musicians including [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young \"Neil Young\"), the [Dropkick Murphys](/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys \"Dropkick Murphys\") and [Explosions in the Sky](/wiki/Explosions_in_the_Sky \"Explosions in the Sky\") have taken issue with or action against such politicians as President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\"), Wisconsin Governor [Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28politician%29 \"Scott Walker (politician)\") and Texas Senator [Ted Cruz](/wiki/Ted_Cruz \"Ted Cruz\"). These conflicts between popular musicians and politicians in the United States are common in the election cycle, but play out differently.",
"Trump used Young's song \"[Rockin in the Free World](/wiki/Rockin_in_the_Free_World \"Rockin in the Free World\")\" from the beginning of his presidential campaign against [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") in 2015\\. While Young argued Trump was not authorized to use the song in his campaign, a Trump spokesperson stated the song was legally obtained through a license with [ASCAP](/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers%2C_Authors_and_Publishers \"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers\") and that the campaign \"will continue to \\[use his song] regardless of Neil's political views.\"{{Cite magazine \\|last1\\=Newman \\|first1\\=Jason \\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-17 \\|title\\=Neil Young, Donald Trump Spar Over Song Use \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics\\-news/neil\\-young\\-donald\\-trump\\-spar\\-over\\-rockin\\-in\\-the\\-free\\-world\\-use\\-42869/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-23 \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|language\\=en\\-US}} And though the song itself, from 1989, may appear to be an endorsement of the American lifestyle, closer examination reveals criticism of the George H. W. Bush administration.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Rockin' In The Free World by Neil Young \\|url\\=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/neil\\-young/rockin\\-in\\-the\\-free\\-world \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|website\\=songfacts.com}} This suggests that the effect of music in a political campaign cannot be limited to lyrics alone.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Dewberry \\|first1\\=David R. \\|last2\\=Millen \\|first2\\=Jonathan H. \\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-15 \\|title\\=Music as Rhetoric: Popular Music in Presidential Campaigns \\|url\\=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10\\.1080/15456870\\.2014\\.890101 \\|journal\\=Atlantic Journal of Communication \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=81–92 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/15456870\\.2014\\.890101 \\|issn\\=1545\\-6870 \\|s2cid\\=143140182}} Despite the song's pointed words and Young's continued resistance, the Trump campaign began using the song again in 2018 in his presidential reelection campaign.{{Cite magazine \\|last1\\=Greene \\|first1\\=Andy \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-06 \\|title\\=Neil Young: Trump 'Does Not Have My Permission' to Play 'Rockin' In The Free World' \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/neil\\-young\\-trump\\-does\\-not\\-have\\-my\\-permission\\-to\\-play\\-rockin\\-in\\-the\\-free\\-world\\-752774/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-23 \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Similarly, in 2015, Scott Walker utilized the Dropkick Murphys' popular cover of [Woody Guthrie](/wiki/Woody_Guthrie \"Woody Guthrie\")’s \"I'm Shipping Up to Boston\" at a political event in Iowa. Owing heavily to disagreements over issues like unions, the band tweeted \"please stop using our music in any way ... we literally hate you!!!\" to Walker.{{Cite magazine \\|title\\=Dropkick Murphys Tell Gov. Scott Walker, 'Stop Using Our Music' \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6450875/dropkick\\-murphys\\-scott\\-walker\\-stop\\-using\\-our\\-music \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-23 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en}} While there was no threat of legal action, the band took to social media to distance themselves from Walker and resist his usage of their song.",
"Some musicians have effectively used copyright law to resist the political use of their music. When Ted Cruz included the Explosions in the Sky song \"Your Hand in Mine\" in an endorsement video for Texas Governor [Greg Abbott](/wiki/Greg_Abbott \"Greg Abbott\"), the band tweeted they were \"absolutely not okay with it.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hogan \\|first\\=Marc \\|date\\=24 February 2016 \\|title\\=Explosions in the Sky \"Not OK\" With Ted Cruz Using Their Music in Campaign Video \\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/63747\\-explosions\\-in\\-the\\-sky\\-not\\-ok\\-with\\-ted\\-cruz\\-using\\-their\\-music\\-in\\-campaign\\-video/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-23 \\|website\\=Pitchfork \\|language\\=en\\-us}} The band's label, Temporary Residence, forced the Cruz campaign to remove the video due to a violation of U.S. Copyright Law. Legally, politicians can license music without consulting the artists themselves through deals with performance rights organizations.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Schwender \\|first\\=Danwill D. \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=The Copyright Conflict between Musicians and Political Campaigns Spins Around Again \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10\\.5406/americanmusic.35\\.4\\.0490 \\|journal\\=American Music \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=490–500 \\|doi\\=10\\.5406/americanmusic.35\\.4\\.0490 \\|issn\\=0734\\-4392 \\|jstor\\=10\\.5406/americanmusic.35\\.4\\.0490 \\|s2cid\\=158604967}} Where the Trump campaign sidestepped consulting Young and legally licensed \"Rockin' in the Free World\" from such an organization (ASCAP), Cruz's effort did neither.",
"In the United States there is also a long and complex history of public schools instilling support for the military through their musical activities, and of music teachers either endorsing or resisting these tendencies.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Hebert \\|first1\\=David G. \\|year\\=2015 \\|title\\=Another Perspective \\|url\\=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10\\.1177/0027432114564190 \\|journal\\=Music Educators Journal \\|volume\\=101 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=77–84 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0027432114564190 \\|s2cid\\=145184292}} Musicologists have noted the impact of [militarism](/wiki/Militarism \"Militarism\") in US society, arguing that \"militarism endangers music education\" and that although military models are inappropriate for the education of schoolchildren in a democracy,Hebert, David and Kertz\\-Welzel, Alexandra (2016\\). *Patriotism and Nationalism in Music Education*. London: Routledge Press {{ISBN\\|1409430804}} there is evidence that \"In the United States, we find an array of music education partnership projects with the military that would be unthinkable in many other countries.",
""
] |
Development
-----------
After the success of previous live\-action promotional shorts, *[Landfall](/wiki/Marketing_of_Halo_3%23Trailers_and_shorts "Marketing of Halo 3#Trailers and shorts")* and *[The Life](/wiki/The_Life_%28advertisement%29 "The Life (advertisement)")*, [343 Industries](/wiki/343_Industries "343 Industries"), the studio in charge of development for the *Halo* franchise, wanted to use a live action series to appeal to an audience of people unfamiliar with the *Halo* games. The director of franchise business management at 343 Industries, Matt McClosky, explained the intended audience by saying that, "You see something that looks like a video game, you're going to get the same crowd you always get." The live\-action format was also chosen for its ability to better develop characters; the series is used to introduce the character Thomas Lasky to the *Halo* universe before his role in the video game *Halo 4*. The developers wanted a protagonist with more emotion than [Master Chief](/wiki/Master_Chief_%28Halo%29 "Master Chief (Halo)") (whose face is never seen), to not only convey an understanding of the universe, but to better engage unfamiliar viewers.
Microsoft considers the series "the next step" between advertising material and a full\-length film after the failure of a [previous effort](/wiki/Halo_%282007_cancelled_film%29 "Halo (2007 cancelled film)") and aimed to produce a stand\-alone series that could be enjoyed without necessarily playing the games. The budget for the series was almost [USD](/wiki/USD "USD") $10 million, Microsoft's largest investment in a live\-action promotion. Director Stewart Hendler said, "We're either the best\-funded web series of all time, a sort of mid\-road healthy TV pilot, or a super\-low\-budget movie." When the idea of directing a video game based web series was pitched to Hendler he declined, saying he was not interested in video game adaptions unless the subject was *Halo*. Hendler was already a fan of the series, having read the novels and played the games.
Potential writers were interviewed by 343 Industries, and some were selected to write a draft of a script. Aaron and Todd Helbing wrote a pitch set on Harvest, the first planet to be attacked by the [Covenant](/wiki/Covenant_%28Halo%29 "Covenant (Halo)") (see *[Halo: Contact Harvest](/wiki/Halo:Contact_Harvest "Contact Harvest")*). Although 343 Industries decided not to use it, the Helbing brothers' script was the most complete and demonstrated the best understanding of the *Halo* universe so they were chosen to write *Forward Unto Dawn*. The final plot was developed by 343 Industries, Frank O'Connor, and the Helbings with the intention of introducing a new character to tie into *Halo 4*, which their Harvest script did not, and to explore "the least\-well\-known part of the *Halo* universe". In addition to providing input on the script, 343 Industries had a representative on set at all times to ensure that the series did not break [canon](/wiki/Canon_%28fiction%29 "Canon (fiction)").
### Shooting and special effects
[thumb\|left\|The Warthog prop built by [Weta Workshop](/wiki/Weta_Workshop "Weta Workshop")\|alt\=An image of the Warthog prop used in *Forward Unto Dawn*, a four\-wheel\-drive, off\-road vehicle with a mounted minigun](/wiki/File:E3_Expo_2012_-_Microsoft_booth_-_Halo_4_warthog.jpg "E3 Expo 2012 - Microsoft booth - Halo 4 warthog.jpg")
The series was shot over twenty\-five days in May 2012 in the forests around [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), at [Simon Fraser University](/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University "Simon Fraser University") and at additional stages in [Burnaby](/wiki/Burnaby "Burnaby"). The Herzog and Company production team was in Vancouver for three months with set design by Legacy Effects, the same company that worked on the previous shorts.
The Warthog (a 4WD [off\-road vehicle](/wiki/Off-road_vehicle "Off-road vehicle") with a mounted [minigun](/wiki/Minigun "Minigun")) that appears in *Forward Unto Dawn* is the same one that was produced by [Weta Workshop](/wiki/Weta_Workshop "Weta Workshop") and used in *Landfall*. Stunt driver Johnathon Kralt found that the prop "handles the roads extremely well for something that size and that height", and the [four\-wheel steering](/wiki/Four-wheel_steering "Four-wheel steering") was an advantage for drifting. Many chase shots were made using a [Mercedes\-Benz ML 55](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_M-Class "Mercedes-Benz M-Class") pursuit vehicle with a camera boom mounted to the roof. Another rig involved towing the Warthog on a low trailer so that cameras could focus on an actor while the vehicle was being "driven".
The visual effects supervisor, John Sullivan, hired [Arc Productions](/wiki/Arc_Productions "Arc Productions") to create just under 500 shots with [computer\-generated imagery](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery "Computer-generated imagery"), between a quarter and a third of what a blockbuster film would feature. The Covenant that appear are all completely computer generated, as is the academy's [space elevator](/wiki/Space_elevator "Space elevator"), weapons' muzzle flashes and a few shots of Master Chief. Hendler felt that the visual effects were the area that needed particular focus and spent a much larger percentage of the budget on the Master Chief costume and computer generated imagery than is normal for a production.
One scene involves a Covenant [Elite](/wiki/Covenant_%28Halo%29%23Elites_%28Sangheili%29 "Covenant (Halo)#Elites (Sangheili)") stalking the cadets in the armoury. The geometry of the Elite already exists for the *Halo* video games but it couldn't be directly transferable to the [Mental Ray](/wiki/Mental_Ray "Mental Ray") renderer so it had to be re\-topologized in [ZBrush](/wiki/ZBrush "ZBrush") and [Maya](/wiki/Autodesk_Maya "Autodesk Maya"). The outdoor attack on the academy was filmed at Simon Fraser University and required [photogrammetric reconstruction](/wiki/Photogrammetry "Photogrammetry") and [laser measurement](/wiki/3D_scanner "3D scanner") to add the aliens and weapons lighting effects in a convincing manner. A later scene in the forest was too complex to use the same techniques, lacking the geometric shapes of the university campus. Instead, Arc visual effects supervisor Terry Bradley scattered [LEDs](/wiki/LED "LED") on the set. By measuring the distance between LEDs the studio could model the area with software, and then used [SketchUp](/wiki/SketchUp "SketchUp") and Maya to add the weapons fire. The shattering of the pink "needles" fired by the Covenant was rendered in [Houdini](/wiki/Houdini_%28software%29 "Houdini (software)") as the shots hit concrete and Master Chief's armour.
The opening sequences of each episode show [Cortana](/wiki/Cortana_%28Halo%29 "Cortana (Halo)"), an [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence"), aboard the [spaceship](/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft") *Forward Unto Dawn* as she malfunctions. The five sequences were entirely computer generated by Polynoid, the animation team of Blacklist, a production company.
|
[
"Development\n-----------",
"After the success of previous live\\-action promotional shorts, *[Landfall](/wiki/Marketing_of_Halo_3%23Trailers_and_shorts \"Marketing of Halo 3#Trailers and shorts\")* and *[The Life](/wiki/The_Life_%28advertisement%29 \"The Life (advertisement)\")*, [343 Industries](/wiki/343_Industries \"343 Industries\"), the studio in charge of development for the *Halo* franchise, wanted to use a live action series to appeal to an audience of people unfamiliar with the *Halo* games. The director of franchise business management at 343 Industries, Matt McClosky, explained the intended audience by saying that, \"You see something that looks like a video game, you're going to get the same crowd you always get.\" The live\\-action format was also chosen for its ability to better develop characters; the series is used to introduce the character Thomas Lasky to the *Halo* universe before his role in the video game *Halo 4*. The developers wanted a protagonist with more emotion than [Master Chief](/wiki/Master_Chief_%28Halo%29 \"Master Chief (Halo)\") (whose face is never seen), to not only convey an understanding of the universe, but to better engage unfamiliar viewers.",
"Microsoft considers the series \"the next step\" between advertising material and a full\\-length film after the failure of a [previous effort](/wiki/Halo_%282007_cancelled_film%29 \"Halo (2007 cancelled film)\") and aimed to produce a stand\\-alone series that could be enjoyed without necessarily playing the games. The budget for the series was almost [USD](/wiki/USD \"USD\") $10 million, Microsoft's largest investment in a live\\-action promotion. Director Stewart Hendler said, \"We're either the best\\-funded web series of all time, a sort of mid\\-road healthy TV pilot, or a super\\-low\\-budget movie.\" When the idea of directing a video game based web series was pitched to Hendler he declined, saying he was not interested in video game adaptions unless the subject was *Halo*. Hendler was already a fan of the series, having read the novels and played the games.",
"Potential writers were interviewed by 343 Industries, and some were selected to write a draft of a script. Aaron and Todd Helbing wrote a pitch set on Harvest, the first planet to be attacked by the [Covenant](/wiki/Covenant_%28Halo%29 \"Covenant (Halo)\") (see *[Halo: Contact Harvest](/wiki/Halo:Contact_Harvest \"Contact Harvest\")*). Although 343 Industries decided not to use it, the Helbing brothers' script was the most complete and demonstrated the best understanding of the *Halo* universe so they were chosen to write *Forward Unto Dawn*. The final plot was developed by 343 Industries, Frank O'Connor, and the Helbings with the intention of introducing a new character to tie into *Halo 4*, which their Harvest script did not, and to explore \"the least\\-well\\-known part of the *Halo* universe\". In addition to providing input on the script, 343 Industries had a representative on set at all times to ensure that the series did not break [canon](/wiki/Canon_%28fiction%29 \"Canon (fiction)\").",
"### Shooting and special effects",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Warthog prop built by [Weta Workshop](/wiki/Weta_Workshop \"Weta Workshop\")\\|alt\\=An image of the Warthog prop used in *Forward Unto Dawn*, a four\\-wheel\\-drive, off\\-road vehicle with a mounted minigun](/wiki/File:E3_Expo_2012_-_Microsoft_booth_-_Halo_4_warthog.jpg \"E3 Expo 2012 - Microsoft booth - Halo 4 warthog.jpg\")\nThe series was shot over twenty\\-five days in May 2012 in the forests around [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), at [Simon Fraser University](/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University \"Simon Fraser University\") and at additional stages in [Burnaby](/wiki/Burnaby \"Burnaby\"). The Herzog and Company production team was in Vancouver for three months with set design by Legacy Effects, the same company that worked on the previous shorts.",
"The Warthog (a 4WD [off\\-road vehicle](/wiki/Off-road_vehicle \"Off-road vehicle\") with a mounted [minigun](/wiki/Minigun \"Minigun\")) that appears in *Forward Unto Dawn* is the same one that was produced by [Weta Workshop](/wiki/Weta_Workshop \"Weta Workshop\") and used in *Landfall*. Stunt driver Johnathon Kralt found that the prop \"handles the roads extremely well for something that size and that height\", and the [four\\-wheel steering](/wiki/Four-wheel_steering \"Four-wheel steering\") was an advantage for drifting. Many chase shots were made using a [Mercedes\\-Benz ML 55](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_M-Class \"Mercedes-Benz M-Class\") pursuit vehicle with a camera boom mounted to the roof. Another rig involved towing the Warthog on a low trailer so that cameras could focus on an actor while the vehicle was being \"driven\".",
"The visual effects supervisor, John Sullivan, hired [Arc Productions](/wiki/Arc_Productions \"Arc Productions\") to create just under 500 shots with [computer\\-generated imagery](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery \"Computer-generated imagery\"), between a quarter and a third of what a blockbuster film would feature. The Covenant that appear are all completely computer generated, as is the academy's [space elevator](/wiki/Space_elevator \"Space elevator\"), weapons' muzzle flashes and a few shots of Master Chief. Hendler felt that the visual effects were the area that needed particular focus and spent a much larger percentage of the budget on the Master Chief costume and computer generated imagery than is normal for a production.",
"One scene involves a Covenant [Elite](/wiki/Covenant_%28Halo%29%23Elites_%28Sangheili%29 \"Covenant (Halo)#Elites (Sangheili)\") stalking the cadets in the armoury. The geometry of the Elite already exists for the *Halo* video games but it couldn't be directly transferable to the [Mental Ray](/wiki/Mental_Ray \"Mental Ray\") renderer so it had to be re\\-topologized in [ZBrush](/wiki/ZBrush \"ZBrush\") and [Maya](/wiki/Autodesk_Maya \"Autodesk Maya\"). The outdoor attack on the academy was filmed at Simon Fraser University and required [photogrammetric reconstruction](/wiki/Photogrammetry \"Photogrammetry\") and [laser measurement](/wiki/3D_scanner \"3D scanner\") to add the aliens and weapons lighting effects in a convincing manner. A later scene in the forest was too complex to use the same techniques, lacking the geometric shapes of the university campus. Instead, Arc visual effects supervisor Terry Bradley scattered [LEDs](/wiki/LED \"LED\") on the set. By measuring the distance between LEDs the studio could model the area with software, and then used [SketchUp](/wiki/SketchUp \"SketchUp\") and Maya to add the weapons fire. The shattering of the pink \"needles\" fired by the Covenant was rendered in [Houdini](/wiki/Houdini_%28software%29 \"Houdini (software)\") as the shots hit concrete and Master Chief's armour.",
"The opening sequences of each episode show [Cortana](/wiki/Cortana_%28Halo%29 \"Cortana (Halo)\"), an [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\"), aboard the [spaceship](/wiki/Spacecraft \"Spacecraft\") *Forward Unto Dawn* as she malfunctions. The five sequences were entirely computer generated by Polynoid, the animation team of Blacklist, a production company.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain was the second son of Rabbi [Shmuel Bornsztain](/wiki/Shmuel_Bornsztain_%28second_Sochatchover_rebbe%29 "Shmuel Bornsztain (second Sochatchover rebbe)"), the *Shem MiShmuel*, the second Sochatchover Rebbe, and his wife, Yuta Leah. He grew up in the presence of his illustrious grandfather, Rabbi [Avrohom Bornsztain](/wiki/Avrohom_Bornsztain "Avrohom Bornsztain"), also known as the *Avnei Nezer*, who founded the Sochatchover dynasty.
In 1924, Bornsztain accompanied his brother Rabbi Dovid Bornsztain to Palestine for the purpose of acquiring land to establish a Hasidic settlement.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/sochaczew/so628\.html \|title\=The Admor Rabbi Dovid of Holy Blessed Memory \|last\=Aharonson \|first\=Rabbi Yehoshua \|date\=2009 \|accessdate\=20 November 2010 \|publisher\=jewishgen.org}} His brother put a down payment on a plot of land south of [Ramle](/wiki/Ramle "Ramle"). When he returned to Poland to raise the rest of the money, however, his plan was thwarted by an economic depression that hit Poland shortly after his return. He eventually lost his rights to the land, as well as the money he had invested in it.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zhdp9btWGWQC \|title\=Where Heaven Touches Earth \|last\=Rossoff \|first\=Dovid \|year\=1998 \|isbn\=0\-87306\-879\-3 \|page\=471 \|publisher\=Guardian Press}}
Meanwhile, Bornsztain stayed in Jerusalem, living first in the Bucharim neighborhood and then settling in the new [Bayit VeGan](/wiki/Bayit_VeGan "Bayit VeGan") neighborhood, where he established a beth midrash (study hall).
Upon the death of their father in 1926, Dovid Bornsztain acceded to the leadership of the Sochatchover Hasidim, while Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain continued to live and study in Palestine.
After World War II, when Bornsztain heard about the death of his brother Dovid in the [Warsaw Ghetto](/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto "Warsaw Ghetto"), he was inconsolable. Later, he accepted the request of the Sochatchover Hasidim to be their leader. He established his court in Jerusalem, preferring to remain in that city even during the [1948 Arab\-Israeli war](/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war "1948 Arab-Israeli war"), when his followers in Tel Aviv urged him to join him there.Growise, Yisroel Alter. *The Sochatchover Rebbe, Harav Menachem Shlomo Bornstein, zt"l, 40 Years Since His Tragic Passing*. *Hamodia* Features section, 27 August 2009, pp. C4\-5\.
Bornsztain led the Hasidut until his death on 23 September 1965 (26 [Elul](/wiki/Elul "Elul") 5725\). He is buried on [Har HaMenuchot](/wiki/Har_HaMenuchot "Har HaMenuchot") in Jerusalem.
His son, Rabbi [Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain](/wiki/Menachem_Shlomo_Bornsztain "Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain"), succeeded him as Rebbe.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain was the second son of Rabbi [Shmuel Bornsztain](/wiki/Shmuel_Bornsztain_%28second_Sochatchover_rebbe%29 \"Shmuel Bornsztain (second Sochatchover rebbe)\"), the *Shem MiShmuel*, the second Sochatchover Rebbe, and his wife, Yuta Leah. He grew up in the presence of his illustrious grandfather, Rabbi [Avrohom Bornsztain](/wiki/Avrohom_Bornsztain \"Avrohom Bornsztain\"), also known as the *Avnei Nezer*, who founded the Sochatchover dynasty.",
"In 1924, Bornsztain accompanied his brother Rabbi Dovid Bornsztain to Palestine for the purpose of acquiring land to establish a Hasidic settlement.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/sochaczew/so628\\.html \\|title\\=The Admor Rabbi Dovid of Holy Blessed Memory \\|last\\=Aharonson \\|first\\=Rabbi Yehoshua \\|date\\=2009 \\|accessdate\\=20 November 2010 \\|publisher\\=jewishgen.org}} His brother put a down payment on a plot of land south of [Ramle](/wiki/Ramle \"Ramle\"). When he returned to Poland to raise the rest of the money, however, his plan was thwarted by an economic depression that hit Poland shortly after his return. He eventually lost his rights to the land, as well as the money he had invested in it.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zhdp9btWGWQC \\|title\\=Where Heaven Touches Earth \\|last\\=Rossoff \\|first\\=Dovid \\|year\\=1998 \\|isbn\\=0\\-87306\\-879\\-3 \\|page\\=471 \\|publisher\\=Guardian Press}}",
"Meanwhile, Bornsztain stayed in Jerusalem, living first in the Bucharim neighborhood and then settling in the new [Bayit VeGan](/wiki/Bayit_VeGan \"Bayit VeGan\") neighborhood, where he established a beth midrash (study hall).",
"Upon the death of their father in 1926, Dovid Bornsztain acceded to the leadership of the Sochatchover Hasidim, while Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain continued to live and study in Palestine.",
"After World War II, when Bornsztain heard about the death of his brother Dovid in the [Warsaw Ghetto](/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto \"Warsaw Ghetto\"), he was inconsolable. Later, he accepted the request of the Sochatchover Hasidim to be their leader. He established his court in Jerusalem, preferring to remain in that city even during the [1948 Arab\\-Israeli war](/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war \"1948 Arab-Israeli war\"), when his followers in Tel Aviv urged him to join him there.Growise, Yisroel Alter. *The Sochatchover Rebbe, Harav Menachem Shlomo Bornstein, zt\"l, 40 Years Since His Tragic Passing*. *Hamodia* Features section, 27 August 2009, pp. C4\\-5\\.",
"Bornsztain led the Hasidut until his death on 23 September 1965 (26 [Elul](/wiki/Elul \"Elul\") 5725\\). He is buried on [Har HaMenuchot](/wiki/Har_HaMenuchot \"Har HaMenuchot\") in Jerusalem.",
"His son, Rabbi [Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain](/wiki/Menachem_Shlomo_Bornsztain \"Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain\"), succeeded him as Rebbe.",
""
] |
History
-------
Hergé started out drawing in a much looser, rougher style which was likely influenced by American [comic strip](/wiki/Comic_strip "Comic strip") artists of the late 1920s and 1930s, such as [Gluyas Williams](/wiki/Gluyas_Williams "Gluyas Williams")Heer, Jeet. "Barnaby and American Clear Line Cartooning." *Barnaby Volume One* by [Crockett Johnson](/wiki/Crockett_Johnson "Crockett Johnson"). Fantagraphics Books, 2013\. and [George McManus](/wiki/George_McManus "George McManus"). However the precise lines which characterize most of his work are firmly in place early on (e.g. the colored version of *[The Blue Lotus](/wiki/The_Blue_Lotus "The Blue Lotus"),* released in 1946, is based on the original black and white newspaper version from 1934 to 1935 and not redrawn).Fingeroth, Danny. *The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels*. Rough Guides, 2008\. {{ISBN\|1843539934}} (p. 25\). Ligne claire was also influenced by Japan's [shin\-hanga](/wiki/Shin-hanga "Shin-hanga") style, one aspect of the [Japonisme](/wiki/Japonisme "Japonisme") movement that swept Europe after the opening up of Japan to European influence in the 1860s.
Much of the "Brussels school" started to use this style, notably [Edgar P. Jacobs](/wiki/Edgar_Pierre_Jacobs "Edgar Pierre Jacobs"), [Bob de Moor](/wiki/Bob_de_Moor "Bob de Moor"), [Roger Leloup](/wiki/Roger_Leloup "Roger Leloup"), and [Jacques Martin](/wiki/Jacques_Martin_%28comics%29 "Jacques Martin (comics)"), many of whom also worked for *[Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28magazine%29 "Tintin (magazine)")* magazine.
The *ligne claire* style achieved its highest popularity in the 1950s, but its influence started to wane in the 1960s and was seen as old\-fashioned by the new generation of comic book artists. In the late 1970s, it experienced a resurgence of interest, largely due to [Dutch](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") artists like [Joost Swarte](/wiki/Joost_Swarte "Joost Swarte") and [Theo van den Boogaard](/wiki/Theo_van_den_Boogaard "Theo van den Boogaard"), who had come up through the Dutch underground comics scene, as well as the French artist [Jacques Tardi](/wiki/Jacques_Tardi "Jacques Tardi"). [Henk Kuijpers](/wiki/Henk_Kuijpers "Henk Kuijpers") was also successful in his application of the style.
Throughout the 1980s, [Yves Chaland](/wiki/Yves_Chaland "Yves Chaland"), [Ted Benoit](/wiki/Ted_Benoit "Ted Benoit"), [Serge Clerc](/wiki/Serge_Clerc "Serge Clerc") and [Floc'h](/wiki/Floc%27h "Floc'h") relaunched the *ligne claire* style in France. This incarnation was a very stylistic and artistic variation, which the artists also utilized for illustrating posters and LP covers etc. Swarte dubbed this variant "atoomstijl" ("atomic style").[In Search of the Atom Style](http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/article/in_search_of_the_atom_style1) [Paul Gravett](/wiki/Paul_Gravett "Paul Gravett"), 2009[Atoomstijl.nl](http://www.atoomstijl.nl/index.html)
Contemporary use of the *ligne claire* is often ironic or post\-modern. For example, Van den Boogaard used the simple, clear style to set up a conflict with the amorality of his characters, while Tardi used it in his *[Adèle Blanc\-Sec](/wiki/The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Ad%C3%A8le_Blanc-Sec "The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec")* series to create a nostalgic atmosphere which is then ruthlessly undercut by the story. A recent serious clear line artist is the [Dutchman](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") [Peter van Dongen](/wiki/Peter_van_Dongen "Peter van Dongen"), who created the *Rampokan* series about the [Dutch colonisation of Indonesia](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies").
*Ligne claire* is not confined to [Franco\-Belgian comics](/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics "Franco-Belgian comics"). It has also been popular with Italian artists such as [Vittorio Giardino](/wiki/Vittorio_Giardino "Vittorio Giardino"), Spanish artists such as [Paco Roca](/wiki/Paco_Roca "Paco Roca") and [Francesc Capdevila Gisbert](/wiki/Francesc_Capdevila_Gisbert "Francesc Capdevila Gisbert") ("[Max](/wiki/Max "Max")"), British artists such as [Martin Handford](/wiki/Martin_Handford "Martin Handford"), [Bryan Talbot](/wiki/Bryan_Talbot "Bryan Talbot") and [Garen Ewing](/wiki/Garen_Ewing "Garen Ewing"), Norwegian artists such as [Jason](/wiki/Jason_%28comics%29 "Jason (comics)"), American artists such as [Chris Ware](/wiki/Chris_Ware "Chris Ware"), [Geof Darrow](/wiki/Geof_Darrow "Geof Darrow"), [Jason Lutes](/wiki/Jason_Lutes "Jason Lutes"), [Charles Burns](/wiki/Charles_Burns_%28cartoonist%29 "Charles Burns (cartoonist)"), [Jason Little](/wiki/Jason_Little_%28cartoonist%29 "Jason Little (cartoonist)"), and Italian\-Australian artists such as Ilya Milstein.
In 2022, the first [monograph](/wiki/Monograph "Monograph") entirely dedicated to the clear line, *The Clear Line in Comics and Cinema: A Transmedial Approach*, by Portuguese scholar David Pinho Barros, was published by [Leuven University Press](/wiki/Leuven_University_Press "Leuven University Press") in the collection "Studies in European Comics and Graphic Novels".
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Hergé started out drawing in a much looser, rougher style which was likely influenced by American [comic strip](/wiki/Comic_strip \"Comic strip\") artists of the late 1920s and 1930s, such as [Gluyas Williams](/wiki/Gluyas_Williams \"Gluyas Williams\")Heer, Jeet. \"Barnaby and American Clear Line Cartooning.\" *Barnaby Volume One* by [Crockett Johnson](/wiki/Crockett_Johnson \"Crockett Johnson\"). Fantagraphics Books, 2013\\. and [George McManus](/wiki/George_McManus \"George McManus\"). However the precise lines which characterize most of his work are firmly in place early on (e.g. the colored version of *[The Blue Lotus](/wiki/The_Blue_Lotus \"The Blue Lotus\"),* released in 1946, is based on the original black and white newspaper version from 1934 to 1935 and not redrawn).Fingeroth, Danny. *The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels*. Rough Guides, 2008\\. {{ISBN\\|1843539934}} (p. 25\\). Ligne claire was also influenced by Japan's [shin\\-hanga](/wiki/Shin-hanga \"Shin-hanga\") style, one aspect of the [Japonisme](/wiki/Japonisme \"Japonisme\") movement that swept Europe after the opening up of Japan to European influence in the 1860s.",
"Much of the \"Brussels school\" started to use this style, notably [Edgar P. Jacobs](/wiki/Edgar_Pierre_Jacobs \"Edgar Pierre Jacobs\"), [Bob de Moor](/wiki/Bob_de_Moor \"Bob de Moor\"), [Roger Leloup](/wiki/Roger_Leloup \"Roger Leloup\"), and [Jacques Martin](/wiki/Jacques_Martin_%28comics%29 \"Jacques Martin (comics)\"), many of whom also worked for *[Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28magazine%29 \"Tintin (magazine)\")* magazine.",
"The *ligne claire* style achieved its highest popularity in the 1950s, but its influence started to wane in the 1960s and was seen as old\\-fashioned by the new generation of comic book artists. In the late 1970s, it experienced a resurgence of interest, largely due to [Dutch](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") artists like [Joost Swarte](/wiki/Joost_Swarte \"Joost Swarte\") and [Theo van den Boogaard](/wiki/Theo_van_den_Boogaard \"Theo van den Boogaard\"), who had come up through the Dutch underground comics scene, as well as the French artist [Jacques Tardi](/wiki/Jacques_Tardi \"Jacques Tardi\"). [Henk Kuijpers](/wiki/Henk_Kuijpers \"Henk Kuijpers\") was also successful in his application of the style.",
"Throughout the 1980s, [Yves Chaland](/wiki/Yves_Chaland \"Yves Chaland\"), [Ted Benoit](/wiki/Ted_Benoit \"Ted Benoit\"), [Serge Clerc](/wiki/Serge_Clerc \"Serge Clerc\") and [Floc'h](/wiki/Floc%27h \"Floc'h\") relaunched the *ligne claire* style in France. This incarnation was a very stylistic and artistic variation, which the artists also utilized for illustrating posters and LP covers etc. Swarte dubbed this variant \"atoomstijl\" (\"atomic style\").[In Search of the Atom Style](http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/article/in_search_of_the_atom_style1) [Paul Gravett](/wiki/Paul_Gravett \"Paul Gravett\"), 2009[Atoomstijl.nl](http://www.atoomstijl.nl/index.html)",
"Contemporary use of the *ligne claire* is often ironic or post\\-modern. For example, Van den Boogaard used the simple, clear style to set up a conflict with the amorality of his characters, while Tardi used it in his *[Adèle Blanc\\-Sec](/wiki/The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Ad%C3%A8le_Blanc-Sec \"The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec\")* series to create a nostalgic atmosphere which is then ruthlessly undercut by the story. A recent serious clear line artist is the [Dutchman](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") [Peter van Dongen](/wiki/Peter_van_Dongen \"Peter van Dongen\"), who created the *Rampokan* series about the [Dutch colonisation of Indonesia](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\").",
"*Ligne claire* is not confined to [Franco\\-Belgian comics](/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics \"Franco-Belgian comics\"). It has also been popular with Italian artists such as [Vittorio Giardino](/wiki/Vittorio_Giardino \"Vittorio Giardino\"), Spanish artists such as [Paco Roca](/wiki/Paco_Roca \"Paco Roca\") and [Francesc Capdevila Gisbert](/wiki/Francesc_Capdevila_Gisbert \"Francesc Capdevila Gisbert\") (\"[Max](/wiki/Max \"Max\")\"), British artists such as [Martin Handford](/wiki/Martin_Handford \"Martin Handford\"), [Bryan Talbot](/wiki/Bryan_Talbot \"Bryan Talbot\") and [Garen Ewing](/wiki/Garen_Ewing \"Garen Ewing\"), Norwegian artists such as [Jason](/wiki/Jason_%28comics%29 \"Jason (comics)\"), American artists such as [Chris Ware](/wiki/Chris_Ware \"Chris Ware\"), [Geof Darrow](/wiki/Geof_Darrow \"Geof Darrow\"), [Jason Lutes](/wiki/Jason_Lutes \"Jason Lutes\"), [Charles Burns](/wiki/Charles_Burns_%28cartoonist%29 \"Charles Burns (cartoonist)\"), [Jason Little](/wiki/Jason_Little_%28cartoonist%29 \"Jason Little (cartoonist)\"), and Italian\\-Australian artists such as Ilya Milstein.",
"In 2022, the first [monograph](/wiki/Monograph \"Monograph\") entirely dedicated to the clear line, *The Clear Line in Comics and Cinema: A Transmedial Approach*, by Portuguese scholar David Pinho Barros, was published by [Leuven University Press](/wiki/Leuven_University_Press \"Leuven University Press\") in the collection \"Studies in European Comics and Graphic Novels\".",
""
] |
Genetics
--------
Despite its commercial popularity, little is known about the *Betta splendens* genome. Current understanding is so limited that there is little evidence for the genetic basis of basic traits, including sex determination.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Srikulnath\|first1\=Kornsorn\|last2\=Singchat\|first2\=Worapong\|last3\=Laopichienpong\|first3\=Nararat\|last4\=Ahmad\|first4\=Syed Farhan\|last5\=Jehangir\|first5\=Maryam\|last6\=Subpayakom\|first6\=Navapong\|last7\=Suntronpong\|first7\=Aorarat\|last8\=Jangtarwan\|first8\=Kornsuang\|last9\=Pongsanarm\|first9\=Tavun\|last10\=Panthum\|first10\=Thitipong\|last11\=Ariyaraphong\|first11\=Nattakan\|date\=February 2021\|title\=Overview of the betta fish genome regarding species radiation, parental care, behavioral aggression, and pigmentation model relevant to humans\|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.1007/s13258\-020\-01027\-2\|journal\=Genes \& Genomics\|language\=en\|volume\=43\|issue\=2\|pages\=91–104\|doi\=10\.1007/s13258\-020\-01027\-2\|pmid\=33515118\|s2cid\=231762344\|issn\=1976\-9571}} A 2021 review article argued for increased scientific investigation into the genome of the Siamese fighting fish, and listed several areas of interest which are paraphrased below:
1. [monophyly](/wiki/Monophyly "Monophyly") of the genus *[Betta](/wiki/Betta "Betta")* including a single\-versus\-multiple origin of [mouthbrooding](/wiki/Mouthbrooding "Mouthbrooding");
2. the state of [cryptic diversity](/wiki/Cryptic_diversity "Cryptic diversity") and evolutionary forces driving [speciation](/wiki/Speciation "Speciation") in the betta lineage;
3. responsive genes or genetic interaction to parental care, behavioural aggression, pigmentation and other betta biology; and
4. preservation technology for betta as insurance against accidental loss of [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") this century.
Additionally, betta fish have been used in several studies to assess the impacts of various environmental contaminants, including oil.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Bautista\|first1\=Naim M.\|last2\=Pothini\|first2\=Tanushri\|last3\=Meng\|first3\=Kelly\|last4\=Burggren\|first4\=Warren W.\|date\=February 2019\|title\=Behavioral consequences of dietary exposure to crude oil extracts in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166445X18307264\|journal\=Aquatic Toxicology\|language\=en\|volume\=207\|pages\=34–42\|doi\=10\.1016/j.aquatox.2018\.11\.025\|pmid\=30513419\|bibcode\=2019AqTox.207\...34B \|s2cid\=56145573}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Forsatkar\|first1\=Mohammad Navid\|last2\=Nematollahi\|first2\=Mohammad Ali\|last3\=Amiri\|first3\=Bagher Mojazi\|last4\=Huang\|first4\=Wen\-Bin\|date\=November 2014\|title\=Fluoxetine inhibits aggressive behaviour during parental care in male fighting fish (Betta splendens, Regan)\|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.1007/s10646\-014\-1345\-0\|journal\=Ecotoxicology\|language\=en\|volume\=23\|issue\=9\|pages\=1794–1802\|doi\=10\.1007/s10646\-014\-1345\-0\|pmid\=25213287\|bibcode\=2014Ecotx..23\.1794F \|s2cid\=23546762\|issn\=0963\-9292}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Tudor\|first1\=M. Scarlett\|last2\=Lopez\-Anido\|first2\=Rebecca N.\|last3\=Yocius\|first3\=Charly A.\|last4\=Conlin\|first4\=Sarah M.\|last5\=Hamlin\|first5\=Heather J.\|date\=October 2019\|title\=Ecologically relevant arsenic exposure alters female mate preference and anxiety\-like behavior in Betta splendens\|url\= \|journal\=Heliyon\|language\=en\|volume\=5\|issue\=10\|pages\=e02646\|doi\=10\.1016/j.heliyon.2019\.e02646\|doi\-access\=free \|pmc\=6820098\|pmid\=31687501\|bibcode\=2019Heliy...502646T }} Improved understanding of the betta genome would allow for more accurate generalisations from these studies. Lastly, the betta fish is an excellent candidate for a [model organism](/wiki/Model_organism "Model organism"), particularly for [aggression](/wiki/Aggression "Aggression") and [pigmentation](/wiki/Biological_pigment "Biological pigment") development, due to their extreme [phenotypes](/wiki/Phenotype "Phenotype") in these areas.
Currently, the complete *B. splendens* [chromosomal](/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome"){{Cite journal\|last1\=Fan\|first1\=Guangyi\|last2\=Chan\|first2\=Judy\|last3\=Ma\|first3\=Kailong\|last4\=Yang\|first4\=Binrui\|last5\=Zhang\|first5\=He\|last6\=Yang\|first6\=Xianwei\|last7\=Shi\|first7\=Chengcheng\|last8\=Law\|first8\=Henry\|last9\=Ren\|first9\=Zhitao\|last10\=Xu\|first10\=Qiwu\|last11\=Liu\|first11\=Qun\|date\=11 July 2018\|title\=Chromosome\-level reference genome of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens, a model species for the study of aggression\|url\= \|journal\=GigaScience\|volume\=7\|issue\=11\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.1093/gigascience/giy087\|issn\=2047\-217X\|pmc\=6251983\|pmid\=30010754}} and [mitochondrial](/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA "Mitochondrial DNA"){{Cite journal\|last1\=Song\|first1\=Ying\-Nan\|last2\=Xiao\|first2\=Gui\-Bao\|last3\=Li\|first3\=Jiong\-Tang\|date\=1 November 2016\|title\=Complete mitochondrial genome of the Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens )\|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.3109/19401736\.2015\.1101573\|journal\=Mitochondrial DNA Part A\|language\=en\|volume\=27\|issue\=6\|pages\=4580–4581\|doi\=10\.3109/19401736\.2015\.1101573\|pmid\=26703926\|s2cid\=3841112\|issn\=2470\-1394}} [genomes](/wiki/Genome "Genome") have been sequenced. Both genomes have yet to be [annotated](/wiki/Genome_annotation "Genome annotation"), though a roadmap for future efforts has been outlined. Notably, the mitochondrial genome for the peaceful betta, *[P. imbellis](/wiki/Betta "Betta")*, has also been sequenced,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Ahmad\|first1\=Syed Farhan\|last2\=Laopichienpong\|first2\=Nararat\|last3\=Singchat\|first3\=Worapong\|last4\=Suntronpong\|first4\=Aorarat\|last5\=Pongsanarm\|first5\=Tavun\|last6\=Panthum\|first6\=Thitipong\|last7\=Ariyaraphong\|first7\=Nattakan\|last8\=Bulan\|first8\=Jakaphan\|last9\=Pansrikaew\|first9\=Tanawat\|last10\=Jangtarwan\|first10\=Kornsuang\|last11\=Subpayakom\|first11\=Navapong\|date\=1 October 2020\|title\=Next\-generation sequencing yields complete mitochondrial genome assembly of peaceful betta fish, Betta imbellis (Teleostei: Osphronemidae)\|url\= \|journal\=Mitochondrial DNA Part B\|language\=en\|volume\=5\|issue\=4\|pages\=3856–3858\|doi\=10\.1080/23802359\.2020\.1841582\|issn\=2380\-2359\|pmc\=7759254\|pmid\=33458245}} potentially allowing for meaningful comparison between species in the future.
### Phylogeny and cryptic diversity
There are many species in the genus *Betta*, the majority of which are very morphologically similar. Within [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") alone there are twelve nominal species with new species being discovered every 5–10 years.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Monvises\|first1\=Adisorn\|last2\=Nuangsaeng\|first2\=Bunlung\|last3\=Sriwattanarothai\|first3\=Namkang\|last4\=Panijpan\|first4\=Bhinyo\|date\=2009\|title\=The Siamese fighting fish: Well\-known generally but little\-known scientifically\|url\=http://www.scienceasia.org/content/viewabstract.php?ms\=2148\|journal\=ScienceAsia\|language\=en\|volume\=35\|issue\=1\|pages\=8\|doi\=10\.2306/scienceasia1513\-1874\.2009\.35\.008\|issn\=1513\-1874\|doi\-access\=free}} Past efforts to differentiate *Betta* species have been based on observable [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28biology%29 "Morphology (biology)"), but given their visible similarity, this approach has masked much of the [cryptic diversity](/wiki/Species_complex "Species complex") in the genus. Recent speciation efforts have included use of [DNA barcoding](/wiki/DNA_barcoding "DNA barcoding") to differentiate species, specifically comparing the [CO1 gene](/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I "Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I") of the mitochondrial genome, resulting in new theories about the relatedness between species and allowing for the construction of new [phylogenetic trees](/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree "Phylogenetic tree").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Panijpan\|first1\=Bhinyo\|last2\=Kowasupat\|first2\=Chanon\|last3\=Laosinchai\|first3\=Parames\|last4\=Ruenwongsa\|first4\=Pintip\|last5\=Phongdara\|first5\=Amornrat\|last6\=Senapin\|first6\=Saengchan\|last7\=Wanna\|first7\=Warapond\|last8\=Phiwsaiya\|first8\=Kornsunee\|last9\=Kühne\|first9\=Jens\|last10\=Fasquel\|first10\=Frédéric\|date\=December 2014\|title\=Southeast Asian mouth\-brooding Betta fighting fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) species and their phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 DNA sequences and analyses\|url\= \|journal\=Meta Gene\|language\=en\|volume\=2\|pages\=862–879\|doi\=10\.1016/j.mgene.2014\.10\.007\|pmc\=4287851\|pmid\=25606468}}
The morphological similarity between species that can be distinguished genetically suggests that [species radiation](/wiki/Speciation "Speciation") with cryptic diversity occurred in the *Betta* lineage. Current theories about the species radiation and speciation take into account the geographic considerations of their native habitat of Thailand, and suggest that the speciation is best described by a model of either [allopatric](/wiki/Allopatric_speciation "Allopatric speciation") or [parapatric](/wiki/Parapatric_speciation "Parapatric speciation") speciation.
### Genetics of betta biology
#### Aggression
*B. splendens* are known for their intense [aggression](/wiki/Aggression "Aggression"), which has resulted from intense selective pressures imposed upon them from many generations of [artificial selection](/wiki/Artificial_Selection "Artificial Selection"). Fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been bred for aggression for over six centuries due to the culture surrounding fighting betta fish and betting money on the results.{{Cite journal\|last\=Smith\|first\=Hugh M.\|date\=1945\|title\=The fresh\-water fishes of Siam, or Thailand\|journal\=Bulletin of the United States National Museum\|issue\=188\|pages\=1–622\|doi\=10\.5479/si.03629236\.188\.1\|hdl\=10088/10206\|url\=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/10206\|issn\=0362\-9236\|hdl\-access\=free}} This has genetically differentiated them from their [wild\-type](/wiki/Wild_type "Wild type") counterparts – fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been shown to be significantly more aggressive than wild bettas, and in addition show differential responses in cortisol production in new environments.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Verbeek\|first1\=Peter\|last2\=Iwamoto\|first2\=Toshitaka\|last3\=Murakami\|first3\=Noboru\|date\=January 2008\|title\=Variable stress\-responsiveness in wild type and domesticated fighting fish\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938407003125\|journal\=Physiology \& Behavior\|language\=en\|volume\=93\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=83–88\|doi\=10\.1016/j.physbeh.2007\.08\.008\|pmid\=17884114\|s2cid\=8930322}}
The extreme genetically driven aggression in fighting strains of *B. splendens* and their differences from the still\-observable wild\-type makes them an excellent candidate for a [model organism](/wiki/Model_organism "Model organism") through which to study the genetic basis for aggression.
At present, use of the betta fish as a model organism for studying aggression is in its beginning phases. Little is known about the genetic basis of aggression in betas, though differential degrees of aggression have been observed in different domesticated betta populations.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Panijpan\|first1\=Bhinyo\|last2\=Sriwattanarothai\|first2\=Namkang\|last3\=Laosinchai\|first3\=Parames\|date\=2020\|title\=Wild Betta fighting fish species in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries\|url\=http://www.scienceasia.org/content/viewabstract.php?ms\=11980\|journal\=ScienceAsia\|language\=en\|volume\=46\|issue\=4\|pages\=382\|doi\=10\.2306/scienceasia1513\-1874\.2020\.064\|issn\=1513\-1874\|doi\-access\=free}}
##### Research to date
There is evidence that the genetic basis for aggression in betta fish is not exclusively [sex\-linked](/wiki/Sex_linkage "Sex linkage") – a 2019 study found that female bettas of the fighting strain show significantly higher levels of aggression than their female wild\-type counterparts, despite the fact that historically only male bettas have been used in fights and thus artificially selected for aggression. However these results are of limited usefulness, given the lack of scientific consensus on the nature of sex determination in bettas.
A recent study found that a fighting pair of bettas will synchronise their [gene expression](/wiki/Gene_expression "Gene expression") profiles, with particular emphasis on 37 co\-expression gene modules, some of which were only synchronised after a certain duration of time had been spent fighting.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Vu\|first1\=Trieu\-Duc\|last2\=Iwasaki\|first2\=Yuki\|last3\=Shigenobu\|first3\=Shuji\|last4\=Maruko\|first4\=Akiko\|last5\=Oshima\|first5\=Kenshiro\|last6\=Iioka\|first6\=Erica\|last7\=Huang\|first7\=Chao\-Li\|last8\=Abe\|first8\=Takashi\|last9\=Tamaki\|first9\=Satoshi\|last10\=Lin\|first10\=Yi\-Wen\|last11\=Chen\|first11\=Chih\-Kuan\|date\=17 June 2020\|editor\-last\=Bell\|editor\-first\=Alison\|title\=Behavioral and brain\- transcriptomic synchronization between the two opponents of a fighting pair of the fish Betta splendens\|journal\=PLOS Genetics\|language\=en\|volume\=16\|issue\=6\|pages\=e1008831\|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pgen.1008831\|issn\=1553\-7404\|pmc\=7299326\|pmid\=32555673 \|doi\-access\=free }}
Work to identify the genetic basis for aggression has also been performed more generally in other model species, such as [zebrafish](/wiki/Zebrafish "Zebrafish").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Filby\|first1\=Amy L\|last2\=Paull\|first2\=Gregory C\|last3\=Hickmore\|first3\=Tamsin FA\|last4\=Tyler\|first4\=Charles R\|date\=2010\|title\=Unravelling the neurophysiological basis of aggression in a fish model\|url\= \|journal\=BMC Genomics\|language\=en\|volume\=11\|issue\=1\|pages\=498\|doi\=10\.1186/1471\-2164\-11\-498\|issn\=1471\-2164\|pmc\=2996994\|pmid\=20846403 \|doi\-access\=free }} These studies have identified dozens of [candidate genes](/wiki/Candidate_gene "Candidate gene") in their respective model organisms which could serve as starting points for research into aggression in betta fish. However, more progress must be made on the [annotation](/wiki/Genome_annotation "Genome annotation") of the betta genome before this is feasible.
#### Pigmentation
{{Main\|biological pigment}}
Due to the incredible variation in pigmentation of adult bettas and visible pigment in developing [embryos](/wiki/Embryo "Embryo"), bettas are an attractive model organism for studying the genetic basis for coloration.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Carey\|first1\=Alexis N.\|last2\=Lyvers\|first2\=Benjamin H.\|last3\=Ferrill\|first3\=Rachel N.\|last4\=Johnson\|first4\=Rachel L.\|last5\=Dumaine\|first5\=Anne Marie\|last6\=Sly\|first6\=Belinda J.\|date\=June 2016\|title\=Development of Betta splendens embryos and larvae reveals variation in pigmentation patterns\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0967199415000313/type/journal\_article\|journal\=Zygote\|language\=en\|volume\=24\|issue\=3\|pages\=396–400\|doi\=10\.1017/S0967199415000313\|pmid\=27172056\|s2cid\=43321556\|issn\=0967\-1994}} Additionally, producing a specific color on demand would be of great interest to the commercial betta fish industry, as the price of a fish is largely determined by its coloration. Prices for attractively coloured fish can be high – single fish with the colours of the Thai flag was sold for over $1,500\.{{Cite web\|last\=Bangkok\|first\=Associated Press in\|date\=17 November 2016\|title\=Siamese fighting fish in colours of Thai flag sells for £1,200\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/17/siamese\-fighting\-fish\-thailand\-flag\-colours\-sells\-for\-1200\-online\-auction\|access\-date\=25 March 2021\|website\=The Guardian\|language\=en}}
The genetic basis for the synthesis and regulation of pigmentation in [teleost fish](/wiki/Teleost "Teleost") is generally poorly understood, and bettas are no exception. Most work in this area has been done on other model organisms such as zebrafish or African [cichlid](/wiki/Cichlid "Cichlid") fish, however as with aggression, work done with other model organisms to identify candidate genes will be tremendously helpful in identifying the genetic basis of pigmentation in bettas.
##### Work to date
In 1990, genetic differences ([polymorphisms](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 "Polymorphism (biology)") at several [loci](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 "Locus (genetics)")) were found between four different color varieties of bettas,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Khoo\|first1\=Gideon\|last2\=Loh\|first2\=Eric Y.F.\|last3\=Lim\|first3\=Tit Meng\|last4\=Phang\|first4\=Violet P.E.\|date\=1997\|title\=Genetic variation in different varieties of Siamese fighting fish using isoelectric focusing of sarcoplasmic proteins\|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.1023/A:1018357400571\|journal\=Aquaculture International\|volume\=5\|issue\=6\|pages\=537–549\|doi\=10\.1023/A:1018357400571\|s2cid\=19715819}} though the variations were noted to be small. Later experiments confirmed the presence of genetic variation in hatchery stocks in Thailand, with low average numbers of [alleles](/wiki/Allele "Allele") per locus and high [heterozygosity](/wiki/Heterozygosity "Heterozygosity") rates.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Meejui\|first1\=Oamduen\|last2\=Sukmanomon\|first2\=Srijanya\|last3\=Na\-Nakorn\|first3\=Uthairat\|date\=November 2005\|title\=Allozyme revealed substantial genetic diversity between hatchery stocks of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, in the province of Nakornpathom, Thailand\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605001833\|journal\=Aquaculture\|language\=en\|volume\=250\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=110–119\|doi\=10\.1016/j.aquaculture.2005\.03\.020\|bibcode\=2005Aquac.250\..110M }}
Notable color phenotypes in *B. splendens* include the marbled phenotype and the color changing phenotype, the latter of which changes color over the course of its lifetime. While theories for the genetic basis of these phenotypes exist, scientific evidence for the genetic basis of these phenomena are slim to nonexistent.
#### Other genetic work
Some of the few candidate genes identified in the literature specific to bettas are [immune related genes](/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system"), which were found in the first whole\-body [transcriptome](/wiki/Transcriptome "Transcriptome") of *B. splendens* obtained by [high\-throughput sequencing](/wiki/High_throughput_sequencing "High throughput sequencing").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Amparyup\|first1\=Piti\|last2\=Charoensapsri\|first2\=Walaiporn\|last3\=Samaluka\|first3\=Nusree\|last4\=Chumtong\|first4\=Parichat\|last5\=Yocawibun\|first5\=Patchari\|last6\=Imjongjirak\|first6\=Chanprapa\|date\=April 2020\|title\=Transcriptome analysis identifies immune\-related genes and antimicrobial peptides in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1050464820301169\|journal\=Fish \& Shellfish Immunology\|language\=en\|volume\=99\|pages\=403–413\|doi\=10\.1016/j.fsi.2020\.02\.030\|pmid\=32081810\|bibcode\=2020FSI....99\..403A \|s2cid\=211230022}}
|
[
"Genetics\n--------",
"Despite its commercial popularity, little is known about the *Betta splendens* genome. Current understanding is so limited that there is little evidence for the genetic basis of basic traits, including sex determination.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Srikulnath\\|first1\\=Kornsorn\\|last2\\=Singchat\\|first2\\=Worapong\\|last3\\=Laopichienpong\\|first3\\=Nararat\\|last4\\=Ahmad\\|first4\\=Syed Farhan\\|last5\\=Jehangir\\|first5\\=Maryam\\|last6\\=Subpayakom\\|first6\\=Navapong\\|last7\\=Suntronpong\\|first7\\=Aorarat\\|last8\\=Jangtarwan\\|first8\\=Kornsuang\\|last9\\=Pongsanarm\\|first9\\=Tavun\\|last10\\=Panthum\\|first10\\=Thitipong\\|last11\\=Ariyaraphong\\|first11\\=Nattakan\\|date\\=February 2021\\|title\\=Overview of the betta fish genome regarding species radiation, parental care, behavioral aggression, and pigmentation model relevant to humans\\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.1007/s13258\\-020\\-01027\\-2\\|journal\\=Genes \\& Genomics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=43\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=91–104\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s13258\\-020\\-01027\\-2\\|pmid\\=33515118\\|s2cid\\=231762344\\|issn\\=1976\\-9571}} A 2021 review article argued for increased scientific investigation into the genome of the Siamese fighting fish, and listed several areas of interest which are paraphrased below:",
"1. [monophyly](/wiki/Monophyly \"Monophyly\") of the genus *[Betta](/wiki/Betta \"Betta\")* including a single\\-versus\\-multiple origin of [mouthbrooding](/wiki/Mouthbrooding \"Mouthbrooding\");\n2. the state of [cryptic diversity](/wiki/Cryptic_diversity \"Cryptic diversity\") and evolutionary forces driving [speciation](/wiki/Speciation \"Speciation\") in the betta lineage;\n3. responsive genes or genetic interaction to parental care, behavioural aggression, pigmentation and other betta biology; and\n4. preservation technology for betta as insurance against accidental loss of [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\") this century.",
"Additionally, betta fish have been used in several studies to assess the impacts of various environmental contaminants, including oil.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Bautista\\|first1\\=Naim M.\\|last2\\=Pothini\\|first2\\=Tanushri\\|last3\\=Meng\\|first3\\=Kelly\\|last4\\=Burggren\\|first4\\=Warren W.\\|date\\=February 2019\\|title\\=Behavioral consequences of dietary exposure to crude oil extracts in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166445X18307264\\|journal\\=Aquatic Toxicology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=207\\|pages\\=34–42\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.aquatox.2018\\.11\\.025\\|pmid\\=30513419\\|bibcode\\=2019AqTox.207\\...34B \\|s2cid\\=56145573}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Forsatkar\\|first1\\=Mohammad Navid\\|last2\\=Nematollahi\\|first2\\=Mohammad Ali\\|last3\\=Amiri\\|first3\\=Bagher Mojazi\\|last4\\=Huang\\|first4\\=Wen\\-Bin\\|date\\=November 2014\\|title\\=Fluoxetine inhibits aggressive behaviour during parental care in male fighting fish (Betta splendens, Regan)\\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.1007/s10646\\-014\\-1345\\-0\\|journal\\=Ecotoxicology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=23\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=1794–1802\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10646\\-014\\-1345\\-0\\|pmid\\=25213287\\|bibcode\\=2014Ecotx..23\\.1794F \\|s2cid\\=23546762\\|issn\\=0963\\-9292}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Tudor\\|first1\\=M. Scarlett\\|last2\\=Lopez\\-Anido\\|first2\\=Rebecca N.\\|last3\\=Yocius\\|first3\\=Charly A.\\|last4\\=Conlin\\|first4\\=Sarah M.\\|last5\\=Hamlin\\|first5\\=Heather J.\\|date\\=October 2019\\|title\\=Ecologically relevant arsenic exposure alters female mate preference and anxiety\\-like behavior in Betta splendens\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Heliyon\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=e02646\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.heliyon.2019\\.e02646\\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmc\\=6820098\\|pmid\\=31687501\\|bibcode\\=2019Heliy...502646T }} Improved understanding of the betta genome would allow for more accurate generalisations from these studies. Lastly, the betta fish is an excellent candidate for a [model organism](/wiki/Model_organism \"Model organism\"), particularly for [aggression](/wiki/Aggression \"Aggression\") and [pigmentation](/wiki/Biological_pigment \"Biological pigment\") development, due to their extreme [phenotypes](/wiki/Phenotype \"Phenotype\") in these areas.",
"Currently, the complete *B. splendens* [chromosomal](/wiki/Chromosome \"Chromosome\"){{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Fan\\|first1\\=Guangyi\\|last2\\=Chan\\|first2\\=Judy\\|last3\\=Ma\\|first3\\=Kailong\\|last4\\=Yang\\|first4\\=Binrui\\|last5\\=Zhang\\|first5\\=He\\|last6\\=Yang\\|first6\\=Xianwei\\|last7\\=Shi\\|first7\\=Chengcheng\\|last8\\=Law\\|first8\\=Henry\\|last9\\=Ren\\|first9\\=Zhitao\\|last10\\=Xu\\|first10\\=Qiwu\\|last11\\=Liu\\|first11\\=Qun\\|date\\=11 July 2018\\|title\\=Chromosome\\-level reference genome of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens, a model species for the study of aggression\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=GigaScience\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=11\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/gigascience/giy087\\|issn\\=2047\\-217X\\|pmc\\=6251983\\|pmid\\=30010754}} and [mitochondrial](/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA \"Mitochondrial DNA\"){{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Song\\|first1\\=Ying\\-Nan\\|last2\\=Xiao\\|first2\\=Gui\\-Bao\\|last3\\=Li\\|first3\\=Jiong\\-Tang\\|date\\=1 November 2016\\|title\\=Complete mitochondrial genome of the Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens )\\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.3109/19401736\\.2015\\.1101573\\|journal\\=Mitochondrial DNA Part A\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=27\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=4580–4581\\|doi\\=10\\.3109/19401736\\.2015\\.1101573\\|pmid\\=26703926\\|s2cid\\=3841112\\|issn\\=2470\\-1394}} [genomes](/wiki/Genome \"Genome\") have been sequenced. Both genomes have yet to be [annotated](/wiki/Genome_annotation \"Genome annotation\"), though a roadmap for future efforts has been outlined. Notably, the mitochondrial genome for the peaceful betta, *[P. imbellis](/wiki/Betta \"Betta\")*, has also been sequenced,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Ahmad\\|first1\\=Syed Farhan\\|last2\\=Laopichienpong\\|first2\\=Nararat\\|last3\\=Singchat\\|first3\\=Worapong\\|last4\\=Suntronpong\\|first4\\=Aorarat\\|last5\\=Pongsanarm\\|first5\\=Tavun\\|last6\\=Panthum\\|first6\\=Thitipong\\|last7\\=Ariyaraphong\\|first7\\=Nattakan\\|last8\\=Bulan\\|first8\\=Jakaphan\\|last9\\=Pansrikaew\\|first9\\=Tanawat\\|last10\\=Jangtarwan\\|first10\\=Kornsuang\\|last11\\=Subpayakom\\|first11\\=Navapong\\|date\\=1 October 2020\\|title\\=Next\\-generation sequencing yields complete mitochondrial genome assembly of peaceful betta fish, Betta imbellis (Teleostei: Osphronemidae)\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Mitochondrial DNA Part B\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=3856–3858\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/23802359\\.2020\\.1841582\\|issn\\=2380\\-2359\\|pmc\\=7759254\\|pmid\\=33458245}} potentially allowing for meaningful comparison between species in the future.",
"### Phylogeny and cryptic diversity",
"There are many species in the genus *Betta*, the majority of which are very morphologically similar. Within [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\") alone there are twelve nominal species with new species being discovered every 5–10 years.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Monvises\\|first1\\=Adisorn\\|last2\\=Nuangsaeng\\|first2\\=Bunlung\\|last3\\=Sriwattanarothai\\|first3\\=Namkang\\|last4\\=Panijpan\\|first4\\=Bhinyo\\|date\\=2009\\|title\\=The Siamese fighting fish: Well\\-known generally but little\\-known scientifically\\|url\\=http://www.scienceasia.org/content/viewabstract.php?ms\\=2148\\|journal\\=ScienceAsia\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=35\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=8\\|doi\\=10\\.2306/scienceasia1513\\-1874\\.2009\\.35\\.008\\|issn\\=1513\\-1874\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Past efforts to differentiate *Betta* species have been based on observable [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28biology%29 \"Morphology (biology)\"), but given their visible similarity, this approach has masked much of the [cryptic diversity](/wiki/Species_complex \"Species complex\") in the genus. Recent speciation efforts have included use of [DNA barcoding](/wiki/DNA_barcoding \"DNA barcoding\") to differentiate species, specifically comparing the [CO1 gene](/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I \"Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I\") of the mitochondrial genome, resulting in new theories about the relatedness between species and allowing for the construction of new [phylogenetic trees](/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree \"Phylogenetic tree\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Panijpan\\|first1\\=Bhinyo\\|last2\\=Kowasupat\\|first2\\=Chanon\\|last3\\=Laosinchai\\|first3\\=Parames\\|last4\\=Ruenwongsa\\|first4\\=Pintip\\|last5\\=Phongdara\\|first5\\=Amornrat\\|last6\\=Senapin\\|first6\\=Saengchan\\|last7\\=Wanna\\|first7\\=Warapond\\|last8\\=Phiwsaiya\\|first8\\=Kornsunee\\|last9\\=Kühne\\|first9\\=Jens\\|last10\\=Fasquel\\|first10\\=Frédéric\\|date\\=December 2014\\|title\\=Southeast Asian mouth\\-brooding Betta fighting fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) species and their phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 DNA sequences and analyses\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Meta Gene\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=2\\|pages\\=862–879\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.mgene.2014\\.10\\.007\\|pmc\\=4287851\\|pmid\\=25606468}}",
"The morphological similarity between species that can be distinguished genetically suggests that [species radiation](/wiki/Speciation \"Speciation\") with cryptic diversity occurred in the *Betta* lineage. Current theories about the species radiation and speciation take into account the geographic considerations of their native habitat of Thailand, and suggest that the speciation is best described by a model of either [allopatric](/wiki/Allopatric_speciation \"Allopatric speciation\") or [parapatric](/wiki/Parapatric_speciation \"Parapatric speciation\") speciation.",
"### Genetics of betta biology",
"#### Aggression",
"*B. splendens* are known for their intense [aggression](/wiki/Aggression \"Aggression\"), which has resulted from intense selective pressures imposed upon them from many generations of [artificial selection](/wiki/Artificial_Selection \"Artificial Selection\"). Fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been bred for aggression for over six centuries due to the culture surrounding fighting betta fish and betting money on the results.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Hugh M.\\|date\\=1945\\|title\\=The fresh\\-water fishes of Siam, or Thailand\\|journal\\=Bulletin of the United States National Museum\\|issue\\=188\\|pages\\=1–622\\|doi\\=10\\.5479/si.03629236\\.188\\.1\\|hdl\\=10088/10206\\|url\\=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/10206\\|issn\\=0362\\-9236\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} This has genetically differentiated them from their [wild\\-type](/wiki/Wild_type \"Wild type\") counterparts – fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been shown to be significantly more aggressive than wild bettas, and in addition show differential responses in cortisol production in new environments.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Verbeek\\|first1\\=Peter\\|last2\\=Iwamoto\\|first2\\=Toshitaka\\|last3\\=Murakami\\|first3\\=Noboru\\|date\\=January 2008\\|title\\=Variable stress\\-responsiveness in wild type and domesticated fighting fish\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938407003125\\|journal\\=Physiology \\& Behavior\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=93\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=83–88\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.physbeh.2007\\.08\\.008\\|pmid\\=17884114\\|s2cid\\=8930322}}",
"The extreme genetically driven aggression in fighting strains of *B. splendens* and their differences from the still\\-observable wild\\-type makes them an excellent candidate for a [model organism](/wiki/Model_organism \"Model organism\") through which to study the genetic basis for aggression.",
"At present, use of the betta fish as a model organism for studying aggression is in its beginning phases. Little is known about the genetic basis of aggression in betas, though differential degrees of aggression have been observed in different domesticated betta populations.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Panijpan\\|first1\\=Bhinyo\\|last2\\=Sriwattanarothai\\|first2\\=Namkang\\|last3\\=Laosinchai\\|first3\\=Parames\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=Wild Betta fighting fish species in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries\\|url\\=http://www.scienceasia.org/content/viewabstract.php?ms\\=11980\\|journal\\=ScienceAsia\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=382\\|doi\\=10\\.2306/scienceasia1513\\-1874\\.2020\\.064\\|issn\\=1513\\-1874\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"##### Research to date",
"There is evidence that the genetic basis for aggression in betta fish is not exclusively [sex\\-linked](/wiki/Sex_linkage \"Sex linkage\") – a 2019 study found that female bettas of the fighting strain show significantly higher levels of aggression than their female wild\\-type counterparts, despite the fact that historically only male bettas have been used in fights and thus artificially selected for aggression. However these results are of limited usefulness, given the lack of scientific consensus on the nature of sex determination in bettas.",
"A recent study found that a fighting pair of bettas will synchronise their [gene expression](/wiki/Gene_expression \"Gene expression\") profiles, with particular emphasis on 37 co\\-expression gene modules, some of which were only synchronised after a certain duration of time had been spent fighting.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Vu\\|first1\\=Trieu\\-Duc\\|last2\\=Iwasaki\\|first2\\=Yuki\\|last3\\=Shigenobu\\|first3\\=Shuji\\|last4\\=Maruko\\|first4\\=Akiko\\|last5\\=Oshima\\|first5\\=Kenshiro\\|last6\\=Iioka\\|first6\\=Erica\\|last7\\=Huang\\|first7\\=Chao\\-Li\\|last8\\=Abe\\|first8\\=Takashi\\|last9\\=Tamaki\\|first9\\=Satoshi\\|last10\\=Lin\\|first10\\=Yi\\-Wen\\|last11\\=Chen\\|first11\\=Chih\\-Kuan\\|date\\=17 June 2020\\|editor\\-last\\=Bell\\|editor\\-first\\=Alison\\|title\\=Behavioral and brain\\- transcriptomic synchronization between the two opponents of a fighting pair of the fish Betta splendens\\|journal\\=PLOS Genetics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=e1008831\\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pgen.1008831\\|issn\\=1553\\-7404\\|pmc\\=7299326\\|pmid\\=32555673 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Work to identify the genetic basis for aggression has also been performed more generally in other model species, such as [zebrafish](/wiki/Zebrafish \"Zebrafish\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Filby\\|first1\\=Amy L\\|last2\\=Paull\\|first2\\=Gregory C\\|last3\\=Hickmore\\|first3\\=Tamsin FA\\|last4\\=Tyler\\|first4\\=Charles R\\|date\\=2010\\|title\\=Unravelling the neurophysiological basis of aggression in a fish model\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=BMC Genomics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=498\\|doi\\=10\\.1186/1471\\-2164\\-11\\-498\\|issn\\=1471\\-2164\\|pmc\\=2996994\\|pmid\\=20846403 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} These studies have identified dozens of [candidate genes](/wiki/Candidate_gene \"Candidate gene\") in their respective model organisms which could serve as starting points for research into aggression in betta fish. However, more progress must be made on the [annotation](/wiki/Genome_annotation \"Genome annotation\") of the betta genome before this is feasible.",
"#### Pigmentation",
"{{Main\\|biological pigment}}",
"Due to the incredible variation in pigmentation of adult bettas and visible pigment in developing [embryos](/wiki/Embryo \"Embryo\"), bettas are an attractive model organism for studying the genetic basis for coloration.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Carey\\|first1\\=Alexis N.\\|last2\\=Lyvers\\|first2\\=Benjamin H.\\|last3\\=Ferrill\\|first3\\=Rachel N.\\|last4\\=Johnson\\|first4\\=Rachel L.\\|last5\\=Dumaine\\|first5\\=Anne Marie\\|last6\\=Sly\\|first6\\=Belinda J.\\|date\\=June 2016\\|title\\=Development of Betta splendens embryos and larvae reveals variation in pigmentation patterns\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0967199415000313/type/journal\\_article\\|journal\\=Zygote\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=24\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=396–400\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0967199415000313\\|pmid\\=27172056\\|s2cid\\=43321556\\|issn\\=0967\\-1994}} Additionally, producing a specific color on demand would be of great interest to the commercial betta fish industry, as the price of a fish is largely determined by its coloration. Prices for attractively coloured fish can be high – single fish with the colours of the Thai flag was sold for over $1,500\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Bangkok\\|first\\=Associated Press in\\|date\\=17 November 2016\\|title\\=Siamese fighting fish in colours of Thai flag sells for £1,200\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/17/siamese\\-fighting\\-fish\\-thailand\\-flag\\-colours\\-sells\\-for\\-1200\\-online\\-auction\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2021\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|language\\=en}}",
"The genetic basis for the synthesis and regulation of pigmentation in [teleost fish](/wiki/Teleost \"Teleost\") is generally poorly understood, and bettas are no exception. Most work in this area has been done on other model organisms such as zebrafish or African [cichlid](/wiki/Cichlid \"Cichlid\") fish, however as with aggression, work done with other model organisms to identify candidate genes will be tremendously helpful in identifying the genetic basis of pigmentation in bettas.",
"##### Work to date",
"In 1990, genetic differences ([polymorphisms](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 \"Polymorphism (biology)\") at several [loci](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 \"Locus (genetics)\")) were found between four different color varieties of bettas,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Khoo\\|first1\\=Gideon\\|last2\\=Loh\\|first2\\=Eric Y.F.\\|last3\\=Lim\\|first3\\=Tit Meng\\|last4\\=Phang\\|first4\\=Violet P.E.\\|date\\=1997\\|title\\=Genetic variation in different varieties of Siamese fighting fish using isoelectric focusing of sarcoplasmic proteins\\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.1023/A:1018357400571\\|journal\\=Aquaculture International\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=537–549\\|doi\\=10\\.1023/A:1018357400571\\|s2cid\\=19715819}} though the variations were noted to be small. Later experiments confirmed the presence of genetic variation in hatchery stocks in Thailand, with low average numbers of [alleles](/wiki/Allele \"Allele\") per locus and high [heterozygosity](/wiki/Heterozygosity \"Heterozygosity\") rates.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Meejui\\|first1\\=Oamduen\\|last2\\=Sukmanomon\\|first2\\=Srijanya\\|last3\\=Na\\-Nakorn\\|first3\\=Uthairat\\|date\\=November 2005\\|title\\=Allozyme revealed substantial genetic diversity between hatchery stocks of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, in the province of Nakornpathom, Thailand\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605001833\\|journal\\=Aquaculture\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=250\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=110–119\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.aquaculture.2005\\.03\\.020\\|bibcode\\=2005Aquac.250\\..110M }}",
"Notable color phenotypes in *B. splendens* include the marbled phenotype and the color changing phenotype, the latter of which changes color over the course of its lifetime. While theories for the genetic basis of these phenotypes exist, scientific evidence for the genetic basis of these phenomena are slim to nonexistent.",
"#### Other genetic work",
"Some of the few candidate genes identified in the literature specific to bettas are [immune related genes](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\"), which were found in the first whole\\-body [transcriptome](/wiki/Transcriptome \"Transcriptome\") of *B. splendens* obtained by [high\\-throughput sequencing](/wiki/High_throughput_sequencing \"High throughput sequencing\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Amparyup\\|first1\\=Piti\\|last2\\=Charoensapsri\\|first2\\=Walaiporn\\|last3\\=Samaluka\\|first3\\=Nusree\\|last4\\=Chumtong\\|first4\\=Parichat\\|last5\\=Yocawibun\\|first5\\=Patchari\\|last6\\=Imjongjirak\\|first6\\=Chanprapa\\|date\\=April 2020\\|title\\=Transcriptome analysis identifies immune\\-related genes and antimicrobial peptides in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1050464820301169\\|journal\\=Fish \\& Shellfish Immunology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=99\\|pages\\=403–413\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fsi.2020\\.02\\.030\\|pmid\\=32081810\\|bibcode\\=2020FSI....99\\..403A \\|s2cid\\=211230022}}",
""
] |
### Genetics of betta biology
#### Aggression
*B. splendens* are known for their intense [aggression](/wiki/Aggression "Aggression"), which has resulted from intense selective pressures imposed upon them from many generations of [artificial selection](/wiki/Artificial_Selection "Artificial Selection"). Fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been bred for aggression for over six centuries due to the culture surrounding fighting betta fish and betting money on the results.{{Cite journal\|last\=Smith\|first\=Hugh M.\|date\=1945\|title\=The fresh\-water fishes of Siam, or Thailand\|journal\=Bulletin of the United States National Museum\|issue\=188\|pages\=1–622\|doi\=10\.5479/si.03629236\.188\.1\|hdl\=10088/10206\|url\=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/10206\|issn\=0362\-9236\|hdl\-access\=free}} This has genetically differentiated them from their [wild\-type](/wiki/Wild_type "Wild type") counterparts – fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been shown to be significantly more aggressive than wild bettas, and in addition show differential responses in cortisol production in new environments.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Verbeek\|first1\=Peter\|last2\=Iwamoto\|first2\=Toshitaka\|last3\=Murakami\|first3\=Noboru\|date\=January 2008\|title\=Variable stress\-responsiveness in wild type and domesticated fighting fish\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938407003125\|journal\=Physiology \& Behavior\|language\=en\|volume\=93\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=83–88\|doi\=10\.1016/j.physbeh.2007\.08\.008\|pmid\=17884114\|s2cid\=8930322}}
The extreme genetically driven aggression in fighting strains of *B. splendens* and their differences from the still\-observable wild\-type makes them an excellent candidate for a [model organism](/wiki/Model_organism "Model organism") through which to study the genetic basis for aggression.
At present, use of the betta fish as a model organism for studying aggression is in its beginning phases. Little is known about the genetic basis of aggression in betas, though differential degrees of aggression have been observed in different domesticated betta populations.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Panijpan\|first1\=Bhinyo\|last2\=Sriwattanarothai\|first2\=Namkang\|last3\=Laosinchai\|first3\=Parames\|date\=2020\|title\=Wild Betta fighting fish species in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries\|url\=http://www.scienceasia.org/content/viewabstract.php?ms\=11980\|journal\=ScienceAsia\|language\=en\|volume\=46\|issue\=4\|pages\=382\|doi\=10\.2306/scienceasia1513\-1874\.2020\.064\|issn\=1513\-1874\|doi\-access\=free}}
##### Research to date
There is evidence that the genetic basis for aggression in betta fish is not exclusively [sex\-linked](/wiki/Sex_linkage "Sex linkage") – a 2019 study found that female bettas of the fighting strain show significantly higher levels of aggression than their female wild\-type counterparts, despite the fact that historically only male bettas have been used in fights and thus artificially selected for aggression. However these results are of limited usefulness, given the lack of scientific consensus on the nature of sex determination in bettas.
A recent study found that a fighting pair of bettas will synchronise their [gene expression](/wiki/Gene_expression "Gene expression") profiles, with particular emphasis on 37 co\-expression gene modules, some of which were only synchronised after a certain duration of time had been spent fighting.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Vu\|first1\=Trieu\-Duc\|last2\=Iwasaki\|first2\=Yuki\|last3\=Shigenobu\|first3\=Shuji\|last4\=Maruko\|first4\=Akiko\|last5\=Oshima\|first5\=Kenshiro\|last6\=Iioka\|first6\=Erica\|last7\=Huang\|first7\=Chao\-Li\|last8\=Abe\|first8\=Takashi\|last9\=Tamaki\|first9\=Satoshi\|last10\=Lin\|first10\=Yi\-Wen\|last11\=Chen\|first11\=Chih\-Kuan\|date\=17 June 2020\|editor\-last\=Bell\|editor\-first\=Alison\|title\=Behavioral and brain\- transcriptomic synchronization between the two opponents of a fighting pair of the fish Betta splendens\|journal\=PLOS Genetics\|language\=en\|volume\=16\|issue\=6\|pages\=e1008831\|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pgen.1008831\|issn\=1553\-7404\|pmc\=7299326\|pmid\=32555673 \|doi\-access\=free }}
Work to identify the genetic basis for aggression has also been performed more generally in other model species, such as [zebrafish](/wiki/Zebrafish "Zebrafish").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Filby\|first1\=Amy L\|last2\=Paull\|first2\=Gregory C\|last3\=Hickmore\|first3\=Tamsin FA\|last4\=Tyler\|first4\=Charles R\|date\=2010\|title\=Unravelling the neurophysiological basis of aggression in a fish model\|url\= \|journal\=BMC Genomics\|language\=en\|volume\=11\|issue\=1\|pages\=498\|doi\=10\.1186/1471\-2164\-11\-498\|issn\=1471\-2164\|pmc\=2996994\|pmid\=20846403 \|doi\-access\=free }} These studies have identified dozens of [candidate genes](/wiki/Candidate_gene "Candidate gene") in their respective model organisms which could serve as starting points for research into aggression in betta fish. However, more progress must be made on the [annotation](/wiki/Genome_annotation "Genome annotation") of the betta genome before this is feasible.
#### Pigmentation
{{Main\|biological pigment}}
Due to the incredible variation in pigmentation of adult bettas and visible pigment in developing [embryos](/wiki/Embryo "Embryo"), bettas are an attractive model organism for studying the genetic basis for coloration.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Carey\|first1\=Alexis N.\|last2\=Lyvers\|first2\=Benjamin H.\|last3\=Ferrill\|first3\=Rachel N.\|last4\=Johnson\|first4\=Rachel L.\|last5\=Dumaine\|first5\=Anne Marie\|last6\=Sly\|first6\=Belinda J.\|date\=June 2016\|title\=Development of Betta splendens embryos and larvae reveals variation in pigmentation patterns\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0967199415000313/type/journal\_article\|journal\=Zygote\|language\=en\|volume\=24\|issue\=3\|pages\=396–400\|doi\=10\.1017/S0967199415000313\|pmid\=27172056\|s2cid\=43321556\|issn\=0967\-1994}} Additionally, producing a specific color on demand would be of great interest to the commercial betta fish industry, as the price of a fish is largely determined by its coloration. Prices for attractively coloured fish can be high – single fish with the colours of the Thai flag was sold for over $1,500\.{{Cite web\|last\=Bangkok\|first\=Associated Press in\|date\=17 November 2016\|title\=Siamese fighting fish in colours of Thai flag sells for £1,200\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/17/siamese\-fighting\-fish\-thailand\-flag\-colours\-sells\-for\-1200\-online\-auction\|access\-date\=25 March 2021\|website\=The Guardian\|language\=en}}
The genetic basis for the synthesis and regulation of pigmentation in [teleost fish](/wiki/Teleost "Teleost") is generally poorly understood, and bettas are no exception. Most work in this area has been done on other model organisms such as zebrafish or African [cichlid](/wiki/Cichlid "Cichlid") fish, however as with aggression, work done with other model organisms to identify candidate genes will be tremendously helpful in identifying the genetic basis of pigmentation in bettas.
##### Work to date
In 1990, genetic differences ([polymorphisms](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 "Polymorphism (biology)") at several [loci](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 "Locus (genetics)")) were found between four different color varieties of bettas,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Khoo\|first1\=Gideon\|last2\=Loh\|first2\=Eric Y.F.\|last3\=Lim\|first3\=Tit Meng\|last4\=Phang\|first4\=Violet P.E.\|date\=1997\|title\=Genetic variation in different varieties of Siamese fighting fish using isoelectric focusing of sarcoplasmic proteins\|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.1023/A:1018357400571\|journal\=Aquaculture International\|volume\=5\|issue\=6\|pages\=537–549\|doi\=10\.1023/A:1018357400571\|s2cid\=19715819}} though the variations were noted to be small. Later experiments confirmed the presence of genetic variation in hatchery stocks in Thailand, with low average numbers of [alleles](/wiki/Allele "Allele") per locus and high [heterozygosity](/wiki/Heterozygosity "Heterozygosity") rates.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Meejui\|first1\=Oamduen\|last2\=Sukmanomon\|first2\=Srijanya\|last3\=Na\-Nakorn\|first3\=Uthairat\|date\=November 2005\|title\=Allozyme revealed substantial genetic diversity between hatchery stocks of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, in the province of Nakornpathom, Thailand\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605001833\|journal\=Aquaculture\|language\=en\|volume\=250\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=110–119\|doi\=10\.1016/j.aquaculture.2005\.03\.020\|bibcode\=2005Aquac.250\..110M }}
Notable color phenotypes in *B. splendens* include the marbled phenotype and the color changing phenotype, the latter of which changes color over the course of its lifetime. While theories for the genetic basis of these phenotypes exist, scientific evidence for the genetic basis of these phenomena are slim to nonexistent.
#### Other genetic work
Some of the few candidate genes identified in the literature specific to bettas are [immune related genes](/wiki/Immune_system "Immune system"), which were found in the first whole\-body [transcriptome](/wiki/Transcriptome "Transcriptome") of *B. splendens* obtained by [high\-throughput sequencing](/wiki/High_throughput_sequencing "High throughput sequencing").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Amparyup\|first1\=Piti\|last2\=Charoensapsri\|first2\=Walaiporn\|last3\=Samaluka\|first3\=Nusree\|last4\=Chumtong\|first4\=Parichat\|last5\=Yocawibun\|first5\=Patchari\|last6\=Imjongjirak\|first6\=Chanprapa\|date\=April 2020\|title\=Transcriptome analysis identifies immune\-related genes and antimicrobial peptides in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1050464820301169\|journal\=Fish \& Shellfish Immunology\|language\=en\|volume\=99\|pages\=403–413\|doi\=10\.1016/j.fsi.2020\.02\.030\|pmid\=32081810\|bibcode\=2020FSI....99\..403A \|s2cid\=211230022}}
|
[
"### Genetics of betta biology",
"#### Aggression",
"*B. splendens* are known for their intense [aggression](/wiki/Aggression \"Aggression\"), which has resulted from intense selective pressures imposed upon them from many generations of [artificial selection](/wiki/Artificial_Selection \"Artificial Selection\"). Fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been bred for aggression for over six centuries due to the culture surrounding fighting betta fish and betting money on the results.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Hugh M.\\|date\\=1945\\|title\\=The fresh\\-water fishes of Siam, or Thailand\\|journal\\=Bulletin of the United States National Museum\\|issue\\=188\\|pages\\=1–622\\|doi\\=10\\.5479/si.03629236\\.188\\.1\\|hdl\\=10088/10206\\|url\\=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/10206\\|issn\\=0362\\-9236\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} This has genetically differentiated them from their [wild\\-type](/wiki/Wild_type \"Wild type\") counterparts – fighting strains of *B. splendens* have been shown to be significantly more aggressive than wild bettas, and in addition show differential responses in cortisol production in new environments.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Verbeek\\|first1\\=Peter\\|last2\\=Iwamoto\\|first2\\=Toshitaka\\|last3\\=Murakami\\|first3\\=Noboru\\|date\\=January 2008\\|title\\=Variable stress\\-responsiveness in wild type and domesticated fighting fish\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938407003125\\|journal\\=Physiology \\& Behavior\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=93\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=83–88\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.physbeh.2007\\.08\\.008\\|pmid\\=17884114\\|s2cid\\=8930322}}",
"The extreme genetically driven aggression in fighting strains of *B. splendens* and their differences from the still\\-observable wild\\-type makes them an excellent candidate for a [model organism](/wiki/Model_organism \"Model organism\") through which to study the genetic basis for aggression.",
"At present, use of the betta fish as a model organism for studying aggression is in its beginning phases. Little is known about the genetic basis of aggression in betas, though differential degrees of aggression have been observed in different domesticated betta populations.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Panijpan\\|first1\\=Bhinyo\\|last2\\=Sriwattanarothai\\|first2\\=Namkang\\|last3\\=Laosinchai\\|first3\\=Parames\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=Wild Betta fighting fish species in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries\\|url\\=http://www.scienceasia.org/content/viewabstract.php?ms\\=11980\\|journal\\=ScienceAsia\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=382\\|doi\\=10\\.2306/scienceasia1513\\-1874\\.2020\\.064\\|issn\\=1513\\-1874\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"##### Research to date",
"There is evidence that the genetic basis for aggression in betta fish is not exclusively [sex\\-linked](/wiki/Sex_linkage \"Sex linkage\") – a 2019 study found that female bettas of the fighting strain show significantly higher levels of aggression than their female wild\\-type counterparts, despite the fact that historically only male bettas have been used in fights and thus artificially selected for aggression. However these results are of limited usefulness, given the lack of scientific consensus on the nature of sex determination in bettas.",
"A recent study found that a fighting pair of bettas will synchronise their [gene expression](/wiki/Gene_expression \"Gene expression\") profiles, with particular emphasis on 37 co\\-expression gene modules, some of which were only synchronised after a certain duration of time had been spent fighting.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Vu\\|first1\\=Trieu\\-Duc\\|last2\\=Iwasaki\\|first2\\=Yuki\\|last3\\=Shigenobu\\|first3\\=Shuji\\|last4\\=Maruko\\|first4\\=Akiko\\|last5\\=Oshima\\|first5\\=Kenshiro\\|last6\\=Iioka\\|first6\\=Erica\\|last7\\=Huang\\|first7\\=Chao\\-Li\\|last8\\=Abe\\|first8\\=Takashi\\|last9\\=Tamaki\\|first9\\=Satoshi\\|last10\\=Lin\\|first10\\=Yi\\-Wen\\|last11\\=Chen\\|first11\\=Chih\\-Kuan\\|date\\=17 June 2020\\|editor\\-last\\=Bell\\|editor\\-first\\=Alison\\|title\\=Behavioral and brain\\- transcriptomic synchronization between the two opponents of a fighting pair of the fish Betta splendens\\|journal\\=PLOS Genetics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=e1008831\\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pgen.1008831\\|issn\\=1553\\-7404\\|pmc\\=7299326\\|pmid\\=32555673 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Work to identify the genetic basis for aggression has also been performed more generally in other model species, such as [zebrafish](/wiki/Zebrafish \"Zebrafish\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Filby\\|first1\\=Amy L\\|last2\\=Paull\\|first2\\=Gregory C\\|last3\\=Hickmore\\|first3\\=Tamsin FA\\|last4\\=Tyler\\|first4\\=Charles R\\|date\\=2010\\|title\\=Unravelling the neurophysiological basis of aggression in a fish model\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=BMC Genomics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=498\\|doi\\=10\\.1186/1471\\-2164\\-11\\-498\\|issn\\=1471\\-2164\\|pmc\\=2996994\\|pmid\\=20846403 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} These studies have identified dozens of [candidate genes](/wiki/Candidate_gene \"Candidate gene\") in their respective model organisms which could serve as starting points for research into aggression in betta fish. However, more progress must be made on the [annotation](/wiki/Genome_annotation \"Genome annotation\") of the betta genome before this is feasible.",
"#### Pigmentation",
"{{Main\\|biological pigment}}",
"Due to the incredible variation in pigmentation of adult bettas and visible pigment in developing [embryos](/wiki/Embryo \"Embryo\"), bettas are an attractive model organism for studying the genetic basis for coloration.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Carey\\|first1\\=Alexis N.\\|last2\\=Lyvers\\|first2\\=Benjamin H.\\|last3\\=Ferrill\\|first3\\=Rachel N.\\|last4\\=Johnson\\|first4\\=Rachel L.\\|last5\\=Dumaine\\|first5\\=Anne Marie\\|last6\\=Sly\\|first6\\=Belinda J.\\|date\\=June 2016\\|title\\=Development of Betta splendens embryos and larvae reveals variation in pigmentation patterns\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0967199415000313/type/journal\\_article\\|journal\\=Zygote\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=24\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=396–400\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0967199415000313\\|pmid\\=27172056\\|s2cid\\=43321556\\|issn\\=0967\\-1994}} Additionally, producing a specific color on demand would be of great interest to the commercial betta fish industry, as the price of a fish is largely determined by its coloration. Prices for attractively coloured fish can be high – single fish with the colours of the Thai flag was sold for over $1,500\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Bangkok\\|first\\=Associated Press in\\|date\\=17 November 2016\\|title\\=Siamese fighting fish in colours of Thai flag sells for £1,200\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/17/siamese\\-fighting\\-fish\\-thailand\\-flag\\-colours\\-sells\\-for\\-1200\\-online\\-auction\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2021\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|language\\=en}}",
"The genetic basis for the synthesis and regulation of pigmentation in [teleost fish](/wiki/Teleost \"Teleost\") is generally poorly understood, and bettas are no exception. Most work in this area has been done on other model organisms such as zebrafish or African [cichlid](/wiki/Cichlid \"Cichlid\") fish, however as with aggression, work done with other model organisms to identify candidate genes will be tremendously helpful in identifying the genetic basis of pigmentation in bettas.",
"##### Work to date",
"In 1990, genetic differences ([polymorphisms](/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29 \"Polymorphism (biology)\") at several [loci](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 \"Locus (genetics)\")) were found between four different color varieties of bettas,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Khoo\\|first1\\=Gideon\\|last2\\=Loh\\|first2\\=Eric Y.F.\\|last3\\=Lim\\|first3\\=Tit Meng\\|last4\\=Phang\\|first4\\=Violet P.E.\\|date\\=1997\\|title\\=Genetic variation in different varieties of Siamese fighting fish using isoelectric focusing of sarcoplasmic proteins\\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.1023/A:1018357400571\\|journal\\=Aquaculture International\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=537–549\\|doi\\=10\\.1023/A:1018357400571\\|s2cid\\=19715819}} though the variations were noted to be small. Later experiments confirmed the presence of genetic variation in hatchery stocks in Thailand, with low average numbers of [alleles](/wiki/Allele \"Allele\") per locus and high [heterozygosity](/wiki/Heterozygosity \"Heterozygosity\") rates.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Meejui\\|first1\\=Oamduen\\|last2\\=Sukmanomon\\|first2\\=Srijanya\\|last3\\=Na\\-Nakorn\\|first3\\=Uthairat\\|date\\=November 2005\\|title\\=Allozyme revealed substantial genetic diversity between hatchery stocks of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, in the province of Nakornpathom, Thailand\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605001833\\|journal\\=Aquaculture\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=250\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=110–119\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.aquaculture.2005\\.03\\.020\\|bibcode\\=2005Aquac.250\\..110M }}",
"Notable color phenotypes in *B. splendens* include the marbled phenotype and the color changing phenotype, the latter of which changes color over the course of its lifetime. While theories for the genetic basis of these phenotypes exist, scientific evidence for the genetic basis of these phenomena are slim to nonexistent.",
"#### Other genetic work",
"Some of the few candidate genes identified in the literature specific to bettas are [immune related genes](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\"), which were found in the first whole\\-body [transcriptome](/wiki/Transcriptome \"Transcriptome\") of *B. splendens* obtained by [high\\-throughput sequencing](/wiki/High_throughput_sequencing \"High throughput sequencing\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Amparyup\\|first1\\=Piti\\|last2\\=Charoensapsri\\|first2\\=Walaiporn\\|last3\\=Samaluka\\|first3\\=Nusree\\|last4\\=Chumtong\\|first4\\=Parichat\\|last5\\=Yocawibun\\|first5\\=Patchari\\|last6\\=Imjongjirak\\|first6\\=Chanprapa\\|date\\=April 2020\\|title\\=Transcriptome analysis identifies immune\\-related genes and antimicrobial peptides in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1050464820301169\\|journal\\=Fish \\& Shellfish Immunology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=99\\|pages\\=403–413\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fsi.2020\\.02\\.030\\|pmid\\=32081810\\|bibcode\\=2020FSI....99\\..403A \\|s2cid\\=211230022}}",
""
] |
Academics
---------
Throughout its existence the SNHUU has become a leading institution of postgraduate medical education, as well as an important research centre, with 5 faculties—of surgery, therapy, pediatrics, medico\-prophylactic, and pharmaceutical faculty—advanced faculty staff training, the Institute of Family Medicine, the Ukrainian State Institute of Reproductology, and the Institute of Dentistry. There are 79 Departments. Today, the University employs: 8 members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 members of the Academy of Sciences of the Higher School of Ukraine, 1 corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 15 corresponding members of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 30 Honoured Workers of Science and Technology of Ukraine, 35 winners of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology, 80 Honoured Doctors of Ukraine, 3 Honoured Workers of Education of Ukraine, 3 Honoured Rationalizers and Inventors of Ukraine, 9 Honoured Workers of Healthcare of Ukraine, and 2 Honoured Workers of Pharmacy of Ukraine.
SNHUU is a leading centre of work in postgraduate fields and is authorized by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine to develop the majority of standard programs in courses of precertification training and traineeship in computer attestation programs, to be used by all medical institutions and faculties of postgraduate education.
70 curricula and programs of advanced training are developed and updated annually. Among them these are the original programs: "Digital technology in radiology", "Topical questions of quality maintenance and prevention of medicines adulteration", "Chemists' work at the market", "Untraditional methods of dental diseases treatment", "Financing and management in health care in Ukraine", "Modern technologies in interventional cardiology", "Ultrasound diagnosis of close defects of cardial septa", etc.
The Department of Medical Information Technology, in particular, is an initiator, organizer, and founder of a form of distance education. Since 2006, the academic and methodological centre of distance education has been at the SNHUU.
In 2016, the Simulation Training Center was established with the aim of introducing simulation learning methods into the educational process, in accordance with modern world practices in medical education, to ensure maximum safety of patients and doctors during training in, and performing of, invasive medical and diagnostic procedures.
Physicians' post\-graduate education is composed of internship, master's courses, specialization, topical advanced training. and precertification courses.
Over 20,000 physicians and pharmacists are trained at the SNHUU annually.
Scientific and research work at the university is an integral part in training highly qualified specialists and is performed in accordance with the generalized plan of scientific and research activity. The plan includes the scientific and research activity in foreground trends that have purpose investment (funding scientific and technical programs, government orders, fundamental and applied scientific and research activity in the field of preventive and clinical medicine), initiative and competitive (department) extrabudget (state contractual) dissertations (doctor's and candidate's).
The number of clinical bases of all property forms is 248\.
Annually, over 14,000 surgical interventions are performed, 146,000 consultations are made, and 93,000 patients are treated clinically. SNHUU staff members implement up\-to\-date methods of prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.
Within the framework of the Ukrainian Emergency Medical Care system, SNHUU staff members constantly go to regions of Ukraine to consult with, and give medical care to, patients with the most severe pathologies.
|
[
"Academics\n---------",
"Throughout its existence the SNHUU has become a leading institution of postgraduate medical education, as well as an important research centre, with 5 faculties—of surgery, therapy, pediatrics, medico\\-prophylactic, and pharmaceutical faculty—advanced faculty staff training, the Institute of Family Medicine, the Ukrainian State Institute of Reproductology, and the Institute of Dentistry. There are 79 Departments. Today, the University employs: 8 members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 members of the Academy of Sciences of the Higher School of Ukraine, 1 corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 15 corresponding members of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 30 Honoured Workers of Science and Technology of Ukraine, 35 winners of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology, 80 Honoured Doctors of Ukraine, 3 Honoured Workers of Education of Ukraine, 3 Honoured Rationalizers and Inventors of Ukraine, 9 Honoured Workers of Healthcare of Ukraine, and 2 Honoured Workers of Pharmacy of Ukraine.",
"SNHUU is a leading centre of work in postgraduate fields and is authorized by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine to develop the majority of standard programs in courses of precertification training and traineeship in computer attestation programs, to be used by all medical institutions and faculties of postgraduate education.",
"70 curricula and programs of advanced training are developed and updated annually. Among them these are the original programs: \"Digital technology in radiology\", \"Topical questions of quality maintenance and prevention of medicines adulteration\", \"Chemists' work at the market\", \"Untraditional methods of dental diseases treatment\", \"Financing and management in health care in Ukraine\", \"Modern technologies in interventional cardiology\", \"Ultrasound diagnosis of close defects of cardial septa\", etc.",
"The Department of Medical Information Technology, in particular, is an initiator, organizer, and founder of a form of distance education. Since 2006, the academic and methodological centre of distance education has been at the SNHUU.",
"In 2016, the Simulation Training Center was established with the aim of introducing simulation learning methods into the educational process, in accordance with modern world practices in medical education, to ensure maximum safety of patients and doctors during training in, and performing of, invasive medical and diagnostic procedures.",
"Physicians' post\\-graduate education is composed of internship, master's courses, specialization, topical advanced training. and precertification courses.",
"Over 20,000 physicians and pharmacists are trained at the SNHUU annually.",
"Scientific and research work at the university is an integral part in training highly qualified specialists and is performed in accordance with the generalized plan of scientific and research activity. The plan includes the scientific and research activity in foreground trends that have purpose investment (funding scientific and technical programs, government orders, fundamental and applied scientific and research activity in the field of preventive and clinical medicine), initiative and competitive (department) extrabudget (state contractual) dissertations (doctor's and candidate's).",
"The number of clinical bases of all property forms is 248\\.",
"Annually, over 14,000 surgical interventions are performed, 146,000 consultations are made, and 93,000 patients are treated clinically. SNHUU staff members implement up\\-to\\-date methods of prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.",
"Within the framework of the Ukrainian Emergency Medical Care system, SNHUU staff members constantly go to regions of Ukraine to consult with, and give medical care to, patients with the most severe pathologies.",
""
] |
International relations
-----------------------
The university has organized the Department of International Relations and Scientific\-Pedagogical Work with Foreign Subjects. The major purpose of the department is to participate in developing and realizing international educational, scientific, clinical, and humanitarian programs.
The relation of the university with foreign countries develops from year to year. Annually, over 30–50 foreign delegations visit the university. A number of agreements of cooperation with many countries have been signed.
Over 70 scientists visit other countries annually. Training visits are aimed at on\-site training in the leading clinics, exchanging experience, establishing cooperative relations, and participating in congresses and symposia. Young scientists take traineeships in leading clinics of the West.
Leading scientists of Germany, Greece, Sweden, Austria, and the UK are honorary professors of the university.
The university's partners include:
{{div col}}
* the [University of Colorado](/wiki/University_of_Colorado "University of Colorado") (United States)
* [Jagiellonian University](/wiki/Jagiellonian_University "Jagiellonian University") (Poland)
* Scottish [Royal College of General Practitioners](/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners "Royal College of General Practitioners") (United Kingdom)
* German Academy of Development Rehabilitation (Munich)
* [University of Bari](/wiki/University_of_Bari "University of Bari") (Italy)
* [Medical University of Lublin](/wiki/Medical_University_of_Lublin "Medical University of Lublin") (Poland)
* [Slovak Medical University](/wiki/Slovak_Medical_University "Slovak Medical University")
* [Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich](/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich") (Germany)
* [University of Maastricht](/wiki/University_of_Maastricht "University of Maastricht") (The Netherlands)
* [Medical University of Silesia](/wiki/Medical_University_of_Silesia "Medical University of Silesia") (Poland)
* International Academy of Classical Homeopathy (Greece)
{{div col end}}
Great attention is paid at the university to training foreign citizens. Almost 400 foreigners from 54 countries are trained at SNHUU annually. Young scientists of the university take traineeships in leading clinics of France, Sweden, Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Switzerland, etc.
|
[
"International relations\n-----------------------",
"The university has organized the Department of International Relations and Scientific\\-Pedagogical Work with Foreign Subjects. The major purpose of the department is to participate in developing and realizing international educational, scientific, clinical, and humanitarian programs.",
"The relation of the university with foreign countries develops from year to year. Annually, over 30–50 foreign delegations visit the university. A number of agreements of cooperation with many countries have been signed.",
"Over 70 scientists visit other countries annually. Training visits are aimed at on\\-site training in the leading clinics, exchanging experience, establishing cooperative relations, and participating in congresses and symposia. Young scientists take traineeships in leading clinics of the West.",
"Leading scientists of Germany, Greece, Sweden, Austria, and the UK are honorary professors of the university.",
"The university's partners include:",
"{{div col}}\n* the [University of Colorado](/wiki/University_of_Colorado \"University of Colorado\") (United States)\n* [Jagiellonian University](/wiki/Jagiellonian_University \"Jagiellonian University\") (Poland)\n* Scottish [Royal College of General Practitioners](/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners \"Royal College of General Practitioners\") (United Kingdom)\n* German Academy of Development Rehabilitation (Munich)\n* [University of Bari](/wiki/University_of_Bari \"University of Bari\") (Italy)\n* [Medical University of Lublin](/wiki/Medical_University_of_Lublin \"Medical University of Lublin\") (Poland)\n* [Slovak Medical University](/wiki/Slovak_Medical_University \"Slovak Medical University\")\n* [Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich](/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich \"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich\") (Germany)\n* [University of Maastricht](/wiki/University_of_Maastricht \"University of Maastricht\") (The Netherlands)\n* [Medical University of Silesia](/wiki/Medical_University_of_Silesia \"Medical University of Silesia\") (Poland)\n* International Academy of Classical Homeopathy (Greece)\n{{div col end}}",
"Great attention is paid at the university to training foreign citizens. Almost 400 foreigners from 54 countries are trained at SNHUU annually. Young scientists of the university take traineeships in leading clinics of France, Sweden, Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Switzerland, etc.",
""
] |
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