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### Independent Ukraine
[thumb\|The logo of the state enterprise Antonov in Ukrainian](/wiki/File:Antonov_logo.svg "Antonov logo.svg")
{{Expand section\|date\=April 2013}}
Antonov Design Bureau remained a state\-owned company after Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991 and is since regarded as a strategic national asset.
#### Expansion to free market
[thumb\|Rollout of the first serially\-produced [An\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") at Antonov's hangar in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), 2009\. An [An\-124](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 "Antonov An-124") under maintenance seen in the far corner of the hangar.](/wiki/File:First_Ukrainian_serial_production_An-148.jpg "First Ukrainian serial production An-148.jpg")
Since independence, Antonov has certified and marketed both Soviet\-era and newly developed models for sale in new markets outside of the former soviet sphere of influence. New models introduced to serial production and delivered to customers include the [Antonov An\-140](/wiki/Antonov_An-140 "Antonov An-140"), [Antonov An\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") and [Antonov An\-158](/wiki/Antonov_An-158 "Antonov An-158") [regional airliners](/wiki/Regional_airliner "Regional airliner").
Among several modernisation projects, Antonov received orders for upgrading "hundreds" of its [An\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") utility planes still in operation in [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") and Russia to the An\-2\-100 upgrade version.{{cite news \| url\=http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\-rossiya\-zakazala\-u\-antonova\-usovershenstvovannye\-kukuruzniki \| script\-title\=ru:Россия заказала у Антонова усовершенствованные кукурузники \| work\=\[\[Korrespondent]] \| date\=11 July 2013 \| access\-date\=4 September 2013 \| language\=ru \| archive\-date\=14 August 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112252/http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\-rossiya\-zakazala\-u\-antonova\-usovershenstvovannye\-kukuruzniki \| url\-status\=live }}
In 2014, following the [annexation of the Crimea by Russia](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"), Ukraine cancelled contracts with Russia, leading to a significant income reduction in Ukraine's defense and aviation industries.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\-needs\-russia\-nicolai\-petro \|title\=Why Ukraine needs Russia more than ever \|author\=Nicolai Petro \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=9 March 2016 \|access\-date\=7 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=21 September 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921131939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\-needs\-russia\-nicolai\-petro \|url\-status\=live }} However Ukraine has been slowly recovering the deficit from breaking ties with Russia by entering new markets such as the [Persian Gulf region](/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf "Arab states of the Persian Gulf"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\-saudi\-ukrainian\-aircraft\-programme\-launched.html\|title\=Arabian Aerospace \- New Saudi\-Ukrainian aircraft programme launched\|website\=www.arabianaerospace.aero\|access\-date\=29 September 2018\|archive\-date\=30 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930040655/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\-saudi\-ukrainian\-aircraft\-programme\-launched.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\_Discusses\_Cooperation\_With\_UAE\_in\_Guided\_Weapons\_\_UAVs\|title\=Ukraine Discusses Cooperation With UAE in Guided Weapons, UAVs\|website\=www.defenseworld.net\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=30 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081147/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\_Discusses\_Cooperation\_With\_UAE\_in\_Guided\_Weapons\_\_UAVs\|url\-status\=live}} and expanding its presence in old ones such as India.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\-ukraine\-u\-s\-winning\-indian\-defense\-market\-over\-russia\-official.html\|title\=Ukraine, U.S. winning Indian defense market over Russia \- official\|website\=www.unian.info\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234201/https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\-ukraine\-u\-s\-winning\-indian\-defense\-market\-over\-russia\-official.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.janes.com/defence\-news\|title\=Janes \| Latest defence and security news\|website\=Janes.com\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912223916/https://www.janes.com/defence\-news/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\_to\_Pitch\_for\_Repair\_\_Components\_Supply\_of\_USSR\_Origin\_Aircraft\_in\_India\|title\=Ukraine to Pitch for Repair, Components Supply of USSR Origin Aircraft in India \|website\= defenseworld.net\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=24 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024060136/https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\_to\_Pitch\_for\_Repair\_\_Components\_Supply\_of\_USSR\_Origin\_Aircraft\_in\_India\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\-politics/ukraine\-preparing\-for\-boosting\-defense\-cooperation\-with\-africa\-in\-aircraft\-repair\-area.html\|title\=Ukraine preparing for boosting defense cooperation with Africa in aircraft repair area \| KyivPost \- Ukraine's Global Voice\|date\=25 September 2018\|website\=KyivPost\|access\-date\=29 September 2018\|archive\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234200/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\-politics/ukraine\-preparing\-for\-boosting\-defense\-cooperation\-with\-africa\-in\-aircraft\-repair\-area.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey\-ukraine\-advance\-an\-188\-co\-production\-talks/\|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20220414030258/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey%2Dukraine%2Dadvance%2Dan%2D188%2Dco%2Dproduction%2Dtalks/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=14 April 2022\|title\=Turkey, Ukraine advance An\-188 co\-production talks\|first\=Burak Ege\|last\=Bekdil\|date\=27 July 2018\|website\=Defense News\|access\-date\=29 September 2018}}
In July 2018, Antonov was able to secure a deal with Boeing in order to procure airplane parts which were no longer available due to breakdown of relations with Russia.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-ukraine\-boeing\-antonov\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\|title\=Ukraine plane maker turns West with Boeing tie\-up\|first\=Pavel\|last\=Polityuk\|newspaper\=Reuters \|date\=27 July 2018\|via\=www.reuters.com\|access\-date\=8 January 2021\|archive\-date\=13 February 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124128/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-ukraine\-boeing\-antonov\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Production facilities' consolidation
During the [Soviet period](/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union "History of the Soviet Union"), not all Antonov\-designed [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft "Aircraft") were manufactured by the company itself. This was a result of Soviet industrial strategy that split military production between different regions of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") to minimise potential war loss risks. As a result, Antonov aeroplanes were often assembled by the specialist [contract manufacturers](/wiki/Contract_manufacturer "Contract manufacturer").
In 2009, the once\-independent "[Aviant](/wiki/Aviant "Aviant")" aeroplane\-assembling plant in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") became part of Antonov, facilitating a full serial manufacturing cycle of the company. However, the old tradition of co\-manufacturing with contractors is continued, both with Soviet\-time partners and with new licensees like [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran")'s [Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company](/wiki/Iran_Aircraft_Manufacturing_Industrial_Company "Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\-history?lang\=en\|title\=ANTONOV history\|website\=www.antonov.com\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\-history?lang\=en\|archive\-date\=27 February 2018}}
In 2014, Antonov produced and delivered only two [An\-158](/wiki/An-158 "An-158") airplanes.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\|title\=ГП "Антонов" подвел итоги 2014 года: Только два новых самолета\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-date\=28 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205822/https://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\|url\-status\=live}} This trend continued into 2015, producing one [An\-148](/wiki/An-148 "An-148") and one [An\-158](/wiki/An-158 "An-158").{{cite web\|url\=http://radio.vesti\-ukr.com/interview/32217\-andrej\-haustov\-poyavilsya\-shans\-chto\-vtoraya\-mriya\-obretet\-svoyu\-zhizn\-v\-nebe\-.html\|title\=Андрей Хаустов: "Появился шанс, что вторая "Мрия" обретет свою жизнь в небе"\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912160747/http://radio.vesti\-ukr.com/interview/32217\-andrej\-haustov\-poyavilsya\-shans\-chto\-vtoraya\-mriya\-obretet\-svoyu\-zhizn\-v\-nebe\-.html\|archive\-date\=12 September 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} Since 2016, no aircraft have been produced or delivered to clients.[Зеленский хочет создать госавиакомпанию, летающую на украинских самолетах — Центр транспортных стратегий](https://cfts.org.ua/news/2020/04/22/zelenskiy_khochet_sozdat_gosaviakompaniyu_letayuschuyu_na_ukrainskikh_samoletakh_58415)
[thumb\|[Antonov/Taqnia An\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 "Antonov/Taqnia An-132") roll out ceremony in Kyiv, 20 December 2016](/wiki/File:Antonov_An-132D_roll_out_ceremony_%283%29.jpg "Antonov An-132D roll out ceremony (3).jpg")
In June 2016, Ukraine's major state\-owned arms manufacturer [Ukroboronprom](/wiki/Ukroboronprom "Ukroboronprom") announced the creation of the [Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation](/wiki/Ukrainian_Aircraft_Corporation "Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation") within its structure, thereby combining all aircraft manufacturing enterprises, including the assets of Antonov into a single cluster, according to Ukroboronprom's press service.{{cite web\|url\=http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\-aircraft\-corporation\-set\-up\-on\-the\-basis\-of\-antonov\-670283\.html\|title\=UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world\|website\=uatoday.tv\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-date\=18 November 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118043424/http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\-aircraft\-corporation\-set\-up\-on\-the\-basis\-of\-antonov\-670283\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On 19 July 2017, the Ukrainian government approved the liquidation of Antonov's assets.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html\|title\=Cabinet of Ministers liquidates Concern Antonov \- 25\.07\.2017 17:39 — Ukrinform News\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-27\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=15 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html \|title\=The Cabinet of Ministers has decided to liquidate State Aircraft Manufacturing Concern Antonov \|newspaper\=Ukrinform \|date\=26 July 2017 \|access\-date\=26 July 2017 \|archive\-date\=15 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-economy/2273062\-cabinet\-of\-ministers\-liquidates\-concern\-antonov.html \|url\-status\=live }} The State Concern "Antonov" (a business group, created in 2005 from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management) will be liquidated as a residual corporate entity. Antonov State Company, Kharkiv State Aviation Manufacturing Enterprise and Plant No.410 of Civil Aviation were transferred under the management of another state\-owned concern Ukroboronprom in 2015\. Antonov State Company continues to function as an enterprise.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antonov.com/news/520\|title\=Following the recent announcement from the Government of Ukraine\|website\=antonov.com\|publisher\=Antonov State Company\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/news/520\|archive\-date\=27 February 2018}}
On 31 March 2017, the first prototype of a new multifunctional cargo plane [An\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 "Antonov/Taqnia An-132") – a demonstration plane An\-132D – took to the air from the runway of Sviatoshyn airfield. The An\-132 development program had been implemented in the framework of a contract with a customer from Saudi Arabia.
On 24 February 2022, at the beginning of [Russia's full\-scale invasion in Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), the first attacks were launched at [Kyiv\-Antonov\-2 airfield](/wiki/Hostomel_Airport "Hostomel Airport"), the site of Antonov's test flights and home base of the planes of *[Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines "Antonov Airlines")*. The planes [Аn\-225 *Mriya*](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya"),{{cite news \|date\= 27 February 2022 \|script\-title\= uk:У результаті російської атаки згорів найбільший в світі літак «Мрія» \|trans\-title\= As a result of the Russian attack, the world's largest aircraft "Mriya" burned down \|work\= \[\[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \|url\= https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\-v\-rezultati\-rosiyskoyi\-ataky\-z\-horiv\-naybilshyy\-v\-sviti\-litak\-mriya\-/31726400\.html \|language\= en \|access\-date\= 28 February 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228004841/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\-v\-rezultati\-rosiyskoyi\-ataky\-z\-horiv\-naybilshyy\-v\-sviti\-litak\-mriya\-/31726400\.html \|archive\-date\= 28 February 2022 \|url\-status\= live \|script\-quote\= uk:У результаті повітряної атаки російських військ на аеропорт Гостомель під Києвом був спалений один із найбільших та найпотужніших літаків у світі українського виробництва АН\-225 «Мрія». Про це Радіо Свобода повідомили два поінформованих джерела на підприємстві «Антонов» та підтвердив міський голова міста Буча.\|trans\-quote\= As a result of an air attack by Russian troops on Gostomel Airport near Kyiv, one of the largest and most powerful Ukrainian\-made AN\-225 "Mriya " aircraft in the world was burned. This was reported to Radio Svoboda by two informed sources at the Antonov enterprise and confirmed by the mayor of Bucha. \|df\= dmy\-all}} [An\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 "Antonov An-26"), [An\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-74 "Antonov An-74") and administrative premises were destroyed. The planes Аn\-12, Аn\-22, Аn\-28, Аn\-132D and Аn\-124\-100\-150, the hangars and other infrastructure were severely damaged.
[The Security Service of Ukraine](/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine "Security Service of Ukraine") established that the former director general of Antonov Company Serhiy Bychkov had not provided access to the site for the National Guard in January and February 2022 and thus obstructed preparations for defence.{{Cite web \|title\=Служба безпеки України \|url\=https://t.me/SBUkr/7424 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=Telegram}}
The investigators consider that Bychkov's negligence is the direct cause of the loss of *Mriya*, because the plane could have been sent to Germany long before February 24\. In March 2023, Serhiy Bychkov was arrested, in April he faced formal suspicion in connection with the loss of An\-225 *Mriya* and damages to Antonov amounting to ₴8\.4 million.{{Cite web \|title\=Офіс Генерального прокурора \|url\=https://t.me/pgo\_gov\_ua/10254 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=Telegram}}{{Cite web \|title\=СБУ повідомила про підозру екскерівникам ДП "Антонов", чиї дії призвели до знищення "Мрії" (відео) \|url\=https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu\-povidomyla\-pro\-pidozru\-ekskerivnykam\-dp\-antonov\-chyi\-dii\-pryzvely\-do\-znyshchennia\-mrii\-video \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=SSU \|language\=uk}}{{Cite web \|title\=Destruction of Mriya aircraft: Ukraine's Security Service arrests ex\-CEO of Antonov State Enterprise and serves him with notice of suspicion \|url\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392793/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=Ukrainska Pravda \|language\=en}}
|
[
"### Independent Ukraine",
"[thumb\\|The logo of the state enterprise Antonov in Ukrainian](/wiki/File:Antonov_logo.svg \"Antonov logo.svg\")\n{{Expand section\\|date\\=April 2013}}",
"Antonov Design Bureau remained a state\\-owned company after Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991 and is since regarded as a strategic national asset.",
"#### Expansion to free market",
"[thumb\\|Rollout of the first serially\\-produced [An\\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") at Antonov's hangar in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), 2009\\. An [An\\-124](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 \"Antonov An-124\") under maintenance seen in the far corner of the hangar.](/wiki/File:First_Ukrainian_serial_production_An-148.jpg \"First Ukrainian serial production An-148.jpg\")",
"Since independence, Antonov has certified and marketed both Soviet\\-era and newly developed models for sale in new markets outside of the former soviet sphere of influence. New models introduced to serial production and delivered to customers include the [Antonov An\\-140](/wiki/Antonov_An-140 \"Antonov An-140\"), [Antonov An\\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") and [Antonov An\\-158](/wiki/Antonov_An-158 \"Antonov An-158\") [regional airliners](/wiki/Regional_airliner \"Regional airliner\").",
"Among several modernisation projects, Antonov received orders for upgrading \"hundreds\" of its [An\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") utility planes still in operation in [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") and Russia to the An\\-2\\-100 upgrade version.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\\-rossiya\\-zakazala\\-u\\-antonova\\-usovershenstvovannye\\-kukuruzniki \\| script\\-title\\=ru:Россия заказала у Антонова усовершенствованные кукурузники \\| work\\=\\[\\[Korrespondent]] \\| date\\=11 July 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=4 September 2013 \\| language\\=ru \\| archive\\-date\\=14 August 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112252/http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1579862\\-rossiya\\-zakazala\\-u\\-antonova\\-usovershenstvovannye\\-kukuruzniki \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2014, following the [annexation of the Crimea by Russia](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation \"Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation\"), Ukraine cancelled contracts with Russia, leading to a significant income reduction in Ukraine's defense and aviation industries.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\\-needs\\-russia\\-nicolai\\-petro \\|title\\=Why Ukraine needs Russia more than ever \\|author\\=Nicolai Petro \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=9 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921131939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/ukraine\\-needs\\-russia\\-nicolai\\-petro \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However Ukraine has been slowly recovering the deficit from breaking ties with Russia by entering new markets such as the [Persian Gulf region](/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf \"Arab states of the Persian Gulf\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\\-saudi\\-ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-programme\\-launched.html\\|title\\=Arabian Aerospace \\- New Saudi\\-Ukrainian aircraft programme launched\\|website\\=www.arabianaerospace.aero\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930040655/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/new\\-saudi\\-ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-programme\\-launched.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\\_Discusses\\_Cooperation\\_With\\_UAE\\_in\\_Guided\\_Weapons\\_\\_UAVs\\|title\\=Ukraine Discusses Cooperation With UAE in Guided Weapons, UAVs\\|website\\=www.defenseworld.net\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081147/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/20458/Ukraine\\_Discusses\\_Cooperation\\_With\\_UAE\\_in\\_Guided\\_Weapons\\_\\_UAVs\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and expanding its presence in old ones such as India.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\\-ukraine\\-u\\-s\\-winning\\-indian\\-defense\\-market\\-over\\-russia\\-official.html\\|title\\=Ukraine, U.S. winning Indian defense market over Russia \\- official\\|website\\=www.unian.info\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234201/https://www.unian.info/economics/10084925\\-ukraine\\-u\\-s\\-winning\\-indian\\-defense\\-market\\-over\\-russia\\-official.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.janes.com/defence\\-news\\|title\\=Janes \\| Latest defence and security news\\|website\\=Janes.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912223916/https://www.janes.com/defence\\-news/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\\_to\\_Pitch\\_for\\_Repair\\_\\_Components\\_Supply\\_of\\_USSR\\_Origin\\_Aircraft\\_in\\_India\\|title\\=Ukraine to Pitch for Repair, Components Supply of USSR Origin Aircraft in India \\|website\\= defenseworld.net\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024060136/https://www.defenseworld.net/interview/106/Ukraine\\_to\\_Pitch\\_for\\_Repair\\_\\_Components\\_Supply\\_of\\_USSR\\_Origin\\_Aircraft\\_in\\_India\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\\-politics/ukraine\\-preparing\\-for\\-boosting\\-defense\\-cooperation\\-with\\-africa\\-in\\-aircraft\\-repair\\-area.html\\|title\\=Ukraine preparing for boosting defense cooperation with Africa in aircraft repair area \\| KyivPost \\- Ukraine's Global Voice\\|date\\=25 September 2018\\|website\\=KyivPost\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234200/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine\\-politics/ukraine\\-preparing\\-for\\-boosting\\-defense\\-cooperation\\-with\\-africa\\-in\\-aircraft\\-repair\\-area.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey\\-ukraine\\-advance\\-an\\-188\\-co\\-production\\-talks/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20220414030258/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/27/turkey%2Dukraine%2Dadvance%2Dan%2D188%2Dco%2Dproduction%2Dtalks/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2022\\|title\\=Turkey, Ukraine advance An\\-188 co\\-production talks\\|first\\=Burak Ege\\|last\\=Bekdil\\|date\\=27 July 2018\\|website\\=Defense News\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2018}}",
"In July 2018, Antonov was able to secure a deal with Boeing in order to procure airplane parts which were no longer available due to breakdown of relations with Russia.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-ukraine\\-boeing\\-antonov\\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\\|title\\=Ukraine plane maker turns West with Boeing tie\\-up\\|first\\=Pavel\\|last\\=Polityuk\\|newspaper\\=Reuters \\|date\\=27 July 2018\\|via\\=www.reuters.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124128/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-ukraine\\-boeing\\-antonov\\-idUSKBN1KH0OM\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Production facilities' consolidation",
"During the [Soviet period](/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union \"History of the Soviet Union\"), not all Antonov\\-designed [aircraft](/wiki/Aircraft \"Aircraft\") were manufactured by the company itself. This was a result of Soviet industrial strategy that split military production between different regions of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") to minimise potential war loss risks. As a result, Antonov aeroplanes were often assembled by the specialist [contract manufacturers](/wiki/Contract_manufacturer \"Contract manufacturer\").",
"In 2009, the once\\-independent \"[Aviant](/wiki/Aviant \"Aviant\")\" aeroplane\\-assembling plant in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") became part of Antonov, facilitating a full serial manufacturing cycle of the company. However, the old tradition of co\\-manufacturing with contractors is continued, both with Soviet\\-time partners and with new licensees like [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\")'s [Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company](/wiki/Iran_Aircraft_Manufacturing_Industrial_Company \"Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\\-history?lang\\=en\\|title\\=ANTONOV history\\|website\\=www.antonov.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/about/antonov\\-history?lang\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2018}}",
"In 2014, Antonov produced and delivered only two [An\\-158](/wiki/An-158 \"An-158\") airplanes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\\|title\\=ГП \"Антонов\" подвел итоги 2014 года: Только два новых самолета\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205822/https://www.aex.ru/news/2015/1/26/129591/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This trend continued into 2015, producing one [An\\-148](/wiki/An-148 \"An-148\") and one [An\\-158](/wiki/An-158 \"An-158\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radio.vesti\\-ukr.com/interview/32217\\-andrej\\-haustov\\-poyavilsya\\-shans\\-chto\\-vtoraya\\-mriya\\-obretet\\-svoyu\\-zhizn\\-v\\-nebe\\-.html\\|title\\=Андрей Хаустов: \"Появился шанс, что вторая \"Мрия\" обретет свою жизнь в небе\"\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912160747/http://radio.vesti\\-ukr.com/interview/32217\\-andrej\\-haustov\\-poyavilsya\\-shans\\-chto\\-vtoraya\\-mriya\\-obretet\\-svoyu\\-zhizn\\-v\\-nebe\\-.html\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Since 2016, no aircraft have been produced or delivered to clients.[Зеленский хочет создать госавиакомпанию, летающую на украинских самолетах — Центр транспортных стратегий](https://cfts.org.ua/news/2020/04/22/zelenskiy_khochet_sozdat_gosaviakompaniyu_letayuschuyu_na_ukrainskikh_samoletakh_58415)",
"[thumb\\|[Antonov/Taqnia An\\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 \"Antonov/Taqnia An-132\") roll out ceremony in Kyiv, 20 December 2016](/wiki/File:Antonov_An-132D_roll_out_ceremony_%283%29.jpg \"Antonov An-132D roll out ceremony (3).jpg\")\nIn June 2016, Ukraine's major state\\-owned arms manufacturer [Ukroboronprom](/wiki/Ukroboronprom \"Ukroboronprom\") announced the creation of the [Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation](/wiki/Ukrainian_Aircraft_Corporation \"Ukrainian Aircraft Corporation\") within its structure, thereby combining all aircraft manufacturing enterprises, including the assets of Antonov into a single cluster, according to Ukroboronprom's press service.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-corporation\\-set\\-up\\-on\\-the\\-basis\\-of\\-antonov\\-670283\\.html\\|title\\=UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world\\|website\\=uatoday.tv\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118043424/http://uatoday.tv/society/ukrainian\\-aircraft\\-corporation\\-set\\-up\\-on\\-the\\-basis\\-of\\-antonov\\-670283\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 19 July 2017, the Ukrainian government approved the liquidation of Antonov's assets.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html\\|title\\=Cabinet of Ministers liquidates Concern Antonov \\- 25\\.07\\.2017 17:39 — Ukrinform News\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-27\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html \\|title\\=The Cabinet of Ministers has decided to liquidate State Aircraft Manufacturing Concern Antonov \\|newspaper\\=Ukrinform \\|date\\=26 July 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-economy/2273062\\-cabinet\\-of\\-ministers\\-liquidates\\-concern\\-antonov.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The State Concern \"Antonov\" (a business group, created in 2005 from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management) will be liquidated as a residual corporate entity. Antonov State Company, Kharkiv State Aviation Manufacturing Enterprise and Plant No.410 of Civil Aviation were transferred under the management of another state\\-owned concern Ukroboronprom in 2015\\. Antonov State Company continues to function as an enterprise.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antonov.com/news/520\\|title\\=Following the recent announcement from the Government of Ukraine\\|website\\=antonov.com\\|publisher\\=Antonov State Company\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/news/520\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2018}}",
"On 31 March 2017, the first prototype of a new multifunctional cargo plane [An\\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 \"Antonov/Taqnia An-132\") – a demonstration plane An\\-132D – took to the air from the runway of Sviatoshyn airfield. The An\\-132 development program had been implemented in the framework of a contract with a customer from Saudi Arabia.",
"On 24 February 2022, at the beginning of [Russia's full\\-scale invasion in Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), the first attacks were launched at [Kyiv\\-Antonov\\-2 airfield](/wiki/Hostomel_Airport \"Hostomel Airport\"), the site of Antonov's test flights and home base of the planes of *[Antonov Airlines](/wiki/Antonov_Airlines \"Antonov Airlines\")*. The planes [Аn\\-225 *Mriya*](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\"),{{cite news \\|date\\= 27 February 2022 \\|script\\-title\\= uk:У результаті російської атаки згорів найбільший в світі літак «Мрія» \\|trans\\-title\\= As a result of the Russian attack, the world's largest aircraft \"Mriya\" burned down \\|work\\= \\[\\[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \\|url\\= https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\\-v\\-rezultati\\-rosiyskoyi\\-ataky\\-z\\-horiv\\-naybilshyy\\-v\\-sviti\\-litak\\-mriya\\-/31726400\\.html \\|language\\= en \\|access\\-date\\= 28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228004841/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news\\-v\\-rezultati\\-rosiyskoyi\\-ataky\\-z\\-horiv\\-naybilshyy\\-v\\-sviti\\-litak\\-mriya\\-/31726400\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 28 February 2022 \\|url\\-status\\= live \\|script\\-quote\\= uk:У результаті повітряної атаки російських військ на аеропорт Гостомель під Києвом був спалений один із найбільших та найпотужніших літаків у світі українського виробництва АН\\-225 «Мрія». Про це Радіо Свобода повідомили два поінформованих джерела на підприємстві «Антонов» та підтвердив міський голова міста Буча.\\|trans\\-quote\\= As a result of an air attack by Russian troops on Gostomel Airport near Kyiv, one of the largest and most powerful Ukrainian\\-made AN\\-225 \"Mriya \" aircraft in the world was burned. This was reported to Radio Svoboda by two informed sources at the Antonov enterprise and confirmed by the mayor of Bucha. \\|df\\= dmy\\-all}} [An\\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 \"Antonov An-26\"), [An\\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-74 \"Antonov An-74\") and administrative premises were destroyed. The planes Аn\\-12, Аn\\-22, Аn\\-28, Аn\\-132D and Аn\\-124\\-100\\-150, the hangars and other infrastructure were severely damaged.",
"[The Security Service of Ukraine](/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine \"Security Service of Ukraine\") established that the former director general of Antonov Company Serhiy Bychkov had not provided access to the site for the National Guard in January and February 2022 and thus obstructed preparations for defence.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Служба безпеки України \\|url\\=https://t.me/SBUkr/7424 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=Telegram}}",
"The investigators consider that Bychkov's negligence is the direct cause of the loss of *Mriya*, because the plane could have been sent to Germany long before February 24\\. In March 2023, Serhiy Bychkov was arrested, in April he faced formal suspicion in connection with the loss of An\\-225 *Mriya* and damages to Antonov amounting to ₴8\\.4 million.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Офіс Генерального прокурора \\|url\\=https://t.me/pgo\\_gov\\_ua/10254 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=Telegram}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=СБУ повідомила про підозру екскерівникам ДП \"Антонов\", чиї дії призвели до знищення \"Мрії\" (відео) \\|url\\=https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu\\-povidomyla\\-pro\\-pidozru\\-ekskerivnykam\\-dp\\-antonov\\-chyi\\-dii\\-pryzvely\\-do\\-znyshchennia\\-mrii\\-video \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=SSU \\|language\\=uk}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Destruction of Mriya aircraft: Ukraine's Security Service arrests ex\\-CEO of Antonov State Enterprise and serves him with notice of suspicion \\|url\\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392793/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=Ukrainska Pravda \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Aircraft
--------
Antonov's primary activity has generally been in developing large military [transport aircraft](/wiki/Transport_aircraft "Transport aircraft"), including the world's largest airplanes, chiefly for the [Russian Federation](/wiki/Russian_Federation "Russian Federation") and its predecessor nations.Guttman, Robert: ["Antonov’s Heavy Hauler for Hire,"](https://www.historynet.com/antonovs-heavy-hauler-hire/) July 27, 2018, *[HistoryNet](/wiki/HistoryNet "HistoryNet"),* retrieved February 24, 2022Borys, Christian: ["The world’s biggest plane may have a new mission,"](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170503-the-worlds-biggest-plane-may-have-a-new-mission) May 4, 2017, *[BBC Future](/wiki/BBC_Future "BBC Future"),* retrieved February 24, 2022
Additionally, Antonov has produced [airliners](/wiki/Airliner "Airliner"). It has also produced numerous variants of both transports and airliners, for operations ranging from [air freight](/wiki/Air_freight "Air freight") hauling to military [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance"), command and control operations.
It has also developed various [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation") light aircraft, having originated as a producer of gliders.
### Transports, airliners and derivatives
Antonov's aeroplanes (design office prefix *An*) range from the rugged [An\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") [biplane](/wiki/Biplane "Biplane") through the [An\-28](/wiki/Antonov_An-28 "Antonov An-28") reconnaissance aircraft to the massive [An\-124 Ruslan](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 "Antonov An-124") and [An\-225 Mriya](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") [strategic airlifters](/wiki/Strategic_airlift "Strategic airlift") (the latter being the world's heaviest aircraft and was the only one in service).
Sometimes defunct and sometimes normal, the [An\-24](/wiki/Antonov_An-24 "Antonov An-24"), [An\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 "Antonov An-26"), [An\-30](/wiki/Antonov_An-30 "Antonov An-30") and [An\-32](/wiki/Antonov_An-32 "Antonov An-32") family of twin [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop "Turboprop"), high\-winged, passenger\-cargo\-troop transport aircraft are important for domestic/short\-haul air services particularly in parts of the world once led by communist governments. The [An\-72/An\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-72 "Antonov An-72") series of small jetliners is slowly replacing that fleet, and a larger [An\-70](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 "Antonov An-70") freighter is under certification.
The [Antonov An\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") is a new [regional airliner](/wiki/Regional_airliner "Regional airliner") of twin\-turbofan configuration. Over 150 aircraft have been ordered since 2007\. A stretched version is in development, the [An\-158](/wiki/An-158 "An-158") (from 60–70 to 90–100 passengers).
| Aircraft | Name | Maiden flight | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| [An\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") | *Kukuruznik* | 31 August 1947 | multi\-purpose, biplane, single\-engine utility transport. |
| [An\-2\-100](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") | *Kukuruznik* | 10 July 2013 | An\-2 upgrade version refitted with [Motor Sich](/wiki/Motor_Sich "Motor Sich") [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene "Kerosene")\-fueled engine (instead of original [avgas](/wiki/Avgas "Avgas")). |
| [An\-3](/wiki/Antonov_An-3 "Antonov An-3") | | 13 May 1980 | turboprop conversion of An\-2 |
| [An\-4](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") | | 31 July 1951 | float\-equipped An\-2 |
| [An\-6](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 "Antonov An-2") | *Meteo* | 21 March 1948 | weather [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") aircraft based on An\-2 |
| [An\-8](/wiki/Antonov_An-8 "Antonov An-8") | | 11 February 1956 | medium military transport |
| [An\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 "Antonov An-10") | *Ukraina* | 7 March 1957 | medium turboprop\-powered airliner |
| [An\-11](/wiki/Antonov_A-11 "Antonov A-11") | | 1961 | motorised variant of the A\-11 glider |
| [An\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 "Antonov An-12") | | 16 December 1957 | military turboprop\-powered transport, developed from An\-10 |
| [An\-13](/wiki/Antonov_A-13 "Antonov A-13") | | 1962 | light aircraft developed from the A\-13M motor glider |
| [An\-14](/wiki/Antonov_An-14 "Antonov An-14") | *Pchelka* | 14 March 1958 | light twin\-engine transport |
| [An\-16](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 "Antonov An-10") | | *Cancelled* | projected stretched variant of An\-10 |
| [An\-20](/wiki/Antonov_An-20 "Antonov An-20") | | *Cancelled* | projected large turboprop transport; cancelled in favor of An\-22 |
| [An\-20](/wiki/Antonov_An-20_%281960%29 "Antonov An-20 (1960)") | | *Cancelled* | trainer; competitor to the Yak\-30 and L\-29 |
| [An\-22](/wiki/Antonov_An-22 "Antonov An-22") | *Antei* | 27 February 1965 | extremely large turboprop transport |
| [An\-24](/wiki/Antonov_An-24 "Antonov An-24") | | 20 October 1959 | twin\-turboprop airliner |
| [An\-25](/wiki/Antonov_An-25 "Antonov An-25") | | *Cancelled* | anti\-balloon aircraft |
| [An\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 "Antonov An-26") | | 21 May 1969 | twin\-turboprop transport, derived from An\-24 |
| [An\-28](/wiki/Antonov_An-28 "Antonov An-28") | | 1 September 1974 | twin\-turboprop light transport, developed from An\-14 |
| [An\-30](/wiki/Antonov_An-30_%281965%29 "Antonov An-30 (1965)") | | *Cancelled* | development of An\-14A |
| [An\-30](/wiki/Antonov_An-30 "Antonov An-30") | | 21 August 1967 | An\-24 adapted for aerial photography and mapping |
| [An\-32](/wiki/Antonov_An-32 "Antonov An-32") | | 9 July 1976 | twin\-turboprop hot\-and\-high transport, up\-engine An\-26 airframe |
| [An\-34](/wiki/Antonov_An-24%23Variants "Antonov An-24#Variants") | | 4 September 1961 | initial designation of An\-24T |
| [An\-38](/wiki/Antonov_An-38 "Antonov An-38") | | 23 June 1994 | twin\-turboprop light transport, stretched An\-28 |
| [An\-40](/wiki/List_of_Antonov_An-12_variants%23An-40 "List of Antonov An-12 variants#An-40") | | *Cancelled* | military transport developed from An\-12 |
| [An\-42](/wiki/List_of_Antonov_An-12_variants%23An-42 "List of Antonov An-12 variants#An-42") | | *Cancelled* | version of An\-40 with boundary layer control |
| [An\-44](/wiki/Antonov_An-24%23Variants "Antonov An-24#Variants") | | *Cancelled* | cargo aircraft project developed from An\-24 |
| [An\-50](/wiki/Antonov_An-50 "Antonov An-50") | | *Cancelled* | airliner project, developed from An\-24V |
| [An\-51](/wiki/Antonov_An-51 "Antonov An-51") | | *Cancelled* | civil piston utility aircraft |
| [An\-52](/wiki/Antonov_An-52 "Antonov An-52") | | *Cancelled* | light twin\-piston aircraft |
| {{ill\|Antonov An\-60\|lt\=An\-60\|uk\|Ан\-60}} | | *Cancelled* | projected STOL military transport, utilizing the [Coandă effect](/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect "Coandă effect"); later became the An\-72/An\-74 |
| [An\-70](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 "Antonov An-70") | | 16 December 1994 | large military transport, powered by four [propfan](/wiki/Propfan "Propfan") engines, to replace An\-12 |
| [An\-71](/wiki/Antonov_An-71 "Antonov An-71") | | 12 July 1985 | prototype naval [AWACS](/wiki/Airborne_Early_Warning_and_Control "Airborne Early Warning and Control") development of An\-72 |
| [An\-72](/wiki/Antonov_An-72 "Antonov An-72") | *Cheburashka* | 31 August 1977 | [STOL](/wiki/STOL "STOL") transport, utilizing the Coandă effect |
| [An\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-74 "Antonov An-74") | *Cheburashka* | 29 November 1983 | civil version of An\-72; version with engines below wings is called An\-74TK\-300{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?q\=An\-74TK\-300\|title\=Aviation Photo Search\|website\=Airliners.net\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|archive\-date\=7 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107120842/http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?q\=An\-74TK\-300\|url\-status\=live}} |
| [An\-77](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 "Antonov An-70") | | | proposed modernized version of An\-70 with Western avionics and engines |
| {{ill\|Antonov An\-80\|lt\=An\-80\|uk\|Ан\-80}} | | *Cancelled* | projected airliner version of An\-72/An\-74 |
| [An\-91](/wiki/Antonov_An-91 "Antonov An-91") | | *Cancelled* | twin\-engine cabin monoplane development of Cessna 310 |
| [An\-102](/wiki/Antonov_An-102 "Antonov An-102") | | *Cancelled* | light agricultural aircraft |
| [An\-122](/wiki/Antonov_An-122 "Antonov An-122") | | *Cancelled* | further development of An\-22 |
| [An\-124](/wiki/Antonov_An-124_Ruslan "Antonov An-124 Ruslan") | *Ruslan* | 26 December 1982 | [strategic airlifter](/wiki/Strategic_airlift "Strategic airlift"); largest aircraft ever [mass\-produced](/wiki/Mass_production "Mass production") |
| [An\-126](/wiki/Antonov_An-126 "Antonov An-126") | | *Cancelled* | heavy transport aircraft project |
| [An\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 "Antonov/Taqnia An-132") | | 31 March 2017 | transport aircraft based on An\-32; cancelled in 2019 |
| [An\-140](/wiki/Antonov_An-140 "Antonov An-140") | | 17 September 1997 | short\-range turboprop airliner, to replace An\-24 |
| [An\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") | | 17 December 2004 | regional jet for 68–85 passengers |
| [An\-158](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") | | 28 April 2010 | stretched version of An\-148 for 99 passengers |
| [An\-168](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 "Antonov An-148") | | 28 April 2010 | business variant of An\-148; now called An\-148\-300 |
| [An\-170](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 "Antonov An-70") | | | proposed stretched An\-70 |
| [An\-171](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 "Antonov An-70") | | | proposed maritime patrol version of An\-170 |
| [An\-174](/wiki/Antonov_An-174 "Antonov An-174") | | *Cancelled* | enlarged An\-74 with engines below wings |
| [An\-178](/wiki/Antonov_An-178 "Antonov An-178") | | 7 May 2015 | military transport based on the An\-158 |
| [An\-180](/wiki/Antonov_An-180 "Antonov An-180") | | *Cancelled* | medium propfan airliner, around 175 passengers |
| [An\-181](/wiki/Antonov_181 "Antonov 181") | *Handiwork* | *Cancelled* | experimental aircraft |
| [An\-188](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 "Antonov An-70") | | | proposed transport aircraft project based on An\-70 |
| [An\-218](/wiki/Antonov_An-218 "Antonov An-218") | | *Cancelled* | propfan\- or turbofan\-powered widebody airliner |
| [An\-224](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") | | *Cancelled* | Original proposal of An\-225 with rear cargo door. |
| [An\-225](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") | *Mriya* | 21 December 1988 | An\-124 derived strategic airlifter. The largest aircraft ever built; only one put into service. Destroyed in the [Battle of Antonov Airport](/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport "Battle of Antonov Airport") in February 2022\.{{Cite web \|last\=Thomas \|first\=Geoffrey \|date\=2022\-02\-28 \|title\=AN\-225 destroyed by Russian forces at Gostomel \|url\=https://www.airlineratings.com/news/225\-destroyed\-russian\-forces\-gostomel/ \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-28 \|website\=Airline Ratings \|language\=en\-AU}} |
| {{ill\|Antonov An\-248\|lt\=An\-248\|uk\|Ан\-248}} | | *Cancelled* | projected airliner version of An\-225, to compete with the Airbus A380 |
| {{ill\|Antonov An\-318\|lt\=An\-318\|uk\|Ан\-318}} | | *Cancelled* | A planned trijet to compete with the DC\-10 and L\-1011 TriStar{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\-318\.htm\|title\=Antonov An\-318\|website\=www.globalsecurity.org\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-21\|archive\-date\=21 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221125516/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\-318\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} |
| [An\-325](/wiki/Antonov_An-325 "Antonov An-325") | | *Cancelled* | planned enlarged, eight\-engine version of An\-225, intended for launching rockets |
| {{ill\|Antonov An\-418\|lt\=An\-418\|uk\|Ан\-418}} | | *Cancelled* | a planned airliner version of the An\-124 that could compete with the Airbus A380{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\-418\.htm\|title\=Antonov An\-418\|website\=www.globalsecurity.org\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-21\|archive\-date\=21 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221125505/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\-418\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} |
| [An\-714](/wiki/Antonov_An-14 "Antonov An-14") | | 20 October 1970 | modification of An\-14 with air cushion landing gear |
| {{no wrap\|{{ill\|Antonov An\-Be\-20\|lt\=An\-Be\-20\|uk\|Ан\-Бе\-20}}}} | | *Cancelled* | projected small trijet airliner to replace the Li\-2, Il\-12 and Il\-14, developed in cooperation with Beriev. Cancelled in favor of the Yakovlev Yak\-40, which was also in development at the time. |
| {{ill\|Antonov An\-BK\-1\|lt\=An\-BK\-1\|uk\|Горлиця (безпілотний авіаційний комплекс)}} | *Gorlitsa* | 8 November 2017 | planned multipurpose UAV |
| [DT\-5/8](/wiki/Antonov_DT-5/8 "Antonov DT-5/8") | | *Cancelled* | projected large twin\-engine transport |
| [E\-153](/wiki/Antonov_E-153 "Antonov E-153") | | *Cancelled* | flying testbed for aircraft 'M' |
| [GPS](/wiki/Antonov_GPS "Antonov GPS") | | *Cancelled* | small twin\-engine utility transport |
| [OKA\-38](/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch "Fieseler Fi 156 Storch") | *Aist* | 1939 | Copy of Fieseler Fi 156 |
| [Li\-2V](/wiki/Antonov_Li-2V "Antonov Li-2V") | | 1940 | high\-altitude research aircraft, converted from a Lisunov Li\-2 |
| [M](/wiki/Antonov_%27M%27 "Antonov 'M'") | *Masha* | *Cancelled* | projected jet fighter |
| [N](/wiki/Antonov_%27N%27 "Antonov 'N'") | | *Cancelled* | projected twin turboprop airliner based on the An\-8 |
| [P](/wiki/Antonov_%27P%27 "Antonov 'P'") | | *Cancelled* | projected twin jet engine transport based on the An\-8 |
| [R](/wiki/Antonov_%27R%27 "Antonov 'R'") | | *Cancelled* | projected twin turboprop airliner based on the An\-8 |
| [SKV](/wiki/Antonov_SKV "Antonov SKV") | *Partizanskii* | *Cancelled* | Basis for An\-14 |
| [T\-2M](/wiki/Antonov_T-2M_Maverick "Antonov T-2M Maverick") | *Maverick* | 1 January 1990 | [ultralight trike](/wiki/Ultralight_trike "Ultralight trike") for recreational club use and [special forces](/wiki/Special_forces "Special forces") requirements |
| [VP](/wiki/Antonov_VP "Antonov VP") | *Utka* | *Cancelled* | experimental air trailer (tow glider) |
| [Yu](/wiki/Antonov_%27Yu%27 "Antonov 'Yu'") | | *Cancelled* | projected large turboprop transport |
|
### Gliders
{{Expand section\|date\=April 2013}}
| Aircraft | Name | Maiden flight | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [A\-1](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | 1930 | single\-seat training glider |
| [A\-2](/wiki/Antonov_A-2 "Antonov A-2") | | 1936 | two\-seat training glider derived from the A\-1 |
| [A\-3](/wiki/Antonov_A-3 "Antonov A-3") | *Molodv* | | |
| [A\-6](/wiki/Antonov_A-6 "Antonov A-6") | | | |
| [A\-7](/wiki/Antonov_A-7 "Antonov A-7") | | 1942 | military glider |
| [A\-9](/wiki/Antonov_A-9 "Antonov A-9") | | 1948 | single\-seat sailplane developed from the RF\-7 |
| [A\-10](/wiki/Antonov_A-9 "Antonov A-9") | | 1952 | two\-seat sailplane developed from the A\-9 |
| [A\-11](/wiki/Antonov_A-11 "Antonov A-11") | | 1958 | |
| [A\-13](/wiki/Antonov_A-13 "Antonov A-13") | | 1958 | |
| [A\-15](/wiki/Antonov_A-15 "Antonov A-15") | | 1960 | |
| [BS\-3](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | 1934 | training glider |
| [BS\-4](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | 1935 | training glider |
| [BS\-5](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") (OKA\-31\) | | 1936 | training glider |
| [DIP](/wiki/Antonov_DIP "Antonov DIP") (OKA\-14\) | *Dognat i peregna* | 1932 | record glider developed from OKA\-6 |
| [IP](/wiki/Antonov_IP "Antonov IP") | | | |
| [LEM\-2](/wiki/Antonov_LEM-2 "Antonov LEM-2") (OKA\-37\) | | 1937 | motor glider |
| [M\-1](/wiki/Antonov_M-1 "Antonov M-1") | | 1933 | |
| [M\-2](/wiki/Antonov_M-2 "Antonov M-2") | | | |
| [M\-3](/wiki/Antonov_M-3 "Antonov M-3") (OKA\-24\) | | 1934 | |
| [M\-4](/wiki/Antonov_M-4 "Antonov M-4") (OKA\-29\) | | | |
| [M\-5](/wiki/Antonov_M-5 "Antonov M-5") (OKA\-30\) | | 1936 | |
| [OKA\-1](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-1 "Antonov OKA-1") | *Golub* | 1924 | |
| [OKA\-2](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-2 "Antonov OKA-2") | | 1925 | |
| [OKA\-3](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-3 "Antonov OKA-3") | | 1928 | |
| [OKA\-5](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | *Standard\-2* | 1930 | |
| [OKA\-6](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-6 "Antonov OKA-6") | *Gorod Lenina* | 1930 | |
| [OKA\-7](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-7 "Antonov OKA-7") | *Bubik* | 1930 | |
| [OKA\-13](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-13 "Antonov OKA-13") | *Chest Uslovii Stalina* | 1932 | |
| [OKA\-21](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-21 "Antonov OKA-21") | | 1933 | training glider based on DIP |
| [PS\-1](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") (OKA\-11\) | | | training glider |
| [PS\-2](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") (OKA\-12\) | | | training glider |
| [RF\-1](/wiki/Antonov_RF-1 "Antonov RF-1") (OKA\-17\) | | 1933 | |
| [RF\-2](/wiki/Antonov_RF-2 "Antonov RF-2") (OKA\-18\) | | 1933 | |
| [RF\-3](/wiki/Antonov_RF-3 "Antonov RF-3") (OKA\-19\) | | 1933 | |
| [RF\-4](/wiki/Antonov_RF-4 "Antonov RF-4") (OKA\-20\) | | 1933 | |
| [RF\-5](/wiki/Antonov_RF-5 "Antonov RF-5") (OKA\-23\) | | 1934 | |
| [RF\-6](/wiki/Antonov_RF-6 "Antonov RF-6") (OKA\-28\) | | | |
| [RF\-7](/wiki/Antonov_RF-7 "Antonov RF-7") | | 1937 | sports glider |
| [RF\-8](/wiki/Antonov_A-7 "Antonov A-7") | | 1941 | troop glider, enlarged RF\-7; redesignated A\-7 |
| [US\-1](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | 1931 | training glider |
| [US\-2](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | 1931 | training glider |
| [US\-3](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | 1932 | training glider, first mass\-produced Soviet glider |
| [US\-4](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 "Antonov A-1") | | | training glider, redesignated A\-1 |
| [US\-5](/wiki/Antonov_A-2 "Antonov A-2") (OKA\-32\) | | 1936 | training glider |
| [US\-6](/wiki/Antonov_A-2 "Antonov A-2") | | | training glider, redesignated A\-2 |
|
[
"Aircraft\n--------",
"Antonov's primary activity has generally been in developing large military [transport aircraft](/wiki/Transport_aircraft \"Transport aircraft\"), including the world's largest airplanes, chiefly for the [Russian Federation](/wiki/Russian_Federation \"Russian Federation\") and its predecessor nations.Guttman, Robert: [\"Antonov’s Heavy Hauler for Hire,\"](https://www.historynet.com/antonovs-heavy-hauler-hire/) July 27, 2018, *[HistoryNet](/wiki/HistoryNet \"HistoryNet\"),* retrieved February 24, 2022Borys, Christian: [\"The world’s biggest plane may have a new mission,\"](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170503-the-worlds-biggest-plane-may-have-a-new-mission) May 4, 2017, *[BBC Future](/wiki/BBC_Future \"BBC Future\"),* retrieved February 24, 2022",
"Additionally, Antonov has produced [airliners](/wiki/Airliner \"Airliner\"). It has also produced numerous variants of both transports and airliners, for operations ranging from [air freight](/wiki/Air_freight \"Air freight\") hauling to military [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\"), command and control operations.",
"It has also developed various [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") light aircraft, having originated as a producer of gliders.",
"### Transports, airliners and derivatives",
"Antonov's aeroplanes (design office prefix *An*) range from the rugged [An\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") [biplane](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\") through the [An\\-28](/wiki/Antonov_An-28 \"Antonov An-28\") reconnaissance aircraft to the massive [An\\-124 Ruslan](/wiki/Antonov_An-124 \"Antonov An-124\") and [An\\-225 Mriya](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") [strategic airlifters](/wiki/Strategic_airlift \"Strategic airlift\") (the latter being the world's heaviest aircraft and was the only one in service).",
"Sometimes defunct and sometimes normal, the [An\\-24](/wiki/Antonov_An-24 \"Antonov An-24\"), [An\\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 \"Antonov An-26\"), [An\\-30](/wiki/Antonov_An-30 \"Antonov An-30\") and [An\\-32](/wiki/Antonov_An-32 \"Antonov An-32\") family of twin [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop \"Turboprop\"), high\\-winged, passenger\\-cargo\\-troop transport aircraft are important for domestic/short\\-haul air services particularly in parts of the world once led by communist governments. The [An\\-72/An\\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-72 \"Antonov An-72\") series of small jetliners is slowly replacing that fleet, and a larger [An\\-70](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 \"Antonov An-70\") freighter is under certification.",
"The [Antonov An\\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") is a new [regional airliner](/wiki/Regional_airliner \"Regional airliner\") of twin\\-turbofan configuration. Over 150 aircraft have been ordered since 2007\\. A stretched version is in development, the [An\\-158](/wiki/An-158 \"An-158\") (from 60–70 to 90–100 passengers).",
"",
"| Aircraft | Name | Maiden flight | Remarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n| [An\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") | *Kukuruznik* | 31 August 1947 | multi\\-purpose, biplane, single\\-engine utility transport. |\n| [An\\-2\\-100](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") | *Kukuruznik* | 10 July 2013 | An\\-2 upgrade version refitted with [Motor Sich](/wiki/Motor_Sich \"Motor Sich\") [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene \"Kerosene\")\\-fueled engine (instead of original [avgas](/wiki/Avgas \"Avgas\")). |\n| [An\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_An-3 \"Antonov An-3\") | | 13 May 1980 | turboprop conversion of An\\-2 |\n| [An\\-4](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") | | 31 July 1951 | float\\-equipped An\\-2 |\n| [An\\-6](/wiki/Antonov_An-2 \"Antonov An-2\") | *Meteo* | 21 March 1948 | weather [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\") aircraft based on An\\-2 |\n| [An\\-8](/wiki/Antonov_An-8 \"Antonov An-8\") | | 11 February 1956 | medium military transport |\n| [An\\-10](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 \"Antonov An-10\") | *Ukraina* | 7 March 1957 | medium turboprop\\-powered airliner |\n| [An\\-11](/wiki/Antonov_A-11 \"Antonov A-11\") | | 1961 | motorised variant of the A\\-11 glider |\n| [An\\-12](/wiki/Antonov_An-12 \"Antonov An-12\") | | 16 December 1957 | military turboprop\\-powered transport, developed from An\\-10 |\n| [An\\-13](/wiki/Antonov_A-13 \"Antonov A-13\") | | 1962 | light aircraft developed from the A\\-13M motor glider |\n| [An\\-14](/wiki/Antonov_An-14 \"Antonov An-14\") | *Pchelka* | 14 March 1958 | light twin\\-engine transport |\n| [An\\-16](/wiki/Antonov_An-10 \"Antonov An-10\") | | *Cancelled* | projected stretched variant of An\\-10 |\n| [An\\-20](/wiki/Antonov_An-20 \"Antonov An-20\") | | *Cancelled* | projected large turboprop transport; cancelled in favor of An\\-22 |\n| [An\\-20](/wiki/Antonov_An-20_%281960%29 \"Antonov An-20 (1960)\") | | *Cancelled* | trainer; competitor to the Yak\\-30 and L\\-29 |\n| [An\\-22](/wiki/Antonov_An-22 \"Antonov An-22\") | *Antei* | 27 February 1965 | extremely large turboprop transport |\n| [An\\-24](/wiki/Antonov_An-24 \"Antonov An-24\") | | 20 October 1959 | twin\\-turboprop airliner |\n| [An\\-25](/wiki/Antonov_An-25 \"Antonov An-25\") | | *Cancelled* | anti\\-balloon aircraft |\n| [An\\-26](/wiki/Antonov_An-26 \"Antonov An-26\") | | 21 May 1969 | twin\\-turboprop transport, derived from An\\-24 |\n| [An\\-28](/wiki/Antonov_An-28 \"Antonov An-28\") | | 1 September 1974 | twin\\-turboprop light transport, developed from An\\-14 |\n| [An\\-30](/wiki/Antonov_An-30_%281965%29 \"Antonov An-30 (1965)\") | | *Cancelled* | development of An\\-14A |\n| [An\\-30](/wiki/Antonov_An-30 \"Antonov An-30\") | | 21 August 1967 | An\\-24 adapted for aerial photography and mapping |\n| [An\\-32](/wiki/Antonov_An-32 \"Antonov An-32\") | | 9 July 1976 | twin\\-turboprop hot\\-and\\-high transport, up\\-engine An\\-26 airframe |\n| [An\\-34](/wiki/Antonov_An-24%23Variants \"Antonov An-24#Variants\") | | 4 September 1961 | initial designation of An\\-24T |\n| [An\\-38](/wiki/Antonov_An-38 \"Antonov An-38\") | | 23 June 1994 | twin\\-turboprop light transport, stretched An\\-28 |\n| [An\\-40](/wiki/List_of_Antonov_An-12_variants%23An-40 \"List of Antonov An-12 variants#An-40\") | | *Cancelled* | military transport developed from An\\-12 |\n| [An\\-42](/wiki/List_of_Antonov_An-12_variants%23An-42 \"List of Antonov An-12 variants#An-42\") | | *Cancelled* | version of An\\-40 with boundary layer control |\n| [An\\-44](/wiki/Antonov_An-24%23Variants \"Antonov An-24#Variants\") | | *Cancelled* | cargo aircraft project developed from An\\-24 |\n| [An\\-50](/wiki/Antonov_An-50 \"Antonov An-50\") | | *Cancelled* | airliner project, developed from An\\-24V |\n| [An\\-51](/wiki/Antonov_An-51 \"Antonov An-51\") | | *Cancelled* | civil piston utility aircraft |\n| [An\\-52](/wiki/Antonov_An-52 \"Antonov An-52\") | | *Cancelled* | light twin\\-piston aircraft |\n| {{ill\\|Antonov An\\-60\\|lt\\=An\\-60\\|uk\\|Ан\\-60}} | | *Cancelled* | projected STOL military transport, utilizing the [Coandă effect](/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect \"Coandă effect\"); later became the An\\-72/An\\-74 |\n| [An\\-70](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 \"Antonov An-70\") | | 16 December 1994 | large military transport, powered by four [propfan](/wiki/Propfan \"Propfan\") engines, to replace An\\-12 |\n| [An\\-71](/wiki/Antonov_An-71 \"Antonov An-71\") | | 12 July 1985 | prototype naval [AWACS](/wiki/Airborne_Early_Warning_and_Control \"Airborne Early Warning and Control\") development of An\\-72 |\n| [An\\-72](/wiki/Antonov_An-72 \"Antonov An-72\") | *Cheburashka* | 31 August 1977 | [STOL](/wiki/STOL \"STOL\") transport, utilizing the Coandă effect |\n| [An\\-74](/wiki/Antonov_An-74 \"Antonov An-74\") | *Cheburashka* | 29 November 1983 | civil version of An\\-72; version with engines below wings is called An\\-74TK\\-300{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?q\\=An\\-74TK\\-300\\|title\\=Aviation Photo Search\\|website\\=Airliners.net\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107120842/http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?q\\=An\\-74TK\\-300\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| [An\\-77](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 \"Antonov An-70\") | | | proposed modernized version of An\\-70 with Western avionics and engines |\n| {{ill\\|Antonov An\\-80\\|lt\\=An\\-80\\|uk\\|Ан\\-80}} | | *Cancelled* | projected airliner version of An\\-72/An\\-74 |\n| [An\\-91](/wiki/Antonov_An-91 \"Antonov An-91\") | | *Cancelled* | twin\\-engine cabin monoplane development of Cessna 310 |\n| [An\\-102](/wiki/Antonov_An-102 \"Antonov An-102\") | | *Cancelled* | light agricultural aircraft |\n| [An\\-122](/wiki/Antonov_An-122 \"Antonov An-122\") | | *Cancelled* | further development of An\\-22 |\n| [An\\-124](/wiki/Antonov_An-124_Ruslan \"Antonov An-124 Ruslan\") | *Ruslan* | 26 December 1982 | [strategic airlifter](/wiki/Strategic_airlift \"Strategic airlift\"); largest aircraft ever [mass\\-produced](/wiki/Mass_production \"Mass production\") |\n| [An\\-126](/wiki/Antonov_An-126 \"Antonov An-126\") | | *Cancelled* | heavy transport aircraft project |\n| [An\\-132](/wiki/Antonov/Taqnia_An-132 \"Antonov/Taqnia An-132\") | | 31 March 2017 | transport aircraft based on An\\-32; cancelled in 2019 |\n| [An\\-140](/wiki/Antonov_An-140 \"Antonov An-140\") | | 17 September 1997 | short\\-range turboprop airliner, to replace An\\-24 |\n| [An\\-148](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") | | 17 December 2004 | regional jet for 68–85 passengers |\n| [An\\-158](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") | | 28 April 2010 | stretched version of An\\-148 for 99 passengers |\n| [An\\-168](/wiki/Antonov_An-148 \"Antonov An-148\") | | 28 April 2010 | business variant of An\\-148; now called An\\-148\\-300 |\n| [An\\-170](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 \"Antonov An-70\") | | | proposed stretched An\\-70 |\n| [An\\-171](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 \"Antonov An-70\") | | | proposed maritime patrol version of An\\-170 |\n| [An\\-174](/wiki/Antonov_An-174 \"Antonov An-174\") | | *Cancelled* | enlarged An\\-74 with engines below wings |\n| [An\\-178](/wiki/Antonov_An-178 \"Antonov An-178\") | | 7 May 2015 | military transport based on the An\\-158 |\n| [An\\-180](/wiki/Antonov_An-180 \"Antonov An-180\") | | *Cancelled* | medium propfan airliner, around 175 passengers |\n| [An\\-181](/wiki/Antonov_181 \"Antonov 181\") | *Handiwork* | *Cancelled* | experimental aircraft |\n| [An\\-188](/wiki/Antonov_An-70 \"Antonov An-70\") | | | proposed transport aircraft project based on An\\-70 |\n| [An\\-218](/wiki/Antonov_An-218 \"Antonov An-218\") | | *Cancelled* | propfan\\- or turbofan\\-powered widebody airliner |\n| [An\\-224](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") | | *Cancelled* | Original proposal of An\\-225 with rear cargo door. |\n| [An\\-225](/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") | *Mriya* | 21 December 1988 | An\\-124 derived strategic airlifter. The largest aircraft ever built; only one put into service. Destroyed in the [Battle of Antonov Airport](/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport \"Battle of Antonov Airport\") in February 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Thomas \\|first\\=Geoffrey \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=AN\\-225 destroyed by Russian forces at Gostomel \\|url\\=https://www.airlineratings.com/news/225\\-destroyed\\-russian\\-forces\\-gostomel/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-28 \\|website\\=Airline Ratings \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} |\n| {{ill\\|Antonov An\\-248\\|lt\\=An\\-248\\|uk\\|Ан\\-248}} | | *Cancelled* | projected airliner version of An\\-225, to compete with the Airbus A380 |\n| {{ill\\|Antonov An\\-318\\|lt\\=An\\-318\\|uk\\|Ан\\-318}} | | *Cancelled* | A planned trijet to compete with the DC\\-10 and L\\-1011 TriStar{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\\-318\\.htm\\|title\\=Antonov An\\-318\\|website\\=www.globalsecurity.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221125516/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\\-318\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| [An\\-325](/wiki/Antonov_An-325 \"Antonov An-325\") | | *Cancelled* | planned enlarged, eight\\-engine version of An\\-225, intended for launching rockets |\n| {{ill\\|Antonov An\\-418\\|lt\\=An\\-418\\|uk\\|Ан\\-418}} | | *Cancelled* | a planned airliner version of the An\\-124 that could compete with the Airbus A380{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\\-418\\.htm\\|title\\=Antonov An\\-418\\|website\\=www.globalsecurity.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221125505/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/an\\-418\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| [An\\-714](/wiki/Antonov_An-14 \"Antonov An-14\") | | 20 October 1970 | modification of An\\-14 with air cushion landing gear |\n| {{no wrap\\|{{ill\\|Antonov An\\-Be\\-20\\|lt\\=An\\-Be\\-20\\|uk\\|Ан\\-Бе\\-20}}}} | | *Cancelled* | projected small trijet airliner to replace the Li\\-2, Il\\-12 and Il\\-14, developed in cooperation with Beriev. Cancelled in favor of the Yakovlev Yak\\-40, which was also in development at the time. |\n| {{ill\\|Antonov An\\-BK\\-1\\|lt\\=An\\-BK\\-1\\|uk\\|Горлиця (безпілотний авіаційний комплекс)}} | *Gorlitsa* | 8 November 2017 | planned multipurpose UAV |\n| [DT\\-5/8](/wiki/Antonov_DT-5/8 \"Antonov DT-5/8\") | | *Cancelled* | projected large twin\\-engine transport |\n| [E\\-153](/wiki/Antonov_E-153 \"Antonov E-153\") | | *Cancelled* | flying testbed for aircraft 'M' |\n| [GPS](/wiki/Antonov_GPS \"Antonov GPS\") | | *Cancelled* | small twin\\-engine utility transport |\n| [OKA\\-38](/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch \"Fieseler Fi 156 Storch\") | *Aist* | 1939 | Copy of Fieseler Fi 156 |\n| [Li\\-2V](/wiki/Antonov_Li-2V \"Antonov Li-2V\") | | 1940 | high\\-altitude research aircraft, converted from a Lisunov Li\\-2 |\n| [M](/wiki/Antonov_%27M%27 \"Antonov 'M'\") | *Masha* | *Cancelled* | projected jet fighter |\n| [N](/wiki/Antonov_%27N%27 \"Antonov 'N'\") | | *Cancelled* | projected twin turboprop airliner based on the An\\-8 |\n| [P](/wiki/Antonov_%27P%27 \"Antonov 'P'\") | | *Cancelled* | projected twin jet engine transport based on the An\\-8 |\n| [R](/wiki/Antonov_%27R%27 \"Antonov 'R'\") | | *Cancelled* | projected twin turboprop airliner based on the An\\-8 |\n| [SKV](/wiki/Antonov_SKV \"Antonov SKV\") | *Partizanskii* | *Cancelled* | Basis for An\\-14 |\n| [T\\-2M](/wiki/Antonov_T-2M_Maverick \"Antonov T-2M Maverick\") | *Maverick* | 1 January 1990 | [ultralight trike](/wiki/Ultralight_trike \"Ultralight trike\") for recreational club use and [special forces](/wiki/Special_forces \"Special forces\") requirements |\n| [VP](/wiki/Antonov_VP \"Antonov VP\") | *Utka* | *Cancelled* | experimental air trailer (tow glider) |\n| [Yu](/wiki/Antonov_%27Yu%27 \"Antonov 'Yu'\") | | *Cancelled* | projected large turboprop transport |\n|",
"### Gliders",
"{{Expand section\\|date\\=April 2013}}",
"| Aircraft | Name | Maiden flight | Remarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [A\\-1](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | 1930 | single\\-seat training glider |\n| [A\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_A-2 \"Antonov A-2\") | | 1936 | two\\-seat training glider derived from the A\\-1 |\n| [A\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_A-3 \"Antonov A-3\") | *Molodv* | | |\n| [A\\-6](/wiki/Antonov_A-6 \"Antonov A-6\") | | | |\n| [A\\-7](/wiki/Antonov_A-7 \"Antonov A-7\") | | 1942 | military glider |\n| [A\\-9](/wiki/Antonov_A-9 \"Antonov A-9\") | | 1948 | single\\-seat sailplane developed from the RF\\-7 |\n| [A\\-10](/wiki/Antonov_A-9 \"Antonov A-9\") | | 1952 | two\\-seat sailplane developed from the A\\-9 |\n| [A\\-11](/wiki/Antonov_A-11 \"Antonov A-11\") | | 1958 | |\n| [A\\-13](/wiki/Antonov_A-13 \"Antonov A-13\") | | 1958 | |\n| [A\\-15](/wiki/Antonov_A-15 \"Antonov A-15\") | | 1960 | |\n| [BS\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | 1934 | training glider |\n| [BS\\-4](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | 1935 | training glider |\n| [BS\\-5](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") (OKA\\-31\\) | | 1936 | training glider |\n| [DIP](/wiki/Antonov_DIP \"Antonov DIP\") (OKA\\-14\\) | *Dognat i peregna* | 1932 | record glider developed from OKA\\-6 |\n| [IP](/wiki/Antonov_IP \"Antonov IP\") | | | |\n| [LEM\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_LEM-2 \"Antonov LEM-2\") (OKA\\-37\\) | | 1937 | motor glider |\n| [M\\-1](/wiki/Antonov_M-1 \"Antonov M-1\") | | 1933 | |\n| [M\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_M-2 \"Antonov M-2\") | | | |\n| [M\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_M-3 \"Antonov M-3\") (OKA\\-24\\) | | 1934 | |\n| [M\\-4](/wiki/Antonov_M-4 \"Antonov M-4\") (OKA\\-29\\) | | | |\n| [M\\-5](/wiki/Antonov_M-5 \"Antonov M-5\") (OKA\\-30\\) | | 1936 | |\n| [OKA\\-1](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-1 \"Antonov OKA-1\") | *Golub* | 1924 | |\n| [OKA\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-2 \"Antonov OKA-2\") | | 1925 | |\n| [OKA\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-3 \"Antonov OKA-3\") | | 1928 | |\n| [OKA\\-5](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | *Standard\\-2* | 1930 | |\n| [OKA\\-6](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-6 \"Antonov OKA-6\") | *Gorod Lenina* | 1930 | |\n| [OKA\\-7](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-7 \"Antonov OKA-7\") | *Bubik* | 1930 | |\n| [OKA\\-13](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-13 \"Antonov OKA-13\") | *Chest Uslovii Stalina* | 1932 | |\n| [OKA\\-21](/wiki/Antonov_OKA-21 \"Antonov OKA-21\") | | 1933 | training glider based on DIP |\n| [PS\\-1](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") (OKA\\-11\\) | | | training glider |\n| [PS\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") (OKA\\-12\\) | | | training glider |\n| [RF\\-1](/wiki/Antonov_RF-1 \"Antonov RF-1\") (OKA\\-17\\) | | 1933 | |\n| [RF\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_RF-2 \"Antonov RF-2\") (OKA\\-18\\) | | 1933 | |\n| [RF\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_RF-3 \"Antonov RF-3\") (OKA\\-19\\) | | 1933 | |\n| [RF\\-4](/wiki/Antonov_RF-4 \"Antonov RF-4\") (OKA\\-20\\) | | 1933 | |\n| [RF\\-5](/wiki/Antonov_RF-5 \"Antonov RF-5\") (OKA\\-23\\) | | 1934 | |\n| [RF\\-6](/wiki/Antonov_RF-6 \"Antonov RF-6\") (OKA\\-28\\) | | | |\n| [RF\\-7](/wiki/Antonov_RF-7 \"Antonov RF-7\") | | 1937 | sports glider |\n| [RF\\-8](/wiki/Antonov_A-7 \"Antonov A-7\") | | 1941 | troop glider, enlarged RF\\-7; redesignated A\\-7 |\n| [US\\-1](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | 1931 | training glider |\n| [US\\-2](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | 1931 | training glider |\n| [US\\-3](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | 1932 | training glider, first mass\\-produced Soviet glider |\n| [US\\-4](/wiki/Antonov_A-1 \"Antonov A-1\") | | | training glider, redesignated A\\-1 |\n| [US\\-5](/wiki/Antonov_A-2 \"Antonov A-2\") (OKA\\-32\\) | | 1936 | training glider |\n| [US\\-6](/wiki/Antonov_A-2 \"Antonov A-2\") | | | training glider, redesignated A\\-2 |",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
### Pre\-fansubs (pre–1970s)
The first documented Japanese animation to be distributed in the United States was *[The Tale of the White Serpent](/wiki/Panda_and_the_Magic_Serpent "Panda and the Magic Serpent")* airing on March 15, 1961\.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} Until the late 1970s, Japanese community TV stations' broadcasts were aimed exclusive at very young children.{{Cite book \|last1\=Feilitzen \|first1\=Cecilia von \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qRBkYQWTsDgC\&q\=late\+1970s,\+Japanese\+community\+TV\+stations'\+broadcasts\+were\+aimed\+exclusive\+at\+very\+young\+children \|title\=In the Service of Young People?: Studies and Reflections on Media in the Digital Age \|last2\=Carlsson \|first2\=Ulla \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, Nordicom, Göteborg University \|isbn\=978\-91\-89471\-35\-1 \|pages\=405 \|language\=en}} Soon after the release video cassette recorders in November 1975,{{Cite book \|last\=Grabowski \|first\=John F. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=tVpmDwAAQBAJ\&dq\=Soon\+after\+the\+release\+video\+cassette\+recorders\+in\+November\+1975\&pg\=PA64 \|title\=Television \|date\=2011\-02\-23 \|publisher\=Greenhaven Publishing LLC \|isbn\=978\-1\-4205\-0665\-5 \|pages\=64 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-11 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042648/https://books.google.com/books?id\=tVpmDwAAQBAJ\&dq\=Soon\+after\+the\+release\+video\+cassette\+recorders\+in\+November\+1975\&pg\=PA64\#v\=onepage\&q\=Soon%20after%20the%20release%20video%20cassette%20recorders%20in%20November%201975\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} post\-*[Astro Boy](/wiki/Astro_Boy "Astro Boy")* anime began to spread throughout the United States.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-09\-24 \|title\=The Global Influence Of Japanese Manga On Western Cartoons \- Toons Mag \|url\=https://www.toonsmag.com/the\-global\-influence\-of\-japanese\-manga/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|website\=www.toonsmag.com \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407085125/https://www.toonsmag.com/the\-global\-influence\-of\-japanese\-manga/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Jozuka \|first\=Emiko \|date\=2019\-07\-29 \|title\=How anime shaped Japan's global identity \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan\-anime\-global\-identity\-hnk\-intl/index.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|website\=CNN \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412121152/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan\-anime\-global\-identity\-hnk\-intl/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} By March 1976, TV stations in the United States began broadcasting [super robot](/wiki/Super_robot "Super robot") shows such as *[Getter Robo](/wiki/Getter_Robo "Getter Robo")*,{{Citation \|title\=Gettâ robo \|type\=Animation, Action, Adventure \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275838/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|others\=Akira Kamiya, Ken'ichi Ogata, Rihoko Yoshida \|publisher\=Asatsu\-DK, Dynamic Planning, Toei Animation \|archive\-date\=2023\-02\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217142452/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275838/ \|url\-status\=live }} and due to the availability of VCRs, fans could record these shows to show to their friends. [Fred Patten](/wiki/Fred_Patten "Fred Patten") describes his first exposure to anime at the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society (LASFS) in 1976 when he met up with another fan who was an early adopter of Sony's [betamax](/wiki/Betamax "Betamax") technology. By May 1977 he and a group of fans founded the first anime club in the United States, the Cartoon/Fantasy Organization (C/FO).Leonard, Sean. [Progress against the law: Anime and fandom, with the key to the globalization of culture](http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/281) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617150643/http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/281 \|date\=2010\-06\-17 }} International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9 2005; vol. 8: pp. 281–305\.
In November 1977, the C/FO began corresponding with other [Japanese animation](/wiki/Japanese_animation "Japanese animation") fans across the country and because the distribution of shows across the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") was different based on location, fans began trading tapes of shows they were missing between each other.{{Cite web \|title\=Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation \|url\=https://web.mit.edu/mit\-Japan/outreach/working\-papers/Sean%20Leonard.PDF \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|website\=groups.csail.mit.edu \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407085125/https://web.mit.edu/mit\-Japan/outreach/working\-papers/Sean%20Leonard.PDF \|url\-status\=live }} At the time many LASFS members maintained contact with members around the world, and thus C/FO members began exchanging videos with fans located in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), typically [US military](/wiki/US_military "US military") personnel, who wanted *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")* and *[Battlestar Galactica](/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica "Battlestar Galactica")*. Fortunately, shows from either the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") or [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") could be played in either region as both used the [NTSC](/wiki/NTSC "NTSC") format for broadcast. These shows were not translated; however, Japanese animations remained simple enough that the average viewer could discern the plot exclusively from the visuals. By 1979, fans and clubs of Japanese animation had begun to separate from the science fiction movement and began to refer to the media they watched as anime.
Throughout this period it was considered socially acceptable to screen anime for an audience without the publisher's consent, as few companies had American offices, and the few that did would invariably refuse to grant permission. Japanese companies made it apparent that they knew fans in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") engaged in unauthorized distribution and screening, but also knew that fans were not profiting. Japanese companies asked fans to help them publicize; for instance, [Toei Animation](/wiki/Toei_Animation "Toei Animation") asked the C/FO to aid it with some marketing research at [San Diego Comic\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con "San Diego Comic-Con"). Starting in 1978, Japanese companies tried to set up their own American divisions; however, with the exception of the film *[The Sea Prince and the Fire Child](/wiki/The_Sea_Prince_and_the_Fire_Child "The Sea Prince and the Fire Child")* which was licensed to RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, they realized they were not going to succeed in the American market and the last American anime company branch closed in 1982\.
### Growth of anime fanclubs (1980s)
After anime companies pulled out of the United States in 1982,{{Cite book \|last1\=Daliot\-Bul \|first1\=Michael \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=j\_gFEAAAQBAJ\&dq\=anime\+companies\+pulled\+out\+of\+the\+United\+States\+in\+1982\&pg\=PA24 \|title\=The Anime Boom in the United States: Lessons for Global Creative Industries \|last2\=Otmazgin \|first2\=Nissim \|date\=2020\-10\-26 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=978\-1\-68417\-581\-9 \|pages\=24 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-11 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042653/https://books.google.com/books?id\=j\_gFEAAAQBAJ\&dq\=anime\+companies\+pulled\+out\+of\+the\+United\+States\+in\+1982\&pg\=PA24\#v\=onepage\&q\=anime%20companies%20pulled%20out%20of%20the%20United%20States%20in%201982\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} there were no longer any legal or moral forces to discourage fans from copying and distributing tapes among themselves. From the late 1970s until the late 1980s, clubs began expanding to have chapters in other cities and grew to become of national and international scales. As the fandom grew, fans begun to experience ideological conflicts such as whether to keep the fandom niche or not. The visual quality of tapes began to degrade as fans made copies of copies; by the early 1980s some C/FO members reported tapes in their 15th to 20th generation that were extremely poor quality. In the mid to late 1980s, fans began to make booklets containing the translated dialogue for entire films (typically $2–3 to cover costs) and anime\-focused magazines.
Despite numerous attempts, any efforts to convince US companies to license Japanese animation failed, with the exception of a handful of companies that were intent on "carving up" series to rewrite them into children's cartoons. Sean Leonard states that entertainment executives at the time mistakenly believed that anime were, like Western cartoons, predominantly aimed at young children; furthermore, Japanese animated dramas and such were much too violent and complex in plot for children. Leonard states that the most notorious example was the translation of [*Warriors of the Wind*](/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_%28film%29 "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)"), released in the US in 1985, which left its creators [Hayao Miyazaki](/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki "Hayao Miyazaki") and [Isao Takahata](/wiki/Isao_Takahata "Isao Takahata") appalled; Takahata exclaimed that licensing Nausicaä was a huge error and that no further [Studio Ghibli](/wiki/Studio_Ghibli "Studio Ghibli") produced films would be licensed internationally. These edits however were no worse than most other non\-Disney animation films that were available in the US. Fans who obtained the Japanese originals of *Nausicaä* were inspired to organize an anime tour to Tokyo in 1986 to see Miyazaki's *[Laputa: Castle in the Sky](/wiki/Laputa:Castle_in_the_Sky "Castle in the Sky")* and landmarks in anime.
[Carl Macek](/wiki/Carl_Macek "Carl Macek") played a key role in expanding the North American anime fandom. Macek ran a comic book and movie memorabilia specialty shop. After assisting in marketing and promotion of *[Heavy Metal](/wiki/Heavy_Metal_%28magazine%29 "Heavy Metal (magazine)")* and the recent establishment of a nearby C/FO chapter, he began researching Japanese animation and imported Japanese cels, becoming known as a Japanese animation specialist. [Harmony Gold](/wiki/Harmony_Gold_USA "Harmony Gold USA"), who had acquired international licenses for several series and planned to distribute them in Latin America, Europe, and the US, reached out to Macek and enlisted his help for the US market. After noticing Harmony Gold's selection of *[Macross](/wiki/Macross "Macross")* and similar science fiction series, Macek obtained Harmony Gold's approval to edit three anime series together into a single unified series named *[Robotech](/wiki/Robotech "Robotech")*. Macek went to science fiction conventions to promote the series and discovered a growing cult following among adolescents and young adults, in contrast to his initial assumption that the series could be exclusively targeted toward children. Macek edited *[Macross](/wiki/Macross "Macross")*, *[Southern Cross](/wiki/Southern_Cross "Southern Cross")*, and *[Genesis Climber MOSPEADA](/wiki/Genesis_Climber_MOSPEADA "Genesis Climber MOSPEADA")* together into *Robotech*, which became a major commercial success and earned him significant recognition within the fanbase. Leonard describes *Robotech* as being more faithful to the original series than any other commercially successful North American anime release in its era, noting that *Robotech* included key elements such as the first love triangle on both Japanese and American animated television.
The C/FO was at its height between 1985 and 1989, with over three dozen chapters throughout the US. [John Renault](/wiki/John_Renault "John Renault") helped lead the C/FO chapter in Japan and played a key role throughout fansub history due to his Japanese fluency, anime industry contacts, and military background. Renault helped exchange raws from Japan, wrote informative articles about production, translated booklets, introduced military techniques to anime distribution, and provided plot synopses that proved invaluable for watching Japan\-exclusive anime. Fan distribution through C/FO's efforts, particularly C/FO Rising Sun, sought to keep anime free (but controlled within the C/FO organization) in order to promote Japanese animation. Bootlegging at the time was economically infeasible; accordingly, access to anime in North America was heavily dependent on one's contacts within anime fan communities, leading to a growing divide in fandom between the "haves" and "have\-nots". In 1989 members began to accuse Patten of disloyalty for writing articles for general magazines rather than the perpetually behind\-schedule C/FO fanzine. However, Patten felt that, by writing for popular magazines, he was furthering their cause to proselytize and promote anime. After Patten stepped down{{When\|date\=April 2024}} with no clear successor, the C/FO began to break apart, and eventually ceased to exist as a conglomerate in July 1989\.
### Early fansubs (1980s)
The first known fansub documented at the Rising Sun chapter of the C/FO was in 1986 of a *[Lupin III](/wiki/Lupin_III "Lupin III")* episode produced on the [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga "Amiga"), marking the introduction of the formula for the process of fansubbing.{{Cn\|date\=April 2024}} However, fansubbing was extremely expensive at this time (on the order of $4000 in 1986 and over one hundred hours). There were a few ventures into subtitling in the late 1980s; Leonard labels the fansub of the first two episodes of *[Ranma ½](/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD "Ranma ½")* in May 1989 as the earliest widely distributed fansub.
### Distribution and playback (1990s, early 2000s)
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, fansubs were primarily distributed through physical means like VHS or Beta tapes and mailed CD\-Rs.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} Many fans did not have high\-speed Internet and were unable to download large files. Many of the early digital fansubs were made from regular tape subs.{{Cite book \|last\=Kearns \|first\=John \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7ewPDjORphEC\&dq\=Many\+of\+the\+early\+digital\+fansubs\+were\+made\+from\+regular\+tape\+subs\&pg\=PA161 \|title\=Translator and Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates \|date\=2008\-05\-12 \|publisher\=A\&C Black \|isbn\=978\-1\-4411\-4057\-9 \|pages\=161 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-11 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042633/https://books.google.com/books?id\=7ewPDjORphEC\&dq\=Many\+of\+the\+early\+digital\+fansubs\+were\+made\+from\+regular\+tape\+subs\&pg\=PA161\#v\=onepage\&q\=Many%20of%20the%20early%20digital%20fansubs%20were%20made%20from%20regular%20tape%20subs\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} In the mid\-2000s, most fansubs were distributed through IRC channels,{{Cite book \|last1\=Ito \|first1\=Mizuko \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FpOzAwAAQBAJ\&dq\=fansubs\+were\+distributed\+through\+IRC\+channel\&pg\=PA184 \|title\=Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World \|last2\=Okabe \|first2\=Daisuke \|last3\=Tsuji \|first3\=Izumi \|date\=2012\-02\-28 \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-15864\-9 \|pages\=184 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-11 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042639/https://books.google.com/books?id\=FpOzAwAAQBAJ\&dq\=fansubs\+were\+distributed\+through\+IRC\+channel\&pg\=PA184\#v\=onepage\&q\=fansubs%20were%20distributed%20through%20IRC%20channel\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} [file hosting services](/wiki/File_hosting_service "File hosting service") and [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent "BitTorrent"). In recent years, most fansub groups have moved from IRC to [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent "BitTorrent") distribution. Dedicated anime trackers make finding the latest releases easy, while groups often have their own websites for release updates. File size standards are less strict due to the lack of [CD\-R](/wiki/CD-R "CD-R") and [DVD\-R](/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R") reliance.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Pre\\-fansubs (pre–1970s)",
"The first documented Japanese animation to be distributed in the United States was *[The Tale of the White Serpent](/wiki/Panda_and_the_Magic_Serpent \"Panda and the Magic Serpent\")* airing on March 15, 1961\\.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}} Until the late 1970s, Japanese community TV stations' broadcasts were aimed exclusive at very young children.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Feilitzen \\|first1\\=Cecilia von \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qRBkYQWTsDgC\\&q\\=late\\+1970s,\\+Japanese\\+community\\+TV\\+stations'\\+broadcasts\\+were\\+aimed\\+exclusive\\+at\\+very\\+young\\+children \\|title\\=In the Service of Young People?: Studies and Reflections on Media in the Digital Age \\|last2\\=Carlsson \\|first2\\=Ulla \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, Nordicom, Göteborg University \\|isbn\\=978\\-91\\-89471\\-35\\-1 \\|pages\\=405 \\|language\\=en}} Soon after the release video cassette recorders in November 1975,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Grabowski \\|first\\=John F. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tVpmDwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Soon\\+after\\+the\\+release\\+video\\+cassette\\+recorders\\+in\\+November\\+1975\\&pg\\=PA64 \\|title\\=Television \\|date\\=2011\\-02\\-23 \\|publisher\\=Greenhaven Publishing LLC \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4205\\-0665\\-5 \\|pages\\=64 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042648/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tVpmDwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Soon\\+after\\+the\\+release\\+video\\+cassette\\+recorders\\+in\\+November\\+1975\\&pg\\=PA64\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=Soon%20after%20the%20release%20video%20cassette%20recorders%20in%20November%201975\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }} post\\-*[Astro Boy](/wiki/Astro_Boy \"Astro Boy\")* anime began to spread throughout the United States.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-24 \\|title\\=The Global Influence Of Japanese Manga On Western Cartoons \\- Toons Mag \\|url\\=https://www.toonsmag.com/the\\-global\\-influence\\-of\\-japanese\\-manga/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|website\\=www.toonsmag.com \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407085125/https://www.toonsmag.com/the\\-global\\-influence\\-of\\-japanese\\-manga/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Jozuka \\|first\\=Emiko \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=How anime shaped Japan's global identity \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan\\-anime\\-global\\-identity\\-hnk\\-intl/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|website\\=CNN \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412121152/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan\\-anime\\-global\\-identity\\-hnk\\-intl/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} By March 1976, TV stations in the United States began broadcasting [super robot](/wiki/Super_robot \"Super robot\") shows such as *[Getter Robo](/wiki/Getter_Robo \"Getter Robo\")*,{{Citation \\|title\\=Gettâ robo \\|type\\=Animation, Action, Adventure \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275838/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|others\\=Akira Kamiya, Ken'ichi Ogata, Rihoko Yoshida \\|publisher\\=Asatsu\\-DK, Dynamic Planning, Toei Animation \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217142452/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275838/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and due to the availability of VCRs, fans could record these shows to show to their friends. [Fred Patten](/wiki/Fred_Patten \"Fred Patten\") describes his first exposure to anime at the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society (LASFS) in 1976 when he met up with another fan who was an early adopter of Sony's [betamax](/wiki/Betamax \"Betamax\") technology. By May 1977 he and a group of fans founded the first anime club in the United States, the Cartoon/Fantasy Organization (C/FO).Leonard, Sean. [Progress against the law: Anime and fandom, with the key to the globalization of culture](http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/281) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617150643/http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/281 \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-17 }} International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9 2005; vol. 8: pp. 281–305\\.",
"In November 1977, the C/FO began corresponding with other [Japanese animation](/wiki/Japanese_animation \"Japanese animation\") fans across the country and because the distribution of shows across the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") was different based on location, fans began trading tapes of shows they were missing between each other.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation \\|url\\=https://web.mit.edu/mit\\-Japan/outreach/working\\-papers/Sean%20Leonard.PDF \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|website\\=groups.csail.mit.edu \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407085125/https://web.mit.edu/mit\\-Japan/outreach/working\\-papers/Sean%20Leonard.PDF \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At the time many LASFS members maintained contact with members around the world, and thus C/FO members began exchanging videos with fans located in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), typically [US military](/wiki/US_military \"US military\") personnel, who wanted *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\")* and *[Battlestar Galactica](/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica \"Battlestar Galactica\")*. Fortunately, shows from either the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") or [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") could be played in either region as both used the [NTSC](/wiki/NTSC \"NTSC\") format for broadcast. These shows were not translated; however, Japanese animations remained simple enough that the average viewer could discern the plot exclusively from the visuals. By 1979, fans and clubs of Japanese animation had begun to separate from the science fiction movement and began to refer to the media they watched as anime.",
"Throughout this period it was considered socially acceptable to screen anime for an audience without the publisher's consent, as few companies had American offices, and the few that did would invariably refuse to grant permission. Japanese companies made it apparent that they knew fans in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") engaged in unauthorized distribution and screening, but also knew that fans were not profiting. Japanese companies asked fans to help them publicize; for instance, [Toei Animation](/wiki/Toei_Animation \"Toei Animation\") asked the C/FO to aid it with some marketing research at [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\"). Starting in 1978, Japanese companies tried to set up their own American divisions; however, with the exception of the film *[The Sea Prince and the Fire Child](/wiki/The_Sea_Prince_and_the_Fire_Child \"The Sea Prince and the Fire Child\")* which was licensed to RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, they realized they were not going to succeed in the American market and the last American anime company branch closed in 1982\\.",
"### Growth of anime fanclubs (1980s)",
"After anime companies pulled out of the United States in 1982,{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Daliot\\-Bul \\|first1\\=Michael \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=j\\_gFEAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=anime\\+companies\\+pulled\\+out\\+of\\+the\\+United\\+States\\+in\\+1982\\&pg\\=PA24 \\|title\\=The Anime Boom in the United States: Lessons for Global Creative Industries \\|last2\\=Otmazgin \\|first2\\=Nissim \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-26 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-68417\\-581\\-9 \\|pages\\=24 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042653/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=j\\_gFEAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=anime\\+companies\\+pulled\\+out\\+of\\+the\\+United\\+States\\+in\\+1982\\&pg\\=PA24\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=anime%20companies%20pulled%20out%20of%20the%20United%20States%20in%201982\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }} there were no longer any legal or moral forces to discourage fans from copying and distributing tapes among themselves. From the late 1970s until the late 1980s, clubs began expanding to have chapters in other cities and grew to become of national and international scales. As the fandom grew, fans begun to experience ideological conflicts such as whether to keep the fandom niche or not. The visual quality of tapes began to degrade as fans made copies of copies; by the early 1980s some C/FO members reported tapes in their 15th to 20th generation that were extremely poor quality. In the mid to late 1980s, fans began to make booklets containing the translated dialogue for entire films (typically $2–3 to cover costs) and anime\\-focused magazines.",
"Despite numerous attempts, any efforts to convince US companies to license Japanese animation failed, with the exception of a handful of companies that were intent on \"carving up\" series to rewrite them into children's cartoons. Sean Leonard states that entertainment executives at the time mistakenly believed that anime were, like Western cartoons, predominantly aimed at young children; furthermore, Japanese animated dramas and such were much too violent and complex in plot for children. Leonard states that the most notorious example was the translation of [*Warriors of the Wind*](/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_%28film%29 \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)\"), released in the US in 1985, which left its creators [Hayao Miyazaki](/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki \"Hayao Miyazaki\") and [Isao Takahata](/wiki/Isao_Takahata \"Isao Takahata\") appalled; Takahata exclaimed that licensing Nausicaä was a huge error and that no further [Studio Ghibli](/wiki/Studio_Ghibli \"Studio Ghibli\") produced films would be licensed internationally. These edits however were no worse than most other non\\-Disney animation films that were available in the US. Fans who obtained the Japanese originals of *Nausicaä* were inspired to organize an anime tour to Tokyo in 1986 to see Miyazaki's *[Laputa: Castle in the Sky](/wiki/Laputa:Castle_in_the_Sky \"Castle in the Sky\")* and landmarks in anime.",
"[Carl Macek](/wiki/Carl_Macek \"Carl Macek\") played a key role in expanding the North American anime fandom. Macek ran a comic book and movie memorabilia specialty shop. After assisting in marketing and promotion of *[Heavy Metal](/wiki/Heavy_Metal_%28magazine%29 \"Heavy Metal (magazine)\")* and the recent establishment of a nearby C/FO chapter, he began researching Japanese animation and imported Japanese cels, becoming known as a Japanese animation specialist. [Harmony Gold](/wiki/Harmony_Gold_USA \"Harmony Gold USA\"), who had acquired international licenses for several series and planned to distribute them in Latin America, Europe, and the US, reached out to Macek and enlisted his help for the US market. After noticing Harmony Gold's selection of *[Macross](/wiki/Macross \"Macross\")* and similar science fiction series, Macek obtained Harmony Gold's approval to edit three anime series together into a single unified series named *[Robotech](/wiki/Robotech \"Robotech\")*. Macek went to science fiction conventions to promote the series and discovered a growing cult following among adolescents and young adults, in contrast to his initial assumption that the series could be exclusively targeted toward children. Macek edited *[Macross](/wiki/Macross \"Macross\")*, *[Southern Cross](/wiki/Southern_Cross \"Southern Cross\")*, and *[Genesis Climber MOSPEADA](/wiki/Genesis_Climber_MOSPEADA \"Genesis Climber MOSPEADA\")* together into *Robotech*, which became a major commercial success and earned him significant recognition within the fanbase. Leonard describes *Robotech* as being more faithful to the original series than any other commercially successful North American anime release in its era, noting that *Robotech* included key elements such as the first love triangle on both Japanese and American animated television.",
"The C/FO was at its height between 1985 and 1989, with over three dozen chapters throughout the US. [John Renault](/wiki/John_Renault \"John Renault\") helped lead the C/FO chapter in Japan and played a key role throughout fansub history due to his Japanese fluency, anime industry contacts, and military background. Renault helped exchange raws from Japan, wrote informative articles about production, translated booklets, introduced military techniques to anime distribution, and provided plot synopses that proved invaluable for watching Japan\\-exclusive anime. Fan distribution through C/FO's efforts, particularly C/FO Rising Sun, sought to keep anime free (but controlled within the C/FO organization) in order to promote Japanese animation. Bootlegging at the time was economically infeasible; accordingly, access to anime in North America was heavily dependent on one's contacts within anime fan communities, leading to a growing divide in fandom between the \"haves\" and \"have\\-nots\". In 1989 members began to accuse Patten of disloyalty for writing articles for general magazines rather than the perpetually behind\\-schedule C/FO fanzine. However, Patten felt that, by writing for popular magazines, he was furthering their cause to proselytize and promote anime. After Patten stepped down{{When\\|date\\=April 2024}} with no clear successor, the C/FO began to break apart, and eventually ceased to exist as a conglomerate in July 1989\\.",
"### Early fansubs (1980s)",
"The first known fansub documented at the Rising Sun chapter of the C/FO was in 1986 of a *[Lupin III](/wiki/Lupin_III \"Lupin III\")* episode produced on the [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga \"Amiga\"), marking the introduction of the formula for the process of fansubbing.{{Cn\\|date\\=April 2024}} However, fansubbing was extremely expensive at this time (on the order of $4000 in 1986 and over one hundred hours). There were a few ventures into subtitling in the late 1980s; Leonard labels the fansub of the first two episodes of *[Ranma ½](/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD \"Ranma ½\")* in May 1989 as the earliest widely distributed fansub.",
"### Distribution and playback (1990s, early 2000s)",
"In the late 1990s and early 2000s, fansubs were primarily distributed through physical means like VHS or Beta tapes and mailed CD\\-Rs.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}} Many fans did not have high\\-speed Internet and were unable to download large files. Many of the early digital fansubs were made from regular tape subs.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kearns \\|first\\=John \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7ewPDjORphEC\\&dq\\=Many\\+of\\+the\\+early\\+digital\\+fansubs\\+were\\+made\\+from\\+regular\\+tape\\+subs\\&pg\\=PA161 \\|title\\=Translator and Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates \\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-12 \\|publisher\\=A\\&C Black \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4411\\-4057\\-9 \\|pages\\=161 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042633/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7ewPDjORphEC\\&dq\\=Many\\+of\\+the\\+early\\+digital\\+fansubs\\+were\\+made\\+from\\+regular\\+tape\\+subs\\&pg\\=PA161\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=Many%20of%20the%20early%20digital%20fansubs%20were%20made%20from%20regular%20tape%20subs\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In the mid\\-2000s, most fansubs were distributed through IRC channels,{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Ito \\|first1\\=Mizuko \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FpOzAwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=fansubs\\+were\\+distributed\\+through\\+IRC\\+channel\\&pg\\=PA184 \\|title\\=Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World \\|last2\\=Okabe \\|first2\\=Daisuke \\|last3\\=Tsuji \\|first3\\=Izumi \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-28 \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-15864\\-9 \\|pages\\=184 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042639/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FpOzAwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=fansubs\\+were\\+distributed\\+through\\+IRC\\+channel\\&pg\\=PA184\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=fansubs%20were%20distributed%20through%20IRC%20channel\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [file hosting services](/wiki/File_hosting_service \"File hosting service\") and [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent \"BitTorrent\"). In recent years, most fansub groups have moved from IRC to [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent \"BitTorrent\") distribution. Dedicated anime trackers make finding the latest releases easy, while groups often have their own websites for release updates. File size standards are less strict due to the lack of [CD\\-R](/wiki/CD-R \"CD-R\") and [DVD\\-R](/wiki/DVD-R \"DVD-R\") reliance.",
""
] |
Legal and ethical issues
------------------------
Hye\-Kyung Lee, a lecturer at [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London "King's College London"), states that anime fansubbers embody the general characteristics of fans described by John Fiske: fansubbers are motivated by a strong affection for anime, devotion to sharing it with other fans, a sense of community interaction with their viewers, a desire to work collaboratively in a group, and a strong desire to support the local animation industry by promoting anime culture and widening anime's accessibility. Lee describes fansubbers as involved in productive activities that enhance their knowledge of anime, improve their skills, and develop a final product.{{cite journal \|url\=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory\-media\-fandom\-a\-case\-study\-of\-anime\-fansubbing%28cbe6bb0d\-e49b\-4457\-ba3f\-68e701547f41%29\.html \|last\=Lee \|first\=Hye\-Kyung \|title\=Participatory media fandom: a case study of anime fansubbing \|journal\=Media, Culture \& Society \|date\=November 2011 \|volume\=33 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=1131–1147 \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-04 \|doi\=10\.1177/0163443711418271 \|s2cid\=143091243 \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053624/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory\-media\-fandom\-a\-case\-study\-of\-anime\-fansubbing%28cbe6bb0d\-e49b\-4457\-ba3f\-68e701547f41%29\.html \|url\-status\=live }} The goal of the first anime club, Cartoon Fantasy Organization, and its subsequent chapters was to proselytize and promote anime. Sean Leonard and Lee agree that without fan distribution that began in the 1970s and 1980s, the anime industry would not take off as it did in the 1990s. Some companies such as [Protoculture Addicts](/wiki/Protoculture_Addicts "Protoculture Addicts") with its titular magazine and [Viz Media](/wiki/Viz_Media "Viz Media") with *[Animerica](/wiki/Animerica "Animerica")* drew their origins from anime club fanzines in the early history of fansubs.
Lee describes an unspoken rule in the early fan community: "once the anime was licensed the fansubbed version should no longer be circulated". As a result, many fansubbers do not view themselves as pirates.{{cite news \| last\=Solomon \| first\=Charles \| title\=File Share and Share Alike \| work\=New York Times \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/arts/21solo.html?ex\=1282276800\&en\=91a6bf6f3813c78f\&ei\=5090\&partner\=geartest\&emc\=rss \| date\=August 21, 2005 \| access\-date\=September 24, 2009 \| archive\-date\=April 27, 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042638/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/arts/file\-share\-and\-share\-alike.html \| url\-status\=live }} Sean Leonard distinguishes fansubs from bootlegs in this period, arguing that fansubs followed that unspoken rule, whereas bootlegs aimed to make a profit. Many fansubs began to include a "This is a free fansub: not for sale, rent, or auction" disclaimer as a response to bootleggers, and would encourage viewers to buy official copies. As fansubbing was so expensive in the 1980s, and official Western releases of anime were rare and often poor\-quality, bootlegging tended to be financially infeasible during this period.
Early fansubs would often have markedly worse visual quality than official releases, as the VHS tapes of fansubs would deteriorate from repeated copying; this reduced the level of competition between fansubs and official releases. During the 1980s, US publishers typically found fansubbing useful for testing demand and broadening their fanbase, whereas Japanese publishers treat fansubbing as something remote and insignificant. Lee states that some Japanese producers even praised fansubbers' efforts at promoting their work overseas. However, ongoing technological advancement complicated that relationship. As subtitling became more affordable in the 1990s, both fansubbing and official Western releases of anime enjoyed an upswing. Further advances in the twenty\-first century made each step of the fansubbing process easier and cheaper, and the visual standards of fansubs improved dramatically.
These technological developments were also coupled with shifts in how fansubs were produced and distributed. Fansubs began to be shared mostly online, first on [IRC](/wiki/IRC "IRC") and then over [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29 "BitTorrent (protocol)").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2008\-03\-11 \|title\=Interview With The Fansubber \|work\=Anime News Network \|date\=March 11, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2009 \|archive\-date\=March 31, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331023918/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2008\-03\-11 \|url\-status\=live }} The move to the Internet also enabled the globalization of the fansubbing community; although English remained the dominant language among fansubbers, the consumption of fansubs expanded worldwide. This globalization was one factor in fansubbers moving away from their earlier aim of not competing against the official releases: because anime might only be licensed to certain international markets, some fansubbers argue that they would be abandoning the rest of the world if they stopped circulating fansubs of series that received official US releases. Fansubbers have also continued to subtitle and release shows owned by companies that significantly edit the shows they own, such as [4Kids](/wiki/4Kids "4Kids").{{efn\|4Kids attempted an uncut re\-release of their shows ''\[\[Shaman King]]'' and ''\[\[Yu\-Gi\-Oh]]'' in the 2000s, but 4Kids CEO Alfred Kahn stated that their sales fell short of the company's expectations, and so their production was discontinued.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2005\-04\-24/alfred\-r\-kahn \|title\=Alfred R. Kahn \|work\=Anime News Network \|date\=April 24, 2005 \|access\-date\=September 24, 2009 \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717062849/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2005\-04\-24/alfred\-r\-kahn \|url\-status\=live }}}}{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} The change in fansubbers' attitudes may also derive from shifts in the attitudes of their consumers: fans began to demand greater immediacy in the digital era, and the lower barrier of entry facilitated the emergence of casual fans who were less willing to purchase and collect DVDs.
The anime industry's views on fansubbing hardened as fansubs became more widespread. The 1993 [Anime Expo](/wiki/Anime_Expo "Anime Expo") was the first time when US industry representatives publicly discussed the ways in which pre\-existing copies were eating into profits. In the 2000s, US companies have gone farther, and directly blamed fansubbers for the decline in DVD sales. Representatives of companies such as [Geneon](/wiki/Geneon "Geneon") and ADV Films have publicly criticized fansubs.{{cite web\|url\=http://animeondvd.com/forum/showtopic.php?tid/19708/tp/12/\|title\=Why do R1 companies suddenly hate us?\|publisher\=AnimeonDVD.com\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200506/http://animeondvd.com/forum/showtopic.php?tid%2F19708%2Ftp%2F12%2F\|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-27\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=July 19, 2007}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime\-central/advfilms\|title\=Anime Central 2007 – ADV Films\|last\=Koulikov\|first\=Mikhail\|date\=May 12, 2007\|work\=Anime News Network\|access\-date\=July 19, 2007\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715010638/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime\-central/advfilms\|url\-status\=live}} Japanese copyright holders have also begun to take action against fansubs. The Japanese copyright society [JASRAC](/wiki/JASRAC "JASRAC") began requesting takedowns against YouTube\-based fansubs during the 2000s,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jasrac.or.jp/release/06/12\_2\.html\|title\=Press release\|publisher\=Jasrac.or.jp\|access\-date\=July 19, 2007\|archive\-date\=June 23, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623013009/http://www.jasrac.or.jp/release/06/12\_2\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} and groups such as [Media Factory](/wiki/Media_Factory "Media Factory") and [Nippon TV](/wiki/Nippon_TV "Nippon TV") have requested that their works be removed from download sites.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}}
Some figures from the anime industry still maintain a positive view of fansubs. For instance, Steve Kleckner of [Tokyopop](/wiki/Tokyopop "Tokyopop") described fansubs as "flattering \[rather than] threatening", and stated that fansubs provided publishers with a means to identify what media their customer base might want to see.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script\-ed/vol2\-4/hatcher.asp\#sdendnote175anc\|title\=Of Otakus and Fansubs\|author\=Hatcher, Jordan\|publisher\=\[\[University of Edinburgh]]\|access\-date\=September 24, 2009\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217024839/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/SCRIPT\-ed/vol2\-4/hatcher.asp%23Quality\#sdendnote175anc\|url\-status\=live}}
Intellectual property lawyer Jordan Hatcher situates fansubs on the boundary between the desirable [doujinshi](/wiki/Doujinshi "Doujinshi") fan culture and the "massive online file trading so vilified by the recording and motion picture industries". Legal scholar [Lawrence Lessig](/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig "Lawrence Lessig") states that the re\-working of culture—remix—is necessary for cultural growth, and points to doujinshi in Japan as an example of how permitting remixes can contribute to a vibrant cultural industry. However, Hatcher states that fansubs are not analogous to this type of remix because their aim is to remain faithful to the original. Furthermore, Hatcher states that fansubs compete with the original cultural product since they have the potential to replace the market need for official translations, thus creating a similar situation to the debate over [peer\-to\-peer](/wiki/Peer-to-peer "Peer-to-peer") file trading. Conversely, [Henry Jenkins](/wiki/Henry_Jenkins "Henry Jenkins") has argued that fansubbing has a positive impact on the anime industry through its function as publicity.{{cite web \| author\=Jenkins, Henry \| title\=When Piracy becomes Promotion \| work\=Reason Magazine \| url\=http://www.reason.com/news/show/116788\.html \| date\=December 2006 \| access\-date\=September 24, 2009 \| archive\-date\=September 3, 2009 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903113644/http://reason.com/news/show/116788\.html \| url\-status\=dead }}
Hatcher states that copyright law does not condone fansubs. The [Berne Convention](/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"), an international copyright treaty, states that its signatories—including Japan—grant authors exclusive right to translation. Hatcher states that fansubs could "potentially" be legal within Japan given the nature of Japan's domestic copyright laws, although the target audience of fansubs is the non\-Japanese market. However, Hatcher notes that copyright law in the United States—the frame of reference for most online discussions of fansub legality—construes translations as derivative, and holds that fansubs infringe on the author's right to prepare derivative works{{citation needed \|date\=August 2014}} and to reproduction by copying original source material.
|
[
"Legal and ethical issues\n------------------------",
"Hye\\-Kyung Lee, a lecturer at [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London \"King's College London\"), states that anime fansubbers embody the general characteristics of fans described by John Fiske: fansubbers are motivated by a strong affection for anime, devotion to sharing it with other fans, a sense of community interaction with their viewers, a desire to work collaboratively in a group, and a strong desire to support the local animation industry by promoting anime culture and widening anime's accessibility. Lee describes fansubbers as involved in productive activities that enhance their knowledge of anime, improve their skills, and develop a final product.{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory\\-media\\-fandom\\-a\\-case\\-study\\-of\\-anime\\-fansubbing%28cbe6bb0d\\-e49b\\-4457\\-ba3f\\-68e701547f41%29\\.html \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Hye\\-Kyung \\|title\\=Participatory media fandom: a case study of anime fansubbing \\|journal\\=Media, Culture \\& Society \\|date\\=November 2011 \\|volume\\=33 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=1131–1147 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-04 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0163443711418271 \\|s2cid\\=143091243 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053624/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory\\-media\\-fandom\\-a\\-case\\-study\\-of\\-anime\\-fansubbing%28cbe6bb0d\\-e49b\\-4457\\-ba3f\\-68e701547f41%29\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The goal of the first anime club, Cartoon Fantasy Organization, and its subsequent chapters was to proselytize and promote anime. Sean Leonard and Lee agree that without fan distribution that began in the 1970s and 1980s, the anime industry would not take off as it did in the 1990s. Some companies such as [Protoculture Addicts](/wiki/Protoculture_Addicts \"Protoculture Addicts\") with its titular magazine and [Viz Media](/wiki/Viz_Media \"Viz Media\") with *[Animerica](/wiki/Animerica \"Animerica\")* drew their origins from anime club fanzines in the early history of fansubs.",
"Lee describes an unspoken rule in the early fan community: \"once the anime was licensed the fansubbed version should no longer be circulated\". As a result, many fansubbers do not view themselves as pirates.{{cite news \\| last\\=Solomon \\| first\\=Charles \\| title\\=File Share and Share Alike \\| work\\=New York Times \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/arts/21solo.html?ex\\=1282276800\\&en\\=91a6bf6f3813c78f\\&ei\\=5090\\&partner\\=geartest\\&emc\\=rss \\| date\\=August 21, 2005 \\| access\\-date\\=September 24, 2009 \\| archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042638/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/arts/file\\-share\\-and\\-share\\-alike.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Sean Leonard distinguishes fansubs from bootlegs in this period, arguing that fansubs followed that unspoken rule, whereas bootlegs aimed to make a profit. Many fansubs began to include a \"This is a free fansub: not for sale, rent, or auction\" disclaimer as a response to bootleggers, and would encourage viewers to buy official copies. As fansubbing was so expensive in the 1980s, and official Western releases of anime were rare and often poor\\-quality, bootlegging tended to be financially infeasible during this period.",
"Early fansubs would often have markedly worse visual quality than official releases, as the VHS tapes of fansubs would deteriorate from repeated copying; this reduced the level of competition between fansubs and official releases. During the 1980s, US publishers typically found fansubbing useful for testing demand and broadening their fanbase, whereas Japanese publishers treat fansubbing as something remote and insignificant. Lee states that some Japanese producers even praised fansubbers' efforts at promoting their work overseas. However, ongoing technological advancement complicated that relationship. As subtitling became more affordable in the 1990s, both fansubbing and official Western releases of anime enjoyed an upswing. Further advances in the twenty\\-first century made each step of the fansubbing process easier and cheaper, and the visual standards of fansubs improved dramatically.",
"These technological developments were also coupled with shifts in how fansubs were produced and distributed. Fansubs began to be shared mostly online, first on [IRC](/wiki/IRC \"IRC\") and then over [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29 \"BitTorrent (protocol)\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2008\\-03\\-11 \\|title\\=Interview With The Fansubber \\|work\\=Anime News Network \\|date\\=March 11, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 31, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331023918/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2008\\-03\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The move to the Internet also enabled the globalization of the fansubbing community; although English remained the dominant language among fansubbers, the consumption of fansubs expanded worldwide. This globalization was one factor in fansubbers moving away from their earlier aim of not competing against the official releases: because anime might only be licensed to certain international markets, some fansubbers argue that they would be abandoning the rest of the world if they stopped circulating fansubs of series that received official US releases. Fansubbers have also continued to subtitle and release shows owned by companies that significantly edit the shows they own, such as [4Kids](/wiki/4Kids \"4Kids\").{{efn\\|4Kids attempted an uncut re\\-release of their shows ''\\[\\[Shaman King]]'' and ''\\[\\[Yu\\-Gi\\-Oh]]'' in the 2000s, but 4Kids CEO Alfred Kahn stated that their sales fell short of the company's expectations, and so their production was discontinued.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2005\\-04\\-24/alfred\\-r\\-kahn \\|title\\=Alfred R. Kahn \\|work\\=Anime News Network \\|date\\=April 24, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717062849/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2005\\-04\\-24/alfred\\-r\\-kahn \\|url\\-status\\=live }}}}{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}} The change in fansubbers' attitudes may also derive from shifts in the attitudes of their consumers: fans began to demand greater immediacy in the digital era, and the lower barrier of entry facilitated the emergence of casual fans who were less willing to purchase and collect DVDs.",
"The anime industry's views on fansubbing hardened as fansubs became more widespread. The 1993 [Anime Expo](/wiki/Anime_Expo \"Anime Expo\") was the first time when US industry representatives publicly discussed the ways in which pre\\-existing copies were eating into profits. In the 2000s, US companies have gone farther, and directly blamed fansubbers for the decline in DVD sales. Representatives of companies such as [Geneon](/wiki/Geneon \"Geneon\") and ADV Films have publicly criticized fansubs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://animeondvd.com/forum/showtopic.php?tid/19708/tp/12/\\|title\\=Why do R1 companies suddenly hate us?\\|publisher\\=AnimeonDVD.com\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200506/http://animeondvd.com/forum/showtopic.php?tid%2F19708%2Ftp%2F12%2F\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-27\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2007}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime\\-central/advfilms\\|title\\=Anime Central 2007 – ADV Films\\|last\\=Koulikov\\|first\\=Mikhail\\|date\\=May 12, 2007\\|work\\=Anime News Network\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715010638/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime\\-central/advfilms\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Japanese copyright holders have also begun to take action against fansubs. The Japanese copyright society [JASRAC](/wiki/JASRAC \"JASRAC\") began requesting takedowns against YouTube\\-based fansubs during the 2000s,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jasrac.or.jp/release/06/12\\_2\\.html\\|title\\=Press release\\|publisher\\=Jasrac.or.jp\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623013009/http://www.jasrac.or.jp/release/06/12\\_2\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and groups such as [Media Factory](/wiki/Media_Factory \"Media Factory\") and [Nippon TV](/wiki/Nippon_TV \"Nippon TV\") have requested that their works be removed from download sites.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"Some figures from the anime industry still maintain a positive view of fansubs. For instance, Steve Kleckner of [Tokyopop](/wiki/Tokyopop \"Tokyopop\") described fansubs as \"flattering \\[rather than] threatening\", and stated that fansubs provided publishers with a means to identify what media their customer base might want to see.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script\\-ed/vol2\\-4/hatcher.asp\\#sdendnote175anc\\|title\\=Of Otakus and Fansubs\\|author\\=Hatcher, Jordan\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Edinburgh]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217024839/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/SCRIPT\\-ed/vol2\\-4/hatcher.asp%23Quality\\#sdendnote175anc\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Intellectual property lawyer Jordan Hatcher situates fansubs on the boundary between the desirable [doujinshi](/wiki/Doujinshi \"Doujinshi\") fan culture and the \"massive online file trading so vilified by the recording and motion picture industries\". Legal scholar [Lawrence Lessig](/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig \"Lawrence Lessig\") states that the re\\-working of culture—remix—is necessary for cultural growth, and points to doujinshi in Japan as an example of how permitting remixes can contribute to a vibrant cultural industry. However, Hatcher states that fansubs are not analogous to this type of remix because their aim is to remain faithful to the original. Furthermore, Hatcher states that fansubs compete with the original cultural product since they have the potential to replace the market need for official translations, thus creating a similar situation to the debate over [peer\\-to\\-peer](/wiki/Peer-to-peer \"Peer-to-peer\") file trading. Conversely, [Henry Jenkins](/wiki/Henry_Jenkins \"Henry Jenkins\") has argued that fansubbing has a positive impact on the anime industry through its function as publicity.{{cite web \\| author\\=Jenkins, Henry \\| title\\=When Piracy becomes Promotion \\| work\\=Reason Magazine \\| url\\=http://www.reason.com/news/show/116788\\.html \\| date\\=December 2006 \\| access\\-date\\=September 24, 2009 \\| archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2009 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903113644/http://reason.com/news/show/116788\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Hatcher states that copyright law does not condone fansubs. The [Berne Convention](/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works \"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works\"), an international copyright treaty, states that its signatories—including Japan—grant authors exclusive right to translation. Hatcher states that fansubs could \"potentially\" be legal within Japan given the nature of Japan's domestic copyright laws, although the target audience of fansubs is the non\\-Japanese market. However, Hatcher notes that copyright law in the United States—the frame of reference for most online discussions of fansub legality—construes translations as derivative, and holds that fansubs infringe on the author's right to prepare derivative works{{citation needed \\|date\\=August 2014}} and to reproduction by copying original source material.",
""
] |
Plot
----
At independent record store Empire Records in [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware"), employee Lucas has been tasked by store manager Joe with closing the store for the first time. While counting the day's receipts in Joe's office, he discovers the store is about to be sold and converted into a branch of *Music Town*, a large national chain.
Determined to keep the store independent, Lucas hatches a plan, taking the day's cash receipts of approximately $9,000 to a casino in [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey") to quadruple it playing [craps](/wiki/Craps "Craps"). Though successfully doubling the money on his first roll, he loses everything on the second.
The following morning, fellow Empire employees A.J. and Mark find Lucas, who confides in them about the previous night's events, just before riding off on his motorcycle. Joe arrives and quickly receives frantic phone calls about the missing deposit from both the bank and the store's owner, Mitchell Beck.
Other employees arrive, including overachieving high school student Corey and her uninhibited best friend Gina. Hostile employee Deb, who has survived an apparent suicide attempt, also arrives. Deb then goes into the bathroom and shaves her head. Upon Lucas' arrival, Joe confronts him about the missing deposit and Lucas confirms the money was lost. Joe explains his anti\-*Music Town* plan to the employees – he had saved enough money to become part\-owner of the store to save it, but will now be $9,000 short as he must cover the missing money with Mitchell.
Joe is distracted from the crisis due to a major store event: Rex Manning Day. The washed\-up 1980s pop idol is holding an autograph session at the store for fans of his latest album *Back with More*. The unenthused staff mock both Manning and the event, and ultimately many of the fans showing up to meet him are either older women or gay men.
Though detained by Joe in his office, Lucas nonetheless apprehends a belligerent young shoplifter who identifies himself only as "[Warren Beatty](/wiki/Warren_Beatty "Warren Beatty")". He is taken away by police but vows to return seeking revenge. Encouraged by Gina, Corey indulges her schoolgirl crush on Manning by attempting to seduce him, but winds up humiliated and dejected; A.J. then chooses this inopportune time to confess his love to Corey, which she rejects. After Gina and Corey argue, Gina has sex with Manning. When the staff discover this, A.J. attacks Manning, Gina reveals Corey's addiction to [amphetamines](/wiki/Amphetamines "Amphetamines"), Corey hysterically trashes the store, and Joe tells Manning to leave.
Deb surprisingly attempts to cheer Corey up, and in return Corey holds a mock funeral for Deb with the whole staff. The shoplifter "Warren" returns with a gun (ultimately loaded with [blanks](/wiki/Blank_%28cartridge%29 "Blank (cartridge)")), and Lucas defuses the situation by revealing that he himself was a troubled youth until he was taken in and saved by Joe. Joe in turn offers "Warren" a job at the store and Warren happily accepts.
After the police leave, Lucas admits defeat and suggests confessing the truth about the missing money to Mitchell. The staff try to replace the missing money but can raise only $3,000\. Suddenly inspired, Mark runs in front of the news crew covering Warren's holdup, announcing on live TV a late\-night benefit party at the store to "Save the Empire". An impromptu concert on the roof by Gina and Berko, another employee, raises funds so Joe can hand the money raised to Mitchell for the lost amount. Mitchell then offers to sell the store "cheap" to Joe, not wanting to deal with Empire Records anymore.
Corey finally finds A.J. on the roof fixing the Empire Records sign and confesses that she loves him, too. He decides to attend art school in Boston to be near her while she attends [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard "Harvard"). They kiss, and the staff ends the long day with a dance party on the roof.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"At independent record store Empire Records in [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\"), employee Lucas has been tasked by store manager Joe with closing the store for the first time. While counting the day's receipts in Joe's office, he discovers the store is about to be sold and converted into a branch of *Music Town*, a large national chain.",
"Determined to keep the store independent, Lucas hatches a plan, taking the day's cash receipts of approximately $9,000 to a casino in [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\") to quadruple it playing [craps](/wiki/Craps \"Craps\"). Though successfully doubling the money on his first roll, he loses everything on the second.",
"The following morning, fellow Empire employees A.J. and Mark find Lucas, who confides in them about the previous night's events, just before riding off on his motorcycle. Joe arrives and quickly receives frantic phone calls about the missing deposit from both the bank and the store's owner, Mitchell Beck.",
"Other employees arrive, including overachieving high school student Corey and her uninhibited best friend Gina. Hostile employee Deb, who has survived an apparent suicide attempt, also arrives. Deb then goes into the bathroom and shaves her head. Upon Lucas' arrival, Joe confronts him about the missing deposit and Lucas confirms the money was lost. Joe explains his anti\\-*Music Town* plan to the employees – he had saved enough money to become part\\-owner of the store to save it, but will now be $9,000 short as he must cover the missing money with Mitchell.",
"Joe is distracted from the crisis due to a major store event: Rex Manning Day. The washed\\-up 1980s pop idol is holding an autograph session at the store for fans of his latest album *Back with More*. The unenthused staff mock both Manning and the event, and ultimately many of the fans showing up to meet him are either older women or gay men.",
"Though detained by Joe in his office, Lucas nonetheless apprehends a belligerent young shoplifter who identifies himself only as \"[Warren Beatty](/wiki/Warren_Beatty \"Warren Beatty\")\". He is taken away by police but vows to return seeking revenge. Encouraged by Gina, Corey indulges her schoolgirl crush on Manning by attempting to seduce him, but winds up humiliated and dejected; A.J. then chooses this inopportune time to confess his love to Corey, which she rejects. After Gina and Corey argue, Gina has sex with Manning. When the staff discover this, A.J. attacks Manning, Gina reveals Corey's addiction to [amphetamines](/wiki/Amphetamines \"Amphetamines\"), Corey hysterically trashes the store, and Joe tells Manning to leave.",
"Deb surprisingly attempts to cheer Corey up, and in return Corey holds a mock funeral for Deb with the whole staff. The shoplifter \"Warren\" returns with a gun (ultimately loaded with [blanks](/wiki/Blank_%28cartridge%29 \"Blank (cartridge)\")), and Lucas defuses the situation by revealing that he himself was a troubled youth until he was taken in and saved by Joe. Joe in turn offers \"Warren\" a job at the store and Warren happily accepts.",
"After the police leave, Lucas admits defeat and suggests confessing the truth about the missing money to Mitchell. The staff try to replace the missing money but can raise only $3,000\\. Suddenly inspired, Mark runs in front of the news crew covering Warren's holdup, announcing on live TV a late\\-night benefit party at the store to \"Save the Empire\". An impromptu concert on the roof by Gina and Berko, another employee, raises funds so Joe can hand the money raised to Mitchell for the lost amount. Mitchell then offers to sell the store \"cheap\" to Joe, not wanting to deal with Empire Records anymore.",
"Corey finally finds A.J. on the roof fixing the Empire Records sign and confesses that she loves him, too. He decides to attend art school in Boston to be near her while she attends [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard \"Harvard\"). They kiss, and the staff ends the long day with a dance party on the roof.",
""
] |
Music
-----
### Background
The soundtrack album for *Empire Records* was curated by Mitchell Leib, a music supervisor for the film.{{cite web \| last\=Donoughue \| first\=Paul \| title\=Empire Records totally bombed, but 25 years later, it's still got a loyal following \| website\=ABC News \| date\=June 13, 2020 \| url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020\-06\-14/empire\-records\-totally\-bombed\-in\-1995,\-but\-australians\-found\-it/12229638 \| access\-date\=August 29, 2024}} The soundtrack was originally attached to [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records")—an affiliate of [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. "Warner Bros.") at the time—because Warner Bros. had a distribution pact with the film's producers, [Regency Enterprises](/wiki/Regency_Enterprises "Regency Enterprises"). However, the soundtrack album was given to [A\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records "A&M Records") in order to obtain the participation of A\&M artists [the Gin Blossoms](/wiki/The_Gin_Blossoms "The Gin Blossoms"),{{cite magazine\|magazine\=Billboard \|volume\=107 \|issue\=31 \|date\=1995 \|page\=1\|title\=A\&M soundtrack plants hopes with the Gin Blossoms}} whose track "[Til I Hear It from You](/wiki/Til_I_Hear_It_from_You "Til I Hear It from You")" was issued as the lead single. Besides the Gin Blossoms, four other A\&M acts had new tracks released on the soundtrack album: Ape Hangers, [Drill](/wiki/Drill_%28American_band%29 "Drill (American band)"), Innocence Mission, and [Lustre](/wiki/Lustre_%28band%29 "Lustre (band)").
The album also introduced tracks by [Better Than Ezra](/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra "Better Than Ezra"), [Cracker](/wiki/Cracker_%28band%29 "Cracker (band)"), [the Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries "The Cranberries"), [Evan Dando](/wiki/Evan_Dando "Evan Dando") (whose cover of [Big Star](/wiki/Big_Star "Big Star")'s "The Ballad of El Goodo" featured *Empire Records* female lead [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler "Liv Tyler") on background vocals), and [Toad The Wet Sprocket](/wiki/Toad_The_Wet_Sprocket "Toad The Wet Sprocket"), and by unsigned acts [the Martinis](/wiki/The_Martinis "The Martinis"), Please, and [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers "Coyote Shivers"). The Martinis—featuring former [Pixies](/wiki/The_Pixies "The Pixies") members Joey Santiago and Dave Lovering—were recommended by *[Hits](/wiki/Hits_%28magazine%29 "Hits (magazine)")* magazine president Karen Glauber who Leib brought in as a musical consultant for *Empire Records*, while the film's line music supervisor Bob Knickman discovered Please by searching the internet for unsigned talent suitable for the film's soundtrack. Coyote Shivers, who played aspiring\-musician\-turned\-store\-clerk Berko in the film, became involved in the project by virtue of being the stepfather of Liv Tyler (Shivers being married to Tyler's mother, [Bebe Buell](/wiki/Bebe_Buell "Bebe Buell"), at the time).
Two previously released tracks were also included on the original release of the *Empire Records* soundtrack album: "[A Girl Like You](/wiki/A_Girl_Like_You_%28Edwyn_Collins_song%29 "A Girl Like You (Edwyn Collins song)")" by [Edwyn Collins](/wiki/Edwyn_Collins "Edwyn Collins") and "Ready, Steady, Go" by the Meices (the latter's frontman Joe Reineke subsequently led [Alien Crime Syndicate](/wiki/Alien_Crime_Syndicate "Alien Crime Syndicate")). "[The Honeymoon Is Over](/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Is_Over "The Honeymoon Is Over")" by [the Cruel Sea](/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_%28band%29 "The Cruel Sea (band)"), a track heard in the film but not featured on the US release of the soundtrack album, was included on the German and Australian releases.
The Gin Blossoms' "Til I Hear It From You" charted as high as \#9, affording the band their first Top 20 hit. Two other tracks from the album had a single release: Edwyn Collins' "A Girl Like You", which charted at \#32, and the Ape Hangers' "I Don't Want to Live Today".
The version of the song "Sugarhigh" that appears in the movie differs significantly from the one included on the soundtrack.{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-09\-12 \|last1\=Buchanan \|first1\=David\|title\=Coyote Shivers Revisits Empire Records 20 Years Later \|url\=https://consequence.net/2015/09/coyote\-shivers\-revisits\-empire\-records\-20\-years\-later/ \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04 \|website\=Consequence of Sound }} The film version has additional lyrics and chorus vocals provided by [Renée Zellweger](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger "Renée Zellweger"). It was intended only as a rough mix for playback during filming but was included on the soundtrack album because a remastered version was not available. Francis "Coyote" Shivers, the artist who released the song, played the lead singer who performed the song on the rooftop of the store at the end of the movie.
The *Empire Records* soundtrack peaked at No. 63 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") album chart.{{cite web \|title\=Week of October 7, 1995 \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard\-200/1995\-10\-07/ \|website\=\[\[Billboard 200]] \|publisher\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2022}}
AllMusic.com rated the soundtrack 4 out of 5\.{{cite web \|title\=Empire Records \- Original Soundtrack {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/empire\-records\-mw0000174751 \|website\=AllMusic.com}}
In 2010, Gin Blossoms frontman [Robin Wilson](/wiki/Robin_Wilson_%28musician%29 "Robin Wilson (musician)") said of *Empire Records*, "\[It's] a classic film that only a handful of people really saw, but it definitely made an impact on that generation. It was really cool to have been a part of that".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\-ragogna/emfrom\-no\-chocolate\-cake\_b\_737584\.html \|title\=From No Chocolate Cake to a Reckoning: Conversations with Gin Blossoms, Luke Doucet, \& Tony Lunn \|publisher\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \|access\-date\=29 June 2015 \|date\=2010\-09\-24 }}
### Soundtrack
1. "[Til I Hear It from You](/wiki/Til_I_Hear_It_from_You "Til I Hear It from You")" by [Gin Blossoms](/wiki/Gin_Blossoms "Gin Blossoms")
2. "Liar" by [The Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries "The Cranberries")
3. "[A Girl Like You](/wiki/A_Girl_Like_You_%28Edwyn_Collins_song%29 "A Girl Like You (Edwyn Collins song)")" by [Edwyn Collins](/wiki/Edwyn_Collins "Edwyn Collins")
4. "Free" by [The Martinis](/wiki/The_Martinis "The Martinis")
5. "Crazy Life" by [Toad the Wet Sprocket](/wiki/Toad_the_Wet_Sprocket "Toad the Wet Sprocket")
6. "Bright as Yellow" by [The Innocence Mission](/wiki/The_Innocence_Mission "The Innocence Mission")
7. "Circle of Friends" by [Better Than Ezra](/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra "Better Than Ezra")
8. "I Don't Want to Live Today" by Ape Hangers
9. "Whole Lotta Trouble" by [Cracker](/wiki/Cracker_%28band%29 "Cracker (band)")
10. "Ready, Steady, Go" by The Meices
11. "What You Are" by [Drill](/wiki/Drill_%28American_band%29 "Drill (American band)")
12. "Nice Overalls" by [Lustre](/wiki/Lustre_%28band%29 "Lustre (band)")
13. "Here It Comes Again" by Please
14. "The Ballad of El Goodo" by [Evan Dando](/wiki/Evan_Dando "Evan Dando")
15. "Sugarhigh" by [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers "Coyote Shivers")
16. "[The Honeymoon Is Over](/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Is_Over "The Honeymoon Is Over")" by [The Cruel Sea](/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_%28band%29 "The Cruel Sea (band)") {{small\|(Australian and German edition)}}
### Other songs
{{div col\|colwidth\=30em}}
* "Can't Stop Losing Myself" by Dirt Clods
* "[Hey Joe](/wiki/Hey_Joe "Hey Joe")" by Dirt Clods
* "Dark and Brooding" by Noah Stone
* "Thorn in My Side" by [Quicksand](/wiki/Quicksand_%28band%29 "Quicksand (band)")
* "Little Bastard" by [Ass Ponys](/wiki/Ass_Ponys "Ass Ponys") (as Ass Ponies)
* "I Don't Know Why" by Sacrilicious
* "Real" by Real
* "If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" by [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC "AC/DC")
* "[Counting Blue Cars](/wiki/Counting_Blue_Cars "Counting Blue Cars")" by [Dishwalla](/wiki/Dishwalla "Dishwalla")
* "Snakeface" by [Throwing Muses](/wiki/Throwing_Muses "Throwing Muses")
* "Candy" by Full Tilt Gonzo
* "How" by [The Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries "The Cranberries")
* "Hardlight" by [Pegboy](/wiki/Pegboy "Pegboy")
* "Chew Toy" by [Fig Dish](/wiki/Fig_Dish "Fig Dish")
* "Power Shack" by [Fitz of Depression](/wiki/Fitz_of_Depression "Fitz of Depression")
* "Saddam a Go\-Go" by [Gwar](/wiki/Gwar "Gwar")
* "Back Down Blues" by Loose Diamonds
* "Tomorrow" by [Mouth Music](/wiki/Mouth_Music "Mouth Music")
* "[Plowed](/wiki/Plowed_%28song%29 "Plowed (song)")" by [Sponge](/wiki/Sponge_%28band%29 "Sponge (band)")
* "Surround You" by Billy White Trio
* "L.A. Girl" by [Adolescents](/wiki/Adolescents_%28band%29 "Adolescents (band)")
* "Vinyl Advice" by [Dead Hot Workshop](/wiki/Dead_Hot_Workshop "Dead Hot Workshop")
* "[This Is the Day](/wiki/This_Is_the_Day_%28The_The_song%29 "This Is the Day (The The song)")" by [The The](/wiki/The_The "The The")
* "Say No More (Mon Amour)" by [Maxwell Caulfield](/wiki/Maxwell_Caulfield "Maxwell Caulfield") as Rex Manning (written for the film)
* "She Walks" by [Poster Children](/wiki/Poster_Children "Poster Children")
* "Sorry" by Sybil Vane
* "Infinity" by [Mouth Music](/wiki/Mouth_Music "Mouth Music")
* "[Money (That's What I Want)](/wiki/Money_%28That%27s_What_I_Want%29 "Money (That's What I Want)")" by [Flying Lizards](/wiki/Flying_Lizards "Flying Lizards")
* "Sugar High (ft. Renee Zellweger)" by [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers "Coyote Shivers")
* "Seems" by Queen Sarah Saturday
* "[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_%28Dire_Straits_song%29 "Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)")" by [Dire Straits](/wiki/Dire_Straits "Dire Straits")
* "[Video Killed the Radio Star](/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star "Video Killed the Radio Star")" by [The Buggles](/wiki/The_Buggles "The Buggles")
* "I Shot the Devil" by [Suicidal Tendencies](/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies "Suicidal Tendencies")
* "[Smooth Up in Ya](/wiki/Smooth_Up_in_Ya "Smooth Up in Ya")" by [Bulletboys](/wiki/Bulletboys "Bulletboys")
* "Rock 'n' Roll/EGA" by [Daniel Johnston](/wiki/Daniel_Johnston "Daniel Johnston")
{{div col end}}
|
[
"Music\n-----",
"### Background",
"The soundtrack album for *Empire Records* was curated by Mitchell Leib, a music supervisor for the film.{{cite web \\| last\\=Donoughue \\| first\\=Paul \\| title\\=Empire Records totally bombed, but 25 years later, it's still got a loyal following \\| website\\=ABC News \\| date\\=June 13, 2020 \\| url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020\\-06\\-14/empire\\-records\\-totally\\-bombed\\-in\\-1995,\\-but\\-australians\\-found\\-it/12229638 \\| access\\-date\\=August 29, 2024}} The soundtrack was originally attached to [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\")—an affiliate of [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\") at the time—because Warner Bros. had a distribution pact with the film's producers, [Regency Enterprises](/wiki/Regency_Enterprises \"Regency Enterprises\"). However, the soundtrack album was given to [A\\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records \"A&M Records\") in order to obtain the participation of A\\&M artists [the Gin Blossoms](/wiki/The_Gin_Blossoms \"The Gin Blossoms\"),{{cite magazine\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|volume\\=107 \\|issue\\=31 \\|date\\=1995 \\|page\\=1\\|title\\=A\\&M soundtrack plants hopes with the Gin Blossoms}} whose track \"[Til I Hear It from You](/wiki/Til_I_Hear_It_from_You \"Til I Hear It from You\")\" was issued as the lead single. Besides the Gin Blossoms, four other A\\&M acts had new tracks released on the soundtrack album: Ape Hangers, [Drill](/wiki/Drill_%28American_band%29 \"Drill (American band)\"), Innocence Mission, and [Lustre](/wiki/Lustre_%28band%29 \"Lustre (band)\").",
"The album also introduced tracks by [Better Than Ezra](/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra \"Better Than Ezra\"), [Cracker](/wiki/Cracker_%28band%29 \"Cracker (band)\"), [the Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries \"The Cranberries\"), [Evan Dando](/wiki/Evan_Dando \"Evan Dando\") (whose cover of [Big Star](/wiki/Big_Star \"Big Star\")'s \"The Ballad of El Goodo\" featured *Empire Records* female lead [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler \"Liv Tyler\") on background vocals), and [Toad The Wet Sprocket](/wiki/Toad_The_Wet_Sprocket \"Toad The Wet Sprocket\"), and by unsigned acts [the Martinis](/wiki/The_Martinis \"The Martinis\"), Please, and [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers \"Coyote Shivers\"). The Martinis—featuring former [Pixies](/wiki/The_Pixies \"The Pixies\") members Joey Santiago and Dave Lovering—were recommended by *[Hits](/wiki/Hits_%28magazine%29 \"Hits (magazine)\")* magazine president Karen Glauber who Leib brought in as a musical consultant for *Empire Records*, while the film's line music supervisor Bob Knickman discovered Please by searching the internet for unsigned talent suitable for the film's soundtrack. Coyote Shivers, who played aspiring\\-musician\\-turned\\-store\\-clerk Berko in the film, became involved in the project by virtue of being the stepfather of Liv Tyler (Shivers being married to Tyler's mother, [Bebe Buell](/wiki/Bebe_Buell \"Bebe Buell\"), at the time).",
"Two previously released tracks were also included on the original release of the *Empire Records* soundtrack album: \"[A Girl Like You](/wiki/A_Girl_Like_You_%28Edwyn_Collins_song%29 \"A Girl Like You (Edwyn Collins song)\")\" by [Edwyn Collins](/wiki/Edwyn_Collins \"Edwyn Collins\") and \"Ready, Steady, Go\" by the Meices (the latter's frontman Joe Reineke subsequently led [Alien Crime Syndicate](/wiki/Alien_Crime_Syndicate \"Alien Crime Syndicate\")). \"[The Honeymoon Is Over](/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Is_Over \"The Honeymoon Is Over\")\" by [the Cruel Sea](/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_%28band%29 \"The Cruel Sea (band)\"), a track heard in the film but not featured on the US release of the soundtrack album, was included on the German and Australian releases.",
"The Gin Blossoms' \"Til I Hear It From You\" charted as high as \\#9, affording the band their first Top 20 hit. Two other tracks from the album had a single release: Edwyn Collins' \"A Girl Like You\", which charted at \\#32, and the Ape Hangers' \"I Don't Want to Live Today\".",
"The version of the song \"Sugarhigh\" that appears in the movie differs significantly from the one included on the soundtrack.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-12 \\|last1\\=Buchanan \\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Coyote Shivers Revisits Empire Records 20 Years Later \\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2015/09/coyote\\-shivers\\-revisits\\-empire\\-records\\-20\\-years\\-later/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04 \\|website\\=Consequence of Sound }} The film version has additional lyrics and chorus vocals provided by [Renée Zellweger](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger \"Renée Zellweger\"). It was intended only as a rough mix for playback during filming but was included on the soundtrack album because a remastered version was not available. Francis \"Coyote\" Shivers, the artist who released the song, played the lead singer who performed the song on the rooftop of the store at the end of the movie.",
"The *Empire Records* soundtrack peaked at No. 63 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") album chart.{{cite web \\|title\\=Week of October 7, 1995 \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard\\-200/1995\\-10\\-07/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Billboard 200]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2022}}",
"AllMusic.com rated the soundtrack 4 out of 5\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Empire Records \\- Original Soundtrack {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/empire\\-records\\-mw0000174751 \\|website\\=AllMusic.com}}",
"In 2010, Gin Blossoms frontman [Robin Wilson](/wiki/Robin_Wilson_%28musician%29 \"Robin Wilson (musician)\") said of *Empire Records*, \"\\[It's] a classic film that only a handful of people really saw, but it definitely made an impact on that generation. It was really cool to have been a part of that\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\\-ragogna/emfrom\\-no\\-chocolate\\-cake\\_b\\_737584\\.html \\|title\\=From No Chocolate Cake to a Reckoning: Conversations with Gin Blossoms, Luke Doucet, \\& Tony Lunn \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2015 \\|date\\=2010\\-09\\-24 }}",
"### Soundtrack",
"1. \"[Til I Hear It from You](/wiki/Til_I_Hear_It_from_You \"Til I Hear It from You\")\" by [Gin Blossoms](/wiki/Gin_Blossoms \"Gin Blossoms\")\n2. \"Liar\" by [The Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries \"The Cranberries\")\n3. \"[A Girl Like You](/wiki/A_Girl_Like_You_%28Edwyn_Collins_song%29 \"A Girl Like You (Edwyn Collins song)\")\" by [Edwyn Collins](/wiki/Edwyn_Collins \"Edwyn Collins\")\n4. \"Free\" by [The Martinis](/wiki/The_Martinis \"The Martinis\")\n5. \"Crazy Life\" by [Toad the Wet Sprocket](/wiki/Toad_the_Wet_Sprocket \"Toad the Wet Sprocket\")\n6. \"Bright as Yellow\" by [The Innocence Mission](/wiki/The_Innocence_Mission \"The Innocence Mission\")\n7. \"Circle of Friends\" by [Better Than Ezra](/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra \"Better Than Ezra\")\n8. \"I Don't Want to Live Today\" by Ape Hangers\n9. \"Whole Lotta Trouble\" by [Cracker](/wiki/Cracker_%28band%29 \"Cracker (band)\")\n10. \"Ready, Steady, Go\" by The Meices\n11. \"What You Are\" by [Drill](/wiki/Drill_%28American_band%29 \"Drill (American band)\")\n12. \"Nice Overalls\" by [Lustre](/wiki/Lustre_%28band%29 \"Lustre (band)\")\n13. \"Here It Comes Again\" by Please\n14. \"The Ballad of El Goodo\" by [Evan Dando](/wiki/Evan_Dando \"Evan Dando\")\n15. \"Sugarhigh\" by [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers \"Coyote Shivers\")\n16. \"[The Honeymoon Is Over](/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Is_Over \"The Honeymoon Is Over\")\" by [The Cruel Sea](/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_%28band%29 \"The Cruel Sea (band)\") {{small\\|(Australian and German edition)}}",
"### Other songs",
"{{div col\\|colwidth\\=30em}}\n* \"Can't Stop Losing Myself\" by Dirt Clods\n* \"[Hey Joe](/wiki/Hey_Joe \"Hey Joe\")\" by Dirt Clods\n* \"Dark and Brooding\" by Noah Stone\n* \"Thorn in My Side\" by [Quicksand](/wiki/Quicksand_%28band%29 \"Quicksand (band)\")\n* \"Little Bastard\" by [Ass Ponys](/wiki/Ass_Ponys \"Ass Ponys\") (as Ass Ponies)\n* \"I Don't Know Why\" by Sacrilicious\n* \"Real\" by Real\n* \"If You Want Blood (You've Got It)\" by [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC \"AC/DC\")\n* \"[Counting Blue Cars](/wiki/Counting_Blue_Cars \"Counting Blue Cars\")\" by [Dishwalla](/wiki/Dishwalla \"Dishwalla\")\n* \"Snakeface\" by [Throwing Muses](/wiki/Throwing_Muses \"Throwing Muses\")\n* \"Candy\" by Full Tilt Gonzo\n* \"How\" by [The Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries \"The Cranberries\")\n* \"Hardlight\" by [Pegboy](/wiki/Pegboy \"Pegboy\")\n* \"Chew Toy\" by [Fig Dish](/wiki/Fig_Dish \"Fig Dish\")\n* \"Power Shack\" by [Fitz of Depression](/wiki/Fitz_of_Depression \"Fitz of Depression\")\n* \"Saddam a Go\\-Go\" by [Gwar](/wiki/Gwar \"Gwar\")\n* \"Back Down Blues\" by Loose Diamonds\n* \"Tomorrow\" by [Mouth Music](/wiki/Mouth_Music \"Mouth Music\")\n* \"[Plowed](/wiki/Plowed_%28song%29 \"Plowed (song)\")\" by [Sponge](/wiki/Sponge_%28band%29 \"Sponge (band)\")\n* \"Surround You\" by Billy White Trio\n* \"L.A. Girl\" by [Adolescents](/wiki/Adolescents_%28band%29 \"Adolescents (band)\")\n* \"Vinyl Advice\" by [Dead Hot Workshop](/wiki/Dead_Hot_Workshop \"Dead Hot Workshop\")\n* \"[This Is the Day](/wiki/This_Is_the_Day_%28The_The_song%29 \"This Is the Day (The The song)\")\" by [The The](/wiki/The_The \"The The\")\n* \"Say No More (Mon Amour)\" by [Maxwell Caulfield](/wiki/Maxwell_Caulfield \"Maxwell Caulfield\") as Rex Manning (written for the film)\n* \"She Walks\" by [Poster Children](/wiki/Poster_Children \"Poster Children\")\n* \"Sorry\" by Sybil Vane\n* \"Infinity\" by [Mouth Music](/wiki/Mouth_Music \"Mouth Music\")\n* \"[Money (That's What I Want)](/wiki/Money_%28That%27s_What_I_Want%29 \"Money (That's What I Want)\")\" by [Flying Lizards](/wiki/Flying_Lizards \"Flying Lizards\")\n* \"Sugar High (ft. Renee Zellweger)\" by [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers \"Coyote Shivers\")\n* \"Seems\" by Queen Sarah Saturday\n* \"[Romeo and Juliet](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_%28Dire_Straits_song%29 \"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)\")\" by [Dire Straits](/wiki/Dire_Straits \"Dire Straits\")\n* \"[Video Killed the Radio Star](/wiki/Video_Killed_the_Radio_Star \"Video Killed the Radio Star\")\" by [The Buggles](/wiki/The_Buggles \"The Buggles\")\n* \"I Shot the Devil\" by [Suicidal Tendencies](/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies \"Suicidal Tendencies\")\n* \"[Smooth Up in Ya](/wiki/Smooth_Up_in_Ya \"Smooth Up in Ya\")\" by [Bulletboys](/wiki/Bulletboys \"Bulletboys\")\n* \"Rock 'n' Roll/EGA\" by [Daniel Johnston](/wiki/Daniel_Johnston \"Daniel Johnston\")\n{{div col end}}",
""
] |
### Background
The soundtrack album for *Empire Records* was curated by Mitchell Leib, a music supervisor for the film.{{cite web \| last\=Donoughue \| first\=Paul \| title\=Empire Records totally bombed, but 25 years later, it's still got a loyal following \| website\=ABC News \| date\=June 13, 2020 \| url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020\-06\-14/empire\-records\-totally\-bombed\-in\-1995,\-but\-australians\-found\-it/12229638 \| access\-date\=August 29, 2024}} The soundtrack was originally attached to [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records")—an affiliate of [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. "Warner Bros.") at the time—because Warner Bros. had a distribution pact with the film's producers, [Regency Enterprises](/wiki/Regency_Enterprises "Regency Enterprises"). However, the soundtrack album was given to [A\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records "A&M Records") in order to obtain the participation of A\&M artists [the Gin Blossoms](/wiki/The_Gin_Blossoms "The Gin Blossoms"),{{cite magazine\|magazine\=Billboard \|volume\=107 \|issue\=31 \|date\=1995 \|page\=1\|title\=A\&M soundtrack plants hopes with the Gin Blossoms}} whose track "[Til I Hear It from You](/wiki/Til_I_Hear_It_from_You "Til I Hear It from You")" was issued as the lead single. Besides the Gin Blossoms, four other A\&M acts had new tracks released on the soundtrack album: Ape Hangers, [Drill](/wiki/Drill_%28American_band%29 "Drill (American band)"), Innocence Mission, and [Lustre](/wiki/Lustre_%28band%29 "Lustre (band)").
The album also introduced tracks by [Better Than Ezra](/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra "Better Than Ezra"), [Cracker](/wiki/Cracker_%28band%29 "Cracker (band)"), [the Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries "The Cranberries"), [Evan Dando](/wiki/Evan_Dando "Evan Dando") (whose cover of [Big Star](/wiki/Big_Star "Big Star")'s "The Ballad of El Goodo" featured *Empire Records* female lead [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler "Liv Tyler") on background vocals), and [Toad The Wet Sprocket](/wiki/Toad_The_Wet_Sprocket "Toad The Wet Sprocket"), and by unsigned acts [the Martinis](/wiki/The_Martinis "The Martinis"), Please, and [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers "Coyote Shivers"). The Martinis—featuring former [Pixies](/wiki/The_Pixies "The Pixies") members Joey Santiago and Dave Lovering—were recommended by *[Hits](/wiki/Hits_%28magazine%29 "Hits (magazine)")* magazine president Karen Glauber who Leib brought in as a musical consultant for *Empire Records*, while the film's line music supervisor Bob Knickman discovered Please by searching the internet for unsigned talent suitable for the film's soundtrack. Coyote Shivers, who played aspiring\-musician\-turned\-store\-clerk Berko in the film, became involved in the project by virtue of being the stepfather of Liv Tyler (Shivers being married to Tyler's mother, [Bebe Buell](/wiki/Bebe_Buell "Bebe Buell"), at the time).
Two previously released tracks were also included on the original release of the *Empire Records* soundtrack album: "[A Girl Like You](/wiki/A_Girl_Like_You_%28Edwyn_Collins_song%29 "A Girl Like You (Edwyn Collins song)")" by [Edwyn Collins](/wiki/Edwyn_Collins "Edwyn Collins") and "Ready, Steady, Go" by the Meices (the latter's frontman Joe Reineke subsequently led [Alien Crime Syndicate](/wiki/Alien_Crime_Syndicate "Alien Crime Syndicate")). "[The Honeymoon Is Over](/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Is_Over "The Honeymoon Is Over")" by [the Cruel Sea](/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_%28band%29 "The Cruel Sea (band)"), a track heard in the film but not featured on the US release of the soundtrack album, was included on the German and Australian releases.
The Gin Blossoms' "Til I Hear It From You" charted as high as \#9, affording the band their first Top 20 hit. Two other tracks from the album had a single release: Edwyn Collins' "A Girl Like You", which charted at \#32, and the Ape Hangers' "I Don't Want to Live Today".
The version of the song "Sugarhigh" that appears in the movie differs significantly from the one included on the soundtrack.{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-09\-12 \|last1\=Buchanan \|first1\=David\|title\=Coyote Shivers Revisits Empire Records 20 Years Later \|url\=https://consequence.net/2015/09/coyote\-shivers\-revisits\-empire\-records\-20\-years\-later/ \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-04 \|website\=Consequence of Sound }} The film version has additional lyrics and chorus vocals provided by [Renée Zellweger](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger "Renée Zellweger"). It was intended only as a rough mix for playback during filming but was included on the soundtrack album because a remastered version was not available. Francis "Coyote" Shivers, the artist who released the song, played the lead singer who performed the song on the rooftop of the store at the end of the movie.
The *Empire Records* soundtrack peaked at No. 63 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") album chart.{{cite web \|title\=Week of October 7, 1995 \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard\-200/1995\-10\-07/ \|website\=\[\[Billboard 200]] \|publisher\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2022}}
AllMusic.com rated the soundtrack 4 out of 5\.{{cite web \|title\=Empire Records \- Original Soundtrack {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/empire\-records\-mw0000174751 \|website\=AllMusic.com}}
In 2010, Gin Blossoms frontman [Robin Wilson](/wiki/Robin_Wilson_%28musician%29 "Robin Wilson (musician)") said of *Empire Records*, "\[It's] a classic film that only a handful of people really saw, but it definitely made an impact on that generation. It was really cool to have been a part of that".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\-ragogna/emfrom\-no\-chocolate\-cake\_b\_737584\.html \|title\=From No Chocolate Cake to a Reckoning: Conversations with Gin Blossoms, Luke Doucet, \& Tony Lunn \|publisher\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \|access\-date\=29 June 2015 \|date\=2010\-09\-24 }}
|
[
"### Background",
"The soundtrack album for *Empire Records* was curated by Mitchell Leib, a music supervisor for the film.{{cite web \\| last\\=Donoughue \\| first\\=Paul \\| title\\=Empire Records totally bombed, but 25 years later, it's still got a loyal following \\| website\\=ABC News \\| date\\=June 13, 2020 \\| url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020\\-06\\-14/empire\\-records\\-totally\\-bombed\\-in\\-1995,\\-but\\-australians\\-found\\-it/12229638 \\| access\\-date\\=August 29, 2024}} The soundtrack was originally attached to [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\")—an affiliate of [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\") at the time—because Warner Bros. had a distribution pact with the film's producers, [Regency Enterprises](/wiki/Regency_Enterprises \"Regency Enterprises\"). However, the soundtrack album was given to [A\\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records \"A&M Records\") in order to obtain the participation of A\\&M artists [the Gin Blossoms](/wiki/The_Gin_Blossoms \"The Gin Blossoms\"),{{cite magazine\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|volume\\=107 \\|issue\\=31 \\|date\\=1995 \\|page\\=1\\|title\\=A\\&M soundtrack plants hopes with the Gin Blossoms}} whose track \"[Til I Hear It from You](/wiki/Til_I_Hear_It_from_You \"Til I Hear It from You\")\" was issued as the lead single. Besides the Gin Blossoms, four other A\\&M acts had new tracks released on the soundtrack album: Ape Hangers, [Drill](/wiki/Drill_%28American_band%29 \"Drill (American band)\"), Innocence Mission, and [Lustre](/wiki/Lustre_%28band%29 \"Lustre (band)\").",
"The album also introduced tracks by [Better Than Ezra](/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra \"Better Than Ezra\"), [Cracker](/wiki/Cracker_%28band%29 \"Cracker (band)\"), [the Cranberries](/wiki/The_Cranberries \"The Cranberries\"), [Evan Dando](/wiki/Evan_Dando \"Evan Dando\") (whose cover of [Big Star](/wiki/Big_Star \"Big Star\")'s \"The Ballad of El Goodo\" featured *Empire Records* female lead [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler \"Liv Tyler\") on background vocals), and [Toad The Wet Sprocket](/wiki/Toad_The_Wet_Sprocket \"Toad The Wet Sprocket\"), and by unsigned acts [the Martinis](/wiki/The_Martinis \"The Martinis\"), Please, and [Coyote Shivers](/wiki/Coyote_Shivers \"Coyote Shivers\"). The Martinis—featuring former [Pixies](/wiki/The_Pixies \"The Pixies\") members Joey Santiago and Dave Lovering—were recommended by *[Hits](/wiki/Hits_%28magazine%29 \"Hits (magazine)\")* magazine president Karen Glauber who Leib brought in as a musical consultant for *Empire Records*, while the film's line music supervisor Bob Knickman discovered Please by searching the internet for unsigned talent suitable for the film's soundtrack. Coyote Shivers, who played aspiring\\-musician\\-turned\\-store\\-clerk Berko in the film, became involved in the project by virtue of being the stepfather of Liv Tyler (Shivers being married to Tyler's mother, [Bebe Buell](/wiki/Bebe_Buell \"Bebe Buell\"), at the time).",
"Two previously released tracks were also included on the original release of the *Empire Records* soundtrack album: \"[A Girl Like You](/wiki/A_Girl_Like_You_%28Edwyn_Collins_song%29 \"A Girl Like You (Edwyn Collins song)\")\" by [Edwyn Collins](/wiki/Edwyn_Collins \"Edwyn Collins\") and \"Ready, Steady, Go\" by the Meices (the latter's frontman Joe Reineke subsequently led [Alien Crime Syndicate](/wiki/Alien_Crime_Syndicate \"Alien Crime Syndicate\")). \"[The Honeymoon Is Over](/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Is_Over \"The Honeymoon Is Over\")\" by [the Cruel Sea](/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_%28band%29 \"The Cruel Sea (band)\"), a track heard in the film but not featured on the US release of the soundtrack album, was included on the German and Australian releases.",
"The Gin Blossoms' \"Til I Hear It From You\" charted as high as \\#9, affording the band their first Top 20 hit. Two other tracks from the album had a single release: Edwyn Collins' \"A Girl Like You\", which charted at \\#32, and the Ape Hangers' \"I Don't Want to Live Today\".",
"The version of the song \"Sugarhigh\" that appears in the movie differs significantly from the one included on the soundtrack.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-12 \\|last1\\=Buchanan \\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Coyote Shivers Revisits Empire Records 20 Years Later \\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2015/09/coyote\\-shivers\\-revisits\\-empire\\-records\\-20\\-years\\-later/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-04 \\|website\\=Consequence of Sound }} The film version has additional lyrics and chorus vocals provided by [Renée Zellweger](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger \"Renée Zellweger\"). It was intended only as a rough mix for playback during filming but was included on the soundtrack album because a remastered version was not available. Francis \"Coyote\" Shivers, the artist who released the song, played the lead singer who performed the song on the rooftop of the store at the end of the movie.",
"The *Empire Records* soundtrack peaked at No. 63 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") album chart.{{cite web \\|title\\=Week of October 7, 1995 \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard\\-200/1995\\-10\\-07/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Billboard 200]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2022}}",
"AllMusic.com rated the soundtrack 4 out of 5\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Empire Records \\- Original Soundtrack {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/empire\\-records\\-mw0000174751 \\|website\\=AllMusic.com}}",
"In 2010, Gin Blossoms frontman [Robin Wilson](/wiki/Robin_Wilson_%28musician%29 \"Robin Wilson (musician)\") said of *Empire Records*, \"\\[It's] a classic film that only a handful of people really saw, but it definitely made an impact on that generation. It was really cool to have been a part of that\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\\-ragogna/emfrom\\-no\\-chocolate\\-cake\\_b\\_737584\\.html \\|title\\=From No Chocolate Cake to a Reckoning: Conversations with Gin Blossoms, Luke Doucet, \\& Tony Lunn \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2015 \\|date\\=2010\\-09\\-24 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|300px\|The [Little Egg Harbor Friends Meeting House](/wiki/Little_Egg_Harbor_Friends_Meeting_House "Little Egg Harbor Friends Meeting House"), built in 1863](/wiki/File:Little_Egg_Friends_NJ_2.JPG "Little Egg Friends NJ 2.JPG")
The area that is now Tuckerton was settled in 1698\.[Tuckerton Community Profile](http://theoceancountylibrary.org/branches/T/tcomprofile.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030100503/http://theoceancountylibrary.org/branches/T/tcomprofile.htm \|date\=2011\-10\-30 }}, Ocean County Library. Accessed January 25, 2015\. Some of the early settlers were Andrews, [Falkinburgs](/wiki/Hendrick_Jacobs_Falkenberg "Hendrick Jacobs Falkenberg"), Shourds, [Ongs](/wiki/Ong_%28surname%29 "Ong (surname)"), WilletsWillett, Albert James Jr. *The Willet Families of North America* and Osborns. Edward Andrews, settled on the east side of Pohatcong Creek; his brother, Mordecai Andrews settled on the west side of the same creek. Edward, tired of going to [Mount Holly Township](/wiki/Mount_Holly%2C_New_Jersey "Mount Holly, New Jersey") with his grain, constructed a cedar log grist mill on the site of a dam built by beavers at the mouth of what is known as Tuckerton Creek. He built the [grist mill](/wiki/Grist_mill "Grist mill") in 1704, and it still stands to this day.
Tuckerton became a Port of Entry of the United States, but not the third port as is commonly believed.Stemmer, Peter H. ["The Port of Tuckerton"](http://www.tuckertonhistoricalsociety.org/uploads/6/8/7/1/6871754/port_of_tuckerton.pdf), Tuckerton Historical Society. Accessed June 19, 2015\. "It showed me that the notion that Tuckerton was the third port of entry into the United States is, like most traditions, only partially true. It was, in fact, a port of entry but only one of many in the country and one of five in the State of New Jersey." The community was named for founder [Ebenezer Tucker](/wiki/Ebenezer_Tucker "Ebenezer Tucker") (1758–1845\),Hutchinson, Viola L. [*The Origin of New Jersey Place Names*](http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=31), New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945\. Accessed August 26, 2015\. who was appointed Collector, his commission bearing the date March 21, 1791, signed by [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington") and [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson"). Six years later, Tuckerton became a post\-town with Reuben Tucker as its first postmaster.
Former names of the town included "Andrew Mills", "Middle\-of\-the\-Shore", "Clamtown", "Quakertown", and "Fishtown". In March 1789, Ebenezer Tucker hosted a feast at the then\-named Clamtown for the residents, at which time they officially changed the name to Tuckerton.DuPuis, E. R. Duke. ["The Life and Times of Ebenezer Tucker"](http://www.tuckertonlehhs.org/ebenezer-tucker.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20130730032944/http://www.tuckertonlehhs.org/ebenezer\-tucker.php \|date\=2013\-07\-30 }}, Tuckerton Historical Society. Accessed July 29, 2013\.
In 1816, Isaac Jenkins established the first stage line between Tuckerton and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), making one trip a week, each trip taking two days to travel each way. John D. Thompson bought the line in 1828 and ran the stages each way in a day and carried the mail. The stages and vessels were the only public conveyances to the cities until the [Tuckerton Railroad](/wiki/Tuckerton_Railroad "Tuckerton Railroad") was built in 1871\.Treese, Lorett. [*Railroads of New Jersey: Fragments of the Past in the Garden State Landscape*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LkXXZfRFRM0C&pg=PA147), p. 147\. [Stackpole Books](/wiki/Stackpole_Books "Stackpole Books"), 2006\. {{ISBN\|9780811732604}}. Accessed October 13, 2015\.
[thumb\|The Tuckerton Emporium on Main Street, originally opened as Gerber's department store.](/wiki/File:DETAIL_OF_FACADE_LOOKING_NORTHWEST_-_Tuckerton_Emporium%2C_West_Main_and_Water_Streets%2C_Tuckerton%2C_Ocean_County%2C_NJ_HABS_NJ%2C15-TUCK%2C2-2.tif "DETAIL OF FACADE LOOKING NORTHWEST - Tuckerton Emporium, West Main and Water Streets, Tuckerton, Ocean County, NJ HABS NJ,15-TUCK,2-2.tif")
What was probably New Jersey's first summer resort was on Tucker's Island offshore from Little Egg Harbor. The island sported boarding houses, private cottages, and a school. In 1848 a Lighthouse was erected there, with Eben Rider as its first lightkeeper. In 1869 the Little Egg Harbor Lifesaving's Station was constructed there. Also known as Sea Haven, the island contained two hotels. The island was wiped away in a storm, including its lighthouse, which fell into the sea. At the Tuckerton Seaport Museum, a re\-created lighthouse has been built as well as other re\-created buildings that were on Tuckers Island. In the lighthouse, there are several wall\-mounted pictures showing the instant that the original lighthouse fell into the sea. The original island remains underwater.[Long Beach Island History Of Tide and Time \- Atlantis](http://lbi.net/lbihistory/atlantis.asp), LBI.net. Accessed October 13, 2015\.
The area surrounding present\-day Tuckerton was part of Burlington County until 1891 when it joined with Ocean County. Tuckerton was established in March 1901, with its first mayor being Frank R. Austin.
By the turn of the 1800s, Tuckerton was home to a robust downtown area of shops, [boarding houses](/wiki/Boarding_house "Boarding house"), and hotels. Around 1800, Ebenezer Tucker built the "Union House" on the corner of Main Street \& Green Street, which served as a post office, stagecoach stop, and lodge.{{cite book \|author\= \|title\=Downshore from Manahawkin to New Gretna \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sTzNKt0fOvYC \|location\=The Publications Committee of the Ocean County Historical Society \|publisher\=Arcadia Publishing \|page\=104 \|date\=September 1, 1994 \|isbn\=9780738564456}} The Union House was later known as the "Carlton House", which operated as an inn and tavern until it was destroyed by fire in 1964\. The "Everett House" was built in the 1870s as a first\-class [temperance hotel](/wiki/Coffee_palace "Coffee palace") to serve railroad passengers; the building, on Main Street between Green Street and Water Street, was demolished by the mid\-20th Century. The Lakeside Hotel, situated on Main Street next to Lake Pohatcong, operated well into the 20th Century before its closure and demolition; a plaque commemorating [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") veterans on the side of the building was moved to its current site in Greenwood Cemetery.
The Tuckerton [Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church "Methodist Episcopal Church") was originally established in 1797\. In 1868, the congregation broke ground on an elaborate [Colonial](/wiki/Colonial_architecture "Colonial architecture")\-style church building featuring a slate\-covered steeple, forged stained glass windows, a town clock, bell, and [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ"). The building was constructed by [shipwrights](/wiki/Shipbuilding "Shipbuilding"), as the boro was a bustling shipping and fishing village at the time.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/145029984 \|title\=Fire Destroys Old Church But Optimism Runs High \|author\=Wirtz, Lynda L. \|date\=May 8, 1979 \|access\-date\=January 9, 2019}}
In 1921, Reuben Gerber opened Gerber's Department Store on Main Street.{{cite web \|url\=https://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/p/tuckerton\-emporium\-celebrates\-20\-years\-on\-main\-street/1026035 \|title\=Tuckerton Emporium Celebrates 20 Years on Main Street \|author\=Johnson, Pat \|work\=The Sandpaper \|date\=July 6, 2013 \|access\-date\=January 9, 2019}} The store's [art deco](/wiki/Art_deco_architecture "Art deco architecture") interior was modeled after the [Macy's Herald Square](/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square "Macy's Herald Square") flagship store in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City").{{cite web \|url\=http://lcweb2\.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/nj/nj1300/nj1316/data/nj1316data.pdf \|title\=Historic American Buildings Survey \- Town of Tuckerton \|author\=Historic American Buildings Survey \|work\=National Park Service \|date\=1991 \|access\-date\=January 9, 2019}} Gerber's served as Tuckerton's main general store and was an authorized dealership for early [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") vehicles. The building remains and is currently known as the "Tuckerton Emporium", which houses a consortium of local vendors.
[thumb\|Flooding in Tuckerton Beach following [Superstorm Sandy](/wiki/Superstorm_Sandy "Superstorm Sandy") on October 30, 2012\.](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Sandy_overflight_assesment_DVIDS1123972.jpg "Hurricane Sandy overflight assesment DVIDS1123972.jpg")
On May 7, 1979, a large wind\-driven fire destroyed the century\-old Tuckerton United Methodist Church, two stores, and several homes on Main Street, leaving 23 people homeless.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/145029991/ \|title\=Worst Fire in Tuckerton's History Destroys Some History \|work\=Asbury Park Press \|date\=May 8, 1979 \|access\-date\=January 9, 2019}} The [conflagration](/wiki/Conflagration "Conflagration") started in the Tuckerton Variety Store on 25 W. Main Street and spread to a vacant storefront and two second\-floor apartments next door; 20\-mph [sea breeze](/wiki/Sea_breeze "Sea breeze") winds carried embers 200 yards to the church, which quickly burned out of control.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/222928734 \|title\=Wind\-whipped fire razes Tuckerton church, stores \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=The Courier\-News \|date\=May 8, 1979 \|access\-date\=January 9, 2019}} The embers also ignited fires in five homes on N. Green Street and several brush fires, all of which were quickly extinguished. Eighteen fire departments from Ocean and Burlington counties responded to the blaze.
Tuckerton received extensive damage after [Superstorm Sandy](/wiki/Superstorm_Sandy "Superstorm Sandy") struck the borough on October 28, 2012\. Almost 300 homes suffered extensive damage, while 32 homes were completely destroyed. Floodwaters also ravaged businesses along South Green Street and flooded some buildings in the Tuckerton Seaport.Moore, Kirk. ["Tuckerton homes ripped to pieces by waves, surge"](http://archive.app.com/article/20121102/NJNEWS/311020106/Tuckerton-homes-ripped-pieces-by-waves-surge), *[Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press "Asbury Park Press")*, November 3, 2012\. Accessed October 28, 2014\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|The [Little Egg Harbor Friends Meeting House](/wiki/Little_Egg_Harbor_Friends_Meeting_House \"Little Egg Harbor Friends Meeting House\"), built in 1863](/wiki/File:Little_Egg_Friends_NJ_2.JPG \"Little Egg Friends NJ 2.JPG\")\nThe area that is now Tuckerton was settled in 1698\\.[Tuckerton Community Profile](http://theoceancountylibrary.org/branches/T/tcomprofile.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030100503/http://theoceancountylibrary.org/branches/T/tcomprofile.htm \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-30 }}, Ocean County Library. Accessed January 25, 2015\\. Some of the early settlers were Andrews, [Falkinburgs](/wiki/Hendrick_Jacobs_Falkenberg \"Hendrick Jacobs Falkenberg\"), Shourds, [Ongs](/wiki/Ong_%28surname%29 \"Ong (surname)\"), WilletsWillett, Albert James Jr. *The Willet Families of North America* and Osborns. Edward Andrews, settled on the east side of Pohatcong Creek; his brother, Mordecai Andrews settled on the west side of the same creek. Edward, tired of going to [Mount Holly Township](/wiki/Mount_Holly%2C_New_Jersey \"Mount Holly, New Jersey\") with his grain, constructed a cedar log grist mill on the site of a dam built by beavers at the mouth of what is known as Tuckerton Creek. He built the [grist mill](/wiki/Grist_mill \"Grist mill\") in 1704, and it still stands to this day.",
"Tuckerton became a Port of Entry of the United States, but not the third port as is commonly believed.Stemmer, Peter H. [\"The Port of Tuckerton\"](http://www.tuckertonhistoricalsociety.org/uploads/6/8/7/1/6871754/port_of_tuckerton.pdf), Tuckerton Historical Society. Accessed June 19, 2015\\. \"It showed me that the notion that Tuckerton was the third port of entry into the United States is, like most traditions, only partially true. It was, in fact, a port of entry but only one of many in the country and one of five in the State of New Jersey.\" The community was named for founder [Ebenezer Tucker](/wiki/Ebenezer_Tucker \"Ebenezer Tucker\") (1758–1845\\),Hutchinson, Viola L. [*The Origin of New Jersey Place Names*](http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=31), New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945\\. Accessed August 26, 2015\\. who was appointed Collector, his commission bearing the date March 21, 1791, signed by [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\") and [Thomas Jefferson](/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson \"Thomas Jefferson\"). Six years later, Tuckerton became a post\\-town with Reuben Tucker as its first postmaster.",
"Former names of the town included \"Andrew Mills\", \"Middle\\-of\\-the\\-Shore\", \"Clamtown\", \"Quakertown\", and \"Fishtown\". In March 1789, Ebenezer Tucker hosted a feast at the then\\-named Clamtown for the residents, at which time they officially changed the name to Tuckerton.DuPuis, E. R. Duke. [\"The Life and Times of Ebenezer Tucker\"](http://www.tuckertonlehhs.org/ebenezer-tucker.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130730032944/http://www.tuckertonlehhs.org/ebenezer\\-tucker.php \\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-30 }}, Tuckerton Historical Society. Accessed July 29, 2013\\.",
"In 1816, Isaac Jenkins established the first stage line between Tuckerton and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), making one trip a week, each trip taking two days to travel each way. John D. Thompson bought the line in 1828 and ran the stages each way in a day and carried the mail. The stages and vessels were the only public conveyances to the cities until the [Tuckerton Railroad](/wiki/Tuckerton_Railroad \"Tuckerton Railroad\") was built in 1871\\.Treese, Lorett. [*Railroads of New Jersey: Fragments of the Past in the Garden State Landscape*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LkXXZfRFRM0C&pg=PA147), p. 147\\. [Stackpole Books](/wiki/Stackpole_Books \"Stackpole Books\"), 2006\\. {{ISBN\\|9780811732604}}. Accessed October 13, 2015\\.",
"[thumb\\|The Tuckerton Emporium on Main Street, originally opened as Gerber's department store.](/wiki/File:DETAIL_OF_FACADE_LOOKING_NORTHWEST_-_Tuckerton_Emporium%2C_West_Main_and_Water_Streets%2C_Tuckerton%2C_Ocean_County%2C_NJ_HABS_NJ%2C15-TUCK%2C2-2.tif \"DETAIL OF FACADE LOOKING NORTHWEST - Tuckerton Emporium, West Main and Water Streets, Tuckerton, Ocean County, NJ HABS NJ,15-TUCK,2-2.tif\")\nWhat was probably New Jersey's first summer resort was on Tucker's Island offshore from Little Egg Harbor. The island sported boarding houses, private cottages, and a school. In 1848 a Lighthouse was erected there, with Eben Rider as its first lightkeeper. In 1869 the Little Egg Harbor Lifesaving's Station was constructed there. Also known as Sea Haven, the island contained two hotels. The island was wiped away in a storm, including its lighthouse, which fell into the sea. At the Tuckerton Seaport Museum, a re\\-created lighthouse has been built as well as other re\\-created buildings that were on Tuckers Island. In the lighthouse, there are several wall\\-mounted pictures showing the instant that the original lighthouse fell into the sea. The original island remains underwater.[Long Beach Island History Of Tide and Time \\- Atlantis](http://lbi.net/lbihistory/atlantis.asp), LBI.net. Accessed October 13, 2015\\.",
"The area surrounding present\\-day Tuckerton was part of Burlington County until 1891 when it joined with Ocean County. Tuckerton was established in March 1901, with its first mayor being Frank R. Austin.",
"By the turn of the 1800s, Tuckerton was home to a robust downtown area of shops, [boarding houses](/wiki/Boarding_house \"Boarding house\"), and hotels. Around 1800, Ebenezer Tucker built the \"Union House\" on the corner of Main Street \\& Green Street, which served as a post office, stagecoach stop, and lodge.{{cite book \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Downshore from Manahawkin to New Gretna \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sTzNKt0fOvYC \\|location\\=The Publications Committee of the Ocean County Historical Society \\|publisher\\=Arcadia Publishing \\|page\\=104 \\|date\\=September 1, 1994 \\|isbn\\=9780738564456}} The Union House was later known as the \"Carlton House\", which operated as an inn and tavern until it was destroyed by fire in 1964\\. The \"Everett House\" was built in the 1870s as a first\\-class [temperance hotel](/wiki/Coffee_palace \"Coffee palace\") to serve railroad passengers; the building, on Main Street between Green Street and Water Street, was demolished by the mid\\-20th Century. The Lakeside Hotel, situated on Main Street next to Lake Pohatcong, operated well into the 20th Century before its closure and demolition; a plaque commemorating [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") veterans on the side of the building was moved to its current site in Greenwood Cemetery.",
"The Tuckerton [Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church \"Methodist Episcopal Church\") was originally established in 1797\\. In 1868, the congregation broke ground on an elaborate [Colonial](/wiki/Colonial_architecture \"Colonial architecture\")\\-style church building featuring a slate\\-covered steeple, forged stained glass windows, a town clock, bell, and [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ \"Pipe organ\"). The building was constructed by [shipwrights](/wiki/Shipbuilding \"Shipbuilding\"), as the boro was a bustling shipping and fishing village at the time.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/145029984 \\|title\\=Fire Destroys Old Church But Optimism Runs High \\|author\\=Wirtz, Lynda L. \\|date\\=May 8, 1979 \\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2019}}",
"In 1921, Reuben Gerber opened Gerber's Department Store on Main Street.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/p/tuckerton\\-emporium\\-celebrates\\-20\\-years\\-on\\-main\\-street/1026035 \\|title\\=Tuckerton Emporium Celebrates 20 Years on Main Street \\|author\\=Johnson, Pat \\|work\\=The Sandpaper \\|date\\=July 6, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2019}} The store's [art deco](/wiki/Art_deco_architecture \"Art deco architecture\") interior was modeled after the [Macy's Herald Square](/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square \"Macy's Herald Square\") flagship store in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://lcweb2\\.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/nj/nj1300/nj1316/data/nj1316data.pdf \\|title\\=Historic American Buildings Survey \\- Town of Tuckerton \\|author\\=Historic American Buildings Survey \\|work\\=National Park Service \\|date\\=1991 \\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2019}} Gerber's served as Tuckerton's main general store and was an authorized dealership for early [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") vehicles. The building remains and is currently known as the \"Tuckerton Emporium\", which houses a consortium of local vendors.",
"[thumb\\|Flooding in Tuckerton Beach following [Superstorm Sandy](/wiki/Superstorm_Sandy \"Superstorm Sandy\") on October 30, 2012\\.](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Sandy_overflight_assesment_DVIDS1123972.jpg \"Hurricane Sandy overflight assesment DVIDS1123972.jpg\")\nOn May 7, 1979, a large wind\\-driven fire destroyed the century\\-old Tuckerton United Methodist Church, two stores, and several homes on Main Street, leaving 23 people homeless.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/145029991/ \\|title\\=Worst Fire in Tuckerton's History Destroys Some History \\|work\\=Asbury Park Press \\|date\\=May 8, 1979 \\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2019}} The [conflagration](/wiki/Conflagration \"Conflagration\") started in the Tuckerton Variety Store on 25 W. Main Street and spread to a vacant storefront and two second\\-floor apartments next door; 20\\-mph [sea breeze](/wiki/Sea_breeze \"Sea breeze\") winds carried embers 200 yards to the church, which quickly burned out of control.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/222928734 \\|title\\=Wind\\-whipped fire razes Tuckerton church, stores \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=The Courier\\-News \\|date\\=May 8, 1979 \\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2019}} The embers also ignited fires in five homes on N. Green Street and several brush fires, all of which were quickly extinguished. Eighteen fire departments from Ocean and Burlington counties responded to the blaze.",
"Tuckerton received extensive damage after [Superstorm Sandy](/wiki/Superstorm_Sandy \"Superstorm Sandy\") struck the borough on October 28, 2012\\. Almost 300 homes suffered extensive damage, while 32 homes were completely destroyed. Floodwaters also ravaged businesses along South Green Street and flooded some buildings in the Tuckerton Seaport.Moore, Kirk. [\"Tuckerton homes ripped to pieces by waves, surge\"](http://archive.app.com/article/20121102/NJNEWS/311020106/Tuckerton-homes-ripped-pieces-by-waves-surge), *[Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press \"Asbury Park Press\")*, November 3, 2012\\. Accessed October 28, 2014\\.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 1268
\|1920\= 1106
\|1930\= 1429
\|1940\= 1320
\|1950\= 1332
\|1960\= 1536
\|1970\= 1926
\|1980\= 2472
\|1990\= 3048
\|2000\= 3517
\|2010\= 3347
\|2020\= 3577
\| estimate\=3681
\| estyear\=2023
\| estref\=\[https://www2\.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/tables/2020\-2023/mcds/totals/SUB\-MCD\-EST2023\-POP\-34\.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], released May 2024\. Accessed May 16, 2024\.
\|footnote\=Population sources: 1910–2000Barnett, Bob. \[http://westjersey.org/popoce\_04\.htm Population Data for Ocean County Municipalities, 1850–2000], WestJersey.org, January 6, 2011\. Accessed January 3, 2013\.
1910–1920\[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show\=full ''Compendium of censuses 1726\-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905''], \[\[New Jersey Department of State]], 1906\. Accessed August 30, 2013\. 1910\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070698398/page/n345 ''Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890''], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 338\. Accessed January 3, 2013\. 1910–1930\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=kifRAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA718 ''Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 \- Population Volume I''], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 718\. Accessed January 3, 2013\.
1940–2000\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2kpub/njsdcp3\.pdf\#page\=27 Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 \- 2000], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001\. Accessed May 1, 2023\. 2000
2010\[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3402974210 DP\-1 \- Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Tuckerton borough, Ocean County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212101217/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3402974210 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, \[\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 3, 2013\.\[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\_oce/tuckerton1\.pdf Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Tuckerton borough] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808231605/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\_oce/tuckerton1\.pdf \|date\=August 8, 2013 }}, \[\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed January 3, 2013\. 2020\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020\_Mun/MCD%200\_All.pdf Total Population: Census 2010 \- Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities], \[\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 1, 2022\.
}}
### 2010 census
The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census") counted 3,347 people, 1,396 households, and 873 families in the borough. The population density was {{convert\|995\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,902 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|565\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup was 93\.79% (3,139\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 "White (U.S. census)"), 0\.75% (25\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 "Black (U.S. census)"), 0\.09% (3\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 "Native American (U.S. census)"), 1\.05% (35\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 "Asian (U.S. census)"), 0\.00% (0\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. census)"), 2\.06% (69\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race "Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race"), and 2\.27% (76\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. census)") of any race were 6\.07% (203\) of the population.
Of the 1,396 households, 24\.6% had children under the age of 18; 45\.8% were married couples living together; 11\.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 37\.5% were non\-families. Of all households, 31\.1% were made up of individuals and 15\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.39 and the average family size was 2\.99\.
21\.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 8\.0% from 18 to 24, 23\.9% from 25 to 44, 29\.4% from 45 to 64, and 17\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42\.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 99\.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93\.1 males.
The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") showed that (in 2010 [inflation\-adjusted](/wiki/Inflation_adjustment "Inflation adjustment") dollars) [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income "Median household income") was $53,209 (with a margin of error of \+/− $5,943\) and the median family income was $61,677 (\+/− $10,244\). Males had a median income of $50,139 (\+/− $5,122\) versus $43,963 (\+/− $14,203\) for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $24,974 (\+/− $3,410\). About 6\.7% of families and 10\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 20\.8% of those under age 18 and 9\.2% of those age 65 or over.[DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006\-2010 American Community Survey 5\-Year Estimates for Tuckerton borough, Ocean County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3402974210) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212082238/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/ACS/10\_5YR/DP03/0600000US3402974210 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 3, 2013\.
### 2000 census
As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census") there were 3,517 people, 1,477 households, and 921 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert\|961\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,971 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|539\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 96\.90% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.40% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.28% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.54% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.54% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.34% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.10% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Tuckerton borough, New Jersey](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603474210.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113000535/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603474210\.pdf \|date\=January 13, 2016 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 3, 2013\.[DP\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 \- Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\) 100\-Percent Data for Tuckerton borough, Ocean County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402974210) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212095620/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/00\_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402974210 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 3, 2013\.
There were 1,477 households, out of which 28\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\.6% were non\-families. 31\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.38 and the average family size was 3\.02\.
In the borough the population was spread out, with 23\.0% under the age of 18, 8\.0% from 18 to 24, 29\.1% from 25 to 44, 23\.0% from 45 to 64, and 16\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94\.1 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $40,042, and the median income for a family was $49,528\. Males had a median income of $35,799 versus $30,583 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $20,118\. About 5\.9% of families and 7\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 13\.7% of those under age 18 and 10\.2% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 1268\n\\|1920\\= 1106\n\\|1930\\= 1429\n\\|1940\\= 1320\n\\|1950\\= 1332\n\\|1960\\= 1536\n\\|1970\\= 1926\n\\|1980\\= 2472\n\\|1990\\= 3048\n\\|2000\\= 3517\n\\|2010\\= 3347\n\\|2020\\= 3577\n\\| estimate\\=3681\n\\| estyear\\=2023\n\\| estref\\=\\[https://www2\\.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/tables/2020\\-2023/mcds/totals/SUB\\-MCD\\-EST2023\\-POP\\-34\\.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], released May 2024\\. Accessed May 16, 2024\\.\n\\|footnote\\=Population sources: 1910–2000Barnett, Bob. \\[http://westjersey.org/popoce\\_04\\.htm Population Data for Ocean County Municipalities, 1850–2000], WestJersey.org, January 6, 2011\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\. \n 1910–1920\\[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show\\=full ''Compendium of censuses 1726\\-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905''], \\[\\[New Jersey Department of State]], 1906\\. Accessed August 30, 2013\\. 1910\\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070698398/page/n345 ''Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890''], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 338\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\. 1910–1930\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kifRAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA718 ''Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 \\- Population Volume I''], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 718\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\. \n1940–2000\\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2kpub/njsdcp3\\.pdf\\#page\\=27 Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 \\- 2000], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001\\. Accessed May 1, 2023\\. 2000 \n2010\\[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3402974210 DP\\-1 \\- Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Tuckerton borough, Ocean County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212101217/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3402974210 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 3, 2013\\.\\[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\\_oce/tuckerton1\\.pdf Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Tuckerton borough] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808231605/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\\_oce/tuckerton1\\.pdf \\|date\\=August 8, 2013 }}, \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed January 3, 2013\\. 2020\\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020\\_Mun/MCD%200\\_All.pdf Total Population: Census 2010 \\- Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities], \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 1, 2022\\.\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\") counted 3,347 people, 1,396 households, and 873 families in the borough. The population density was {{convert\\|995\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,902 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|565\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup was 93\\.79% (3,139\\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 \"White (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.75% (25\\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 \"Black (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.09% (3\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 \"Native American (U.S. census)\"), 1\\.05% (35\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 \"Asian (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.00% (0\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. census)\"), 2\\.06% (69\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race\"), and 2\\.27% (76\\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. census)\") of any race were 6\\.07% (203\\) of the population.",
"Of the 1,396 households, 24\\.6% had children under the age of 18; 45\\.8% were married couples living together; 11\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 37\\.5% were non\\-families. Of all households, 31\\.1% were made up of individuals and 15\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.39 and the average family size was 2\\.99\\.",
"21\\.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 8\\.0% from 18 to 24, 23\\.9% from 25 to 44, 29\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42\\.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 99\\.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93\\.1 males.",
"The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") showed that (in 2010 [inflation\\-adjusted](/wiki/Inflation_adjustment \"Inflation adjustment\") dollars) [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income \"Median household income\") was $53,209 (with a margin of error of \\+/− $5,943\\) and the median family income was $61,677 (\\+/− $10,244\\). Males had a median income of $50,139 (\\+/− $5,122\\) versus $43,963 (\\+/− $14,203\\) for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $24,974 (\\+/− $3,410\\). About 6\\.7% of families and 10\\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 20\\.8% of those under age 18 and 9\\.2% of those age 65 or over.[DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006\\-2010 American Community Survey 5\\-Year Estimates for Tuckerton borough, Ocean County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3402974210) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212082238/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/ACS/10\\_5YR/DP03/0600000US3402974210 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 3, 2013\\.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\") there were 3,517 people, 1,477 households, and 921 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert\\|961\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,971 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|539\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 96\\.90% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.40% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.28% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.54% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.54% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.34% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.10% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Tuckerton borough, New Jersey](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603474210.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113000535/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603474210\\.pdf \\|date\\=January 13, 2016 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 3, 2013\\.[DP\\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 \\- Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\\) 100\\-Percent Data for Tuckerton borough, Ocean County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402974210) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212095620/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/00\\_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402974210 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 3, 2013\\.",
"There were 1,477 households, out of which 28\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\\.6% were non\\-families. 31\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.38 and the average family size was 3\\.02\\.",
"In the borough the population was spread out, with 23\\.0% under the age of 18, 8\\.0% from 18 to 24, 29\\.1% from 25 to 44, 23\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94\\.1 males.",
"The median income for a household in the borough was $40,042, and the median income for a family was $49,528\\. Males had a median income of $35,799 versus $30,583 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $20,118\\. About 5\\.9% of families and 7\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 13\\.7% of those under age 18 and 10\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Government
----------
### Local government
Tuckerton is governed under the [borough](/wiki/Borough_%28New_Jersey%29 "Borough (New Jersey)") form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564\) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[*Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey*](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/inventory_of_municipal_forms_of_government_in_new_jersey.pdf), [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011\. Accessed June 1, 2023\. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected [at\-large](/wiki/At-large "At-large") on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four\-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three\-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three\-year cycle.*2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book*, [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy](/wiki/Edward_J._Bloustein_School_of_Planning_and_Public_Policy "Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy"), March 2013, p. 48\. The borough form of government used by Tuckerton is a "[weak mayor](/wiki/Weak_mayor "Weak mayor") / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can [veto](/wiki/Veto "Veto") ordinances subject to an [override](/wiki/Veto_override "Veto override") by a two\-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.Cerra, Michael F. ["Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask"](http://www.njslom.org/magart0307_p14.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045019/http://www.njslom.org/magart0307\_p14\.html \|date\=2014\-09\-24 }}, [New Jersey State League of Municipalities](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_League_of_Municipalities "New Jersey State League of Municipalities"). Accessed November 30, 2014\.["Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey"](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/forms_of_municipal_government_in_new_jersey_9220.pdf#page=6), p. 6\. [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023\.[Local Government](https://tuckertonborough.com/government), Borough of Tuckerton. Accessed March 6, 2020\. "Tuckerton is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government. The governing body consists of a Mayor and a Borough Council comprising six council members, with all positions elected at\-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four\-year term of office. The Borough Council consists of six members elected to serve three\-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three\-year cycle."
{{As of\|2022}}, the mayor of the Borough of Tuckerton is [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") Susan R. Marshall, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022\. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Samuel C. Colangelo (R, 2022\), Frank D'Amore (R, 2024\), Brian Martin (R, 2023\), Ronald L. Peterson (R, 2024\), Michael Santo (R, 2022\), SuZanne L. Taylor (R, 2022\) and Keith F. Vreeland Jr. (R, 2023\).[Town Officials and Committees](https://tuckertonborough.com/government/governing-body), Borough of Tuckerton. Accessed August 15, 2022\.[2022 Municipal Data Sheet](https://tuckertonborough.com/content/upload/1/finance/1532-introbudget-2022-1.pdf), Borough of Tuckerton. Accessed August 15, 2022\.[Borough of Tuckerton](https://www.co.ocean.nj.us/frmGovDirPage.aspx?ID=238), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey"). Accessed August 15, 2022\.[*2022 Ocean County \& Municipal Elected Officials*](https://www.co.ocean.nj.us/WebContentFiles/70fc90f8-5e4e-4454-a3c1-8ca3d0911f87.pdf), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey") Clerk, updated April 1, 2022\. Accessed May 1, 2022\.[2021 General Election Official Results](https://www.co.ocean.nj.us/WebContentFiles/07aecb2a-f6ce-4ef4-a6c3-7b7546fc9e3f.pdf), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey"). Accessed January 1, 2022\.[2020 General Election November 3, 2020 Official results](https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/106715/web.264614/#/summary), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey"), updated December 2, 2020\. Accessed January 1, 2021\.[2019 General Election Official Results November 5, 2019](https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/98863/web/#/summary), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey") Clerk, updated November 15, 2019\. Accessed January 1, 2020\.[2018 General Election Official Results November 6, 2018](https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/92666/Web02.213202/#/), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey") Clerk, updated November 19, 2018\. Accessed January 1, 2019\.
In September 2015, the borough council appointed Keith Vreeland to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2017 that had been held by James R. Edwards until his death.Staff. ["Tuckerton Republicans Appoint Keith Vreeland to Council Vacancy"](http://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/p/tuckerton-republicans-appoint-keith-vreeland-to-council-vacancy/1410020), *The Sandpaper*, September 16, 2015\. Accessed July 28, 2016\. "The Tuckerton Borough Council has appointed Keith Vreeland to the council seat left vacant by the recent death of Councilman Jim Edwards." Vreeland served on an interim basis until the November 2015 general election, when voters elected him to fill the two years remaining of the term of office.[2015 General Election Official Results November 3, 2015](http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/57818/157041/en/summary.html), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey") Clerk, updated November 10, 2015\. Accessed July 26, 2016\.
In January 2015, the borough council chose Michael Santo to fill the council seat expiring in December 2016 that had been vacated by Sue Marshall when she took office as mayor.Staff. ["Tuckerton Reorganizes With New Mayor Sue Marshall"](http://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/p/tuckerton-reorganizes-with-new-mayor-sue-marshall/1288287), *The SandPaper*, January 7, 2015\. Accessed June 19, 2015\. "After a brief executive session, the council voted to appoint Tuckerton Beach resident Michael Santo, a member of the Tuckerton Regular Republican Club." Santo was elected in the November 2015 general election to serve the one year remaining.
### Federal, state and county representation
Tuckerton is located in the 2nd Congressional District[Plan Components Report](https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2012-congressional-districts/njcd-2011-plan-components-county-mcd.pdf), [New Jersey Redistricting Commission](/wiki/New_Jersey_Redistricting_Commission "New Jersey Redistricting Commission"), December 23, 2011\. Accessed February 1, 2020\. and is part of New Jersey's 9th state legislative district.[Municipalities Sorted by 2023\-2031 Legislative District](https://pub.njleg.gov/publications/pdf/2023-NJ-Leg-District-Map.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State"). Accessed September 1, 2023\.
{{NJ Congress 02}} {{NJ Senate}}
{{NJ Legislative 09}}
{{NJ Ocean County Commissioners}}
### Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 2,349 registered voters in Tuckerton, of which 370 (15\.8%) were registered as [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)"), 836 (35\.6%) were registered as [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") and 1,141 (48\.6%) were registered as [Unaffiliated](/wiki/Unaffiliated_%28New_Jersey%29 "Unaffiliated (New Jersey)"). There were 2 voters registered as either [Libertarians](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29 "Libertarian Party (United States)") or [Greens](/wiki/Green_Party_%28United_States%29 "Green Party (United States)").[Voter Registration Summary \- Ocean](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2011-ocean-co-summary-report.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, March 23, 2011\. Accessed January 3, 2013\. Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 70\.2% (vs. 63\.2% in Ocean County) were registered to vote, including 89\.0% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 82\.6% countywide).[GCT\-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 \- State \-\- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTP7.ST16?slice=GEO~0400000US34) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212202223/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_SF1/GCTP7\.ST16?slice\=GEO\~0400000US34 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 3, 2013\.
In the [2012 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2012 "United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2012"), Republican [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") received 54\.5% of the vote (745 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 44\.2% (604 votes), and other candidates with 1\.3% (18 votes), among the 1,372 ballots cast by the borough's 2,418 registered voters (5 ballots were [spoiled](/wiki/Spoilt_vote "Spoilt vote")), for a turnout of 56\.7%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\-results/2012\-presidential\-ocean.pdf \|title\=Presidential General Election Results \- November 6, 2012 \- Ocean County \|date\=March 15, 2013 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\-results/2012\-ballotscast\-ocean.pdf \|title\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \- November 6, 2012 \- General Election Results \- Ocean County\|date\=March 15, 2013 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2008 "United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2008"), Republican [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") received 54\.9% of the vote (886 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 43\.0% (694 votes) and other candidates with 1\.5% (24 votes), among the 1,614 ballots cast by the borough's 2,417 registered voters, for a turnout of 66\.8%.[2008 Presidential General Election Results: Ocean County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2008-gen-elect-presidential-results-ocean.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, December 23, 2008\. Accessed January 3, 2013\. In the [2004 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2004 "United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2004"), Republican [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") received 60\.6% of the vote (912 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry") with 37\.5% (565 votes) and other candidates with 1\.1% (24 votes), among the 1,506 ballots cast by the borough's 2,243 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 67\.1\.[2004 Presidential Election: Ocean County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2004-presidential_ocean_co_2004_1.26.05.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, December 13, 2004\. Accessed January 3, 2013\.
In the [2013 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2013 "New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2013"), Republican [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie "Chris Christie") received 75\.3% of the vote (673 cast), ahead of Democrat [Barbara Buono](/wiki/Barbara_Buono "Barbara Buono") with 23\.7% (212 votes), and other candidates with 1\.0% (9 votes), among the 914 ballots cast by the borough's 2,304 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39\.7%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\-results/2013\-general\-election\-results\-governor\-ocean.pdf \|title\=Governor \- Ocean County \|date\=January 29, 2014 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\-results/2013\-general\-election\-ballotscast\-ocean.pdf \|title\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \- November 5, 2013 \- General Election Results \- Ocean County\|date\=January 29, 2014 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2009 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2009 "New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2009"), Republican Chris Christie received 60\.1% of the vote (656 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine "Jon Corzine") with 30\.0% (327 votes), Independent [Chris Daggett](/wiki/Chris_Daggett "Chris Daggett") with 6\.5% (71 votes) and other candidates with 1\.6% (18 votes), among the 1,091 ballots cast by the borough's 2,400 registered voters, yielding a 45\.5% turnout.[2009 Governor: Ocean County](http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-governor_results-ocean.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017230602/http://www.njelections.org/election\-results/2009\-governor\_results\-ocean.pdf \|date\=October 17, 2012 }}, [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, December 31, 2009\. Accessed January 3, 2013\.
|
[
"Government\n----------",
"### Local government",
"Tuckerton is governed under the [borough](/wiki/Borough_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Borough (New Jersey)\") form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564\\) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[*Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey*](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/inventory_of_municipal_forms_of_government_in_new_jersey.pdf), [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011\\. Accessed June 1, 2023\\. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected [at\\-large](/wiki/At-large \"At-large\") on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four\\-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three\\-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three\\-year cycle.*2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book*, [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") [Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy](/wiki/Edward_J._Bloustein_School_of_Planning_and_Public_Policy \"Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy\"), March 2013, p. 48\\. The borough form of government used by Tuckerton is a \"[weak mayor](/wiki/Weak_mayor \"Weak mayor\") / strong council\" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can [veto](/wiki/Veto \"Veto\") ordinances subject to an [override](/wiki/Veto_override \"Veto override\") by a two\\-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.Cerra, Michael F. [\"Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask\"](http://www.njslom.org/magart0307_p14.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045019/http://www.njslom.org/magart0307\\_p14\\.html \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-24 }}, [New Jersey State League of Municipalities](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_League_of_Municipalities \"New Jersey State League of Municipalities\"). Accessed November 30, 2014\\.[\"Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey\"](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/forms_of_municipal_government_in_new_jersey_9220.pdf#page=6), p. 6\\. [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023\\.[Local Government](https://tuckertonborough.com/government), Borough of Tuckerton. Accessed March 6, 2020\\. \"Tuckerton is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government. The governing body consists of a Mayor and a Borough Council comprising six council members, with all positions elected at\\-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four\\-year term of office. The Borough Council consists of six members elected to serve three\\-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three\\-year cycle.\"",
"{{As of\\|2022}}, the mayor of the Borough of Tuckerton is [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") Susan R. Marshall, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022\\. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Samuel C. Colangelo (R, 2022\\), Frank D'Amore (R, 2024\\), Brian Martin (R, 2023\\), Ronald L. Peterson (R, 2024\\), Michael Santo (R, 2022\\), SuZanne L. Taylor (R, 2022\\) and Keith F. Vreeland Jr. (R, 2023\\).[Town Officials and Committees](https://tuckertonborough.com/government/governing-body), Borough of Tuckerton. Accessed August 15, 2022\\.[2022 Municipal Data Sheet](https://tuckertonborough.com/content/upload/1/finance/1532-introbudget-2022-1.pdf), Borough of Tuckerton. Accessed August 15, 2022\\.[Borough of Tuckerton](https://www.co.ocean.nj.us/frmGovDirPage.aspx?ID=238), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\"). Accessed August 15, 2022\\.[*2022 Ocean County \\& Municipal Elected Officials*](https://www.co.ocean.nj.us/WebContentFiles/70fc90f8-5e4e-4454-a3c1-8ca3d0911f87.pdf), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\") Clerk, updated April 1, 2022\\. Accessed May 1, 2022\\.[2021 General Election Official Results](https://www.co.ocean.nj.us/WebContentFiles/07aecb2a-f6ce-4ef4-a6c3-7b7546fc9e3f.pdf), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\"). Accessed January 1, 2022\\.[2020 General Election November 3, 2020 Official results](https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/106715/web.264614/#/summary), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\"), updated December 2, 2020\\. Accessed January 1, 2021\\.[2019 General Election Official Results November 5, 2019](https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/98863/web/#/summary), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\") Clerk, updated November 15, 2019\\. Accessed January 1, 2020\\.[2018 General Election Official Results November 6, 2018](https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/92666/Web02.213202/#/), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\") Clerk, updated November 19, 2018\\. Accessed January 1, 2019\\.",
"In September 2015, the borough council appointed Keith Vreeland to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2017 that had been held by James R. Edwards until his death.Staff. [\"Tuckerton Republicans Appoint Keith Vreeland to Council Vacancy\"](http://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/p/tuckerton-republicans-appoint-keith-vreeland-to-council-vacancy/1410020), *The Sandpaper*, September 16, 2015\\. Accessed July 28, 2016\\. \"The Tuckerton Borough Council has appointed Keith Vreeland to the council seat left vacant by the recent death of Councilman Jim Edwards.\" Vreeland served on an interim basis until the November 2015 general election, when voters elected him to fill the two years remaining of the term of office.[2015 General Election Official Results November 3, 2015](http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Ocean/57818/157041/en/summary.html), [Ocean County, New Jersey](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\") Clerk, updated November 10, 2015\\. Accessed July 26, 2016\\.",
"In January 2015, the borough council chose Michael Santo to fill the council seat expiring in December 2016 that had been vacated by Sue Marshall when she took office as mayor.Staff. [\"Tuckerton Reorganizes With New Mayor Sue Marshall\"](http://thesandpaper.villagesoup.com/p/tuckerton-reorganizes-with-new-mayor-sue-marshall/1288287), *The SandPaper*, January 7, 2015\\. Accessed June 19, 2015\\. \"After a brief executive session, the council voted to appoint Tuckerton Beach resident Michael Santo, a member of the Tuckerton Regular Republican Club.\" Santo was elected in the November 2015 general election to serve the one year remaining.",
"### Federal, state and county representation",
"Tuckerton is located in the 2nd Congressional District[Plan Components Report](https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2012-congressional-districts/njcd-2011-plan-components-county-mcd.pdf), [New Jersey Redistricting Commission](/wiki/New_Jersey_Redistricting_Commission \"New Jersey Redistricting Commission\"), December 23, 2011\\. Accessed February 1, 2020\\. and is part of New Jersey's 9th state legislative district.[Municipalities Sorted by 2023\\-2031 Legislative District](https://pub.njleg.gov/publications/pdf/2023-NJ-Leg-District-Map.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\"). Accessed September 1, 2023\\.",
"{{NJ Congress 02}} {{NJ Senate}}",
"{{NJ Legislative 09}}",
"{{NJ Ocean County Commissioners}}",
"### Politics",
"As of March 2011, there were a total of 2,349 registered voters in Tuckerton, of which 370 (15\\.8%) were registered as [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), 836 (35\\.6%) were registered as [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") and 1,141 (48\\.6%) were registered as [Unaffiliated](/wiki/Unaffiliated_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Unaffiliated (New Jersey)\"). There were 2 voters registered as either [Libertarians](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Libertarian Party (United States)\") or [Greens](/wiki/Green_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Green Party (United States)\").[Voter Registration Summary \\- Ocean](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2011-ocean-co-summary-report.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, March 23, 2011\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\. Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 70\\.2% (vs. 63\\.2% in Ocean County) were registered to vote, including 89\\.0% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 82\\.6% countywide).[GCT\\-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 \\- State \\-\\- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTP7.ST16?slice=GEO~0400000US34) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212202223/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_SF1/GCTP7\\.ST16?slice\\=GEO\\~0400000US34 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 3, 2013\\.",
"In the [2012 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2012 \"United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2012\"), Republican [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") received 54\\.5% of the vote (745 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 44\\.2% (604 votes), and other candidates with 1\\.3% (18 votes), among the 1,372 ballots cast by the borough's 2,418 registered voters (5 ballots were [spoiled](/wiki/Spoilt_vote \"Spoilt vote\")), for a turnout of 56\\.7%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\\-results/2012\\-presidential\\-ocean.pdf \\|title\\=Presidential General Election Results \\- November 6, 2012 \\- Ocean County \\|date\\=March 15, 2013 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\\-results/2012\\-ballotscast\\-ocean.pdf \\|title\\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \\- November 6, 2012 \\- General Election Results \\- Ocean County\\|date\\=March 15, 2013 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2008 \"United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2008\"), Republican [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") received 54\\.9% of the vote (886 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 43\\.0% (694 votes) and other candidates with 1\\.5% (24 votes), among the 1,614 ballots cast by the borough's 2,417 registered voters, for a turnout of 66\\.8%.[2008 Presidential General Election Results: Ocean County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2008-gen-elect-presidential-results-ocean.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, December 23, 2008\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\. In the [2004 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2004 \"United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2004\"), Republican [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") received 60\\.6% of the vote (912 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") with 37\\.5% (565 votes) and other candidates with 1\\.1% (24 votes), among the 1,506 ballots cast by the borough's 2,243 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 67\\.1\\.[2004 Presidential Election: Ocean County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2004-presidential_ocean_co_2004_1.26.05.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, December 13, 2004\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\.",
"In the [2013 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2013 \"New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2013\"), Republican [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie \"Chris Christie\") received 75\\.3% of the vote (673 cast), ahead of Democrat [Barbara Buono](/wiki/Barbara_Buono \"Barbara Buono\") with 23\\.7% (212 votes), and other candidates with 1\\.0% (9 votes), among the 914 ballots cast by the borough's 2,304 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39\\.7%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\\-results/2013\\-general\\-election\\-results\\-governor\\-ocean.pdf \\|title\\=Governor \\- Ocean County \\|date\\=January 29, 2014 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\\-results/2013\\-general\\-election\\-ballotscast\\-ocean.pdf \\|title\\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \\- November 5, 2013 \\- General Election Results \\- Ocean County\\|date\\=January 29, 2014 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2009 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2009 \"New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2009\"), Republican Chris Christie received 60\\.1% of the vote (656 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine \"Jon Corzine\") with 30\\.0% (327 votes), Independent [Chris Daggett](/wiki/Chris_Daggett \"Chris Daggett\") with 6\\.5% (71 votes) and other candidates with 1\\.6% (18 votes), among the 1,091 ballots cast by the borough's 2,400 registered voters, yielding a 45\\.5% turnout.[2009 Governor: Ocean County](http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-governor_results-ocean.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017230602/http://www.njelections.org/election\\-results/2009\\-governor\\_results\\-ocean.pdf \\|date\\=October 17, 2012 }}, [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, December 31, 2009\\. Accessed January 3, 2013\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Alain Bravo is a graduate of the [École Polytechnique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique "École Polytechnique") and [Télécom ParisTech](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_ParisTech "Télécom ParisTech"). From 1970 to 1985, he worked with France's [Direction générale des télécommunications](/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications "Direction générale des télécommunications"). He became its director of production in 1980, and in 1985, he joined the [Compagnie Générale des Eaux](/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Eaux "Compagnie Générale des Eaux"). Named executive vice president of the cable television division two years later, he created and chaired, in parallel, the Société Française de Radiotéléphonie (SFR). He left the presidency of SFR in 1992, and from 1991 to 1993, he directed the [Compagnie générale de vidéocommunications](/wiki/Compagnie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_vid%C3%A9ocommunications "Compagnie générale de vidéocommunications"). In 1994, he was named director of the [Compagnie Générale des Eaux](/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Eaux "Compagnie Générale des Eaux"), which he would leave one year later.{{Cite web\| url\=http://www.educpros.fr/recherche\-de\-personnalites/fiche\-personnalite/h/386c8ce514/personalite/alain\-bravo.html \|language\=French \|publisher\=L'Étudiant \|title\=Alain BRAVO}}
In 1995, Alain Bravo created Siris, which is today [Neuf Cegetel SFR](/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel "Neuf Cegetel"). Then he joined [Alcatel](/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile_Phones "Alcatel Mobile Phones") as the president of mobile phone network division. He becomes Directeur of Research and Technology in 1998 and left Alcatel in 2001\.
He created [Abhexis](/wiki/Abhexis "Abhexis") in 2001\. For this reason, he directed the [FutuRIS](/wiki/FutuRIS "FutuRIS") operation with the [Association Nationale de Recherche Technologique](/wiki/Association_Nationale_de_Recherche_Technologique "Association Nationale de Recherche Technologique") ([ANRT](/wiki/ANRT "ANRT")) from February 2003 to April 2004\.
He currently chairs the [Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_National_de_Recherche_en_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications "Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications") ([RNRT](/wiki/RNRT "RNRT")), the [Commission Consultative des Réseaux et Services de Télécommunications](/wiki/Commission_Consultative_des_R%C3%A9seaux_et_Services_de_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications "Commission Consultative des Réseaux et Services de Télécommunications") with the [Ministère de l’Industrie](/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Industrie "Ministère de l’Industrie") and the [ARCEP](/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_de_R%C3%A9gulation_des_Communications_%C3%89lectroniques%2C_des_Postes_et_de_la_Distribution_de_la_Presse "Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques, des Postes et de la Distribution de la Presse"), the [N\+i](/wiki/N%2Bi "N+i") network of schools of engineers, and the [Société de l'Electricité and l'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27Electricit%C3%A9_and_l%27Electronique_et_des_Technologies_de_l%27Information "Société de l'Electricité and l'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information") (SEE). He is Publication director of the [Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique](/wiki/Revue_de_l%27Electricit%C3%A9_et_de_l%27Electronique "Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique") (REE), published by the SEE.
He has been managing director of [Supélec](/wiki/Sup%C3%A9lec "Supélec"), an electrical engineering school, since 2004\.
Since 2007, he has been President of the T.I.M.E. Association ([Top Industrial Managers for Europe](/wiki/Top_Industrial_Managers_for_Europe "Top Industrial Managers for Europe")), a network of 51 top Engineering Schools and Technical Universities in Europe and worldwide.
In 2015, Alain Bravo becomes the chairman of [Data ScienceTech Institute](/wiki/Data_ScienceTech_Institute "Data ScienceTech Institute") Scientific Advisory Board.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.datasciencetech.institute/scientific\-advisory\-board/\|title\=Home\|access\-date\=2015\-02\-24\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425061337/https://www.datasciencetech.institute/scientific\-advisory\-board/\|url\-status\=dead}} As such, he contributes to define and promote higher education programmes to train future Data Scientists and Big Data Analysts.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Alain Bravo is a graduate of the [École Polytechnique](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique \"École Polytechnique\") and [Télécom ParisTech](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_ParisTech \"Télécom ParisTech\"). From 1970 to 1985, he worked with France's [Direction générale des télécommunications](/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications \"Direction générale des télécommunications\"). He became its director of production in 1980, and in 1985, he joined the [Compagnie Générale des Eaux](/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Eaux \"Compagnie Générale des Eaux\"). Named executive vice president of the cable television division two years later, he created and chaired, in parallel, the Société Française de Radiotéléphonie (SFR). He left the presidency of SFR in 1992, and from 1991 to 1993, he directed the [Compagnie générale de vidéocommunications](/wiki/Compagnie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_vid%C3%A9ocommunications \"Compagnie générale de vidéocommunications\"). In 1994, he was named director of the [Compagnie Générale des Eaux](/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Eaux \"Compagnie Générale des Eaux\"), which he would leave one year later.{{Cite web\\| url\\=http://www.educpros.fr/recherche\\-de\\-personnalites/fiche\\-personnalite/h/386c8ce514/personalite/alain\\-bravo.html \\|language\\=French \\|publisher\\=L'Étudiant \\|title\\=Alain BRAVO}}",
"In 1995, Alain Bravo created Siris, which is today [Neuf Cegetel SFR](/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel \"Neuf Cegetel\"). Then he joined [Alcatel](/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile_Phones \"Alcatel Mobile Phones\") as the president of mobile phone network division. He becomes Directeur of Research and Technology in 1998 and left Alcatel in 2001\\.",
"He created [Abhexis](/wiki/Abhexis \"Abhexis\") in 2001\\. For this reason, he directed the [FutuRIS](/wiki/FutuRIS \"FutuRIS\") operation with the [Association Nationale de Recherche Technologique](/wiki/Association_Nationale_de_Recherche_Technologique \"Association Nationale de Recherche Technologique\") ([ANRT](/wiki/ANRT \"ANRT\")) from February 2003 to April 2004\\.",
"He currently chairs the [Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_National_de_Recherche_en_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications \"Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications\") ([RNRT](/wiki/RNRT \"RNRT\")), the [Commission Consultative des Réseaux et Services de Télécommunications](/wiki/Commission_Consultative_des_R%C3%A9seaux_et_Services_de_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications \"Commission Consultative des Réseaux et Services de Télécommunications\") with the [Ministère de l’Industrie](/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Industrie \"Ministère de l’Industrie\") and the [ARCEP](/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_de_R%C3%A9gulation_des_Communications_%C3%89lectroniques%2C_des_Postes_et_de_la_Distribution_de_la_Presse \"Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques, des Postes et de la Distribution de la Presse\"), the [N\\+i](/wiki/N%2Bi \"N+i\") network of schools of engineers, and the [Société de l'Electricité and l'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27Electricit%C3%A9_and_l%27Electronique_et_des_Technologies_de_l%27Information \"Société de l'Electricité and l'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information\") (SEE). He is Publication director of the [Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique](/wiki/Revue_de_l%27Electricit%C3%A9_et_de_l%27Electronique \"Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique\") (REE), published by the SEE.",
"He has been managing director of [Supélec](/wiki/Sup%C3%A9lec \"Supélec\"), an electrical engineering school, since 2004\\.",
"Since 2007, he has been President of the T.I.M.E. Association ([Top Industrial Managers for Europe](/wiki/Top_Industrial_Managers_for_Europe \"Top Industrial Managers for Europe\")), a network of 51 top Engineering Schools and Technical Universities in Europe and worldwide.",
"In 2015, Alain Bravo becomes the chairman of [Data ScienceTech Institute](/wiki/Data_ScienceTech_Institute \"Data ScienceTech Institute\") Scientific Advisory Board.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.datasciencetech.institute/scientific\\-advisory\\-board/\\|title\\=Home\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-24\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425061337/https://www.datasciencetech.institute/scientific\\-advisory\\-board/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} As such, he contributes to define and promote higher education programmes to train future Data Scientists and Big Data Analysts.",
""
] |
History
-------
The coastline at Forvie has a long history of human occupation. The earliest evidence of human activity takes the form of [flint](/wiki/Flint "Flint") working sites and [shell middens](/wiki/Shell_middens "Shell middens"), which date from around 8,000 years ago. Excavations have also revealed burial cairns from the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") period (around 6,000 years ago), and [kerb cairns](/wiki/Kerb_cairn "Kerb cairn") (built to hold cremation remains) dating from the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age").The Story of Forvie National Nature Reserve. p. 18\. Other Bronze Age objects found at Forvie include pieces of a [quern\-stone](/wiki/Quern-stone "Quern-stone") and fragments of pottery. The remains of a small village of 31 huts dating from around 700 BC have also been identified. Finds from the village include [jet](/wiki/Jet_%28lignite%29 "Jet (lignite)") beads, bracelets, querns and pottery.The Story of Forvie National Nature Reserve. p. 19\.{{canmore\|num\=20850\|desc\=Sands of Forvie}}
In 1959 the Sands of Forvie was declared a [national nature reserve](/wiki/National_nature_reserve_%28Scotland%29 "National nature reserve (Scotland)") (NNR) by agreement between the [Nature Conservancy Council](/wiki/Nature_Conservancy_Council "Nature Conservancy Council") (predecessor body of NatureScot) and the landowners; the NNR was extended in 1979 to include the [Ythan Estuary](/wiki/Ythan_Estuary "Ythan Estuary"). In 2003 {{convert\|65\|ha\|acres}} were purchased from the landowners, with the remaining land being purchased in 2012\.The Story of Forvie National Nature Reserve. p. 22\.
### During the World Wars
{{more citations needed\|section\|date\=January 2019}}
Forvie was active in World Wars I and II, although very few details are recorded on the use of the area. It was incorrectly claimed {{by whom\|date\=January 2019}} there was a nine\-hole [golf](/wiki/Golf "Golf") course from 1900 to the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). The course built for Lady Cathcart in 1900 was on the west coast island [Uist](/wiki/Uist "Uist").
The layout of Forvie and Newburgh could be mistaken for the mouth of the River Don in [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"). With this in mind, defences were put in places around the mouth of the Ythan. These consisted of pillboxes, two gun batteries and anti\-tank blocks built by the 143rd Pioneer Corps. From a review of vulnerable beaches from April–October 1941, Forvie appeared on this list and was identified as "blocked with mines". The minefield ran from East to West (WO ref 31/521474 to 538472\). These were British Type C land mines weighing about 65 lbs each.
Following a clear\-up of the area in July 1944, a number of landmines were unaccounted for due to the shifting sands of the area. Mine clearance altered the area slightly as the Bomb Disposal Unit from the Royal Engineers used a converted [Bren gun](/wiki/Bren_gun "Bren gun") carrier (known as a wasp) as a flamethrower to scorch vegetation on the mined area. Images of the clearance and the location of the minefield is recorded in a local book covering World War II in northeastern Scotland.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.buchanobserver.co.uk/news/buchan\-at\-war\-book\-published\-1\-4730323\|title\=Buchan at war book published\|newspaper\=Buchan Observer\|date\=2018\-04\-25\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-31}} Records show on some days 222 mines being dealt with, the actual mine count is unknown but the area took several months to clear. On 27 July 1944, Sapper Harry Dean (28\) of 11 coy, Royal Engineers was killed whilst clearing a mine at Forvie. Sapper Dean is buried in [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.royalengineersbombdisposal\-eod.org.uk/individual/dean\-h/\|title\=Sapper Harry Dean\|date\=2020\|access\-date\=1 June 2021\|publisher\=The Royal Engineers Association}}
[thumb\|The [Ythan Estuary](/wiki/Ythan_Estuary "Ythan Estuary"), Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.](/wiki/File:The_Ythan_Estuary%2C_Forvie_National_Nature_Reserve%2C_Aberdeenshire%2C_Scotland.jpg "The Ythan Estuary, Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.jpg")
Forvie sands was used to train the Gordon Highlanders and Highland Light Infantry in desert warfare, in addition to this Forvie Moor was used to train soldiers in the use of grenade, anti\-tank grenades and two\-inch trench mortars. Since the war, mortar bombs have been found across the moor. Craters are still visible in the area. The soldiers training at Forvie were billeted at the Slains Lodge and buildings in Collieston.
On 3 November 1940, 30 High Explosive Bombs were dropped on Forvie Links by the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe"). This is listed in the Aberdeenshire Civil Defence register, the craters can be seen in 1941 and 1946 aerial photos.
Whilst soldiers were training there, the moor were off limits to locals. However, on Sundays, the locals could use the moor. During this time, locals collected birds eggs to use as food was rationed, and there was a plentiful supply of rabbits. On Sunday 30 November 1941, three local boys found an unexploded anti\-tank grenade in a rabbit burrow that the army had been demonstrating to the home guard. One of the boys (Alex Ross), then threw it away where it exploded causing him to lose sight in one eye.
On 31 March 1941, the British steamer *Melrose Abbey* ran aground. On 2 April 1941 she was hit by a drifting sea mine blowing a large hole in her side, and settled on the Ythan river bed. During this time, a machine gun was posted at Forvie Sands to offer some protection for the vessel whilst plans were made to move her as she was a target for passing aircraft. The ship was refloated on 26 July 1941 and towed to Aberdeen for repairs. She was later sunk by U\-356 on 27 December 1942 north\-east of the Azores. Several websites confirm this sinking, but this disagrees with the information in the reference below, which states that "As for Melrose Abbey, she was released from the Royal Navy in May 1945 and returned to her former owners, the Associated Humber Lines." The second reference may help to resolve this mix\-up of ship names.
Beside the pill box of Forvie, two mobile naval four\-inch guns were places and controlled by 942nd Defence battery.
On 26 January 1942, the SS *Lesrix*, which was carrying machinery, ran aground off Hackley head during a blizzard. Locals in the community aided in the rescue of some of the crew, although ten crew members were lost. A bronze medal for gallantry was given by the King to one local for his part.
During patrols on the beach and cliffs of Forvie, a dinghy was found and this sparked a search for a spy that had been landed by submarine. This spy was caught in the moray area. It was rumoured that Tillery house near Udny had fascist sympathizers, where spies and airmen were told this was a "safe house" during the war. Since there were also Norwegian army personnel in the area who patrolled the beaches, the coast guard and home guard were issued with passes to identify themselves to the Norwegian soldiers.
In 1948, the Forvie area was earmarked to be a bombing and artillery range for the Royal Air Force and Army, as a site further north than the existing area at Lunan Bay near Arbroath. Forvie was to be used for air to ground and dive bombing practice. This involved a gunnery range out at sea and a rifle range on the moor. This proposal was cancelled in 1950; records exist in the National Archives on the proposal.
### Folklore
The deserted village of Forvie lies within the sand dunes. Excavations of the village church, which is dedicated to [Saint Adamnan](/wiki/Saint_Adamnan "Saint Adamnan"), shown that it was constructed in the 12th\-century, and the dating of burials within the church indicate that it had become a ruin by the 15th\-century: local folk history tells of a nine\-day storm that occurred from a curse of three daughters deprived the inheritance of the land by dirty means, leading to the village being engulfed by sand in August 1413\.{{Cite web \|date\=2000\-12\-02 \|title\=Curse the sands of time \|url\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12164924\.curse\-the\-sands\-of\-time/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-27 \|website\=The Herald \|language\=en}} The daughters were said to have prayed to heaven for the land to be made 'worthless.' Their prayer concluded: "Let nocht bee funde in Furvye's glebys Bot thystl, bente and sande."{{Cite web \|date\=2000\-12\-02 \|title\=Curse the sands of time \|url\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12164924\.curse\-the\-sands\-of\-time/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-27 \|website\=The Herald \|language\=en}} The parish of Forvie was annexed by the neighbouring parish of [Slains](/wiki/Slains "Slains") in 1573\.{{Canmore\|num\=20839\|desc\=Forvie Church}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The coastline at Forvie has a long history of human occupation. The earliest evidence of human activity takes the form of [flint](/wiki/Flint \"Flint\") working sites and [shell middens](/wiki/Shell_middens \"Shell middens\"), which date from around 8,000 years ago. Excavations have also revealed burial cairns from the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") period (around 6,000 years ago), and [kerb cairns](/wiki/Kerb_cairn \"Kerb cairn\") (built to hold cremation remains) dating from the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\").The Story of Forvie National Nature Reserve. p. 18\\. Other Bronze Age objects found at Forvie include pieces of a [quern\\-stone](/wiki/Quern-stone \"Quern-stone\") and fragments of pottery. The remains of a small village of 31 huts dating from around 700 BC have also been identified. Finds from the village include [jet](/wiki/Jet_%28lignite%29 \"Jet (lignite)\") beads, bracelets, querns and pottery.The Story of Forvie National Nature Reserve. p. 19\\.{{canmore\\|num\\=20850\\|desc\\=Sands of Forvie}}",
"In 1959 the Sands of Forvie was declared a [national nature reserve](/wiki/National_nature_reserve_%28Scotland%29 \"National nature reserve (Scotland)\") (NNR) by agreement between the [Nature Conservancy Council](/wiki/Nature_Conservancy_Council \"Nature Conservancy Council\") (predecessor body of NatureScot) and the landowners; the NNR was extended in 1979 to include the [Ythan Estuary](/wiki/Ythan_Estuary \"Ythan Estuary\"). In 2003 {{convert\\|65\\|ha\\|acres}} were purchased from the landowners, with the remaining land being purchased in 2012\\.The Story of Forvie National Nature Reserve. p. 22\\.",
"### During the World Wars",
"{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=January 2019}}\nForvie was active in World Wars I and II, although very few details are recorded on the use of the area. It was incorrectly claimed {{by whom\\|date\\=January 2019}} there was a nine\\-hole [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\") course from 1900 to the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). The course built for Lady Cathcart in 1900 was on the west coast island [Uist](/wiki/Uist \"Uist\").",
"The layout of Forvie and Newburgh could be mistaken for the mouth of the River Don in [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\"). With this in mind, defences were put in places around the mouth of the Ythan. These consisted of pillboxes, two gun batteries and anti\\-tank blocks built by the 143rd Pioneer Corps. From a review of vulnerable beaches from April–October 1941, Forvie appeared on this list and was identified as \"blocked with mines\". The minefield ran from East to West (WO ref 31/521474 to 538472\\). These were British Type C land mines weighing about 65 lbs each.",
"Following a clear\\-up of the area in July 1944, a number of landmines were unaccounted for due to the shifting sands of the area. Mine clearance altered the area slightly as the Bomb Disposal Unit from the Royal Engineers used a converted [Bren gun](/wiki/Bren_gun \"Bren gun\") carrier (known as a wasp) as a flamethrower to scorch vegetation on the mined area. Images of the clearance and the location of the minefield is recorded in a local book covering World War II in northeastern Scotland.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.buchanobserver.co.uk/news/buchan\\-at\\-war\\-book\\-published\\-1\\-4730323\\|title\\=Buchan at war book published\\|newspaper\\=Buchan Observer\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-25\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-31}} Records show on some days 222 mines being dealt with, the actual mine count is unknown but the area took several months to clear. On 27 July 1944, Sapper Harry Dean (28\\) of 11 coy, Royal Engineers was killed whilst clearing a mine at Forvie. Sapper Dean is buried in [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.royalengineersbombdisposal\\-eod.org.uk/individual/dean\\-h/\\|title\\=Sapper Harry Dean\\|date\\=2020\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2021\\|publisher\\=The Royal Engineers Association}}\n[thumb\\|The [Ythan Estuary](/wiki/Ythan_Estuary \"Ythan Estuary\"), Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.](/wiki/File:The_Ythan_Estuary%2C_Forvie_National_Nature_Reserve%2C_Aberdeenshire%2C_Scotland.jpg \"The Ythan Estuary, Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.jpg\")\nForvie sands was used to train the Gordon Highlanders and Highland Light Infantry in desert warfare, in addition to this Forvie Moor was used to train soldiers in the use of grenade, anti\\-tank grenades and two\\-inch trench mortars. Since the war, mortar bombs have been found across the moor. Craters are still visible in the area. The soldiers training at Forvie were billeted at the Slains Lodge and buildings in Collieston.",
"On 3 November 1940, 30 High Explosive Bombs were dropped on Forvie Links by the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\"). This is listed in the Aberdeenshire Civil Defence register, the craters can be seen in 1941 and 1946 aerial photos.",
"Whilst soldiers were training there, the moor were off limits to locals. However, on Sundays, the locals could use the moor. During this time, locals collected birds eggs to use as food was rationed, and there was a plentiful supply of rabbits. On Sunday 30 November 1941, three local boys found an unexploded anti\\-tank grenade in a rabbit burrow that the army had been demonstrating to the home guard. One of the boys (Alex Ross), then threw it away where it exploded causing him to lose sight in one eye.",
"On 31 March 1941, the British steamer *Melrose Abbey* ran aground. On 2 April 1941 she was hit by a drifting sea mine blowing a large hole in her side, and settled on the Ythan river bed. During this time, a machine gun was posted at Forvie Sands to offer some protection for the vessel whilst plans were made to move her as she was a target for passing aircraft. The ship was refloated on 26 July 1941 and towed to Aberdeen for repairs. She was later sunk by U\\-356 on 27 December 1942 north\\-east of the Azores. Several websites confirm this sinking, but this disagrees with the information in the reference below, which states that \"As for Melrose Abbey, she was released from the Royal Navy in May 1945 and returned to her former owners, the Associated Humber Lines.\" The second reference may help to resolve this mix\\-up of ship names.",
"Beside the pill box of Forvie, two mobile naval four\\-inch guns were places and controlled by 942nd Defence battery.",
"On 26 January 1942, the SS *Lesrix*, which was carrying machinery, ran aground off Hackley head during a blizzard. Locals in the community aided in the rescue of some of the crew, although ten crew members were lost. A bronze medal for gallantry was given by the King to one local for his part.",
"During patrols on the beach and cliffs of Forvie, a dinghy was found and this sparked a search for a spy that had been landed by submarine. This spy was caught in the moray area. It was rumoured that Tillery house near Udny had fascist sympathizers, where spies and airmen were told this was a \"safe house\" during the war. Since there were also Norwegian army personnel in the area who patrolled the beaches, the coast guard and home guard were issued with passes to identify themselves to the Norwegian soldiers.",
"In 1948, the Forvie area was earmarked to be a bombing and artillery range for the Royal Air Force and Army, as a site further north than the existing area at Lunan Bay near Arbroath. Forvie was to be used for air to ground and dive bombing practice. This involved a gunnery range out at sea and a rifle range on the moor. This proposal was cancelled in 1950; records exist in the National Archives on the proposal.",
"### Folklore",
"The deserted village of Forvie lies within the sand dunes. Excavations of the village church, which is dedicated to [Saint Adamnan](/wiki/Saint_Adamnan \"Saint Adamnan\"), shown that it was constructed in the 12th\\-century, and the dating of burials within the church indicate that it had become a ruin by the 15th\\-century: local folk history tells of a nine\\-day storm that occurred from a curse of three daughters deprived the inheritance of the land by dirty means, leading to the village being engulfed by sand in August 1413\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2000\\-12\\-02 \\|title\\=Curse the sands of time \\|url\\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12164924\\.curse\\-the\\-sands\\-of\\-time/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-27 \\|website\\=The Herald \\|language\\=en}} The daughters were said to have prayed to heaven for the land to be made 'worthless.' Their prayer concluded: \"Let nocht bee funde in Furvye's glebys Bot thystl, bente and sande.\"{{Cite web \\|date\\=2000\\-12\\-02 \\|title\\=Curse the sands of time \\|url\\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12164924\\.curse\\-the\\-sands\\-of\\-time/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-27 \\|website\\=The Herald \\|language\\=en}} The parish of Forvie was annexed by the neighbouring parish of [Slains](/wiki/Slains \"Slains\") in 1573\\.{{Canmore\\|num\\=20839\\|desc\\=Forvie Church}}",
""
] |
### During the World Wars
{{more citations needed\|section\|date\=January 2019}}
Forvie was active in World Wars I and II, although very few details are recorded on the use of the area. It was incorrectly claimed {{by whom\|date\=January 2019}} there was a nine\-hole [golf](/wiki/Golf "Golf") course from 1900 to the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). The course built for Lady Cathcart in 1900 was on the west coast island [Uist](/wiki/Uist "Uist").
The layout of Forvie and Newburgh could be mistaken for the mouth of the River Don in [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"). With this in mind, defences were put in places around the mouth of the Ythan. These consisted of pillboxes, two gun batteries and anti\-tank blocks built by the 143rd Pioneer Corps. From a review of vulnerable beaches from April–October 1941, Forvie appeared on this list and was identified as "blocked with mines". The minefield ran from East to West (WO ref 31/521474 to 538472\). These were British Type C land mines weighing about 65 lbs each.
Following a clear\-up of the area in July 1944, a number of landmines were unaccounted for due to the shifting sands of the area. Mine clearance altered the area slightly as the Bomb Disposal Unit from the Royal Engineers used a converted [Bren gun](/wiki/Bren_gun "Bren gun") carrier (known as a wasp) as a flamethrower to scorch vegetation on the mined area. Images of the clearance and the location of the minefield is recorded in a local book covering World War II in northeastern Scotland.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.buchanobserver.co.uk/news/buchan\-at\-war\-book\-published\-1\-4730323\|title\=Buchan at war book published\|newspaper\=Buchan Observer\|date\=2018\-04\-25\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-31}} Records show on some days 222 mines being dealt with, the actual mine count is unknown but the area took several months to clear. On 27 July 1944, Sapper Harry Dean (28\) of 11 coy, Royal Engineers was killed whilst clearing a mine at Forvie. Sapper Dean is buried in [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.royalengineersbombdisposal\-eod.org.uk/individual/dean\-h/\|title\=Sapper Harry Dean\|date\=2020\|access\-date\=1 June 2021\|publisher\=The Royal Engineers Association}}
[thumb\|The [Ythan Estuary](/wiki/Ythan_Estuary "Ythan Estuary"), Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.](/wiki/File:The_Ythan_Estuary%2C_Forvie_National_Nature_Reserve%2C_Aberdeenshire%2C_Scotland.jpg "The Ythan Estuary, Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.jpg")
Forvie sands was used to train the Gordon Highlanders and Highland Light Infantry in desert warfare, in addition to this Forvie Moor was used to train soldiers in the use of grenade, anti\-tank grenades and two\-inch trench mortars. Since the war, mortar bombs have been found across the moor. Craters are still visible in the area. The soldiers training at Forvie were billeted at the Slains Lodge and buildings in Collieston.
On 3 November 1940, 30 High Explosive Bombs were dropped on Forvie Links by the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe"). This is listed in the Aberdeenshire Civil Defence register, the craters can be seen in 1941 and 1946 aerial photos.
Whilst soldiers were training there, the moor were off limits to locals. However, on Sundays, the locals could use the moor. During this time, locals collected birds eggs to use as food was rationed, and there was a plentiful supply of rabbits. On Sunday 30 November 1941, three local boys found an unexploded anti\-tank grenade in a rabbit burrow that the army had been demonstrating to the home guard. One of the boys (Alex Ross), then threw it away where it exploded causing him to lose sight in one eye.
On 31 March 1941, the British steamer *Melrose Abbey* ran aground. On 2 April 1941 she was hit by a drifting sea mine blowing a large hole in her side, and settled on the Ythan river bed. During this time, a machine gun was posted at Forvie Sands to offer some protection for the vessel whilst plans were made to move her as she was a target for passing aircraft. The ship was refloated on 26 July 1941 and towed to Aberdeen for repairs. She was later sunk by U\-356 on 27 December 1942 north\-east of the Azores. Several websites confirm this sinking, but this disagrees with the information in the reference below, which states that "As for Melrose Abbey, she was released from the Royal Navy in May 1945 and returned to her former owners, the Associated Humber Lines." The second reference may help to resolve this mix\-up of ship names.
Beside the pill box of Forvie, two mobile naval four\-inch guns were places and controlled by 942nd Defence battery.
On 26 January 1942, the SS *Lesrix*, which was carrying machinery, ran aground off Hackley head during a blizzard. Locals in the community aided in the rescue of some of the crew, although ten crew members were lost. A bronze medal for gallantry was given by the King to one local for his part.
During patrols on the beach and cliffs of Forvie, a dinghy was found and this sparked a search for a spy that had been landed by submarine. This spy was caught in the moray area. It was rumoured that Tillery house near Udny had fascist sympathizers, where spies and airmen were told this was a "safe house" during the war. Since there were also Norwegian army personnel in the area who patrolled the beaches, the coast guard and home guard were issued with passes to identify themselves to the Norwegian soldiers.
In 1948, the Forvie area was earmarked to be a bombing and artillery range for the Royal Air Force and Army, as a site further north than the existing area at Lunan Bay near Arbroath. Forvie was to be used for air to ground and dive bombing practice. This involved a gunnery range out at sea and a rifle range on the moor. This proposal was cancelled in 1950; records exist in the National Archives on the proposal.
|
[
"### During the World Wars",
"{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=January 2019}}\nForvie was active in World Wars I and II, although very few details are recorded on the use of the area. It was incorrectly claimed {{by whom\\|date\\=January 2019}} there was a nine\\-hole [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\") course from 1900 to the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). The course built for Lady Cathcart in 1900 was on the west coast island [Uist](/wiki/Uist \"Uist\").",
"The layout of Forvie and Newburgh could be mistaken for the mouth of the River Don in [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\"). With this in mind, defences were put in places around the mouth of the Ythan. These consisted of pillboxes, two gun batteries and anti\\-tank blocks built by the 143rd Pioneer Corps. From a review of vulnerable beaches from April–October 1941, Forvie appeared on this list and was identified as \"blocked with mines\". The minefield ran from East to West (WO ref 31/521474 to 538472\\). These were British Type C land mines weighing about 65 lbs each.",
"Following a clear\\-up of the area in July 1944, a number of landmines were unaccounted for due to the shifting sands of the area. Mine clearance altered the area slightly as the Bomb Disposal Unit from the Royal Engineers used a converted [Bren gun](/wiki/Bren_gun \"Bren gun\") carrier (known as a wasp) as a flamethrower to scorch vegetation on the mined area. Images of the clearance and the location of the minefield is recorded in a local book covering World War II in northeastern Scotland.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.buchanobserver.co.uk/news/buchan\\-at\\-war\\-book\\-published\\-1\\-4730323\\|title\\=Buchan at war book published\\|newspaper\\=Buchan Observer\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-25\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-31}} Records show on some days 222 mines being dealt with, the actual mine count is unknown but the area took several months to clear. On 27 July 1944, Sapper Harry Dean (28\\) of 11 coy, Royal Engineers was killed whilst clearing a mine at Forvie. Sapper Dean is buried in [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.royalengineersbombdisposal\\-eod.org.uk/individual/dean\\-h/\\|title\\=Sapper Harry Dean\\|date\\=2020\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2021\\|publisher\\=The Royal Engineers Association}}\n[thumb\\|The [Ythan Estuary](/wiki/Ythan_Estuary \"Ythan Estuary\"), Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.](/wiki/File:The_Ythan_Estuary%2C_Forvie_National_Nature_Reserve%2C_Aberdeenshire%2C_Scotland.jpg \"The Ythan Estuary, Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.jpg\")\nForvie sands was used to train the Gordon Highlanders and Highland Light Infantry in desert warfare, in addition to this Forvie Moor was used to train soldiers in the use of grenade, anti\\-tank grenades and two\\-inch trench mortars. Since the war, mortar bombs have been found across the moor. Craters are still visible in the area. The soldiers training at Forvie were billeted at the Slains Lodge and buildings in Collieston.",
"On 3 November 1940, 30 High Explosive Bombs were dropped on Forvie Links by the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\"). This is listed in the Aberdeenshire Civil Defence register, the craters can be seen in 1941 and 1946 aerial photos.",
"Whilst soldiers were training there, the moor were off limits to locals. However, on Sundays, the locals could use the moor. During this time, locals collected birds eggs to use as food was rationed, and there was a plentiful supply of rabbits. On Sunday 30 November 1941, three local boys found an unexploded anti\\-tank grenade in a rabbit burrow that the army had been demonstrating to the home guard. One of the boys (Alex Ross), then threw it away where it exploded causing him to lose sight in one eye.",
"On 31 March 1941, the British steamer *Melrose Abbey* ran aground. On 2 April 1941 she was hit by a drifting sea mine blowing a large hole in her side, and settled on the Ythan river bed. During this time, a machine gun was posted at Forvie Sands to offer some protection for the vessel whilst plans were made to move her as she was a target for passing aircraft. The ship was refloated on 26 July 1941 and towed to Aberdeen for repairs. She was later sunk by U\\-356 on 27 December 1942 north\\-east of the Azores. Several websites confirm this sinking, but this disagrees with the information in the reference below, which states that \"As for Melrose Abbey, she was released from the Royal Navy in May 1945 and returned to her former owners, the Associated Humber Lines.\" The second reference may help to resolve this mix\\-up of ship names.",
"Beside the pill box of Forvie, two mobile naval four\\-inch guns were places and controlled by 942nd Defence battery.",
"On 26 January 1942, the SS *Lesrix*, which was carrying machinery, ran aground off Hackley head during a blizzard. Locals in the community aided in the rescue of some of the crew, although ten crew members were lost. A bronze medal for gallantry was given by the King to one local for his part.",
"During patrols on the beach and cliffs of Forvie, a dinghy was found and this sparked a search for a spy that had been landed by submarine. This spy was caught in the moray area. It was rumoured that Tillery house near Udny had fascist sympathizers, where spies and airmen were told this was a \"safe house\" during the war. Since there were also Norwegian army personnel in the area who patrolled the beaches, the coast guard and home guard were issued with passes to identify themselves to the Norwegian soldiers.",
"In 1948, the Forvie area was earmarked to be a bombing and artillery range for the Royal Air Force and Army, as a site further north than the existing area at Lunan Bay near Arbroath. Forvie was to be used for air to ground and dive bombing practice. This involved a gunnery range out at sea and a rifle range on the moor. This proposal was cancelled in 1950; records exist in the National Archives on the proposal.",
""
] |
Geography
---------
Hérault is part of the [*region*](/wiki/Regions_of_France "Regions of France") of [Occitanie](/wiki/Occitania_%28administrative_region%29 "Occitania (administrative region)") and is surrounded by the departments of [Aude](/wiki/Aude "Aude"), [Tarn](/wiki/Tarn_%28department%29 "Tarn (department)"), [Aveyron](/wiki/Aveyron "Aveyron"), [Gard](/wiki/Gard "Gard"), and the Mediterranean ([Gulf of Lion](/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion "Gulf of Lion")) on the south. The department is geographically very diverse, with beaches in the south, the [Cévennes](/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes "Cévennes") mountains in the north, and agricultural land in between. The territory of Hérault is often described as an open amphitheater facing the sea. The geography of Hérault is marked by the diversity of its geology and its landscapes. These range from the southern foothills of the [Massif Central](/wiki/Massif_Central "Massif Central"), to the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea"), through the areas of [garrigue](/wiki/Garrigue "Garrigue") and the low plain of Languedoc wine. Hérault has a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate "Mediterranean climate").
The minimum elevation is at sea level and the highest point of the department is at an elevation of 1181m in one of the peaks of the [Espinouse](/wiki/Massif_Central "Massif Central"). The average elevation is about 227m.
[thumb\|300px\|left\|View of the [Orb](/wiki/Orb_%28river%29 "Orb (river)") River in [Roquebrun](/wiki/Roquebrun "Roquebrun")](/wiki/File:Roquebrun_from_the_bridge.jpg "Roquebrun from the bridge.jpg")
The department of Hérault is crossed by several rivers that originate in the southern foothills of the Massif Central and empty into the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea"), flowing more\-or\-less from north to south over a relatively short distance from high elevation. The main rivers flowing from east to west are the [Vidourle](/wiki/Vidourle "Vidourle"), which marks the limit with the [Gard](/wiki/Gard "Gard") department; the [Lesz](/wiki/Lez_%28river%29 "Lez (river)"), which flows through [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier "Montpellier"); the [Hérault](/wiki/H%C3%A9rault_%28river%29 "Hérault (river)"), which gave its name to the department, and the [Orb](/wiki/Orb_%28river%29 "Orb (river)"), which flows through [Béziers](/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers "Béziers"). To the west, the [Aude](/wiki/Aude_%28river%29 "Aude (river)"), a 224 km\-long river flowing from the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees"), has a course oriented west–east and marks the boundary between Hérault and the neighbouring department of Aude. These rivers as well as their tributaries take their character from the region's 'cévénol' climate, with sudden variations of flow causing sudden floods. Lagoons are found along the coast of Herault, the largest of which is the [Étang de Thau](/wiki/%C3%89tang_de_Thau "Étang de Thau"), with an area of about 7,500 hectares.
The hinterland of the lowlands of Bas\-Languedoc is gradually hilly. It is the territory of the vineyard, olive groves, orchards and scrubland. Olive growing and viticulture symbolize an important part of the Mediterranean heritage and lifestyle.
The area of Hérault near the town of [Lodève](/wiki/Lod%C3%A8ve "Lodève") is the geographical [antipode point](/wiki/Antipodes "Antipodes") of [Chatham Island](/wiki/Chatham_Island "Chatham Island") off the east coast of New Zealand.
### Principal towns
The most populous commune is [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier "Montpellier"), the prefecture. The least populated municipality is [Romiguières](/wiki/Romigui%C3%A8res "Romiguières") with 21 inhabitants in 2019\. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 20,000 inhabitants:
| Commune | Population (2019\) |
| --- | --- |
| [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier "Montpellier") | 295,542 |
| [Béziers](/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers "Béziers") | 78,308 |
| [Sète](/wiki/S%C3%A8te "Sète") | 43,858 |
| [Agde](/wiki/Agde "Agde") | 29,600 |
| [Lunel](/wiki/Lunel%2C_H%C3%A9rault "Lunel, Hérault") | 26,385 |
| [Frontignan](/wiki/Frontignan "Frontignan") | 23,028 |
| [Castelnau\-le\-Lez](/wiki/Castelnau-le-Lez "Castelnau-le-Lez") | 22,534 |
### Climate
The vast majority of the department can be characterized as a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate "Mediterranean climate"). However, the mountainous areas of the northwest have an [oceanic influence](/wiki/Oceanic_climate "Oceanic climate"). Some sectors of northern Herault have a [temperate continental influence](/wiki/Temperate_climate "Temperate climate").
The average temperature of the summer months is close to the maximum French average. Nevertheless, the sea protects the coastal areas from the extremes of heat waves in summer, but also frosts in winter. They range from about 27 degrees Celsius on the seashore to 32 degrees Celsius inland. Mean minimum temperatures also vary, ranging from about 19 degrees Celsius on the coast to 15 degrees Celsius in the interior.
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"Hérault is part of the [*region*](/wiki/Regions_of_France \"Regions of France\") of [Occitanie](/wiki/Occitania_%28administrative_region%29 \"Occitania (administrative region)\") and is surrounded by the departments of [Aude](/wiki/Aude \"Aude\"), [Tarn](/wiki/Tarn_%28department%29 \"Tarn (department)\"), [Aveyron](/wiki/Aveyron \"Aveyron\"), [Gard](/wiki/Gard \"Gard\"), and the Mediterranean ([Gulf of Lion](/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion \"Gulf of Lion\")) on the south. The department is geographically very diverse, with beaches in the south, the [Cévennes](/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes \"Cévennes\") mountains in the north, and agricultural land in between. The territory of Hérault is often described as an open amphitheater facing the sea. The geography of Hérault is marked by the diversity of its geology and its landscapes. These range from the southern foothills of the [Massif Central](/wiki/Massif_Central \"Massif Central\"), to the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"), through the areas of [garrigue](/wiki/Garrigue \"Garrigue\") and the low plain of Languedoc wine. Hérault has a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate \"Mediterranean climate\").",
"The minimum elevation is at sea level and the highest point of the department is at an elevation of 1181m in one of the peaks of the [Espinouse](/wiki/Massif_Central \"Massif Central\"). The average elevation is about 227m.\n[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|View of the [Orb](/wiki/Orb_%28river%29 \"Orb (river)\") River in [Roquebrun](/wiki/Roquebrun \"Roquebrun\")](/wiki/File:Roquebrun_from_the_bridge.jpg \"Roquebrun from the bridge.jpg\")\nThe department of Hérault is crossed by several rivers that originate in the southern foothills of the Massif Central and empty into the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"), flowing more\\-or\\-less from north to south over a relatively short distance from high elevation. The main rivers flowing from east to west are the [Vidourle](/wiki/Vidourle \"Vidourle\"), which marks the limit with the [Gard](/wiki/Gard \"Gard\") department; the [Lesz](/wiki/Lez_%28river%29 \"Lez (river)\"), which flows through [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier \"Montpellier\"); the [Hérault](/wiki/H%C3%A9rault_%28river%29 \"Hérault (river)\"), which gave its name to the department, and the [Orb](/wiki/Orb_%28river%29 \"Orb (river)\"), which flows through [Béziers](/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers \"Béziers\"). To the west, the [Aude](/wiki/Aude_%28river%29 \"Aude (river)\"), a 224 km\\-long river flowing from the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\"), has a course oriented west–east and marks the boundary between Hérault and the neighbouring department of Aude. These rivers as well as their tributaries take their character from the region's 'cévénol' climate, with sudden variations of flow causing sudden floods. Lagoons are found along the coast of Herault, the largest of which is the [Étang de Thau](/wiki/%C3%89tang_de_Thau \"Étang de Thau\"), with an area of about 7,500 hectares.",
"The hinterland of the lowlands of Bas\\-Languedoc is gradually hilly. It is the territory of the vineyard, olive groves, orchards and scrubland. Olive growing and viticulture symbolize an important part of the Mediterranean heritage and lifestyle.",
"The area of Hérault near the town of [Lodève](/wiki/Lod%C3%A8ve \"Lodève\") is the geographical [antipode point](/wiki/Antipodes \"Antipodes\") of [Chatham Island](/wiki/Chatham_Island \"Chatham Island\") off the east coast of New Zealand.",
"### Principal towns",
"The most populous commune is [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier \"Montpellier\"), the prefecture. The least populated municipality is [Romiguières](/wiki/Romigui%C3%A8res \"Romiguières\") with 21 inhabitants in 2019\\. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 20,000 inhabitants:",
"",
"| Commune | Population (2019\\) |\n| --- | --- |\n| [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier \"Montpellier\") | 295,542 |\n| [Béziers](/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers \"Béziers\") | 78,308 |\n| [Sète](/wiki/S%C3%A8te \"Sète\") | 43,858 |\n| [Agde](/wiki/Agde \"Agde\") | 29,600 |\n| [Lunel](/wiki/Lunel%2C_H%C3%A9rault \"Lunel, Hérault\") | 26,385 |\n| [Frontignan](/wiki/Frontignan \"Frontignan\") | 23,028 |\n| [Castelnau\\-le\\-Lez](/wiki/Castelnau-le-Lez \"Castelnau-le-Lez\") | 22,534 |",
"### Climate",
"The vast majority of the department can be characterized as a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate \"Mediterranean climate\"). However, the mountainous areas of the northwest have an [oceanic influence](/wiki/Oceanic_climate \"Oceanic climate\"). Some sectors of northern Herault have a [temperate continental influence](/wiki/Temperate_climate \"Temperate climate\").",
"The average temperature of the summer months is close to the maximum French average. Nevertheless, the sea protects the coastal areas from the extremes of heat waves in summer, but also frosts in winter. They range from about 27 degrees Celsius on the seashore to 32 degrees Celsius inland. Mean minimum temperatures also vary, ranging from about 19 degrees Celsius on the coast to 15 degrees Celsius in the interior.",
""
] |
History
-------
Founded in 1930 as KIM, or *Communist Youth International*, the plant became MZMA (*Moscow Small Car Factory*) in 1939, before finally changing its name to the more familiar *Avtomobilny Zavod imeni Leninskogo Komsomola* (AZLK), literally "[Leninist Communist Youth League](/wiki/Leninist_Communist_Youth_League "Leninist Communist Youth League") Automobile Factory" in 1969\.
Beginning in 1939, the factory's passenger cars were sold under the *Moskvitch* (Muscovite, a person whose origin or place of residence is Moscow) brand. The plant was originally under the authority of Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod ([GAZ](/wiki/GAZ "GAZ") – Gorky Automobile Factory) founded at about the same time, but by 1939 it was operationally independent.
AZLK's role in the [Soviet automotive industry](/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Soviet_Union "Automotive industry in the Soviet Union") was the production of small cars, which could be classified as anywhere from [compact](/wiki/Compact_car "Compact car") to mid\-size. [AvtoVAZ](/wiki/AvtoVAZ "AvtoVAZ") and [IZh](/wiki/IZh "IZh") were also charged with producing vehicles in the same category as AZLK, while GAZ handled the large car and full\-size segment.
Following [privatization](/wiki/Privatization "Privatization") in 1991, AZLK adopted [Moskvitch](/wiki/Moskvitch "Moskvitch") as its corporate name, as it had already been used on all of the company's cars dating to 1939\.
### 1929–1941
[thumb\|right\|KIM 10\-50](/wiki/File:KIM-10-50_sedan1940.jpg "KIM-10-50 sedan1940.jpg")
The construction of the plant called *Moscow Car Assembly Factory* (Russian: Московский автосборочный завод) began in 1929\. In 1930 the production of [Ford A](/wiki/Ford_Model_A_%281927%E2%80%931931%29 "Ford Model A (1927–1931)") and [Ford AA](/wiki/Ford_Model_AA "Ford Model AA") from parts that were provided by the [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") began. In December 1930 the plant was named **KIM** (**Zavod imeni Kommunsticheskogo Internatsionala Molodyozhi**, Russian: КИМ (Завод имени Коммунистического Интернационала Молодёжи) \- Communist Youth International, literally "*Factory named after Communist Youth International*"), from 1930 to 1939 its official name was **Moscow Car Assembly Factory named after KIM** (Московский автосборочный завод имени КИМ) and then from 1939 until the beginning of the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)") it was called **Moscow Car Factory named after KIM** (Московский автомобильный завод имени КИМ). In 1933, the production of the Ford A and Ford AA ceased. On August 1, 1933, the factory became a subsidiary of GAZ and produced GAZ AA using parts from GAZ. In 1939, KIM was no longer the subsidiary of GAZ and in the following year it started to produce their first own and original model, the KIM 10\-50 (two\-door saloon), inspired by the [Ford Prefect](/wiki/Ford_Prefect "Ford Prefect"). There was also a convertible known as the KIM 10–51\. Around 500 cars of both versions were made before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In the early 1941, approximately 2 prototypes of the KIM 10\-52 were built. It was a four\-door saloon which was the major difference between the KIM 10\-52 and the KIM 10–50\. There were plans for mass production of this car but they were interrupted by the beginning of the war.
### Post\-war years
[thumb\|right\|Moskvitch\-402](/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_407.JPG "Москвич 407.JPG")
In May 1945, the [Council of People's Commissars of the USSR](/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_USSR "Council of People's Commissars of the USSR") adopted a decision on the production of small cars named "*Moskvich*". The plant was renamed to the "*Small Car Plant*" (PCA), and later again to "*Moscow Plant of Small Cars*" (MZMA, Moskovskiy Zavod Malolitrazhniy Avtomobiliy). In agreement with [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel"), the plant started to produce the Moskvich\-400 passenger car based on the [Opel Kadett](/wiki/Opel_Kadett%23Kadett_%22KJ38%22_and_%22K38_Spezial%22_%281938%E2%80%931940%29 "Opel Kadett#Kadett "). In 1956, MZMA launched into production its own and highly successful model, the [Moskvitch\-402](/wiki/Moskvitch_402 "Moskvitch 402"), that was followed by the upgraded and restyled versions known as the M\-403 and M\-407 and later by the brand new [Moskvitch\-408](/wiki/Moskvitch-408 "Moskvitch-408") series. On May 18, 1967, the company produced its one millionth car.{{cite book \|last1\=Thompson \|first1\=Andrew \|title\=Cars of the Soviet Union : the definitive history \|date\=26 Jun 2008 \|publisher\=J H Haynes\|location\=Somerset, UK \|isbn\=1844254836}}{{rp\|139}} The same year, the first new [Moskvitch 412](/wiki/Moskvitch_412 "Moskvitch 412") appeared.{{rp\|149}} The M\-407 was the first Soviet automotive export to be truly successful in the West.{{rp\|87}} Up to half of all M\-407 production was exported for a number of years, mainly to the [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") countries, Norway, Finland, and France.{{rp\|87}} Later models also proved a good value in Britain, Finland, and Norway, for instance, and in 1968, 55% of production was for export.{{rp\|144}}
The name of the company was changed from *MZMA* to *AZLK* in October 1968 in honour of the *Lenin Komsomol*{{'}}s fiftieth anniversary.{{rp\|151}}
During the 1960s, AZLK proposed the [M\-415](/wiki/Moskvitch_415 "Moskvitch 415") and [M\-416](/wiki/Moskvitch_416 "Moskvitch 416") [four\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive "Four-wheel drive") vehicles. They were not proceeded with, either.{{rp\|163}}
In 1970, AZLK updated the M\-412's styling, with the [353](/wiki/Moskvitch_353 "Moskvitch 353"). Using M\-412 mechanicals, it was larger but recognizably related. The [355](/wiki/Moskvitch_355 "Moskvitch 355") of 1972 was larger still, with {{convert\|23\|cm\|in\|abbr\=on}} greater length, {{convert\|14\|cm\|in\|abbr\=on}} more [wheelbase](/wiki/Wheelbase "Wheelbase"), and {{convert\|8\|cm\|in\|abbr\=on}} more width.{{rp\|164}} This made both the interior and the [boot](/wiki/Trunk_%28automobile%29 "Trunk (automobile)") noticeably larger.{{rp\|164}} The 355 was further developed into the [356](/wiki/Moskvitch_356 "Moskvitch 356") between 1973 and 1975, with "much bolder front end styling", new suspension, and an enlarged {{convert\|1,799\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}} version of the [DM](/wiki/Moskvitch_DM "Moskvitch DM") engine with twin [Zenith](/wiki/Zenith_carburettor "Zenith carburettor") carburetors, giving {{convert\|103\|hp\|kW PS\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}}, with a [Borg\-Warner](/wiki/Borg-Warner "Borg-Warner") transmission planned.{{rp\|164}} 1600cc and 1700cc engines were also planned. None was built.{{rp\|164}}
[thumb\|left\|Moskvitch\-423](/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_423.JPG "Москвич 423.JPG") [thumb\|right\|Moskvitch\-408](/wiki/File:Moskvitch_408_Sedan_de_luxe%2C_produced_in_1968%2C_at_the_I._International_Oldtimer_and_Youngtimer_Festival%2C_Budapest%2C_2011.jpg "Moskvitch 408 Sedan de luxe, produced in 1968, at the I. International Oldtimer and Youngtimer Festival, Budapest, 2011.jpg")
AZLK in August 1974 sold its two millionth unit.{{rp\|168}}
In order to replace the [408](/wiki/Moskvitch_408 "Moskvitch 408") and M\-412,{{rp\|168}} in 1975 Moskvitch designed a four\-door [fastback](/wiki/Fastback "Fastback") [C1](/wiki/Moskvitch_C1 "Moskvitch C1") (Series One), with a {{convert\|1,702\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}} version of the DM straight four, offering {{convert\|81\|hp\|kW PS\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}}, to give a top speed of {{convert\|93\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}.{{rp\|167}} Unlike the M\-412, it had [MacPherson struts](/wiki/MacPherson_strut "MacPherson strut") in front and independent trailing arms in back.{{rp\|167}} It did not reach the company's goals and was never built, but inspired the four door [C2](/wiki/Moskvitch_C2 "Moskvitch C2") in 1976, which never passed the [mockup](/wiki/Mockup "Mockup") stage, and the [C3](/wiki/Moskvitch_C3 "Moskvitch C3"), which was very similar but a five\-door [hatchback](/wiki/Hatchback "Hatchback").{{rp\|167}} The engine would have been fitted at an angle from the vertical (like the [Chrysler slant six](/wiki/Chrysler_Slant-6_engine "Chrysler Slant-6 engine")).{{rp\|168}} None of these projects reached production.{{rp\|164}}
[thumb\|right\|Moskvitch\-2140](/wiki/File:Moskwitch_%287907480046%29.jpg "Moskwitch (7907480046).jpg")
The M\-408 and M\-412 were discontinued in December 1975, replaced by facelifted variants, the {{convert\|50\|hp\|kW PS\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|1,358\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}} [2138](/wiki/Moskvitch_2140 "Moskvitch 2140") (1360\) and {{convert\|75\|hp\|kW PS\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|1,478\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}} [2140](/wiki/Moskvitch_2140 "Moskvitch 2140") (1500\), which entered production the next month.{{rp\|168}} In fact, the M\-2138 and M\-2140 were built in stages: M\-412 bodies with the boot lid, rear wings, and tail of the M\-2140; then M\-2140 bodies with M\-412 doors; and then, early in 1976, all\-M\-2140s.{{rp\|170}} These "hybrid" models are now very rare.{{rp\|170}} The M\-21381 and M\-21401 were offered as ambulance models, also, as well as the right\-hand drive M\-21402\.{{rp\|171}} In addition, there was a "rural" M\-21406, with a low\-[compression](/wiki/Compression_ratio "Compression ratio") {{convert\|68\|hp\|kW PS\|lk\=on\|abbr\=on}} engine.{{rp\|170}} (This same engine, in the standard model, earned the designation M\-2140D.{{rp\|170}})
They were joined in 1976 by the {{convert\|1,358\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}}\-powered 2136 and {{convert\|1,478\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}}\-engined M\-2137 [estate](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon"); these were sold in much smaller numbers, the M\-2136 surviving only until 1977\.{{rp\|170}} There were also two [sedan delivery](/wiki/Sedan_delivery "Sedan delivery") variants, the M\-2733 ({{convert\|1,358\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}}) and M\-2734 ({{convert\|1,478\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}}).{{rp\|170}} A small number of [pickups](/wiki/Pickup_truck "Pickup truck") (M\-27334 and M\-27344, with ({{convert\|1,358\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}}) and ({{convert\|1,478\|cc\|cid\|abbr\=on}}), respectively); these weren't produced for a long time, either.{{rp\|170}} By the 1980s, the deliveries had virtually disappeared, as well, because AZLK simply could not keep up with a demand for saloons.{{rp\|170}}
Although the M\-2138 and M\-2140 were sold in Eastern Europe and exported to Belgium and Finland, where they were sold under the Scaldia [marque](/wiki/Brand "Brand"), they were being gradually pushed off the market by a large variety of cars offered by [AvtoVAZ](/wiki/AvtoVAZ "AvtoVAZ").{{rp\|171}} In response, Moskvitch launched into production a brand new and much more modern rear\-wheel drive car with a roomy interior in 1986, the [Moskvitch\-2141](/wiki/Aleko "Aleko"), that was often upgraded and restyled during the period of its production.
[thumb\|right\|Moskvitch\-2141](/wiki/File:Aleko_2141_S_%28Moskvitch_Chysler-Talbot_Alpine_lookalike%29_%2815805415925%29.jpg "Aleko 2141 S (Moskvitch Chysler-Talbot Alpine lookalike) (15805415925).jpg")
### Post\-Soviet period
{{main\|Moskvitch}}
In the early 1990s AZLK still remained one of the largest auto companies in the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR"). Design and experimental work was prepared to create a new model car ([sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28automobile%29 "Sedan (automobile)") M\-2142\) and an engine plant.
As of 2022, the brand restarted production in the Russian market with the use of licensed Chinese vehicles making use of a factory that was once owned by Renault.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Founded in 1930 as KIM, or *Communist Youth International*, the plant became MZMA (*Moscow Small Car Factory*) in 1939, before finally changing its name to the more familiar *Avtomobilny Zavod imeni Leninskogo Komsomola* (AZLK), literally \"[Leninist Communist Youth League](/wiki/Leninist_Communist_Youth_League \"Leninist Communist Youth League\") Automobile Factory\" in 1969\\.",
"Beginning in 1939, the factory's passenger cars were sold under the *Moskvitch* (Muscovite, a person whose origin or place of residence is Moscow) brand. The plant was originally under the authority of Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod ([GAZ](/wiki/GAZ \"GAZ\") – Gorky Automobile Factory) founded at about the same time, but by 1939 it was operationally independent.",
"AZLK's role in the [Soviet automotive industry](/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Automotive industry in the Soviet Union\") was the production of small cars, which could be classified as anywhere from [compact](/wiki/Compact_car \"Compact car\") to mid\\-size. [AvtoVAZ](/wiki/AvtoVAZ \"AvtoVAZ\") and [IZh](/wiki/IZh \"IZh\") were also charged with producing vehicles in the same category as AZLK, while GAZ handled the large car and full\\-size segment.",
"Following [privatization](/wiki/Privatization \"Privatization\") in 1991, AZLK adopted [Moskvitch](/wiki/Moskvitch \"Moskvitch\") as its corporate name, as it had already been used on all of the company's cars dating to 1939\\.",
"### 1929–1941",
"[thumb\\|right\\|KIM 10\\-50](/wiki/File:KIM-10-50_sedan1940.jpg \"KIM-10-50 sedan1940.jpg\")\nThe construction of the plant called *Moscow Car Assembly Factory* (Russian: Московский автосборочный завод) began in 1929\\. In 1930 the production of [Ford A](/wiki/Ford_Model_A_%281927%E2%80%931931%29 \"Ford Model A (1927–1931)\") and [Ford AA](/wiki/Ford_Model_AA \"Ford Model AA\") from parts that were provided by the [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") began. In December 1930 the plant was named **KIM** (**Zavod imeni Kommunsticheskogo Internatsionala Molodyozhi**, Russian: КИМ (Завод имени Коммунистического Интернационала Молодёжи) \\- Communist Youth International, literally \"*Factory named after Communist Youth International*\"), from 1930 to 1939 its official name was **Moscow Car Assembly Factory named after KIM** (Московский автосборочный завод имени КИМ) and then from 1939 until the beginning of the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\") it was called **Moscow Car Factory named after KIM** (Московский автомобильный завод имени КИМ). In 1933, the production of the Ford A and Ford AA ceased. On August 1, 1933, the factory became a subsidiary of GAZ and produced GAZ AA using parts from GAZ. In 1939, KIM was no longer the subsidiary of GAZ and in the following year it started to produce their first own and original model, the KIM 10\\-50 (two\\-door saloon), inspired by the [Ford Prefect](/wiki/Ford_Prefect \"Ford Prefect\"). There was also a convertible known as the KIM 10–51\\. Around 500 cars of both versions were made before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In the early 1941, approximately 2 prototypes of the KIM 10\\-52 were built. It was a four\\-door saloon which was the major difference between the KIM 10\\-52 and the KIM 10–50\\. There were plans for mass production of this car but they were interrupted by the beginning of the war.",
"### Post\\-war years",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Moskvitch\\-402](/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_407.JPG \"Москвич 407.JPG\")",
"In May 1945, the [Council of People's Commissars of the USSR](/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_USSR \"Council of People's Commissars of the USSR\") adopted a decision on the production of small cars named \"*Moskvich*\". The plant was renamed to the \"*Small Car Plant*\" (PCA), and later again to \"*Moscow Plant of Small Cars*\" (MZMA, Moskovskiy Zavod Malolitrazhniy Avtomobiliy). In agreement with [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\"), the plant started to produce the Moskvich\\-400 passenger car based on the [Opel Kadett](/wiki/Opel_Kadett%23Kadett_%22KJ38%22_and_%22K38_Spezial%22_%281938%E2%80%931940%29 \"Opel Kadett#Kadett \"). In 1956, MZMA launched into production its own and highly successful model, the [Moskvitch\\-402](/wiki/Moskvitch_402 \"Moskvitch 402\"), that was followed by the upgraded and restyled versions known as the M\\-403 and M\\-407 and later by the brand new [Moskvitch\\-408](/wiki/Moskvitch-408 \"Moskvitch-408\") series. On May 18, 1967, the company produced its one millionth car.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Thompson \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|title\\=Cars of the Soviet Union : the definitive history \\|date\\=26 Jun 2008 \\|publisher\\=J H Haynes\\|location\\=Somerset, UK \\|isbn\\=1844254836}}{{rp\\|139}} The same year, the first new [Moskvitch 412](/wiki/Moskvitch_412 \"Moskvitch 412\") appeared.{{rp\\|149}} The M\\-407 was the first Soviet automotive export to be truly successful in the West.{{rp\\|87}} Up to half of all M\\-407 production was exported for a number of years, mainly to the [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc \"Eastern Bloc\") countries, Norway, Finland, and France.{{rp\\|87}} Later models also proved a good value in Britain, Finland, and Norway, for instance, and in 1968, 55% of production was for export.{{rp\\|144}}",
"The name of the company was changed from *MZMA* to *AZLK* in October 1968 in honour of the *Lenin Komsomol*{{'}}s fiftieth anniversary.{{rp\\|151}}",
"During the 1960s, AZLK proposed the [M\\-415](/wiki/Moskvitch_415 \"Moskvitch 415\") and [M\\-416](/wiki/Moskvitch_416 \"Moskvitch 416\") [four\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive \"Four-wheel drive\") vehicles. They were not proceeded with, either.{{rp\\|163}}",
"In 1970, AZLK updated the M\\-412's styling, with the [353](/wiki/Moskvitch_353 \"Moskvitch 353\"). Using M\\-412 mechanicals, it was larger but recognizably related. The [355](/wiki/Moskvitch_355 \"Moskvitch 355\") of 1972 was larger still, with {{convert\\|23\\|cm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} greater length, {{convert\\|14\\|cm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} more [wheelbase](/wiki/Wheelbase \"Wheelbase\"), and {{convert\\|8\\|cm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} more width.{{rp\\|164}} This made both the interior and the [boot](/wiki/Trunk_%28automobile%29 \"Trunk (automobile)\") noticeably larger.{{rp\\|164}} The 355 was further developed into the [356](/wiki/Moskvitch_356 \"Moskvitch 356\") between 1973 and 1975, with \"much bolder front end styling\", new suspension, and an enlarged {{convert\\|1,799\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}} version of the [DM](/wiki/Moskvitch_DM \"Moskvitch DM\") engine with twin [Zenith](/wiki/Zenith_carburettor \"Zenith carburettor\") carburetors, giving {{convert\\|103\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}}, with a [Borg\\-Warner](/wiki/Borg-Warner \"Borg-Warner\") transmission planned.{{rp\\|164}} 1600cc and 1700cc engines were also planned. None was built.{{rp\\|164}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Moskvitch\\-423](/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_423.JPG \"Москвич 423.JPG\") [thumb\\|right\\|Moskvitch\\-408](/wiki/File:Moskvitch_408_Sedan_de_luxe%2C_produced_in_1968%2C_at_the_I._International_Oldtimer_and_Youngtimer_Festival%2C_Budapest%2C_2011.jpg \"Moskvitch 408 Sedan de luxe, produced in 1968, at the I. International Oldtimer and Youngtimer Festival, Budapest, 2011.jpg\")\nAZLK in August 1974 sold its two millionth unit.{{rp\\|168}}",
"In order to replace the [408](/wiki/Moskvitch_408 \"Moskvitch 408\") and M\\-412,{{rp\\|168}} in 1975 Moskvitch designed a four\\-door [fastback](/wiki/Fastback \"Fastback\") [C1](/wiki/Moskvitch_C1 \"Moskvitch C1\") (Series One), with a {{convert\\|1,702\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}} version of the DM straight four, offering {{convert\\|81\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}}, to give a top speed of {{convert\\|93\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{rp\\|167}} Unlike the M\\-412, it had [MacPherson struts](/wiki/MacPherson_strut \"MacPherson strut\") in front and independent trailing arms in back.{{rp\\|167}} It did not reach the company's goals and was never built, but inspired the four door [C2](/wiki/Moskvitch_C2 \"Moskvitch C2\") in 1976, which never passed the [mockup](/wiki/Mockup \"Mockup\") stage, and the [C3](/wiki/Moskvitch_C3 \"Moskvitch C3\"), which was very similar but a five\\-door [hatchback](/wiki/Hatchback \"Hatchback\").{{rp\\|167}} The engine would have been fitted at an angle from the vertical (like the [Chrysler slant six](/wiki/Chrysler_Slant-6_engine \"Chrysler Slant-6 engine\")).{{rp\\|168}} None of these projects reached production.{{rp\\|164}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Moskvitch\\-2140](/wiki/File:Moskwitch_%287907480046%29.jpg \"Moskwitch (7907480046).jpg\")",
"The M\\-408 and M\\-412 were discontinued in December 1975, replaced by facelifted variants, the {{convert\\|50\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|1,358\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}} [2138](/wiki/Moskvitch_2140 \"Moskvitch 2140\") (1360\\) and {{convert\\|75\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|1,478\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}} [2140](/wiki/Moskvitch_2140 \"Moskvitch 2140\") (1500\\), which entered production the next month.{{rp\\|168}} In fact, the M\\-2138 and M\\-2140 were built in stages: M\\-412 bodies with the boot lid, rear wings, and tail of the M\\-2140; then M\\-2140 bodies with M\\-412 doors; and then, early in 1976, all\\-M\\-2140s.{{rp\\|170}} These \"hybrid\" models are now very rare.{{rp\\|170}} The M\\-21381 and M\\-21401 were offered as ambulance models, also, as well as the right\\-hand drive M\\-21402\\.{{rp\\|171}} In addition, there was a \"rural\" M\\-21406, with a low\\-[compression](/wiki/Compression_ratio \"Compression ratio\") {{convert\\|68\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|lk\\=on\\|abbr\\=on}} engine.{{rp\\|170}} (This same engine, in the standard model, earned the designation M\\-2140D.{{rp\\|170}})",
"They were joined in 1976 by the {{convert\\|1,358\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}}\\-powered 2136 and {{convert\\|1,478\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}}\\-engined M\\-2137 [estate](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\"); these were sold in much smaller numbers, the M\\-2136 surviving only until 1977\\.{{rp\\|170}} There were also two [sedan delivery](/wiki/Sedan_delivery \"Sedan delivery\") variants, the M\\-2733 ({{convert\\|1,358\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}}) and M\\-2734 ({{convert\\|1,478\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}}).{{rp\\|170}} A small number of [pickups](/wiki/Pickup_truck \"Pickup truck\") (M\\-27334 and M\\-27344, with ({{convert\\|1,358\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}}) and ({{convert\\|1,478\\|cc\\|cid\\|abbr\\=on}}), respectively); these weren't produced for a long time, either.{{rp\\|170}} By the 1980s, the deliveries had virtually disappeared, as well, because AZLK simply could not keep up with a demand for saloons.{{rp\\|170}}",
"Although the M\\-2138 and M\\-2140 were sold in Eastern Europe and exported to Belgium and Finland, where they were sold under the Scaldia [marque](/wiki/Brand \"Brand\"), they were being gradually pushed off the market by a large variety of cars offered by [AvtoVAZ](/wiki/AvtoVAZ \"AvtoVAZ\").{{rp\\|171}} In response, Moskvitch launched into production a brand new and much more modern rear\\-wheel drive car with a roomy interior in 1986, the [Moskvitch\\-2141](/wiki/Aleko \"Aleko\"), that was often upgraded and restyled during the period of its production.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Moskvitch\\-2141](/wiki/File:Aleko_2141_S_%28Moskvitch_Chysler-Talbot_Alpine_lookalike%29_%2815805415925%29.jpg \"Aleko 2141 S (Moskvitch Chysler-Talbot Alpine lookalike) (15805415925).jpg\")",
"### Post\\-Soviet period",
"{{main\\|Moskvitch}}\nIn the early 1990s AZLK still remained one of the largest auto companies in the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\"). Design and experimental work was prepared to create a new model car ([sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28automobile%29 \"Sedan (automobile)\") M\\-2142\\) and an engine plant.",
"As of 2022, the brand restarted production in the Russian market with the use of licensed Chinese vehicles making use of a factory that was once owned by Renault.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Background
Complementarity as a physical model derives from Niels Bohr's 1927 presentation in Como, Italy, at a scientific celebration of the work of [Alessandro Volta](/wiki/Alessandro_Volta "Alessandro Volta") 100 years previous.{{Cite book \|last\=Baggott \|first\=J. E. \|title\=The quantum story: a history in 40 moments \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Oxford Univ. Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-965597\-7 \|edition\=Impression: 3 \|location\=Oxford}}{{rp\|103}} Bohr's subject was complementarity, the idea that measurements of quantum events provide complementary information through seemingly contradictory results.{{Cite journal \|doi \= 10\.1038/121580a0\|title \= The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory\|year \= 1928\|last1 \= Bohr\|first1 \= N.\|journal \= Nature\|volume \= 121\|issue \= 3050\|pages \= 580–590\|bibcode \= 1928Natur.121\..580B\|doi\-access \= free}} While Bohr's presentation was not well received, it did crystallize the issues ultimately leading to the modern wave\-particle duality concept.{{cite book \| last \=Kumar \| first \=Manjit \| title \=Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the Great Debate about the Nature of Reality \| publisher \=W. W. Norton \& Company \| edition \=Reprint \| year \=2011 \| pages \=\[https://archive.org/details/quantumeinsteinb00manj/page/242 242, 375–376] \| isbn \=978\-0\-393\-33988\-8 \| url \=https://archive.org/details/quantumeinsteinb00manj/page/242 }}{{rp\|315}} The contradictory results that triggered Bohr's ideas had been building up over the previous 20 years.
This contradictory evidence came both from light and from electrons.
The [wave theory of light](/wiki/Wave_theory_of_light "Wave theory of light"), broadly successful for over a hundred years, had been challenged by [Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck "Max Planck")'s 1901 model of [blackbody radiation](/wiki/Blackbody_radiation "Blackbody radiation") and [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein")'s 1905 interpretation of the [photoelectric effect](/wiki/Photoelectric_effect "Photoelectric effect"). These theoretical models use discrete energy, a [quantum](/wiki/Quantum "Quantum"), to describe the interaction of light with matter. Despite confirmation by various experimental observations, the [photon](/wiki/Photon "Photon") theory (as it came to be called later) remained controversial until [Arthur Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Compton "Arthur Compton") performed a [series of experiments](/wiki/Compton_effect "Compton effect") from 1922 to 1924 demonstrating the momentum of light.{{Cite book \|last\=Whittaker \|first\=Edmund T. \|title\=A history of the theories of aether \& electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 \- 1926 \|date\=1989 \|publisher\=Dover Publ \|isbn\=978\-0\-486\-26126\-3 \|edition\=Repr \|location\=New York}}{{rp\|211}} The experimental evidence of particle\-like momentum seemingly contradicted other experiments demonstrating the wave\-like interference of light.
The contradictory evidence from electrons arrived in the opposite order. Many experiments by [J. J. Thompson](/wiki/J._J._Thomson "J. J. Thomson"), [Robert Millikan](/wiki/Robert_Millikan "Robert Millikan"), and [Charles Wilson](/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson"), among others, had shown that free electrons had particle properties. However, in 1924, [Louis de Broglie](/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie "Louis de Broglie") proposed that electrons had an associated wave and [Schrödinger](/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger "Erwin Schrödinger") demonstrated that wave equations accurately account for electron properties in atoms. Again some experiments showed particle properties and others wave properties.
Bohr's resolution of these contradictions is to accept them. In his Como lecture he says: "our interpretation of the experimental material rests essentially upon the
classical concepts." Direct observation being impossible, observations of quantum effects are necessarily classical. Whatever the nature of quantum events, our only information will arrive via classical results. If experiments sometimes produce wave results and sometimes particle results, that is the nature of light and of the ultimate constituents of matter.
### Bohr's lectures
Niels Bohr apparently conceived of the principle of complementarity during a skiing vacation in Norway in February and March 1927, during which he received a letter from [Werner Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg "Werner Heisenberg") regarding an as\-yet\-unpublished result, a [thought experiment about a microscope using gamma rays](/wiki/Heisenberg%27s_microscope "Heisenberg's microscope"). This thought experiment implied a tradeoff between uncertainties that would later be formalized as the [uncertainty principle](/wiki/Uncertainty_principle "Uncertainty principle"). To Bohr, Heisenberg's paper did not make clear the distinction between a position measurement merely disturbing the momentum value that a particle carried and the more radical idea that momentum was meaningless or undefinable in a context where position was measured instead. Upon returning from his vacation, by which time Heisenberg had already submitted his paper for publication, Bohr convinced Heisenberg that the uncertainty tradeoff was a manifestation of the deeper concept of complementarity.{{cite book\|title\=The Quantum Story: A History in 40 moments\|last\=Baggott\|first\=Jim\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-956684\-6\|series\=Oxford Landmark Science\|location\=Oxford\|page\=97\|author\-link\=Jim Baggott}} Heisenberg duly appended a note to this effect to his paper, before its publication, stating:
> Bohr has brought to my attention \[that] the uncertainty in our observation does not arise exclusively from the occurrence of discontinuities, but is tied directly to the demand that we ascribe equal validity to the quite different experiments which show up in the \[particulate] theory on one hand, and in the wave theory on the other hand.
Bohr publicly introduced the principle of complementarity in a lecture he delivered on 16 September 1927 at the International Physics Congress held in [Como, Italy](/wiki/Como%2C_Italy "Como, Italy"), attended by most of the leading physicists of the era, with the notable exceptions of [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein"), [Schrödinger](/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger "Erwin Schrödinger"), and [Dirac](/wiki/Paul_Dirac "Paul Dirac"). However, these three were in attendance one month later when Bohr again presented the principle at the [Fifth Solvay Congress](/wiki/Solvay_Congress "Solvay Congress") in [Brussels, Belgium](/wiki/Brussels%2C_Belgium "Brussels, Belgium"). The lecture was published in the proceedings of both of these conferences, and was republished the following year in *Naturwissenschaften* (in German) and in *Nature* (in English).{{cite journal \|last\=Bohr \|first\=N. \|title\=The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory \|journal\=\[\[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|volume\=121 \|issue\=3050 \|pages\=580–590 \|year\=1928 \|doi\= 10\.1038/121580a0\|bibcode \= 1928Natur.121\..580B\|doi\-access\=free }} Available in the collection of Bohr's early writings, *Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature* (1934\).
In his original lecture on the topic, Bohr pointed out that just as the finitude of the speed of light implies the impossibility of a sharp separation between space and time (relativity), the finitude of the [quantum of action](/wiki/Planck_constant "Planck constant") implies the impossibility of a sharp separation between the behavior of a system and its interaction with the measuring instruments and leads to the well\-known difficulties with the concept of 'state' in quantum theory; the notion of complementarity is intended to capture this new situation in epistemology created by quantum theory. Physicists F.A.M. Frescura and [Basil Hiley](/wiki/Basil_Hiley "Basil Hiley") have summarized the reasons for the introduction of the principle of complementarity in physics as follows:{{cite journal\|first1\=F. A. M. \|last1\=Frescura \|author2\-link\=Basil Hiley \|first2\=B. J. \|last2\=Hiley \|url\=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/P12FrescandHiley3\.pdf \|title\=Algebras, quantum theory and pre\-space \|journal\=Revista Brasileira de Física \|volume\=Special volume "Os 70 anos de Mario Schonberg" \|pages\=49–86, 2 \|date\=July 1984}}
{{blockquote\|In the traditional view, it is assumed that there exists a reality in space\-time and that this reality is a given thing, all of whose aspects can be viewed or articulated at any given moment. Bohr was the first to point out that quantum mechanics called this traditional outlook into question. To him the "indivisibility of the quantum of action" \[...] implied that not all aspects of a system can be viewed simultaneously. By using one particular piece of apparatus only certain features could be made manifest at the expense of others, while with a different piece of apparatus another complementary aspect could be made manifest in such a way that the original set became non\-manifest, that is, the original attributes were no longer well defined. For Bohr, this was an indication that the principle of complementarity, a principle that he had previously known to appear extensively in other intellectual disciplines but which did not appear in classical physics, should be adopted as a universal principle.}}
### Debate following the lectures
{{Main \| Bohr–Einstein debates}}
Complementarity was a central feature of Bohr's reply to the [EPR paradox](/wiki/EPR_paradox "EPR paradox"), an attempt by Albert Einstein, [Boris Podolsky](/wiki/Boris_Podolsky "Boris Podolsky") and [Nathan Rosen](/wiki/Nathan_Rosen "Nathan Rosen") to argue that quantum particles must have position and momentum even without being measured and so quantum mechanics must be an incomplete theory.{{cite journal\|first\=Christopher A. \|last\=Fuchs \|title\=Notwithstanding Bohr: The Reasons for QBism \|journal\=Mind and Matter \|volume\=15 \|pages\=245–300 \|year\=2017 \|arxiv\=1705\.03483 \|bibcode\=2017arXiv170503483F}} The [thought experiment](/wiki/Thought_experiment "Thought experiment") proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen involved producing two particles and sending them far apart. The experimenter could choose to measure either the position or the momentum of one particle. Given that result, they could in principle make a precise prediction of what the corresponding measurement on the other, faraway particle would find. To Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, this implied that the faraway particle must have precise values of both quantities whether or not that particle is measured in any way. Bohr argued in response that the deduction of a position value could not be transferred over to the situation where a momentum value is measured, and vice versa.{{cite book\|last\=Jammer\|first\=Max\|title\=The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics\|publisher\=John Wiley and Sons\|year\=1974\|isbn\=0\-471\-43958\-4\|author\-link\=Max Jammer}}
Later expositions of complementarity by Bohr include a 1938 lecture in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"){{cite book\|first\=Niels \|last\=Bohr \|author\-link\=Niels Bohr \|chapter\=The causality problem in atomic physics \|title\=New theories in physics \|publisher\=International Institute of Intellectual Co\-operation \|location\=Paris \|year\=1939 \|pages\=11–38}}{{cite book\|first\=Catherine \|last\=Chevalley \|chapter\=Why Do We Find Bohr Obscure? \|title\=Epistemological and Experimental Perspectives on Quantum Physics \|editor\-first1\=Daniel \|editor\-last1\=Greenberger \|editor\-first2\=Wolfgang L. \|editor\-last2\=Reiter \|editor\-first3\=Anton \|editor\-last3\=Zeilinger \|publisher\=Springer Science\+Business Media \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-94\-017\-1454\-9 \|isbn\=978\-9\-04815\-354\-1 \|year\=1999 \|pages\=59–74}} and a 1949 article written for a [festschrift](/wiki/Festschrift "Festschrift") honoring Albert Einstein.{{cite book\|title\=Albert Einstein: Philosopher\-Scientist\|last\=Bohr\|first\=Niels\|publisher\=Open Court\|year\=1949\|editor\=Schilpp\|editor\-first\=Paul Arthur\|editor\-link\=Paul Arthur Schilpp\|chapter\=Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics\|author\-link\=Niels Bohr}} It was also covered in a 1953 essay by Bohr's collaborator [Léon Rosenfeld](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld "Léon Rosenfeld").{{Cite journal\|last\=Rosenfeld\|first\=L.\|date\=1953\|title\=Strife about Complementarity\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43414997\|journal\=Science Progress (1933\- )\|volume\=41\|issue\=163\|pages\=393–410\|jstor\=43414997 \|issn\=0036\-8504}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Background",
"Complementarity as a physical model derives from Niels Bohr's 1927 presentation in Como, Italy, at a scientific celebration of the work of [Alessandro Volta](/wiki/Alessandro_Volta \"Alessandro Volta\") 100 years previous.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Baggott \\|first\\=J. E. \\|title\\=The quantum story: a history in 40 moments \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Oxford Univ. Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-965597\\-7 \\|edition\\=Impression: 3 \\|location\\=Oxford}}{{rp\\|103}} Bohr's subject was complementarity, the idea that measurements of quantum events provide complementary information through seemingly contradictory results.{{Cite journal \\|doi \\= 10\\.1038/121580a0\\|title \\= The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory\\|year \\= 1928\\|last1 \\= Bohr\\|first1 \\= N.\\|journal \\= Nature\\|volume \\= 121\\|issue \\= 3050\\|pages \\= 580–590\\|bibcode \\= 1928Natur.121\\..580B\\|doi\\-access \\= free}} While Bohr's presentation was not well received, it did crystallize the issues ultimately leading to the modern wave\\-particle duality concept.{{cite book \\| last \\=Kumar \\| first \\=Manjit \\| title \\=Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the Great Debate about the Nature of Reality \\| publisher \\=W. W. Norton \\& Company \\| edition \\=Reprint \\| year \\=2011 \\| pages \\=\\[https://archive.org/details/quantumeinsteinb00manj/page/242 242, 375–376] \\| isbn \\=978\\-0\\-393\\-33988\\-8 \\| url \\=https://archive.org/details/quantumeinsteinb00manj/page/242 }}{{rp\\|315}} The contradictory results that triggered Bohr's ideas had been building up over the previous 20 years.",
"This contradictory evidence came both from light and from electrons.\nThe [wave theory of light](/wiki/Wave_theory_of_light \"Wave theory of light\"), broadly successful for over a hundred years, had been challenged by [Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck \"Max Planck\")'s 1901 model of [blackbody radiation](/wiki/Blackbody_radiation \"Blackbody radiation\") and [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\")'s 1905 interpretation of the [photoelectric effect](/wiki/Photoelectric_effect \"Photoelectric effect\"). These theoretical models use discrete energy, a [quantum](/wiki/Quantum \"Quantum\"), to describe the interaction of light with matter. Despite confirmation by various experimental observations, the [photon](/wiki/Photon \"Photon\") theory (as it came to be called later) remained controversial until [Arthur Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Compton \"Arthur Compton\") performed a [series of experiments](/wiki/Compton_effect \"Compton effect\") from 1922 to 1924 demonstrating the momentum of light.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Whittaker \\|first\\=Edmund T. \\|title\\=A history of the theories of aether \\& electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 \\- 1926 \\|date\\=1989 \\|publisher\\=Dover Publ \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-486\\-26126\\-3 \\|edition\\=Repr \\|location\\=New York}}{{rp\\|211}} The experimental evidence of particle\\-like momentum seemingly contradicted other experiments demonstrating the wave\\-like interference of light.",
"The contradictory evidence from electrons arrived in the opposite order. Many experiments by [J. J. Thompson](/wiki/J._J._Thomson \"J. J. Thomson\"), [Robert Millikan](/wiki/Robert_Millikan \"Robert Millikan\"), and [Charles Wilson](/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson \"Charles Thomson Rees Wilson\"), among others, had shown that free electrons had particle properties. However, in 1924, [Louis de Broglie](/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie \"Louis de Broglie\") proposed that electrons had an associated wave and [Schrödinger](/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger \"Erwin Schrödinger\") demonstrated that wave equations accurately account for electron properties in atoms. Again some experiments showed particle properties and others wave properties.",
"Bohr's resolution of these contradictions is to accept them. In his Como lecture he says: \"our interpretation of the experimental material rests essentially upon the\nclassical concepts.\" Direct observation being impossible, observations of quantum effects are necessarily classical. Whatever the nature of quantum events, our only information will arrive via classical results. If experiments sometimes produce wave results and sometimes particle results, that is the nature of light and of the ultimate constituents of matter.",
"### Bohr's lectures",
"Niels Bohr apparently conceived of the principle of complementarity during a skiing vacation in Norway in February and March 1927, during which he received a letter from [Werner Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg \"Werner Heisenberg\") regarding an as\\-yet\\-unpublished result, a [thought experiment about a microscope using gamma rays](/wiki/Heisenberg%27s_microscope \"Heisenberg's microscope\"). This thought experiment implied a tradeoff between uncertainties that would later be formalized as the [uncertainty principle](/wiki/Uncertainty_principle \"Uncertainty principle\"). To Bohr, Heisenberg's paper did not make clear the distinction between a position measurement merely disturbing the momentum value that a particle carried and the more radical idea that momentum was meaningless or undefinable in a context where position was measured instead. Upon returning from his vacation, by which time Heisenberg had already submitted his paper for publication, Bohr convinced Heisenberg that the uncertainty tradeoff was a manifestation of the deeper concept of complementarity.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Quantum Story: A History in 40 moments\\|last\\=Baggott\\|first\\=Jim\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-956684\\-6\\|series\\=Oxford Landmark Science\\|location\\=Oxford\\|page\\=97\\|author\\-link\\=Jim Baggott}} Heisenberg duly appended a note to this effect to his paper, before its publication, stating:",
"",
"> Bohr has brought to my attention \\[that] the uncertainty in our observation does not arise exclusively from the occurrence of discontinuities, but is tied directly to the demand that we ascribe equal validity to the quite different experiments which show up in the \\[particulate] theory on one hand, and in the wave theory on the other hand.",
"Bohr publicly introduced the principle of complementarity in a lecture he delivered on 16 September 1927 at the International Physics Congress held in [Como, Italy](/wiki/Como%2C_Italy \"Como, Italy\"), attended by most of the leading physicists of the era, with the notable exceptions of [Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\"), [Schrödinger](/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger \"Erwin Schrödinger\"), and [Dirac](/wiki/Paul_Dirac \"Paul Dirac\"). However, these three were in attendance one month later when Bohr again presented the principle at the [Fifth Solvay Congress](/wiki/Solvay_Congress \"Solvay Congress\") in [Brussels, Belgium](/wiki/Brussels%2C_Belgium \"Brussels, Belgium\"). The lecture was published in the proceedings of both of these conferences, and was republished the following year in *Naturwissenschaften* (in German) and in *Nature* (in English).{{cite journal \\|last\\=Bohr \\|first\\=N. \\|title\\=The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Nature (journal)\\|Nature]] \\|volume\\=121 \\|issue\\=3050 \\|pages\\=580–590 \\|year\\=1928 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1038/121580a0\\|bibcode \\= 1928Natur.121\\..580B\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Available in the collection of Bohr's early writings, *Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature* (1934\\).",
"In his original lecture on the topic, Bohr pointed out that just as the finitude of the speed of light implies the impossibility of a sharp separation between space and time (relativity), the finitude of the [quantum of action](/wiki/Planck_constant \"Planck constant\") implies the impossibility of a sharp separation between the behavior of a system and its interaction with the measuring instruments and leads to the well\\-known difficulties with the concept of 'state' in quantum theory; the notion of complementarity is intended to capture this new situation in epistemology created by quantum theory. Physicists F.A.M. Frescura and [Basil Hiley](/wiki/Basil_Hiley \"Basil Hiley\") have summarized the reasons for the introduction of the principle of complementarity in physics as follows:{{cite journal\\|first1\\=F. A. M. \\|last1\\=Frescura \\|author2\\-link\\=Basil Hiley \\|first2\\=B. J. \\|last2\\=Hiley \\|url\\=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/P12FrescandHiley3\\.pdf \\|title\\=Algebras, quantum theory and pre\\-space \\|journal\\=Revista Brasileira de Física \\|volume\\=Special volume \"Os 70 anos de Mario Schonberg\" \\|pages\\=49–86, 2 \\|date\\=July 1984}}\n{{blockquote\\|In the traditional view, it is assumed that there exists a reality in space\\-time and that this reality is a given thing, all of whose aspects can be viewed or articulated at any given moment. Bohr was the first to point out that quantum mechanics called this traditional outlook into question. To him the \"indivisibility of the quantum of action\" \\[...] implied that not all aspects of a system can be viewed simultaneously. By using one particular piece of apparatus only certain features could be made manifest at the expense of others, while with a different piece of apparatus another complementary aspect could be made manifest in such a way that the original set became non\\-manifest, that is, the original attributes were no longer well defined. For Bohr, this was an indication that the principle of complementarity, a principle that he had previously known to appear extensively in other intellectual disciplines but which did not appear in classical physics, should be adopted as a universal principle.}}",
"### Debate following the lectures",
"{{Main \\| Bohr–Einstein debates}}",
"Complementarity was a central feature of Bohr's reply to the [EPR paradox](/wiki/EPR_paradox \"EPR paradox\"), an attempt by Albert Einstein, [Boris Podolsky](/wiki/Boris_Podolsky \"Boris Podolsky\") and [Nathan Rosen](/wiki/Nathan_Rosen \"Nathan Rosen\") to argue that quantum particles must have position and momentum even without being measured and so quantum mechanics must be an incomplete theory.{{cite journal\\|first\\=Christopher A. \\|last\\=Fuchs \\|title\\=Notwithstanding Bohr: The Reasons for QBism \\|journal\\=Mind and Matter \\|volume\\=15 \\|pages\\=245–300 \\|year\\=2017 \\|arxiv\\=1705\\.03483 \\|bibcode\\=2017arXiv170503483F}} The [thought experiment](/wiki/Thought_experiment \"Thought experiment\") proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen involved producing two particles and sending them far apart. The experimenter could choose to measure either the position or the momentum of one particle. Given that result, they could in principle make a precise prediction of what the corresponding measurement on the other, faraway particle would find. To Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, this implied that the faraway particle must have precise values of both quantities whether or not that particle is measured in any way. Bohr argued in response that the deduction of a position value could not be transferred over to the situation where a momentum value is measured, and vice versa.{{cite book\\|last\\=Jammer\\|first\\=Max\\|title\\=The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics\\|publisher\\=John Wiley and Sons\\|year\\=1974\\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-43958\\-4\\|author\\-link\\=Max Jammer}}",
"Later expositions of complementarity by Bohr include a 1938 lecture in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"){{cite book\\|first\\=Niels \\|last\\=Bohr \\|author\\-link\\=Niels Bohr \\|chapter\\=The causality problem in atomic physics \\|title\\=New theories in physics \\|publisher\\=International Institute of Intellectual Co\\-operation \\|location\\=Paris \\|year\\=1939 \\|pages\\=11–38}}{{cite book\\|first\\=Catherine \\|last\\=Chevalley \\|chapter\\=Why Do We Find Bohr Obscure? \\|title\\=Epistemological and Experimental Perspectives on Quantum Physics \\|editor\\-first1\\=Daniel \\|editor\\-last1\\=Greenberger \\|editor\\-first2\\=Wolfgang L. \\|editor\\-last2\\=Reiter \\|editor\\-first3\\=Anton \\|editor\\-last3\\=Zeilinger \\|publisher\\=Springer Science\\+Business Media \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-94\\-017\\-1454\\-9 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9\\-04815\\-354\\-1 \\|year\\=1999 \\|pages\\=59–74}} and a 1949 article written for a [festschrift](/wiki/Festschrift \"Festschrift\") honoring Albert Einstein.{{cite book\\|title\\=Albert Einstein: Philosopher\\-Scientist\\|last\\=Bohr\\|first\\=Niels\\|publisher\\=Open Court\\|year\\=1949\\|editor\\=Schilpp\\|editor\\-first\\=Paul Arthur\\|editor\\-link\\=Paul Arthur Schilpp\\|chapter\\=Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics\\|author\\-link\\=Niels Bohr}} It was also covered in a 1953 essay by Bohr's collaborator [Léon Rosenfeld](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld \"Léon Rosenfeld\").{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Rosenfeld\\|first\\=L.\\|date\\=1953\\|title\\=Strife about Complementarity\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43414997\\|journal\\=Science Progress (1933\\- )\\|volume\\=41\\|issue\\=163\\|pages\\=393–410\\|jstor\\=43414997 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8504}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Establishment (1969 to 1970s)
[thumb\|left\|Governor Smith signs HB 42 in a ceremony at the [Alamo](/wiki/Alamo_Plaza_Historic_District "Alamo Plaza Historic District"), officially founding UTSA\|alt\=The](/wiki/File:The_Founding_of_UTSA.jpg "The Founding of UTSA.jpg") University of Texas at San Antonio was officially founded on June 5, 1969, by the [61st Texas Legislature](/wiki/Sixty-first_Texas_Legislature "Sixty-first Texas Legislature") as [H.B.](/wiki/Bill_%28law%29 "Bill (law)") 42 and signed into law by Governor [Preston Smith](/wiki/Preston_Smith_%28Texas%29 "Preston Smith (Texas)").{{Cite web \|date\=2008\-10\-28 \|title\=Romo nears ten years as UTSA president; looks towards future \- The Paisano \|url\=https://paisano\-online.com/3985/news/romo\-nears\-ten\-years\-as\-utsa\-president\-looks\-towards\-future/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.utsa.edu/visitor/utsa\_uncovered/utsahistory.cfm \|title\=UTSA Uncovered: History \|access\-date\=May 28, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906084000/http://utsa.edu/visitor/UTSA\_Uncovered/Utsahistory.cfm \|archive\-date\=September 6, 2006}}"[A Guide to the UTSA General Information and University History Collection, 1967–2009](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00152/utsa-00152.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026103000/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00152/utsa\-00152\.html \|date\=2012\-10\-26 }}". UTSA Special Collections. Retrieved November 15, 2012\. Frank Lombardino, a conservative Democrat who represented northwest Bexar County in the state legislature, was known as the "father of UTSA" due to his impassioned advocacy for the institution."[A Guide to the Frank Lombardino Papers, 1967–1978](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00027/utsa-00027.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121070058/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00027/utsa\-00027\.html \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". UTSA Special Collections. Retrieved December 25, 2012\. When Governor Smith signed the bill officially establishing the university, he did so on the back of Lombardino in a ceremony in front of the Alamo."[UTSA to celebrate major milestones](https://utsa.edu/today/2009/06/milestones.cfm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073511/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2009/06/milestones.cfm \|date\=2017\-10\-25 }}". UTSA Today. Retrieved December 25, 2012\. At the university's inaugural commencement, the first diploma was also signed on Lombardino's back."[The First Commencement, 1974](http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/05/12/the-first-commencement-1974/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075929/http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/05/12/the\-first\-commencement\-1974/ \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". The Top Shelf. Retrieved December 25, 2012\.
In 1970, the University of Texas Board of Regents appointed the university's first president, [Arleigh B. Templeton](/wiki/Arleigh_B._Templeton "Arleigh B. Templeton"), who served from 1970 to 1972, and received a land donation of {{convert\|600\|acre\|km2}} in far northwest San Antonio for the site of UTSA.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu13 \|title\=University of Texas San Antonio \|access\-date\=May 28, 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Handbook of Texas\|Handbook of Texas Online]] \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130041028/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu13 \|url\-status\=live }} The architecture firm of Ford, Powell and Carson Inc. was assigned to develop a master plan for the university. O'Neil Ford, the designer of both the [Tower of the Americas](/wiki/Tower_of_the_Americas "Tower of the Americas") and the [Trinity University](/wiki/Trinity_University_%28Texas%29 "Trinity University (Texas)") tower, designed the campus to be reminiscent of an Italian village."[Look Who's Forty](https://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/look-whos-forty.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511040058/http://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/look\-whos\-forty.html \|date\=2013\-05\-11 }}". UTSA Sombrilla Magazine. Retrieved May 10, 2013\.
[alt\=\|thumb\|Sombrilla Plaza, [O'Neil Ford](/wiki/O%27Neil_Ford "O'Neil Ford") and Milton Babbitt designed the Main Campus, including The Sombrilla.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/spring2019/story/shakers\-babbitt.html \|title\=Campus Mastermind {{!}} 'Runners \& Shakers {{!}} UTSA's Sombrilla Magazine \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|language\=en \|access\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414150500/http://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/spring2019/story/shakers\-babbitt.html \|url\-status\=live }}\|leftThe](/wiki/File:University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio_commons.jpg "University of Texas at San Antonio commons.jpg") 671 graduate students composing the first class at the university were admitted in September 1973\. Upperclassmen and lowerclassmen were admitted in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Students temporarily attended class at the Koger Center, which also housed administrative offices until 1975, when construction on the [Main Campus](/wiki/%23Campuses "#Campuses") was completed. Enrollment during this time numbered 4,433 students."[UTSA Timeline](https://utsa.edu/about/history/timeline.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218200319/http://www.utsa.edu/about/history/timeline.html \|date\=2017\-02\-18 }}". About UTSA. Retrieved July 8, 2012\. UTSA began with five colleges: Business, Fine and Applied Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Multidisciplinary Studies and Science and Mathematics.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.utsa.edu/About/History/ \|title\=UTSA.edu – UTSA History \|access\-date\=May 28, 2008 \|archive\-date\=May 17, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517122604/http://www.utsa.edu/about//History/ \|url\-status\=live }}
By 1975, the university's future colors were being openly discussed among student leaders and the administration. UTSA's third color of blue was selected, beating out other proposed colors such as "fiesta red" and "cactus green"."[Could UTSA Have Bled Fiesta Red?](http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/03/11/could-utsa-have-bled-fiesta-red/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080321/http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/03/11/could\-utsa\-have\-bled\-fiesta\-red/ \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". The Top Shelf. Retrieved January 3, 2012\. [The John Peace Library](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio_Libraries_%28UTSA_Libraries%29 "University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries (UTSA Libraries)") opened the next year, serving as the new administrative headquarters for the university.{{Cite web \|title\=The University of Texas at San Antonio \|url\=https://www.tpr.org/people/the\-university\-of\-texas\-at\-san\-antonio \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=TPR \|language\=en}}
The discussion of a university mascot soon followed the selection of school colors. In the fall of 1977, an election was held to determine the school's mascot, with "the armadillos" and "the stars" taking the top two spots. However, the referendum was declared void by the student government and a new election was held with nine candidates and a write\-in option. The top two choices from the second election, the [roadrunner](/wiki/Greater_Roadrunner "Greater Roadrunner") and the [armadillo](/wiki/Armadillo "Armadillo"), campaigned in a competitive run\-off. On December 9, 1977, the roadrunner was announced as UTSA's first and only mascot.{{Cite web \|url\=http://goutsa.com/sports/2012/7/2/205500085\.aspx \|title\=University of Texas at San Antonio – UTSA Athletics Student Information \|website\=Goutsa.com \|language\=en \|access\-date\=February 24, 2017 \|archive\-date\=February 25, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225125726/http://goutsa.com/sports/2012/7/2/205500085\.aspx \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/gameday/traditions/rowdy\-the\-roadrunner.html \|title\=UTSA Football Game Day \|website\=Utsa.edu \|access\-date\=February 24, 2017 \|archive\-date\=February 16, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216074552/http://www.utsa.edu/gameday/traditions/rowdy\-the\-roadrunner.html \|url\-status\=live }}
James W. Wagener, a graduate of [Southern Methodist University](/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University "Southern Methodist University") and former acting dean of the [University of Texas Health Science Center](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center "University of Texas Health Science Center"), was selected to be UTSA's third president in 1978\. The Alumni Association was formed that same year, providing a new avenue of support for the university. The first Fiesta UTSA was also held in April 1978, with multiple bands playing throughout the day and culminating in a school dance.{{Cite web \|last\=Pettaway \|first\=Taylor \|date\=Sep 6, 2019 \|title\=UTSA looking at main campus name change \|url\=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/UTSA\-looking\-at\-main\-campus\-name\-change\-14419681\.php }} At the end of the 1970s, enrollment numbered 9,400 undergraduate and graduate students.
### Early years (1980s to 1999\)
[alt\=\|thumb\|The Student Union (formerly the University Center) opened in 1986, with the first expansion (built in the 1990s)](/wiki/File:UTSA_Student_Union.jpg "UTSA Student Union.jpg") *[The Paisano](/wiki/The_Paisano "The Paisano")*, was established in 1981 as the first independent student publication in the state. During the fall of that year, the university began playing collegiate athletics."[UTSA's First 'Stadium'](http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2012/06/04/utsas-first-stadium/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080344/http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2012/06/04/utsas\-first\-stadium/ \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". The Top Shelf. Retrieved December 25, 2012\. It was immediately elected to Division I status in the NCAA."[UTSA Bulletin 02\-81](http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15125coll7/id/5425) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075930/http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15125coll7/id/5425 \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". UTSA Special Collections. Retrieved December 25, 2012\. The Student Representative Assembly headed the burial of a time capsule in 1983, the university's 10th anniversary, instructing it to be opened on June 5, 2023\."[10th Anniversary Time Capsule](http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15125coll5/id/342/rec/5) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080338/http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15125coll5/id/342/rec/5 \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". UTSA Libraries. Retrieved July 26, 2012\.
In 1986, UTSA acquired the [Institute of Texan Cultures](/wiki/Institute_of_Texan_Cultures "Institute of Texan Cultures"), a center for multicultural education in the state, as a campus. During this year, both the University Center and Chisholm Hall, the university's first on\-campus housing complex, opened."[UTSA's Presidents](https://utsa.edu/about/history/presidents.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218200344/http://www.utsa.edu/about/history/presidents.html\|date\=2017\-02\-18}}". About UTSA. Retrieved July 8, 2012\.
In 1994 the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education "United States Department of Education") designated UTSA as a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI).{{Cite web \|last\=Fuente \|first\=Naydine De La \|date\=2023\-11\-07 \|title\=UTSA ranks among the top schools in the nation for Hispanic students \- The Paisano \|url\=https://paisano\-online.com/37429/news/utsa\-ranks\-among\-the\-top\-schools\-in\-the\-nation\-for\-hispanic\-students/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26}}{{Cite web \|title\=UTSA Accelerates Student Success by Intentionally Serving Latinos, Report Says \|url\=https://www.sasentinel.com/utsa\-accelerates\-student\-success\-by\-intentionally\-serving\-latinos\-report\-says \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=San Antonio Sentinel \- News, Politics, Business, Lifestyle \|language\=en\-US}}
On the first day of fall classes in 1996, a [campus shooter](/wiki/School_shooting "School shooting") stormed into the John Peace Library."[August 28, 1996](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19960828&id=LzxIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=doEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=855,766250) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126001244/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=861\&dat\=19960828\&id\=LzxIAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=doEMAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=855,766250 \|date\=November 26, 2015 }}". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved May 10, 2013\. The perpetrator, Gregory Tidwell, murdered head of cataloging Stephen L. Sorensen before fatally shooting himself in the chest.
The University Center expanded in the late 1990s, breaking ground in 1995 on the 97,500\-square foot, $13\.2 million building, dubbed "UC Phase II", which included the new Retama Auditorium and UTSA Bookstore."[History](https://www.utsa.edu/uctr/uc25/history.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511100252/http://www.utsa.edu/uctr/uc25/history.html \|date\=2013\-05\-11 }}". UTSA Events Management \& Conference Services. Retrieved February 15, 2013\. The Downtown Campus opened the doors to its permanent location on [Interstate Highway 10](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_10 "Interstate Highway 10") and [Cesar Chavez](/wiki/Cesar_Chavez "Cesar Chavez") Blvd. (then Durango Blvd.) in 1997\.
[Ricardo Romo](/wiki/Ricardo_Romo "Ricardo Romo"), a graduate of The University of Texas at Austin and [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA"), became UTSA's fifth president in May 1999\. He began with the ambitious agenda of aggressively expanding UTSA, both physically and academically, laying out the university's "Roadmap to Excellence"."[Dr. Ricardo Romo](http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/history/_files/downloads/undergraduate/dr_ricardo_romo_bio.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115022717/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/history/\_files/downloads/undergraduate/dr\_ricardo\_romo\_bio.pdf \|date\=2014\-11\-15 }}". The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved February 15, 2013\. During his tenure, UTSA would grow 68% in student enrollment while adding new programs and facilities."[President's Bio](https://utsa.edu/president/Biography.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073348/http://www.utsa.edu/president/Biography.html \|date\=2017\-10\-25 }}". UTSA. Retrieved February 15, 2013\.
### Expansion and growth (2000 to 2009\)
[thumb\|UTSA Main building looking over east campus](/wiki/File:UTSA_main_building.jpg "UTSA main building.jpg")
In the mid\-2000s decade, UTSA embarked on a long\-term campaign to dramatically increase its national prestige and selectivity. A "Master Plan" was created in 2007 as a guide for this campaign and to direct the future physical growth of the institution. The "UTSA 2016" strategic plan, formulated at the same time, is guided by the Master Plan and forms the basis for the development of the university into a "premier research institution" by 2016\.{{cite web \|title\=The UTSA Campus Master Plan \|url\=https://utsa.edu/masterplan/ \|website\=UTSA \|publisher\=The University of Texas at San Antonio \|access\-date\=August 14, 2014 \|year\=2007 \|archive\-date\=July 28, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728141100/http://www.utsa.edu/masterplan/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Our Strategy: UTSA Strategic Plan \|url\=https://utsa.edu/2016/strategic/index.html \|website\=UTSA \|publisher\=The University of Texas at San Antonio \|access\-date\=August 14, 2014 \|year\=2007 \|archive\-date\=July 26, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726185549/http://www.utsa.edu/2016/strategic/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} [John T. Montford](/wiki/John_T._Montford "John T. Montford")—a San Antonio businessman, former chancellor of the [Texas Tech University](/wiki/Texas_Tech_University "Texas Tech University") System, and a member of the Texas State Senate from 1983 to 1996—eventually established the UTSA presidents Dinner and, in 2007, the event raised US$4\.6 million.{{cite web \|url\=http://www2\.sacurrent.com/news/story.asp?id\=68270 \|title\=Joe Solis, Montford: Itching for career no. 9, February 20, 2008 \|website\=2\.sacurrent.com \|access\-date\=September 18, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054817/http://www2\.sacurrent.com/news/story.asp?id\=68270 \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }}
From 2006 to 2009, UTSA completed over $250 million in construction projects. The $84 million five\-story Biotechnology, Sciences and Engineering (BSE) Building opened its doors in 2006\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2006/02/bse.cfm \|access\-date\=November 20, 2020 \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|title\=Error Occurred While Processing Request \|archive\-date\=November 22, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122120243/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2006/02/bse.cfm \|url\-status\=live }} The university underwent extensive remodeling in 2009, renovating older buildings such as the John Peace Library (JPL), the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS, now known as the McKinney Humanities or MH) and the Multidisciplinary Studies (MS) buildings. A new ceramics studio broke ground in 2009 and two adjacent science buildings underwent $24 million in renovations. The $83 million Applied Engineering and Technology building (AET) also opened its doors in 2009\. A year later the AET Library opened as the nation's first completely bookless library on a college or university campus.{{Cite web \|title\=UTSA opens nation's first bookless library on a university campus \|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2010/09/aetlibrary.html \|access\-date\=May 8, 2020 \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810213543/https://www.utsa.edu/today/2010/09/aetlibrary.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|title\=Nation's first bookless library on university campus is thriving at UTSA \|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2013/03/aetlibrary.html \|access\-date\=May 8, 2020 \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|archive\-date\=August 8, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808174327/https://www.utsa.edu/today/2013/03/aetlibrary.html \|url\-status\=live }}
Proposition 4 was passed by Texas voters in November 2009\. This piece of legislation named 7 emerging research universities in Texas, UTSA being one, that could compete for additional state funds in an effort to increase the number of Tier One institutions in Texas. Factors such as research expenditures, graduate degrees awarded and scholarly productivity all play a part in which schools receive the most funding.{{cite web \|title\=November 3, 2009, Constitutional Amendment Election \|url\=http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/1899\.PDF?CFID\=5685577\&CFTOKEN\=72777635 \|access\-date\=November 20, 2012 \|website\=Thecb.state.tx.us \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818075909/http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/DocID/PDF%5C1899\.PDF \|url\-status\=live }}
### Further expansion (2010 to 2020\)
[thumb\|UTSA Biotechnology, Sciences and Engineering Building](/wiki/File:Inside_the_UTSA_BSE_Building.jpg "Inside the UTSA BSE Building.jpg")
The [first\-time undergraduate](/wiki/Freshman "Freshman") acceptance rate, a common measurement for institutional selectivity, was 60% for the Fall of 2013\.{{cite web \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908072755/http://www.news4sanantonio.com/news/features/top\-stories/stories/utsa\-raising\-standards\-students\-applying\-3307\.shtml \|url\=http://www.news4sanantonio.com/news/features/top\-stories/stories/utsa\-raising\-standards\-students\-applying\-3307\.shtml \|title\=UTSA raising standards for students applying \|website\=News4sanantonio.com \|archive\-date\=September 8, 2013 \|date\=September 4, 2013}} [U.S. News \& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report") ranks UTSA's admissions process as "selective".{{cite web \|title\=THED: Graduation Rates \|url\=http://www.txhighereddata.org/index.cfm?objectid\=27718BD7\-BD77\-2355\-39495E1FB4605755 \|access\-date\=December 19, 2018 \|website\=Txhighereddata.org \|archive\-date\=December 18, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218035510/http://www.txhighereddata.org/index.cfm?objectid\=27718BD7\-BD77\-2355\-39495E1FB4605755 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2010, the university hit a population benchmark of 30,000 students, signifying a growth rate of more than 39% over the past decade."[President's Newsletter – January 2013](https://utsa.edu/president/Newsletter.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065356/http://www.utsa.edu/president/Newsletter.html \|date\=2018\-09\-25 }}". UTSA. Retrieved February 15, 2013\."[Student Enrollment](https://utsa.edu/ir/pub/factbook/2012/Student_Enrollment.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040249/http://www.utsa.edu/ir/pub/factbook/2012/Student\_Enrollment.pdf \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}". UTSA Fact Book 2012\. UTSA was one of the fastest growing universities in Texas during this decade"[The University of Texas at San Antonio](http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTSA) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227013135/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTSA \|date\=2013\-12\-27 }}". College Portraits. Retrieved February 15, 2013\. reaching nearly 31,000 students by 2012\.{{cite web \|title\=Credentials of UTSA freshmen are at all\-time high: Half are from top 25 percent \|url\=https://utsa.edu/today/2012/10/enrollment.html \|access\-date\=November 20, 2012 \|website\=Utsa.edu \|archive\-date\=November 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120030106/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2012/10/enrollment.html \|url\-status\=live }}
However, in 2011, the Center for College Affordability and Productivity ranked UTSA's freshman as the second most "unhappy" in the country, based solely on low retention rates.{{cite web \|date\=November 4, 2011 \|title\=NewsRadio 1200 WOAI, San Antonio \|url\=http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\=119078\&article\=9350566\.php \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080021/http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\=119078\&article\=9350566\.php \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 20, 2012 \|website\=Radio.woai.com}} The Associate Vice President refuted this claim{{cite web \|date\=November 4, 2011 \|title\=NewsRadio 1200 WOAI, San Antonio \|url\=http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\=119078\&article\=9350566 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075930/http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\=119078\&article\=9350566 \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 20, 2012 \|website\=Radio.woai.com}} and members of Student Government Association sponsored a resolution rebuking the claims, pointing out the [Coordinated Admissions Program](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System%23Coordinated_Admissions_Program "University of Texas System#Coordinated Admissions Program") skews freshmen retention rates."[UTSA ranked second most unhappy freshmen; CAP skews results](http://www.paisano-online.com/news/utsa-ranked-second-most-unhappy-freshmen-cap-skews-results-1.2699839#.UK826Id-_po) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080339/http://www.paisano\-online.com/news/utsa\-ranked\-second\-most\-unhappy\-freshmen\-cap\-skews\-results\-1\.2699839\#.UK826Id\-\_po\|date\=2013\-01\-21}}". The Paisano. Retrieved November 23, 2012\.
The North Paseo Building, a $15 million office building, began housing [ROTC](/wiki/ROTC "ROTC") operations when it opened in October 2011\. The Bauerle Road Garage, a 5\-level parking facility with office space, opened in 2012\. Dining services also expanded in 2008, continuing through 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.utsa.edu/studentunion/ \|title\=UTSA Student Union – UTSA \|website\=Utsa.edu \|access\-date\=December 19, 2018 \|archive\-date\=December 14, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214231056/http://www.utsa.edu/studentunion/ \|url\-status\=live }}
That same year, the university also fielded its long\-anticipated football team as an NCAA FCS independent, with [Larry Coker](/wiki/Larry_Coker "Larry Coker") as the inaugural head coach.{{Cite web \|date\=2009\-03\-05 \|title\=Coker to coach new Texas\-San Antonio team \|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/news/story?id\=3955044 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Myerberg \|first\=Paul \|title\=How UTSA became college football's best startup \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/cusa/2014/08/31/college\-football\-utsa\-texas\-san\-antonio\-roadrunners/14862029/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=USA TODAY \|language\=en\-US}} The following year, 2012, UTSA, the city's sole [NCAA Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") university at the time, became a member of the [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference "Western Athletic Conference"); one year later, it moved to [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA")."[Rivals UTSA, Texas State will join Western Athletic Conference in 2012](http://www.kens5.com/news/Report-UTSA-Texas-State-to-join-WAC-in-2012-107081618.html) {{Webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121043505/http://www.kens5\.com/news/Report\-UTSA\-Texas\-State\-to\-join\-WAC\-in\-2012\-107081618\.html \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". kens5\.com. Retrieved November 15, 2012\."[It's official: UTSA joins C\-USA](http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/college_sports/utsa/article/It-s-official-UTSA-joins-C-USA-3535740.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121071833/http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/college\_sports/utsa/article/It\-s\-official\-UTSA\-joins\-C\-USA\-3535740\.php \|date\=2013\-01\-21 }}". San Antonio Express\-News. Retrieved November 15, 2012\. An athletic complex was constructed slightly west of the main campus and features pedestrian\-friendly mixed\-use areas. The complex, dubbed "Park West", adds another 125 acres to the university's property.{{Cite web \|date\=2012\-04\-11 \|title\=UTSA breaks ground on new athletics complex \|url\=https://www.ksat.com/news/2012/04/11/utsa\-breaks\-ground\-on\-new\-athletics\-complex/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=KSAT \|language\=en}}
In 2014 the "New" North Paseo building (NPB) was completed and now houses Computer Science and Cyber Security labs and classrooms. The NPB is also home to the Center for Infrastructure Assurance and Security (CIAS), Center for Education and Research in Information and Infrastructure Security (CERIIS), and the Institute for Cyber Security.{{Cite web \|title\=UTSA North Paseo Building move\-in will begin Tuesday, Sept. 2 \|url\=http://www.utsa.edu/today/2014/07/northpaseobuilding.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110211445/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2014/07/northpaseobuilding.html \|archive\-date\=January 10, 2019 \|access\-date\=January 11, 2019 \|website\=www.utsa.edu}}
[Ricardo Romo](/wiki/Ricardo_Romo "Ricardo Romo"), who had served as president since 1999, resigned on March 3, 2017, after having been placed on administrative leave. Pedro Reyes served as interim president from February through August 2017\.Lauren Caruba and Silvia Foster\-Frau, "Romo steps down as UTSA president: Leader had been under investigation", *[San Antonio Express\-News](/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News "San Antonio Express-News")*, March 4, 2017, pp. 1, A14\. On September 1, 2017, [Thomas Taylor Eighmy](/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_Eighmy "Thomas Taylor Eighmy"), the vice chancellor for research and engagement at the [University of Tennessee at Knoxville](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Knoxville "University of Tennessee at Knoxville"), began serving as UTSA's sixth president.{{cite web \|last\=Foster\-Frau \|first\=Silvia \|date\=July 28, 2017 \|title\=New UTSA president opens up about goals for university \|url\=https://www.expressnews.com/news/education/article/New\-UTSA\-president\-opens\-up\-about\-goals\-for\-11656384\.php \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|access\-date\= \|website\=San Antonio Express\-News}}
On June 9, 2017, UTSA introduced the largest construction project in its history with the announcement of a $95 million science and engineering building which opened in fall 2020\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.tpr.org/post/utsa\-breaks\-ground\-95\-million\-science\-and\-engineering\-building \|title\=UTSA Breaks Ground On $95 Million Science And Engineering Building \|last\=Rigby \|first\=Wendy \|website\=www.tpr.org \|date\=June 9, 2017 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=January 11, 2019 \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150011/http://www.tpr.org/post/utsa\-breaks\-ground\-95\-million\-science\-and\-engineering\-building \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2017/06/story/seb\-groundbreaking.html \|title\=UTSA breaks ground on new $95 million Science and Engineering Building \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|date\=June 9, 2017 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=January 11, 2019 \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195001/https://www.utsa.edu/today/2017/06/story/seb\-groundbreaking.html \|url\-status\=live }} On September 6, 2018, UTSA announced it had received a $15 million gift from San Antonio business leader Graham Weston and $70 million commitment from The University of Texas System Board of Regents for construction of two new facilities at its Downtown Campus for a National Security Collaboration Center and a proposed School of Data Science which opened January 9, 2023 and became the first and only Data Science school in the state of Texas.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/president/2018/09/story/NSCC\-Data\-Science.html \|title\=UTSA expands Downtown Campus with a National Security Collaboration Center and planned new School of Data Science {{!}} Office of the President {{!}} UTSA {{!}} University of Texas at San Antonio \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|date\=September 6, 2018 \|access\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414171427/https://www.utsa.edu/president/2018/09/story/NSCC\-Data\-Science.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://cs.utsa.edu/news/utsa\-receives\-15m\-and\-land\-school\-data\-science\-and\-national\-security\-collaboration\-center\-547 \|title\=UTSA RECEIVES $15M AND LAND FOR SCHOOL OF DATA SCIENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY COLLABORATION CENTER \|access\-date\=August 18, 2021 \|archive\-date\=June 1, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601194004/https://cs.utsa.edu/news/utsa\-receives\-15m\-and\-land\-school\-data\-science\-and\-national\-security\-collaboration\-center\-547 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.utsa.edu/today/2018/09/story/DTC\-GiftandLand.html \|title\=UTSA receives $15 million gift and parcels of land downtown for construction of proposed School of Data Science and National Security Collaboration Center \|website\=www.utsa.edu \|date\=September 18, 2018 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\=April 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414171426/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2018/09/story/DTC\-GiftandLand.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Biediger \|first\=Shari \|date\=2023\-01\-09 \|title\=UTSA opens data science school, partners with Census Bureau \|url\=http://sanantonioreport.org/utsa\-opens\-downtown\-data\-science\-school\-announces\-new\-partnership\-with\-census\-bureau/ \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-14 \|website\=San Antonio Report \|language\=en\-US}}
In November 2018, a video emerged of an incident involving a student being escorted out of a lecture hall by campus police after refusing to comply with the professor's request that she not place her feet on the seat in front of her.{{cite web \|last\=Montoya \|first\=Heather \|date\=March 6, 2019 \|title\=UTSA completes investigation on Anita Moss \|url\=https://paisano\-online.com/19919/campus/utsa\-completes\-investigation\-on\-anita\-moss/ \|access\-date\=December 3, 2019 \|work\=The Paisano}} An investigation found no evidence of racial bias in the incident, but the professor was suspended again in 2019 following another classroom management issue. A petition signed by over 900 students called for her reinstatement, stating she had been "ousted unfairly",{{cite web \|last\=Lefko \|first\=Jim \|date\=January 25, 2019 \|title\=UTSA biology professor ousted for second time in two months \|url\=https://news4sanantonio.com/news/local/utsa\-biology\-professor\-ousted\-for\-second\-time\-in\-two\-months \|access\-date\=December 3, 2021 \|publisher\=News $ SA}}but ultimately she was not asked to return to UTSA.{{cite web \|last\=Montoya \|first\=Heather \|date\=September 3, 2019 \|title\=30\-year career at UTSA ends after classroom management controversy \|url\=https://paisano\-online.com/20732/campus/30\-year\-career\-at\-utsa\-ends\-after\-classroom\-management\-controversy/ \|access\-date\=December 3, 2021 \|work\=The Paisano}}
### Modern university (2021\-present)
In 2021, the College of Engineering and College of Architecture, Construction and Planning were merged to form the new College of Engineering and IntegratedDesign (CEID), officially launched on September 1, 2021\.{{Cite web \|last\=AIA \|first\=Cameron Kraus, Assoc \|date\=2021\-11\-01 \|title\=UTSA College of Architecture Assimilated Into College of Engineering and Integrated Design \|url\=https://magazine.texasarchitects.org/2021/11/01/utsa\-college\-of\-architecture\-assimilated\-into\-college\-of\-engineering\-and\-integrated\-design/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=Texas Architect Magazine}}{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-08\-30 \|title\=The University of Texas at San Antonio combines its colleges of engineering and architecture \|url\=https://www.bdcnetwork.com/university\-texas\-san\-antonio\-combines\-its\-colleges\-engineering\-and\-architecture \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=Building Design \+ Construction \|language\=en}} UTSA also acquired the Southwest School of Art which became part of a new school within UTSA's College of Liberal and Fine Arts.{{Cite web\|title\=UTSA and Southwest School of Art sign letter of intent to combine programs\|url\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2021/08/story/utsa\-ssa\-collaboration\-2021\.html\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021\|website\=www.utsa.edu\|date\=August 23, 2021 \|language\=en}} \*{{cite web\|title\=UTSA and Southwest School of Art join forces to create new downtown arts school\|date\=August 23, 2021 \|url\=https://sanantonioreport.org/utsa\-southwest\-school\-of\-art\-merger/\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021}}
Toward the end of 2021, UTSA attained Carnegie Tier One research status.{{Cite web \|last\=McGee \|first\=By Kate \|date\=2021\-12\-16 \|title\=UT\-San Antonio and Baylor become the latest Texas universities to achieve Carnegie Tier One research status \|url\=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/12/16/texas\-tier\-one\-university\-ut\-san\-antonio\-baylor/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-25 \|website\=The Texas Tribune \|language\=en}} The university also announced a partnership with [UTHSCSA](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio "University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio") to create a new School of Public Health. The first MPH students were admitted in 2024 and Vasan Ramachandran was hired as dean of the new school.{{Cite web \|last\=Torres \|first\=Raquel \|date\=2022\-07\-27 \|title\=UT School of Public Health San Antonio names inaugural dean \|url\=https://sanantonioreport.org/ut\-school\-of\-public\-health\-dean\-vasan\-ramachandran/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-25 \|website\=San Antonio Report \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|last\=Sansom \|first\=Will \|date\=2021\-12\-06 \|title\=UT Health San Antonio, UTSA to launch School of Public Health \|url\=https://news.uthscsa.edu/ut\-health\-san\-antonio\-utsa\-to\-launch\-school\-of\-public\-health/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-25 \|website\=UT Health San Antonio \|language\=en\-US}}
In September 2023, UTSA introduced a dual degree combining medicine and artificial intelligence. Medical students spend four years at the [UT Health SA](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio "University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio") Long School of Medicine and one year at UTSA. Upon completion graduates earn a doctor of medicine (M.D.) and a masters of science degree in artificial intelligence. In January 2024, UTSA announced the creation of a new college centered on artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and computer and data science.{{Cite web \|last\=Kepner \|first\=Lily \|title\=Want to study artificial intelligence? UTSA plans to build a college centered on AI. \|url\=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/education/2024/01/27/university\-of\-texas\-san\-antonio\-wants\-ai\-data\-science\-college/72326736007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-25 \|website\=Austin American\-Statesman \|language\=en\-US}}
In August 2024, the [University of Texas Board of Regents](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System "University of Texas System") announced that UTSA and [UT Health Science Center at San Antonio](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio "University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio") would be amalgamated to form a "world class university in San Antonio."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.utsystem.edu/news/2024/08/22/ut\-system\-board\-of\-regents\-announces\-plans\-integrate\-utsa\-and\-ut\-health\-san\-antonio\-premier\-global\-university\-best\-serve\-texas\-and\-nation \|title\=UT System Board of Regents announces plans to integrate UTSA and UT Health San Antonio into a premier global university to best serve Texas and the nation \|author\= \|date\=2024\-08\-22 \|website\=The University of Texas System \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-27}} The integrated universities will retain the UTSA name.{{Cite web \|last\=Bailey \|first\=W. Scott \|date\=Aug 22, 2024 \|title\=Historic merger set for UTSA and UT Health San Antonio by 2025 \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2024/08/22/utsa\-and\-ut\-health\-sa\-to\-pursue\-historic\-merger.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-29 \|website\=www.bizjournals.com}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Establishment (1969 to 1970s)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Governor Smith signs HB 42 in a ceremony at the [Alamo](/wiki/Alamo_Plaza_Historic_District \"Alamo Plaza Historic District\"), officially founding UTSA\\|alt\\=The](/wiki/File:The_Founding_of_UTSA.jpg \"The Founding of UTSA.jpg\") University of Texas at San Antonio was officially founded on June 5, 1969, by the [61st Texas Legislature](/wiki/Sixty-first_Texas_Legislature \"Sixty-first Texas Legislature\") as [H.B.](/wiki/Bill_%28law%29 \"Bill (law)\") 42 and signed into law by Governor [Preston Smith](/wiki/Preston_Smith_%28Texas%29 \"Preston Smith (Texas)\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-28 \\|title\\=Romo nears ten years as UTSA president; looks towards future \\- The Paisano \\|url\\=https://paisano\\-online.com/3985/news/romo\\-nears\\-ten\\-years\\-as\\-utsa\\-president\\-looks\\-towards\\-future/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.utsa.edu/visitor/utsa\\_uncovered/utsahistory.cfm \\|title\\=UTSA Uncovered: History \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906084000/http://utsa.edu/visitor/UTSA\\_Uncovered/Utsahistory.cfm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2006}}\"[A Guide to the UTSA General Information and University History Collection, 1967–2009](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00152/utsa-00152.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026103000/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00152/utsa\\-00152\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-26 }}\". UTSA Special Collections. Retrieved November 15, 2012\\. Frank Lombardino, a conservative Democrat who represented northwest Bexar County in the state legislature, was known as the \"father of UTSA\" due to his impassioned advocacy for the institution.\"[A Guide to the Frank Lombardino Papers, 1967–1978](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00027/utsa-00027.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121070058/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utsa/00027/utsa\\-00027\\.html \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". UTSA Special Collections. Retrieved December 25, 2012\\. When Governor Smith signed the bill officially establishing the university, he did so on the back of Lombardino in a ceremony in front of the Alamo.\"[UTSA to celebrate major milestones](https://utsa.edu/today/2009/06/milestones.cfm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073511/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2009/06/milestones.cfm \\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-25 }}\". UTSA Today. Retrieved December 25, 2012\\. At the university's inaugural commencement, the first diploma was also signed on Lombardino's back.\"[The First Commencement, 1974](http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/05/12/the-first-commencement-1974/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075929/http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/05/12/the\\-first\\-commencement\\-1974/ \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". The Top Shelf. Retrieved December 25, 2012\\.",
"In 1970, the University of Texas Board of Regents appointed the university's first president, [Arleigh B. Templeton](/wiki/Arleigh_B._Templeton \"Arleigh B. Templeton\"), who served from 1970 to 1972, and received a land donation of {{convert\\|600\\|acre\\|km2}} in far northwest San Antonio for the site of UTSA.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu13 \\|title\\=University of Texas San Antonio \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Handbook of Texas\\|Handbook of Texas Online]] \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130041028/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu13 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The architecture firm of Ford, Powell and Carson Inc. was assigned to develop a master plan for the university. O'Neil Ford, the designer of both the [Tower of the Americas](/wiki/Tower_of_the_Americas \"Tower of the Americas\") and the [Trinity University](/wiki/Trinity_University_%28Texas%29 \"Trinity University (Texas)\") tower, designed the campus to be reminiscent of an Italian village.\"[Look Who's Forty](https://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/look-whos-forty.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511040058/http://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/look\\-whos\\-forty.html \\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-11 }}\". UTSA Sombrilla Magazine. Retrieved May 10, 2013\\.",
"[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Sombrilla Plaza, [O'Neil Ford](/wiki/O%27Neil_Ford \"O'Neil Ford\") and Milton Babbitt designed the Main Campus, including The Sombrilla.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/spring2019/story/shakers\\-babbitt.html \\|title\\=Campus Mastermind {{!}} 'Runners \\& Shakers {{!}} UTSA's Sombrilla Magazine \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414150500/http://www.utsa.edu/sombrilla/spring2019/story/shakers\\-babbitt.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\\|leftThe](/wiki/File:University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio_commons.jpg \"University of Texas at San Antonio commons.jpg\") 671 graduate students composing the first class at the university were admitted in September 1973\\. Upperclassmen and lowerclassmen were admitted in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Students temporarily attended class at the Koger Center, which also housed administrative offices until 1975, when construction on the [Main Campus](/wiki/%23Campuses \"#Campuses\") was completed. Enrollment during this time numbered 4,433 students.\"[UTSA Timeline](https://utsa.edu/about/history/timeline.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218200319/http://www.utsa.edu/about/history/timeline.html \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-18 }}\". About UTSA. Retrieved July 8, 2012\\. UTSA began with five colleges: Business, Fine and Applied Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Multidisciplinary Studies and Science and Mathematics.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.utsa.edu/About/History/ \\|title\\=UTSA.edu – UTSA History \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517122604/http://www.utsa.edu/about//History/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"By 1975, the university's future colors were being openly discussed among student leaders and the administration. UTSA's third color of blue was selected, beating out other proposed colors such as \"fiesta red\" and \"cactus green\".\"[Could UTSA Have Bled Fiesta Red?](http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/03/11/could-utsa-have-bled-fiesta-red/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080321/http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2009/03/11/could\\-utsa\\-have\\-bled\\-fiesta\\-red/ \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". The Top Shelf. Retrieved January 3, 2012\\. [The John Peace Library](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio_Libraries_%28UTSA_Libraries%29 \"University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries (UTSA Libraries)\") opened the next year, serving as the new administrative headquarters for the university.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The University of Texas at San Antonio \\|url\\=https://www.tpr.org/people/the\\-university\\-of\\-texas\\-at\\-san\\-antonio \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=TPR \\|language\\=en}}",
"The discussion of a university mascot soon followed the selection of school colors. In the fall of 1977, an election was held to determine the school's mascot, with \"the armadillos\" and \"the stars\" taking the top two spots. However, the referendum was declared void by the student government and a new election was held with nine candidates and a write\\-in option. The top two choices from the second election, the [roadrunner](/wiki/Greater_Roadrunner \"Greater Roadrunner\") and the [armadillo](/wiki/Armadillo \"Armadillo\"), campaigned in a competitive run\\-off. On December 9, 1977, the roadrunner was announced as UTSA's first and only mascot.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://goutsa.com/sports/2012/7/2/205500085\\.aspx \\|title\\=University of Texas at San Antonio – UTSA Athletics Student Information \\|website\\=Goutsa.com \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225125726/http://goutsa.com/sports/2012/7/2/205500085\\.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/gameday/traditions/rowdy\\-the\\-roadrunner.html \\|title\\=UTSA Football Game Day \\|website\\=Utsa.edu \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216074552/http://www.utsa.edu/gameday/traditions/rowdy\\-the\\-roadrunner.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"James W. Wagener, a graduate of [Southern Methodist University](/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University \"Southern Methodist University\") and former acting dean of the [University of Texas Health Science Center](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center \"University of Texas Health Science Center\"), was selected to be UTSA's third president in 1978\\. The Alumni Association was formed that same year, providing a new avenue of support for the university. The first Fiesta UTSA was also held in April 1978, with multiple bands playing throughout the day and culminating in a school dance.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pettaway \\|first\\=Taylor \\|date\\=Sep 6, 2019 \\|title\\=UTSA looking at main campus name change \\|url\\=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/UTSA\\-looking\\-at\\-main\\-campus\\-name\\-change\\-14419681\\.php }} At the end of the 1970s, enrollment numbered 9,400 undergraduate and graduate students.",
"### Early years (1980s to 1999\\)",
"[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|The Student Union (formerly the University Center) opened in 1986, with the first expansion (built in the 1990s)](/wiki/File:UTSA_Student_Union.jpg \"UTSA Student Union.jpg\") *[The Paisano](/wiki/The_Paisano \"The Paisano\")*, was established in 1981 as the first independent student publication in the state. During the fall of that year, the university began playing collegiate athletics.\"[UTSA's First 'Stadium'](http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2012/06/04/utsas-first-stadium/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080344/http://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2012/06/04/utsas\\-first\\-stadium/ \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". The Top Shelf. Retrieved December 25, 2012\\. It was immediately elected to Division I status in the NCAA.\"[UTSA Bulletin 02\\-81](http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15125coll7/id/5425) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075930/http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15125coll7/id/5425 \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". UTSA Special Collections. Retrieved December 25, 2012\\. The Student Representative Assembly headed the burial of a time capsule in 1983, the university's 10th anniversary, instructing it to be opened on June 5, 2023\\.\"[10th Anniversary Time Capsule](http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15125coll5/id/342/rec/5) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080338/http://digital.utsa.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15125coll5/id/342/rec/5 \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". UTSA Libraries. Retrieved July 26, 2012\\.",
"In 1986, UTSA acquired the [Institute of Texan Cultures](/wiki/Institute_of_Texan_Cultures \"Institute of Texan Cultures\"), a center for multicultural education in the state, as a campus. During this year, both the University Center and Chisholm Hall, the university's first on\\-campus housing complex, opened.\"[UTSA's Presidents](https://utsa.edu/about/history/presidents.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218200344/http://www.utsa.edu/about/history/presidents.html\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-18}}\". About UTSA. Retrieved July 8, 2012\\.",
"In 1994 the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education \"United States Department of Education\") designated UTSA as a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Fuente \\|first\\=Naydine De La \\|date\\=2023\\-11\\-07 \\|title\\=UTSA ranks among the top schools in the nation for Hispanic students \\- The Paisano \\|url\\=https://paisano\\-online.com/37429/news/utsa\\-ranks\\-among\\-the\\-top\\-schools\\-in\\-the\\-nation\\-for\\-hispanic\\-students/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=UTSA Accelerates Student Success by Intentionally Serving Latinos, Report Says \\|url\\=https://www.sasentinel.com/utsa\\-accelerates\\-student\\-success\\-by\\-intentionally\\-serving\\-latinos\\-report\\-says \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=San Antonio Sentinel \\- News, Politics, Business, Lifestyle \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"On the first day of fall classes in 1996, a [campus shooter](/wiki/School_shooting \"School shooting\") stormed into the John Peace Library.\"[August 28, 1996](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19960828&id=LzxIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=doEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=855,766250) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126001244/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=861\\&dat\\=19960828\\&id\\=LzxIAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=doEMAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=855,766250 \\|date\\=November 26, 2015 }}\". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved May 10, 2013\\. The perpetrator, Gregory Tidwell, murdered head of cataloging Stephen L. Sorensen before fatally shooting himself in the chest.",
"The University Center expanded in the late 1990s, breaking ground in 1995 on the 97,500\\-square foot, $13\\.2 million building, dubbed \"UC Phase II\", which included the new Retama Auditorium and UTSA Bookstore.\"[History](https://www.utsa.edu/uctr/uc25/history.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511100252/http://www.utsa.edu/uctr/uc25/history.html \\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-11 }}\". UTSA Events Management \\& Conference Services. Retrieved February 15, 2013\\. The Downtown Campus opened the doors to its permanent location on [Interstate Highway 10](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_10 \"Interstate Highway 10\") and [Cesar Chavez](/wiki/Cesar_Chavez \"Cesar Chavez\") Blvd. (then Durango Blvd.) in 1997\\.",
"[Ricardo Romo](/wiki/Ricardo_Romo \"Ricardo Romo\"), a graduate of The University of Texas at Austin and [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\"), became UTSA's fifth president in May 1999\\. He began with the ambitious agenda of aggressively expanding UTSA, both physically and academically, laying out the university's \"Roadmap to Excellence\".\"[Dr. Ricardo Romo](http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/history/_files/downloads/undergraduate/dr_ricardo_romo_bio.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115022717/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/history/\\_files/downloads/undergraduate/dr\\_ricardo\\_romo\\_bio.pdf \\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-15 }}\". The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved February 15, 2013\\. During his tenure, UTSA would grow 68% in student enrollment while adding new programs and facilities.\"[President's Bio](https://utsa.edu/president/Biography.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073348/http://www.utsa.edu/president/Biography.html \\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-25 }}\". UTSA. Retrieved February 15, 2013\\.",
"### Expansion and growth (2000 to 2009\\)",
"[thumb\\|UTSA Main building looking over east campus](/wiki/File:UTSA_main_building.jpg \"UTSA main building.jpg\")\nIn the mid\\-2000s decade, UTSA embarked on a long\\-term campaign to dramatically increase its national prestige and selectivity. A \"Master Plan\" was created in 2007 as a guide for this campaign and to direct the future physical growth of the institution. The \"UTSA 2016\" strategic plan, formulated at the same time, is guided by the Master Plan and forms the basis for the development of the university into a \"premier research institution\" by 2016\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=The UTSA Campus Master Plan \\|url\\=https://utsa.edu/masterplan/ \\|website\\=UTSA \\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at San Antonio \\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2014 \\|year\\=2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728141100/http://www.utsa.edu/masterplan/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Our Strategy: UTSA Strategic Plan \\|url\\=https://utsa.edu/2016/strategic/index.html \\|website\\=UTSA \\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at San Antonio \\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2014 \\|year\\=2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 26, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726185549/http://www.utsa.edu/2016/strategic/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [John T. Montford](/wiki/John_T._Montford \"John T. Montford\")—a San Antonio businessman, former chancellor of the [Texas Tech University](/wiki/Texas_Tech_University \"Texas Tech University\") System, and a member of the Texas State Senate from 1983 to 1996—eventually established the UTSA presidents Dinner and, in 2007, the event raised US$4\\.6 million.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.sacurrent.com/news/story.asp?id\\=68270 \\|title\\=Joe Solis, Montford: Itching for career no. 9, February 20, 2008 \\|website\\=2\\.sacurrent.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054817/http://www2\\.sacurrent.com/news/story.asp?id\\=68270 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"From 2006 to 2009, UTSA completed over $250 million in construction projects. The $84 million five\\-story Biotechnology, Sciences and Engineering (BSE) Building opened its doors in 2006\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2006/02/bse.cfm \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2020 \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|title\\=Error Occurred While Processing Request \\|archive\\-date\\=November 22, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122120243/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2006/02/bse.cfm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The university underwent extensive remodeling in 2009, renovating older buildings such as the John Peace Library (JPL), the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS, now known as the McKinney Humanities or MH) and the Multidisciplinary Studies (MS) buildings. A new ceramics studio broke ground in 2009 and two adjacent science buildings underwent $24 million in renovations. The $83 million Applied Engineering and Technology building (AET) also opened its doors in 2009\\. A year later the AET Library opened as the nation's first completely bookless library on a college or university campus.{{Cite web \\|title\\=UTSA opens nation's first bookless library on a university campus \\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2010/09/aetlibrary.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2020 \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810213543/https://www.utsa.edu/today/2010/09/aetlibrary.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Nation's first bookless library on university campus is thriving at UTSA \\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2013/03/aetlibrary.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2020 \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808174327/https://www.utsa.edu/today/2013/03/aetlibrary.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Proposition 4 was passed by Texas voters in November 2009\\. This piece of legislation named 7 emerging research universities in Texas, UTSA being one, that could compete for additional state funds in an effort to increase the number of Tier One institutions in Texas. Factors such as research expenditures, graduate degrees awarded and scholarly productivity all play a part in which schools receive the most funding.{{cite web \\|title\\=November 3, 2009, Constitutional Amendment Election \\|url\\=http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/PDF/1899\\.PDF?CFID\\=5685577\\&CFTOKEN\\=72777635 \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2012 \\|website\\=Thecb.state.tx.us \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818075909/http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/DocID/PDF%5C1899\\.PDF \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Further expansion (2010 to 2020\\)",
"[thumb\\|UTSA Biotechnology, Sciences and Engineering Building](/wiki/File:Inside_the_UTSA_BSE_Building.jpg \"Inside the UTSA BSE Building.jpg\")\nThe [first\\-time undergraduate](/wiki/Freshman \"Freshman\") acceptance rate, a common measurement for institutional selectivity, was 60% for the Fall of 2013\\.{{cite web \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908072755/http://www.news4sanantonio.com/news/features/top\\-stories/stories/utsa\\-raising\\-standards\\-students\\-applying\\-3307\\.shtml \\|url\\=http://www.news4sanantonio.com/news/features/top\\-stories/stories/utsa\\-raising\\-standards\\-students\\-applying\\-3307\\.shtml \\|title\\=UTSA raising standards for students applying \\|website\\=News4sanantonio.com \\|archive\\-date\\=September 8, 2013 \\|date\\=September 4, 2013}} [U.S. News \\& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\") ranks UTSA's admissions process as \"selective\".{{cite web \\|title\\=THED: Graduation Rates \\|url\\=http://www.txhighereddata.org/index.cfm?objectid\\=27718BD7\\-BD77\\-2355\\-39495E1FB4605755 \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2018 \\|website\\=Txhighereddata.org \\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218035510/http://www.txhighereddata.org/index.cfm?objectid\\=27718BD7\\-BD77\\-2355\\-39495E1FB4605755 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2010, the university hit a population benchmark of 30,000 students, signifying a growth rate of more than 39% over the past decade.\"[President's Newsletter – January 2013](https://utsa.edu/president/Newsletter.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065356/http://www.utsa.edu/president/Newsletter.html \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-25 }}\". UTSA. Retrieved February 15, 2013\\.\"[Student Enrollment](https://utsa.edu/ir/pub/factbook/2012/Student_Enrollment.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040249/http://www.utsa.edu/ir/pub/factbook/2012/Student\\_Enrollment.pdf \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}\". UTSA Fact Book 2012\\. UTSA was one of the fastest growing universities in Texas during this decade\"[The University of Texas at San Antonio](http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTSA) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227013135/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTSA \\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-27 }}\". College Portraits. Retrieved February 15, 2013\\. reaching nearly 31,000 students by 2012\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Credentials of UTSA freshmen are at all\\-time high: Half are from top 25 percent \\|url\\=https://utsa.edu/today/2012/10/enrollment.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2012 \\|website\\=Utsa.edu \\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120030106/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2012/10/enrollment.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"However, in 2011, the Center for College Affordability and Productivity ranked UTSA's freshman as the second most \"unhappy\" in the country, based solely on low retention rates.{{cite web \\|date\\=November 4, 2011 \\|title\\=NewsRadio 1200 WOAI, San Antonio \\|url\\=http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\\=119078\\&article\\=9350566\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080021/http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\\=119078\\&article\\=9350566\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2012 \\|website\\=Radio.woai.com}} The Associate Vice President refuted this claim{{cite web \\|date\\=November 4, 2011 \\|title\\=NewsRadio 1200 WOAI, San Antonio \\|url\\=http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\\=119078\\&article\\=9350566 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075930/http://radio.woai.com/pages/localnews.html?feed\\=119078\\&article\\=9350566 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2012 \\|website\\=Radio.woai.com}} and members of Student Government Association sponsored a resolution rebuking the claims, pointing out the [Coordinated Admissions Program](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System%23Coordinated_Admissions_Program \"University of Texas System#Coordinated Admissions Program\") skews freshmen retention rates.\"[UTSA ranked second most unhappy freshmen; CAP skews results](http://www.paisano-online.com/news/utsa-ranked-second-most-unhappy-freshmen-cap-skews-results-1.2699839#.UK826Id-_po) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080339/http://www.paisano\\-online.com/news/utsa\\-ranked\\-second\\-most\\-unhappy\\-freshmen\\-cap\\-skews\\-results\\-1\\.2699839\\#.UK826Id\\-\\_po\\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21}}\". The Paisano. Retrieved November 23, 2012\\.",
"The North Paseo Building, a $15 million office building, began housing [ROTC](/wiki/ROTC \"ROTC\") operations when it opened in October 2011\\. The Bauerle Road Garage, a 5\\-level parking facility with office space, opened in 2012\\. Dining services also expanded in 2008, continuing through 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.utsa.edu/studentunion/ \\|title\\=UTSA Student Union – UTSA \\|website\\=Utsa.edu \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214231056/http://www.utsa.edu/studentunion/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"That same year, the university also fielded its long\\-anticipated football team as an NCAA FCS independent, with [Larry Coker](/wiki/Larry_Coker \"Larry Coker\") as the inaugural head coach.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-05 \\|title\\=Coker to coach new Texas\\-San Antonio team \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/news/story?id\\=3955044 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Myerberg \\|first\\=Paul \\|title\\=How UTSA became college football's best startup \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/cusa/2014/08/31/college\\-football\\-utsa\\-texas\\-san\\-antonio\\-roadrunners/14862029/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=USA TODAY \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The following year, 2012, UTSA, the city's sole [NCAA Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I \"NCAA Division I\") university at the time, became a member of the [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference \"Western Athletic Conference\"); one year later, it moved to [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\").\"[Rivals UTSA, Texas State will join Western Athletic Conference in 2012](http://www.kens5.com/news/Report-UTSA-Texas-State-to-join-WAC-in-2012-107081618.html) {{Webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121043505/http://www.kens5\\.com/news/Report\\-UTSA\\-Texas\\-State\\-to\\-join\\-WAC\\-in\\-2012\\-107081618\\.html \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". kens5\\.com. Retrieved November 15, 2012\\.\"[It's official: UTSA joins C\\-USA](http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/college_sports/utsa/article/It-s-official-UTSA-joins-C-USA-3535740.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121071833/http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/college\\_sports/utsa/article/It\\-s\\-official\\-UTSA\\-joins\\-C\\-USA\\-3535740\\.php \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-21 }}\". San Antonio Express\\-News. Retrieved November 15, 2012\\. An athletic complex was constructed slightly west of the main campus and features pedestrian\\-friendly mixed\\-use areas. The complex, dubbed \"Park West\", adds another 125 acres to the university's property.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-11 \\|title\\=UTSA breaks ground on new athletics complex \\|url\\=https://www.ksat.com/news/2012/04/11/utsa\\-breaks\\-ground\\-on\\-new\\-athletics\\-complex/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=KSAT \\|language\\=en}}",
"In 2014 the \"New\" North Paseo building (NPB) was completed and now houses Computer Science and Cyber Security labs and classrooms. The NPB is also home to the Center for Infrastructure Assurance and Security (CIAS), Center for Education and Research in Information and Infrastructure Security (CERIIS), and the Institute for Cyber Security.{{Cite web \\|title\\=UTSA North Paseo Building move\\-in will begin Tuesday, Sept. 2 \\|url\\=http://www.utsa.edu/today/2014/07/northpaseobuilding.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110211445/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2014/07/northpaseobuilding.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 10, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2019 \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu}}",
"[Ricardo Romo](/wiki/Ricardo_Romo \"Ricardo Romo\"), who had served as president since 1999, resigned on March 3, 2017, after having been placed on administrative leave. Pedro Reyes served as interim president from February through August 2017\\.Lauren Caruba and Silvia Foster\\-Frau, \"Romo steps down as UTSA president: Leader had been under investigation\", *[San Antonio Express\\-News](/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News \"San Antonio Express-News\")*, March 4, 2017, pp. 1, A14\\. On September 1, 2017, [Thomas Taylor Eighmy](/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_Eighmy \"Thomas Taylor Eighmy\"), the vice chancellor for research and engagement at the [University of Tennessee at Knoxville](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Knoxville \"University of Tennessee at Knoxville\"), began serving as UTSA's sixth president.{{cite web \\|last\\=Foster\\-Frau \\|first\\=Silvia \\|date\\=July 28, 2017 \\|title\\=New UTSA president opens up about goals for university \\|url\\=https://www.expressnews.com/news/education/article/New\\-UTSA\\-president\\-opens\\-up\\-about\\-goals\\-for\\-11656384\\.php \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=San Antonio Express\\-News}}",
"On June 9, 2017, UTSA introduced the largest construction project in its history with the announcement of a $95 million science and engineering building which opened in fall 2020\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tpr.org/post/utsa\\-breaks\\-ground\\-95\\-million\\-science\\-and\\-engineering\\-building \\|title\\=UTSA Breaks Ground On $95 Million Science And Engineering Building \\|last\\=Rigby \\|first\\=Wendy \\|website\\=www.tpr.org \\|date\\=June 9, 2017 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150011/http://www.tpr.org/post/utsa\\-breaks\\-ground\\-95\\-million\\-science\\-and\\-engineering\\-building \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2017/06/story/seb\\-groundbreaking.html \\|title\\=UTSA breaks ground on new $95 million Science and Engineering Building \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|date\\=June 9, 2017 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195001/https://www.utsa.edu/today/2017/06/story/seb\\-groundbreaking.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On September 6, 2018, UTSA announced it had received a $15 million gift from San Antonio business leader Graham Weston and $70 million commitment from The University of Texas System Board of Regents for construction of two new facilities at its Downtown Campus for a National Security Collaboration Center and a proposed School of Data Science which opened January 9, 2023 and became the first and only Data Science school in the state of Texas.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/president/2018/09/story/NSCC\\-Data\\-Science.html \\|title\\=UTSA expands Downtown Campus with a National Security Collaboration Center and planned new School of Data Science {{!}} Office of the President {{!}} UTSA {{!}} University of Texas at San Antonio \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|date\\=September 6, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414171427/https://www.utsa.edu/president/2018/09/story/NSCC\\-Data\\-Science.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://cs.utsa.edu/news/utsa\\-receives\\-15m\\-and\\-land\\-school\\-data\\-science\\-and\\-national\\-security\\-collaboration\\-center\\-547 \\|title\\=UTSA RECEIVES $15M AND LAND FOR SCHOOL OF DATA SCIENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY COLLABORATION CENTER \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 1, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601194004/https://cs.utsa.edu/news/utsa\\-receives\\-15m\\-and\\-land\\-school\\-data\\-science\\-and\\-national\\-security\\-collaboration\\-center\\-547 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.utsa.edu/today/2018/09/story/DTC\\-GiftandLand.html \\|title\\=UTSA receives $15 million gift and parcels of land downtown for construction of proposed School of Data Science and National Security Collaboration Center \\|website\\=www.utsa.edu \\|date\\=September 18, 2018 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414171426/http://www.utsa.edu/today/2018/09/story/DTC\\-GiftandLand.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Biediger \\|first\\=Shari \\|date\\=2023\\-01\\-09 \\|title\\=UTSA opens data science school, partners with Census Bureau \\|url\\=http://sanantonioreport.org/utsa\\-opens\\-downtown\\-data\\-science\\-school\\-announces\\-new\\-partnership\\-with\\-census\\-bureau/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-14 \\|website\\=San Antonio Report \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In November 2018, a video emerged of an incident involving a student being escorted out of a lecture hall by campus police after refusing to comply with the professor's request that she not place her feet on the seat in front of her.{{cite web \\|last\\=Montoya \\|first\\=Heather \\|date\\=March 6, 2019 \\|title\\=UTSA completes investigation on Anita Moss \\|url\\=https://paisano\\-online.com/19919/campus/utsa\\-completes\\-investigation\\-on\\-anita\\-moss/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2019 \\|work\\=The Paisano}} An investigation found no evidence of racial bias in the incident, but the professor was suspended again in 2019 following another classroom management issue. A petition signed by over 900 students called for her reinstatement, stating she had been \"ousted unfairly\",{{cite web \\|last\\=Lefko \\|first\\=Jim \\|date\\=January 25, 2019 \\|title\\=UTSA biology professor ousted for second time in two months \\|url\\=https://news4sanantonio.com/news/local/utsa\\-biology\\-professor\\-ousted\\-for\\-second\\-time\\-in\\-two\\-months \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2021 \\|publisher\\=News $ SA}}but ultimately she was not asked to return to UTSA.{{cite web \\|last\\=Montoya \\|first\\=Heather \\|date\\=September 3, 2019 \\|title\\=30\\-year career at UTSA ends after classroom management controversy \\|url\\=https://paisano\\-online.com/20732/campus/30\\-year\\-career\\-at\\-utsa\\-ends\\-after\\-classroom\\-management\\-controversy/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2021 \\|work\\=The Paisano}}",
"### Modern university (2021\\-present)",
"In 2021, the College of Engineering and College of Architecture, Construction and Planning were merged to form the new College of Engineering and IntegratedDesign (CEID), officially launched on September 1, 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=AIA \\|first\\=Cameron Kraus, Assoc \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-01 \\|title\\=UTSA College of Architecture Assimilated Into College of Engineering and Integrated Design \\|url\\=https://magazine.texasarchitects.org/2021/11/01/utsa\\-college\\-of\\-architecture\\-assimilated\\-into\\-college\\-of\\-engineering\\-and\\-integrated\\-design/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=Texas Architect Magazine}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-30 \\|title\\=The University of Texas at San Antonio combines its colleges of engineering and architecture \\|url\\=https://www.bdcnetwork.com/university\\-texas\\-san\\-antonio\\-combines\\-its\\-colleges\\-engineering\\-and\\-architecture \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=Building Design \\+ Construction \\|language\\=en}} UTSA also acquired the Southwest School of Art which became part of a new school within UTSA's College of Liberal and Fine Arts.{{Cite web\\|title\\=UTSA and Southwest School of Art sign letter of intent to combine programs\\|url\\=https://www.utsa.edu/today/2021/08/story/utsa\\-ssa\\-collaboration\\-2021\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021\\|website\\=www.utsa.edu\\|date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|language\\=en}} \\*{{cite web\\|title\\=UTSA and Southwest School of Art join forces to create new downtown arts school\\|date\\=August 23, 2021 \\|url\\=https://sanantonioreport.org/utsa\\-southwest\\-school\\-of\\-art\\-merger/\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021}}",
"Toward the end of 2021, UTSA attained Carnegie Tier One research status.{{Cite web \\|last\\=McGee \\|first\\=By Kate \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-16 \\|title\\=UT\\-San Antonio and Baylor become the latest Texas universities to achieve Carnegie Tier One research status \\|url\\=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/12/16/texas\\-tier\\-one\\-university\\-ut\\-san\\-antonio\\-baylor/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=The Texas Tribune \\|language\\=en}} The university also announced a partnership with [UTHSCSA](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio \"University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio\") to create a new School of Public Health. The first MPH students were admitted in 2024 and Vasan Ramachandran was hired as dean of the new school.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Torres \\|first\\=Raquel \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-27 \\|title\\=UT School of Public Health San Antonio names inaugural dean \\|url\\=https://sanantonioreport.org/ut\\-school\\-of\\-public\\-health\\-dean\\-vasan\\-ramachandran/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=San Antonio Report \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sansom \\|first\\=Will \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-06 \\|title\\=UT Health San Antonio, UTSA to launch School of Public Health \\|url\\=https://news.uthscsa.edu/ut\\-health\\-san\\-antonio\\-utsa\\-to\\-launch\\-school\\-of\\-public\\-health/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=UT Health San Antonio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In September 2023, UTSA introduced a dual degree combining medicine and artificial intelligence. Medical students spend four years at the [UT Health SA](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio \"University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio\") Long School of Medicine and one year at UTSA. Upon completion graduates earn a doctor of medicine (M.D.) and a masters of science degree in artificial intelligence. In January 2024, UTSA announced the creation of a new college centered on artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and computer and data science.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kepner \\|first\\=Lily \\|title\\=Want to study artificial intelligence? UTSA plans to build a college centered on AI. \\|url\\=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/education/2024/01/27/university\\-of\\-texas\\-san\\-antonio\\-wants\\-ai\\-data\\-science\\-college/72326736007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-25 \\|website\\=Austin American\\-Statesman \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In August 2024, the [University of Texas Board of Regents](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System \"University of Texas System\") announced that UTSA and [UT Health Science Center at San Antonio](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio \"University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio\") would be amalgamated to form a \"world class university in San Antonio.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utsystem.edu/news/2024/08/22/ut\\-system\\-board\\-of\\-regents\\-announces\\-plans\\-integrate\\-utsa\\-and\\-ut\\-health\\-san\\-antonio\\-premier\\-global\\-university\\-best\\-serve\\-texas\\-and\\-nation \\|title\\=UT System Board of Regents announces plans to integrate UTSA and UT Health San Antonio into a premier global university to best serve Texas and the nation \\|author\\= \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=The University of Texas System \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-27}} The integrated universities will retain the UTSA name.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bailey \\|first\\=W. Scott \\|date\\=Aug 22, 2024 \\|title\\=Historic merger set for UTSA and UT Health San Antonio by 2025 \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2024/08/22/utsa\\-and\\-ut\\-health\\-sa\\-to\\-pursue\\-historic\\-merger.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-29 \\|website\\=www.bizjournals.com}}",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Levy was probably born in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), where he lived for a time but was not given burgher (citizenship) rights. Two archived documents from Amsterdam reveal that on April 26, 1660, he was there seeking payment of a debt owed to him, and on May 24, 1660, he announced he was going to Germany. Levy's wife was named Miriam. From Amsterdam, he moved to the New World; he was one of the [23 Jewish refugees](/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam "Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam") who fled from [Recife](/wiki/Recife "Recife") after the end of Dutch rule in the area although is not listed in the extant congregational minute books of the Brazilian Jewish community. It is known that he eventually went to [New Netherland](/wiki/New_Netherland "New Netherland"), possibly arriving in [New Amsterdam](/wiki/New_Amsterdam "New Amsterdam") aboard the *St. Catherine* or *St. Charles* in early September 1654\.Gurock, Jeffrey S.: *American Jewish History: The Colonial and Early National Periods, 1654\-1840, Volume 1* (1998\)[Burrows, Edwin G.](/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows "Edwin G. Burrows") \& [Wallace, Mike](/wiki/Mike_Wallace_%28historian%29 "Mike Wallace (historian)"). *[Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898](/wiki/Gotham:A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898 "A History of New York City to 1898")*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999\. pp. 60, 133\-134
In 1655, [Peter Stuyvesant](/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant "Peter Stuyvesant"), the governor of the colony, was ordered to attack [New Sweden](/wiki/New_Sweden "New Sweden"), the [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") colony on the [Delaware River](/wiki/Delaware_River "Delaware River"), and accordingly issued orders for the enlistment of all adults. Several Jews, among them Asser Levy, appear to have been ready to serve, but the governor and council passed an ordinance "that Jews can not be permitted to serve as soldiers, but shall instead pay a monthly contribution for the exemption." Levy and his comrades at once refused to pay, and on November 5, 1655, petitioned for leave to stand guard like other burghers (townsmen) or to be relieved from the tax. The petition was rejected with the comment that if the petitioners were not satisfied with the law they might go elsewhere. Levy successfully appealed to [Holland](/wiki/Holland "Holland"), and was subsequently permitted to do guard duty like other citizens.
Levy appears also as a prominent trader in [Fort Orange](/wiki/Fort_Orange "Fort Orange"), present day [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York"). He was also one of the first licensed butchers in the colony. In 1657, the burgher right was made essential for certain trading privileges, and within two days of a notice to that effect Asser Levy appeared in court requesting to be admitted as a burgher. The officials expressed their surprise at such a request. The record reads: "The Jew claims that such ought not to be refused him as he keeps watch and ward like other burghers, showing a burgher's certificate from the city of Amsterdam that the Jew is a burgher there." The application was denied, but Levy at once brought the matter before Stuyvesant and the council, which ordered that Jews should be admitted as burghers on April 21, 1657\.
Levy was the first Jew to own a house in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"). As early as 1661, he purchased real estate in Fort Orange; he was also the earliest Jewish owner of real estate in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), his transactions there commencing in June 1662 with the purchase of land on South William Street. Within ten years of his arrival Levy had become a man of consequence, and when, in 1664, the wealthiest inhabitants were summoned to lend the city money for fortifications against the English, he was the only Jew among them: he lent the city 100 florins.
It is as a litigant, however, that Levy figures most prominently in the Dutch records, his name often appearing for days in succession. He invariably argued his own case and was almost invariably successful. Only on two or three occasions did he figure as a defendant. As a litigant he is named also in the records of [Gravesend, Brooklyn](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Brooklyn "Gravesend, Brooklyn") in 1674\. Levy's trading relations extended to [New England](/wiki/New_England "New England"), and he frequently appeared as an attorney for merchants in Holland. In 1671 he lent the money for building the first [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") church in New York. About 1678 he built a slaughterhouse in the east end of what is now [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street"), where he appears to have been the owner of a tavern.
The confidence his Christian fellow citizens had in his honesty appears frequently from the court records. Property in litigation was put into his custody; he is named as executor in the wills of Christian merchants, and figures as both administrator and trustee in colonial records. His influence was not confined to New York; in the colonial records of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") he appears as intervening to obtain the remission of a fine imposed upon a Jew there. The court remitted the fine with the comment that it did so "as a token of its respect to the said Mr. Asser Levy." He left a considerable estate, over which there was a long legal contest.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Levy was probably born in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), where he lived for a time but was not given burgher (citizenship) rights. Two archived documents from Amsterdam reveal that on April 26, 1660, he was there seeking payment of a debt owed to him, and on May 24, 1660, he announced he was going to Germany. Levy's wife was named Miriam. From Amsterdam, he moved to the New World; he was one of the [23 Jewish refugees](/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam \"Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam\") who fled from [Recife](/wiki/Recife \"Recife\") after the end of Dutch rule in the area although is not listed in the extant congregational minute books of the Brazilian Jewish community. It is known that he eventually went to [New Netherland](/wiki/New_Netherland \"New Netherland\"), possibly arriving in [New Amsterdam](/wiki/New_Amsterdam \"New Amsterdam\") aboard the *St. Catherine* or *St. Charles* in early September 1654\\.Gurock, Jeffrey S.: *American Jewish History: The Colonial and Early National Periods, 1654\\-1840, Volume 1* (1998\\)[Burrows, Edwin G.](/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows \"Edwin G. Burrows\") \\& [Wallace, Mike](/wiki/Mike_Wallace_%28historian%29 \"Mike Wallace (historian)\"). *[Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898](/wiki/Gotham:A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898 \"A History of New York City to 1898\")*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999\\. pp. 60, 133\\-134",
"In 1655, [Peter Stuyvesant](/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant \"Peter Stuyvesant\"), the governor of the colony, was ordered to attack [New Sweden](/wiki/New_Sweden \"New Sweden\"), the [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") colony on the [Delaware River](/wiki/Delaware_River \"Delaware River\"), and accordingly issued orders for the enlistment of all adults. Several Jews, among them Asser Levy, appear to have been ready to serve, but the governor and council passed an ordinance \"that Jews can not be permitted to serve as soldiers, but shall instead pay a monthly contribution for the exemption.\" Levy and his comrades at once refused to pay, and on November 5, 1655, petitioned for leave to stand guard like other burghers (townsmen) or to be relieved from the tax. The petition was rejected with the comment that if the petitioners were not satisfied with the law they might go elsewhere. Levy successfully appealed to [Holland](/wiki/Holland \"Holland\"), and was subsequently permitted to do guard duty like other citizens.",
"Levy appears also as a prominent trader in [Fort Orange](/wiki/Fort_Orange \"Fort Orange\"), present day [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\"). He was also one of the first licensed butchers in the colony. In 1657, the burgher right was made essential for certain trading privileges, and within two days of a notice to that effect Asser Levy appeared in court requesting to be admitted as a burgher. The officials expressed their surprise at such a request. The record reads: \"The Jew claims that such ought not to be refused him as he keeps watch and ward like other burghers, showing a burgher's certificate from the city of Amsterdam that the Jew is a burgher there.\" The application was denied, but Levy at once brought the matter before Stuyvesant and the council, which ordered that Jews should be admitted as burghers on April 21, 1657\\.",
"Levy was the first Jew to own a house in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"). As early as 1661, he purchased real estate in Fort Orange; he was also the earliest Jewish owner of real estate in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), his transactions there commencing in June 1662 with the purchase of land on South William Street. Within ten years of his arrival Levy had become a man of consequence, and when, in 1664, the wealthiest inhabitants were summoned to lend the city money for fortifications against the English, he was the only Jew among them: he lent the city 100 florins.",
"It is as a litigant, however, that Levy figures most prominently in the Dutch records, his name often appearing for days in succession. He invariably argued his own case and was almost invariably successful. Only on two or three occasions did he figure as a defendant. As a litigant he is named also in the records of [Gravesend, Brooklyn](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Brooklyn \"Gravesend, Brooklyn\") in 1674\\. Levy's trading relations extended to [New England](/wiki/New_England \"New England\"), and he frequently appeared as an attorney for merchants in Holland. In 1671 he lent the money for building the first [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") church in New York. About 1678 he built a slaughterhouse in the east end of what is now [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\"), where he appears to have been the owner of a tavern.",
"The confidence his Christian fellow citizens had in his honesty appears frequently from the court records. Property in litigation was put into his custody; he is named as executor in the wills of Christian merchants, and figures as both administrator and trustee in colonial records. His influence was not confined to New York; in the colonial records of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") he appears as intervening to obtain the remission of a fine imposed upon a Jew there. The court remitted the fine with the comment that it did so \"as a token of its respect to the said Mr. Asser Levy.\" He left a considerable estate, over which there was a long legal contest.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Provenance and early years
Vittorio Gorresio was born in [Modena](/wiki/Modena "Modena"). His parents, General Marco Gorresio and Teresa Silvestro/Gorresio,{{cite book\|title\=Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare .... Gorresio, Vittorio \|work\=Bollettino ufficiale delle nomine, promozioni e destinazioni negli ufficiali e sottufficiali del R. esercito italiano e nel personale dell'amministrazione militare\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=F9yHtvAehgcC\&pg\=PA6019\-IA2\|year\=1940\|page\=6021}} were both products of long\-established [Piedmontese](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") army families from, respectively, [Cuneo](/wiki/Cuneo "Cuneo") and [Mondovì](/wiki/Mondov%C3%AC "Mondovì"). The Gorresios would not have been considered particularly wealthy, but the couple and their children were nevertheless able to live reasonably on Marco Gorresio's army salary. The family backgrounds of the two parents may have appeared very similar to outsiders, but there were differences of nuance that surfaced in differing attitudes to the great international question of Vittorio's early childhood, of whether or not [Italy should engage militarily](/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I "Italian entry into World War I") in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). Marco Gorresio, a career soldier from a strongly [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church "Roman Catholic Church") [pro\-Giolitti](/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti "Giovanni Giolitti") family, opposed military intervention. The Silvestros were a little more traditionalist and conservative: Teresa Silvestro/Gorresio, like her father, favoured the interventionist position.
The third of his parents' four children, Vittorio spent the first ten years of his life growing up in [Cuneo](/wiki/Cuneo "Cuneo"), a mid\-sized and administratively important town in the west of [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont"). He would look back on those years as happy ones. There were two brothers, Umberto and Carlo, and a sister, Mamiani. Due to his father's work, the family relocated to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") in 1920\. Here he attended the [Ginnasio Terenzio Mamiani (secondary school)](/wiki/Liceo_ginnasio_statale_Terenzio_Mamiani "Liceo ginnasio statale Terenzio Mamiani") till 1925, when the family moved for a year to [Zara](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar") ([Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia")).{{cite book\|title\=I rapporti italo\-jugoslavitra le due guerre\|work\=La "quinta sponda “ – storia dell’occupazione italiana della Croazia\|author1\=Alberto Becherelli (author)\|author2\=Paolo Formiconi (co\-author) \|year\=2015\|isbn\= 978\-8\-89818516\-0 \|publisher\=Ministero della Difesa V Reparto \- Ufficio Storico \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/12147412\|access\-date\=7 October 2020}} The family then returned to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") where in 1928 Vittorio Gorresio [successfully concluded](/wiki/Matura "Matura") his school career. His brothers had by this time decided to follow their father into the [army](/wiki/Italian_Army "Italian Army"), but Vittorio had other ideas, so he enrolled at university as a [law student](/wiki/Jurisprudence "Jurisprudence").{{cite web\|title\=Vittorio Gorresio(✶1910 †1982\) \|url\=https://www.dizionario\-italiano.it/autori/vittorio\_gorresio.php\|publisher\=Olivetti Media Communication \|work\= Dizionario Autori \|access\-date\=7 October 2020}} He graduated in 1932\. Family finances being stretched at the time, in parallel with his studies he took a job with the [city government (*con "la III ripartizione del Governatorato di Roma"*)](/wiki/Governatorato_di_Roma "Governatorato di Roma").
### Career options
He appears to have been planning to become a diplomat, but this was financially impossible, so he fell back on journalism. Both career options were attractive because they seemed to offer the opportunity to "travel the world". He began by sending articles to a wide range of newspapers and succeeded in having some of his work published. Looking back on this period, he would later recall that he had written about "anything and everything ... in a disorderly and disparate way ... but certainly not in a superficial manner". It is clear from the articles that he had published during these years that he approached his writing with a particular appreciation and fascination for History.
### Journalist
In 1932 he undertook his [military service](/wiki/Military_service "Military service"), serving as a junior officer at the [Bra](/wiki/Bra%2C_Piedmont "Bra, Piedmont") Artillery School (near [Cuneo](/wiki/Cuneo "Cuneo")). Graduating the same year, he took a staff position with "L'Azione coloniale", a weekly political journal that operated under the personal direction of its proprietor, Marco Pomilio.{{cite web\|title\=L'Azione Coloniale (1931–1945\)\|url\=https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi\-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag\=prodente\&Chiave\=55657\|publisher\=\[\[:it:Soprintendenza archivistica e bibliografica\|Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (SIUSA)]]\|access\-date\=7 October 2020}} At the same time he continued to write for other publications, and to build up a network of contacts and friends among the journalists based in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"). During this period he also became director of another weekly (and evidently short\-lived) publication, "L'Eco del mondo e Storia".
He used "L'Eco del mondo e Storia" to publish the initial results of his research into [Gioacchino Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat "Joachim Murat") of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_%28Napoleonic%29 "Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)"). Subject to various interruptions, and without ever reaching a final set of conclusions or producing a substantive biography, Gorresio would continue to research Marat practically for the rest of his life. He also published two little books: "Questa Francia" (*This France*, 1934\) was an impressionistic compilation based on a visit lasting around twenty days. "I giovani d'Europa" (*"Europe's young people"*, 1936\) was a somewhat idiosyncratic review of what young people were thinking. In later years he would view these early literary efforts with evident embarrassment, describing them as "[venal sins](/wiki/Venality "Venality") of \[his] youth".
### Il Messaggero
In 1936 Gorresio was appointed a contributing editor to [Il Messaggero](/wiki/Il_Messaggero "Il Messaggero"), a mass\-circulation daily newspaper published in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").{{efn \|The second half of the 1930s, which represented a particularly eventful period in Gorresio's life, is beautifully described by Gorresio himself in "\[\[:it:La vita ingenua\|La vita ingenua]]", an autobiographical novel published in 1980, winning that year's \[\[Strega Prize]].{{cite web\|title\=1980 Vittorio Gorresio\|publisher\=\[\[:it:Fondazione Bellonci\|Fondazione Bellonci]]\|work\=Premio Strega\|url\=https://premiostrega.it/PS/1980\-vittorio\-gorresio/\|access\-date\=8 October 2020}}}} The appointment was based on a recommendation by the newspaper's editor\-in\-chief, [Mario Missiroli](/wiki/Mario_Missiroli_%28giornalista%29 "Mario Missiroli (giornalista)"). It is possible that the recommendation was not wholly disinterested. Missiroli seems to have been trying to ingratiate himself with sources at the [Ministry for War](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Italy%29 "Ministry of Defence (Italy)"), in which Marco Gorresio (1878–), Vittorio's father, having been promoted to a position as an office\-bound army general, by now occupied a position of significant influence. The appointment gave Vittorio Gorresio his first experience as a member of the editorial board of a mass\-circulation daily newspaper: it was an important and formative period for him on several different levels. The newspaper's overall director was Francesco Malgeri, who had been called in in 1932 to arrest an alarming decline in circulation. He had successfully re\-invigorated Messaggero, recruiting a team of top journalists, starting with [Missiroli](/wiki/Mario_Missiroli_%28giornalista%29 "Mario Missiroli (giornalista)"). Malgeri was a committed [Fascist](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party "National Fascist Party") but a genial senior colleague, who himself was an excellent journalist.{{cite web \|title\=Malgeri, Francesco – Nacque a Messina il 13 genn. 1900 da Eugenio – discendente da un antico casato calabrese, di Bova Marina, professore di liceo e grecista amico di G. Pascoli – e da Ida D'Agostino ...\|url\=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco\-malgeri\_(Dizionario\-Biografico)\|author\=Maddalena Carli\|work\=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani\|volume\=68\|date\=2007\|publisher\=\[\[Treccani]], \[\[Rome\|Roma]]\|access\-date\=7 October 2020}} Working at Il Messaggero meant working with some of the leading establishment journalists [of the age](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 "Fascist Italy (1922–1943)"), such as [Giovanni Ansaldo](/wiki/Giovanni_Ansaldo_%28giornalista%29 "Giovanni Ansaldo (giornalista)") and [Leo Longanesi](/wiki/Leo_Longanesi "Leo Longanesi"): Longanesi was a frequent presence at editorial meetings.{{cite web\|url\=https://artslife.com/history/2014/11/longanesi\-leo\-1905\-1957/\|title\=Longanesi Leo 1905–1957\|publisher\=ArtsLife History, Milano \|date\=2014 \|access\-date\=7 October 2020}} A colleague who became a particular friend was [Sandro De Feo](/wiki/Sandro_De_Feo "Sandro De Feo").
### Abyssinia
Later that year, in November, Gorresio set off for [Abyssinia](/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis "Abyssinia Crisis") ([the Empire of Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire "Ethiopian Empire")), now designated as travelling editor. His mission was to report on what was being [presented in Rome](/wiki/Propaganda_of_Fascist_Italy "Propaganda of Fascist Italy") as the [Italian conquest](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War "Second Italo-Ethiopian War") of the region. He stayed till February 1937\. His reports were characteristically lucid and effortlessly authoritative, even if they contained judgements which many in Rome might have found contentious. His first impressions, on arriving in [Abyssinia](/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire "Ethiopian Empire"), were only reinforced during the three months of his stay, and his reports were consistent. Far from being the creators of a heroic new empire, the [Italian in Ethiopia](/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia "Italians of Ethiopia") seemed to be behaving like emigrants through the ages anywhere else.{{cite web\|title\=Al di là del mare. Letteratura e giornalismo nell'Italia coloniale. 1920–1940\|author\=Monica Venturini\|url\=http://cliothemis.com/IMG/pdf/8\_Venturini.pdf\|date\=December 2017 \|publisher\=Clio@Themis \|access\-date\=7 October 2020}}
### Second World War
Unsurprisingly, Gorresio's contributions to the [Second Italo\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War "Second Italo-Ethiopian War") were not welcomed by the [Fascist censors](/wiki/Censura_fascista "Censura fascista"). The relationship that emerged between the journalist and the media regulators never became one of uncompromising confrontation, however. What emerged, rather, was a deep structural incompatibility, which came to the fore each time Gorresio found himself reporting on a matter of major political consequence. In many ways, this raised his profile, enhanced his reputation and seems to have resulted in his being selected to travel to a succession of emerging news hotspots. In September 1939, [the French government](/wiki/French_Third_Republic "French Third Republic") declared [war](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") on [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and Gorresio was sent to report from Paris. In June 1940, when [Italy entered the war against France](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France "Italian invasion of France"), he was sent to report on [developments](/wiki/Regia_Marina "Regia Marina") at the great naval base of [Taranto](/wiki/Taranto "Taranto"), where he embarked aboard the battleship [*Duilio*](/wiki/Italian_battleship_Duilio "Italian battleship Duilio").
Life as a war reporter was not without its risks, both personal and professional. During the summer of 1941 Gorresio was suddenly recalled from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") where he had been reporting on the diplomat\-politician [Dino Alfieri](/wiki/Dino_Alfieri "Dino Alfieri"). It later emerged that he had been denounced by an (unnamed) colleague, who had levelled the accusation that he was "in the pay of the French", and had been mandated by his alleged paymasters to discredit [Joseph Goebbels](/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels "Joseph Goebbels") in the eyes of the Italian government. The police investigation which followed completely exonerated Gorresio, but by that time he had been dismissed from his job with [Il Messaggero](/wiki/Il_Messaggero "Il Messaggero").
Almost immediately he joined [Il Popolo di Roma](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia "Il Popolo d'Italia"), a daily newspaper with close connections to [Foreign Minister Ciano](/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano "Galeazzo Ciano"). Ciano had been married to [the leader's](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini") [daughter](/wiki/Edda_Ciano "Edda Ciano") since 1930, but Il Popolo nevertheless employed a number of journalists, such as [Corrado Alvaro](/wiki/Corrado_Alvaro "Corrado Alvaro") and [Ercole Patti](/wiki/Ercole_Patti "Ercole Patti"), who were known anti\-fascists. Neither Alvaro nor Patti were overtly political journalists, however, and after a few months Gorresio was obliged to quit the news desk when he was conscripted for military service and promoted to the rank of captain. Throughout 1942 he attended the artillery school at [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso "Treviso"), undertaking the necessary training for taking command of an [anti\-aircraft battery](/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare "Anti-aircraft warfare") planned for [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa"). An unwelcome "baptism of fire" followed in October and November when [the city](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa") was hit by a succession of [deadly Allied air raids](/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II "Bombing of Genoa in World War II").
[The king's dismissal of Mussolini](/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy "Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy") on 25 June 1943 brought about an abrupt change in the political weather in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), where his old colleague [Corrado Alvaro](/wiki/Corrado_Alvaro "Corrado Alvaro") suddenly emerged as managing director at [Il Popolo di Roma](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia "Il Popolo d'Italia") and summoned Gorresio back to take over as editor\-in\-chief of the paper. Alvaro's incumbency lasted only for 45 days, however.{{cite web \|url\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/07/24/la\-borboni\-usci\-in\-pigiama.html \|date\=24 July 1993 \|work\=\[\[la Repubblica]] \|publisher\=\[\[GEDI Gruppo Editoriale]] \|title\=E la Borboni usci' in Pigiama \|author\=\[\[:it:Nello Ajello\|Nello Ajello]] \|access\-date\=8 October 2020}}
The [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile "Armistice of Cassibile") with the [United States](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") was [proclaimed](/wiki/Badoglio_Proclamation "Badoglio Proclamation") on 8 September 1943\. With [US and British forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") [invading from the south](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy "Allied invasion of Italy") and [German forces](/wiki/Army_Group_C "Army Group C") ensconced in the centre and north of the country, a period of intense danger for the civilian population of Rome appeared imminent, and Gorresio was one of many who went into a form of hiding. In his case, this meant quitting his editorship at [Il Popolo](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia "Il Popolo d'Italia") and moving in with a distant cousin, the historian [Paolo Brezzi](/wiki/Paolo_Brezzi "Paolo Brezzi"), whose public profile was less exalted than his own.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo\-brezzi/\|publisher\=\[\[Treccani]], \[\[Rome\|Roma]] \|title\=Brézzi ⟨\-zzi⟩, Paolo. – Storico italiano (Torino 1910 – Roma 1998\), prof. di storia del cristianesimo ... \|work\=Enciclopedia on line \|access\-date\=8 October 2020}} He tried to earn some money by undertaking academic research: for instance, he edited the so\-called "Opuscoli politici" (*literally, "political leaflets"*) of "M. Taparelli d'Azeglio" (1943\). That assignment led him to become a regular visitor to the [Rome central library](/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Centrale_di_Roma "Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma"), which was more discretely located at that time than it is today, and which had become the semi\-clandestine meeting point for other intellectuals doing their best to stay out of sight. Here he was introduced by the [partisan\-journalist](/wiki/Partisan_%28military%29 "Partisan (military)") [Felice Chilanti](/wiki/Felice_Chilanti "Felice Chilanti") into a group of writers who called themselves "Armata garibaldina" (*loosely, the "patriotic army"*). Within the group Gorresio took for himself the informal pseudonym "fantomatico". Using it, he edited and distributed a little clandestine news\-sheet called "Azione".{{cite web\|title\=Scheda storica \[for which readers will probably need to 'page down']\|work\=Progetto stampa clandestina .... Azione: giornale dell'Armata garibaldina \|url\=http://www.stampaclandestina.it/?page\_id\=116\&ricerca\=269 \|author\=Eugenia Corbino\|publisher\=\[\[:it:Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri\|Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri]]\|access\-date\=8 October 2020}}
### New beginnings
After [the armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile "Armistice of Cassibile") Gorresio had very briefly returned to work on [Il Popolo di Roma](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia "Il Popolo d'Italia"), until it was suppressed, compromised, in the eyes of the new rulers, by the extent of its association with the [Mussolini governments](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party "National Fascist Party"). By the [end of the war in Europe](/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe "End of World War II in Europe"), two of his brothers had disappeared, presumed killed, fighting for [the Germans](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") on the [Russian front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"). Gorresio now launched himself on a "[Cursus honorum](/wiki/Cursus_honorum "Cursus honorum")" for which he was amply qualified. With a return to democratic government, his own political philosophy became more visible. He was never a [communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist"), but nor could he ever be taken for an [Italian "Christian Democrat"](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 "Christian Democracy (Italy)"). Joining a political party could have compromised his independence as a journalist, and it was not something that he ever did, but his attitudes tended to align with those of the liberal left, or with the [social democracy](/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy") that was now emerging or returning as a major political force elsewhere in western Europe. With the benefit of hindsight it is possible to see Gorresio as part of a centre\-left "third force" which began to define itself in the aftermath of war, and during the 1950s acquired something of an "ethical" role with a growing appeal to the more intellectually inclined elements of public opinion. Within Italy's newly revived media establishment, other representatives of this tendency, broadly defined, included friends and colleagues such as [Mario Pannunzio](/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio "Mario Pannunzio"), [Arrigo Benedetti](/wiki/Arrigo_Benedetti "Arrigo Benedetti"), [Ennio Flaiano](/wiki/Ennio_Flaiano "Ennio Flaiano") and [Eugenio Scalfari](/wiki/Eugenio_Scalfari "Eugenio Scalfari"). A number of new mass\-circulation loosely liberal\-leaning magazines and newspapers were launched or re\-launched for the post\-democratic age, among them [L'Europeo](/wiki/L%27Europeo "L'Europeo"), [Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 "Il Mondo (magazine)") and [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa"). Vittorio Gorresio became a regular contributor to each of them.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.criticasociale.net/go.php?\&\&function\=editoriale\_page\&id\=0000274\|title\=Mario Pannunzio e il suo mondo\|date\=8 January 2010\|author\=Pier Franco Quaglieni\|publisher\=\[\[Critica Sociale]], Milano \|access\-date\=8 October 2020}}
Gorresio joined [Pannunzio's](/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio "Mario Pannunzio") recently launched daily newspaper [Risorgimento Liberale](/wiki/Risorgimento_Liberale "Risorgimento Liberale") in 1945, initially as a news reporter and later as parliamentary editor. However, when Pannunzio left the publication late in 1947, in the context of "political differences" inside the [Italian Liberal Party](/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party "Italian Liberal Party"), Gorresio left too. Risorgimento Liberale ceased publication a year later. Gorresio stayed rather longer with [Benedetti's](/wiki/Arrigo_Benedetti "Arrigo Benedetti") [L'Europeo](/wiki/L%27Europeo "L'Europeo"), writing for the magazine regularly between 1945 and 1954\. In 1949 [Mario Pannunzio](/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio "Mario Pannunzio") launched a yet more ambitiously named magazine, [Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 "Il Mondo (magazine)"). Gorresio's contributions tended to deal with historical topics, with an evident preference for controversial themes.{{cite book\|author\=Vittorio Gorresio\|title\=Risorgimento scomunicato\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5yFczgAACAAJ\|year\=2011\|publisher\=La Zisa\|isbn\=978\-88\-95709\-89\-5}} Through the 1950s he was parliamentary diarist for [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa") (published in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin")), taking over as editorial director of the paper's Rome office after a few years. He retained that post till 1976 when cancer of the [upper jaw](/wiki/Maxilla "Maxilla") forced him into a partial retirement, which he used in part to write a series of memorable articles concerned with the terrifying illness.{{cite book\|author\=Vittorio Gorresio \|title\= Costellazione cancro \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Hg1PPQAACAAJ\|year\=1976 \|publisher\= Rizzoli}} He continued to write for [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa") almost till he died.
### On press freedom and press control
Gorresio set high standards for himself with respect to professional ethics and sometimes attracted hostility by trying to inflict similarly high standards on fellow journalists. At the 1946 biennial congress of the [National Press Federation (*"Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana"*)](/wiki/Federazione_Nazionale_Stampa_Italiana "Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana") he placed himself in the minority by opposing the creation of a Membership Register of the [journalists' professional association (*"Ordine dei giornalisti"*)](/wiki/Ordine_dei_giornalisti "Ordine dei giornalisti"), because he thought such a register risked becoming a "corporate instrument" which might facilitate political control and so restrict press freedom. Coming shortly after the violent ending of more than two decades of [one\-party dictatorship](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 "Fascist Italy (1922–1943)"), it was an understandable concern. He returned to the theme of restrictive press control at the 1958 [Amici del Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28rivista%29 "Il Mondo (rivista)") convention.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tesionline.it/tesi/preview/vecchi\-giornali\-e\-new\-media\-un\-binomio\-possibile\-approccio\-critico\-al\-futuro\-dell\-informazione/860/4\|title\=Vecchi giornali e new mudio: un binomio possibile .... Stampa in allarme \|author\=Matteo Durante\|page\=4\|date\=1999\|publisher\=Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano \|access\-date\= 9 October 2020}} He used [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa "La Stampa") to take a stand in the wake of the [Montesi case](/wiki/Wilma_Montesi "Wilma Montesi"), deploring the excesses displayed by journalists keen to "secure a scoop".{{efn \|Wilma Monteso was a highly\-publicised murder victim. A journalist called Fabrizio Menghini "managed to gain access" to her dead body. The body's state of semi\-undress was described in some newspapers in excruciating detail. Wild conspiracy theories, some involving alleged connections with political figures, proliferated.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.numagazine.it/phpversion/viewarticolo.php?id\=23\|author\=Claudio Dell’Orso\|date\=8 July 2005\|title\=Wilma Montesi, vergine e martire\|work\=La ragazza con il reggicalze.\|publisher\=Nu\-magazine\|access\-date\=9 October 2020}}Death and the dolce vita : the dark side of Rome in the 1950s by Stephen Gundle (Canongate, 2011\) {{ISBN\|978\-1\-84767\-654\-2}}}} In a contribution published on 30 November 1954 he spelled out his concern that this type of behaviour could all too easily be used to justify government restrictions on press freedoms.
### Death
Vittorio Gorresio died of cancer at his home in [central Rome](/wiki/Piazza_Navona "Piazza Navona").È morto Vittorio Gorresio. Per 35 anni ha lavorato con noi, La Stampa, 18 dicembre 1982, p. 1
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Provenance and early years",
"Vittorio Gorresio was born in [Modena](/wiki/Modena \"Modena\"). His parents, General Marco Gorresio and Teresa Silvestro/Gorresio,{{cite book\\|title\\=Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare .... Gorresio, Vittorio \\|work\\=Bollettino ufficiale delle nomine, promozioni e destinazioni negli ufficiali e sottufficiali del R. esercito italiano e nel personale dell'amministrazione militare\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=F9yHtvAehgcC\\&pg\\=PA6019\\-IA2\\|year\\=1940\\|page\\=6021}} were both products of long\\-established [Piedmontese](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") army families from, respectively, [Cuneo](/wiki/Cuneo \"Cuneo\") and [Mondovì](/wiki/Mondov%C3%AC \"Mondovì\"). The Gorresios would not have been considered particularly wealthy, but the couple and their children were nevertheless able to live reasonably on Marco Gorresio's army salary. The family backgrounds of the two parents may have appeared very similar to outsiders, but there were differences of nuance that surfaced in differing attitudes to the great international question of Vittorio's early childhood, of whether or not [Italy should engage militarily](/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I \"Italian entry into World War I\") in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). Marco Gorresio, a career soldier from a strongly [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\") [pro\\-Giolitti](/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti \"Giovanni Giolitti\") family, opposed military intervention. The Silvestros were a little more traditionalist and conservative: Teresa Silvestro/Gorresio, like her father, favoured the interventionist position.",
"The third of his parents' four children, Vittorio spent the first ten years of his life growing up in [Cuneo](/wiki/Cuneo \"Cuneo\"), a mid\\-sized and administratively important town in the west of [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\"). He would look back on those years as happy ones. There were two brothers, Umberto and Carlo, and a sister, Mamiani. Due to his father's work, the family relocated to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") in 1920\\. Here he attended the [Ginnasio Terenzio Mamiani (secondary school)](/wiki/Liceo_ginnasio_statale_Terenzio_Mamiani \"Liceo ginnasio statale Terenzio Mamiani\") till 1925, when the family moved for a year to [Zara](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") ([Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\")).{{cite book\\|title\\=I rapporti italo\\-jugoslavitra le due guerre\\|work\\=La \"quinta sponda “ – storia dell’occupazione italiana della Croazia\\|author1\\=Alberto Becherelli (author)\\|author2\\=Paolo Formiconi (co\\-author) \\|year\\=2015\\|isbn\\= 978\\-8\\-89818516\\-0 \\|publisher\\=Ministero della Difesa V Reparto \\- Ufficio Storico \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/12147412\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}} The family then returned to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") where in 1928 Vittorio Gorresio [successfully concluded](/wiki/Matura \"Matura\") his school career. His brothers had by this time decided to follow their father into the [army](/wiki/Italian_Army \"Italian Army\"), but Vittorio had other ideas, so he enrolled at university as a [law student](/wiki/Jurisprudence \"Jurisprudence\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Vittorio Gorresio(✶1910 †1982\\) \\|url\\=https://www.dizionario\\-italiano.it/autori/vittorio\\_gorresio.php\\|publisher\\=Olivetti Media Communication \\|work\\= Dizionario Autori \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}} He graduated in 1932\\. Family finances being stretched at the time, in parallel with his studies he took a job with the [city government (*con \"la III ripartizione del Governatorato di Roma\"*)](/wiki/Governatorato_di_Roma \"Governatorato di Roma\").",
"### Career options",
"He appears to have been planning to become a diplomat, but this was financially impossible, so he fell back on journalism. Both career options were attractive because they seemed to offer the opportunity to \"travel the world\". He began by sending articles to a wide range of newspapers and succeeded in having some of his work published. Looking back on this period, he would later recall that he had written about \"anything and everything ... in a disorderly and disparate way ... but certainly not in a superficial manner\". It is clear from the articles that he had published during these years that he approached his writing with a particular appreciation and fascination for History.",
"### Journalist",
"In 1932 he undertook his [military service](/wiki/Military_service \"Military service\"), serving as a junior officer at the [Bra](/wiki/Bra%2C_Piedmont \"Bra, Piedmont\") Artillery School (near [Cuneo](/wiki/Cuneo \"Cuneo\")). Graduating the same year, he took a staff position with \"L'Azione coloniale\", a weekly political journal that operated under the personal direction of its proprietor, Marco Pomilio.{{cite web\\|title\\=L'Azione Coloniale (1931–1945\\)\\|url\\=https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi\\-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag\\=prodente\\&Chiave\\=55657\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[:it:Soprintendenza archivistica e bibliografica\\|Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (SIUSA)]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}} At the same time he continued to write for other publications, and to build up a network of contacts and friends among the journalists based in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"). During this period he also became director of another weekly (and evidently short\\-lived) publication, \"L'Eco del mondo e Storia\".",
"He used \"L'Eco del mondo e Storia\" to publish the initial results of his research into [Gioacchino Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat \"Joachim Murat\") of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_%28Napoleonic%29 \"Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)\"). Subject to various interruptions, and without ever reaching a final set of conclusions or producing a substantive biography, Gorresio would continue to research Marat practically for the rest of his life. He also published two little books: \"Questa Francia\" (*This France*, 1934\\) was an impressionistic compilation based on a visit lasting around twenty days. \"I giovani d'Europa\" (*\"Europe's young people\"*, 1936\\) was a somewhat idiosyncratic review of what young people were thinking. In later years he would view these early literary efforts with evident embarrassment, describing them as \"[venal sins](/wiki/Venality \"Venality\") of \\[his] youth\".",
"### Il Messaggero",
"In 1936 Gorresio was appointed a contributing editor to [Il Messaggero](/wiki/Il_Messaggero \"Il Messaggero\"), a mass\\-circulation daily newspaper published in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").{{efn \\|The second half of the 1930s, which represented a particularly eventful period in Gorresio's life, is beautifully described by Gorresio himself in \"\\[\\[:it:La vita ingenua\\|La vita ingenua]]\", an autobiographical novel published in 1980, winning that year's \\[\\[Strega Prize]].{{cite web\\|title\\=1980 Vittorio Gorresio\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[:it:Fondazione Bellonci\\|Fondazione Bellonci]]\\|work\\=Premio Strega\\|url\\=https://premiostrega.it/PS/1980\\-vittorio\\-gorresio/\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020}}}} The appointment was based on a recommendation by the newspaper's editor\\-in\\-chief, [Mario Missiroli](/wiki/Mario_Missiroli_%28giornalista%29 \"Mario Missiroli (giornalista)\"). It is possible that the recommendation was not wholly disinterested. Missiroli seems to have been trying to ingratiate himself with sources at the [Ministry for War](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Italy%29 \"Ministry of Defence (Italy)\"), in which Marco Gorresio (1878–), Vittorio's father, having been promoted to a position as an office\\-bound army general, by now occupied a position of significant influence. The appointment gave Vittorio Gorresio his first experience as a member of the editorial board of a mass\\-circulation daily newspaper: it was an important and formative period for him on several different levels. The newspaper's overall director was Francesco Malgeri, who had been called in in 1932 to arrest an alarming decline in circulation. He had successfully re\\-invigorated Messaggero, recruiting a team of top journalists, starting with [Missiroli](/wiki/Mario_Missiroli_%28giornalista%29 \"Mario Missiroli (giornalista)\"). Malgeri was a committed [Fascist](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party \"National Fascist Party\") but a genial senior colleague, who himself was an excellent journalist.{{cite web \\|title\\=Malgeri, Francesco – Nacque a Messina il 13 genn. 1900 da Eugenio – discendente da un antico casato calabrese, di Bova Marina, professore di liceo e grecista amico di G. Pascoli – e da Ida D'Agostino ...\\|url\\=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco\\-malgeri\\_(Dizionario\\-Biografico)\\|author\\=Maddalena Carli\\|work\\=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani\\|volume\\=68\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Treccani]], \\[\\[Rome\\|Roma]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}} Working at Il Messaggero meant working with some of the leading establishment journalists [of the age](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\"), such as [Giovanni Ansaldo](/wiki/Giovanni_Ansaldo_%28giornalista%29 \"Giovanni Ansaldo (giornalista)\") and [Leo Longanesi](/wiki/Leo_Longanesi \"Leo Longanesi\"): Longanesi was a frequent presence at editorial meetings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://artslife.com/history/2014/11/longanesi\\-leo\\-1905\\-1957/\\|title\\=Longanesi Leo 1905–1957\\|publisher\\=ArtsLife History, Milano \\|date\\=2014 \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}} A colleague who became a particular friend was [Sandro De Feo](/wiki/Sandro_De_Feo \"Sandro De Feo\").",
"### Abyssinia",
"Later that year, in November, Gorresio set off for [Abyssinia](/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis \"Abyssinia Crisis\") ([the Empire of Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire \"Ethiopian Empire\")), now designated as travelling editor. His mission was to report on what was being [presented in Rome](/wiki/Propaganda_of_Fascist_Italy \"Propaganda of Fascist Italy\") as the [Italian conquest](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War \"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\") of the region. He stayed till February 1937\\. His reports were characteristically lucid and effortlessly authoritative, even if they contained judgements which many in Rome might have found contentious. His first impressions, on arriving in [Abyssinia](/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire \"Ethiopian Empire\"), were only reinforced during the three months of his stay, and his reports were consistent. Far from being the creators of a heroic new empire, the [Italian in Ethiopia](/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia \"Italians of Ethiopia\") seemed to be behaving like emigrants through the ages anywhere else.{{cite web\\|title\\=Al di là del mare. Letteratura e giornalismo nell'Italia coloniale. 1920–1940\\|author\\=Monica Venturini\\|url\\=http://cliothemis.com/IMG/pdf/8\\_Venturini.pdf\\|date\\=December 2017 \\|publisher\\=Clio@Themis \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2020}}",
"### Second World War",
"Unsurprisingly, Gorresio's contributions to the [Second Italo\\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War \"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\") were not welcomed by the [Fascist censors](/wiki/Censura_fascista \"Censura fascista\"). The relationship that emerged between the journalist and the media regulators never became one of uncompromising confrontation, however. What emerged, rather, was a deep structural incompatibility, which came to the fore each time Gorresio found himself reporting on a matter of major political consequence. In many ways, this raised his profile, enhanced his reputation and seems to have resulted in his being selected to travel to a succession of emerging news hotspots. In September 1939, [the French government](/wiki/French_Third_Republic \"French Third Republic\") declared [war](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") on [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") and Gorresio was sent to report from Paris. In June 1940, when [Italy entered the war against France](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France \"Italian invasion of France\"), he was sent to report on [developments](/wiki/Regia_Marina \"Regia Marina\") at the great naval base of [Taranto](/wiki/Taranto \"Taranto\"), where he embarked aboard the battleship [*Duilio*](/wiki/Italian_battleship_Duilio \"Italian battleship Duilio\").",
"Life as a war reporter was not without its risks, both personal and professional. During the summer of 1941 Gorresio was suddenly recalled from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") where he had been reporting on the diplomat\\-politician [Dino Alfieri](/wiki/Dino_Alfieri \"Dino Alfieri\"). It later emerged that he had been denounced by an (unnamed) colleague, who had levelled the accusation that he was \"in the pay of the French\", and had been mandated by his alleged paymasters to discredit [Joseph Goebbels](/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels \"Joseph Goebbels\") in the eyes of the Italian government. The police investigation which followed completely exonerated Gorresio, but by that time he had been dismissed from his job with [Il Messaggero](/wiki/Il_Messaggero \"Il Messaggero\").",
"Almost immediately he joined [Il Popolo di Roma](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia \"Il Popolo d'Italia\"), a daily newspaper with close connections to [Foreign Minister Ciano](/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano \"Galeazzo Ciano\"). Ciano had been married to [the leader's](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") [daughter](/wiki/Edda_Ciano \"Edda Ciano\") since 1930, but Il Popolo nevertheless employed a number of journalists, such as [Corrado Alvaro](/wiki/Corrado_Alvaro \"Corrado Alvaro\") and [Ercole Patti](/wiki/Ercole_Patti \"Ercole Patti\"), who were known anti\\-fascists. Neither Alvaro nor Patti were overtly political journalists, however, and after a few months Gorresio was obliged to quit the news desk when he was conscripted for military service and promoted to the rank of captain. Throughout 1942 he attended the artillery school at [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\"), undertaking the necessary training for taking command of an [anti\\-aircraft battery](/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare \"Anti-aircraft warfare\") planned for [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"). An unwelcome \"baptism of fire\" followed in October and November when [the city](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\") was hit by a succession of [deadly Allied air raids](/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II \"Bombing of Genoa in World War II\").",
"[The king's dismissal of Mussolini](/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy \"Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy\") on 25 June 1943 brought about an abrupt change in the political weather in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), where his old colleague [Corrado Alvaro](/wiki/Corrado_Alvaro \"Corrado Alvaro\") suddenly emerged as managing director at [Il Popolo di Roma](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia \"Il Popolo d'Italia\") and summoned Gorresio back to take over as editor\\-in\\-chief of the paper. Alvaro's incumbency lasted only for 45 days, however.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/07/24/la\\-borboni\\-usci\\-in\\-pigiama.html \\|date\\=24 July 1993 \\|work\\=\\[\\[la Repubblica]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[GEDI Gruppo Editoriale]] \\|title\\=E la Borboni usci' in Pigiama \\|author\\=\\[\\[:it:Nello Ajello\\|Nello Ajello]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020}}",
"The [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile \"Armistice of Cassibile\") with the [United States](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") was [proclaimed](/wiki/Badoglio_Proclamation \"Badoglio Proclamation\") on 8 September 1943\\. With [US and British forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") [invading from the south](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy \"Allied invasion of Italy\") and [German forces](/wiki/Army_Group_C \"Army Group C\") ensconced in the centre and north of the country, a period of intense danger for the civilian population of Rome appeared imminent, and Gorresio was one of many who went into a form of hiding. In his case, this meant quitting his editorship at [Il Popolo](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia \"Il Popolo d'Italia\") and moving in with a distant cousin, the historian [Paolo Brezzi](/wiki/Paolo_Brezzi \"Paolo Brezzi\"), whose public profile was less exalted than his own.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo\\-brezzi/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Treccani]], \\[\\[Rome\\|Roma]] \\|title\\=Brézzi ⟨\\-zzi⟩, Paolo. – Storico italiano (Torino 1910 – Roma 1998\\), prof. di storia del cristianesimo ... \\|work\\=Enciclopedia on line \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020}} He tried to earn some money by undertaking academic research: for instance, he edited the so\\-called \"Opuscoli politici\" (*literally, \"political leaflets\"*) of \"M. Taparelli d'Azeglio\" (1943\\). That assignment led him to become a regular visitor to the [Rome central library](/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Centrale_di_Roma \"Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma\"), which was more discretely located at that time than it is today, and which had become the semi\\-clandestine meeting point for other intellectuals doing their best to stay out of sight. Here he was introduced by the [partisan\\-journalist](/wiki/Partisan_%28military%29 \"Partisan (military)\") [Felice Chilanti](/wiki/Felice_Chilanti \"Felice Chilanti\") into a group of writers who called themselves \"Armata garibaldina\" (*loosely, the \"patriotic army\"*). Within the group Gorresio took for himself the informal pseudonym \"fantomatico\". Using it, he edited and distributed a little clandestine news\\-sheet called \"Azione\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Scheda storica \\[for which readers will probably need to 'page down']\\|work\\=Progetto stampa clandestina .... Azione: giornale dell'Armata garibaldina \\|url\\=http://www.stampaclandestina.it/?page\\_id\\=116\\&ricerca\\=269 \\|author\\=Eugenia Corbino\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[:it:Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri\\|Istituto nazionale Ferruccio Parri]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020}}",
"### New beginnings",
"After [the armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile \"Armistice of Cassibile\") Gorresio had very briefly returned to work on [Il Popolo di Roma](/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia \"Il Popolo d'Italia\"), until it was suppressed, compromised, in the eyes of the new rulers, by the extent of its association with the [Mussolini governments](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party \"National Fascist Party\"). By the [end of the war in Europe](/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe \"End of World War II in Europe\"), two of his brothers had disappeared, presumed killed, fighting for [the Germans](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") on the [Russian front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"). Gorresio now launched himself on a \"[Cursus honorum](/wiki/Cursus_honorum \"Cursus honorum\")\" for which he was amply qualified. With a return to democratic government, his own political philosophy became more visible. He was never a [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\"), but nor could he ever be taken for an [Italian \"Christian Democrat\"](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 \"Christian Democracy (Italy)\"). Joining a political party could have compromised his independence as a journalist, and it was not something that he ever did, but his attitudes tended to align with those of the liberal left, or with the [social democracy](/wiki/Social_democracy \"Social democracy\") that was now emerging or returning as a major political force elsewhere in western Europe. With the benefit of hindsight it is possible to see Gorresio as part of a centre\\-left \"third force\" which began to define itself in the aftermath of war, and during the 1950s acquired something of an \"ethical\" role with a growing appeal to the more intellectually inclined elements of public opinion. Within Italy's newly revived media establishment, other representatives of this tendency, broadly defined, included friends and colleagues such as [Mario Pannunzio](/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio \"Mario Pannunzio\"), [Arrigo Benedetti](/wiki/Arrigo_Benedetti \"Arrigo Benedetti\"), [Ennio Flaiano](/wiki/Ennio_Flaiano \"Ennio Flaiano\") and [Eugenio Scalfari](/wiki/Eugenio_Scalfari \"Eugenio Scalfari\"). A number of new mass\\-circulation loosely liberal\\-leaning magazines and newspapers were launched or re\\-launched for the post\\-democratic age, among them [L'Europeo](/wiki/L%27Europeo \"L'Europeo\"), [Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 \"Il Mondo (magazine)\") and [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\"). Vittorio Gorresio became a regular contributor to each of them.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.criticasociale.net/go.php?\\&\\&function\\=editoriale\\_page\\&id\\=0000274\\|title\\=Mario Pannunzio e il suo mondo\\|date\\=8 January 2010\\|author\\=Pier Franco Quaglieni\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Critica Sociale]], Milano \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020}}",
"Gorresio joined [Pannunzio's](/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio \"Mario Pannunzio\") recently launched daily newspaper [Risorgimento Liberale](/wiki/Risorgimento_Liberale \"Risorgimento Liberale\") in 1945, initially as a news reporter and later as parliamentary editor. However, when Pannunzio left the publication late in 1947, in the context of \"political differences\" inside the [Italian Liberal Party](/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party \"Italian Liberal Party\"), Gorresio left too. Risorgimento Liberale ceased publication a year later. Gorresio stayed rather longer with [Benedetti's](/wiki/Arrigo_Benedetti \"Arrigo Benedetti\") [L'Europeo](/wiki/L%27Europeo \"L'Europeo\"), writing for the magazine regularly between 1945 and 1954\\. In 1949 [Mario Pannunzio](/wiki/Mario_Pannunzio \"Mario Pannunzio\") launched a yet more ambitiously named magazine, [Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 \"Il Mondo (magazine)\"). Gorresio's contributions tended to deal with historical topics, with an evident preference for controversial themes.{{cite book\\|author\\=Vittorio Gorresio\\|title\\=Risorgimento scomunicato\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5yFczgAACAAJ\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=La Zisa\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-95709\\-89\\-5}} Through the 1950s he was parliamentary diarist for [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\") (published in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\")), taking over as editorial director of the paper's Rome office after a few years. He retained that post till 1976 when cancer of the [upper jaw](/wiki/Maxilla \"Maxilla\") forced him into a partial retirement, which he used in part to write a series of memorable articles concerned with the terrifying illness.{{cite book\\|author\\=Vittorio Gorresio \\|title\\= Costellazione cancro \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Hg1PPQAACAAJ\\|year\\=1976 \\|publisher\\= Rizzoli}} He continued to write for [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\") almost till he died.",
"### On press freedom and press control",
"Gorresio set high standards for himself with respect to professional ethics and sometimes attracted hostility by trying to inflict similarly high standards on fellow journalists. At the 1946 biennial congress of the [National Press Federation (*\"Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana\"*)](/wiki/Federazione_Nazionale_Stampa_Italiana \"Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana\") he placed himself in the minority by opposing the creation of a Membership Register of the [journalists' professional association (*\"Ordine dei giornalisti\"*)](/wiki/Ordine_dei_giornalisti \"Ordine dei giornalisti\"), because he thought such a register risked becoming a \"corporate instrument\" which might facilitate political control and so restrict press freedom. Coming shortly after the violent ending of more than two decades of [one\\-party dictatorship](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\"), it was an understandable concern. He returned to the theme of restrictive press control at the 1958 [Amici del Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28rivista%29 \"Il Mondo (rivista)\") convention.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tesionline.it/tesi/preview/vecchi\\-giornali\\-e\\-new\\-media\\-un\\-binomio\\-possibile\\-approccio\\-critico\\-al\\-futuro\\-dell\\-informazione/860/4\\|title\\=Vecchi giornali e new mudio: un binomio possibile .... Stampa in allarme \\|author\\=Matteo Durante\\|page\\=4\\|date\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano \\|access\\-date\\= 9 October 2020}} He used [La Stampa](/wiki/La_Stampa \"La Stampa\") to take a stand in the wake of the [Montesi case](/wiki/Wilma_Montesi \"Wilma Montesi\"), deploring the excesses displayed by journalists keen to \"secure a scoop\".{{efn \\|Wilma Monteso was a highly\\-publicised murder victim. A journalist called Fabrizio Menghini \"managed to gain access\" to her dead body. The body's state of semi\\-undress was described in some newspapers in excruciating detail. Wild conspiracy theories, some involving alleged connections with political figures, proliferated.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.numagazine.it/phpversion/viewarticolo.php?id\\=23\\|author\\=Claudio Dell’Orso\\|date\\=8 July 2005\\|title\\=Wilma Montesi, vergine e martire\\|work\\=La ragazza con il reggicalze.\\|publisher\\=Nu\\-magazine\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2020}}Death and the dolce vita : the dark side of Rome in the 1950s by Stephen Gundle (Canongate, 2011\\) {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-84767\\-654\\-2}}}} In a contribution published on 30 November 1954 he spelled out his concern that this type of behaviour could all too easily be used to justify government restrictions on press freedoms.",
"### Death",
"Vittorio Gorresio died of cancer at his home in [central Rome](/wiki/Piazza_Navona \"Piazza Navona\").È morto Vittorio Gorresio. Per 35 anni ha lavorato con noi, La Stampa, 18 dicembre 1982, p. 1",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Aerial overview](/wiki/File:Greven%2C_Flughafen_M%C3%BCnster-Osnabr%C3%BCck_--_2014_--_9839.jpg "Greven, Flughafen Münster-Osnabrück -- 2014 -- 9839.jpg")
### Early years
On 21 December 1966, the cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster "Münster"), [Osnabrück](/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck "Osnabrück"), and [Greven](/wiki/Greven "Greven") as well as the [districts](/wiki/Districts_of_Germany "Districts of Germany") of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_%28region%29 "Münster (region)") and [Tecklenburg](/wiki/Tecklenburg "Tecklenburg") founded the Münster/Osnabrück Airport [GmbH](/wiki/GmbH "GmbH").
In mid 1967, the German authorities approached the British Army for assistance in building an airfield to serve the Münster\-Osnabrück area. An airstrip existed at Greven, but the site was heavily wooded and included one badly drained and swampy area, and the site was within a few hundred metres of the [Dortmund\-Ems Canal](/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal "Dortmund-Ems Canal") which had been bombed during World War II, and where the presence of unexploded bombs was suspected. By March 1968, it was agreed that the British Army would clear and level an area 2120 metres long between 400 and 500 metres wide and produce a base of clean sand 1520 metres long and 50 metres wide for a runway, to be used by aircraft of Trident and BAC 1\-11 size. Work began in April 1968\. 16 Field Squadron [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers "Royal Engineers") (RE) provided the project control and RE units from all over the [British Army of the Rhine](/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine "British Army of the Rhine") (BAOR) but particularly 43 Field Support Squadron RE provided manpower and plant.
On 24 September 1968, the state of [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") received permission to begin construction. An [apron](/wiki/Airport_ramp "Airport ramp") and a {{convert\|2000\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}} long runway were built. The ground levelling was performed by BAOR.
Despite many problems, the project was completed on 30 June 1969, within a few days of the planned date. As a gesture to recognise the British Army involvement, the Germans gifted a [Ka 7](/wiki/Schleicher_Ka_7 "Schleicher Ka 7") glider to the regiment and gave them honorary membership in the Greven Gliding club. After five years of construction, the Münster/Osnabrück airport was officially opened on 27 March 1972\.
The first charter flight from Münster/Osnabrück airport to [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca "Palma de Mallorca") took place in 1973\.
### Development since 1980s
On 29 October 1984, [British Airways](/wiki/British_Airways "British Airways") started to serve the route from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to Münster/Osnabrück with [BAC Super One\-Eleven](/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven "BAC One-Eleven"); these were the first scheduled jet flights from the airport. Münster/Osnabrück gained the status of an international airport in 1986\.
A new terminal building that could accommodate a larger number of passengers was inaugurated in 1995; the new Terminal 2 followed in 2002\.
The airport intended to extend the runway to {{convert\|3600\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} to attract intercontinental flights. The plan was the focus of protests from [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmentalism "Environmentalism"), because the expansion would damage the Eltingmühlenbach natural area. In the first phase, the runway would be extended to {{convert\|3000\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}}. This would have cost around [€](/wiki/Euro "Euro")60 million. The plan was approved in 2004\. Originally, work was scheduled to begin in December 2006\. However, among others, [Naturschutzbund Deutschland](/wiki/Naturschutzbund_Deutschland "Naturschutzbund Deutschland") filed a lawsuit against the expansion. In May 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Münster decided against the expansion because of mistakes made in the *Planfeststellungsverfahren*, which gave he details of the runway expansion.
The plan to connect the airport with the [Bundesautobahn 1](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_1 "Bundesautobahn 1") was realized in November 2010\.
The cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster "Münster") and [Greven](/wiki/Greven "Greven") and the [Steinfurt](/wiki/Steinfurt_%28district%29 "Steinfurt (district)") district planned to donate an area of around {{convert\|500\|acre\|km2}} to the airport for airport\-related commercial activities. This met with protests as well, because this plan would endanger the *Hüttruper Heide* heath.
In 2023, the airport announced a revised [corporate design](/wiki/Corporate_design "Corporate design"), subsequently dropping the name annex *International*.[wn.de](https://www.wn.de/muensterland/kreis-steinfurt/greven/symbolisch-in-der-region-verankert-2728496) 25 March 2023
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Aerial overview](/wiki/File:Greven%2C_Flughafen_M%C3%BCnster-Osnabr%C3%BCck_--_2014_--_9839.jpg \"Greven, Flughafen Münster-Osnabrück -- 2014 -- 9839.jpg\")",
"### Early years",
"On 21 December 1966, the cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster \"Münster\"), [Osnabrück](/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck \"Osnabrück\"), and [Greven](/wiki/Greven \"Greven\") as well as the [districts](/wiki/Districts_of_Germany \"Districts of Germany\") of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_%28region%29 \"Münster (region)\") and [Tecklenburg](/wiki/Tecklenburg \"Tecklenburg\") founded the Münster/Osnabrück Airport [GmbH](/wiki/GmbH \"GmbH\").",
"In mid 1967, the German authorities approached the British Army for assistance in building an airfield to serve the Münster\\-Osnabrück area. An airstrip existed at Greven, but the site was heavily wooded and included one badly drained and swampy area, and the site was within a few hundred metres of the [Dortmund\\-Ems Canal](/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal \"Dortmund-Ems Canal\") which had been bombed during World War II, and where the presence of unexploded bombs was suspected. By March 1968, it was agreed that the British Army would clear and level an area 2120 metres long between 400 and 500 metres wide and produce a base of clean sand 1520 metres long and 50 metres wide for a runway, to be used by aircraft of Trident and BAC 1\\-11 size. Work began in April 1968\\. 16 Field Squadron [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers \"Royal Engineers\") (RE) provided the project control and RE units from all over the [British Army of the Rhine](/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine \"British Army of the Rhine\") (BAOR) but particularly 43 Field Support Squadron RE provided manpower and plant.",
"On 24 September 1968, the state of [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\") received permission to begin construction. An [apron](/wiki/Airport_ramp \"Airport ramp\") and a {{convert\\|2000\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}} long runway were built. The ground levelling was performed by BAOR.",
"Despite many problems, the project was completed on 30 June 1969, within a few days of the planned date. As a gesture to recognise the British Army involvement, the Germans gifted a [Ka 7](/wiki/Schleicher_Ka_7 \"Schleicher Ka 7\") glider to the regiment and gave them honorary membership in the Greven Gliding club. After five years of construction, the Münster/Osnabrück airport was officially opened on 27 March 1972\\.",
"The first charter flight from Münster/Osnabrück airport to [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca \"Palma de Mallorca\") took place in 1973\\.",
"### Development since 1980s",
"On 29 October 1984, [British Airways](/wiki/British_Airways \"British Airways\") started to serve the route from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") to Münster/Osnabrück with [BAC Super One\\-Eleven](/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven \"BAC One-Eleven\"); these were the first scheduled jet flights from the airport. Münster/Osnabrück gained the status of an international airport in 1986\\.",
"A new terminal building that could accommodate a larger number of passengers was inaugurated in 1995; the new Terminal 2 followed in 2002\\.",
"The airport intended to extend the runway to {{convert\\|3600\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} to attract intercontinental flights. The plan was the focus of protests from [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\"), because the expansion would damage the Eltingmühlenbach natural area. In the first phase, the runway would be extended to {{convert\\|3000\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}}. This would have cost around [€](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\")60 million. The plan was approved in 2004\\. Originally, work was scheduled to begin in December 2006\\. However, among others, [Naturschutzbund Deutschland](/wiki/Naturschutzbund_Deutschland \"Naturschutzbund Deutschland\") filed a lawsuit against the expansion. In May 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Münster decided against the expansion because of mistakes made in the *Planfeststellungsverfahren*, which gave he details of the runway expansion.",
"The plan to connect the airport with the [Bundesautobahn 1](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_1 \"Bundesautobahn 1\") was realized in November 2010\\.",
"The cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster \"Münster\") and [Greven](/wiki/Greven \"Greven\") and the [Steinfurt](/wiki/Steinfurt_%28district%29 \"Steinfurt (district)\") district planned to donate an area of around {{convert\\|500\\|acre\\|km2}} to the airport for airport\\-related commercial activities. This met with protests as well, because this plan would endanger the *Hüttruper Heide* heath.",
"In 2023, the airport announced a revised [corporate design](/wiki/Corporate_design \"Corporate design\"), subsequently dropping the name annex *International*.[wn.de](https://www.wn.de/muensterland/kreis-steinfurt/greven/symbolisch-in-der-region-verankert-2728496) 25 March 2023",
""
] |
### Early years
On 21 December 1966, the cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster "Münster"), [Osnabrück](/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck "Osnabrück"), and [Greven](/wiki/Greven "Greven") as well as the [districts](/wiki/Districts_of_Germany "Districts of Germany") of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_%28region%29 "Münster (region)") and [Tecklenburg](/wiki/Tecklenburg "Tecklenburg") founded the Münster/Osnabrück Airport [GmbH](/wiki/GmbH "GmbH").
In mid 1967, the German authorities approached the British Army for assistance in building an airfield to serve the Münster\-Osnabrück area. An airstrip existed at Greven, but the site was heavily wooded and included one badly drained and swampy area, and the site was within a few hundred metres of the [Dortmund\-Ems Canal](/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal "Dortmund-Ems Canal") which had been bombed during World War II, and where the presence of unexploded bombs was suspected. By March 1968, it was agreed that the British Army would clear and level an area 2120 metres long between 400 and 500 metres wide and produce a base of clean sand 1520 metres long and 50 metres wide for a runway, to be used by aircraft of Trident and BAC 1\-11 size. Work began in April 1968\. 16 Field Squadron [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers "Royal Engineers") (RE) provided the project control and RE units from all over the [British Army of the Rhine](/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine "British Army of the Rhine") (BAOR) but particularly 43 Field Support Squadron RE provided manpower and plant.
On 24 September 1968, the state of [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") received permission to begin construction. An [apron](/wiki/Airport_ramp "Airport ramp") and a {{convert\|2000\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}} long runway were built. The ground levelling was performed by BAOR.
Despite many problems, the project was completed on 30 June 1969, within a few days of the planned date. As a gesture to recognise the British Army involvement, the Germans gifted a [Ka 7](/wiki/Schleicher_Ka_7 "Schleicher Ka 7") glider to the regiment and gave them honorary membership in the Greven Gliding club. After five years of construction, the Münster/Osnabrück airport was officially opened on 27 March 1972\.
The first charter flight from Münster/Osnabrück airport to [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca "Palma de Mallorca") took place in 1973\.
|
[
"### Early years",
"On 21 December 1966, the cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster \"Münster\"), [Osnabrück](/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck \"Osnabrück\"), and [Greven](/wiki/Greven \"Greven\") as well as the [districts](/wiki/Districts_of_Germany \"Districts of Germany\") of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_%28region%29 \"Münster (region)\") and [Tecklenburg](/wiki/Tecklenburg \"Tecklenburg\") founded the Münster/Osnabrück Airport [GmbH](/wiki/GmbH \"GmbH\").",
"In mid 1967, the German authorities approached the British Army for assistance in building an airfield to serve the Münster\\-Osnabrück area. An airstrip existed at Greven, but the site was heavily wooded and included one badly drained and swampy area, and the site was within a few hundred metres of the [Dortmund\\-Ems Canal](/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal \"Dortmund-Ems Canal\") which had been bombed during World War II, and where the presence of unexploded bombs was suspected. By March 1968, it was agreed that the British Army would clear and level an area 2120 metres long between 400 and 500 metres wide and produce a base of clean sand 1520 metres long and 50 metres wide for a runway, to be used by aircraft of Trident and BAC 1\\-11 size. Work began in April 1968\\. 16 Field Squadron [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers \"Royal Engineers\") (RE) provided the project control and RE units from all over the [British Army of the Rhine](/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine \"British Army of the Rhine\") (BAOR) but particularly 43 Field Support Squadron RE provided manpower and plant.",
"On 24 September 1968, the state of [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\") received permission to begin construction. An [apron](/wiki/Airport_ramp \"Airport ramp\") and a {{convert\\|2000\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}} long runway were built. The ground levelling was performed by BAOR.",
"Despite many problems, the project was completed on 30 June 1969, within a few days of the planned date. As a gesture to recognise the British Army involvement, the Germans gifted a [Ka 7](/wiki/Schleicher_Ka_7 \"Schleicher Ka 7\") glider to the regiment and gave them honorary membership in the Greven Gliding club. After five years of construction, the Münster/Osnabrück airport was officially opened on 27 March 1972\\.",
"The first charter flight from Münster/Osnabrück airport to [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca \"Palma de Mallorca\") took place in 1973\\.",
""
] |
### Development since 1980s
On 29 October 1984, [British Airways](/wiki/British_Airways "British Airways") started to serve the route from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to Münster/Osnabrück with [BAC Super One\-Eleven](/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven "BAC One-Eleven"); these were the first scheduled jet flights from the airport. Münster/Osnabrück gained the status of an international airport in 1986\.
A new terminal building that could accommodate a larger number of passengers was inaugurated in 1995; the new Terminal 2 followed in 2002\.
The airport intended to extend the runway to {{convert\|3600\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} to attract intercontinental flights. The plan was the focus of protests from [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmentalism "Environmentalism"), because the expansion would damage the Eltingmühlenbach natural area. In the first phase, the runway would be extended to {{convert\|3000\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}}. This would have cost around [€](/wiki/Euro "Euro")60 million. The plan was approved in 2004\. Originally, work was scheduled to begin in December 2006\. However, among others, [Naturschutzbund Deutschland](/wiki/Naturschutzbund_Deutschland "Naturschutzbund Deutschland") filed a lawsuit against the expansion. In May 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Münster decided against the expansion because of mistakes made in the *Planfeststellungsverfahren*, which gave he details of the runway expansion.
The plan to connect the airport with the [Bundesautobahn 1](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_1 "Bundesautobahn 1") was realized in November 2010\.
The cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster "Münster") and [Greven](/wiki/Greven "Greven") and the [Steinfurt](/wiki/Steinfurt_%28district%29 "Steinfurt (district)") district planned to donate an area of around {{convert\|500\|acre\|km2}} to the airport for airport\-related commercial activities. This met with protests as well, because this plan would endanger the *Hüttruper Heide* heath.
In 2023, the airport announced a revised [corporate design](/wiki/Corporate_design "Corporate design"), subsequently dropping the name annex *International*.[wn.de](https://www.wn.de/muensterland/kreis-steinfurt/greven/symbolisch-in-der-region-verankert-2728496) 25 March 2023
|
[
"### Development since 1980s",
"On 29 October 1984, [British Airways](/wiki/British_Airways \"British Airways\") started to serve the route from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") to Münster/Osnabrück with [BAC Super One\\-Eleven](/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven \"BAC One-Eleven\"); these were the first scheduled jet flights from the airport. Münster/Osnabrück gained the status of an international airport in 1986\\.",
"A new terminal building that could accommodate a larger number of passengers was inaugurated in 1995; the new Terminal 2 followed in 2002\\.",
"The airport intended to extend the runway to {{convert\\|3600\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} to attract intercontinental flights. The plan was the focus of protests from [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\"), because the expansion would damage the Eltingmühlenbach natural area. In the first phase, the runway would be extended to {{convert\\|3000\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}}. This would have cost around [€](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\")60 million. The plan was approved in 2004\\. Originally, work was scheduled to begin in December 2006\\. However, among others, [Naturschutzbund Deutschland](/wiki/Naturschutzbund_Deutschland \"Naturschutzbund Deutschland\") filed a lawsuit against the expansion. In May 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Münster decided against the expansion because of mistakes made in the *Planfeststellungsverfahren*, which gave he details of the runway expansion.",
"The plan to connect the airport with the [Bundesautobahn 1](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_1 \"Bundesautobahn 1\") was realized in November 2010\\.",
"The cities of [Münster](/wiki/M%C3%BCnster \"Münster\") and [Greven](/wiki/Greven \"Greven\") and the [Steinfurt](/wiki/Steinfurt_%28district%29 \"Steinfurt (district)\") district planned to donate an area of around {{convert\\|500\\|acre\\|km2}} to the airport for airport\\-related commercial activities. This met with protests as well, because this plan would endanger the *Hüttruper Heide* heath.",
"In 2023, the airport announced a revised [corporate design](/wiki/Corporate_design \"Corporate design\"), subsequently dropping the name annex *International*.[wn.de](https://www.wn.de/muensterland/kreis-steinfurt/greven/symbolisch-in-der-region-verankert-2728496) 25 March 2023",
""
] |
Art of Mathura under the Northern Satraps (circa 60 BCE\-90 CE)
---------------------------------------------------------------
{{main\|Art of Mathura}}
From around 70 BCE, the region of Mathura fell to the [Indo\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian "Indo-Scythian") Northern Satraps under [Hagamasha](/wiki/Hagamasha "Hagamasha"), [Hagana](/wiki/Hagana "Hagana") and then [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula "Rajuvula").{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=9–10 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA9 \|language\=en}} During this time, Mathura is described as "a great center of [Śaka](/wiki/Indo-Scythians "Indo-Scythians") culture in India".{{cite journal \|last1\=Paul \|first1\=Pran Gopal \|last2\=Paul \|first2\=Debjani \|title\=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations \|journal\=East and West \|volume\=39 \|issue\=1/4 \|date\=1989 \|pages\=130 \|jstor\=29756891 }} Little is known precisely from that period on terms of artistic creation. The Indo\-Scythian [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula "Rajuvula"), ruler of Mathura, created coins which were copies of the contemporary [Indo\-Greek](/wiki/Indo-Greek "Indo-Greek") ruler [Strato II](/wiki/Strato_II "Strato II"), with effigy of the king and representation of [Athena](/wiki/Athena "Athena") on the obverse.{{cite book \|last1\=Rosenfield \|first1\=John M. \|title\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \|date\=1967 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|page\=135 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=udnBkQhzHH4C\&pg\=PA135 \|language\=en}} Indo\-Scythians are known to have sponsored Buddhism, but also other religions, as visible from their inscriptions and archaeological remains in northwestern and western India, as well as from their contributions to pre\-Kushana sculpture in Mathura.{{cite book \|last1\=Neelis \|first1\=Jason \|title\=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks \- PDF \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=Brill \|location\=Boston \|page\=110 \|url\=https://docplayer.net/54757333\-Early\-buddhist\-transmission\-and\-trade\-networks.html\#show\_full\_text}} Mathura became part of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire "Kushan Empire") from the reign of [Vima Kadphises](/wiki/Vima_Kadphises "Vima Kadphises") (90\-100 CE) and then became the southern capital of the Kushan Empire.
### End of 1st century BCE
{{See also\|Mathura lion capital}}
[thumb\|The [Mathura lion capital](/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital "Mathura lion capital") on display in the Sir [Joseph Hotung](/wiki/Joseph_Hotung "Joseph Hotung") Gallery for China and South Asia, at the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum").](/wiki/File:Mathura_lion_capital%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg "Mathura lion capital, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg")
Some works of art dated to the end of the 1st century BCE show very delicate workmanship, such as the sculptures of Yakshis.Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=171 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA171 \|language\=en}} At the very end of this period the Indo\-Scythian ruler [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula "Rajuvula") is also known for the famous [Mathura lion capital](/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital "Mathura lion capital") which records events of the Indo\-Scythian dynasty as well as their support of Buddhism. It is also an interesting example of the state of artistic attainment in the city of Mathura at the turn of our era. The capital portrays two lions reminiscent of the lions of the [Pillars of Ashoka](/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka "Pillars of Ashoka"), but in a much cruder style. It also displays at its center a Buddhist [triratana](/wiki/Triratana "Triratana") symbol, further confirming the involvement of Indo\-Scythian rulers with Buddhism. The triratna is contained in a [flame palmette](/wiki/Flame_palmette "Flame palmette"), an element of Hellenistic iconography, and an example of [Hellenistic influence on Indian art](/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art "Hellenistic influence on Indian art").
The fact that the Mathura lion capital is inscribed in [Kharoshthi](/wiki/Kharoshthi "Kharoshthi"), a script used in the far northwest around the area of [Gandhara](/wiki/Gandhara "Gandhara"), attests to the presence of northwestern artists at that time in Mathura.{{cite book \|last1\=Bracey \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd\-24th March, 2017 \|date\=2018 \|publisher\=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford \|page\=143 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}}
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\.2\.2 (1 of 7\).jpg\|Yashi with onlookers, dated 20 BCE.\<ref\>Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=Fig.200\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA171\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\.2\.2 (2 of 7\).jpg\|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\.2\.2 (3 of 7\).jpg\|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\.2\.2 (6 of 7\).jpg\|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
### Mathura sculpture styles in the 1st century CE
The abundance of dedicatory inscriptions in the name of [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa "Sodasa"), the [Indo\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian "Indo-Scythian") ruler of Mathura, and son of [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula "Rajuvula") (eight such inscriptions are known, often on sculptural works),{{cite book \|last1\=Śrivastava \|first1\=Vijai Shankar \|title\=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume \|date\=1981 \|publisher\=Abhinav Publications \|isbn\=9780391023581 \|page\=95 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nKJiBUFrmfoC\&pg\=RA1\-PA95 \|language\=en}} and the fact that Sodasa is known through his coinage as well as through his relations with other Indo\-Scythian rulers whose dates are known, means that Sodasa functions as a historic marker to ascertain the sculptural styles at Mathura during his rule, in the first half of the 1st century CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=168–179 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA168 \|language\=en}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Kumar \|first1\=Ajit \|title\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association \|journal\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology \|date\=2014 \|volume\=2 \|pages\=223‐241 \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 \|language\=en}} These inscriptions also correspond to some of the first known epigraphical inscriptions in [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit").{{sfn\|Salomon\|1998\|pp\=86–87}}{{cite book \|last1\=Damsteegt \|first1\=Th \|title\=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit \|date\=1978 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004057258 \|page\=209 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=L9QUAAAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA209 \|language\=en}} The next historical marker corresponds to the reign of [Kanishka](/wiki/Kanishka "Kanishka") under the Kushans, whose reign began circa 127 CE. The sculptural styles at Mathura during the reign of Sodasa are quite distinctive, and significantly different from the style of the previous period circa 50 BCE, or the styles of the later period of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire "Kushan Empire") in the 2nd century CE.
#### In\-the\-round statuary
{{multiple image\|perrow\=2\|total\_width\=330\|caption\_align\=center
\| align \= right
\| direction \=horizontal
\| header\=Mora sculptures (c. 15 CE)
\| image1 \= Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg
\| image2 \= Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg
\| footer\=The \[\[Mora well inscription]] of Great Satrap \[\[Sodasa]] (15 CE) is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to a temple built for the \[\[Vrishni heroes]].{{cite book \|last1\=Singh \|first1\=Upinder \|title\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Pearson Education India \|isbn\=978\-81\-317\-1120\-0 \|page\=437 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H3lUIIYxWkEC\&pg\=PA437 \|language\=en}} Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five Vrishni heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, \[\[Mathura Museum]].{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-15537\-4 \|pages\=211–213 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA212 \|language\=en}}"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free\-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''..." in "{{cite book \|last1\=Agrawala \|first1\=Vasudeva Sharana \|title\=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D \|date\=1965 \|publisher\=Prithivi Prakashan \|page\=253 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nJo0AQAAIAAJ \|language\=en}}This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book \|last1\=Rosenfield \|first1\=John M. \|title\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \|date\=1967 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|pages\=151–152 and Fig.51 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=udnBkQhzHH4C\&pg\=PA151 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=H. \|title\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \|date\=1937 \|pages\=199–200 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.56526/page/n237}} Right: Mora carved doorjamb with \[\[Scroll (art)\|grapevine design]], also circa 15 CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=171 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA171 \|language\=en}}
\| footer\_align \= center
}}
Several examples of in\-the\-round statuary have been found from the period of Sodasa, such as the torsos of "[Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes "Vrishni heroes")", discovered in Mora, about 7 kilometers west of Mathura.Dated 15 CE in {{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-15537\-4 \|pages\=211–214 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA212 \|language\=en}} These statues are mentioned in the [Mora Well Inscription](/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription "Mora Well Inscription") nearby, made in the name of the Northern Satrap [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa "Sodasa") circa 15 CE, in which they are called *[Bhagavatam](/wiki/Bhagavata "Bhagavata")*.{{cite book\|author\=Doris Srinivasan\|title\=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vZheP9dIX9wC\&pg\=PA211 \|year\=1997\|publisher\=BRILL Academic\|isbn\=90\-04\-10758\-4\|pages\=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}{{cite book\|author\=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC \|year\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL Academic\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-15537\-4\|page\=260}}{{cite book\|author\=Lavanya Vemsani \|title\=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4fw2DAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA202 \|year\=2016\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|isbn\=978\-1\-61069\-211\-3\|pages\=202–203}} The statue fragments are thought to represent some of the five Vrishni heroes, possibly ancient kings of Mathura later assimilated to [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") and his avatars,{{cite book \|last1\=Rosenfield \|first1\=John M. \|title\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \|date\=1967 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|pages\=151–152 and Fig.51 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=udnBkQhzHH4C\&pg\=PA151 \|language\=en}} or, equally possible, the five Jain heroes led by [Akrūra](/wiki/Akrura "Akrura"), which are well attested in Jain texts. In fact, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross\-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.
The two uninscribed male torsos that were discovered are both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume. They are bare\-chested but wear a thick necklace, as well as heavy hearrings. The two torsos that were found are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series, which is coherent with the Vrishni interpretation.{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=H. \|title\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \|date\=1937 \|pages\=199–200 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.56526/page/n237}} They share some sculptural characteristics with the [Yaksha](/wiki/Yaksha "Yaksha") statues found in Mathura and dating to the 2nd and 1st century BCE, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style, but the actual details of style and workmanship clearly belong to the time of Sodasa. The Vrishni statues also are not of the colossal type, as they would only have stood about 1\.22 meters complete. The Mora Vrishnis function as an artistic benchmark for in\-the\-round statues of the period.
File:1st Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Torso \- Circa 1st Century CE \- ACCN 00\-B\-36 \- Government Museum \- Mathura 2013\-02\-23 4958\.JPG\|1st Jaina Tirthankara \[\[Rishabhanatha]] torso \- Circa 1st Century
File:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras \- Circa 1st Century CE \- ACCN 00\-B\-67 \- Government Museum \- Mathura 2013\-02\-24 6023\.JPG\|Four\-fold Jain image with \[\[Suparshvanath]] and three other \[\[Tirthankara]]s \- Circa 1st Century CE
File:Goat\-headed Jain Mother Goddess \- Circa 1st Century CE \- ACCN 00\-E\-2 \- Government Museum \- Mathura 2013\-02\-24 5991\.JPG\|Goat\-headed Jain Mother Goddess, circa 1st Century CE
#### Jain reliefs
{{multiple image\|perrow\=2\|total\_width\=230\|caption\_align\=center
\| align \= right
\| direction \=vertical
\| header\=Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa
\| image1 \= Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg
\| caption1 \= Jain \[\[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] or "Amohini relief", inscribed "in the reign of Sodasa", circa 15 CE. \[\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.1{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=171 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA171 \|language\=en}}
\| image2 \= Mahakshatrapasa Sodasa.jpg
\| caption2 \= \[\[Brahmi]] inscription in the tablet:
\[\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\|13px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg\|16px]] \[\[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg\|20px]]\[\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta\_ashoka\_s.svg\|16px]]
''Mahakṣatrapasa Śodāsa''
"Great \[\[Satrap]] \[\[Sodasa]]"
}}
Many of the sculptures from this period are related to the [Jain](/wiki/Jain "Jain") religion, with numerous relief showing devotional scenes, such as the [Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa](/wiki/Kankali_Tila_tablet_of_Sodasa "Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa") in the name of Sodasa. Most of these are votive tablets, called [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata").The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate XIV](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)
Jain votive plates, called "[Ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata")", are numerous, and some of the earliest ones have been dated to circa 50\-20 BCE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=403, Fig. 146 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA403 \|language\=en}} They were probably prototypes for the first known Mathura images of the Buddha. Many of them were found around the [Kankali Tila](/wiki/Kankali_Tila "Kankali Tila") Jain stupa in Mathura.
Notable among the design motifs in the [ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata") are the pillar [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 "Capital (architecture)") displaying "Persian\-Achaemenian" style, with side volutes, [flame palmettes](/wiki/Flame_palmette "Flame palmette"), and recumbent lions or winged sphinxes.The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate VII](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book \|title\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery \|date\=1949 \|publisher\=The Museum \|page\=18 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=G\-moE4Cjv50C \|language\=en}}
File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\|The \[\[Arihant (Jainism)\|Jina]] \[\[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE, \[\[Lucknow Museum]].\<ref name\="SRQ200"\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|pages\=200–201\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA201\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref name\="books.google.com"/\>
File:"Sihanamdika ayagapata", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25\-50 CE.jpg\|"Sihanāṃdikā ayagapata", Jain votive plate, dated 25\-50 CE.\<ref\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=410, Fig. 156\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA410\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref\>{{cite journal\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\|journal\=Artibus Asiae\|date\=2000\|volume\=60\|issue\=1\|pages\=79–137 Fig.21\|doi\=10\.2307/3249941\|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249941 }}\</ref\>
File:Holi relief, Mathura, c1st century CE.jpg\|Jain votive plaque with \[\[Jain stupa]], the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from Kankali Tila, Mathura.\<ref\>{{cite journal\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\|journal\=Artibus Asiae\|date\=2000\|volume\=60\|issue\=1\|pages\=79–137 Fig.26\|doi\=10\.2307/3249941\|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249941 }}\</ref\>
File:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.\-1st century CE (18\.4 x 61\.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87\.188\.5\.jpg\|upright\=1\.5\|\[\[Jain]] relief showing monks of the ''\[\[ardhaphalaka]]'' sect. Early 1st century CE.\<ref\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|pages\=174–176\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA174\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.jpg\|Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.\<ref\>Dated 15 CE in Fig.222 in {{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=Fig.222\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA201\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Persian Achaemenian style capitals in Mathura 15\-50 CE.jpg\|"\[\[Achaemenid Empire\|Persian Achaemenian]]" style \[\[capital (architecture)\|capitals]] appearing in \[\[ayagapata]]s, Mathura, 15\-50 CE.\<ref\>"the massive pillars in the Persian Achaemenian style" in {{cite book\|last1\=Shah\|first1\=Chimanlal Jaichand\|title\=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.\-A.D. 526\|date\=1932\|publisher\=Longmans, Green and co.\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=InkrAAAAIAAJ\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref\>"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book\|title\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery\|date\=1949\|publisher\=Baroda Museum\|page\=18\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=G\-moE4Cjv50C\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref\>{{cite journal\|last1\=Kumar\|first1\=Ajit\|title\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association\|journal\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology\|date\=2014\|volume\=2\|pages\=223‐241\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\|The \[\[Arihant (Jainism)\|Jina]] \[\[Parsvanatha]] (detail of an \[\[ayagapata]]), highly similar to the Isapur Buddha, Mathura circa 15 CE, \[\[Lucknow Museum]].\<ref name\="BRILL"/\>\<ref name\="books.google.com"/\>
File:Sculpture panel showing a Jain stupa and torana, Mathura 75\-100 CE.jpg\|''Sivayasa Ayagapata'', with \[\[Jain stupa]] fragment, \[\[Kankali Tila]], 75\-100 CE.
#### Grapevine and garland designs (circa 15 CE)
A decorated doorjamb, the [Vasu doorjamb](/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription "Vasu Doorjamb Inscription"), dedicated to deity [Vāsudeva](/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva "Vāsudeva"), also mentions the rule of Sodasa, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb, found in relation with the [Mora well inscription](/wiki/Mora_well_inscription "Mora well inscription") in a similar chronological and religious context. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [scrolls of grapevines](/wiki/Scroll_%28art%29 "Scroll (art)"). They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures. It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [introduced from the Gandhara area](/wiki/Gandhara_floral_scrolls.jpg "Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg") in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the Satrap rulers.{{cite book \|last1\=Bracey \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd\-24th March, 2017 \|date\=2018 \|publisher\=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford \|pages\=142–143 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}} These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura. The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [Hellenistic art](/wiki/Hellenistic_art "Hellenistic art")."Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features." in {{cite book \|last1\=Sharma \|first1\=Ramesh Chandra \|last2\=Ghosal \|first2\=Pranati \|title\=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=Indian Institute of Advanced Study \|isbn\=978\-81\-7305\-264\-4 \|page\=148 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CMufAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}
File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg\|The \[\[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription\|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to \[\[Vāsudeva]] "in the reign of Sodasa", \[\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \[\[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13\.367\<ref name\="SRQ171"/\>
File:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg\|Reliefs of the \[\[Mora well inscription\|Mora doorjamb]] with \[\[Scroll (art)\|grapevine design]], Mora, near \[\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \[\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526\.\<ref name\="SRQ171"/\> Similar scroll designs are known \[\[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg\|from Gandhara]], \[\[:File:Pataliputra scroll.jpg\|from Pataliputra]], and \[\[:File:South\_Arabian\_\-\_Relief\_with\_Vines\_\-\_Walters\_2167\.jpg\|from Greco\-Roman art]].
File:Garland bearers and Romaka Jataka 25\-50 CE Mathura Museum.jpg\|\[\[Garland bearers]] and Buddhist "Romaka" \[\[Jataka]], in which the Buddha in a previous life was a \[\[pigeon]].\<ref\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=978\-90\-474\-1930\-3\|page\=226\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rtqvCQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA226\|language\=en}}\</ref\> 25\-50 CE.\<ref\>Dated 25\-50 CE in {{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=Fig. 288\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA199\|language\=en}}\</ref\> Similar \[\[garland\-bearer]] designs are known \[\[:File:Peshawar Museum Yakshas and Garlands.jpg\|from Gandhara]], \[\[:File:Amaravati garland bearer.jpg\|from Amaravati]] and \[\[:File:Greco\-Roman garland bearers.jpg\|from Greco\-Roman art]].
#### Calligraphy (end 1st century BCE \- 1st century CE)
[thumb\|upright\=1\.38\|{{center\|A sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the Indo\-Scythians: fragment of the \[\[Mirzapur stele inscription]], in the vicinity of \[\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE.Buddhist art of Mathurā , Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26
\[\[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg\|16px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\|22px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\|13px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\|22px]] \[\[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg\|18px]]\[\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta\_ashoka\_s.svg\|16px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\|22px]]
''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya''
"Of the Lord and Great Satrap \[\[Sodasa\|Śudāsa]]"{{cite book \|last1\=Sharma \|first1\=Ramesh Chandra \|title\=Buddhist art of Mathurā \|date\=1984 \|publisher\=Agam \|page\=26 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5OvVAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}The former calligraphic style would have been: '''𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀫𑀳𑀓𑁆𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀰𑀼𑀤𑀸𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀬'''}}](/wiki/File:Svamisya_Mahakshatrapasya_Sudasasya_%28cleaned%29.jpg "Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg")
The calligraphy of the [Brahmi script](/wiki/Brahmi_script "Brahmi script") had remained virtually unchanged from the time of the [Maurya Empire](/wiki/Maurya_Empire "Maurya Empire") to the end of the 1st century BCE.{{cite book \|last1\=Verma \|first1\=Thakur Prasad \|title\=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script \|date\=1971 \|pages\=82–85 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.130329/page/n91}} The Indo\-Scythians, following their establishment in northern India introduced "revolutionary changes" in the way Brahmi was written. In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to Greek. In this new typeface, the letter were "neat and well\-formed". The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle\-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke.{{cite book \|last1\=Salomon \|first1\=Richard \|title\=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo\-Aryan Languages \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-535666\-3 \|page\=34 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=XYrG07qQDxkC\&pg\=PA34 \|language\=en}} This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in Mathura, in association with devotional works of art. This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century. The "new\-pen\-style" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.
#### First images of the Buddha (from circa 15 CE)
[thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|The "Isapur Buddha", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [Butkara seated Buddha](/wiki/Butkara_I_stupa_in-situ_seated_Buddha.jpg "Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg") statue at the [Butkara Stupa](/wiki/Butkara_Stupa "Butkara Stupa"), [Swat](/wiki/Swat_District "Swat District")), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=199–206, 204 for the exact date \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA199 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Isapur_Buddha.jpg "Isapur Buddha.jpg")
From around the 2nd\-1st century BCE at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi"), scenes of the life of the Buddha, or sometimes of his previous lives, had been illustrated [without showing the Buddha himself](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism "Aniconism in Buddhism"), except for some of his symbols such as the empty throne, or the *Chankrama* pathway."This aniconic tradition was shortly to disappear and the iconic types of the Buddha made their sudden appearance apparently simultaneously in the so\-called Hellenic school of Gandhara and the Indian school of Mathura." {{cite book \|last1\=Bhattacharyya \|first1\=Narendra Nath \|title\=Buddhism in the History of Indian Thoughts \|date\=1993 \|publisher\=Manohar Publishers \& Distributors \|isbn\=978\-81\-7304\-017\-7 \|page\=266 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0PMGAAAAYAAJ \|language\=en}} This artistic device ended with the sudden appearance of the Buddha, probably rather simultaneously in [Gandhara](/wiki/Gandhara "Gandhara") and [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura "Mathura"), at the turn of the millennium.
Possibly the first known representation of the Buddha (the [Bimaran casket](/wiki/Bimaran_casket "Bimaran casket") and the [Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin](/wiki/Tillya_Tepe_Buddhist_coin "Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin") are other candidates), the "Isapur Buddha" is also dated on stylistic grounds to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE; he is shown on a relief in a canonical scene known as *"[Lokapalas](/wiki/Lokapala "Lokapala") offer Alms Bowls to the Buddha Sakyamuni"*.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=199–206 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA199 \|language\=en}} The symbolism of this early statue is still tentative, drawing heavily on the earlier, especially Jain, pictural traditions of Mathura, still far from the exuberant standardized designs of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire "Kushan Empire"). It is rather unassuming and not yet monumental compared to the Buddha sculptures of the following century, and may represent one of the first attempts to create a human icon, marking an evolution from the splendid aniconic tradition of Buddhist art in respect to the person of the Buddha, which can be seen in the art of [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi") and [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut"). This depiction of the Buddha is highly similar to [Jain](/wiki/Jain "Jain") images of the period, such as [the relief](/wiki/Jina_Parsvanatha_ayagapata%2C_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg "Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg") of [Jina](/wiki/Arihant_%28Jainism%29 "Arihant (Jainism)") [Parsvanatha](/wiki/Parsvanatha "Parsvanatha") on an [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata"), also dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=201 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA201 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=406, photograph and date \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA406 \|language\=en}}
It is thought that the images of Jain saints, which can be seen in Mathura from the 1st century BCE, were prototypes for the first Mathura images of the Buddha, since the attitudes are very similar, and the almost transparent very thin garment of the Buddha not much different visually from the nakedness of the [Jinas](/wiki/Jinas "Jinas"). Here the Buddha is not wearing the monastic robe which would become characteristic of many of the later Buddha images. The cross\-legged sitting posture may have derived from earlier reliefs of cross\-legged ascetics or teachers at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut"), [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi") and [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya "Bodh Gaya"). It has also been suggested that the cross\-legged Buddhas may have derived from the depictions of seated Scythian kings from the northwest, as visible in the coinage of [Maues](/wiki/Maues "Maues") (90\-80 BCE) or [Azes](/wiki/Azes_I "Azes I") (57\-10 BC)."It has also been suggested that the early seated Buddha images owe something to the first\-century BC representations of seated kings, as seen on coins of the northwest (nos 27 and 28\)." [Maues sitting cross\-legged](/wiki/Maues_seated_with_elephant_holding_victory_wreath.jpg "Maues seated with elephant holding victory wreath.jpg") and [Azes sitting cross\-legged](/wiki/Coin_of_the_Indian-Scythian_king_Azes_I.jpg "Coin of the Indian-Scythian king Azes I.jpg") in {{cite book \|last1\=Errington \|first1\=Elizabeth \|last2\=Trust \|first2\=Ancient India and Iran \|last3\=Museum \|first3\=Fitzwilliam \|title\=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan \|date\=1992 \|publisher\=Ancient India and Iran Trust \|isbn\=978\-0\-9518399\-1\-1 \|page\=47 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pfLpAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}
There has been a recurring debate about the exact identity of these Mathura statues, some claiming that they are only statues of [Bodhisattavas](/wiki/Bodhisattava "Bodhisattava"), which is indeed the exact term used in most of the inscriptions of the statues found in Mathura. Only one or two statues of the Mathura type are known to mention the Buddha himself.{{cite journal \|last1\=Rhi \|first1\=Ju\-Hyung \|title\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|volume\=54 \|issue\=3/4 \|date\=1994 \|pages\=207–225 \|jstor\=3250056 \|doi\=10\.2307/3250056 }} This could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, otherwise known as [aniconism in Buddhism](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism "Aniconism in Buddhism"), expressed in the *[Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada") [vinaya](/wiki/Vinaya "Vinaya")* (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada")): *""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava""*.{{cite journal \|last1\=Rhi \|first1\=Ju\-Hyung \|title\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|volume\=54 \|issue\=3/4 \|date\=1994 \|pages\=220–221 \|doi\=10\.2307/3250056 \|jstor\=3250056 }} However the scenes in the Isapur Buddha and the later [Indrasala Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg "Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg") (dated 50\-100 CE), refer to events which are considered to have happened *after* the Buddha's enlightenment, and therefore probably represent the Buddha rather than his younger self as a Bodhisattava, or a simple attendant Bodhisattva.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=237, text and note 30 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA237 \|language\=en}}
##### Other reliefs
[thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|"Indrasala architrave", detail of the Buddha in [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave"), attended by the Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra"). 50\-100 CE.](/wiki/File:The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg "The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg")
The Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", dated 50\-100 CE, with a scene of the Buddha at the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave") being attended by [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra"), and a scene of devotion to the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree "Bodhi Tree") on the other side, is another example of the still hesitant handling of the human icon of the Buddha in the Buddhist art of Mathura. The Buddhist character of this architrave is clearly demonstrated by the depiction of the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree "Bodhi Tree") inside its specially built temple at [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya "Bodh Gaya"), a regular scene of Buddhist since the reliefs of [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi"). The depiction of the Buddha in meditation in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave") is also characteristically Buddhist. The Buddha already has the attributes, if not the style, of the later "Kapardin" statues, except for the absence of a [halo](/wiki/Halo_%28religious_iconography%29 "Halo (religious iconography)").
[thumb\|center\|upright\=3\|Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", with Buddha and [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree "Bodhi Tree") in the center of each side, dated 50\-100 CE, before the Kushan period.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=237–239 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA237 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|title\=Mathura Museum Catalogue \|date\=1910 \|page\=163 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/MathuraMuseumCatalogue/page/n233}} The Buddha is attended by Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra") on the side of the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave").](/wiki/File:Indrasala_architrave%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg "Indrasala architrave, Mathura Museum.jpg")
##### Vedic deities
Besides the hero cult of the [Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes "Vrishni heroes") or the cross\-sectarian cult of the [Yakshas](/wiki/Yakshas "Yakshas"), [Hindu art](/wiki/Hindu_art "Hindu art") only started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time.{{cite journal \|last1\=Paul \|first1\=Pran Gopal \|last2\=Paul \|first2\=Debjani \|title\=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations \|journal\=East and West \|date\=1989 \|volume\=39 \|issue\=1/4 \|page\=125 \|issn\=0012\-8376\|jstor\=29756891 }} The three Vedic gods [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra"), [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma "Brahma") and [Surya](/wiki/Surya "Surya") were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form [but only through his symbols](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism "Aniconism in Buddhism"), such as the scenes of his Birth, his [Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven](/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba "Trāyastriṃśa"), or his retreat in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave"). These Vedic deities appear in Buddhist reliefs at Mathura from around the 1st century CE, such as [Indra attending the Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg "Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg") at [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave"), where Indra is shown with a [mitre](/wiki/Mitre "Mitre")\-like crown, and joining hands.
##### Early "Kapardin" statuary (end of 1st century CE)
{{multiple image\|perrow\=2\|total\_width\=350\|caption\_align\=center
\| align \= right
\| direction \=horizontal
\| header\=Early "Kapardin" statuary
\| image1 \= Mathura Katra fragment A\-66\.jpg
\| caption1 \= Katra fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda (\[\[File:Mathura Katra fragment A\-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg\|70px]] ''Naṃdaye Kshatrapa'').For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal \|last1\=Myer \|first1\=Prudence R. \|title\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|date\=1986 \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=121–123 \|doi\=10\.2307/3249969 \|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249969 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=Heinrich \|title\=Mathura Inscriptions \|date\=1960 \|pages\=31–32 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.108369/page/n37}}
\| image2 \= Amohaasi\_Bodhisattva,\_Mathura.jpg
\| caption2 \= "Katra Bodhisattava stele" with inscription, dated to the Northern Satraps period.
\| footer\=
}}
The earliest types of "Kapardin" statuary (named after the "kapardin", the characteristic tuft of coiled hair of the Buddha) showing the Buddha with attendants are thought to be pre\-Kushan, dating to the time of the "Kshatrapas" or
Northern Satraps. Various broken bases of Buddha statues with inscriptions have been attributed to the Kshatrapas. A fragment of such a stele was found with the mention of the name of the donor as a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda who dedicated the Bodhisattva image "for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the [Sarvastivadas](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada")", and it is considered as contemporary with the famous "Katra stele".{{cite journal \|last1\=Myer \|first1\=Prudence R. \|title\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|date\=1986 \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=111–113 \|doi\=10\.2307/3249969 \|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249969 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=Heinrich \|title\=Mathura Inscriptions \|date\=1960 \|pages\=31–32 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.108369/page/n37}}
One of these early examples shows the Buddha being worshipped by the Gods [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma "Brahma") and [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra").
The famous "Katra Bodhisattava stele" is the only fully intact image of a "Kapardin" Bodhisattva remaining from the Kshatrapa period, and is considered as the foundation type of the "Kapardin" Buddha imagery, and is the "classical statement of the type".
In conclusion, the canonical type of the seated Bodhisattva with attendants commonly known as the "Kapardin" type, seems to have developed during the time the [Indo\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian "Indo-Scythian") Northern Satraps were still ruling in Mathura, before the arrival of the Kushans.{{cite journal \|last1\=Myer \|first1\=Prudence R. \|title\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|date\=1986 \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|page\=114 \|doi\=10\.2307/3249969 \|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249969 }} This type continued during the Kushan period, down to the time of [Huvishka](/wiki/Huvishka "Huvishka"), before being overtaken by fully\-dressed types of Buddha statuary depicting the Buddha wearing the monastic coat "Samghati".
### Coinage of the Northern Satraps
File:Hagamasha.jpg\|Coin of satrap Hagamasha. '''Obv.''' Horse to the left. '''Rev.''' Standing figure with symbols, legend ''Khatapasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.
File:Hagana and Hagamasha.jpg\|Joint coin of Hagana and Hagamasha. '''Obv.''': Horse to left. '''Rev.''' Thunderbolt, legend ''Khatapāna Hagānasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.
File:Rajuvula\_coin\_with\_Greek\_legend.jpg\|Coin of \[\[Rajuvula]], c. 10 CE
File:Bhadrayasha\_coin.jpg\|Coin of \[\[Bhadrayasha]], early 1st century CE
File:Sodasa\_coin\_from\_Mathura.jpg\|Coin of \[\[Sodasa]], early 1st century CE
|
[
"Art of Mathura under the Northern Satraps (circa 60 BCE\\-90 CE)\n---------------------------------------------------------------",
"{{main\\|Art of Mathura}}\nFrom around 70 BCE, the region of Mathura fell to the [Indo\\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian \"Indo-Scythian\") Northern Satraps under [Hagamasha](/wiki/Hagamasha \"Hagamasha\"), [Hagana](/wiki/Hagana \"Hagana\") and then [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula \"Rajuvula\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=9–10 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA9 \\|language\\=en}} During this time, Mathura is described as \"a great center of [Śaka](/wiki/Indo-Scythians \"Indo-Scythians\") culture in India\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Paul \\|first1\\=Pran Gopal \\|last2\\=Paul \\|first2\\=Debjani \\|title\\=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations \\|journal\\=East and West \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=1/4 \\|date\\=1989 \\|pages\\=130 \\|jstor\\=29756891 }} Little is known precisely from that period on terms of artistic creation. The Indo\\-Scythian [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula \"Rajuvula\"), ruler of Mathura, created coins which were copies of the contemporary [Indo\\-Greek](/wiki/Indo-Greek \"Indo-Greek\") ruler [Strato II](/wiki/Strato_II \"Strato II\"), with effigy of the king and representation of [Athena](/wiki/Athena \"Athena\") on the obverse.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Rosenfield \\|first1\\=John M. \\|title\\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \\|date\\=1967 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|page\\=135 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=udnBkQhzHH4C\\&pg\\=PA135 \\|language\\=en}} Indo\\-Scythians are known to have sponsored Buddhism, but also other religions, as visible from their inscriptions and archaeological remains in northwestern and western India, as well as from their contributions to pre\\-Kushana sculpture in Mathura.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Neelis \\|first1\\=Jason \\|title\\=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks \\- PDF \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=Brill \\|location\\=Boston \\|page\\=110 \\|url\\=https://docplayer.net/54757333\\-Early\\-buddhist\\-transmission\\-and\\-trade\\-networks.html\\#show\\_full\\_text}} Mathura became part of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire \"Kushan Empire\") from the reign of [Vima Kadphises](/wiki/Vima_Kadphises \"Vima Kadphises\") (90\\-100 CE) and then became the southern capital of the Kushan Empire.",
"### End of 1st century BCE",
"{{See also\\|Mathura lion capital}}\n[thumb\\|The [Mathura lion capital](/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital \"Mathura lion capital\") on display in the Sir [Joseph Hotung](/wiki/Joseph_Hotung \"Joseph Hotung\") Gallery for China and South Asia, at the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\").](/wiki/File:Mathura_lion_capital%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg \"Mathura lion capital, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg\")\nSome works of art dated to the end of the 1st century BCE show very delicate workmanship, such as the sculptures of Yakshis.Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=171 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA171 \\|language\\=en}} At the very end of this period the Indo\\-Scythian ruler [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula \"Rajuvula\") is also known for the famous [Mathura lion capital](/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital \"Mathura lion capital\") which records events of the Indo\\-Scythian dynasty as well as their support of Buddhism. It is also an interesting example of the state of artistic attainment in the city of Mathura at the turn of our era. The capital portrays two lions reminiscent of the lions of the [Pillars of Ashoka](/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka \"Pillars of Ashoka\"), but in a much cruder style. It also displays at its center a Buddhist [triratana](/wiki/Triratana \"Triratana\") symbol, further confirming the involvement of Indo\\-Scythian rulers with Buddhism. The triratna is contained in a [flame palmette](/wiki/Flame_palmette \"Flame palmette\"), an element of Hellenistic iconography, and an example of [Hellenistic influence on Indian art](/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art \"Hellenistic influence on Indian art\").",
"The fact that the Mathura lion capital is inscribed in [Kharoshthi](/wiki/Kharoshthi \"Kharoshthi\"), a script used in the far northwest around the area of [Gandhara](/wiki/Gandhara \"Gandhara\"), attests to the presence of northwestern artists at that time in Mathura.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bracey \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd\\-24th March, 2017 \\|date\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford \\|page\\=143 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}}",
"File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\\.2\\.2 (1 of 7\\).jpg\\|Yashi with onlookers, dated 20 BCE.\\<ref\\>Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=Fig.200\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA171\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\\.2\\.2 (2 of 7\\).jpg\\|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.\nFile:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\\.2\\.2 (3 of 7\\).jpg\\|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.\nFile:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85\\.2\\.2 (6 of 7\\).jpg\\|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.",
"",
"### Mathura sculpture styles in the 1st century CE",
"The abundance of dedicatory inscriptions in the name of [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa \"Sodasa\"), the [Indo\\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian \"Indo-Scythian\") ruler of Mathura, and son of [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula \"Rajuvula\") (eight such inscriptions are known, often on sculptural works),{{cite book \\|last1\\=Śrivastava \\|first1\\=Vijai Shankar \\|title\\=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume \\|date\\=1981 \\|publisher\\=Abhinav Publications \\|isbn\\=9780391023581 \\|page\\=95 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nKJiBUFrmfoC\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA95 \\|language\\=en}} and the fact that Sodasa is known through his coinage as well as through his relations with other Indo\\-Scythian rulers whose dates are known, means that Sodasa functions as a historic marker to ascertain the sculptural styles at Mathura during his rule, in the first half of the 1st century CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=168–179 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA168 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kumar \\|first1\\=Ajit \\|title\\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association \\|journal\\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology \\|date\\=2014 \\|volume\\=2 \\|pages\\=223‐241 \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 \\|language\\=en}} These inscriptions also correspond to some of the first known epigraphical inscriptions in [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\").{{sfn\\|Salomon\\|1998\\|pp\\=86–87}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Damsteegt \\|first1\\=Th \\|title\\=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004057258 \\|page\\=209 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=L9QUAAAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA209 \\|language\\=en}} The next historical marker corresponds to the reign of [Kanishka](/wiki/Kanishka \"Kanishka\") under the Kushans, whose reign began circa 127 CE. The sculptural styles at Mathura during the reign of Sodasa are quite distinctive, and significantly different from the style of the previous period circa 50 BCE, or the styles of the later period of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire \"Kushan Empire\") in the 2nd century CE.",
"#### In\\-the\\-round statuary",
"{{multiple image\\|perrow\\=2\\|total\\_width\\=330\\|caption\\_align\\=center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\=horizontal\n\\| header\\=Mora sculptures (c. 15 CE)\n\\| image1 \\= Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\n\\| image2 \\= Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg\n\\| footer\\=The \\[\\[Mora well inscription]] of Great Satrap \\[\\[Sodasa]] (15 CE) is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to a temple built for the \\[\\[Vrishni heroes]].{{cite book \\|last1\\=Singh \\|first1\\=Upinder \\|title\\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Education India \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-317\\-1120\\-0 \\|page\\=437 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H3lUIIYxWkEC\\&pg\\=PA437 \\|language\\=en}} Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five Vrishni heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, \\[\\[Mathura Museum]].{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-15537\\-4 \\|pages\\=211–213 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA212 \\|language\\=en}}\"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free\\-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''...\" in \"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Agrawala \\|first1\\=Vasudeva Sharana \\|title\\=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D \\|date\\=1965 \\|publisher\\=Prithivi Prakashan \\|page\\=253 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nJo0AQAAIAAJ \\|language\\=en}}This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Rosenfield \\|first1\\=John M. \\|title\\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \\|date\\=1967 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|pages\\=151–152 and Fig.51 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=udnBkQhzHH4C\\&pg\\=PA151 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=H. \\|title\\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \\|date\\=1937 \\|pages\\=199–200 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.56526/page/n237}} Right: Mora carved doorjamb with \\[\\[Scroll (art)\\|grapevine design]], also circa 15 CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=171 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA171 \\|language\\=en}}\n\\| footer\\_align \\= center\n}}\nSeveral examples of in\\-the\\-round statuary have been found from the period of Sodasa, such as the torsos of \"[Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes \"Vrishni heroes\")\", discovered in Mora, about 7 kilometers west of Mathura.Dated 15 CE in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-15537\\-4 \\|pages\\=211–214 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA212 \\|language\\=en}} These statues are mentioned in the [Mora Well Inscription](/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription \"Mora Well Inscription\") nearby, made in the name of the Northern Satrap [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa \"Sodasa\") circa 15 CE, in which they are called *[Bhagavatam](/wiki/Bhagavata \"Bhagavata\")*.{{cite book\\|author\\=Doris Srinivasan\\|title\\=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vZheP9dIX9wC\\&pg\\=PA211 \\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=BRILL Academic\\|isbn\\=90\\-04\\-10758\\-4\\|pages\\=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC \\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL Academic\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-15537\\-4\\|page\\=260}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Lavanya Vemsani \\|title\\=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4fw2DAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA202 \\|year\\=2016\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61069\\-211\\-3\\|pages\\=202–203}} The statue fragments are thought to represent some of the five Vrishni heroes, possibly ancient kings of Mathura later assimilated to [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") and his avatars,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Rosenfield \\|first1\\=John M. \\|title\\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \\|date\\=1967 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|pages\\=151–152 and Fig.51 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=udnBkQhzHH4C\\&pg\\=PA151 \\|language\\=en}} or, equally possible, the five Jain heroes led by [Akrūra](/wiki/Akrura \"Akrura\"), which are well attested in Jain texts. In fact, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross\\-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.",
"The two uninscribed male torsos that were discovered are both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume. They are bare\\-chested but wear a thick necklace, as well as heavy hearrings. The two torsos that were found are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series, which is coherent with the Vrishni interpretation.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=H. \\|title\\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \\|date\\=1937 \\|pages\\=199–200 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.56526/page/n237}} They share some sculptural characteristics with the [Yaksha](/wiki/Yaksha \"Yaksha\") statues found in Mathura and dating to the 2nd and 1st century BCE, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style, but the actual details of style and workmanship clearly belong to the time of Sodasa. The Vrishni statues also are not of the colossal type, as they would only have stood about 1\\.22 meters complete. The Mora Vrishnis function as an artistic benchmark for in\\-the\\-round statues of the period.",
"",
"File:1st Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Torso \\- Circa 1st Century CE \\- ACCN 00\\-B\\-36 \\- Government Museum \\- Mathura 2013\\-02\\-23 4958\\.JPG\\|1st Jaina Tirthankara \\[\\[Rishabhanatha]] torso \\- Circa 1st Century\nFile:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras \\- Circa 1st Century CE \\- ACCN 00\\-B\\-67 \\- Government Museum \\- Mathura 2013\\-02\\-24 6023\\.JPG\\|Four\\-fold Jain image with \\[\\[Suparshvanath]] and three other \\[\\[Tirthankara]]s \\- Circa 1st Century CE\nFile:Goat\\-headed Jain Mother Goddess \\- Circa 1st Century CE \\- ACCN 00\\-E\\-2 \\- Government Museum \\- Mathura 2013\\-02\\-24 5991\\.JPG\\|Goat\\-headed Jain Mother Goddess, circa 1st Century CE",
"",
"#### Jain reliefs",
"{{multiple image\\|perrow\\=2\\|total\\_width\\=230\\|caption\\_align\\=center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\=vertical\n\\| header\\=Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa\n\\| image1 \\= Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Jain \\[\\[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] or \"Amohini relief\", inscribed \"in the reign of Sodasa\", circa 15 CE. \\[\\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.1{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=171 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA171 \\|language\\=en}}\n\\| image2 \\= Mahakshatrapasa Sodasa.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= \\[\\[Brahmi]] inscription in the tablet: \n\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\\|13px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg\\|16px]] \\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg\\|20px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta\\_ashoka\\_s.svg\\|16px]] \n''Mahakṣatrapasa Śodāsa'' \n\"Great \\[\\[Satrap]] \\[\\[Sodasa]]\"\n}}\nMany of the sculptures from this period are related to the [Jain](/wiki/Jain \"Jain\") religion, with numerous relief showing devotional scenes, such as the [Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa](/wiki/Kankali_Tila_tablet_of_Sodasa \"Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa\") in the name of Sodasa. Most of these are votive tablets, called [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\").The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate XIV](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)",
"Jain votive plates, called \"[Ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\")\", are numerous, and some of the earliest ones have been dated to circa 50\\-20 BCE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=403, Fig. 146 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA403 \\|language\\=en}} They were probably prototypes for the first known Mathura images of the Buddha. Many of them were found around the [Kankali Tila](/wiki/Kankali_Tila \"Kankali Tila\") Jain stupa in Mathura.",
"Notable among the design motifs in the [ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\") are the pillar [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 \"Capital (architecture)\") displaying \"Persian\\-Achaemenian\" style, with side volutes, [flame palmettes](/wiki/Flame_palmette \"Flame palmette\"), and recumbent lions or winged sphinxes.The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate VII](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)\"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\\-Achaemenian style\" in {{cite book \\|title\\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery \\|date\\=1949 \\|publisher\\=The Museum \\|page\\=18 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=G\\-moE4Cjv50C \\|language\\=en}}",
"",
"File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Arihant (Jainism)\\|Jina]] \\[\\[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE, \\[\\[Lucknow Museum]].\\<ref name\\=\"SRQ200\"\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|pages\\=200–201\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA201\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref name\\=\"books.google.com\"/\\>\nFile:\"Sihanamdika ayagapata\", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25\\-50 CE.jpg\\|\"Sihanāṃdikā ayagapata\", Jain votive plate, dated 25\\-50 CE.\\<ref\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=410, Fig. 156\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA410\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref\\>{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae\\|date\\=2000\\|volume\\=60\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=79–137 Fig.21\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249941\\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249941 }}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Holi relief, Mathura, c1st century CE.jpg\\|Jain votive plaque with \\[\\[Jain stupa]], the \"Vasu Śilāpaṭa\" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from Kankali Tila, Mathura.\\<ref\\>{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae\\|date\\=2000\\|volume\\=60\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=79–137 Fig.26\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249941\\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249941 }}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.\\-1st century CE (18\\.4 x 61\\.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87\\.188\\.5\\.jpg\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|\\[\\[Jain]] relief showing monks of the ''\\[\\[ardhaphalaka]]'' sect. Early 1st century CE.\\<ref\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|pages\\=174–176\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA174\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.jpg\\|Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.\\<ref\\>Dated 15 CE in Fig.222 in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=Fig.222\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA201\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Persian Achaemenian style capitals in Mathura 15\\-50 CE.jpg\\|\"\\[\\[Achaemenid Empire\\|Persian Achaemenian]]\" style \\[\\[capital (architecture)\\|capitals]] appearing in \\[\\[ayagapata]]s, Mathura, 15\\-50 CE.\\<ref\\>\"the massive pillars in the Persian Achaemenian style\" in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Shah\\|first1\\=Chimanlal Jaichand\\|title\\=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.\\-A.D. 526\\|date\\=1932\\|publisher\\=Longmans, Green and co.\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=InkrAAAAIAAJ\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref\\>\"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\\-Achaemenian style\" in {{cite book\\|title\\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery\\|date\\=1949\\|publisher\\=Baroda Museum\\|page\\=18\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=G\\-moE4Cjv50C\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref\\>{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Kumar\\|first1\\=Ajit\\|title\\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association\\|journal\\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology\\|date\\=2014\\|volume\\=2\\|pages\\=223‐241\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Arihant (Jainism)\\|Jina]] \\[\\[Parsvanatha]] (detail of an \\[\\[ayagapata]]), highly similar to the Isapur Buddha, Mathura circa 15 CE, \\[\\[Lucknow Museum]].\\<ref name\\=\"BRILL\"/\\>\\<ref name\\=\"books.google.com\"/\\>\nFile:Sculpture panel showing a Jain stupa and torana, Mathura 75\\-100 CE.jpg\\|''Sivayasa Ayagapata'', with \\[\\[Jain stupa]] fragment, \\[\\[Kankali Tila]], 75\\-100 CE.",
"",
"#### Grapevine and garland designs (circa 15 CE)",
"A decorated doorjamb, the [Vasu doorjamb](/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription \"Vasu Doorjamb Inscription\"), dedicated to deity [Vāsudeva](/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva \"Vāsudeva\"), also mentions the rule of Sodasa, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb, found in relation with the [Mora well inscription](/wiki/Mora_well_inscription \"Mora well inscription\") in a similar chronological and religious context. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [scrolls of grapevines](/wiki/Scroll_%28art%29 \"Scroll (art)\"). They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures. It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [introduced from the Gandhara area](/wiki/Gandhara_floral_scrolls.jpg \"Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg\") in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the Satrap rulers.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bracey \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd\\-24th March, 2017 \\|date\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford \\|pages\\=142–143 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}} These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura. The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [Hellenistic art](/wiki/Hellenistic_art \"Hellenistic art\").\"Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features.\" in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Sharma \\|first1\\=Ramesh Chandra \\|last2\\=Ghosal \\|first2\\=Pranati \\|title\\=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Indian Institute of Advanced Study \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7305\\-264\\-4 \\|page\\=148 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CMufAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}",
"File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription\\|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to \\[\\[Vāsudeva]] \"in the reign of Sodasa\", \\[\\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \\[\\[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13\\.367\\<ref name\\=\"SRQ171\"/\\>\nFile:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg\\|Reliefs of the \\[\\[Mora well inscription\\|Mora doorjamb]] with \\[\\[Scroll (art)\\|grapevine design]], Mora, near \\[\\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \\[\\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526\\.\\<ref name\\=\"SRQ171\"/\\> Similar scroll designs are known \\[\\[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg\\|from Gandhara]], \\[\\[:File:Pataliputra scroll.jpg\\|from Pataliputra]], and \\[\\[:File:South\\_Arabian\\_\\-\\_Relief\\_with\\_Vines\\_\\-\\_Walters\\_2167\\.jpg\\|from Greco\\-Roman art]].\nFile:Garland bearers and Romaka Jataka 25\\-50 CE Mathura Museum.jpg\\|\\[\\[Garland bearers]] and Buddhist \"Romaka\" \\[\\[Jataka]], in which the Buddha in a previous life was a \\[\\[pigeon]].\\<ref\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-474\\-1930\\-3\\|page\\=226\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rtqvCQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA226\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\> 25\\-50 CE.\\<ref\\>Dated 25\\-50 CE in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=Fig. 288\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA199\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\> Similar \\[\\[garland\\-bearer]] designs are known \\[\\[:File:Peshawar Museum Yakshas and Garlands.jpg\\|from Gandhara]], \\[\\[:File:Amaravati garland bearer.jpg\\|from Amaravati]] and \\[\\[:File:Greco\\-Roman garland bearers.jpg\\|from Greco\\-Roman art]].",
"",
"#### Calligraphy (end 1st century BCE \\- 1st century CE)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.38\\|{{center\\|A sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the Indo\\-Scythians: fragment of the \\[\\[Mirzapur stele inscription]], in the vicinity of \\[\\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE.Buddhist art of Mathurā , Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26 \n\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg\\|16px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\\|22px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\\|13px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\\|22px]] \\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg\\|18px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta\\_ashoka\\_s.svg\\|16px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\\|22px]] \n''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya'' \n\"Of the Lord and Great Satrap \\[\\[Sodasa\\|Śudāsa]]\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Sharma \\|first1\\=Ramesh Chandra \\|title\\=Buddhist art of Mathurā \\|date\\=1984 \\|publisher\\=Agam \\|page\\=26 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5OvVAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}The former calligraphic style would have been: '''𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀫𑀳𑀓𑁆𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀰𑀼𑀤𑀸𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀬'''}}](/wiki/File:Svamisya_Mahakshatrapasya_Sudasasya_%28cleaned%29.jpg \"Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg\")\nThe calligraphy of the [Brahmi script](/wiki/Brahmi_script \"Brahmi script\") had remained virtually unchanged from the time of the [Maurya Empire](/wiki/Maurya_Empire \"Maurya Empire\") to the end of the 1st century BCE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Verma \\|first1\\=Thakur Prasad \\|title\\=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script \\|date\\=1971 \\|pages\\=82–85 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.130329/page/n91}} The Indo\\-Scythians, following their establishment in northern India introduced \"revolutionary changes\" in the way Brahmi was written. In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to Greek. In this new typeface, the letter were \"neat and well\\-formed\". The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle\\-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Salomon \\|first1\\=Richard \\|title\\=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo\\-Aryan Languages \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-535666\\-3 \\|page\\=34 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=XYrG07qQDxkC\\&pg\\=PA34 \\|language\\=en}} This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in Mathura, in association with devotional works of art. This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century. The \"new\\-pen\\-style\" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.",
"#### First images of the Buddha (from circa 15 CE)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|The \"Isapur Buddha\", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [Butkara seated Buddha](/wiki/Butkara_I_stupa_in-situ_seated_Buddha.jpg \"Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg\") statue at the [Butkara Stupa](/wiki/Butkara_Stupa \"Butkara Stupa\"), [Swat](/wiki/Swat_District \"Swat District\")), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=199–206, 204 for the exact date \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA199 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Isapur_Buddha.jpg \"Isapur Buddha.jpg\")\nFrom around the 2nd\\-1st century BCE at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\"), scenes of the life of the Buddha, or sometimes of his previous lives, had been illustrated [without showing the Buddha himself](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism \"Aniconism in Buddhism\"), except for some of his symbols such as the empty throne, or the *Chankrama* pathway.\"This aniconic tradition was shortly to disappear and the iconic types of the Buddha made their sudden appearance apparently simultaneously in the so\\-called Hellenic school of Gandhara and the Indian school of Mathura.\" {{cite book \\|last1\\=Bhattacharyya \\|first1\\=Narendra Nath \\|title\\=Buddhism in the History of Indian Thoughts \\|date\\=1993 \\|publisher\\=Manohar Publishers \\& Distributors \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7304\\-017\\-7 \\|page\\=266 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0PMGAAAAYAAJ \\|language\\=en}} This artistic device ended with the sudden appearance of the Buddha, probably rather simultaneously in [Gandhara](/wiki/Gandhara \"Gandhara\") and [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura \"Mathura\"), at the turn of the millennium.",
"Possibly the first known representation of the Buddha (the [Bimaran casket](/wiki/Bimaran_casket \"Bimaran casket\") and the [Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin](/wiki/Tillya_Tepe_Buddhist_coin \"Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin\") are other candidates), the \"Isapur Buddha\" is also dated on stylistic grounds to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE; he is shown on a relief in a canonical scene known as *\"[Lokapalas](/wiki/Lokapala \"Lokapala\") offer Alms Bowls to the Buddha Sakyamuni\"*.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=199–206 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA199 \\|language\\=en}} The symbolism of this early statue is still tentative, drawing heavily on the earlier, especially Jain, pictural traditions of Mathura, still far from the exuberant standardized designs of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire \"Kushan Empire\"). It is rather unassuming and not yet monumental compared to the Buddha sculptures of the following century, and may represent one of the first attempts to create a human icon, marking an evolution from the splendid aniconic tradition of Buddhist art in respect to the person of the Buddha, which can be seen in the art of [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\") and [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\"). This depiction of the Buddha is highly similar to [Jain](/wiki/Jain \"Jain\") images of the period, such as [the relief](/wiki/Jina_Parsvanatha_ayagapata%2C_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg \"Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\") of [Jina](/wiki/Arihant_%28Jainism%29 \"Arihant (Jainism)\") [Parsvanatha](/wiki/Parsvanatha \"Parsvanatha\") on an [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\"), also dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=201 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA201 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=406, photograph and date \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA406 \\|language\\=en}}",
"It is thought that the images of Jain saints, which can be seen in Mathura from the 1st century BCE, were prototypes for the first Mathura images of the Buddha, since the attitudes are very similar, and the almost transparent very thin garment of the Buddha not much different visually from the nakedness of the [Jinas](/wiki/Jinas \"Jinas\"). Here the Buddha is not wearing the monastic robe which would become characteristic of many of the later Buddha images. The cross\\-legged sitting posture may have derived from earlier reliefs of cross\\-legged ascetics or teachers at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\"), [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\") and [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya \"Bodh Gaya\"). It has also been suggested that the cross\\-legged Buddhas may have derived from the depictions of seated Scythian kings from the northwest, as visible in the coinage of [Maues](/wiki/Maues \"Maues\") (90\\-80 BCE) or [Azes](/wiki/Azes_I \"Azes I\") (57\\-10 BC).\"It has also been suggested that the early seated Buddha images owe something to the first\\-century BC representations of seated kings, as seen on coins of the northwest (nos 27 and 28\\).\" [Maues sitting cross\\-legged](/wiki/Maues_seated_with_elephant_holding_victory_wreath.jpg \"Maues seated with elephant holding victory wreath.jpg\") and [Azes sitting cross\\-legged](/wiki/Coin_of_the_Indian-Scythian_king_Azes_I.jpg \"Coin of the Indian-Scythian king Azes I.jpg\") in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Errington \\|first1\\=Elizabeth \\|last2\\=Trust \\|first2\\=Ancient India and Iran \\|last3\\=Museum \\|first3\\=Fitzwilliam \\|title\\=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan \\|date\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Ancient India and Iran Trust \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9518399\\-1\\-1 \\|page\\=47 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pfLpAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}",
"There has been a recurring debate about the exact identity of these Mathura statues, some claiming that they are only statues of [Bodhisattavas](/wiki/Bodhisattava \"Bodhisattava\"), which is indeed the exact term used in most of the inscriptions of the statues found in Mathura. Only one or two statues of the Mathura type are known to mention the Buddha himself.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Rhi \\|first1\\=Ju\\-Hyung \\|title\\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=3/4 \\|date\\=1994 \\|pages\\=207–225 \\|jstor\\=3250056 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3250056 }} This could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, otherwise known as [aniconism in Buddhism](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism \"Aniconism in Buddhism\"), expressed in the *[Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\") [vinaya](/wiki/Vinaya \"Vinaya\")* (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\")): *\"\"Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?\" The Buddha answered: \"You may make an image of the Bodhisattava\"\"*.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Rhi \\|first1\\=Ju\\-Hyung \\|title\\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=3/4 \\|date\\=1994 \\|pages\\=220–221 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3250056 \\|jstor\\=3250056 }} However the scenes in the Isapur Buddha and the later [Indrasala Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg \"Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg\") (dated 50\\-100 CE), refer to events which are considered to have happened *after* the Buddha's enlightenment, and therefore probably represent the Buddha rather than his younger self as a Bodhisattava, or a simple attendant Bodhisattva.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=237, text and note 30 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA237 \\|language\\=en}}",
"##### Other reliefs",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|\"Indrasala architrave\", detail of the Buddha in [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\"), attended by the Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\"). 50\\-100 CE.](/wiki/File:The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg \"The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg\")\nThe Buddhist \"Indrasala architrave\", dated 50\\-100 CE, with a scene of the Buddha at the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\") being attended by [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\"), and a scene of devotion to the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree \"Bodhi Tree\") on the other side, is another example of the still hesitant handling of the human icon of the Buddha in the Buddhist art of Mathura. The Buddhist character of this architrave is clearly demonstrated by the depiction of the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree \"Bodhi Tree\") inside its specially built temple at [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya \"Bodh Gaya\"), a regular scene of Buddhist since the reliefs of [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\"). The depiction of the Buddha in meditation in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\") is also characteristically Buddhist. The Buddha already has the attributes, if not the style, of the later \"Kapardin\" statues, except for the absence of a [halo](/wiki/Halo_%28religious_iconography%29 \"Halo (religious iconography)\").",
"[thumb\\|center\\|upright\\=3\\|Buddhist \"Indrasala architrave\", with Buddha and [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree \"Bodhi Tree\") in the center of each side, dated 50\\-100 CE, before the Kushan period.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=237–239 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA237 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Mathura Museum Catalogue \\|date\\=1910 \\|page\\=163 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/MathuraMuseumCatalogue/page/n233}} The Buddha is attended by Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\") on the side of the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\").](/wiki/File:Indrasala_architrave%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg \"Indrasala architrave, Mathura Museum.jpg\")",
"##### Vedic deities",
"Besides the hero cult of the [Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes \"Vrishni heroes\") or the cross\\-sectarian cult of the [Yakshas](/wiki/Yakshas \"Yakshas\"), [Hindu art](/wiki/Hindu_art \"Hindu art\") only started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Paul \\|first1\\=Pran Gopal \\|last2\\=Paul \\|first2\\=Debjani \\|title\\=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations \\|journal\\=East and West \\|date\\=1989 \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=1/4 \\|page\\=125 \\|issn\\=0012\\-8376\\|jstor\\=29756891 }} The three Vedic gods [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\"), [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma \"Brahma\") and [Surya](/wiki/Surya \"Surya\") were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form [but only through his symbols](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism \"Aniconism in Buddhism\"), such as the scenes of his Birth, his [Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven](/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba \"Trāyastriṃśa\"), or his retreat in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\"). These Vedic deities appear in Buddhist reliefs at Mathura from around the 1st century CE, such as [Indra attending the Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg \"Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg\") at [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\"), where Indra is shown with a [mitre](/wiki/Mitre \"Mitre\")\\-like crown, and joining hands.",
"##### Early \"Kapardin\" statuary (end of 1st century CE)",
"{{multiple image\\|perrow\\=2\\|total\\_width\\=350\\|caption\\_align\\=center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\=horizontal\n\\| header\\=Early \"Kapardin\" statuary\n\\| image1 \\= Mathura Katra fragment A\\-66\\.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Katra fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a \"Kshatrapa lady\" named Naṃda (\\[\\[File:Mathura Katra fragment A\\-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg\\|70px]] ''Naṃdaye Kshatrapa'').For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal \\|last1\\=Myer \\|first1\\=Prudence R. \\|title\\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=121–123 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249969 \\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249969 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=Heinrich \\|title\\=Mathura Inscriptions \\|date\\=1960 \\|pages\\=31–32 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.108369/page/n37}}\n\\| image2 \\= Amohaasi\\_Bodhisattva,\\_Mathura.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= \"Katra Bodhisattava stele\" with inscription, dated to the Northern Satraps period.\n\\| footer\\=\n}}\nThe earliest types of \"Kapardin\" statuary (named after the \"kapardin\", the characteristic tuft of coiled hair of the Buddha) showing the Buddha with attendants are thought to be pre\\-Kushan, dating to the time of the \"Kshatrapas\" or \nNorthern Satraps. Various broken bases of Buddha statues with inscriptions have been attributed to the Kshatrapas. A fragment of such a stele was found with the mention of the name of the donor as a \"Kshatrapa lady\" named Naṃda who dedicated the Bodhisattva image \"for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the [Sarvastivadas](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\")\", and it is considered as contemporary with the famous \"Katra stele\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Myer \\|first1\\=Prudence R. \\|title\\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=111–113 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249969 \\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249969 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=Heinrich \\|title\\=Mathura Inscriptions \\|date\\=1960 \\|pages\\=31–32 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.108369/page/n37}}",
"One of these early examples shows the Buddha being worshipped by the Gods [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma \"Brahma\") and [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\").",
"The famous \"Katra Bodhisattava stele\" is the only fully intact image of a \"Kapardin\" Bodhisattva remaining from the Kshatrapa period, and is considered as the foundation type of the \"Kapardin\" Buddha imagery, and is the \"classical statement of the type\".",
"In conclusion, the canonical type of the seated Bodhisattva with attendants commonly known as the \"Kapardin\" type, seems to have developed during the time the [Indo\\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian \"Indo-Scythian\") Northern Satraps were still ruling in Mathura, before the arrival of the Kushans.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Myer \\|first1\\=Prudence R. \\|title\\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=114 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249969 \\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249969 }} This type continued during the Kushan period, down to the time of [Huvishka](/wiki/Huvishka \"Huvishka\"), before being overtaken by fully\\-dressed types of Buddha statuary depicting the Buddha wearing the monastic coat \"Samghati\".",
"### Coinage of the Northern Satraps",
"",
"File:Hagamasha.jpg\\|Coin of satrap Hagamasha. '''Obv.''' Horse to the left. '''Rev.''' Standing figure with symbols, legend ''Khatapasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.\nFile:Hagana and Hagamasha.jpg\\|Joint coin of Hagana and Hagamasha. '''Obv.''': Horse to left. '''Rev.''' Thunderbolt, legend ''Khatapāna Hagānasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.\nFile:Rajuvula\\_coin\\_with\\_Greek\\_legend.jpg\\|Coin of \\[\\[Rajuvula]], c. 10 CE\nFile:Bhadrayasha\\_coin.jpg\\|Coin of \\[\\[Bhadrayasha]], early 1st century CE\nFile:Sodasa\\_coin\\_from\\_Mathura.jpg\\|Coin of \\[\\[Sodasa]], early 1st century CE",
"",
""
] |
### Mathura sculpture styles in the 1st century CE
The abundance of dedicatory inscriptions in the name of [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa "Sodasa"), the [Indo\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian "Indo-Scythian") ruler of Mathura, and son of [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula "Rajuvula") (eight such inscriptions are known, often on sculptural works),{{cite book \|last1\=Śrivastava \|first1\=Vijai Shankar \|title\=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume \|date\=1981 \|publisher\=Abhinav Publications \|isbn\=9780391023581 \|page\=95 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nKJiBUFrmfoC\&pg\=RA1\-PA95 \|language\=en}} and the fact that Sodasa is known through his coinage as well as through his relations with other Indo\-Scythian rulers whose dates are known, means that Sodasa functions as a historic marker to ascertain the sculptural styles at Mathura during his rule, in the first half of the 1st century CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=168–179 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA168 \|language\=en}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Kumar \|first1\=Ajit \|title\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association \|journal\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology \|date\=2014 \|volume\=2 \|pages\=223‐241 \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 \|language\=en}} These inscriptions also correspond to some of the first known epigraphical inscriptions in [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit").{{sfn\|Salomon\|1998\|pp\=86–87}}{{cite book \|last1\=Damsteegt \|first1\=Th \|title\=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit \|date\=1978 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004057258 \|page\=209 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=L9QUAAAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA209 \|language\=en}} The next historical marker corresponds to the reign of [Kanishka](/wiki/Kanishka "Kanishka") under the Kushans, whose reign began circa 127 CE. The sculptural styles at Mathura during the reign of Sodasa are quite distinctive, and significantly different from the style of the previous period circa 50 BCE, or the styles of the later period of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire "Kushan Empire") in the 2nd century CE.
#### In\-the\-round statuary
{{multiple image\|perrow\=2\|total\_width\=330\|caption\_align\=center
\| align \= right
\| direction \=horizontal
\| header\=Mora sculptures (c. 15 CE)
\| image1 \= Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg
\| image2 \= Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg
\| footer\=The \[\[Mora well inscription]] of Great Satrap \[\[Sodasa]] (15 CE) is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to a temple built for the \[\[Vrishni heroes]].{{cite book \|last1\=Singh \|first1\=Upinder \|title\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Pearson Education India \|isbn\=978\-81\-317\-1120\-0 \|page\=437 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H3lUIIYxWkEC\&pg\=PA437 \|language\=en}} Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five Vrishni heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, \[\[Mathura Museum]].{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-15537\-4 \|pages\=211–213 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA212 \|language\=en}}"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free\-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''..." in "{{cite book \|last1\=Agrawala \|first1\=Vasudeva Sharana \|title\=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D \|date\=1965 \|publisher\=Prithivi Prakashan \|page\=253 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nJo0AQAAIAAJ \|language\=en}}This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book \|last1\=Rosenfield \|first1\=John M. \|title\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \|date\=1967 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|pages\=151–152 and Fig.51 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=udnBkQhzHH4C\&pg\=PA151 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=H. \|title\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \|date\=1937 \|pages\=199–200 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.56526/page/n237}} Right: Mora carved doorjamb with \[\[Scroll (art)\|grapevine design]], also circa 15 CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=171 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA171 \|language\=en}}
\| footer\_align \= center
}}
Several examples of in\-the\-round statuary have been found from the period of Sodasa, such as the torsos of "[Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes "Vrishni heroes")", discovered in Mora, about 7 kilometers west of Mathura.Dated 15 CE in {{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-15537\-4 \|pages\=211–214 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA212 \|language\=en}} These statues are mentioned in the [Mora Well Inscription](/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription "Mora Well Inscription") nearby, made in the name of the Northern Satrap [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa "Sodasa") circa 15 CE, in which they are called *[Bhagavatam](/wiki/Bhagavata "Bhagavata")*.{{cite book\|author\=Doris Srinivasan\|title\=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vZheP9dIX9wC\&pg\=PA211 \|year\=1997\|publisher\=BRILL Academic\|isbn\=90\-04\-10758\-4\|pages\=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}{{cite book\|author\=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC \|year\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL Academic\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-15537\-4\|page\=260}}{{cite book\|author\=Lavanya Vemsani \|title\=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4fw2DAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA202 \|year\=2016\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|isbn\=978\-1\-61069\-211\-3\|pages\=202–203}} The statue fragments are thought to represent some of the five Vrishni heroes, possibly ancient kings of Mathura later assimilated to [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") and his avatars,{{cite book \|last1\=Rosenfield \|first1\=John M. \|title\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \|date\=1967 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|pages\=151–152 and Fig.51 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=udnBkQhzHH4C\&pg\=PA151 \|language\=en}} or, equally possible, the five Jain heroes led by [Akrūra](/wiki/Akrura "Akrura"), which are well attested in Jain texts. In fact, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross\-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.
The two uninscribed male torsos that were discovered are both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume. They are bare\-chested but wear a thick necklace, as well as heavy hearrings. The two torsos that were found are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series, which is coherent with the Vrishni interpretation.{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=H. \|title\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \|date\=1937 \|pages\=199–200 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.56526/page/n237}} They share some sculptural characteristics with the [Yaksha](/wiki/Yaksha "Yaksha") statues found in Mathura and dating to the 2nd and 1st century BCE, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style, but the actual details of style and workmanship clearly belong to the time of Sodasa. The Vrishni statues also are not of the colossal type, as they would only have stood about 1\.22 meters complete. The Mora Vrishnis function as an artistic benchmark for in\-the\-round statues of the period.
File:1st Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Torso \- Circa 1st Century CE \- ACCN 00\-B\-36 \- Government Museum \- Mathura 2013\-02\-23 4958\.JPG\|1st Jaina Tirthankara \[\[Rishabhanatha]] torso \- Circa 1st Century
File:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras \- Circa 1st Century CE \- ACCN 00\-B\-67 \- Government Museum \- Mathura 2013\-02\-24 6023\.JPG\|Four\-fold Jain image with \[\[Suparshvanath]] and three other \[\[Tirthankara]]s \- Circa 1st Century CE
File:Goat\-headed Jain Mother Goddess \- Circa 1st Century CE \- ACCN 00\-E\-2 \- Government Museum \- Mathura 2013\-02\-24 5991\.JPG\|Goat\-headed Jain Mother Goddess, circa 1st Century CE
#### Jain reliefs
{{multiple image\|perrow\=2\|total\_width\=230\|caption\_align\=center
\| align \= right
\| direction \=vertical
\| header\=Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa
\| image1 \= Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg
\| caption1 \= Jain \[\[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] or "Amohini relief", inscribed "in the reign of Sodasa", circa 15 CE. \[\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.1{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=171 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA171 \|language\=en}}
\| image2 \= Mahakshatrapasa Sodasa.jpg
\| caption2 \= \[\[Brahmi]] inscription in the tablet:
\[\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\|13px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg\|16px]] \[\[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg\|20px]]\[\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta\_ashoka\_s.svg\|16px]]
''Mahakṣatrapasa Śodāsa''
"Great \[\[Satrap]] \[\[Sodasa]]"
}}
Many of the sculptures from this period are related to the [Jain](/wiki/Jain "Jain") religion, with numerous relief showing devotional scenes, such as the [Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa](/wiki/Kankali_Tila_tablet_of_Sodasa "Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa") in the name of Sodasa. Most of these are votive tablets, called [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata").The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate XIV](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)
Jain votive plates, called "[Ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata")", are numerous, and some of the earliest ones have been dated to circa 50\-20 BCE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=403, Fig. 146 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA403 \|language\=en}} They were probably prototypes for the first known Mathura images of the Buddha. Many of them were found around the [Kankali Tila](/wiki/Kankali_Tila "Kankali Tila") Jain stupa in Mathura.
Notable among the design motifs in the [ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata") are the pillar [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 "Capital (architecture)") displaying "Persian\-Achaemenian" style, with side volutes, [flame palmettes](/wiki/Flame_palmette "Flame palmette"), and recumbent lions or winged sphinxes.The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate VII](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book \|title\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery \|date\=1949 \|publisher\=The Museum \|page\=18 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=G\-moE4Cjv50C \|language\=en}}
File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\|The \[\[Arihant (Jainism)\|Jina]] \[\[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE, \[\[Lucknow Museum]].\<ref name\="SRQ200"\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|pages\=200–201\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA201\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref name\="books.google.com"/\>
File:"Sihanamdika ayagapata", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25\-50 CE.jpg\|"Sihanāṃdikā ayagapata", Jain votive plate, dated 25\-50 CE.\<ref\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=410, Fig. 156\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA410\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref\>{{cite journal\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\|journal\=Artibus Asiae\|date\=2000\|volume\=60\|issue\=1\|pages\=79–137 Fig.21\|doi\=10\.2307/3249941\|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249941 }}\</ref\>
File:Holi relief, Mathura, c1st century CE.jpg\|Jain votive plaque with \[\[Jain stupa]], the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from Kankali Tila, Mathura.\<ref\>{{cite journal\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\|journal\=Artibus Asiae\|date\=2000\|volume\=60\|issue\=1\|pages\=79–137 Fig.26\|doi\=10\.2307/3249941\|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249941 }}\</ref\>
File:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.\-1st century CE (18\.4 x 61\.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87\.188\.5\.jpg\|upright\=1\.5\|\[\[Jain]] relief showing monks of the ''\[\[ardhaphalaka]]'' sect. Early 1st century CE.\<ref\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|pages\=174–176\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA174\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.jpg\|Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.\<ref\>Dated 15 CE in Fig.222 in {{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=Fig.222\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA201\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Persian Achaemenian style capitals in Mathura 15\-50 CE.jpg\|"\[\[Achaemenid Empire\|Persian Achaemenian]]" style \[\[capital (architecture)\|capitals]] appearing in \[\[ayagapata]]s, Mathura, 15\-50 CE.\<ref\>"the massive pillars in the Persian Achaemenian style" in {{cite book\|last1\=Shah\|first1\=Chimanlal Jaichand\|title\=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.\-A.D. 526\|date\=1932\|publisher\=Longmans, Green and co.\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=InkrAAAAIAAJ\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref\>"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book\|title\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery\|date\=1949\|publisher\=Baroda Museum\|page\=18\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=G\-moE4Cjv50C\|language\=en}}\</ref\>\<ref\>{{cite journal\|last1\=Kumar\|first1\=Ajit\|title\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association\|journal\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology\|date\=2014\|volume\=2\|pages\=223‐241\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709\|language\=en}}\</ref\>
File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\|The \[\[Arihant (Jainism)\|Jina]] \[\[Parsvanatha]] (detail of an \[\[ayagapata]]), highly similar to the Isapur Buddha, Mathura circa 15 CE, \[\[Lucknow Museum]].\<ref name\="BRILL"/\>\<ref name\="books.google.com"/\>
File:Sculpture panel showing a Jain stupa and torana, Mathura 75\-100 CE.jpg\|''Sivayasa Ayagapata'', with \[\[Jain stupa]] fragment, \[\[Kankali Tila]], 75\-100 CE.
#### Grapevine and garland designs (circa 15 CE)
A decorated doorjamb, the [Vasu doorjamb](/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription "Vasu Doorjamb Inscription"), dedicated to deity [Vāsudeva](/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva "Vāsudeva"), also mentions the rule of Sodasa, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb, found in relation with the [Mora well inscription](/wiki/Mora_well_inscription "Mora well inscription") in a similar chronological and religious context. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [scrolls of grapevines](/wiki/Scroll_%28art%29 "Scroll (art)"). They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures. It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [introduced from the Gandhara area](/wiki/Gandhara_floral_scrolls.jpg "Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg") in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the Satrap rulers.{{cite book \|last1\=Bracey \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd\-24th March, 2017 \|date\=2018 \|publisher\=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford \|pages\=142–143 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}} These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura. The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [Hellenistic art](/wiki/Hellenistic_art "Hellenistic art")."Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features." in {{cite book \|last1\=Sharma \|first1\=Ramesh Chandra \|last2\=Ghosal \|first2\=Pranati \|title\=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=Indian Institute of Advanced Study \|isbn\=978\-81\-7305\-264\-4 \|page\=148 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CMufAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}
File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg\|The \[\[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription\|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to \[\[Vāsudeva]] "in the reign of Sodasa", \[\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \[\[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13\.367\<ref name\="SRQ171"/\>
File:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg\|Reliefs of the \[\[Mora well inscription\|Mora doorjamb]] with \[\[Scroll (art)\|grapevine design]], Mora, near \[\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \[\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526\.\<ref name\="SRQ171"/\> Similar scroll designs are known \[\[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg\|from Gandhara]], \[\[:File:Pataliputra scroll.jpg\|from Pataliputra]], and \[\[:File:South\_Arabian\_\-\_Relief\_with\_Vines\_\-\_Walters\_2167\.jpg\|from Greco\-Roman art]].
File:Garland bearers and Romaka Jataka 25\-50 CE Mathura Museum.jpg\|\[\[Garland bearers]] and Buddhist "Romaka" \[\[Jataka]], in which the Buddha in a previous life was a \[\[pigeon]].\<ref\>{{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=978\-90\-474\-1930\-3\|page\=226\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rtqvCQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA226\|language\=en}}\</ref\> 25\-50 CE.\<ref\>Dated 25\-50 CE in {{cite book\|last1\=Quintanilla\|first1\=Sonya Rhie\|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE\|date\=2007\|publisher\=BRILL\|isbn\=9789004155374\|page\=Fig. 288\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA199\|language\=en}}\</ref\> Similar \[\[garland\-bearer]] designs are known \[\[:File:Peshawar Museum Yakshas and Garlands.jpg\|from Gandhara]], \[\[:File:Amaravati garland bearer.jpg\|from Amaravati]] and \[\[:File:Greco\-Roman garland bearers.jpg\|from Greco\-Roman art]].
#### Calligraphy (end 1st century BCE \- 1st century CE)
[thumb\|upright\=1\.38\|{{center\|A sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the Indo\-Scythians: fragment of the \[\[Mirzapur stele inscription]], in the vicinity of \[\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE.Buddhist art of Mathurā , Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26
\[\[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg\|16px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\|22px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\|15px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\|13px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\|22px]] \[\[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg\|18px]]\[\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\|12px]]\[\[File:Gupta\_ashoka\_s.svg\|16px]]\[\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\|22px]]
''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya''
"Of the Lord and Great Satrap \[\[Sodasa\|Śudāsa]]"{{cite book \|last1\=Sharma \|first1\=Ramesh Chandra \|title\=Buddhist art of Mathurā \|date\=1984 \|publisher\=Agam \|page\=26 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5OvVAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}The former calligraphic style would have been: '''𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀫𑀳𑀓𑁆𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀰𑀼𑀤𑀸𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀬'''}}](/wiki/File:Svamisya_Mahakshatrapasya_Sudasasya_%28cleaned%29.jpg "Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg")
The calligraphy of the [Brahmi script](/wiki/Brahmi_script "Brahmi script") had remained virtually unchanged from the time of the [Maurya Empire](/wiki/Maurya_Empire "Maurya Empire") to the end of the 1st century BCE.{{cite book \|last1\=Verma \|first1\=Thakur Prasad \|title\=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script \|date\=1971 \|pages\=82–85 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.130329/page/n91}} The Indo\-Scythians, following their establishment in northern India introduced "revolutionary changes" in the way Brahmi was written. In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to Greek. In this new typeface, the letter were "neat and well\-formed". The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle\-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke.{{cite book \|last1\=Salomon \|first1\=Richard \|title\=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo\-Aryan Languages \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-535666\-3 \|page\=34 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=XYrG07qQDxkC\&pg\=PA34 \|language\=en}} This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in Mathura, in association with devotional works of art. This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century. The "new\-pen\-style" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.
#### First images of the Buddha (from circa 15 CE)
[thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|The "Isapur Buddha", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [Butkara seated Buddha](/wiki/Butkara_I_stupa_in-situ_seated_Buddha.jpg "Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg") statue at the [Butkara Stupa](/wiki/Butkara_Stupa "Butkara Stupa"), [Swat](/wiki/Swat_District "Swat District")), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=199–206, 204 for the exact date \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA199 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Isapur_Buddha.jpg "Isapur Buddha.jpg")
From around the 2nd\-1st century BCE at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi"), scenes of the life of the Buddha, or sometimes of his previous lives, had been illustrated [without showing the Buddha himself](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism "Aniconism in Buddhism"), except for some of his symbols such as the empty throne, or the *Chankrama* pathway."This aniconic tradition was shortly to disappear and the iconic types of the Buddha made their sudden appearance apparently simultaneously in the so\-called Hellenic school of Gandhara and the Indian school of Mathura." {{cite book \|last1\=Bhattacharyya \|first1\=Narendra Nath \|title\=Buddhism in the History of Indian Thoughts \|date\=1993 \|publisher\=Manohar Publishers \& Distributors \|isbn\=978\-81\-7304\-017\-7 \|page\=266 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0PMGAAAAYAAJ \|language\=en}} This artistic device ended with the sudden appearance of the Buddha, probably rather simultaneously in [Gandhara](/wiki/Gandhara "Gandhara") and [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura "Mathura"), at the turn of the millennium.
Possibly the first known representation of the Buddha (the [Bimaran casket](/wiki/Bimaran_casket "Bimaran casket") and the [Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin](/wiki/Tillya_Tepe_Buddhist_coin "Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin") are other candidates), the "Isapur Buddha" is also dated on stylistic grounds to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE; he is shown on a relief in a canonical scene known as *"[Lokapalas](/wiki/Lokapala "Lokapala") offer Alms Bowls to the Buddha Sakyamuni"*.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=199–206 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA199 \|language\=en}} The symbolism of this early statue is still tentative, drawing heavily on the earlier, especially Jain, pictural traditions of Mathura, still far from the exuberant standardized designs of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire "Kushan Empire"). It is rather unassuming and not yet monumental compared to the Buddha sculptures of the following century, and may represent one of the first attempts to create a human icon, marking an evolution from the splendid aniconic tradition of Buddhist art in respect to the person of the Buddha, which can be seen in the art of [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi") and [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut"). This depiction of the Buddha is highly similar to [Jain](/wiki/Jain "Jain") images of the period, such as [the relief](/wiki/Jina_Parsvanatha_ayagapata%2C_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg "Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg") of [Jina](/wiki/Arihant_%28Jainism%29 "Arihant (Jainism)") [Parsvanatha](/wiki/Parsvanatha "Parsvanatha") on an [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata "Ayagapata"), also dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=201 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA201 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=406, photograph and date \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA406 \|language\=en}}
It is thought that the images of Jain saints, which can be seen in Mathura from the 1st century BCE, were prototypes for the first Mathura images of the Buddha, since the attitudes are very similar, and the almost transparent very thin garment of the Buddha not much different visually from the nakedness of the [Jinas](/wiki/Jinas "Jinas"). Here the Buddha is not wearing the monastic robe which would become characteristic of many of the later Buddha images. The cross\-legged sitting posture may have derived from earlier reliefs of cross\-legged ascetics or teachers at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut"), [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi") and [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya "Bodh Gaya"). It has also been suggested that the cross\-legged Buddhas may have derived from the depictions of seated Scythian kings from the northwest, as visible in the coinage of [Maues](/wiki/Maues "Maues") (90\-80 BCE) or [Azes](/wiki/Azes_I "Azes I") (57\-10 BC)."It has also been suggested that the early seated Buddha images owe something to the first\-century BC representations of seated kings, as seen on coins of the northwest (nos 27 and 28\)." [Maues sitting cross\-legged](/wiki/Maues_seated_with_elephant_holding_victory_wreath.jpg "Maues seated with elephant holding victory wreath.jpg") and [Azes sitting cross\-legged](/wiki/Coin_of_the_Indian-Scythian_king_Azes_I.jpg "Coin of the Indian-Scythian king Azes I.jpg") in {{cite book \|last1\=Errington \|first1\=Elizabeth \|last2\=Trust \|first2\=Ancient India and Iran \|last3\=Museum \|first3\=Fitzwilliam \|title\=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan \|date\=1992 \|publisher\=Ancient India and Iran Trust \|isbn\=978\-0\-9518399\-1\-1 \|page\=47 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pfLpAAAAMAAJ \|language\=en}}
There has been a recurring debate about the exact identity of these Mathura statues, some claiming that they are only statues of [Bodhisattavas](/wiki/Bodhisattava "Bodhisattava"), which is indeed the exact term used in most of the inscriptions of the statues found in Mathura. Only one or two statues of the Mathura type are known to mention the Buddha himself.{{cite journal \|last1\=Rhi \|first1\=Ju\-Hyung \|title\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|volume\=54 \|issue\=3/4 \|date\=1994 \|pages\=207–225 \|jstor\=3250056 \|doi\=10\.2307/3250056 }} This could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, otherwise known as [aniconism in Buddhism](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism "Aniconism in Buddhism"), expressed in the *[Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada") [vinaya](/wiki/Vinaya "Vinaya")* (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada")): *""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava""*.{{cite journal \|last1\=Rhi \|first1\=Ju\-Hyung \|title\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|volume\=54 \|issue\=3/4 \|date\=1994 \|pages\=220–221 \|doi\=10\.2307/3250056 \|jstor\=3250056 }} However the scenes in the Isapur Buddha and the later [Indrasala Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg "Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg") (dated 50\-100 CE), refer to events which are considered to have happened *after* the Buddha's enlightenment, and therefore probably represent the Buddha rather than his younger self as a Bodhisattava, or a simple attendant Bodhisattva.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|page\=237, text and note 30 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA237 \|language\=en}}
##### Other reliefs
[thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|"Indrasala architrave", detail of the Buddha in [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave"), attended by the Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra"). 50\-100 CE.](/wiki/File:The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg "The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg")
The Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", dated 50\-100 CE, with a scene of the Buddha at the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave") being attended by [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra"), and a scene of devotion to the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree "Bodhi Tree") on the other side, is another example of the still hesitant handling of the human icon of the Buddha in the Buddhist art of Mathura. The Buddhist character of this architrave is clearly demonstrated by the depiction of the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree "Bodhi Tree") inside its specially built temple at [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya "Bodh Gaya"), a regular scene of Buddhist since the reliefs of [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut "Bharhut") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi "Sanchi"). The depiction of the Buddha in meditation in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave") is also characteristically Buddhist. The Buddha already has the attributes, if not the style, of the later "Kapardin" statues, except for the absence of a [halo](/wiki/Halo_%28religious_iconography%29 "Halo (religious iconography)").
[thumb\|center\|upright\=3\|Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", with Buddha and [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree "Bodhi Tree") in the center of each side, dated 50\-100 CE, before the Kushan period.{{cite book \|last1\=Quintanilla \|first1\=Sonya Rhie \|title\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \- 100 CE \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=BRILL \|isbn\=9789004155374 \|pages\=237–239 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\&pg\=PA237 \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|title\=Mathura Museum Catalogue \|date\=1910 \|page\=163 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/MathuraMuseumCatalogue/page/n233}} The Buddha is attended by Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra") on the side of the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave").](/wiki/File:Indrasala_architrave%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg "Indrasala architrave, Mathura Museum.jpg")
##### Vedic deities
Besides the hero cult of the [Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes "Vrishni heroes") or the cross\-sectarian cult of the [Yakshas](/wiki/Yakshas "Yakshas"), [Hindu art](/wiki/Hindu_art "Hindu art") only started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time.{{cite journal \|last1\=Paul \|first1\=Pran Gopal \|last2\=Paul \|first2\=Debjani \|title\=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations \|journal\=East and West \|date\=1989 \|volume\=39 \|issue\=1/4 \|page\=125 \|issn\=0012\-8376\|jstor\=29756891 }} The three Vedic gods [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra"), [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma "Brahma") and [Surya](/wiki/Surya "Surya") were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form [but only through his symbols](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism "Aniconism in Buddhism"), such as the scenes of his Birth, his [Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven](/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba "Trāyastriṃśa"), or his retreat in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave"). These Vedic deities appear in Buddhist reliefs at Mathura from around the 1st century CE, such as [Indra attending the Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg "Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg") at [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave "Indrasala Cave"), where Indra is shown with a [mitre](/wiki/Mitre "Mitre")\-like crown, and joining hands.
##### Early "Kapardin" statuary (end of 1st century CE)
{{multiple image\|perrow\=2\|total\_width\=350\|caption\_align\=center
\| align \= right
\| direction \=horizontal
\| header\=Early "Kapardin" statuary
\| image1 \= Mathura Katra fragment A\-66\.jpg
\| caption1 \= Katra fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda (\[\[File:Mathura Katra fragment A\-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg\|70px]] ''Naṃdaye Kshatrapa'').For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal \|last1\=Myer \|first1\=Prudence R. \|title\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|date\=1986 \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=121–123 \|doi\=10\.2307/3249969 \|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249969 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=Heinrich \|title\=Mathura Inscriptions \|date\=1960 \|pages\=31–32 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.108369/page/n37}}
\| image2 \= Amohaasi\_Bodhisattva,\_Mathura.jpg
\| caption2 \= "Katra Bodhisattava stele" with inscription, dated to the Northern Satraps period.
\| footer\=
}}
The earliest types of "Kapardin" statuary (named after the "kapardin", the characteristic tuft of coiled hair of the Buddha) showing the Buddha with attendants are thought to be pre\-Kushan, dating to the time of the "Kshatrapas" or
Northern Satraps. Various broken bases of Buddha statues with inscriptions have been attributed to the Kshatrapas. A fragment of such a stele was found with the mention of the name of the donor as a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda who dedicated the Bodhisattva image "for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the [Sarvastivadas](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada")", and it is considered as contemporary with the famous "Katra stele".{{cite journal \|last1\=Myer \|first1\=Prudence R. \|title\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|date\=1986 \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=111–113 \|doi\=10\.2307/3249969 \|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249969 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Lüders \|first1\=Heinrich \|title\=Mathura Inscriptions \|date\=1960 \|pages\=31–32 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.108369/page/n37}}
One of these early examples shows the Buddha being worshipped by the Gods [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma "Brahma") and [Indra](/wiki/Indra "Indra").
The famous "Katra Bodhisattava stele" is the only fully intact image of a "Kapardin" Bodhisattva remaining from the Kshatrapa period, and is considered as the foundation type of the "Kapardin" Buddha imagery, and is the "classical statement of the type".
In conclusion, the canonical type of the seated Bodhisattva with attendants commonly known as the "Kapardin" type, seems to have developed during the time the [Indo\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian "Indo-Scythian") Northern Satraps were still ruling in Mathura, before the arrival of the Kushans.{{cite journal \|last1\=Myer \|first1\=Prudence R. \|title\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \|journal\=Artibus Asiae \|date\=1986 \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|page\=114 \|doi\=10\.2307/3249969 \|issn\=0004\-3648\|jstor\=3249969 }} This type continued during the Kushan period, down to the time of [Huvishka](/wiki/Huvishka "Huvishka"), before being overtaken by fully\-dressed types of Buddha statuary depicting the Buddha wearing the monastic coat "Samghati".
|
[
"### Mathura sculpture styles in the 1st century CE",
"The abundance of dedicatory inscriptions in the name of [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa \"Sodasa\"), the [Indo\\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian \"Indo-Scythian\") ruler of Mathura, and son of [Rajuvula](/wiki/Rajuvula \"Rajuvula\") (eight such inscriptions are known, often on sculptural works),{{cite book \\|last1\\=Śrivastava \\|first1\\=Vijai Shankar \\|title\\=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume \\|date\\=1981 \\|publisher\\=Abhinav Publications \\|isbn\\=9780391023581 \\|page\\=95 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nKJiBUFrmfoC\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA95 \\|language\\=en}} and the fact that Sodasa is known through his coinage as well as through his relations with other Indo\\-Scythian rulers whose dates are known, means that Sodasa functions as a historic marker to ascertain the sculptural styles at Mathura during his rule, in the first half of the 1st century CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=168–179 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA168 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kumar \\|first1\\=Ajit \\|title\\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association \\|journal\\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology \\|date\\=2014 \\|volume\\=2 \\|pages\\=223‐241 \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 \\|language\\=en}} These inscriptions also correspond to some of the first known epigraphical inscriptions in [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\").{{sfn\\|Salomon\\|1998\\|pp\\=86–87}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Damsteegt \\|first1\\=Th \\|title\\=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004057258 \\|page\\=209 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=L9QUAAAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA209 \\|language\\=en}} The next historical marker corresponds to the reign of [Kanishka](/wiki/Kanishka \"Kanishka\") under the Kushans, whose reign began circa 127 CE. The sculptural styles at Mathura during the reign of Sodasa are quite distinctive, and significantly different from the style of the previous period circa 50 BCE, or the styles of the later period of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire \"Kushan Empire\") in the 2nd century CE.",
"#### In\\-the\\-round statuary",
"{{multiple image\\|perrow\\=2\\|total\\_width\\=330\\|caption\\_align\\=center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\=horizontal\n\\| header\\=Mora sculptures (c. 15 CE)\n\\| image1 \\= Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\n\\| image2 \\= Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg\n\\| footer\\=The \\[\\[Mora well inscription]] of Great Satrap \\[\\[Sodasa]] (15 CE) is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to a temple built for the \\[\\[Vrishni heroes]].{{cite book \\|last1\\=Singh \\|first1\\=Upinder \\|title\\=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Pearson Education India \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-317\\-1120\\-0 \\|page\\=437 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H3lUIIYxWkEC\\&pg\\=PA437 \\|language\\=en}} Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five Vrishni heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, \\[\\[Mathura Museum]].{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-15537\\-4 \\|pages\\=211–213 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA212 \\|language\\=en}}\"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free\\-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''...\" in \"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Agrawala \\|first1\\=Vasudeva Sharana \\|title\\=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D \\|date\\=1965 \\|publisher\\=Prithivi Prakashan \\|page\\=253 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nJo0AQAAIAAJ \\|language\\=en}}This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Rosenfield \\|first1\\=John M. \\|title\\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \\|date\\=1967 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|pages\\=151–152 and Fig.51 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=udnBkQhzHH4C\\&pg\\=PA151 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=H. \\|title\\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \\|date\\=1937 \\|pages\\=199–200 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.56526/page/n237}} Right: Mora carved doorjamb with \\[\\[Scroll (art)\\|grapevine design]], also circa 15 CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=171 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA171 \\|language\\=en}}\n\\| footer\\_align \\= center\n}}\nSeveral examples of in\\-the\\-round statuary have been found from the period of Sodasa, such as the torsos of \"[Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes \"Vrishni heroes\")\", discovered in Mora, about 7 kilometers west of Mathura.Dated 15 CE in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-15537\\-4 \\|pages\\=211–214 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA212 \\|language\\=en}} These statues are mentioned in the [Mora Well Inscription](/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription \"Mora Well Inscription\") nearby, made in the name of the Northern Satrap [Sodasa](/wiki/Sodasa \"Sodasa\") circa 15 CE, in which they are called *[Bhagavatam](/wiki/Bhagavata \"Bhagavata\")*.{{cite book\\|author\\=Doris Srinivasan\\|title\\=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vZheP9dIX9wC\\&pg\\=PA211 \\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=BRILL Academic\\|isbn\\=90\\-04\\-10758\\-4\\|pages\\=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC \\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL Academic\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-15537\\-4\\|page\\=260}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Lavanya Vemsani \\|title\\=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4fw2DAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA202 \\|year\\=2016\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61069\\-211\\-3\\|pages\\=202–203}} The statue fragments are thought to represent some of the five Vrishni heroes, possibly ancient kings of Mathura later assimilated to [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") and his avatars,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Rosenfield \\|first1\\=John M. \\|title\\=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans \\|date\\=1967 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|pages\\=151–152 and Fig.51 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=udnBkQhzHH4C\\&pg\\=PA151 \\|language\\=en}} or, equally possible, the five Jain heroes led by [Akrūra](/wiki/Akrura \"Akrura\"), which are well attested in Jain texts. In fact, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross\\-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.",
"The two uninscribed male torsos that were discovered are both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume. They are bare\\-chested but wear a thick necklace, as well as heavy hearrings. The two torsos that were found are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series, which is coherent with the Vrishni interpretation.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=H. \\|title\\=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 \\|date\\=1937 \\|pages\\=199–200 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.56526/page/n237}} They share some sculptural characteristics with the [Yaksha](/wiki/Yaksha \"Yaksha\") statues found in Mathura and dating to the 2nd and 1st century BCE, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style, but the actual details of style and workmanship clearly belong to the time of Sodasa. The Vrishni statues also are not of the colossal type, as they would only have stood about 1\\.22 meters complete. The Mora Vrishnis function as an artistic benchmark for in\\-the\\-round statues of the period.",
"",
"File:1st Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Torso \\- Circa 1st Century CE \\- ACCN 00\\-B\\-36 \\- Government Museum \\- Mathura 2013\\-02\\-23 4958\\.JPG\\|1st Jaina Tirthankara \\[\\[Rishabhanatha]] torso \\- Circa 1st Century\nFile:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras \\- Circa 1st Century CE \\- ACCN 00\\-B\\-67 \\- Government Museum \\- Mathura 2013\\-02\\-24 6023\\.JPG\\|Four\\-fold Jain image with \\[\\[Suparshvanath]] and three other \\[\\[Tirthankara]]s \\- Circa 1st Century CE\nFile:Goat\\-headed Jain Mother Goddess \\- Circa 1st Century CE \\- ACCN 00\\-E\\-2 \\- Government Museum \\- Mathura 2013\\-02\\-24 5991\\.JPG\\|Goat\\-headed Jain Mother Goddess, circa 1st Century CE",
"",
"#### Jain reliefs",
"{{multiple image\\|perrow\\=2\\|total\\_width\\=230\\|caption\\_align\\=center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\=vertical\n\\| header\\=Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa\n\\| image1 \\= Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Jain \\[\\[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] or \"Amohini relief\", inscribed \"in the reign of Sodasa\", circa 15 CE. \\[\\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.1{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=171 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA171 \\|language\\=en}}\n\\| image2 \\= Mahakshatrapasa Sodasa.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= \\[\\[Brahmi]] inscription in the tablet: \n\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\\|13px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg\\|16px]] \\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg\\|20px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta\\_ashoka\\_s.svg\\|16px]] \n''Mahakṣatrapasa Śodāsa'' \n\"Great \\[\\[Satrap]] \\[\\[Sodasa]]\"\n}}\nMany of the sculptures from this period are related to the [Jain](/wiki/Jain \"Jain\") religion, with numerous relief showing devotional scenes, such as the [Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa](/wiki/Kankali_Tila_tablet_of_Sodasa \"Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa\") in the name of Sodasa. Most of these are votive tablets, called [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\").The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate XIV](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)",
"Jain votive plates, called \"[Ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\")\", are numerous, and some of the earliest ones have been dated to circa 50\\-20 BCE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=403, Fig. 146 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA403 \\|language\\=en}} They were probably prototypes for the first known Mathura images of the Buddha. Many of them were found around the [Kankali Tila](/wiki/Kankali_Tila \"Kankali Tila\") Jain stupa in Mathura.",
"Notable among the design motifs in the [ayagapatas](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\") are the pillar [capitals](/wiki/Capital_%28architecture%29 \"Capital (architecture)\") displaying \"Persian\\-Achaemenian\" style, with side volutes, [flame palmettes](/wiki/Flame_palmette \"Flame palmette\"), and recumbent lions or winged sphinxes.The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [Plate VII](https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140)\"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\\-Achaemenian style\" in {{cite book \\|title\\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery \\|date\\=1949 \\|publisher\\=The Museum \\|page\\=18 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=G\\-moE4Cjv50C \\|language\\=en}}",
"",
"File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Arihant (Jainism)\\|Jina]] \\[\\[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE, \\[\\[Lucknow Museum]].\\<ref name\\=\"SRQ200\"\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|pages\\=200–201\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA201\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref name\\=\"books.google.com\"/\\>\nFile:\"Sihanamdika ayagapata\", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25\\-50 CE.jpg\\|\"Sihanāṃdikā ayagapata\", Jain votive plate, dated 25\\-50 CE.\\<ref\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=410, Fig. 156\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA410\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref\\>{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae\\|date\\=2000\\|volume\\=60\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=79–137 Fig.21\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249941\\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249941 }}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Holi relief, Mathura, c1st century CE.jpg\\|Jain votive plaque with \\[\\[Jain stupa]], the \"Vasu Śilāpaṭa\" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from Kankali Tila, Mathura.\\<ref\\>{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology\\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae\\|date\\=2000\\|volume\\=60\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=79–137 Fig.26\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249941\\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249941 }}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.\\-1st century CE (18\\.4 x 61\\.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87\\.188\\.5\\.jpg\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|\\[\\[Jain]] relief showing monks of the ''\\[\\[ardhaphalaka]]'' sect. Early 1st century CE.\\<ref\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|pages\\=174–176\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA174\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.jpg\\|Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.\\<ref\\>Dated 15 CE in Fig.222 in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=Fig.222\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA201\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Persian Achaemenian style capitals in Mathura 15\\-50 CE.jpg\\|\"\\[\\[Achaemenid Empire\\|Persian Achaemenian]]\" style \\[\\[capital (architecture)\\|capitals]] appearing in \\[\\[ayagapata]]s, Mathura, 15\\-50 CE.\\<ref\\>\"the massive pillars in the Persian Achaemenian style\" in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Shah\\|first1\\=Chimanlal Jaichand\\|title\\=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.\\-A.D. 526\\|date\\=1932\\|publisher\\=Longmans, Green and co.\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=InkrAAAAIAAJ\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref\\>\"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian\\-Achaemenian style\" in {{cite book\\|title\\=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery\\|date\\=1949\\|publisher\\=Baroda Museum\\|page\\=18\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=G\\-moE4Cjv50C\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\\<ref\\>{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Kumar\\|first1\\=Ajit\\|title\\=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association\\|journal\\=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology\\|date\\=2014\\|volume\\=2\\|pages\\=223‐241\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/10237709\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\>\nFile:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Arihant (Jainism)\\|Jina]] \\[\\[Parsvanatha]] (detail of an \\[\\[ayagapata]]), highly similar to the Isapur Buddha, Mathura circa 15 CE, \\[\\[Lucknow Museum]].\\<ref name\\=\"BRILL\"/\\>\\<ref name\\=\"books.google.com\"/\\>\nFile:Sculpture panel showing a Jain stupa and torana, Mathura 75\\-100 CE.jpg\\|''Sivayasa Ayagapata'', with \\[\\[Jain stupa]] fragment, \\[\\[Kankali Tila]], 75\\-100 CE.",
"",
"#### Grapevine and garland designs (circa 15 CE)",
"A decorated doorjamb, the [Vasu doorjamb](/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription \"Vasu Doorjamb Inscription\"), dedicated to deity [Vāsudeva](/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva \"Vāsudeva\"), also mentions the rule of Sodasa, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb, found in relation with the [Mora well inscription](/wiki/Mora_well_inscription \"Mora well inscription\") in a similar chronological and religious context. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [scrolls of grapevines](/wiki/Scroll_%28art%29 \"Scroll (art)\"). They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures. It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [introduced from the Gandhara area](/wiki/Gandhara_floral_scrolls.jpg \"Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg\") in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the Satrap rulers.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bracey \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd\\-24th March, 2017 \\|date\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford \\|pages\\=142–143 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}} These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura. The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [Hellenistic art](/wiki/Hellenistic_art \"Hellenistic art\").\"Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features.\" in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Sharma \\|first1\\=Ramesh Chandra \\|last2\\=Ghosal \\|first2\\=Pranati \\|title\\=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Indian Institute of Advanced Study \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7305\\-264\\-4 \\|page\\=148 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CMufAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}",
"File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription\\|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to \\[\\[Vāsudeva]] \"in the reign of Sodasa\", \\[\\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \\[\\[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13\\.367\\<ref name\\=\"SRQ171\"/\\>\nFile:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg\\|Reliefs of the \\[\\[Mora well inscription\\|Mora doorjamb]] with \\[\\[Scroll (art)\\|grapevine design]], Mora, near \\[\\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. \\[\\[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526\\.\\<ref name\\=\"SRQ171\"/\\> Similar scroll designs are known \\[\\[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg\\|from Gandhara]], \\[\\[:File:Pataliputra scroll.jpg\\|from Pataliputra]], and \\[\\[:File:South\\_Arabian\\_\\-\\_Relief\\_with\\_Vines\\_\\-\\_Walters\\_2167\\.jpg\\|from Greco\\-Roman art]].\nFile:Garland bearers and Romaka Jataka 25\\-50 CE Mathura Museum.jpg\\|\\[\\[Garland bearers]] and Buddhist \"Romaka\" \\[\\[Jataka]], in which the Buddha in a previous life was a \\[\\[pigeon]].\\<ref\\>{{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-474\\-1930\\-3\\|page\\=226\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rtqvCQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA226\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\> 25\\-50 CE.\\<ref\\>Dated 25\\-50 CE in {{cite book\\|last1\\=Quintanilla\\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie\\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=BRILL\\|isbn\\=9789004155374\\|page\\=Fig. 288\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA199\\|language\\=en}}\\</ref\\> Similar \\[\\[garland\\-bearer]] designs are known \\[\\[:File:Peshawar Museum Yakshas and Garlands.jpg\\|from Gandhara]], \\[\\[:File:Amaravati garland bearer.jpg\\|from Amaravati]] and \\[\\[:File:Greco\\-Roman garland bearers.jpg\\|from Greco\\-Roman art]].",
"",
"#### Calligraphy (end 1st century BCE \\- 1st century CE)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.38\\|{{center\\|A sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the Indo\\-Scythians: fragment of the \\[\\[Mirzapur stele inscription]], in the vicinity of \\[\\[Mathura]], circa 15 CE.Buddhist art of Mathurā , Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26 \n\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg\\|16px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\\|22px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg\\|15px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg\\|13px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\\|22px]] \\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg\\|18px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg\\|12px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta\\_ashoka\\_s.svg\\|16px]]\\[\\[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg\\|22px]] \n''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya'' \n\"Of the Lord and Great Satrap \\[\\[Sodasa\\|Śudāsa]]\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Sharma \\|first1\\=Ramesh Chandra \\|title\\=Buddhist art of Mathurā \\|date\\=1984 \\|publisher\\=Agam \\|page\\=26 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5OvVAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}The former calligraphic style would have been: '''𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀫𑀳𑀓𑁆𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀰𑀼𑀤𑀸𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀬'''}}](/wiki/File:Svamisya_Mahakshatrapasya_Sudasasya_%28cleaned%29.jpg \"Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg\")\nThe calligraphy of the [Brahmi script](/wiki/Brahmi_script \"Brahmi script\") had remained virtually unchanged from the time of the [Maurya Empire](/wiki/Maurya_Empire \"Maurya Empire\") to the end of the 1st century BCE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Verma \\|first1\\=Thakur Prasad \\|title\\=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script \\|date\\=1971 \\|pages\\=82–85 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.130329/page/n91}} The Indo\\-Scythians, following their establishment in northern India introduced \"revolutionary changes\" in the way Brahmi was written. In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to Greek. In this new typeface, the letter were \"neat and well\\-formed\". The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle\\-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Salomon \\|first1\\=Richard \\|title\\=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo\\-Aryan Languages \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-535666\\-3 \\|page\\=34 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=XYrG07qQDxkC\\&pg\\=PA34 \\|language\\=en}} This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in Mathura, in association with devotional works of art. This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century. The \"new\\-pen\\-style\" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.",
"#### First images of the Buddha (from circa 15 CE)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|The \"Isapur Buddha\", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [Butkara seated Buddha](/wiki/Butkara_I_stupa_in-situ_seated_Buddha.jpg \"Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg\") statue at the [Butkara Stupa](/wiki/Butkara_Stupa \"Butkara Stupa\"), [Swat](/wiki/Swat_District \"Swat District\")), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=199–206, 204 for the exact date \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA199 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Isapur_Buddha.jpg \"Isapur Buddha.jpg\")\nFrom around the 2nd\\-1st century BCE at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\"), scenes of the life of the Buddha, or sometimes of his previous lives, had been illustrated [without showing the Buddha himself](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism \"Aniconism in Buddhism\"), except for some of his symbols such as the empty throne, or the *Chankrama* pathway.\"This aniconic tradition was shortly to disappear and the iconic types of the Buddha made their sudden appearance apparently simultaneously in the so\\-called Hellenic school of Gandhara and the Indian school of Mathura.\" {{cite book \\|last1\\=Bhattacharyya \\|first1\\=Narendra Nath \\|title\\=Buddhism in the History of Indian Thoughts \\|date\\=1993 \\|publisher\\=Manohar Publishers \\& Distributors \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7304\\-017\\-7 \\|page\\=266 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0PMGAAAAYAAJ \\|language\\=en}} This artistic device ended with the sudden appearance of the Buddha, probably rather simultaneously in [Gandhara](/wiki/Gandhara \"Gandhara\") and [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura \"Mathura\"), at the turn of the millennium.",
"Possibly the first known representation of the Buddha (the [Bimaran casket](/wiki/Bimaran_casket \"Bimaran casket\") and the [Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin](/wiki/Tillya_Tepe_Buddhist_coin \"Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin\") are other candidates), the \"Isapur Buddha\" is also dated on stylistic grounds to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE; he is shown on a relief in a canonical scene known as *\"[Lokapalas](/wiki/Lokapala \"Lokapala\") offer Alms Bowls to the Buddha Sakyamuni\"*.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=199–206 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA199 \\|language\\=en}} The symbolism of this early statue is still tentative, drawing heavily on the earlier, especially Jain, pictural traditions of Mathura, still far from the exuberant standardized designs of the [Kushan Empire](/wiki/Kushan_Empire \"Kushan Empire\"). It is rather unassuming and not yet monumental compared to the Buddha sculptures of the following century, and may represent one of the first attempts to create a human icon, marking an evolution from the splendid aniconic tradition of Buddhist art in respect to the person of the Buddha, which can be seen in the art of [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\") and [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\"). This depiction of the Buddha is highly similar to [Jain](/wiki/Jain \"Jain\") images of the period, such as [the relief](/wiki/Jina_Parsvanatha_ayagapata%2C_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg \"Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg\") of [Jina](/wiki/Arihant_%28Jainism%29 \"Arihant (Jainism)\") [Parsvanatha](/wiki/Parsvanatha \"Parsvanatha\") on an [ayagapata](/wiki/Ayagapata \"Ayagapata\"), also dated to circa 15 CE.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=201 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA201 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=406, photograph and date \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA406 \\|language\\=en}}",
"It is thought that the images of Jain saints, which can be seen in Mathura from the 1st century BCE, were prototypes for the first Mathura images of the Buddha, since the attitudes are very similar, and the almost transparent very thin garment of the Buddha not much different visually from the nakedness of the [Jinas](/wiki/Jinas \"Jinas\"). Here the Buddha is not wearing the monastic robe which would become characteristic of many of the later Buddha images. The cross\\-legged sitting posture may have derived from earlier reliefs of cross\\-legged ascetics or teachers at [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\"), [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\") and [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya \"Bodh Gaya\"). It has also been suggested that the cross\\-legged Buddhas may have derived from the depictions of seated Scythian kings from the northwest, as visible in the coinage of [Maues](/wiki/Maues \"Maues\") (90\\-80 BCE) or [Azes](/wiki/Azes_I \"Azes I\") (57\\-10 BC).\"It has also been suggested that the early seated Buddha images owe something to the first\\-century BC representations of seated kings, as seen on coins of the northwest (nos 27 and 28\\).\" [Maues sitting cross\\-legged](/wiki/Maues_seated_with_elephant_holding_victory_wreath.jpg \"Maues seated with elephant holding victory wreath.jpg\") and [Azes sitting cross\\-legged](/wiki/Coin_of_the_Indian-Scythian_king_Azes_I.jpg \"Coin of the Indian-Scythian king Azes I.jpg\") in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Errington \\|first1\\=Elizabeth \\|last2\\=Trust \\|first2\\=Ancient India and Iran \\|last3\\=Museum \\|first3\\=Fitzwilliam \\|title\\=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan \\|date\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Ancient India and Iran Trust \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9518399\\-1\\-1 \\|page\\=47 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pfLpAAAAMAAJ \\|language\\=en}}",
"There has been a recurring debate about the exact identity of these Mathura statues, some claiming that they are only statues of [Bodhisattavas](/wiki/Bodhisattava \"Bodhisattava\"), which is indeed the exact term used in most of the inscriptions of the statues found in Mathura. Only one or two statues of the Mathura type are known to mention the Buddha himself.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Rhi \\|first1\\=Ju\\-Hyung \\|title\\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=3/4 \\|date\\=1994 \\|pages\\=207–225 \\|jstor\\=3250056 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3250056 }} This could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, otherwise known as [aniconism in Buddhism](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism \"Aniconism in Buddhism\"), expressed in the *[Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\") [vinaya](/wiki/Vinaya \"Vinaya\")* (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [Sarvastivada](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\")): *\"\"Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?\" The Buddha answered: \"You may make an image of the Bodhisattava\"\"*.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Rhi \\|first1\\=Ju\\-Hyung \\|title\\=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=3/4 \\|date\\=1994 \\|pages\\=220–221 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3250056 \\|jstor\\=3250056 }} However the scenes in the Isapur Buddha and the later [Indrasala Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg \"Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg\") (dated 50\\-100 CE), refer to events which are considered to have happened *after* the Buddha's enlightenment, and therefore probably represent the Buddha rather than his younger self as a Bodhisattava, or a simple attendant Bodhisattva.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|page\\=237, text and note 30 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA237 \\|language\\=en}}",
"##### Other reliefs",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|\"Indrasala architrave\", detail of the Buddha in [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\"), attended by the Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\"). 50\\-100 CE.](/wiki/File:The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg \"The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg\")\nThe Buddhist \"Indrasala architrave\", dated 50\\-100 CE, with a scene of the Buddha at the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\") being attended by [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\"), and a scene of devotion to the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree \"Bodhi Tree\") on the other side, is another example of the still hesitant handling of the human icon of the Buddha in the Buddhist art of Mathura. The Buddhist character of this architrave is clearly demonstrated by the depiction of the [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree \"Bodhi Tree\") inside its specially built temple at [Bodh Gaya](/wiki/Bodh_Gaya \"Bodh Gaya\"), a regular scene of Buddhist since the reliefs of [Bharhut](/wiki/Bharhut \"Bharhut\") and [Sanchi](/wiki/Sanchi \"Sanchi\"). The depiction of the Buddha in meditation in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\") is also characteristically Buddhist. The Buddha already has the attributes, if not the style, of the later \"Kapardin\" statues, except for the absence of a [halo](/wiki/Halo_%28religious_iconography%29 \"Halo (religious iconography)\").",
"[thumb\\|center\\|upright\\=3\\|Buddhist \"Indrasala architrave\", with Buddha and [Bodhi Tree](/wiki/Bodhi_Tree \"Bodhi Tree\") in the center of each side, dated 50\\-100 CE, before the Kushan period.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Quintanilla \\|first1\\=Sonya Rhie \\|title\\=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE \\- 100 CE \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=BRILL \\|isbn\\=9789004155374 \\|pages\\=237–239 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X7Cb8IkZVSMC\\&pg\\=PA237 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Mathura Museum Catalogue \\|date\\=1910 \\|page\\=163 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/MathuraMuseumCatalogue/page/n233}} The Buddha is attended by Vedic deity [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\") on the side of the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\").](/wiki/File:Indrasala_architrave%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg \"Indrasala architrave, Mathura Museum.jpg\")",
"##### Vedic deities",
"Besides the hero cult of the [Vrishni heroes](/wiki/Vrishni_heroes \"Vrishni heroes\") or the cross\\-sectarian cult of the [Yakshas](/wiki/Yakshas \"Yakshas\"), [Hindu art](/wiki/Hindu_art \"Hindu art\") only started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Paul \\|first1\\=Pran Gopal \\|last2\\=Paul \\|first2\\=Debjani \\|title\\=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations \\|journal\\=East and West \\|date\\=1989 \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=1/4 \\|page\\=125 \\|issn\\=0012\\-8376\\|jstor\\=29756891 }} The three Vedic gods [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\"), [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma \"Brahma\") and [Surya](/wiki/Surya \"Surya\") were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form [but only through his symbols](/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism \"Aniconism in Buddhism\"), such as the scenes of his Birth, his [Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven](/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba \"Trāyastriṃśa\"), or his retreat in the [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\"). These Vedic deities appear in Buddhist reliefs at Mathura from around the 1st century CE, such as [Indra attending the Buddha](/wiki/Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg \"Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg\") at [Indrasala Cave](/wiki/Indrasala_Cave \"Indrasala Cave\"), where Indra is shown with a [mitre](/wiki/Mitre \"Mitre\")\\-like crown, and joining hands.",
"##### Early \"Kapardin\" statuary (end of 1st century CE)",
"{{multiple image\\|perrow\\=2\\|total\\_width\\=350\\|caption\\_align\\=center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\=horizontal\n\\| header\\=Early \"Kapardin\" statuary\n\\| image1 \\= Mathura Katra fragment A\\-66\\.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Katra fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a \"Kshatrapa lady\" named Naṃda (\\[\\[File:Mathura Katra fragment A\\-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg\\|70px]] ''Naṃdaye Kshatrapa'').For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal \\|last1\\=Myer \\|first1\\=Prudence R. \\|title\\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=121–123 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249969 \\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249969 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=Heinrich \\|title\\=Mathura Inscriptions \\|date\\=1960 \\|pages\\=31–32 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.108369/page/n37}}\n\\| image2 \\= Amohaasi\\_Bodhisattva,\\_Mathura.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= \"Katra Bodhisattava stele\" with inscription, dated to the Northern Satraps period.\n\\| footer\\=\n}}\nThe earliest types of \"Kapardin\" statuary (named after the \"kapardin\", the characteristic tuft of coiled hair of the Buddha) showing the Buddha with attendants are thought to be pre\\-Kushan, dating to the time of the \"Kshatrapas\" or \nNorthern Satraps. Various broken bases of Buddha statues with inscriptions have been attributed to the Kshatrapas. A fragment of such a stele was found with the mention of the name of the donor as a \"Kshatrapa lady\" named Naṃda who dedicated the Bodhisattva image \"for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the [Sarvastivadas](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\")\", and it is considered as contemporary with the famous \"Katra stele\".{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Myer \\|first1\\=Prudence R. \\|title\\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=111–113 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249969 \\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249969 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lüders \\|first1\\=Heinrich \\|title\\=Mathura Inscriptions \\|date\\=1960 \\|pages\\=31–32 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.108369/page/n37}}",
"One of these early examples shows the Buddha being worshipped by the Gods [Brahma](/wiki/Brahma \"Brahma\") and [Indra](/wiki/Indra \"Indra\").",
"The famous \"Katra Bodhisattava stele\" is the only fully intact image of a \"Kapardin\" Bodhisattva remaining from the Kshatrapa period, and is considered as the foundation type of the \"Kapardin\" Buddha imagery, and is the \"classical statement of the type\".",
"In conclusion, the canonical type of the seated Bodhisattva with attendants commonly known as the \"Kapardin\" type, seems to have developed during the time the [Indo\\-Scythian](/wiki/Indo-Scythian \"Indo-Scythian\") Northern Satraps were still ruling in Mathura, before the arrival of the Kushans.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Myer \\|first1\\=Prudence R. \\|title\\=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā \\|journal\\=Artibus Asiae \\|date\\=1986 \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=114 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3249969 \\|issn\\=0004\\-3648\\|jstor\\=3249969 }} This type continued during the Kushan period, down to the time of [Huvishka](/wiki/Huvishka \"Huvishka\"), before being overtaken by fully\\-dressed types of Buddha statuary depicting the Buddha wearing the monastic coat \"Samghati\".",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
On 7 September 2017, Dimakopoulos signed with the Greek club [Kolossos Rodou](/wiki/Kolossos_Rodou_B.C. "Kolossos Rodou B.C.").[gazzetta.gr Ανακοίνωσε Δημακόπουλο ο Κολοσσός Ρόδου! {{in lang\|el}}.](http://www.gazzetta.gr/basketball/article/1134089/anakoinose-dimakopoylo-o-kolossos-rodoy) Two weeks later, he was released from the club for "personal reasons".[Ξαφνικό "διαζύγιο" με Δημακόπουλο {{in lang\|el}}.](http://www.sport24.gr/Basket/OmadesBasket/A1Kolossos/ksafniko-diazugio-me-dhmakopoylo.4857211.html) The following month, he had a two\-game stint with [Panionios](/wiki/Panionios_BC "Panionios BC"). In December 2017, he joined Spanish club [Baskonia B](/wiki/Saski_Baskonia_B "Saski Baskonia B").
For the 2018–19 season, Dimakopoulos played for [Apollon Patras](/wiki/Apollon_Patras_B.C. "Apollon Patras B.C."). He then played for [AEL Limassol](/wiki/AEL_Limassol_B.C. "AEL Limassol B.C.") in Cyprus in 2019–20\.
On 23 December 2020, Dimakopoulos signed with [Aris Leeuwarden](/wiki/Aris_Leeuwarden "Aris Leeuwarden") of the [Dutch Basketball League](/wiki/Dutch_Basketball_League "Dutch Basketball League") for the [season restart in January 2021](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Dutch_Basketball_League "2020–21 Dutch Basketball League").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.arisleeuwarden.nl/nieuws/algemeen/aris\-versterkt\-zich\-met\-2\-meter\-18\-lange\-center/\|title\=Aris versterkt zich met 2 meter 18 lange center\|work\=arisleeuwarden.nl\|date\=23 December 2020\|access\-date\=23 December 2020}}
For the 2021–22 season, Dimakopoulos played for Spanish club [Almansa](/wiki/CB_Almansa "CB Almansa").
In June 2022, Dimakopoulos joined the [Eastern Mavericks](/wiki/Eastern_Mavericks "Eastern Mavericks") of the [NBL1 Central](/wiki/NBL1_Central "NBL1 Central") in Australia. He averaged 19\.2 points per game.
For the 2022–23 season, Dimakopoulos had a one\-game stint with [MBK Handlová](/wiki/MBK_Handlov%C3%A1 "MBK Handlová") in Slovakia before playing 14 games for [UBSC Graz](/wiki/UBSC_Graz "UBSC Graz") in Austria between 2 October and 29 December. He joined Spanish club [Albacete Basket](/wiki/Albacete_Basket "Albacete Basket") in January 2023\.
On 8 March 2023, Dimakopoulos signed with the [Joondalup Wolves](/wiki/Joondalup_Wolves "Joondalup Wolves") in Australia for the [2023 NBL1 West season](/wiki/2023_NBL1_West_season "2023 NBL1 West season").{{cite web\|url\=https://websites.mygameday.app/assoc\_page.cgi?client\=0\-892\-0\-0\-0\&\&news\_task\=DETAIL\&articleID\=75744979\|title\=7'2 International Pro Ioannis Dimakopoulos joins the Pack in 2023\|work\=Wanneroo Basketball Association\|date\=8 March 2023\|access\-date\=8 March 2023}} He helped the Wolves reach the grand final,{{cite web\|last\=Pike\|first\=Chris\|url\=https://nbl1\.com.au/news/big\-ioannis\-wants\-wolves\-championship\-before\-focusing\-on\-next\-target/west/\|title\=Big Ioannis wants Wolves championship before focusing on next target\|work\=NBL1\.com.au\|date\=9 August 2023\|access\-date\=10 August 2023\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230810041056/https://nbl1\.com.au/news/big\-ioannis\-wants\-wolves\-championship\-before\-focusing\-on\-next\-target/west/\|archive\-date\=10 August 2023}} where they lost 86–80 to the [Geraldton Buccaneers](/wiki/Geraldton_Buccaneers "Geraldton Buccaneers") despite Dimakopoulos' 10 points, nine rebounds and five assists.{{cite web\|last\=Pike\|first\=Chris\|url\=https://nbl1\.com.au/news/nbl1\-west\-recap\-or\-mens\-grand\-final\-2023/west/\|title\=NBL1 West Recap \| Men's Grand Final 2023\|work\=NBL1\.com.au\|date\=12 August 2023\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230812160516/https://nbl1\.com.au/news/nbl1\-west\-recap\-or\-mens\-grand\-final\-2023/west/\|archive\-date\=12 August 2023\|access\-date\=12 August 2023}} In 14 games, he averaged 11\.43 points, 7\.36 rebounds, 4\.14 assists and 1\.21 blocks per game.{{cite web\|url\=https://nbl1\.com.au/player/1202715c\-70a7\-11ed\-8089\-31f2e03f0ad7/8dac73cb\-e305\-11ec\-85b0\-7b18ed531138/ioannis\-dimakopoulos/west\|title\=Ioannis Dimakopoulos – 2023 Stats\|work\=NBL1\.com.au\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230812163147/https://nbl1\.com.au/player/1202715c\-70a7\-11ed\-8089\-31f2e03f0ad7/8dac73cb\-e305\-11ec\-85b0\-7b18ed531138/ioannis\-dimakopoulos/west\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2023\|access\-date\=August 12, 2023}}
On 6 December 2023, Dimakopoulos signed with the [Perth Redbacks](/wiki/Perth_Redbacks "Perth Redbacks") for the [2024 NBL1 West season](/wiki/2024_NBL1_West_season "2024 NBL1 West season").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid\=853428676792674\&set\=a.484506450351567\|title\=WELCOME TO THE PERTH REDBACKS \- IOANNIS DIMAKOPOULOS\|work\=facebook.com/perthredbacks\|date\=6 December 2023\|access\-date\=6 December 2023}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"On 7 September 2017, Dimakopoulos signed with the Greek club [Kolossos Rodou](/wiki/Kolossos_Rodou_B.C. \"Kolossos Rodou B.C.\").[gazzetta.gr Ανακοίνωσε Δημακόπουλο ο Κολοσσός Ρόδου! {{in lang\\|el}}.](http://www.gazzetta.gr/basketball/article/1134089/anakoinose-dimakopoylo-o-kolossos-rodoy) Two weeks later, he was released from the club for \"personal reasons\".[Ξαφνικό \"διαζύγιο\" με Δημακόπουλο {{in lang\\|el}}.](http://www.sport24.gr/Basket/OmadesBasket/A1Kolossos/ksafniko-diazugio-me-dhmakopoylo.4857211.html) The following month, he had a two\\-game stint with [Panionios](/wiki/Panionios_BC \"Panionios BC\"). In December 2017, he joined Spanish club [Baskonia B](/wiki/Saski_Baskonia_B \"Saski Baskonia B\").",
"For the 2018–19 season, Dimakopoulos played for [Apollon Patras](/wiki/Apollon_Patras_B.C. \"Apollon Patras B.C.\"). He then played for [AEL Limassol](/wiki/AEL_Limassol_B.C. \"AEL Limassol B.C.\") in Cyprus in 2019–20\\.",
"On 23 December 2020, Dimakopoulos signed with [Aris Leeuwarden](/wiki/Aris_Leeuwarden \"Aris Leeuwarden\") of the [Dutch Basketball League](/wiki/Dutch_Basketball_League \"Dutch Basketball League\") for the [season restart in January 2021](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Dutch_Basketball_League \"2020–21 Dutch Basketball League\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.arisleeuwarden.nl/nieuws/algemeen/aris\\-versterkt\\-zich\\-met\\-2\\-meter\\-18\\-lange\\-center/\\|title\\=Aris versterkt zich met 2 meter 18 lange center\\|work\\=arisleeuwarden.nl\\|date\\=23 December 2020\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2020}}",
"For the 2021–22 season, Dimakopoulos played for Spanish club [Almansa](/wiki/CB_Almansa \"CB Almansa\").",
"In June 2022, Dimakopoulos joined the [Eastern Mavericks](/wiki/Eastern_Mavericks \"Eastern Mavericks\") of the [NBL1 Central](/wiki/NBL1_Central \"NBL1 Central\") in Australia. He averaged 19\\.2 points per game.",
"For the 2022–23 season, Dimakopoulos had a one\\-game stint with [MBK Handlová](/wiki/MBK_Handlov%C3%A1 \"MBK Handlová\") in Slovakia before playing 14 games for [UBSC Graz](/wiki/UBSC_Graz \"UBSC Graz\") in Austria between 2 October and 29 December. He joined Spanish club [Albacete Basket](/wiki/Albacete_Basket \"Albacete Basket\") in January 2023\\.",
"On 8 March 2023, Dimakopoulos signed with the [Joondalup Wolves](/wiki/Joondalup_Wolves \"Joondalup Wolves\") in Australia for the [2023 NBL1 West season](/wiki/2023_NBL1_West_season \"2023 NBL1 West season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://websites.mygameday.app/assoc\\_page.cgi?client\\=0\\-892\\-0\\-0\\-0\\&\\&news\\_task\\=DETAIL\\&articleID\\=75744979\\|title\\=7'2 International Pro Ioannis Dimakopoulos joins the Pack in 2023\\|work\\=Wanneroo Basketball Association\\|date\\=8 March 2023\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2023}} He helped the Wolves reach the grand final,{{cite web\\|last\\=Pike\\|first\\=Chris\\|url\\=https://nbl1\\.com.au/news/big\\-ioannis\\-wants\\-wolves\\-championship\\-before\\-focusing\\-on\\-next\\-target/west/\\|title\\=Big Ioannis wants Wolves championship before focusing on next target\\|work\\=NBL1\\.com.au\\|date\\=9 August 2023\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2023\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230810041056/https://nbl1\\.com.au/news/big\\-ioannis\\-wants\\-wolves\\-championship\\-before\\-focusing\\-on\\-next\\-target/west/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2023}} where they lost 86–80 to the [Geraldton Buccaneers](/wiki/Geraldton_Buccaneers \"Geraldton Buccaneers\") despite Dimakopoulos' 10 points, nine rebounds and five assists.{{cite web\\|last\\=Pike\\|first\\=Chris\\|url\\=https://nbl1\\.com.au/news/nbl1\\-west\\-recap\\-or\\-mens\\-grand\\-final\\-2023/west/\\|title\\=NBL1 West Recap \\| Men's Grand Final 2023\\|work\\=NBL1\\.com.au\\|date\\=12 August 2023\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230812160516/https://nbl1\\.com.au/news/nbl1\\-west\\-recap\\-or\\-mens\\-grand\\-final\\-2023/west/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2023\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2023}} In 14 games, he averaged 11\\.43 points, 7\\.36 rebounds, 4\\.14 assists and 1\\.21 blocks per game.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nbl1\\.com.au/player/1202715c\\-70a7\\-11ed\\-8089\\-31f2e03f0ad7/8dac73cb\\-e305\\-11ec\\-85b0\\-7b18ed531138/ioannis\\-dimakopoulos/west\\|title\\=Ioannis Dimakopoulos – 2023 Stats\\|work\\=NBL1\\.com.au\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230812163147/https://nbl1\\.com.au/player/1202715c\\-70a7\\-11ed\\-8089\\-31f2e03f0ad7/8dac73cb\\-e305\\-11ec\\-85b0\\-7b18ed531138/ioannis\\-dimakopoulos/west\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2023}}",
"On 6 December 2023, Dimakopoulos signed with the [Perth Redbacks](/wiki/Perth_Redbacks \"Perth Redbacks\") for the [2024 NBL1 West season](/wiki/2024_NBL1_West_season \"2024 NBL1 West season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid\\=853428676792674\\&set\\=a.484506450351567\\|title\\=WELCOME TO THE PERTH REDBACKS \\- IOANNIS DIMAKOPOULOS\\|work\\=facebook.com/perthredbacks\\|date\\=6 December 2023\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2023}}",
""
] |
Genetics
--------
[thumb\|Map from 1889 by [William Temple Hornaday](/wiki/William_Temple_Hornaday "William Temple Hornaday"), illustrating his book, *[The Extermination of the American Bison](/wiki/The_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison "The Extermination of the American Bison")*\|left](/wiki/File:William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg "William T. Hornaday Extermination of the American Bison 1889 Cornell CUL PJM 1102 01.jpg")
A major problem that bison face today is a lack of [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity") due to the [population bottleneck](/wiki/Population_bottleneck "Population bottleneck") the species experienced during its near\-extinction event. Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from [domestic cattle](/wiki/Domestic_cattle "Domestic cattle") into the bison population, through hybridization.
Officially, the "American buffalo" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison is a separate species and usually regarded as being in a separate genus from [domestic cattle](/wiki/Domestic_cattle "Domestic cattle") (*Bos taurus*), they have a lot of genetic compatibility with cattle. American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either {{frac\|7\|8}} bison or {{frac\|7\|8}} domestic.{{cite book\|author\=Liberty Hyde Bailey\|title\=Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Volume III: Animals\|year\=1908\|publisher\=The MacMillan Company\|page\=291}} Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their cattle with bison, and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common.
In recent decades, tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and most private "buffalo" herds were actually crossbred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. As of 2011, though about 500,000 bison existed on private ranches and in public herds, perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison were pure and not actually bison\-cattle hybrids. DNA from domestic cattle (*Bos taurus*) has been found in almost all examined bison herds.[Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park](http://snr.unl.edu/gpcesu/PDFs/WICA%20Bison.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723115242/http://snr.unl.edu/gpcesu/PDFs/WICA%20Bison.pdf \|date\=July 23, 2011 }}. PDF. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007\. Retrieved on September 16, 2011\.
Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd, which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada.
A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A\&M University corroborated this.{{cite conference\|url\=http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/habitat/documents2/Derr\_American%20Bison%20\-%20The%20Ultimate%20Genetic%20Survivor.pdf \|title\=American Bison: The Ultimate Genetic Survivor \|author\=Derr, James \|conference\=The Ecological Future of North American Bison \|date\=October 24, 2006 \|access\-date\=July 27, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725231104/http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/habitat/documents2/Derr\_American%20Bison%20\-%20The%20Ultimate%20Genetic%20Survivor.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 25, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully, despite their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success.
[thumb\|A [wood bison](/wiki/Wood_bison "Wood bison") around the [Coal River](/wiki/Coal_River_%28Canada%29 "Coal River (Canada)") in Canada](/wiki/File:Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg "Bisó de bosc.jpg")
In the study, cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state, and private herds. "The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our existing bison herds," said Derr. "All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA."
It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the [Book Cliffs](/wiki/Book_Cliffs "Book Cliffs") of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization.
A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in *Genome*, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies. The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison, but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected "wood buffalo". However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift "Genetic drift") caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison.
File:Bison original range map.svg\|Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "\[\[great bison belt]]". \[\[Bison occidentalis\|Holocene bison]] (''Bison occidentalis'') is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison. {{leftlegend\|\#DEAA87\|Holocene bison}}{{leftlegend\|\#C87137\|Wood bison}}{{leftlegend\|\#784421\|Plains bison}}
File:Extermination of bison to 1889\.svg\|Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889\. This map based on \[\[William Temple Hornaday]]'s late\-19th century research.{{leftlegend\|\#DEAA87\|Original range}}{{leftlegend\|\#A05A2C\|Range as of 1870}}{{leftlegend\|\#28170B\|Range as of 1889}}
File:Bison bison 2003 map.svg\|Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free\-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003\.{{leftlegend\|\#C87137\|Wood bison}}{{leftlegend\|\#784421\|Plains bison}}
In order to bolster the genetic diversity of the American bison, the National Park Service alongside the Department of the Interior announced on May 7, 2020, the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative. This initiative focuses on maintaining the genetic diversity of the metapopulation rather than individual herds. Small populations of bison are at considerably larger risk due to their decreased gene pool and are susceptible to catastrophic events more so than larger herds. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative aims to translocate up to three bison every five to ten years between the Department of the Interior's herds. Specific smaller herds will require a more intense management plan. Translocated bison will also be screened for any health defects such as infection of brucellosis bacteria as to not put the larger herd at risk."New Bison Conservation Initiative Focuses On Genetic Diversity \| THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY". Wildlife.Org, 2020, [https://wildlife.org/new\-bison\-conservation\-initiative\-focuses\-on\-genetic\-diversity/](https://wildlife.org/new-bison-conservation-initiative-focuses-on-genetic-diversity/). Accessed July 5, 2020\.
|
[
"Genetics\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Map from 1889 by [William Temple Hornaday](/wiki/William_Temple_Hornaday \"William Temple Hornaday\"), illustrating his book, *[The Extermination of the American Bison](/wiki/The_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison \"The Extermination of the American Bison\")*\\|left](/wiki/File:William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg \"William T. Hornaday Extermination of the American Bison 1889 Cornell CUL PJM 1102 01.jpg\")\nA major problem that bison face today is a lack of [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity \"Genetic diversity\") due to the [population bottleneck](/wiki/Population_bottleneck \"Population bottleneck\") the species experienced during its near\\-extinction event. Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from [domestic cattle](/wiki/Domestic_cattle \"Domestic cattle\") into the bison population, through hybridization.",
"Officially, the \"American buffalo\" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison is a separate species and usually regarded as being in a separate genus from [domestic cattle](/wiki/Domestic_cattle \"Domestic cattle\") (*Bos taurus*), they have a lot of genetic compatibility with cattle. American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either {{frac\\|7\\|8}} bison or {{frac\\|7\\|8}} domestic.{{cite book\\|author\\=Liberty Hyde Bailey\\|title\\=Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Volume III: Animals\\|year\\=1908\\|publisher\\=The MacMillan Company\\|page\\=291}} Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their cattle with bison, and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common.",
"In recent decades, tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and most private \"buffalo\" herds were actually crossbred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. As of 2011, though about 500,000 bison existed on private ranches and in public herds, perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison were pure and not actually bison\\-cattle hybrids. DNA from domestic cattle (*Bos taurus*) has been found in almost all examined bison herds.[Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park](http://snr.unl.edu/gpcesu/PDFs/WICA%20Bison.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723115242/http://snr.unl.edu/gpcesu/PDFs/WICA%20Bison.pdf \\|date\\=July 23, 2011 }}. PDF. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007\\. Retrieved on September 16, 2011\\.",
"Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd, which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada.",
"A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A\\&M University corroborated this.{{cite conference\\|url\\=http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/habitat/documents2/Derr\\_American%20Bison%20\\-%20The%20Ultimate%20Genetic%20Survivor.pdf \\|title\\=American Bison: The Ultimate Genetic Survivor \\|author\\=Derr, James \\|conference\\=The Ecological Future of North American Bison \\|date\\=October 24, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725231104/http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/habitat/documents2/Derr\\_American%20Bison%20\\-%20The%20Ultimate%20Genetic%20Survivor.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully, despite their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success.",
"[thumb\\|A [wood bison](/wiki/Wood_bison \"Wood bison\") around the [Coal River](/wiki/Coal_River_%28Canada%29 \"Coal River (Canada)\") in Canada](/wiki/File:Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg \"Bisó de bosc.jpg\")\nIn the study, cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state, and private herds. \"The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our existing bison herds,\" said Derr. \"All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA.\"",
"It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the [Book Cliffs](/wiki/Book_Cliffs \"Book Cliffs\") of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization.",
"A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in *Genome*, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies. The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison, but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected \"wood buffalo\". However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift \"Genetic drift\") caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison.",
"File:Bison original range map.svg\\|Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the \"\\[\\[great bison belt]]\". \\[\\[Bison occidentalis\\|Holocene bison]] (''Bison occidentalis'') is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison. {{leftlegend\\|\\#DEAA87\\|Holocene bison}}{{leftlegend\\|\\#C87137\\|Wood bison}}{{leftlegend\\|\\#784421\\|Plains bison}}\nFile:Extermination of bison to 1889\\.svg\\|Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889\\. This map based on \\[\\[William Temple Hornaday]]'s late\\-19th century research.{{leftlegend\\|\\#DEAA87\\|Original range}}{{leftlegend\\|\\#A05A2C\\|Range as of 1870}}{{leftlegend\\|\\#28170B\\|Range as of 1889}}\nFile:Bison bison 2003 map.svg\\|Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free\\-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003\\.{{leftlegend\\|\\#C87137\\|Wood bison}}{{leftlegend\\|\\#784421\\|Plains bison}}",
"In order to bolster the genetic diversity of the American bison, the National Park Service alongside the Department of the Interior announced on May 7, 2020, the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative. This initiative focuses on maintaining the genetic diversity of the metapopulation rather than individual herds. Small populations of bison are at considerably larger risk due to their decreased gene pool and are susceptible to catastrophic events more so than larger herds. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative aims to translocate up to three bison every five to ten years between the Department of the Interior's herds. Specific smaller herds will require a more intense management plan. Translocated bison will also be screened for any health defects such as infection of brucellosis bacteria as to not put the larger herd at risk.\"New Bison Conservation Initiative Focuses On Genetic Diversity \\| THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY\". Wildlife.Org, 2020, [https://wildlife.org/new\\-bison\\-conservation\\-initiative\\-focuses\\-on\\-genetic\\-diversity/](https://wildlife.org/new-bison-conservation-initiative-focuses-on-genetic-diversity/). Accessed July 5, 2020\\.",
""
] |
Population bottleneck and near extinction
-----------------------------------------
Bison went from numbering an estimated 60 million individuals{{Efn\|The 60 million estimation is based on an observation made by Colonel R.I. Dodge along the \[\[Arkansas River]] in Kansas in 1871\.}} before the 1870s to becoming nearly extinct in the 1880s. This was due to the mass slaughtering of bison during the 1870s, which caused the plains bison population to undergo a [population bottleneck](/wiki/Population_bottleneck "Population bottleneck"). The bottleneck resulted in a founding population of around 100 individuals, split into six herds, five of which were managed by private ranchers and one managed by the New York Zoological Park (now the [Bronx Zoo](/wiki/Bronx_Zoo "Bronx Zoo")). Additionally, a wild herd consisting of 25 individuals in [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park "Yellowstone National Park") survived the bottleneck.{{cite journal \|last\=Hedrick \|first\=P. W. \|date\=2009\-07\-01 \|title\=Conservation Genetics and North American Bison (Bison bison) \|journal\=Journal of Heredity \|language\=en \|volume\=100 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=411–420 \|doi\=10\.1093/jhered/esp024 \|pmid\=19414501 \|issn\=0022\-1503\|doi\-access\=free }}
Each of the privately ranched herds had an initial [effective population size](/wiki/Effective_population_size "Effective population size") (Ne) of an estimated 5 to 7 individuals, for a total combined effective population size of between 30 and 50 individuals, from which all of the modern [plains bison](/wiki/Plains_bison "Plains bison") descend. While these herds have remained mostly isolated, some more than others, there has been some interbreeding between the herds over the past 150 years.
The conservation efforts and copious amounts of data taken on American bison populations allow for American bison to serve as a useful study case of population bottlenecking and its effects. This is especially true of the Texas State Bison Herd, which underwent very extreme genetic bottlenecking, with a founding population of only 5 individuals.
### Texas State Bison Herd
The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by [Charles Goodnight](/wiki/Charles_Goodnight "Charles Goodnight") in the mid\-1880s with five wild\-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves. By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.
Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.
Researchers found that the average number of [alleles](/wiki/Allele "Allele") per [locus](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 "Locus (genetics)") and the [heterozygosity](/wiki/Zygosity%23Heterozygous "Zygosity#Heterozygous") levels (a measure of [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity"), where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the [Theodore Roosevelt National Park](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park "Theodore Roosevelt National Park") bison population. Additionally, of the 54 [nuclear microsatellites](/wiki/Microsatellite "Microsatellite") that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH. The Yellowstone herd had an average number of alleles per locus of 4\.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4\.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2\.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others. The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0\.63, 0\.57, and 0\.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value. This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to [inbreeding depression](/wiki/Inbreeding_depression "Inbreeding depression")–, and a continuously low population allowing for [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift "Genetic drift") to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.
The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0\.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full\-siblings mating.
The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0\.376 offspring per female and a 1st\-year mortality rate of 52\.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0\.560 offspring per female and a 1st\-year mortality rate of 4\.2% for the other bison herds.
Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99% chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004\). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9\) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.{{cite journal \|last1\=Halbert \|first1\=Natalie D. \|last2\=Grant \|first2\=William E. \|last3\=Derr \|first3\=James N. \|date\=2005\-01\-20 \|title\=Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA) \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380004003710 \|journal\=Ecological Modelling \|language\=en \|volume\=181 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=263–276 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004\.02\.022 \|bibcode\=2005EcMod.181\..263H \|issn\=0304\-3800}}
Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.
### Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd
The Yellowstone National Park Bison herd started with only 25 individuals, and there was evidence of two population bottlenecking events from 1896 to 1912, with a population ranging between 25 and 50 individuals during this time. In 1902, 18 female and 3 male bison from outside herds–the Pablo\-Allard herd and Goodnight (TSBH) herds respectively–were introduced to the Yellowstone herd. After the addition of those individuals, the effective population size is estimated to have been Ne\=7\.2 individuals. The Yellowstone herd was kept completely isolated from 1902 to around 1920, and these previously mentioned founders contributed between 60 and 70% of the genetics of the current bison population at Yellowstone.
Similar to the Texas State Bison Herd, the introduction of new individuals into the population in 1902 likely was the savior of this herd, which now numbers around 5,900 individuals as of summer 2022\.{{cite web \|last1\=Park \|first1\=Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National \|last2\=Us \|first2\=WY 82190\-0168 Phone: 307\-344\-7381 Contact \|title\=Yellowstone Bison \- Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) \|url\=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bison.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-24 \|website\=www.nps.gov \|language\=en}}
### Population recovery
From the late 19th century onwards, the bison population gradually rose from 325 in 1884 to 500,000 in 2017, as a result of careful preservation and a general population boom. Although they are no longer classified as endangered, there are still conservation efforts in order to prevent population crashes down the line.{{cite web \|last\=Heath \|first\=Jessica \|date\=2017\-12\-30 \|title\=The Bison: from 30 million to 325 (1884\) to 500,000 (today) \|url\=https://www.flatcreekinn.com/bison\-americas\-mammal/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-11 \|website\=Flat Creek Inn \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"Population bottleneck and near extinction\n-----------------------------------------",
"Bison went from numbering an estimated 60 million individuals{{Efn\\|The 60 million estimation is based on an observation made by Colonel R.I. Dodge along the \\[\\[Arkansas River]] in Kansas in 1871\\.}} before the 1870s to becoming nearly extinct in the 1880s. This was due to the mass slaughtering of bison during the 1870s, which caused the plains bison population to undergo a [population bottleneck](/wiki/Population_bottleneck \"Population bottleneck\"). The bottleneck resulted in a founding population of around 100 individuals, split into six herds, five of which were managed by private ranchers and one managed by the New York Zoological Park (now the [Bronx Zoo](/wiki/Bronx_Zoo \"Bronx Zoo\")). Additionally, a wild herd consisting of 25 individuals in [Yellowstone National Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park \"Yellowstone National Park\") survived the bottleneck.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Hedrick \\|first\\=P. W. \\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=Conservation Genetics and North American Bison (Bison bison) \\|journal\\=Journal of Heredity \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=100 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=411–420 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/jhered/esp024 \\|pmid\\=19414501 \\|issn\\=0022\\-1503\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Each of the privately ranched herds had an initial [effective population size](/wiki/Effective_population_size \"Effective population size\") (Ne) of an estimated 5 to 7 individuals, for a total combined effective population size of between 30 and 50 individuals, from which all of the modern [plains bison](/wiki/Plains_bison \"Plains bison\") descend. While these herds have remained mostly isolated, some more than others, there has been some interbreeding between the herds over the past 150 years.",
"The conservation efforts and copious amounts of data taken on American bison populations allow for American bison to serve as a useful study case of population bottlenecking and its effects. This is especially true of the Texas State Bison Herd, which underwent very extreme genetic bottlenecking, with a founding population of only 5 individuals.",
"### Texas State Bison Herd",
"The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by [Charles Goodnight](/wiki/Charles_Goodnight \"Charles Goodnight\") in the mid\\-1880s with five wild\\-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves. By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.",
"Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.",
"Researchers found that the average number of [alleles](/wiki/Allele \"Allele\") per [locus](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 \"Locus (genetics)\") and the [heterozygosity](/wiki/Zygosity%23Heterozygous \"Zygosity#Heterozygous\") levels (a measure of [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity \"Genetic diversity\"), where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the [Theodore Roosevelt National Park](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park \"Theodore Roosevelt National Park\") bison population. Additionally, of the 54 [nuclear microsatellites](/wiki/Microsatellite \"Microsatellite\") that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH. The Yellowstone herd had an average number of alleles per locus of 4\\.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4\\.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2\\.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others. The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0\\.63, 0\\.57, and 0\\.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value. This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to [inbreeding depression](/wiki/Inbreeding_depression \"Inbreeding depression\")–, and a continuously low population allowing for [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift \"Genetic drift\") to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.",
"The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0\\.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full\\-siblings mating.",
"The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0\\.376 offspring per female and a 1st\\-year mortality rate of 52\\.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0\\.560 offspring per female and a 1st\\-year mortality rate of 4\\.2% for the other bison herds.",
"Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99% chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004\\). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9\\) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Halbert \\|first1\\=Natalie D. \\|last2\\=Grant \\|first2\\=William E. \\|last3\\=Derr \\|first3\\=James N. \\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-20 \\|title\\=Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA) \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380004003710 \\|journal\\=Ecological Modelling \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=181 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=263–276 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004\\.02\\.022 \\|bibcode\\=2005EcMod.181\\..263H \\|issn\\=0304\\-3800}}",
"Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.",
"### Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd",
"The Yellowstone National Park Bison herd started with only 25 individuals, and there was evidence of two population bottlenecking events from 1896 to 1912, with a population ranging between 25 and 50 individuals during this time. In 1902, 18 female and 3 male bison from outside herds–the Pablo\\-Allard herd and Goodnight (TSBH) herds respectively–were introduced to the Yellowstone herd. After the addition of those individuals, the effective population size is estimated to have been Ne\\=7\\.2 individuals. The Yellowstone herd was kept completely isolated from 1902 to around 1920, and these previously mentioned founders contributed between 60 and 70% of the genetics of the current bison population at Yellowstone.",
"Similar to the Texas State Bison Herd, the introduction of new individuals into the population in 1902 likely was the savior of this herd, which now numbers around 5,900 individuals as of summer 2022\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Park \\|first1\\=Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National \\|last2\\=Us \\|first2\\=WY 82190\\-0168 Phone: 307\\-344\\-7381 Contact \\|title\\=Yellowstone Bison \\- Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) \\|url\\=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bison.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-24 \\|website\\=www.nps.gov \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Population recovery",
"From the late 19th century onwards, the bison population gradually rose from 325 in 1884 to 500,000 in 2017, as a result of careful preservation and a general population boom. Although they are no longer classified as endangered, there are still conservation efforts in order to prevent population crashes down the line.{{cite web \\|last\\=Heath \\|first\\=Jessica \\|date\\=2017\\-12\\-30 \\|title\\=The Bison: from 30 million to 325 (1884\\) to 500,000 (today) \\|url\\=https://www.flatcreekinn.com/bison\\-americas\\-mammal/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-11 \\|website\\=Flat Creek Inn \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
### Texas State Bison Herd
The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by [Charles Goodnight](/wiki/Charles_Goodnight "Charles Goodnight") in the mid\-1880s with five wild\-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves. By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.
Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.
Researchers found that the average number of [alleles](/wiki/Allele "Allele") per [locus](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 "Locus (genetics)") and the [heterozygosity](/wiki/Zygosity%23Heterozygous "Zygosity#Heterozygous") levels (a measure of [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity"), where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the [Theodore Roosevelt National Park](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park "Theodore Roosevelt National Park") bison population. Additionally, of the 54 [nuclear microsatellites](/wiki/Microsatellite "Microsatellite") that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH. The Yellowstone herd had an average number of alleles per locus of 4\.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4\.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2\.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others. The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0\.63, 0\.57, and 0\.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value. This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to [inbreeding depression](/wiki/Inbreeding_depression "Inbreeding depression")–, and a continuously low population allowing for [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift "Genetic drift") to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.
The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0\.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full\-siblings mating.
The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0\.376 offspring per female and a 1st\-year mortality rate of 52\.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0\.560 offspring per female and a 1st\-year mortality rate of 4\.2% for the other bison herds.
Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99% chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004\). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9\) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.{{cite journal \|last1\=Halbert \|first1\=Natalie D. \|last2\=Grant \|first2\=William E. \|last3\=Derr \|first3\=James N. \|date\=2005\-01\-20 \|title\=Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA) \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380004003710 \|journal\=Ecological Modelling \|language\=en \|volume\=181 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=263–276 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004\.02\.022 \|bibcode\=2005EcMod.181\..263H \|issn\=0304\-3800}}
Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.
|
[
"### Texas State Bison Herd",
"The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by [Charles Goodnight](/wiki/Charles_Goodnight \"Charles Goodnight\") in the mid\\-1880s with five wild\\-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves. By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.",
"Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.",
"Researchers found that the average number of [alleles](/wiki/Allele \"Allele\") per [locus](/wiki/Locus_%28genetics%29 \"Locus (genetics)\") and the [heterozygosity](/wiki/Zygosity%23Heterozygous \"Zygosity#Heterozygous\") levels (a measure of [genetic diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity \"Genetic diversity\"), where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the [Theodore Roosevelt National Park](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park \"Theodore Roosevelt National Park\") bison population. Additionally, of the 54 [nuclear microsatellites](/wiki/Microsatellite \"Microsatellite\") that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH. The Yellowstone herd had an average number of alleles per locus of 4\\.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4\\.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2\\.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others. The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0\\.63, 0\\.57, and 0\\.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value. This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to [inbreeding depression](/wiki/Inbreeding_depression \"Inbreeding depression\")–, and a continuously low population allowing for [genetic drift](/wiki/Genetic_drift \"Genetic drift\") to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.",
"The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0\\.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full\\-siblings mating.",
"The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0\\.376 offspring per female and a 1st\\-year mortality rate of 52\\.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0\\.560 offspring per female and a 1st\\-year mortality rate of 4\\.2% for the other bison herds.",
"Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99% chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004\\). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9\\) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Halbert \\|first1\\=Natalie D. \\|last2\\=Grant \\|first2\\=William E. \\|last3\\=Derr \\|first3\\=James N. \\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-20 \\|title\\=Genetic and demographic consequences of importing animals into a small population: a simulation model of the Texas State Bison Herd (USA) \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380004003710 \\|journal\\=Ecological Modelling \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=181 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=263–276 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004\\.02\\.022 \\|bibcode\\=2005EcMod.181\\..263H \\|issn\\=0304\\-3800}}",
"Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.",
""
] |
As livestock
------------
[left\|thumb\|Canned bison meat for saleBison](/wiki/File:Buffalo%2Bmeat%2Bcans.jpg "Buffalo+meat+cans.jpg") are increasingly raised for [meat](/wiki/Meat "Meat"), [hide](/wiki/Hide_%28skin%29 "Hide (skin)"), [wool](/wiki/Wool "Wool"), and [dairy](/wiki/Dairy "Dairy") products. The majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol"), yet higher in protein than beef,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bisoncentral.com/index.php?s\=\&c\=67\&d\=99\&a\=1056\&w\=2\&r\=Y\|title\=\| National Bison Association\|publisher\=Bisoncentral.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2011\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110120234037/http://bisoncentral.com/index.php?s\=\&c\=67\&d\=99\&a\=1056\&w\=2\&r\=Y\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2011 \|url\-status\= live}} which has led to the development of [beefalo](/wiki/Beefalo "Beefalo"), a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food\-safety\-education/get\-answers/food\-safety\-fact\-sheets/meat\-preparation/focus\-on\-bison/CT\_Index\|title\=Bison from Farm to Table\|publisher\=USDA\|access\-date\=January 6, 2017}} In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and [USDA](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture") providing a "Certified American Buffalo" program with birth\-to\-consumer tracking of bison via [RFID](/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification "Radio-frequency identification") ear tags. A market even exists for [kosher](/wiki/Kashrut "Kashrut") bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide.
Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds. [Custer State Park](/wiki/Custer_State_Park "Custer State Park") in [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota") is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but some question the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming herds with minimal [cattle introgression](/wiki/Introgression "Introgression") on public lands in North America can be found only in: the [Yellowstone Park bison herd](/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd "Yellowstone Park bison herd");{{cite journal\|author\=Staff\|title\=Restoring a Prairie Icon\|journal\=National Wildlife\|volume\=50\|issue\=1\|pages\=20–25\|date\=November 15, 2011\|url\=http://www.nwf.org/news\-and\-magazines/national\-wildlife/animals/archives/2012/restoring\-bison.aspx}} the [Henry Mountains bison herd](/wiki/Henry_Mountains_bison_herd "Henry Mountains bison herd") at the [Book Cliffs](/wiki/Book_Cliffs "Book Cliffs") and Henry Mountains in Utah; at [Wind Cave National Park](/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park "Wind Cave National Park") in South Dakota; [Fort Peck Indian Reservation](/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation "Fort Peck Indian Reservation") in Montana; Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories "Northwest Territories"); [Elk Island National Park](/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park "Elk Island National Park") and [Wood Buffalo National Park](/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park "Wood Buffalo National Park") in Alberta; [Grasslands National Park](/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park "Grasslands National Park") and [Prince Albert National Park](/wiki/Prince_Albert_National_Park "Prince Albert National Park") in Saskatchewan.
Another population, the [Antelope Island bison herd](/wiki/Antelope_Island_bison_herd "Antelope Island bison herd") on [Antelope Island](/wiki/Antelope_Island "Antelope Island") in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle. In 2002, the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon, [Chihuahua](/wiki/Chihuahua_%28state%29 "Chihuahua (state)"), and Boquillas del Carmen, [Coahuila](/wiki/Coahuila "Coahuila"), located near the southern banks of the [Rio Grande](/wiki/Rio_Grande "Rio Grande"), and around the grassland state line with [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") and [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico").
Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle. For example, the [herd on Santa Catalina Island, California](/wiki/Catalina_Island_bison_herd "Catalina Island bison herd"), isolated since 1924 after being brought there for a movie shoot, were found to have cattle introgression.{{cite news\|last\=Chang\|first\=Alicia\|title \=Study: Catalina bison aren't purebred\|work\=USA Today\| agency \=Associated Press\|date\=September 21, 2007\| url \=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007\-09\-21\-3401087937\_x.htm\|access\-date \=March 14, 2008 }} As few as 12,000 to 15,000 pure bison are estimated to remain in the world. The numbers are uncertain because the tests used to date—[mitochondrial DNA](/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA "Mitochondrial DNA") analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines, thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics.
The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head, a 34\.9% increase since 2001\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96\-325\-x/2007000/article/10504\-eng.htm \|title\=Canadian Agriculture at a Glance: Bison on the comeback trail \|publisher\=Statcan.gc.ca \|date\=April 9, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 29, 2013}} Of this total, over 95% were located in [Western Canada](/wiki/Western_Canada "Western Canada"), and less than 5% in [Eastern Canada](/wiki/Eastern_Canada "Eastern Canada"). [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta") was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49\.7% of the herd and 45\.8% of the farms. The next\-largest herds were in [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan") (23\.9%), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") (10%), and [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") (6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the [Canadian prairies](/wiki/Canadian_prairies "Canadian prairies"), specifically in the [parkland belt](/wiki/Parkland_belt "Parkland belt"), with the [Peace River region](/wiki/Peace_River_region "Peace River region") (shared between Alberta and British Columbia) being the most important cluster, accounting for 14\.4% of the national herd. Canada also exports bison meat, totaling {{Convert\|2075253\|kg}} in 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96\-325\-x/2007000/t/6000058\-eng.htm\|title\=Table 1 Bison meat exports continue to climb, 2001 to 2006\|publisher\=Statcan.gc.ca\|date\=April 3, 2009\|access\-date\=May 29, 2013}}
A proposal known as [Buffalo Commons](/wiki/Buffalo_Commons "Buffalo Commons") has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains "Great Plains") to native [prairie](/wiki/Prairie "Prairie") grazed by bison. Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the [shortgrass prairie](/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie "Shortgrass prairie") is not [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainable "Sustainable"), pointing to periodic disasters, including the [Dust Bowl](/wiki/Dust_Bowl "Dust Bowl"), and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question.
### Domestication
Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by Native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a "wild and ungovernable temper";[Illinois State Museum page](http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/midewin/bisondomest.html). Museum.state.il.us (September 1, 2011\). Retrieved on January 29, 2012\. they can jump close to {{convert\|6\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} vertically,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/species\-spotlight\-american\-bison\|title\=Species Spotlight: American Bison}} and run {{convert\|35\|\-\|45\|mph\|km/h\|order\=flip\|round\=5\|abbr\=on}} when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most [razor wire](/wiki/Razor_wire "Razor wire"). The most successful systems involve large, {{convert\|20\|ft\|m\|order\=flip\|adj\=on\|0}} fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least {{convert\|6\|ft\|m\|order\=flip\|abbr\=on}} into concrete.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2021}} These fencing systems, while expensive, require very little maintenance. Furthermore, making the fence sections overlap so the grassy areas beyond are not visible prevents the bison from trying to get to new range.
|
[
"As livestock\n------------",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Canned bison meat for saleBison](/wiki/File:Buffalo%2Bmeat%2Bcans.jpg \"Buffalo+meat+cans.jpg\") are increasingly raised for [meat](/wiki/Meat \"Meat\"), [hide](/wiki/Hide_%28skin%29 \"Hide (skin)\"), [wool](/wiki/Wool \"Wool\"), and [dairy](/wiki/Dairy \"Dairy\") products. The majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\"), yet higher in protein than beef,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bisoncentral.com/index.php?s\\=\\&c\\=67\\&d\\=99\\&a\\=1056\\&w\\=2\\&r\\=Y\\|title\\=\\| National Bison Association\\|publisher\\=Bisoncentral.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110120234037/http://bisoncentral.com/index.php?s\\=\\&c\\=67\\&d\\=99\\&a\\=1056\\&w\\=2\\&r\\=Y\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\= live}} which has led to the development of [beefalo](/wiki/Beefalo \"Beefalo\"), a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food\\-safety\\-education/get\\-answers/food\\-safety\\-fact\\-sheets/meat\\-preparation/focus\\-on\\-bison/CT\\_Index\\|title\\=Bison from Farm to Table\\|publisher\\=USDA\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2017}} In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and [USDA](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture \"United States Department of Agriculture\") providing a \"Certified American Buffalo\" program with birth\\-to\\-consumer tracking of bison via [RFID](/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification \"Radio-frequency identification\") ear tags. A market even exists for [kosher](/wiki/Kashrut \"Kashrut\") bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide.",
"Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds. [Custer State Park](/wiki/Custer_State_Park \"Custer State Park\") in [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\") is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but some question the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming herds with minimal [cattle introgression](/wiki/Introgression \"Introgression\") on public lands in North America can be found only in: the [Yellowstone Park bison herd](/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd \"Yellowstone Park bison herd\");{{cite journal\\|author\\=Staff\\|title\\=Restoring a Prairie Icon\\|journal\\=National Wildlife\\|volume\\=50\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=20–25\\|date\\=November 15, 2011\\|url\\=http://www.nwf.org/news\\-and\\-magazines/national\\-wildlife/animals/archives/2012/restoring\\-bison.aspx}} the [Henry Mountains bison herd](/wiki/Henry_Mountains_bison_herd \"Henry Mountains bison herd\") at the [Book Cliffs](/wiki/Book_Cliffs \"Book Cliffs\") and Henry Mountains in Utah; at [Wind Cave National Park](/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park \"Wind Cave National Park\") in South Dakota; [Fort Peck Indian Reservation](/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation \"Fort Peck Indian Reservation\") in Montana; Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories \"Northwest Territories\"); [Elk Island National Park](/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park \"Elk Island National Park\") and [Wood Buffalo National Park](/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park \"Wood Buffalo National Park\") in Alberta; [Grasslands National Park](/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park \"Grasslands National Park\") and [Prince Albert National Park](/wiki/Prince_Albert_National_Park \"Prince Albert National Park\") in Saskatchewan.",
"Another population, the [Antelope Island bison herd](/wiki/Antelope_Island_bison_herd \"Antelope Island bison herd\") on [Antelope Island](/wiki/Antelope_Island \"Antelope Island\") in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle. In 2002, the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon, [Chihuahua](/wiki/Chihuahua_%28state%29 \"Chihuahua (state)\"), and Boquillas del Carmen, [Coahuila](/wiki/Coahuila \"Coahuila\"), located near the southern banks of the [Rio Grande](/wiki/Rio_Grande \"Rio Grande\"), and around the grassland state line with [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") and [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\").",
"Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle. For example, the [herd on Santa Catalina Island, California](/wiki/Catalina_Island_bison_herd \"Catalina Island bison herd\"), isolated since 1924 after being brought there for a movie shoot, were found to have cattle introgression.{{cite news\\|last\\=Chang\\|first\\=Alicia\\|title \\=Study: Catalina bison aren't purebred\\|work\\=USA Today\\| agency \\=Associated Press\\|date\\=September 21, 2007\\| url \\=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007\\-09\\-21\\-3401087937\\_x.htm\\|access\\-date \\=March 14, 2008 }} As few as 12,000 to 15,000 pure bison are estimated to remain in the world. The numbers are uncertain because the tests used to date—[mitochondrial DNA](/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA \"Mitochondrial DNA\") analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines, thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics.",
"The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head, a 34\\.9% increase since 2001\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96\\-325\\-x/2007000/article/10504\\-eng.htm \\|title\\=Canadian Agriculture at a Glance: Bison on the comeback trail \\|publisher\\=Statcan.gc.ca \\|date\\=April 9, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2013}} Of this total, over 95% were located in [Western Canada](/wiki/Western_Canada \"Western Canada\"), and less than 5% in [Eastern Canada](/wiki/Eastern_Canada \"Eastern Canada\"). [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49\\.7% of the herd and 45\\.8% of the farms. The next\\-largest herds were in [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") (23\\.9%), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") (10%), and [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") (6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the [Canadian prairies](/wiki/Canadian_prairies \"Canadian prairies\"), specifically in the [parkland belt](/wiki/Parkland_belt \"Parkland belt\"), with the [Peace River region](/wiki/Peace_River_region \"Peace River region\") (shared between Alberta and British Columbia) being the most important cluster, accounting for 14\\.4% of the national herd. Canada also exports bison meat, totaling {{Convert\\|2075253\\|kg}} in 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96\\-325\\-x/2007000/t/6000058\\-eng.htm\\|title\\=Table 1 Bison meat exports continue to climb, 2001 to 2006\\|publisher\\=Statcan.gc.ca\\|date\\=April 3, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2013}}",
"A proposal known as [Buffalo Commons](/wiki/Buffalo_Commons \"Buffalo Commons\") has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains \"Great Plains\") to native [prairie](/wiki/Prairie \"Prairie\") grazed by bison. Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the [shortgrass prairie](/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie \"Shortgrass prairie\") is not [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainable \"Sustainable\"), pointing to periodic disasters, including the [Dust Bowl](/wiki/Dust_Bowl \"Dust Bowl\"), and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question.",
"### Domestication",
"Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by Native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a \"wild and ungovernable temper\";[Illinois State Museum page](http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/midewin/bisondomest.html). Museum.state.il.us (September 1, 2011\\). Retrieved on January 29, 2012\\. they can jump close to {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} vertically,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/species\\-spotlight\\-american\\-bison\\|title\\=Species Spotlight: American Bison}} and run {{convert\\|35\\|\\-\\|45\\|mph\\|km/h\\|order\\=flip\\|round\\=5\\|abbr\\=on}} when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most [razor wire](/wiki/Razor_wire \"Razor wire\"). The most successful systems involve large, {{convert\\|20\\|ft\\|m\\|order\\=flip\\|adj\\=on\\|0}} fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|m\\|order\\=flip\\|abbr\\=on}} into concrete.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}} These fencing systems, while expensive, require very little maintenance. Furthermore, making the fence sections overlap so the grassy areas beyond are not visible prevents the bison from trying to get to new range.",
""
] |
Robbery
-------
### Planning
As they planned the crime in [Wichita Falls](/wiki/Wichita_Falls%2C_Texas "Wichita Falls, Texas"), the [safe\-cracker](/wiki/Safe-cracker "Safe-cracker") came down with the [flu](/wiki/Flu "Flu"), and the trio pulled in Davis, a relative of Helms and a family man in need, promising a large return for his participation.
During this period in Texas, an average of four [banks](/wiki/Bank "Bank") were being robbed every day, and in response, the Texas Bankers Association announced that anyone who killed a bank robber would be awarded $5,000, valued at $85,000 in today's currency.{{Cite book \|last\=Goodman \|first\=Thomas \|title\=The Last Man: A Novel of the 1927 Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|publisher\=Mainsail Media \|year\=2023 \|isbn\=979\-8987750834 \|location\=Austin \|pages\=287}} This made the heist a particularly dangerous undertaking for the four men.
Ratliff knew that he would be immediately recognized if he returned to Cisco. Since the heist was planned for late December, he planned to conceal his identity by disguising himself as Santa Claus. He borrowed a Santa beard and costume made by Josephine Herron, who ran the [boarding house](/wiki/Boarding_house "Boarding house") where they had been staying in Wichita Falls. (In A.C. Greene's 1972 book on the robbery, he changed her name to Midge Tellet, and that fictional name has appeared in some accounts since then.) Stealing a car in Wichita Falls, they headed for Cisco and arrived on the morning of December 23\.
As the group entered Cisco, Ratliff donned the Santa Claus beard and suit and instructed the gang to drop him off a few blocks from the bank and get the car in position. The plan was to park the car where the wide alley beside the bank met Avenue D (the main street). The gang would then follow Ratliff into the bank, take the money, exit through a side alleyway door to their waiting car.
One day before Christmas Eve, no one thought it odd when Santa came walking down the street around noon. When children saw Ratliff dressed as Santa Claus, they surrounded him. He answered their questions and tried to appear friendly as he nudged the crowd toward the bank. He was able to disperse the children before entering the bank.{{Cite book \|last\=Sitton \|first\=J.W. \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|publisher\=Longhorn Press \|year\=1958 \|location\=Cisco, Texas \|pages\=1}}
### Bank heist
Once inside, Ratliff saw four men: two bank employees (Alex Spears and Mr. Jewell Poe) and two customers (Marion Olson and Oscar Cliett). He received a pleasant greeting of "Hello, Santa," but he did not respond, distracted by two fourth\-grade girls entering the lobby from the bookkeeping room (Emma Mae Robinson and Laverne Comer). Then a bank patron, Mrs. B. P. Blasengame entered the bank, pulled along by her six\-year\-old daughter, Frances, who wanted to see Santa.
Ratliff's accomplices then entered the bank, pointing [pistols](/wiki/Pistol "Pistol") and shouting, "Hands up!"
"Santa" ordered the teller to open the safe, and began stuffing money and [bonds](/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29 "Bond (finance)") into a sack he had hidden beneath his costume. While the others covered the customers and employees, Ratliff grabbed money from the tellers and forced one to open the [vault](/wiki/Bank_vault "Bank vault").{{cite magazine \|last1\=Van Ert \|first1\=Sarah \|title\=Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town \|magazine\=Texas Banking \|date\=2012\-12\-01 \|url\= \|url\-access\=\|via\=}}
Mrs. Blasengame escaped with her daughter through the [bookkeeping](/wiki/Bookkeeping "Bookkeeping") office and the alleyway door, shouting, "They are robbing the bank!" She ran the one block to the police department, alerting Chief of Police Bedford and most of the Cisco citizenry about the robbery.{{Cite book \|last\=Sitton \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|pages\=3}}
According to Boyce House, "Police Chief G.E. "Bit" Bedford \[was] a giant of a man and a veteran peace officer."{{Cite journal \|last\=House \|first\=Boyce \|date\=March 1930 \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|journal\=Startling Detective Adventures \|pages\=14–18}} Seizing a [riot gun](/wiki/Riot_gun "Riot gun"), he started for the scene and instructed officers R.T. "Rio" Redies and George Carmichael to join him. The chief posted himself at the front of the alley while his two officers took a position at the back of the alley.
When the bandits realized the bank was surrounded, they gathered their hostages and entered the back room with the alleyway door, where they found two bookkeepers (Vance Littleton and Freda Stroebel). The bandits were unable to enter the alley without drawing withering fire from the officers and a growing crowd of armed citizens. But they now had eight hostages, including the fourth\-grade girls, and the bandits used them as shields to enter the alleyway.
### Shoot out
Despite the human shields, a fusillade of gunfire began, wounding the four bandits and a few of the hostages as well. But the robber gang made it to their car and drove out of town with the two little girls. In the melee, police chief "Bit" Bedford and one of his deputies, George Carmichael, lay in the alley with mortal wounds. Bedford died several hours later,{{Cite news \|date\=December 25, 1927 \|title\=Wounded Cisco Bank Bandit Reveals Names of His Four Allenged Accomplices in Crime \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Cisco Daily News}} and Carmichael died two weeks later, on Sunday, January 8, 1928\.{{Cite news \|date\=January 8, 1928 \|title\=Third Victim of Cisco Holdup Dies \|pages\=1 \|work\=Fort Worth Star\-Telegram}} Six other civilians were wounded.
### Getaway and manhunt
As the four robbers began their [getaway](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway "Crime scene getaway"), traveling south on Avenue D with their hostages, they tossed out roofing nails in an effort to puncture the tires of the posse's machines. The tactic proved useful, but only briefly, because they soon realized that they were almost out of gas. Their tank had been punctured by bullets or they had simply forgotten to fill the tank after the long ride from Wichita Falls to Cisco. As they neared the edge of town, pursued by the [mob](/wiki/Crowd "Crowd"), they decided to commandeer a passing [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile") driven by 14\-year\-old Woodrow Wilson Harris, who had been allowed to drive the family into town for some last\-minute Christmas shopping. His father sat beside him, and his mother and grandmother were in the back seat. At gunpoint, the family relinquished the car. In the midst of gunfire by the pursuers, the robbers transferred the loot and hostages and the severely\-injured Louis Davis to the Oldsmobile. But when they had finally transferred themselves to the new getaway car, only then did they realize that they could not start the car because Harris had cleverly taken the keys from the ignition when ordered to stop.{{Cite news \|date\=December 25, 1927 \|title\=Search for Three Pals is Given New Impetus \|pages\=1 \|work\=Fort Worth Star\-Telegram}} Davis was by then unconscious, so they left him in the car and moved back to the first car with their two hostages.
It was later determined that the gang had stolen $12,400 in cash and $150,000 in nonnegotiable securities. This would have made it the largest Texas bank heist to that date had they not accidentally left it all behind in the confusion. The lawmen and citizens found the bag of loot in the abandoned Harris car with the badly wounded Louis Davis.
The three remaining bandits and their two little hostages raced south on Avenue D, and swung east onto a dirt road. They then turned into a pasture, dashing through cactus, mesquite, and scrub oak. The growth became so heavy that further progress was impossible, and the robbers abandoned their bullet\-riddled car and the two hostages several miles from town and continued on foot.
Sheriff John Hart and his deputies of [Eastland](/wiki/Eastland "Eastland"), the county seat, had been called by long distance and given the news of the bank robbery; they piled into automobiles and sped to the spot where the bandits had abandoned the car. Reporters, including Boyce House, followed the action in another vehicle. By House's account, "officers and citizens poured in from all that section of the state and such a manhunt as Western Texas had never seen before was soon in progress .... Many members of the posse were on horseback or on foot as they beat their way through clumps of trees, searched high grass in the bottoms of ravines and peered around boulders in canyons."{{Cite journal \|last\=House \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|journal\=Startling Detective Mysteries \|pages\=18}} One search party discovered an overcoat and bloodstained gloves. Later, citizens found a suitcase and a pile of bloodstained rags. In the suitcase were cotton and gauze, showing that the bandits had entered their enterprise with the knowledge that there might be shedding of blood.
Unable to find the bandits as evening set on the day of the robbery, the pursuit continued the next day, Saturday, December 24\.
For Davis, who was a last\-minute replacement for the group, this was the only crime in his lifetime. On Christmas Day, he died from the gunshot wounds he received in the gunbattle at the bank.{{Cite book \|last\=Sitton \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|pages\=16}}
The evening of Christmas Day, the three remaining bandits successfully commandeered a vehicle driven by Carl Wylie, a young driller, forcing him as their hostage to drive. During the seizure, Mr. Wylie's father fired his shotgun after the fleeing car. The shot struck his son.{{Cite news \|date\=December 26, 1927 \|title\=Cisco Bandits Fight off Posse \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Austin Statesman}}
After hiding out all night with nothing to eat but oranges, which they did not offer to the injured young hostage, Helms, Hill, and Ratliff stole another car and released Wylie and his vehicle. Wylie later reported to the authorities that the bandits were doing very poorly due to their injuries, lack of food, and the icy, sleeting conditions.{{Cite news \|date\=December 27, 1927 \|title\=Marshall Ratliffe \[sic] Jailed; Bandit Captured at Sound Bend This Morning Identified; Was Convicted for Former Robbery \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Cisco Daily News}}
The next morning, as they tried to cross the [Brazos River](/wiki/Brazos_River "Brazos River") in the little town of [South Bend](/wiki/South_Bend%2C_Texas "South Bend, Texas") in [Young County](/wiki/Young_County%2C_Texas "Young County, Texas"), officers spotted the single\-seated machine with three occupants approaching. The bandits began backing rapidly down the road. Then, as the members of the posse scurried into their automobiles, the car whirled and rushed away. A car chase followed, with a shootout in an oil field as the three tried to escape, running toward the wells.
Involved in the firefight was Deputy Sheriff Cy Bradford, who later served as a Texas Ranger. Before Bradford's car had rolled to a stop, he was out with "Old Betsy," his double\-barreled shotgun, an extra pair of shells in one hand. Bradford fired once and one of the fugitives fell. Bradford reloaded before firing again. "I did not want to be caught with an empty gun if they turned and made a stand," he explained afterward. The bandits ran on, firing back over their shoulders. Again, Bradford shot, and a man went down, but arose and staggered on. The officer shoved the other shell into the gun and shot again, and the third desperado slumped to his knees, but got up and reeled on, disappearing among the derricks. Ratliff was hit and fell to the ground while Helms and Hill, although wounded, escaped into the woods by the Brazos River, which offered ideal concealment. Ratliff was reportedly a "walking arsenal", bearing no fewer than six gunshot wounds and six pistols when captured, including the one he took from the bank. "Santa" had been caught.{{Cite journal \|last\=House \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|journal\=Startling Detective Mysteries \|pages\=18}}
|
[
"Robbery\n-------",
"### Planning",
"As they planned the crime in [Wichita Falls](/wiki/Wichita_Falls%2C_Texas \"Wichita Falls, Texas\"), the [safe\\-cracker](/wiki/Safe-cracker \"Safe-cracker\") came down with the [flu](/wiki/Flu \"Flu\"), and the trio pulled in Davis, a relative of Helms and a family man in need, promising a large return for his participation.",
"During this period in Texas, an average of four [banks](/wiki/Bank \"Bank\") were being robbed every day, and in response, the Texas Bankers Association announced that anyone who killed a bank robber would be awarded $5,000, valued at $85,000 in today's currency.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Goodman \\|first\\=Thomas \\|title\\=The Last Man: A Novel of the 1927 Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|publisher\\=Mainsail Media \\|year\\=2023 \\|isbn\\=979\\-8987750834 \\|location\\=Austin \\|pages\\=287}} This made the heist a particularly dangerous undertaking for the four men.",
"Ratliff knew that he would be immediately recognized if he returned to Cisco. Since the heist was planned for late December, he planned to conceal his identity by disguising himself as Santa Claus. He borrowed a Santa beard and costume made by Josephine Herron, who ran the [boarding house](/wiki/Boarding_house \"Boarding house\") where they had been staying in Wichita Falls. (In A.C. Greene's 1972 book on the robbery, he changed her name to Midge Tellet, and that fictional name has appeared in some accounts since then.) Stealing a car in Wichita Falls, they headed for Cisco and arrived on the morning of December 23\\.",
"As the group entered Cisco, Ratliff donned the Santa Claus beard and suit and instructed the gang to drop him off a few blocks from the bank and get the car in position. The plan was to park the car where the wide alley beside the bank met Avenue D (the main street). The gang would then follow Ratliff into the bank, take the money, exit through a side alleyway door to their waiting car.",
"One day before Christmas Eve, no one thought it odd when Santa came walking down the street around noon. When children saw Ratliff dressed as Santa Claus, they surrounded him. He answered their questions and tried to appear friendly as he nudged the crowd toward the bank. He was able to disperse the children before entering the bank.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sitton \\|first\\=J.W. \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|publisher\\=Longhorn Press \\|year\\=1958 \\|location\\=Cisco, Texas \\|pages\\=1}}",
"### Bank heist",
"Once inside, Ratliff saw four men: two bank employees (Alex Spears and Mr. Jewell Poe) and two customers (Marion Olson and Oscar Cliett). He received a pleasant greeting of \"Hello, Santa,\" but he did not respond, distracted by two fourth\\-grade girls entering the lobby from the bookkeeping room (Emma Mae Robinson and Laverne Comer). Then a bank patron, Mrs. B. P. Blasengame entered the bank, pulled along by her six\\-year\\-old daughter, Frances, who wanted to see Santa.",
"Ratliff's accomplices then entered the bank, pointing [pistols](/wiki/Pistol \"Pistol\") and shouting, \"Hands up!\"",
"\"Santa\" ordered the teller to open the safe, and began stuffing money and [bonds](/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29 \"Bond (finance)\") into a sack he had hidden beneath his costume. While the others covered the customers and employees, Ratliff grabbed money from the tellers and forced one to open the [vault](/wiki/Bank_vault \"Bank vault\").{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Van Ert \\|first1\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town \\|magazine\\=Texas Banking \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-01 \\|url\\= \\|url\\-access\\=\\|via\\=}}",
"Mrs. Blasengame escaped with her daughter through the [bookkeeping](/wiki/Bookkeeping \"Bookkeeping\") office and the alleyway door, shouting, \"They are robbing the bank!\" She ran the one block to the police department, alerting Chief of Police Bedford and most of the Cisco citizenry about the robbery.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sitton \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|pages\\=3}}",
"According to Boyce House, \"Police Chief G.E. \"Bit\" Bedford \\[was] a giant of a man and a veteran peace officer.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=House \\|first\\=Boyce \\|date\\=March 1930 \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|journal\\=Startling Detective Adventures \\|pages\\=14–18}} Seizing a [riot gun](/wiki/Riot_gun \"Riot gun\"), he started for the scene and instructed officers R.T. \"Rio\" Redies and George Carmichael to join him. The chief posted himself at the front of the alley while his two officers took a position at the back of the alley.",
"When the bandits realized the bank was surrounded, they gathered their hostages and entered the back room with the alleyway door, where they found two bookkeepers (Vance Littleton and Freda Stroebel). The bandits were unable to enter the alley without drawing withering fire from the officers and a growing crowd of armed citizens. But they now had eight hostages, including the fourth\\-grade girls, and the bandits used them as shields to enter the alleyway.",
"### Shoot out",
"Despite the human shields, a fusillade of gunfire began, wounding the four bandits and a few of the hostages as well. But the robber gang made it to their car and drove out of town with the two little girls. In the melee, police chief \"Bit\" Bedford and one of his deputies, George Carmichael, lay in the alley with mortal wounds. Bedford died several hours later,{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 25, 1927 \\|title\\=Wounded Cisco Bank Bandit Reveals Names of His Four Allenged Accomplices in Crime \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Cisco Daily News}} and Carmichael died two weeks later, on Sunday, January 8, 1928\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=January 8, 1928 \\|title\\=Third Victim of Cisco Holdup Dies \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=Fort Worth Star\\-Telegram}} Six other civilians were wounded.",
"### Getaway and manhunt",
"As the four robbers began their [getaway](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway \"Crime scene getaway\"), traveling south on Avenue D with their hostages, they tossed out roofing nails in an effort to puncture the tires of the posse's machines. The tactic proved useful, but only briefly, because they soon realized that they were almost out of gas. Their tank had been punctured by bullets or they had simply forgotten to fill the tank after the long ride from Wichita Falls to Cisco. As they neared the edge of town, pursued by the [mob](/wiki/Crowd \"Crowd\"), they decided to commandeer a passing [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile \"Oldsmobile\") driven by 14\\-year\\-old Woodrow Wilson Harris, who had been allowed to drive the family into town for some last\\-minute Christmas shopping. His father sat beside him, and his mother and grandmother were in the back seat. At gunpoint, the family relinquished the car. In the midst of gunfire by the pursuers, the robbers transferred the loot and hostages and the severely\\-injured Louis Davis to the Oldsmobile. But when they had finally transferred themselves to the new getaway car, only then did they realize that they could not start the car because Harris had cleverly taken the keys from the ignition when ordered to stop.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 25, 1927 \\|title\\=Search for Three Pals is Given New Impetus \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=Fort Worth Star\\-Telegram}} Davis was by then unconscious, so they left him in the car and moved back to the first car with their two hostages.",
"It was later determined that the gang had stolen $12,400 in cash and $150,000 in nonnegotiable securities. This would have made it the largest Texas bank heist to that date had they not accidentally left it all behind in the confusion. The lawmen and citizens found the bag of loot in the abandoned Harris car with the badly wounded Louis Davis.",
"The three remaining bandits and their two little hostages raced south on Avenue D, and swung east onto a dirt road. They then turned into a pasture, dashing through cactus, mesquite, and scrub oak. The growth became so heavy that further progress was impossible, and the robbers abandoned their bullet\\-riddled car and the two hostages several miles from town and continued on foot.",
"Sheriff John Hart and his deputies of [Eastland](/wiki/Eastland \"Eastland\"), the county seat, had been called by long distance and given the news of the bank robbery; they piled into automobiles and sped to the spot where the bandits had abandoned the car. Reporters, including Boyce House, followed the action in another vehicle. By House's account, \"officers and citizens poured in from all that section of the state and such a manhunt as Western Texas had never seen before was soon in progress .... Many members of the posse were on horseback or on foot as they beat their way through clumps of trees, searched high grass in the bottoms of ravines and peered around boulders in canyons.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=House \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|journal\\=Startling Detective Mysteries \\|pages\\=18}} One search party discovered an overcoat and bloodstained gloves. Later, citizens found a suitcase and a pile of bloodstained rags. In the suitcase were cotton and gauze, showing that the bandits had entered their enterprise with the knowledge that there might be shedding of blood.",
"Unable to find the bandits as evening set on the day of the robbery, the pursuit continued the next day, Saturday, December 24\\.",
"For Davis, who was a last\\-minute replacement for the group, this was the only crime in his lifetime. On Christmas Day, he died from the gunshot wounds he received in the gunbattle at the bank.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sitton \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|pages\\=16}}",
"The evening of Christmas Day, the three remaining bandits successfully commandeered a vehicle driven by Carl Wylie, a young driller, forcing him as their hostage to drive. During the seizure, Mr. Wylie's father fired his shotgun after the fleeing car. The shot struck his son.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 26, 1927 \\|title\\=Cisco Bandits Fight off Posse \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Austin Statesman}}",
"After hiding out all night with nothing to eat but oranges, which they did not offer to the injured young hostage, Helms, Hill, and Ratliff stole another car and released Wylie and his vehicle. Wylie later reported to the authorities that the bandits were doing very poorly due to their injuries, lack of food, and the icy, sleeting conditions.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 27, 1927 \\|title\\=Marshall Ratliffe \\[sic] Jailed; Bandit Captured at Sound Bend This Morning Identified; Was Convicted for Former Robbery \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Cisco Daily News}}",
"The next morning, as they tried to cross the [Brazos River](/wiki/Brazos_River \"Brazos River\") in the little town of [South Bend](/wiki/South_Bend%2C_Texas \"South Bend, Texas\") in [Young County](/wiki/Young_County%2C_Texas \"Young County, Texas\"), officers spotted the single\\-seated machine with three occupants approaching. The bandits began backing rapidly down the road. Then, as the members of the posse scurried into their automobiles, the car whirled and rushed away. A car chase followed, with a shootout in an oil field as the three tried to escape, running toward the wells.",
"Involved in the firefight was Deputy Sheriff Cy Bradford, who later served as a Texas Ranger. Before Bradford's car had rolled to a stop, he was out with \"Old Betsy,\" his double\\-barreled shotgun, an extra pair of shells in one hand. Bradford fired once and one of the fugitives fell. Bradford reloaded before firing again. \"I did not want to be caught with an empty gun if they turned and made a stand,\" he explained afterward. The bandits ran on, firing back over their shoulders. Again, Bradford shot, and a man went down, but arose and staggered on. The officer shoved the other shell into the gun and shot again, and the third desperado slumped to his knees, but got up and reeled on, disappearing among the derricks. Ratliff was hit and fell to the ground while Helms and Hill, although wounded, escaped into the woods by the Brazos River, which offered ideal concealment. Ratliff was reportedly a \"walking arsenal\", bearing no fewer than six gunshot wounds and six pistols when captured, including the one he took from the bank. \"Santa\" had been caught.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=House \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|journal\\=Startling Detective Mysteries \\|pages\\=18}}",
""
] |
### Getaway and manhunt
As the four robbers began their [getaway](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway "Crime scene getaway"), traveling south on Avenue D with their hostages, they tossed out roofing nails in an effort to puncture the tires of the posse's machines. The tactic proved useful, but only briefly, because they soon realized that they were almost out of gas. Their tank had been punctured by bullets or they had simply forgotten to fill the tank after the long ride from Wichita Falls to Cisco. As they neared the edge of town, pursued by the [mob](/wiki/Crowd "Crowd"), they decided to commandeer a passing [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile") driven by 14\-year\-old Woodrow Wilson Harris, who had been allowed to drive the family into town for some last\-minute Christmas shopping. His father sat beside him, and his mother and grandmother were in the back seat. At gunpoint, the family relinquished the car. In the midst of gunfire by the pursuers, the robbers transferred the loot and hostages and the severely\-injured Louis Davis to the Oldsmobile. But when they had finally transferred themselves to the new getaway car, only then did they realize that they could not start the car because Harris had cleverly taken the keys from the ignition when ordered to stop.{{Cite news \|date\=December 25, 1927 \|title\=Search for Three Pals is Given New Impetus \|pages\=1 \|work\=Fort Worth Star\-Telegram}} Davis was by then unconscious, so they left him in the car and moved back to the first car with their two hostages.
It was later determined that the gang had stolen $12,400 in cash and $150,000 in nonnegotiable securities. This would have made it the largest Texas bank heist to that date had they not accidentally left it all behind in the confusion. The lawmen and citizens found the bag of loot in the abandoned Harris car with the badly wounded Louis Davis.
The three remaining bandits and their two little hostages raced south on Avenue D, and swung east onto a dirt road. They then turned into a pasture, dashing through cactus, mesquite, and scrub oak. The growth became so heavy that further progress was impossible, and the robbers abandoned their bullet\-riddled car and the two hostages several miles from town and continued on foot.
Sheriff John Hart and his deputies of [Eastland](/wiki/Eastland "Eastland"), the county seat, had been called by long distance and given the news of the bank robbery; they piled into automobiles and sped to the spot where the bandits had abandoned the car. Reporters, including Boyce House, followed the action in another vehicle. By House's account, "officers and citizens poured in from all that section of the state and such a manhunt as Western Texas had never seen before was soon in progress .... Many members of the posse were on horseback or on foot as they beat their way through clumps of trees, searched high grass in the bottoms of ravines and peered around boulders in canyons."{{Cite journal \|last\=House \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|journal\=Startling Detective Mysteries \|pages\=18}} One search party discovered an overcoat and bloodstained gloves. Later, citizens found a suitcase and a pile of bloodstained rags. In the suitcase were cotton and gauze, showing that the bandits had entered their enterprise with the knowledge that there might be shedding of blood.
Unable to find the bandits as evening set on the day of the robbery, the pursuit continued the next day, Saturday, December 24\.
For Davis, who was a last\-minute replacement for the group, this was the only crime in his lifetime. On Christmas Day, he died from the gunshot wounds he received in the gunbattle at the bank.{{Cite book \|last\=Sitton \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|pages\=16}}
The evening of Christmas Day, the three remaining bandits successfully commandeered a vehicle driven by Carl Wylie, a young driller, forcing him as their hostage to drive. During the seizure, Mr. Wylie's father fired his shotgun after the fleeing car. The shot struck his son.{{Cite news \|date\=December 26, 1927 \|title\=Cisco Bandits Fight off Posse \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Austin Statesman}}
After hiding out all night with nothing to eat but oranges, which they did not offer to the injured young hostage, Helms, Hill, and Ratliff stole another car and released Wylie and his vehicle. Wylie later reported to the authorities that the bandits were doing very poorly due to their injuries, lack of food, and the icy, sleeting conditions.{{Cite news \|date\=December 27, 1927 \|title\=Marshall Ratliffe \[sic] Jailed; Bandit Captured at Sound Bend This Morning Identified; Was Convicted for Former Robbery \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Cisco Daily News}}
The next morning, as they tried to cross the [Brazos River](/wiki/Brazos_River "Brazos River") in the little town of [South Bend](/wiki/South_Bend%2C_Texas "South Bend, Texas") in [Young County](/wiki/Young_County%2C_Texas "Young County, Texas"), officers spotted the single\-seated machine with three occupants approaching. The bandits began backing rapidly down the road. Then, as the members of the posse scurried into their automobiles, the car whirled and rushed away. A car chase followed, with a shootout in an oil field as the three tried to escape, running toward the wells.
Involved in the firefight was Deputy Sheriff Cy Bradford, who later served as a Texas Ranger. Before Bradford's car had rolled to a stop, he was out with "Old Betsy," his double\-barreled shotgun, an extra pair of shells in one hand. Bradford fired once and one of the fugitives fell. Bradford reloaded before firing again. "I did not want to be caught with an empty gun if they turned and made a stand," he explained afterward. The bandits ran on, firing back over their shoulders. Again, Bradford shot, and a man went down, but arose and staggered on. The officer shoved the other shell into the gun and shot again, and the third desperado slumped to his knees, but got up and reeled on, disappearing among the derricks. Ratliff was hit and fell to the ground while Helms and Hill, although wounded, escaped into the woods by the Brazos River, which offered ideal concealment. Ratliff was reportedly a "walking arsenal", bearing no fewer than six gunshot wounds and six pistols when captured, including the one he took from the bank. "Santa" had been caught.{{Cite journal \|last\=House \|title\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \|journal\=Startling Detective Mysteries \|pages\=18}}
|
[
"### Getaway and manhunt",
"As the four robbers began their [getaway](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway \"Crime scene getaway\"), traveling south on Avenue D with their hostages, they tossed out roofing nails in an effort to puncture the tires of the posse's machines. The tactic proved useful, but only briefly, because they soon realized that they were almost out of gas. Their tank had been punctured by bullets or they had simply forgotten to fill the tank after the long ride from Wichita Falls to Cisco. As they neared the edge of town, pursued by the [mob](/wiki/Crowd \"Crowd\"), they decided to commandeer a passing [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile \"Oldsmobile\") driven by 14\\-year\\-old Woodrow Wilson Harris, who had been allowed to drive the family into town for some last\\-minute Christmas shopping. His father sat beside him, and his mother and grandmother were in the back seat. At gunpoint, the family relinquished the car. In the midst of gunfire by the pursuers, the robbers transferred the loot and hostages and the severely\\-injured Louis Davis to the Oldsmobile. But when they had finally transferred themselves to the new getaway car, only then did they realize that they could not start the car because Harris had cleverly taken the keys from the ignition when ordered to stop.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 25, 1927 \\|title\\=Search for Three Pals is Given New Impetus \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=Fort Worth Star\\-Telegram}} Davis was by then unconscious, so they left him in the car and moved back to the first car with their two hostages.",
"It was later determined that the gang had stolen $12,400 in cash and $150,000 in nonnegotiable securities. This would have made it the largest Texas bank heist to that date had they not accidentally left it all behind in the confusion. The lawmen and citizens found the bag of loot in the abandoned Harris car with the badly wounded Louis Davis.",
"The three remaining bandits and their two little hostages raced south on Avenue D, and swung east onto a dirt road. They then turned into a pasture, dashing through cactus, mesquite, and scrub oak. The growth became so heavy that further progress was impossible, and the robbers abandoned their bullet\\-riddled car and the two hostages several miles from town and continued on foot.",
"Sheriff John Hart and his deputies of [Eastland](/wiki/Eastland \"Eastland\"), the county seat, had been called by long distance and given the news of the bank robbery; they piled into automobiles and sped to the spot where the bandits had abandoned the car. Reporters, including Boyce House, followed the action in another vehicle. By House's account, \"officers and citizens poured in from all that section of the state and such a manhunt as Western Texas had never seen before was soon in progress .... Many members of the posse were on horseback or on foot as they beat their way through clumps of trees, searched high grass in the bottoms of ravines and peered around boulders in canyons.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=House \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|journal\\=Startling Detective Mysteries \\|pages\\=18}} One search party discovered an overcoat and bloodstained gloves. Later, citizens found a suitcase and a pile of bloodstained rags. In the suitcase were cotton and gauze, showing that the bandits had entered their enterprise with the knowledge that there might be shedding of blood.",
"Unable to find the bandits as evening set on the day of the robbery, the pursuit continued the next day, Saturday, December 24\\.",
"For Davis, who was a last\\-minute replacement for the group, this was the only crime in his lifetime. On Christmas Day, he died from the gunshot wounds he received in the gunbattle at the bank.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Sitton \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|pages\\=16}}",
"The evening of Christmas Day, the three remaining bandits successfully commandeered a vehicle driven by Carl Wylie, a young driller, forcing him as their hostage to drive. During the seizure, Mr. Wylie's father fired his shotgun after the fleeing car. The shot struck his son.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 26, 1927 \\|title\\=Cisco Bandits Fight off Posse \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Austin Statesman}}",
"After hiding out all night with nothing to eat but oranges, which they did not offer to the injured young hostage, Helms, Hill, and Ratliff stole another car and released Wylie and his vehicle. Wylie later reported to the authorities that the bandits were doing very poorly due to their injuries, lack of food, and the icy, sleeting conditions.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 27, 1927 \\|title\\=Marshall Ratliffe \\[sic] Jailed; Bandit Captured at Sound Bend This Morning Identified; Was Convicted for Former Robbery \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Cisco Daily News}}",
"The next morning, as they tried to cross the [Brazos River](/wiki/Brazos_River \"Brazos River\") in the little town of [South Bend](/wiki/South_Bend%2C_Texas \"South Bend, Texas\") in [Young County](/wiki/Young_County%2C_Texas \"Young County, Texas\"), officers spotted the single\\-seated machine with three occupants approaching. The bandits began backing rapidly down the road. Then, as the members of the posse scurried into their automobiles, the car whirled and rushed away. A car chase followed, with a shootout in an oil field as the three tried to escape, running toward the wells.",
"Involved in the firefight was Deputy Sheriff Cy Bradford, who later served as a Texas Ranger. Before Bradford's car had rolled to a stop, he was out with \"Old Betsy,\" his double\\-barreled shotgun, an extra pair of shells in one hand. Bradford fired once and one of the fugitives fell. Bradford reloaded before firing again. \"I did not want to be caught with an empty gun if they turned and made a stand,\" he explained afterward. The bandits ran on, firing back over their shoulders. Again, Bradford shot, and a man went down, but arose and staggered on. The officer shoved the other shell into the gun and shot again, and the third desperado slumped to his knees, but got up and reeled on, disappearing among the derricks. Ratliff was hit and fell to the ground while Helms and Hill, although wounded, escaped into the woods by the Brazos River, which offered ideal concealment. Ratliff was reportedly a \"walking arsenal\", bearing no fewer than six gunshot wounds and six pistols when captured, including the one he took from the bank. \"Santa\" had been caught.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=House \\|title\\=The Santa Claus Bank Robbery \\|journal\\=Startling Detective Mysteries \\|pages\\=18}}",
""
] |
Services
--------
Princess Margaret Hospital is have 1,733 beds and nearly 5,000 staff, provides 24\-hour [accident and emergency](/wiki/Accident_and_emergency "Accident and emergency") service and a wide range of specialist, [ambulatory](/wiki/Ambulatory_care "Ambulatory care") and [convalescent](/wiki/Convalescent "Convalescent") services.{{cite web\|title\=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2016–2017\|url\=http://www.ha.org.hk/ho/corpcomm/AR201617/PDF/HAAR\_2016\-17\_PDF\_final.pdf\|publisher\=Hospital Authority\|date\=2017}} It is a [tertiary](/wiki/Health_care%23Tertiary_care "Health care#Tertiary care") referral centre for infectious diseases, [nephrology](/wiki/Nephrology "Nephrology"), and [urology](/wiki/Urology "Urology") in the whole territory. It is also the cluster referral centre for [oncology](/wiki/Oncology "Oncology"), [renal transplant](/wiki/Kidney_transplantation "Kidney transplantation") and [dialysis](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis "Kidney dialysis"), [lithotripsy](/wiki/Lithotripsy "Lithotripsy"), [pulmonary medicine](/wiki/Pulmonology "Pulmonology") and [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"), high risk [obstetrics](/wiki/Obstetrics "Obstetrics") care, and [paediatric and neonatal intensive care](/wiki/Pediatric_intensive_care_unit "Pediatric intensive care unit").{{cite web\|title\=Princess Margaret Hospital\|url\=http://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha\_visitor\_index.asp?Parent\_ID\=10036\&Content\_ID\=100160⟪\=ENG\&Ver\=HTML\|publisher\=Hospital Authority\|access\-date\=2014\-07\-19}}
A 20\-bed [Intensive Care Unit](/wiki/Intensive_Care_Unit "Intensive Care Unit") is also situated in the CD block of the hospital. Its specialist outpatient clinic is situated at Block K, Princess Margaret Hospital.
With the opening of the [Hong Kong International Airport](/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport "Hong Kong International Airport") in July 1998, the Hospital provides acute care for international travellers. Moreover, it is one of the major receiving hospitals for victims in airport disasters.
As a specialised training institute recognised by the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital provides bedside teaching and clinical attachment for medical students and offers intern placement for graduates.
Infectious Disease Centre (IDC){{Cite web\|title\=Infectious Disease Centre (Hong Kong)\|url\=http://haidc.ha.org.hk/index.html}} and the Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory{{Cite web\|title\=The Toxicology Reference Laboratory (TRL)\|url\=https://www.hkpcn.org.hk/eng/index.html}} are situated at PMH serving the entire Hospital Authority.
Lai King Building (LKB), an annex block of the hospital is situated at Lai King Hill, about 5\-minute drive away from main block of PMH. It provides convalescent and rehabilitation support for PMH patients, with 268 beds, of which 93 are infirmary beds.
|
[
"Services\n--------",
"Princess Margaret Hospital is have 1,733 beds and nearly 5,000 staff, provides 24\\-hour [accident and emergency](/wiki/Accident_and_emergency \"Accident and emergency\") service and a wide range of specialist, [ambulatory](/wiki/Ambulatory_care \"Ambulatory care\") and [convalescent](/wiki/Convalescent \"Convalescent\") services.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2016–2017\\|url\\=http://www.ha.org.hk/ho/corpcomm/AR201617/PDF/HAAR\\_2016\\-17\\_PDF\\_final.pdf\\|publisher\\=Hospital Authority\\|date\\=2017}} It is a [tertiary](/wiki/Health_care%23Tertiary_care \"Health care#Tertiary care\") referral centre for infectious diseases, [nephrology](/wiki/Nephrology \"Nephrology\"), and [urology](/wiki/Urology \"Urology\") in the whole territory. It is also the cluster referral centre for [oncology](/wiki/Oncology \"Oncology\"), [renal transplant](/wiki/Kidney_transplantation \"Kidney transplantation\") and [dialysis](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis \"Kidney dialysis\"), [lithotripsy](/wiki/Lithotripsy \"Lithotripsy\"), [pulmonary medicine](/wiki/Pulmonology \"Pulmonology\") and [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"), high risk [obstetrics](/wiki/Obstetrics \"Obstetrics\") care, and [paediatric and neonatal intensive care](/wiki/Pediatric_intensive_care_unit \"Pediatric intensive care unit\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Princess Margaret Hospital\\|url\\=http://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha\\_visitor\\_index.asp?Parent\\_ID\\=10036\\&Content\\_ID\\=100160⟪\\=ENG\\&Ver\\=HTML\\|publisher\\=Hospital Authority\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-19}}",
"A 20\\-bed [Intensive Care Unit](/wiki/Intensive_Care_Unit \"Intensive Care Unit\") is also situated in the CD block of the hospital. Its specialist outpatient clinic is situated at Block K, Princess Margaret Hospital.",
"With the opening of the [Hong Kong International Airport](/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport \"Hong Kong International Airport\") in July 1998, the Hospital provides acute care for international travellers. Moreover, it is one of the major receiving hospitals for victims in airport disasters.",
"As a specialised training institute recognised by the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital provides bedside teaching and clinical attachment for medical students and offers intern placement for graduates.",
"Infectious Disease Centre (IDC){{Cite web\\|title\\=Infectious Disease Centre (Hong Kong)\\|url\\=http://haidc.ha.org.hk/index.html}} and the Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Toxicology Reference Laboratory (TRL)\\|url\\=https://www.hkpcn.org.hk/eng/index.html}} are situated at PMH serving the entire Hospital Authority.",
"Lai King Building (LKB), an annex block of the hospital is situated at Lai King Hill, about 5\\-minute drive away from main block of PMH. It provides convalescent and rehabilitation support for PMH patients, with 268 beds, of which 93 are infirmary beds.",
""
] |
History
-------
One Tel began operations in May 1995\. In 1999 One.Tel's Next Generation 3GSM 1800 network was launched by joint CEOs of the mobile business, Stephen Moore and David Wright in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), Australia.
The original thought process began with a simple initiative: they wanted to start a new telephone company, one that the average person would understand. The company was very people focused and focused on the residential market, as opposed to corporate business. They wanted the consumer, or everyday person in the street, to have access to the entire suite of telephony products, which is why the company was marketed with the catch phrase "100% Telephone Company"{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}}.
At that time, the company was firmly established in the telecommunications market, with operations in Australia, [London](/wiki/London "London"), [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich"), [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt") and [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong").
One.Tel had three core product offerings: fixed wire long distance, Internet service provision and mobile telephony.
From 1998 through to 2000, One.Tel's customer base more than tripled to 2\.2 million and revenues doubled to $653 million{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}}. The business grew rapidly in Europe.
In December 1998 Project GSM was developed by [Jodee Rich](/wiki/Jodee_Rich "Jodee Rich"), [Bradley Keeling](/wiki/Bradley_Keeling "Bradley Keeling"), Kevin Beck, [Stephen Moore](/wiki/Stephen_Moore_%28businessman%29 "Stephen Moore (businessman)") and Alicia Crisp. This initial concept became the foundation for the One.Tel Next Gen 3GSM cellular network in Australia and spawned the international hybrid MVNO concept developed by One.Tel CTO Stephen Moore.
In February 1999, News Corporation (News) and Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL) injected $709 million over three years{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}}.
In March 2000 One.Tel was successful in acquiring 15 MHz spectrum across all major capital cities. The One.Tel Next Generation Network was launched nationally six months ahead of schedule. It was the most technologically advanced network in Australia and offered differentiating features via a Smart SIM including 'Voicemail with Reply Now', 'Megaphone' and location\-based information\-on\-demand services – features that are now commonplace today.
By May 2000 One.Tel had operations in seven countries and regions (Australia, UK, HKSAR, Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Germany), over 1,900,000 active customers and was connecting over 250,000/month globally.
### The pre\-IPO years: 1995 to 1997
Jodee Rich and Brad Keeling decided to start a telephone company in August 1994\. Jodee Rich developed a [business plan](/wiki/Business_plan "Business plan") for the company in September 1994\. The ownership structure of the company in February 1995 was: [Optus](/wiki/Optus "Optus") 28\.5%; FAI 18%; James Packer 5%; Kalara Investments 50% (approximately). Kalara Investments was owned by Jodee Rich and Brad Keeling. The total initial seed capital for One.Tel was approximately $5 million. One.Tel was officially launched by Rodney Adler on 1 May 1995\.
The link with Australia's second largest telecommunications company, Optus, proved crucial to the company's early success. One.Tel initially operated largely as a reseller of Optus services, receiving $120 for each mobile telephone customer that it attracted{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}}. The Optus contract was a wonderful deal for One.Tel and a terrible deal for Optus. One.Tel did not even need to sign up a customer to a long\-term contract, it merely needed to have a customer accept a [SIM card](/wiki/SIM_card "SIM card") in order to receive $120 from Optus. This reportedly led to some unusual business practices, such as paying customers $10 to accept a new SIM card. Many SIM cards were never used. It also had an adverse impact on the credit\-worthiness of One.Tel's customers, as One.Tel signed up many people who would not have been accepted as customers by other telephone carriers. It has been reported that One.Tel's customers were mainly "single mothers, pensioners and teenagers". This aspect of the business has led some commentators to speculate that the business was initially conceived as a [pump and dump](/wiki/Pump_and_dump "Pump and dump") operation \- a business that had no long\-term future, but was being built up for a quick sale via an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO).
Between May 1995 and September 1996 One.Tel increased its customer base from zero to over 100,000\. Optus decided to end its dealings with the company in September 1996, selling its shareholding back to the company for $4 million and paying compensation of $19\.75 million for ending the $120 million deal early{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2008}}.
In its annual report for the year ended 30 June 1997, One.Tel reported revenue of $148 million and a before tax profit of $7\.5 million. At that time the company had almost 300 staff.
### From IPO to the onset of problems: 1997 to 2000
One.Tel floated on the [Australian Stock Exchange](/wiki/Australian_Stock_Exchange "Australian Stock Exchange") at $2 per share in November 1997\. Initial market capitalization was $208 million. On paper, FAI had turned a $950,000 investment into $51 million; Packer had turned $250,000 into $17 million and Rich and Keeling had a combined stake worth well over $100 million.
In addition, the company had paid out $4 million in dividends and $2\.85 million in consulting fees to Rich, Keeling, FAI and Packer.
The original shareholders also received $16\.9 million for the sale of two businesses, One.Net and One.Card to One.Tel in July 1998\.
In the financial year ended 30 June 1998 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $8\.8 million. During the year the company had commenced a 'Global Strategy', opening offices in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), London, Paris, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and Zürich.
In September 1998 the company purchased mobile [spectrum](/wiki/Spectrum "Spectrum") in each of the Australian capital cities at a cost of $9\.5 million with a view to establishing its own mobile network. The company was unable to secure bank finance for the deal, and James Packer and [David Lowy](/wiki/David_Lowy "David Lowy") provided $5 million each to fund the purchase.
In December 1998 the Packer\-controlled [Consolidated Press Holdings](/wiki/Consolidated_Press_Holdings "Consolidated Press Holdings") purchased FAI's 16 million shares for $43 million. In February 1999 the Packer\-controlled [Publishing \& Broadcasting Limited](/wiki/Publishing_%26_Broadcasting_Limited "Publishing & Broadcasting Limited"), in conjunction with [News Limited](/wiki/News_Limited "News Limited") agree to provide $710 million in return for a 40% stake in the company. The One.Tel share price hits a high of $13\.55 in the days leading up to the announcement of the deal, prompting an insider\-trading probe by the [Australian Securities and Investments Commission](/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission "Australian Securities and Investments Commission"). The News/PBL deal allowed the original shareholders to take more money from the company. Rich and Keeling received $62 million between them and James Packer received $20\.5 million.
In the financial year ended 30 June 1999 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $9\.8 million.
The most remarkable day in the history of One.Tel was 23 November 1999\. [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies "Lucent Technologies") announced that it would build and finance a European [GSM](/wiki/GSM "GSM") mobile network for One.Tel at a cost of up to US$10 billion. The company's market capitalization reaches a high of A$5\.3 billion on 26 November 1999, making it one of Australia's largest 30 companies.
### The emergence of problems: the year 2000
In March 2000 One.Tel spent $523 million on purchasing additional Australian spectrum licenses. The Packer and Murdoch families provided a further $280 million in funding. Australian investors provided $340 million in funding.
In the financial year ended 30 June 2000 One.Tel reported a loss of $291 million. The share price plummeted to below $1\. The annual report included details of the remuneration of Rich and Keeling; both received a $560,000 basic salary and a $6\.9 million bonus.
In a statement that would later prove ironic, James Packer told the *[Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald")* in September that Rich was a visionary, that Brad and Jodee were excellent managers and that the share price would recover.
### The end: 2001
{{See also\|ASIC v Rich}}
In January 2001, Jodee met with [Kerry Packer](/wiki/Kerry_Packer "Kerry Packer") who told him, "You ran out of money with [Imagineering](/wiki/Imagineering_Australia "Imagineering Australia"), and you're going to do it again". A [Macquarie Bank](/wiki/Macquarie_Bank "Macquarie Bank") report states that the company was worth $3\.5 billion, and the share price doubled within days. [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch") predicted that the company would run out of money by April.
In February, director [Rodney Adler](/wiki/Rodney_Adler "Rodney Adler") sold 5 million shares for $2\.5 million.
During April and May the company's problems became increasingly apparent. In a final attempt to give the company a chance to survive, News Limited and PBL agreed to subscribe to a rights issue at 5 cents per share to supply another $132 million in much needed cash. News Limited and PBL reneged upon the agreement later in May when further evidence of One.Tel's financial problems emerged.
The directors appointed [Ferrier Hodgson](/wiki/Ferrier_Hodgson "Ferrier Hodgson") as administrator on 29 May 2001\. The administrator's report states that the company was insolvent by March 2001\. The administrator began laying off the 1,400 employees of One.Tel from 8 June 2001\.{{cite news \|title\=Pressure piles on One.Tel media heirs \|newspaper\=\[\[BBC News Online]] \|date\=11 June 2001 \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1382770\.stm}}
### Litigation
On 14 October 2005 the *[Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald")* reported that the personal diaries of James Packer would be made available to the [Australian Securities and Investments Commission](/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission "Australian Securities and Investments Commission") (ASIC) to assist in its case against Jodee Rich. The [Supreme Court of New South Wales](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales "Supreme Court of New South Wales") ruled that the diaries should be made available to ASIC but warned that the material should not be used "in a manner that simply raises prurient or titillatory interest that is not directly relevant to the case". ASIC is reportedly seeking compensation of $92 million from Jodee Rich and the former One.Tel finance director, [Mark Silbermann](/wiki/Mark_Silbermann "Mark Silbermann") on the basis that they did not exercise their powers with respect to the company with due care and diligence.{{cite news \|title\=Packer ordered to give diaries to watchdog \|newspaper\=\[\[Sydney Morning Herald]] \|date\=14 October 2005 \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/packer\-ordered\-to\-give\-diary\-secrets\-to\-watchdog/2005/10/14/1128796692574\.html}}{{cite news \|title\=One.Tel quiz looms for Packer \|author\=Anne Lampe \|newspaper\=\[\[Sydney Morning Herald]] \|date\=15 October 2005 \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/onetel\-quiz\-looms\-for\-packer/2005/10/14/1128796705645\.html}}{{cite news \|title\=One.Tel auditor was linked to Packer \|newspaper\=\[\[Sydney Morning Herald]] \|date\=26 October 2005 \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/onetel\-auditor\-was\-linked\-to\-packer/2005/10/25/1130239522655\.html}}
On 18 November 2009 Justice Austin of the New South Wales Supreme Court dismissed ASIC's civil proceedings against One.Tel's former joint Managing Director, Mr Jodee Rich and the company's Finance Director, Mr Mark Silbermann.{{cite news \|title\=Moguls face $232m claim after OneTel ruling \|newspaper\=\[\[ABC News (Australia)]] \|date\=19 November 2009 \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/11/19/2746949\.htm}}
Following a four\-year trial lasting 232 hearing days Justice Austin found that ASIC had failed to prove its case against the defendant directors. The evidence presented by ASIC did not establish on the balance of probabilities that the defendants had failed to disclose or withhold financial information from One.Tel's board regarding the company's true financial position.
In the decision Justice Austin was critical of the way that ASIC managed the case. In particular:
* ASIC's evidentiary case was too big. The core of ASIC's claim required it to prove the true financial position of the large multinational One.Tel group over a period of four months in order to establish not one but many breaches of the defendant directors’ statutory duty of care and diligence. The ambitious evidentiary case in ASIC v Rich should be contrasted with ASIC's more recent litigation against directors and officers which has aimed to target specific conduct
* ASIC made final submissions that were outside its pleaded case and the defendant directors were not given a proper opportunity to respond to them
* ASIC failed to call witnesses who would have been able to explain ambiguous documentary evidence
* ASIC used a forensic accountant as an expert witness when that person had assisted ASIC decide what course of action to take against the defendants, and
* ASIC's argument that One.Tel's liquidity should be assessed solely on its Australian operations was unsound because its treasury activities were conducted on a consolidated multinational basis.
These criticisms led Justice Austin to observe that "there is a real question whether ASIC should ever bring civil proceedings seeking to prove so many things over such a period of time as in this case."{{cite news \|title\=ASIC to appeal OneTel ruling \|author\=Andrew Main \|newspaper\=\[\[The Australian]] \|date\=17 December 2009 \|url\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/industry\-sectors/asic\-to\-appeal\-one\-tel\-ruling/story\-e6frg9hx\-1225811433019?from\=public\_rss}}
[thumb\|Logo near the end](/wiki/File:One.Tel_Logo_Cropped.PNG "One.Tel Logo Cropped.PNG")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"One Tel began operations in May 1995\\. In 1999 One.Tel's Next Generation 3GSM 1800 network was launched by joint CEOs of the mobile business, Stephen Moore and David Wright in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), Australia.",
"The original thought process began with a simple initiative: they wanted to start a new telephone company, one that the average person would understand. The company was very people focused and focused on the residential market, as opposed to corporate business. They wanted the consumer, or everyday person in the street, to have access to the entire suite of telephony products, which is why the company was marketed with the catch phrase \"100% Telephone Company\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}}.",
"At that time, the company was firmly established in the telecommunications market, with operations in Australia, [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\"), [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\") and [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\").",
"One.Tel had three core product offerings: fixed wire long distance, Internet service provision and mobile telephony.",
"From 1998 through to 2000, One.Tel's customer base more than tripled to 2\\.2 million and revenues doubled to $653 million{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}}. The business grew rapidly in Europe.",
"In December 1998 Project GSM was developed by [Jodee Rich](/wiki/Jodee_Rich \"Jodee Rich\"), [Bradley Keeling](/wiki/Bradley_Keeling \"Bradley Keeling\"), Kevin Beck, [Stephen Moore](/wiki/Stephen_Moore_%28businessman%29 \"Stephen Moore (businessman)\") and Alicia Crisp. This initial concept became the foundation for the One.Tel Next Gen 3GSM cellular network in Australia and spawned the international hybrid MVNO concept developed by One.Tel CTO Stephen Moore.",
"In February 1999, News Corporation (News) and Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL) injected $709 million over three years{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}}.",
"In March 2000 One.Tel was successful in acquiring 15 MHz spectrum across all major capital cities. The One.Tel Next Generation Network was launched nationally six months ahead of schedule. It was the most technologically advanced network in Australia and offered differentiating features via a Smart SIM including 'Voicemail with Reply Now', 'Megaphone' and location\\-based information\\-on\\-demand services – features that are now commonplace today.",
"By May 2000 One.Tel had operations in seven countries and regions (Australia, UK, HKSAR, Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Germany), over 1,900,000 active customers and was connecting over 250,000/month globally.",
"### The pre\\-IPO years: 1995 to 1997",
"Jodee Rich and Brad Keeling decided to start a telephone company in August 1994\\. Jodee Rich developed a [business plan](/wiki/Business_plan \"Business plan\") for the company in September 1994\\. The ownership structure of the company in February 1995 was: [Optus](/wiki/Optus \"Optus\") 28\\.5%; FAI 18%; James Packer 5%; Kalara Investments 50% (approximately). Kalara Investments was owned by Jodee Rich and Brad Keeling. The total initial seed capital for One.Tel was approximately $5 million. One.Tel was officially launched by Rodney Adler on 1 May 1995\\.",
"The link with Australia's second largest telecommunications company, Optus, proved crucial to the company's early success. One.Tel initially operated largely as a reseller of Optus services, receiving $120 for each mobile telephone customer that it attracted{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}}. The Optus contract was a wonderful deal for One.Tel and a terrible deal for Optus. One.Tel did not even need to sign up a customer to a long\\-term contract, it merely needed to have a customer accept a [SIM card](/wiki/SIM_card \"SIM card\") in order to receive $120 from Optus. This reportedly led to some unusual business practices, such as paying customers $10 to accept a new SIM card. Many SIM cards were never used. It also had an adverse impact on the credit\\-worthiness of One.Tel's customers, as One.Tel signed up many people who would not have been accepted as customers by other telephone carriers. It has been reported that One.Tel's customers were mainly \"single mothers, pensioners and teenagers\". This aspect of the business has led some commentators to speculate that the business was initially conceived as a [pump and dump](/wiki/Pump_and_dump \"Pump and dump\") operation \\- a business that had no long\\-term future, but was being built up for a quick sale via an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") (IPO).",
"Between May 1995 and September 1996 One.Tel increased its customer base from zero to over 100,000\\. Optus decided to end its dealings with the company in September 1996, selling its shareholding back to the company for $4 million and paying compensation of $19\\.75 million for ending the $120 million deal early{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2008}}.",
"In its annual report for the year ended 30 June 1997, One.Tel reported revenue of $148 million and a before tax profit of $7\\.5 million. At that time the company had almost 300 staff.",
"### From IPO to the onset of problems: 1997 to 2000",
"One.Tel floated on the [Australian Stock Exchange](/wiki/Australian_Stock_Exchange \"Australian Stock Exchange\") at $2 per share in November 1997\\. Initial market capitalization was $208 million. On paper, FAI had turned a $950,000 investment into $51 million; Packer had turned $250,000 into $17 million and Rich and Keeling had a combined stake worth well over $100 million.",
"In addition, the company had paid out $4 million in dividends and $2\\.85 million in consulting fees to Rich, Keeling, FAI and Packer.",
"The original shareholders also received $16\\.9 million for the sale of two businesses, One.Net and One.Card to One.Tel in July 1998\\.",
"In the financial year ended 30 June 1998 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $8\\.8 million. During the year the company had commenced a 'Global Strategy', opening offices in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), London, Paris, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and Zürich.",
"In September 1998 the company purchased mobile [spectrum](/wiki/Spectrum \"Spectrum\") in each of the Australian capital cities at a cost of $9\\.5 million with a view to establishing its own mobile network. The company was unable to secure bank finance for the deal, and James Packer and [David Lowy](/wiki/David_Lowy \"David Lowy\") provided $5 million each to fund the purchase.",
"In December 1998 the Packer\\-controlled [Consolidated Press Holdings](/wiki/Consolidated_Press_Holdings \"Consolidated Press Holdings\") purchased FAI's 16 million shares for $43 million. In February 1999 the Packer\\-controlled [Publishing \\& Broadcasting Limited](/wiki/Publishing_%26_Broadcasting_Limited \"Publishing & Broadcasting Limited\"), in conjunction with [News Limited](/wiki/News_Limited \"News Limited\") agree to provide $710 million in return for a 40% stake in the company. The One.Tel share price hits a high of $13\\.55 in the days leading up to the announcement of the deal, prompting an insider\\-trading probe by the [Australian Securities and Investments Commission](/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission \"Australian Securities and Investments Commission\"). The News/PBL deal allowed the original shareholders to take more money from the company. Rich and Keeling received $62 million between them and James Packer received $20\\.5 million.",
"In the financial year ended 30 June 1999 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $9\\.8 million.",
"The most remarkable day in the history of One.Tel was 23 November 1999\\. [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies \"Lucent Technologies\") announced that it would build and finance a European [GSM](/wiki/GSM \"GSM\") mobile network for One.Tel at a cost of up to US$10 billion. The company's market capitalization reaches a high of A$5\\.3 billion on 26 November 1999, making it one of Australia's largest 30 companies.",
"### The emergence of problems: the year 2000",
"In March 2000 One.Tel spent $523 million on purchasing additional Australian spectrum licenses. The Packer and Murdoch families provided a further $280 million in funding. Australian investors provided $340 million in funding.",
"In the financial year ended 30 June 2000 One.Tel reported a loss of $291 million. The share price plummeted to below $1\\. The annual report included details of the remuneration of Rich and Keeling; both received a $560,000 basic salary and a $6\\.9 million bonus.",
"In a statement that would later prove ironic, James Packer told the *[Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\")* in September that Rich was a visionary, that Brad and Jodee were excellent managers and that the share price would recover.",
"### The end: 2001",
"{{See also\\|ASIC v Rich}}\nIn January 2001, Jodee met with [Kerry Packer](/wiki/Kerry_Packer \"Kerry Packer\") who told him, \"You ran out of money with [Imagineering](/wiki/Imagineering_Australia \"Imagineering Australia\"), and you're going to do it again\". A [Macquarie Bank](/wiki/Macquarie_Bank \"Macquarie Bank\") report states that the company was worth $3\\.5 billion, and the share price doubled within days. [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\") predicted that the company would run out of money by April.",
"In February, director [Rodney Adler](/wiki/Rodney_Adler \"Rodney Adler\") sold 5 million shares for $2\\.5 million.",
"During April and May the company's problems became increasingly apparent. In a final attempt to give the company a chance to survive, News Limited and PBL agreed to subscribe to a rights issue at 5 cents per share to supply another $132 million in much needed cash. News Limited and PBL reneged upon the agreement later in May when further evidence of One.Tel's financial problems emerged.",
"The directors appointed [Ferrier Hodgson](/wiki/Ferrier_Hodgson \"Ferrier Hodgson\") as administrator on 29 May 2001\\. The administrator's report states that the company was insolvent by March 2001\\. The administrator began laying off the 1,400 employees of One.Tel from 8 June 2001\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Pressure piles on One.Tel media heirs \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[BBC News Online]] \\|date\\=11 June 2001 \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1382770\\.stm}}",
"### Litigation",
"On 14 October 2005 the *[Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\")* reported that the personal diaries of James Packer would be made available to the [Australian Securities and Investments Commission](/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission \"Australian Securities and Investments Commission\") (ASIC) to assist in its case against Jodee Rich. The [Supreme Court of New South Wales](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales \"Supreme Court of New South Wales\") ruled that the diaries should be made available to ASIC but warned that the material should not be used \"in a manner that simply raises prurient or titillatory interest that is not directly relevant to the case\". ASIC is reportedly seeking compensation of $92 million from Jodee Rich and the former One.Tel finance director, [Mark Silbermann](/wiki/Mark_Silbermann \"Mark Silbermann\") on the basis that they did not exercise their powers with respect to the company with due care and diligence.{{cite news \\|title\\=Packer ordered to give diaries to watchdog \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|date\\=14 October 2005 \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/packer\\-ordered\\-to\\-give\\-diary\\-secrets\\-to\\-watchdog/2005/10/14/1128796692574\\.html}}{{cite news \\|title\\=One.Tel quiz looms for Packer \\|author\\=Anne Lampe \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|date\\=15 October 2005 \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/onetel\\-quiz\\-looms\\-for\\-packer/2005/10/14/1128796705645\\.html}}{{cite news \\|title\\=One.Tel auditor was linked to Packer \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sydney Morning Herald]] \\|date\\=26 October 2005 \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/onetel\\-auditor\\-was\\-linked\\-to\\-packer/2005/10/25/1130239522655\\.html}}",
"On 18 November 2009 Justice Austin of the New South Wales Supreme Court dismissed ASIC's civil proceedings against One.Tel's former joint Managing Director, Mr Jodee Rich and the company's Finance Director, Mr Mark Silbermann.{{cite news \\|title\\=Moguls face $232m claim after OneTel ruling \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[ABC News (Australia)]] \\|date\\=19 November 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/11/19/2746949\\.htm}}",
"Following a four\\-year trial lasting 232 hearing days Justice Austin found that ASIC had failed to prove its case against the defendant directors. The evidence presented by ASIC did not establish on the balance of probabilities that the defendants had failed to disclose or withhold financial information from One.Tel's board regarding the company's true financial position.",
"In the decision Justice Austin was critical of the way that ASIC managed the case. In particular:\n* ASIC's evidentiary case was too big. The core of ASIC's claim required it to prove the true financial position of the large multinational One.Tel group over a period of four months in order to establish not one but many breaches of the defendant directors’ statutory duty of care and diligence. The ambitious evidentiary case in ASIC v Rich should be contrasted with ASIC's more recent litigation against directors and officers which has aimed to target specific conduct\n* ASIC made final submissions that were outside its pleaded case and the defendant directors were not given a proper opportunity to respond to them\n* ASIC failed to call witnesses who would have been able to explain ambiguous documentary evidence\n* ASIC used a forensic accountant as an expert witness when that person had assisted ASIC decide what course of action to take against the defendants, and\n* ASIC's argument that One.Tel's liquidity should be assessed solely on its Australian operations was unsound because its treasury activities were conducted on a consolidated multinational basis.",
"These criticisms led Justice Austin to observe that \"there is a real question whether ASIC should ever bring civil proceedings seeking to prove so many things over such a period of time as in this case.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=ASIC to appeal OneTel ruling \\|author\\=Andrew Main \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Australian]] \\|date\\=17 December 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/industry\\-sectors/asic\\-to\\-appeal\\-one\\-tel\\-ruling/story\\-e6frg9hx\\-1225811433019?from\\=public\\_rss}}\n[thumb\\|Logo near the end](/wiki/File:One.Tel_Logo_Cropped.PNG \"One.Tel Logo Cropped.PNG\")",
""
] |
### From IPO to the onset of problems: 1997 to 2000
One.Tel floated on the [Australian Stock Exchange](/wiki/Australian_Stock_Exchange "Australian Stock Exchange") at $2 per share in November 1997\. Initial market capitalization was $208 million. On paper, FAI had turned a $950,000 investment into $51 million; Packer had turned $250,000 into $17 million and Rich and Keeling had a combined stake worth well over $100 million.
In addition, the company had paid out $4 million in dividends and $2\.85 million in consulting fees to Rich, Keeling, FAI and Packer.
The original shareholders also received $16\.9 million for the sale of two businesses, One.Net and One.Card to One.Tel in July 1998\.
In the financial year ended 30 June 1998 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $8\.8 million. During the year the company had commenced a 'Global Strategy', opening offices in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), London, Paris, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and Zürich.
In September 1998 the company purchased mobile [spectrum](/wiki/Spectrum "Spectrum") in each of the Australian capital cities at a cost of $9\.5 million with a view to establishing its own mobile network. The company was unable to secure bank finance for the deal, and James Packer and [David Lowy](/wiki/David_Lowy "David Lowy") provided $5 million each to fund the purchase.
In December 1998 the Packer\-controlled [Consolidated Press Holdings](/wiki/Consolidated_Press_Holdings "Consolidated Press Holdings") purchased FAI's 16 million shares for $43 million. In February 1999 the Packer\-controlled [Publishing \& Broadcasting Limited](/wiki/Publishing_%26_Broadcasting_Limited "Publishing & Broadcasting Limited"), in conjunction with [News Limited](/wiki/News_Limited "News Limited") agree to provide $710 million in return for a 40% stake in the company. The One.Tel share price hits a high of $13\.55 in the days leading up to the announcement of the deal, prompting an insider\-trading probe by the [Australian Securities and Investments Commission](/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission "Australian Securities and Investments Commission"). The News/PBL deal allowed the original shareholders to take more money from the company. Rich and Keeling received $62 million between them and James Packer received $20\.5 million.
In the financial year ended 30 June 1999 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $9\.8 million.
The most remarkable day in the history of One.Tel was 23 November 1999\. [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies "Lucent Technologies") announced that it would build and finance a European [GSM](/wiki/GSM "GSM") mobile network for One.Tel at a cost of up to US$10 billion. The company's market capitalization reaches a high of A$5\.3 billion on 26 November 1999, making it one of Australia's largest 30 companies.
|
[
"### From IPO to the onset of problems: 1997 to 2000",
"One.Tel floated on the [Australian Stock Exchange](/wiki/Australian_Stock_Exchange \"Australian Stock Exchange\") at $2 per share in November 1997\\. Initial market capitalization was $208 million. On paper, FAI had turned a $950,000 investment into $51 million; Packer had turned $250,000 into $17 million and Rich and Keeling had a combined stake worth well over $100 million.",
"In addition, the company had paid out $4 million in dividends and $2\\.85 million in consulting fees to Rich, Keeling, FAI and Packer.",
"The original shareholders also received $16\\.9 million for the sale of two businesses, One.Net and One.Card to One.Tel in July 1998\\.",
"In the financial year ended 30 June 1998 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $8\\.8 million. During the year the company had commenced a 'Global Strategy', opening offices in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), London, Paris, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and Zürich.",
"In September 1998 the company purchased mobile [spectrum](/wiki/Spectrum \"Spectrum\") in each of the Australian capital cities at a cost of $9\\.5 million with a view to establishing its own mobile network. The company was unable to secure bank finance for the deal, and James Packer and [David Lowy](/wiki/David_Lowy \"David Lowy\") provided $5 million each to fund the purchase.",
"In December 1998 the Packer\\-controlled [Consolidated Press Holdings](/wiki/Consolidated_Press_Holdings \"Consolidated Press Holdings\") purchased FAI's 16 million shares for $43 million. In February 1999 the Packer\\-controlled [Publishing \\& Broadcasting Limited](/wiki/Publishing_%26_Broadcasting_Limited \"Publishing & Broadcasting Limited\"), in conjunction with [News Limited](/wiki/News_Limited \"News Limited\") agree to provide $710 million in return for a 40% stake in the company. The One.Tel share price hits a high of $13\\.55 in the days leading up to the announcement of the deal, prompting an insider\\-trading probe by the [Australian Securities and Investments Commission](/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission \"Australian Securities and Investments Commission\"). The News/PBL deal allowed the original shareholders to take more money from the company. Rich and Keeling received $62 million between them and James Packer received $20\\.5 million.",
"In the financial year ended 30 June 1999 One.Tel reported a before tax profit of $9\\.8 million.",
"The most remarkable day in the history of One.Tel was 23 November 1999\\. [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies \"Lucent Technologies\") announced that it would build and finance a European [GSM](/wiki/GSM \"GSM\") mobile network for One.Tel at a cost of up to US$10 billion. The company's market capitalization reaches a high of A$5\\.3 billion on 26 November 1999, making it one of Australia's largest 30 companies.",
""
] |
Reactivity
----------
[thumb\|Bisallylic distorted P6 ligand within the molecular structure of the \[\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)]]\+ cation\|221x221px\|left](/wiki/File:Oxidized_%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29.png "Oxidized ((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6).png")
### One\-electron oxidation
The reactivity of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)] toward [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver") and [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper") monocationic [salts](/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29 "Salt (chemistry)") of the weakly coordinating anion \[Al{OC(CF3)3}4]− (\[TEF]) was studied by Fleischmann et al. in 2015\. Addition of a solution of Ag\[TEF] or Cu\[TEF] to a solution of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)] in [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") results in [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of the complex, which can be observed by an immediate colour change from amber to dark teal. The [magnetic moment](/wiki/Magnetic_moment "Magnetic moment") of the dark teal [crystals](/wiki/Crystal "Crystal") determined by the [Evans NMR method](/wiki/Evans_Method "Evans Method") is equal to 1\.67 μB, which is consistent with one unpaired electron. Accordingly, \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)]\+ is detected by [ESI mass spectrometry](/wiki/Mass_spectrometry "Mass spectrometry").
The crystal structure of the teal product shows that the triple‐decker geometry is retained during the one‐electron [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)]. The Mo—Mo bond length of the \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)]\+ cation is 2\.6617(4\) Å; almost identical to the bond length determined for the unoxidized species at 2\.6463(3\) Å. However, the P—P bond lengths are strongly affected by the [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation"). While the P1—P1′ and P3—P3′ bonds are elongated, the remaining P—P bonds are shortened compared to the average P—P bond length of about 2\.183 Å in the unoxidized species. Therefore, the middle deck of the 27 valence electron \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)]\+ complex can best be described as a bisallylic distorted P6 ligand, intermediate between the 28 valence electron complexes with a perfectly planar symmetrical ring, and those with 26 valence electrons displaying a more amplified in\-plane distortion. [Density functional theorem](/wiki/Density_functional_theory "Density functional theory") (DFT) calculations confirm that this distortion is due to depopulation of the P [bonding orbitals](/wiki/Bonding_orbital "Bonding orbital") upon oxidation of the triple\-decker [sandwich complex](/wiki/Sandwich_compound "Sandwich compound").
### Cu\[TEF] \& Ag\[TEF]
[thumb\|Reactivity of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)] towards the [cations](/wiki/Cation "Cation") Cu\+, Ag\+, and Tl\+\|299x299px](/wiki/File:Reactivity_of_%28%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29%29.png "Reactivity of (((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6)).png")
To avoid [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)], further reactions were performed in [toluene](/wiki/Toluene "Toluene") to decrease the [redox potentia](/wiki/Reduction_potential "Reduction potential")l of the cations. This resulted in a bright orange coordination product upon reaction with [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper"), although a mixture also containing the dark teal [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") product was obtained upon reaction with [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver").
[Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis](/wiki/X-ray_crystallography "X-ray crystallography") reveals that this product displays a distorted [square‐planar](/wiki/Square_planar_molecular_geometry "Square planar molecular geometry") coordination environment around the central cation through two side‐on coordinating P—P bonds. The Ag—P distances are approximately 2\.6 Å, whereas the Cu—P distances are determined to be approximately 2\.4 Å. The P—P bonds are therefore elongated to 2\.2694(16\) Å and 2\.2915(14\) Å upon coordination to [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper") and [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver"), respectively, whilst the remaining P—P bonds are unaffected.
In another experiment Cu\[TEF] is treated with \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)] in pure [toluene](/wiki/Toluene "Toluene") and the solution shows the bright orange color of the complex cation \[Cu(\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)])2]\+. However, analysis of crystals from this solution reveals a distorted [tetrahedral](/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry "Tetrahedral molecular geometry") coordination environment around Cu. The resulting Cu—P distances are somewhat shorter than their counterparts discussed above. The coordinating P—P bonds are a little longer, which is attributed to less steric crowding in the [tetrahedral](/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry "Tetrahedral molecular geometry") coordination geometry around the Cu center.
The successful isolation of \[Cu(\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)])2]\+ either as its tetrahedral or square‐planar isomer is therefore achievable. [DFT calculations](/wiki/Density_functional_theory "Density functional theory") show that the [enthalpy](/wiki/Enthalpy "Enthalpy") for the tetrahedral to square‐planar [isomerization](/wiki/Isomerization "Isomerization") is positive for both metals, with the tetrahedral coordination being favored. When [entropy](/wiki/Entropy "Entropy") is taken into account, small positive values for Cu\+ and larger, but negative, values for Ag\+ are observed. This means that the tetrahedral geometry is predominant for Cu\+, but a significant percentage of the complexes adopt a square‐planar geometry in solution. For Ag\+, the equilibrium is shifted significantly to the right side, which is presumably why a tetrahedral coordination of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)] and Ag\+ has not yet been observed.
Examination of the [crystal packing](/wiki/Crystal_packing "Crystal packing") reveals that these products are layered compounds that crystallize in the [monoclinic](/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system "Monoclinic crystal system") *C*2/*c* [space group](/wiki/Space_group "Space group") with alternating negatively charged layers of the \[TEF] anions and positively charged layers of isolated \[M(\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)])2]\+ complexes. The layers lie inside the *bc* plane, alternate along the *a* axis, and do not form a two‐dimensional network.
### Tl\[TEF]
The treatment of \[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)] with Tl\[TEF] in [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") gives an immediate color change from amber to a deep red. The crystal structure reveals a [trigonal pyramidal](/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry "Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry") coordination of the [thallium](/wiki/Thallium "Thallium") cation, Tl\+, by three side‐on coordinating P—P bonds of the P6 [ligands](/wiki/Ligand "Ligand"). Two of these P6 [ligands](/wiki/Ligand "Ligand") show shorter and uniform Tl—P distances of 3\.2–3\.3 Å with P—P bonds elongated to about 2\.22 Å, whilst the third unit shows an unsymmetrical coordination with long Tl—P distances of approximately 3\.42 and 3\.69 Å and no P—P bond elongation.
[center\|thumb\|[Crystal packing](/wiki/Crystal_packing "Crystal packing") of a) \[Ag(\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)])2]\+and b) \[Tl(\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)])2]\+ showing the alternation of anionic and cationic layers along the a axis. Tl\+ positions are half‐occupied.\|350x350px](/wiki/File:Crystal_packing_of_%28Ag%28%28%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29%29%292%29%2B_and_%28Tl%28%28%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29%29%292%29%2B.png "Crystal packing of (Ag((((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6)))2)+ and (Tl((((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6)))2)+.png")
Although the environment of Tl\+ is distinctly different from that of Cu\+ and Ag\+, their structures are related by the two‐dimensional [coordination network](/wiki/Coordination_number "Coordination number") that propagates inside the *bc* plane. Crucially, whilst Cu\+ and Ag\+ form layered structures with isolated \[M(\[{(η5\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\-P6)])2]\+ complex cations, there is a [statistical distribution](/wiki/Statistical_distribution "Statistical distribution") of the Tl\+ cations inside the two‐dimensional coordination, which shows further interconnection of the P6 [ligands](/wiki/Ligand "Ligand") to form an extended 2D network that could be regarded as a [supramolecular analogue](/wiki/Supramolecular_assembly "Supramolecular assembly") of [graphene](/wiki/Graphene "Graphene").
|
[
"Reactivity\n----------",
"[thumb\\|Bisallylic distorted P6 ligand within the molecular structure of the \\[\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)]]\\+ cation\\|221x221px\\|left](/wiki/File:Oxidized_%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29.png \"Oxidized ((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6).png\")",
"### One\\-electron oxidation",
"The reactivity of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)] toward [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\") and [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") monocationic [salts](/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29 \"Salt (chemistry)\") of the weakly coordinating anion \\[Al{OC(CF3)3}4]− (\\[TEF]) was studied by Fleischmann et al. in 2015\\. Addition of a solution of Ag\\[TEF] or Cu\\[TEF] to a solution of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)] in [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform \"Chloroform\") results in [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation \"Oxidation\") of the complex, which can be observed by an immediate colour change from amber to dark teal. The [magnetic moment](/wiki/Magnetic_moment \"Magnetic moment\") of the dark teal [crystals](/wiki/Crystal \"Crystal\") determined by the [Evans NMR method](/wiki/Evans_Method \"Evans Method\") is equal to 1\\.67 μB, which is consistent with one unpaired electron. Accordingly, \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)]\\+ is detected by [ESI mass spectrometry](/wiki/Mass_spectrometry \"Mass spectrometry\").",
"The crystal structure of the teal product shows that the triple‐decker geometry is retained during the one‐electron [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation \"Oxidation\") of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)]. The Mo—Mo bond length of the \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)]\\+ cation is 2\\.6617(4\\) Å; almost identical to the bond length determined for the unoxidized species at 2\\.6463(3\\) Å. However, the P—P bond lengths are strongly affected by the [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation \"Oxidation\"). While the P1—P1′ and P3—P3′ bonds are elongated, the remaining P—P bonds are shortened compared to the average P—P bond length of about 2\\.183 Å in the unoxidized species. Therefore, the middle deck of the 27 valence electron \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)]\\+ complex can best be described as a bisallylic distorted P6 ligand, intermediate between the 28 valence electron complexes with a perfectly planar symmetrical ring, and those with 26 valence electrons displaying a more amplified in\\-plane distortion. [Density functional theorem](/wiki/Density_functional_theory \"Density functional theory\") (DFT) calculations confirm that this distortion is due to depopulation of the P [bonding orbitals](/wiki/Bonding_orbital \"Bonding orbital\") upon oxidation of the triple\\-decker [sandwich complex](/wiki/Sandwich_compound \"Sandwich compound\").",
"### Cu\\[TEF] \\& Ag\\[TEF]",
"[thumb\\|Reactivity of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)] towards the [cations](/wiki/Cation \"Cation\") Cu\\+, Ag\\+, and Tl\\+\\|299x299px](/wiki/File:Reactivity_of_%28%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29%29.png \"Reactivity of (((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6)).png\")\nTo avoid [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation \"Oxidation\") of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)], further reactions were performed in [toluene](/wiki/Toluene \"Toluene\") to decrease the [redox potentia](/wiki/Reduction_potential \"Reduction potential\")l of the cations. This resulted in a bright orange coordination product upon reaction with [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\"), although a mixture also containing the dark teal [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation \"Oxidation\") product was obtained upon reaction with [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\").",
"[Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis](/wiki/X-ray_crystallography \"X-ray crystallography\") reveals that this product displays a distorted [square‐planar](/wiki/Square_planar_molecular_geometry \"Square planar molecular geometry\") coordination environment around the central cation through two side‐on coordinating P—P bonds. The Ag—P distances are approximately 2\\.6 Å, whereas the Cu—P distances are determined to be approximately 2\\.4 Å. The P—P bonds are therefore elongated to 2\\.2694(16\\) Å and 2\\.2915(14\\) Å upon coordination to [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") and [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\"), respectively, whilst the remaining P—P bonds are unaffected.",
"In another experiment Cu\\[TEF] is treated with \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)] in pure [toluene](/wiki/Toluene \"Toluene\") and the solution shows the bright orange color of the complex cation \\[Cu(\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)])2]\\+. However, analysis of crystals from this solution reveals a distorted [tetrahedral](/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry \"Tetrahedral molecular geometry\") coordination environment around Cu. The resulting Cu—P distances are somewhat shorter than their counterparts discussed above. The coordinating P—P bonds are a little longer, which is attributed to less steric crowding in the [tetrahedral](/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry \"Tetrahedral molecular geometry\") coordination geometry around the Cu center.",
"The successful isolation of \\[Cu(\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)])2]\\+ either as its tetrahedral or square‐planar isomer is therefore achievable. [DFT calculations](/wiki/Density_functional_theory \"Density functional theory\") show that the [enthalpy](/wiki/Enthalpy \"Enthalpy\") for the tetrahedral to square‐planar [isomerization](/wiki/Isomerization \"Isomerization\") is positive for both metals, with the tetrahedral coordination being favored. When [entropy](/wiki/Entropy \"Entropy\") is taken into account, small positive values for Cu\\+ and larger, but negative, values for Ag\\+ are observed. This means that the tetrahedral geometry is predominant for Cu\\+, but a significant percentage of the complexes adopt a square‐planar geometry in solution. For Ag\\+, the equilibrium is shifted significantly to the right side, which is presumably why a tetrahedral coordination of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)] and Ag\\+ has not yet been observed.",
"Examination of the [crystal packing](/wiki/Crystal_packing \"Crystal packing\") reveals that these products are layered compounds that crystallize in the [monoclinic](/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system \"Monoclinic crystal system\") *C*2/*c* [space group](/wiki/Space_group \"Space group\") with alternating negatively charged layers of the \\[TEF] anions and positively charged layers of isolated \\[M(\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)])2]\\+ complexes. The layers lie inside the *bc* plane, alternate along the *a* axis, and do not form a two‐dimensional network.",
"### Tl\\[TEF]",
"The treatment of \\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)] with Tl\\[TEF] in [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform \"Chloroform\") gives an immediate color change from amber to a deep red. The crystal structure reveals a [trigonal pyramidal](/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry \"Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry\") coordination of the [thallium](/wiki/Thallium \"Thallium\") cation, Tl\\+, by three side‐on coordinating P—P bonds of the P6 [ligands](/wiki/Ligand \"Ligand\"). Two of these P6 [ligands](/wiki/Ligand \"Ligand\") show shorter and uniform Tl—P distances of 3\\.2–3\\.3 Å with P—P bonds elongated to about 2\\.22 Å, whilst the third unit shows an unsymmetrical coordination with long Tl—P distances of approximately 3\\.42 and 3\\.69 Å and no P—P bond elongation.\n[center\\|thumb\\|[Crystal packing](/wiki/Crystal_packing \"Crystal packing\") of a) \\[Ag(\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)])2]\\+and b) \\[Tl(\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)])2]\\+ showing the alternation of anionic and cationic layers along the a axis. Tl\\+ positions are half‐occupied.\\|350x350px](/wiki/File:Crystal_packing_of_%28Ag%28%28%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29%29%292%29%2B_and_%28Tl%28%28%28%28%CE%B75-_Me5C5%29Mo%292%28%CE%BC%2C%CE%B76-P6%29%29%292%29%2B.png \"Crystal packing of (Ag((((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6)))2)+ and (Tl((((η5- Me5C5)Mo)2(μ,η6-P6)))2)+.png\")\nAlthough the environment of Tl\\+ is distinctly different from that of Cu\\+ and Ag\\+, their structures are related by the two‐dimensional [coordination network](/wiki/Coordination_number \"Coordination number\") that propagates inside the *bc* plane. Crucially, whilst Cu\\+ and Ag\\+ form layered structures with isolated \\[M(\\[{(η5\\- Me5C5)Mo}2(μ,η6\\-P6)])2]\\+ complex cations, there is a [statistical distribution](/wiki/Statistical_distribution \"Statistical distribution\") of the Tl\\+ cations inside the two‐dimensional coordination, which shows further interconnection of the P6 [ligands](/wiki/Ligand \"Ligand\") to form an extended 2D network that could be regarded as a [supramolecular analogue](/wiki/Supramolecular_assembly \"Supramolecular assembly\") of [graphene](/wiki/Graphene \"Graphene\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Born in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), Eisenberg was organist at various churches beginning age nine. He was a member of the [Dresdner Kreuzchor](/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor "Dresdner Kreuzchor") for five years. He studied in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig") at the [Hochschule für Musik und Theater "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy"](/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig "University of Music and Theatre Leipzig") with Wolfgang Schetelich, completing the A\-exam in 1978\. During his studies, he was the winner of several international competitions, including the improvisation competition in [Weimar](/wiki/Weimar "Weimar"). He won a prize of the [International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition](/wiki/International_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Competition "International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition") for organ in 1976\.
In 1980, shortly before the completion of the new building of the [Gewandhaus](/wiki/Gewandhaus "Gewandhaus"),The first concert presented in the Third Gewandhaus was on 8 October 1981\. [Kurt Masur](/wiki/Kurt_Masur "Kurt Masur") arranged for Eisenberg to be named organist of the Leipzig [Gewandhausorchester](/wiki/Gewandhausorchester "Gewandhausorchester"). He also served as a harpsichordist of the Leipzig Bach Orchestra. He appeared on [East German](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") television in a production about the life of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach"). He appeared outside East Germany, in 1983 at the Bach Festival in [Graz](/wiki/Graz "Graz") and in 1985 at the [Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart](/wiki/Internationale_Bachakademie_Stuttgart "Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart"). In 1985 Eisenberg was a guest professor for organ at the International Music Seminar in Weimar. He also conducted master classes in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") and [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), among others.
In 1986 Eisenberg did not return from a tour to West Germany. After positions at churches in [Bad Homburg](/wiki/Bad_Homburg "Bad Homburg") and [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover"), he has performed as a freelance organist and harpsichordist and as a partner of chamber ensembles and symphony orchestras in cities across Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Australia. From 1992, Eisenberg was [cantor](/wiki/Cantor_%28church%29 "Cantor (church)") at [St. Severin](/wiki/St._Severin%2C_Keitum "St. Severin, Keitum") in [Westerland](/wiki/Westerland%2C_Germany "Westerland, Germany") on Sylt. Since November 2004 he has been church musician and organist in [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau "Zwickau").
In January 2001, Eisenberg again appeared at the Gewandhaus, after an absence of 15 years. He performed at the [Rheingau Musik Festival](/wiki/Rheingau_Musik_Festival "Rheingau Musik Festival") with clarinetist [Giora Feidman](/wiki/Giora_Feidman "Giora Feidman") in [Eberbach Abbey](/wiki/Eberbach_Abbey "Eberbach Abbey").
As an organ specialist, Eisenberg has been involved in numerous new organs and renovations. He recorded the [complete organ works by J. S. Bach](/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach "List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach") at various organs in Lower Saxony. He has recorded as a partner of [Mathias Schmutzler](/wiki/Mathias_Schmutzler "Mathias Schmutzler"), [Joachim Schäfer](/wiki/Joachim_Sch%C3%A4fer "Joachim Schäfer"), and [Giora Feidman](/wiki/Giora_Feidman "Giora Feidman"), among others. Several of his CDs contain improvisations. As a conductor, he recorded Bach's secular [cantata](/wiki/Bach_cantata "Bach cantata") [*Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet*, BWV 212](/wiki/Mer_hahn_en_neue_Oberkeet%2C_BWV_212 "Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet, BWV 212") from the harpsichord, with soloists [Juliane Claus](/wiki/Juliane_Claus "Juliane Claus"), [Martin Krumbiegel](/wiki/Martin_Krumbiegel "Martin Krumbiegel") and [Georg Christoph Biller](/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Biller "Georg Christoph Biller") in 1992, Bach's church cantata [*Ich armer Mensch, ich Sündenknecht*, BWV 55](/wiki/Ich_armer_Mensch%2C_ich_S%C3%BCndenknecht%2C_BWV_55 "Ich armer Mensch, ich Sündenknecht, BWV 55") with [Martin Petzold](/wiki/Martin_Petzold "Martin Petzold") and members of the Thomanerchor in 1998, and songs from *[Schemellis Gesangbuch](/wiki/Schemellis_Gesangbuch "Schemellis Gesangbuch")* (Schemelli's Songbook) with Thomanerchor singers of two generations in 1998, playing the organ.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Born in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\"), Eisenberg was organist at various churches beginning age nine. He was a member of the [Dresdner Kreuzchor](/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor \"Dresdner Kreuzchor\") for five years. He studied in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") at the [Hochschule für Musik und Theater \"Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy\"](/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig \"University of Music and Theatre Leipzig\") with Wolfgang Schetelich, completing the A\\-exam in 1978\\. During his studies, he was the winner of several international competitions, including the improvisation competition in [Weimar](/wiki/Weimar \"Weimar\"). He won a prize of the [International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition](/wiki/International_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Competition \"International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition\") for organ in 1976\\.",
"In 1980, shortly before the completion of the new building of the [Gewandhaus](/wiki/Gewandhaus \"Gewandhaus\"),The first concert presented in the Third Gewandhaus was on 8 October 1981\\. [Kurt Masur](/wiki/Kurt_Masur \"Kurt Masur\") arranged for Eisenberg to be named organist of the Leipzig [Gewandhausorchester](/wiki/Gewandhausorchester \"Gewandhausorchester\"). He also served as a harpsichordist of the Leipzig Bach Orchestra. He appeared on [East German](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") television in a production about the life of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\"). He appeared outside East Germany, in 1983 at the Bach Festival in [Graz](/wiki/Graz \"Graz\") and in 1985 at the [Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart](/wiki/Internationale_Bachakademie_Stuttgart \"Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart\"). In 1985 Eisenberg was a guest professor for organ at the International Music Seminar in Weimar. He also conducted master classes in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") and [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), among others.",
"In 1986 Eisenberg did not return from a tour to West Germany. After positions at churches in [Bad Homburg](/wiki/Bad_Homburg \"Bad Homburg\") and [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\"), he has performed as a freelance organist and harpsichordist and as a partner of chamber ensembles and symphony orchestras in cities across Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Australia. From 1992, Eisenberg was [cantor](/wiki/Cantor_%28church%29 \"Cantor (church)\") at [St. Severin](/wiki/St._Severin%2C_Keitum \"St. Severin, Keitum\") in [Westerland](/wiki/Westerland%2C_Germany \"Westerland, Germany\") on Sylt. Since November 2004 he has been church musician and organist in [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau \"Zwickau\").",
"In January 2001, Eisenberg again appeared at the Gewandhaus, after an absence of 15 years. He performed at the [Rheingau Musik Festival](/wiki/Rheingau_Musik_Festival \"Rheingau Musik Festival\") with clarinetist [Giora Feidman](/wiki/Giora_Feidman \"Giora Feidman\") in [Eberbach Abbey](/wiki/Eberbach_Abbey \"Eberbach Abbey\").",
"As an organ specialist, Eisenberg has been involved in numerous new organs and renovations. He recorded the [complete organ works by J. S. Bach](/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach\") at various organs in Lower Saxony. He has recorded as a partner of [Mathias Schmutzler](/wiki/Mathias_Schmutzler \"Mathias Schmutzler\"), [Joachim Schäfer](/wiki/Joachim_Sch%C3%A4fer \"Joachim Schäfer\"), and [Giora Feidman](/wiki/Giora_Feidman \"Giora Feidman\"), among others. Several of his CDs contain improvisations. As a conductor, he recorded Bach's secular [cantata](/wiki/Bach_cantata \"Bach cantata\") [*Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet*, BWV 212](/wiki/Mer_hahn_en_neue_Oberkeet%2C_BWV_212 \"Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet, BWV 212\") from the harpsichord, with soloists [Juliane Claus](/wiki/Juliane_Claus \"Juliane Claus\"), [Martin Krumbiegel](/wiki/Martin_Krumbiegel \"Martin Krumbiegel\") and [Georg Christoph Biller](/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Biller \"Georg Christoph Biller\") in 1992, Bach's church cantata [*Ich armer Mensch, ich Sündenknecht*, BWV 55](/wiki/Ich_armer_Mensch%2C_ich_S%C3%BCndenknecht%2C_BWV_55 \"Ich armer Mensch, ich Sündenknecht, BWV 55\") with [Martin Petzold](/wiki/Martin_Petzold \"Martin Petzold\") and members of the Thomanerchor in 1998, and songs from *[Schemellis Gesangbuch](/wiki/Schemellis_Gesangbuch \"Schemellis Gesangbuch\")* (Schemelli's Songbook) with Thomanerchor singers of two generations in 1998, playing the organ.",
""
] |
Self\-translators
-----------------
Countries where literary self\-translation is predominantly seen are [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa"), China, France,Oustinoff, Michaël (2001\): *Bilinguisme d'écriture et auto\-traduction: Julien Green, Samuel Beckett, Vladimir Nabokov*. Paris: L'Harmattan. India,Trivedi, Harish (2000\): "Modern Indian Languages." In: *The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation*. Ed. Peter France. Oxford: OUP. Spain,Jean Alsina (2002\): "Lectura y autotraducción en la narrativa española actual". In: *Quimera* 210, pp. 39\-45\. (in Spanish) and the United States.
### Africa
Some of the prominent self\-translators in Africa are [Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o](/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o "Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o")[Kenya in Translation. An Interview with Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o](http://www.alternet.org/story/78421/kenya_in_translation%3A_an_interview_with_ngugi_wa_thiong%27o) in Kenya and [André Brink](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brink "André Brink")Brink, André (2003\): "English and the Afrikaans Writer". In: Steven G. Kellman *Switching languages. Translingual writers reflect on their craft*. University of Nebraska Press, p. 218\. and [Antjie Krog](/wiki/Antjie_Krog "Antjie Krog")Marshall, Christine (2007\): "A change of tongue. Antjie Krog's Poetry in English". In: *Scrutiny 2\. Issues in English studies in southern Africa* 12/1, pp. 77\-92\. in South Africa. [Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o](/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o "Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o") writes in [Gĩkũyũ](/wiki/Gikuyu_language "Gikuyu language") and English. [André Brink](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brink "André Brink") and [Antjie Krog](/wiki/Antjie_Krog "Antjie Krog") are both writing in [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") and English.
Algerian self\-translators include [Rachid Bouudjedra](/wiki/Rachid_Bouudjedra "Rachid Bouudjedra"), [Assia Djebbar](/wiki/Assia_Djebbar "Assia Djebbar") and [Mohammed Sari](/wiki/Mohammed_Sari "Mohammed Sari"), who translated their works from French into Arabic or vice versa.
### Canada
Canada has two official languages, English and French, and the national literature includes work in both languages. [Nancy Huston](/wiki/Nancy_Huston "Nancy Huston"), [Antonio D'Alfonso](/wiki/Antonio_D%27Alfonso "Antonio D'Alfonso"), and other authors self\-translate in both languages.
### China
[Lin Yutang](/wiki/Lin_Yutang "Lin Yutang") (1895–1976\) is one of the earliest self\-translators from China. Another prominent self\-translator is [Eileen Chang](/wiki/Eileen_Chang "Eileen Chang"), who translated some of her books into English.[Jessica Tsui Yan Li (2010\): "Self\-translation/rewriting: the female body in Eileen Chang's 'Jinsuo ji', *the Rouge of the North*, *Yuannu*¨ and 'the Golden Cangue'". In: *Neohelicon* 37/2 (Dec. 2010\), pp. 391\-403\.](https://www.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/cgi-bin/web/files/Eileen_Change_and_Self-translation.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024132721/https://www.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/cgi\-bin/web/files/Eileen\_Change\_and\_Self\-translation.pdf \|date\=2012\-10\-24 }}
### France
Self\-translators in France are mainly immigrant writers like [Nancy Huston](/wiki/Nancy_Huston "Nancy Huston") (French\-English),[Nancy Huston: A view from both sides](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/biography--nancy-huston-a-view-from-both-sides-785331.html) [Vassilis Alexakis](/wiki/Vassilis_Alexakis "Vassilis Alexakis") (French\-Greek)Bessy, Marianne (2011\): *Vassilis Alexakis: Exorciser L'exil*. Rodopi. and [Anne Weber](/wiki/Anne_Weber "Anne Weber") (French\-German)Patrice Martin, Christophe Drevet (2001\): *La langue française vue d'ailleurs: 100 entretiens*. Tarik Éditions, pp. 286\-288\. (in French).
### India
Some of the prominent self\-translators from India are [Manoj Das](/wiki/Manoj_Das "Manoj Das"),[Nayak, Amarjeet (2010\) "The Bilingual Writer Stripped off his Bilingual Identity in Indian Literary Scene: Manoj Das and the Politics of Packaging" in "Roopakatha Journal"](https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v2n2.10) [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore "Rabindranath Tagore"),[Sen, Anindya (2010\) "Tagore's Self\-Translations" in *Muse India* 33](http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=33&id=2140) [Girish Karnad](/wiki/Girish_Karnad "Girish Karnad"), [Kamala Das](/wiki/Kamala_Das "Kamala Das"),[Pillai, Meena T.(2005\) "Translating Her Story. A Woman in Quest of a Language" in *Translation Today*](http://www.anukriti.net/ttoct/article8/page1.asp) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928235933/http://www.anukriti.net/ttoct/article8/page1\.asp \|date\=2011\-09\-28 }} [Qurratulain Hyder](/wiki/Qurratulain_Hyder "Qurratulain Hyder").[Asaduddin , M.(2008\). "Lost/Found in Translation: Qurratulain Hyder as Self\-Translator." *The Annual of Urdu Studies*. 23\. pp 234\-249\.](http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/23/24Asaduddin.pdf)
### Italy
Self\-translations by Italian writers have been offered, at various times, by [Fausto Cercignani](/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani "Fausto Cercignani"),[See](http://sites.unimi.it/austheod/adagio3l.pdf) [Italo Calvino](/wiki/Italo_Calvino "Italo Calvino"),Domenico D'Oria, "Calvino traduit par Calvino", in *Lectures*, 4\-5 (1980\), pp. 177\-193\. [Beppe Fenoglio](/wiki/Beppe_Fenoglio "Beppe Fenoglio"),Maria Corti, "Traduzione e autotraduzione in Beppe Fenoglio", in *Premio Città di Monselice per una traduzione letteraria. Atti del seconda Convegno sui problemi della traduzione letteraria*, 3 (1974\), pp. 50\-54\. [Carlo Goldoni](/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni "Carlo Goldoni"),Gianfranco Folena, "Goldoni traduttore di se stesso", Comunicazione al Circolo linguistico\-filologico di Padova (1972\), later entitled "Il francese di Goldoni", in *Atti del Colloquio dell'Accademia dei Lincei, Il Goldoni in Francia*, Roma, 1972, pp. 71\-76; Laurence Boudart, "Goldoni, traducteur de lui\-même", in *Çedille: Revista de Estudios Franceses*, 4 (2008\), pp. 45\-55\. [Luigi Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello "Luigi Pirandello"),Luciana Salibra, "Liolà. Pirandello autotraduttore dal siciliano", in *Bolletino del Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani*, 13 (1977\), pp. 257\-292 [Giuseppe Ungaretti](/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti "Giuseppe Ungaretti"),*Giuseppe Ungaretti, traduit par lui\-même et Jean Lescure*, Collection bilingue de poésie, Paris, 1970; Giuseppe E. Sansone, "Ungaretti autotraduttore", in *Lavoro Critico*, 28 (1989\), pp. 13\-21\. and others.
### Nepal
Prominent self\-translators from [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal") are [Laxmi Prasad Devkota](/wiki/Laxmi_Prasad_Devkota "Laxmi Prasad Devkota") (1909\-1959\) and [Suman Pokhrel](/wiki/Suman_Pokhrel "Suman Pokhrel") (1967\- ) among others.{{cite web \|author\=Hutt \|first\=Michael \|date\=2018\-03\-07 \|title\=A voice from the past speaking to the present \|url\=https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/a\-voice\-from\-the\-past\-speaking\-to\-the\-present \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224175242/https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/a\-voice\-from\-the\-past\-speaking\-to\-the\-present/ \|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-24 \|access\-date\=2019\-02\-24 \|publisher\=The Record Nepal \|location\=Kathmandu \|language\=en}}{{cite book \|last\=Subedi \|first\=Abhi\|author1\-link\=Abhi Subedi\|date\= 2013 \|script\-title\=ne:साहित्य र आमवृत्त \|trans\-title\=Literature and Common Sphere \|page\=189 \|language\=ne \|location\=Kathmandu \|publisher\=Mother Publication \|isbn\=978\-9937\-852531\|oclc\=867694631}}
### Spain
Self\-translation is prominent amongst Catalan, Galician[Dasilva, Xosé Manuel (2009\): "Autotraducirse en Galicia". *Quaderns* 16, pp.143\-156\. (in Spanish)](http://www.raco.cat/index.php/quadernstraduccio/article/viewFile/139942/191121) and Basque writers.
The most well known self\-translators are [Carme Riera](/wiki/Carme_Riera "Carme Riera") (Catalan\-Spanish),[Luisa Cotoner Cerdó (2011\): "Variación cultural, técnicas y procedimientos estilísticos a propósito de las autotraducciones al castellano de Carme Riera". In: *Tejuelo* 10, pp. 10\-28\. (in Spanish)](http://iesgtballester.juntaextremadura.net/web/profesores/tejuelo/vinculos/articulos/r10/02.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014903/http://iesgtballester.juntaextremadura.net/web/profesores/tejuelo/vinculos/articulos/r10/02\.pdf \|date\=2012\-03\-27 }} [Manuel Rivas](/wiki/Manuel_Rivas "Manuel Rivas") (Galician\-Spanish) and [Bernardo Atxaga](/wiki/Bernardo_Atxaga "Bernardo Atxaga") (Basque\-Spanish).Garzia Garmendia, J. (2002\): "Conversación con Bernardo Atxaga sobre la autotraducción de Obabakoak", *Quimera* 210, pp. 53\-57\. (in Spanish)
### United Kingdom
[Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic") poet [Sorley MacLean](/wiki/Sorley_MacLean "Sorley MacLean") is mostly known for his self\-translations into English.{{cite web \|title\=Alumni in history: Sorley Maclean (1911–1996\) \|url\=http://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable\-alumni/alumni\-in\-history/sorley\-maclean \|publisher\=\[\[University of Edinburgh]] \|accessdate\=30 November 2015}}
### United States
Some of the prominent self\-translators in the USA are [Raymond Federman](/wiki/Raymond_Federman "Raymond Federman") (English\-French),Waters, Alyson (2011\): "Filling in the blanks. Raymond Federman, Self\-translator". In: Jeffrey R. Di Leo: *Federman's Fictions. Innovation, Theory, and the Holocaust*. SUNY Press, pp. 63\-75\. [Rosario Ferré](/wiki/Rosario_Ferr%C3%A9 "Rosario Ferré") (Spanish\-English),Rosario Ferré (1995\): "On Destiny, Language, and Translation or: Ophelia Adrift on the C\&O Canal". In: A. Dingwaney, (ed.): *Between languages and cultures. Translation and cross\-cultural texts*. University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 39\-49\. [Rolando Hinojosa\-Smith](/wiki/Rolando_Hinojosa-Smith "Rolando Hinojosa-Smith") (Spanish\-English)Barbara Strickland (2007\): Crossing Literary Borders. Rolando Hinojosa\-Smith. In: *The Austin Chronicle*, 28\.08\.1997\. and [Ariel Dorfman](/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman "Ariel Dorfman") (Spanish\-English).Ariel Dorfman (2004\): Footnotes to a double life. In: Wendy Lesser: *The genius of language. Fifteen writers reflect on their mother tongues*. Pantheon Books, pp. 206\-216\.
|
[
"Self\\-translators\n-----------------",
"Countries where literary self\\-translation is predominantly seen are [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\"), China, France,Oustinoff, Michaël (2001\\): *Bilinguisme d'écriture et auto\\-traduction: Julien Green, Samuel Beckett, Vladimir Nabokov*. Paris: L'Harmattan. India,Trivedi, Harish (2000\\): \"Modern Indian Languages.\" In: *The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation*. Ed. Peter France. Oxford: OUP. Spain,Jean Alsina (2002\\): \"Lectura y autotraducción en la narrativa española actual\". In: *Quimera* 210, pp. 39\\-45\\. (in Spanish) and the United States.",
"### Africa",
"Some of the prominent self\\-translators in Africa are [Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o](/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o \"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o\")[Kenya in Translation. An Interview with Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o](http://www.alternet.org/story/78421/kenya_in_translation%3A_an_interview_with_ngugi_wa_thiong%27o) in Kenya and [André Brink](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brink \"André Brink\")Brink, André (2003\\): \"English and the Afrikaans Writer\". In: Steven G. Kellman *Switching languages. Translingual writers reflect on their craft*. University of Nebraska Press, p. 218\\. and [Antjie Krog](/wiki/Antjie_Krog \"Antjie Krog\")Marshall, Christine (2007\\): \"A change of tongue. Antjie Krog's Poetry in English\". In: *Scrutiny 2\\. Issues in English studies in southern Africa* 12/1, pp. 77\\-92\\. in South Africa. [Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o](/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o \"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o\") writes in [Gĩkũyũ](/wiki/Gikuyu_language \"Gikuyu language\") and English. [André Brink](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brink \"André Brink\") and [Antjie Krog](/wiki/Antjie_Krog \"Antjie Krog\") are both writing in [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans \"Afrikaans\") and English.\nAlgerian self\\-translators include [Rachid Bouudjedra](/wiki/Rachid_Bouudjedra \"Rachid Bouudjedra\"), [Assia Djebbar](/wiki/Assia_Djebbar \"Assia Djebbar\") and [Mohammed Sari](/wiki/Mohammed_Sari \"Mohammed Sari\"), who translated their works from French into Arabic or vice versa.",
"### Canada",
"Canada has two official languages, English and French, and the national literature includes work in both languages. [Nancy Huston](/wiki/Nancy_Huston \"Nancy Huston\"), [Antonio D'Alfonso](/wiki/Antonio_D%27Alfonso \"Antonio D'Alfonso\"), and other authors self\\-translate in both languages.",
"### China",
"[Lin Yutang](/wiki/Lin_Yutang \"Lin Yutang\") (1895–1976\\) is one of the earliest self\\-translators from China. Another prominent self\\-translator is [Eileen Chang](/wiki/Eileen_Chang \"Eileen Chang\"), who translated some of her books into English.[Jessica Tsui Yan Li (2010\\): \"Self\\-translation/rewriting: the female body in Eileen Chang's 'Jinsuo ji', *the Rouge of the North*, *Yuannu*¨ and 'the Golden Cangue'\". In: *Neohelicon* 37/2 (Dec. 2010\\), pp. 391\\-403\\.](https://www.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/cgi-bin/web/files/Eileen_Change_and_Self-translation.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024132721/https://www.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/cgi\\-bin/web/files/Eileen\\_Change\\_and\\_Self\\-translation.pdf \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-24 }}",
"### France",
"Self\\-translators in France are mainly immigrant writers like [Nancy Huston](/wiki/Nancy_Huston \"Nancy Huston\") (French\\-English),[Nancy Huston: A view from both sides](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/biography--nancy-huston-a-view-from-both-sides-785331.html) [Vassilis Alexakis](/wiki/Vassilis_Alexakis \"Vassilis Alexakis\") (French\\-Greek)Bessy, Marianne (2011\\): *Vassilis Alexakis: Exorciser L'exil*. Rodopi. and [Anne Weber](/wiki/Anne_Weber \"Anne Weber\") (French\\-German)Patrice Martin, Christophe Drevet (2001\\): *La langue française vue d'ailleurs: 100 entretiens*. Tarik Éditions, pp. 286\\-288\\. (in French).",
"### India",
"Some of the prominent self\\-translators from India are [Manoj Das](/wiki/Manoj_Das \"Manoj Das\"),[Nayak, Amarjeet (2010\\) \"The Bilingual Writer Stripped off his Bilingual Identity in Indian Literary Scene: Manoj Das and the Politics of Packaging\" in \"Roopakatha Journal\"](https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v2n2.10) [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore \"Rabindranath Tagore\"),[Sen, Anindya (2010\\) \"Tagore's Self\\-Translations\" in *Muse India* 33](http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=33&id=2140) [Girish Karnad](/wiki/Girish_Karnad \"Girish Karnad\"), [Kamala Das](/wiki/Kamala_Das \"Kamala Das\"),[Pillai, Meena T.(2005\\) \"Translating Her Story. A Woman in Quest of a Language\" in *Translation Today*](http://www.anukriti.net/ttoct/article8/page1.asp) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928235933/http://www.anukriti.net/ttoct/article8/page1\\.asp \\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-28 }} [Qurratulain Hyder](/wiki/Qurratulain_Hyder \"Qurratulain Hyder\").[Asaduddin , M.(2008\\). \"Lost/Found in Translation: Qurratulain Hyder as Self\\-Translator.\" *The Annual of Urdu Studies*. 23\\. pp 234\\-249\\.](http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/23/24Asaduddin.pdf)",
"### Italy",
"Self\\-translations by Italian writers have been offered, at various times, by [Fausto Cercignani](/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani \"Fausto Cercignani\"),[See](http://sites.unimi.it/austheod/adagio3l.pdf) [Italo Calvino](/wiki/Italo_Calvino \"Italo Calvino\"),Domenico D'Oria, \"Calvino traduit par Calvino\", in *Lectures*, 4\\-5 (1980\\), pp. 177\\-193\\. [Beppe Fenoglio](/wiki/Beppe_Fenoglio \"Beppe Fenoglio\"),Maria Corti, \"Traduzione e autotraduzione in Beppe Fenoglio\", in *Premio Città di Monselice per una traduzione letteraria. Atti del seconda Convegno sui problemi della traduzione letteraria*, 3 (1974\\), pp. 50\\-54\\. [Carlo Goldoni](/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni \"Carlo Goldoni\"),Gianfranco Folena, \"Goldoni traduttore di se stesso\", Comunicazione al Circolo linguistico\\-filologico di Padova (1972\\), later entitled \"Il francese di Goldoni\", in *Atti del Colloquio dell'Accademia dei Lincei, Il Goldoni in Francia*, Roma, 1972, pp. 71\\-76; Laurence Boudart, \"Goldoni, traducteur de lui\\-même\", in *Çedille: Revista de Estudios Franceses*, 4 (2008\\), pp. 45\\-55\\. [Luigi Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello \"Luigi Pirandello\"),Luciana Salibra, \"Liolà. Pirandello autotraduttore dal siciliano\", in *Bolletino del Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani*, 13 (1977\\), pp. 257\\-292 [Giuseppe Ungaretti](/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti \"Giuseppe Ungaretti\"),*Giuseppe Ungaretti, traduit par lui\\-même et Jean Lescure*, Collection bilingue de poésie, Paris, 1970; Giuseppe E. Sansone, \"Ungaretti autotraduttore\", in *Lavoro Critico*, 28 (1989\\), pp. 13\\-21\\. and others.",
"### Nepal",
"Prominent self\\-translators from [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\") are [Laxmi Prasad Devkota](/wiki/Laxmi_Prasad_Devkota \"Laxmi Prasad Devkota\") (1909\\-1959\\) and [Suman Pokhrel](/wiki/Suman_Pokhrel \"Suman Pokhrel\") (1967\\- ) among others.{{cite web \\|author\\=Hutt \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-07 \\|title\\=A voice from the past speaking to the present \\|url\\=https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/a\\-voice\\-from\\-the\\-past\\-speaking\\-to\\-the\\-present \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224175242/https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/a\\-voice\\-from\\-the\\-past\\-speaking\\-to\\-the\\-present/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-24 \\|publisher\\=The Record Nepal \\|location\\=Kathmandu \\|language\\=en}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Subedi \\|first\\=Abhi\\|author1\\-link\\=Abhi Subedi\\|date\\= 2013 \\|script\\-title\\=ne:साहित्य र आमवृत्त \\|trans\\-title\\=Literature and Common Sphere \\|page\\=189 \\|language\\=ne \\|location\\=Kathmandu \\|publisher\\=Mother Publication \\|isbn\\=978\\-9937\\-852531\\|oclc\\=867694631}}",
"### Spain",
"Self\\-translation is prominent amongst Catalan, Galician[Dasilva, Xosé Manuel (2009\\): \"Autotraducirse en Galicia\". *Quaderns* 16, pp.143\\-156\\. (in Spanish)](http://www.raco.cat/index.php/quadernstraduccio/article/viewFile/139942/191121) and Basque writers.\nThe most well known self\\-translators are [Carme Riera](/wiki/Carme_Riera \"Carme Riera\") (Catalan\\-Spanish),[Luisa Cotoner Cerdó (2011\\): \"Variación cultural, técnicas y procedimientos estilísticos a propósito de las autotraducciones al castellano de Carme Riera\". In: *Tejuelo* 10, pp. 10\\-28\\. (in Spanish)](http://iesgtballester.juntaextremadura.net/web/profesores/tejuelo/vinculos/articulos/r10/02.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014903/http://iesgtballester.juntaextremadura.net/web/profesores/tejuelo/vinculos/articulos/r10/02\\.pdf \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-27 }} [Manuel Rivas](/wiki/Manuel_Rivas \"Manuel Rivas\") (Galician\\-Spanish) and [Bernardo Atxaga](/wiki/Bernardo_Atxaga \"Bernardo Atxaga\") (Basque\\-Spanish).Garzia Garmendia, J. (2002\\): \"Conversación con Bernardo Atxaga sobre la autotraducción de Obabakoak\", *Quimera* 210, pp. 53\\-57\\. (in Spanish)",
"### United Kingdom",
"[Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic \"Scottish Gaelic\") poet [Sorley MacLean](/wiki/Sorley_MacLean \"Sorley MacLean\") is mostly known for his self\\-translations into English.{{cite web \\|title\\=Alumni in history: Sorley Maclean (1911–1996\\) \\|url\\=http://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable\\-alumni/alumni\\-in\\-history/sorley\\-maclean \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Edinburgh]] \\|accessdate\\=30 November 2015}}",
"### United States",
"Some of the prominent self\\-translators in the USA are [Raymond Federman](/wiki/Raymond_Federman \"Raymond Federman\") (English\\-French),Waters, Alyson (2011\\): \"Filling in the blanks. Raymond Federman, Self\\-translator\". In: Jeffrey R. Di Leo: *Federman's Fictions. Innovation, Theory, and the Holocaust*. SUNY Press, pp. 63\\-75\\. [Rosario Ferré](/wiki/Rosario_Ferr%C3%A9 \"Rosario Ferré\") (Spanish\\-English),Rosario Ferré (1995\\): \"On Destiny, Language, and Translation or: Ophelia Adrift on the C\\&O Canal\". In: A. Dingwaney, (ed.): *Between languages and cultures. Translation and cross\\-cultural texts*. University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 39\\-49\\. [Rolando Hinojosa\\-Smith](/wiki/Rolando_Hinojosa-Smith \"Rolando Hinojosa-Smith\") (Spanish\\-English)Barbara Strickland (2007\\): Crossing Literary Borders. Rolando Hinojosa\\-Smith. In: *The Austin Chronicle*, 28\\.08\\.1997\\. and [Ariel Dorfman](/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman \"Ariel Dorfman\") (Spanish\\-English).Ariel Dorfman (2004\\): Footnotes to a double life. In: Wendy Lesser: *The genius of language. Fifteen writers reflect on their mother tongues*. Pantheon Books, pp. 206\\-216\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Ned Norris Jr. was born in 1955 and raised in [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona "Tucson, Arizona"). Norris attended both [elementary school](/wiki/Elementary_school "Elementary school") and [middle school](/wiki/Middle_school "Middle school") in [Flagstaff, Arizona](/wiki/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona "Flagstaff, Arizona") before graduating from [Sunnyside High School](/wiki/Sunnyside_High_School_%28Tucson%2C_Arizona%29 "Sunnyside High School (Tucson, Arizona)") in Tucson. He received a certification in [social work](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") from [Pima Community College](/wiki/Pima_Community_College "Pima Community College") and enrolled at some classes at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona"), where he later was awarded an honorary Human of Letters doctorate.
### Career
Norris began working for the government of the Tohono O'odham nation in 1978 as a nonattorney tribal judge. He served as a trial judge until 1993\. He also served on the [school board](/wiki/School_board "School board") of the [Sunnyside Unified School District](/wiki/Sunnyside_Unified_School_District "Sunnyside Unified School District") in [Pima County, Arizona](/wiki/Pima_County%2C_Arizona "Pima County, Arizona"), from 1997 until 2000\.
Additionally, Norris was employed as the director of [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") and [marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") for the [Tohono O’odham Gaming Authority](/wiki/Tohono_O%E2%80%99odham_Gaming_Authority "Tohono O’odham Gaming Authority"). He resigned from this position in 2003 when he was elected the Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham nation. Norris has also worked for the Desert Diamond Casino as assistant director of public relations.
### Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham (2003–2006\)
In 1999, [Vivian Juan\-Saunders](/wiki/Vivian_Juan-Saunders "Vivian Juan-Saunders") announced her intention to challenge incumbent Tohono O'odham Chairman [Edward Manuel](/wiki/Edward_Manuel "Edward Manuel"), who was seeking a second term in office. Juan\-Saunders chose Norris as her running mate in the election. Manuel defeated Juan\-Saunders to win a second term as chairman.
In 2003, Vivian Juan\-Saunders once again sought the chairmanship with Ned Norris Jr. as her running mate. She and Norris won the election with 59% of the vote in a rematch with Edward Manuel, who was seeking a third term. Norris became the [Vice Chairman](/wiki/Vice_Chairman "Vice Chairman") of the Tohono O'odham under Chairman Vivian Juan\-Saunders, the first woman to lead the Tohono O'odham. He held the post until his resignation in June 2006\.{{cite news\|title\= Tohono O'odham Nation elects new chairwoman \|url\=http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=607\&Itemid\=111\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|publisher\=\[\[News From Indian Country]]\|date\=2007\-05\-29 \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-12}}
### Chairman of the Tohono O'odham (2007–2015, 2019–)
[thumb\|Video featuring Norris about protecting Tohono O'odham burial grounds in 2020\.](/wiki/File:Video_about_protecting_Tohono_O%27Odham_burial_grounds_-_2020.ogg "Video about protecting Tohono O'Odham burial grounds - 2020.ogg")
In 2007, Norris challenged incumbent Chairman Juan\-Saunders in the Tohono O'odham executive election. Norris ousted Juan\-Saunders in the election, which was held on May 26, 2007\. He received 1,766 of the 3,105 total votes cast by Tohono O'odham voters. His running mate, [Isidro Lopez](/wiki/Isidro_Lopez_%28Tohono_O%27odham_leader%29 "Isidro Lopez (Tohono O'odham leader)"), became the Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham. Norris and Lopez were formally inaugurated as Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham Nation on Friday, August 3, 2007\.{{cite news\|first\=Becky \|last\=Pallack \|title\=New O'odham chairman inaugurated: Ned Norris Jr. has worked for nation 30 years \|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-167210510\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105085209/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-167210510\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-05\|work\=\[\[Arizona Republic]] \|publisher\=\[\[Highbeam Research]]\|date\=2007\-08\-03 \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-13}}
He announced that his priorities as Chairman are to attract college educated Tohono O'odham back to the reservation, as well as focus on [health care](/wiki/Health_care "Health care") and the alleviation of [unemployment](/wiki/Unemployment "Unemployment").{{cite news\|first\=Konstantinos \|last\=Kalaitzidis \|title\= New O'odham chairman wants to do business \|url\=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/05/31/53199\-new\-o\-odham\-chairman\-wants\-to\-do\-business/\|work\=\[\[Tucson Citizen]] \|date\=2007\-05\-31 \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-12}}
In 2011, Norris announced his candidacy for re\-election as chairman. Wavalene Marie Romero, a Tohono O'odham councilwoman, is Norris' running mate for vice chairman. Vice Chairman Isidro Lopez chose to retire rather than seek a second term.
On Saturday, May 28, 2011, Ned Norris Jr. was re\-elected to a second term as Chairman of the Tohono O'odham Nation. The total number of votes was 3,729\. Norris received 2,238 votes defeating Juan\-Saunders who received 1,491 votes.
In May 2015, Norris and his running mate Romero were defeated by former Chairman [Edward D. Manuel](/wiki/Edward_D._Manuel "Edward D. Manuel") by 213 votes.
In May 2019, Norris won a runoff election to defeat Manuel and to return to the office of Chairman.{{cite web\|title\=2019 Tohono O'odham Nation General Election Results\|url\=http://tonelections.org/GenElect.html\|date\=May 27, 2019\|access\-date\=May 29, 2019\|publisher\=Tohono O'odham Nation Election Office}}
{{cite web \| url\=http://www.tonation\-nsn.gov/tribal\-government/\#:\~:text\=Ned%20Norris%20Jr.%2C%20Chairman \| title\=Tribal Government }}\=\=References\=\=
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Norris, Ned Jr.}}
[Category:1955 births](/wiki/Category:1955_births "1955 births")
[Category:Chairpersons of the Tohono O'odham](/wiki/Category:Chairpersons_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham "Chairpersons of the Tohono O'odham")
[Category:Native American leaders](/wiki/Category:Native_American_leaders "Native American leaders")
[Category:People from Flagstaff, Arizona](/wiki/Category:People_from_Flagstaff%2C_Arizona "People from Flagstaff, Arizona")
[Category:Politicians from Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Tucson%2C_Arizona "Politicians from Tucson, Arizona")
[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people "Living people")
[Category:2020 United States presidential electors](/wiki/Category:2020_United_States_presidential_electors "2020 United States presidential electors")
[Category:Arizona Democrats](/wiki/Category:Arizona_Democrats "Arizona Democrats")
[Category:Native American people from Arizona](/wiki/Category:Native_American_people_from_Arizona "Native American people from Arizona")
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Ned Norris Jr. was born in 1955 and raised in [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona \"Tucson, Arizona\"). Norris attended both [elementary school](/wiki/Elementary_school \"Elementary school\") and [middle school](/wiki/Middle_school \"Middle school\") in [Flagstaff, Arizona](/wiki/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona \"Flagstaff, Arizona\") before graduating from [Sunnyside High School](/wiki/Sunnyside_High_School_%28Tucson%2C_Arizona%29 \"Sunnyside High School (Tucson, Arizona)\") in Tucson. He received a certification in [social work](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") from [Pima Community College](/wiki/Pima_Community_College \"Pima Community College\") and enrolled at some classes at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\"), where he later was awarded an honorary Human of Letters doctorate.",
"### Career",
"Norris began working for the government of the Tohono O'odham nation in 1978 as a nonattorney tribal judge. He served as a trial judge until 1993\\. He also served on the [school board](/wiki/School_board \"School board\") of the [Sunnyside Unified School District](/wiki/Sunnyside_Unified_School_District \"Sunnyside Unified School District\") in [Pima County, Arizona](/wiki/Pima_County%2C_Arizona \"Pima County, Arizona\"), from 1997 until 2000\\.",
"Additionally, Norris was employed as the director of [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") and [marketing](/wiki/Marketing \"Marketing\") for the [Tohono O’odham Gaming Authority](/wiki/Tohono_O%E2%80%99odham_Gaming_Authority \"Tohono O’odham Gaming Authority\"). He resigned from this position in 2003 when he was elected the Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham nation. Norris has also worked for the Desert Diamond Casino as assistant director of public relations.",
"### Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham (2003–2006\\)",
"In 1999, [Vivian Juan\\-Saunders](/wiki/Vivian_Juan-Saunders \"Vivian Juan-Saunders\") announced her intention to challenge incumbent Tohono O'odham Chairman [Edward Manuel](/wiki/Edward_Manuel \"Edward Manuel\"), who was seeking a second term in office. Juan\\-Saunders chose Norris as her running mate in the election. Manuel defeated Juan\\-Saunders to win a second term as chairman.",
"In 2003, Vivian Juan\\-Saunders once again sought the chairmanship with Ned Norris Jr. as her running mate. She and Norris won the election with 59% of the vote in a rematch with Edward Manuel, who was seeking a third term. Norris became the [Vice Chairman](/wiki/Vice_Chairman \"Vice Chairman\") of the Tohono O'odham under Chairman Vivian Juan\\-Saunders, the first woman to lead the Tohono O'odham. He held the post until his resignation in June 2006\\.{{cite news\\|title\\= Tohono O'odham Nation elects new chairwoman \\|url\\=http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=607\\&Itemid\\=111\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[News From Indian Country]]\\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-12}}",
"### Chairman of the Tohono O'odham (2007–2015, 2019–)",
"[thumb\\|Video featuring Norris about protecting Tohono O'odham burial grounds in 2020\\.](/wiki/File:Video_about_protecting_Tohono_O%27Odham_burial_grounds_-_2020.ogg \"Video about protecting Tohono O'Odham burial grounds - 2020.ogg\")\nIn 2007, Norris challenged incumbent Chairman Juan\\-Saunders in the Tohono O'odham executive election. Norris ousted Juan\\-Saunders in the election, which was held on May 26, 2007\\. He received 1,766 of the 3,105 total votes cast by Tohono O'odham voters. His running mate, [Isidro Lopez](/wiki/Isidro_Lopez_%28Tohono_O%27odham_leader%29 \"Isidro Lopez (Tohono O'odham leader)\"), became the Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham. Norris and Lopez were formally inaugurated as Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Tohono O'odham Nation on Friday, August 3, 2007\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Becky \\|last\\=Pallack \\|title\\=New O'odham chairman inaugurated: Ned Norris Jr. has worked for nation 30 years \\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-167210510\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105085209/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-167210510\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-05\\|work\\=\\[\\[Arizona Republic]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Highbeam Research]]\\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-03 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-13}}",
"He announced that his priorities as Chairman are to attract college educated Tohono O'odham back to the reservation, as well as focus on [health care](/wiki/Health_care \"Health care\") and the alleviation of [unemployment](/wiki/Unemployment \"Unemployment\").{{cite news\\|first\\=Konstantinos \\|last\\=Kalaitzidis \\|title\\= New O'odham chairman wants to do business \\|url\\=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/05/31/53199\\-new\\-o\\-odham\\-chairman\\-wants\\-to\\-do\\-business/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Tucson Citizen]] \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-12}}",
"In 2011, Norris announced his candidacy for re\\-election as chairman. Wavalene Marie Romero, a Tohono O'odham councilwoman, is Norris' running mate for vice chairman. Vice Chairman Isidro Lopez chose to retire rather than seek a second term.",
"On Saturday, May 28, 2011, Ned Norris Jr. was re\\-elected to a second term as Chairman of the Tohono O'odham Nation. The total number of votes was 3,729\\. Norris received 2,238 votes defeating Juan\\-Saunders who received 1,491 votes.",
"In May 2015, Norris and his running mate Romero were defeated by former Chairman [Edward D. Manuel](/wiki/Edward_D._Manuel \"Edward D. Manuel\") by 213 votes.",
"In May 2019, Norris won a runoff election to defeat Manuel and to return to the office of Chairman.{{cite web\\|title\\=2019 Tohono O'odham Nation General Election Results\\|url\\=http://tonelections.org/GenElect.html\\|date\\=May 27, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2019\\|publisher\\=Tohono O'odham Nation Election Office}}",
"{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.tonation\\-nsn.gov/tribal\\-government/\\#:\\~:text\\=Ned%20Norris%20Jr.%2C%20Chairman \\| title\\=Tribal Government }}\\=\\=References\\=\\=\n{{reflist}}",
"{{DEFAULTSORT:Norris, Ned Jr.}}\n[Category:1955 births](/wiki/Category:1955_births \"1955 births\")\n[Category:Chairpersons of the Tohono O'odham](/wiki/Category:Chairpersons_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham \"Chairpersons of the Tohono O'odham\")\n[Category:Native American leaders](/wiki/Category:Native_American_leaders \"Native American leaders\")\n[Category:People from Flagstaff, Arizona](/wiki/Category:People_from_Flagstaff%2C_Arizona \"People from Flagstaff, Arizona\")\n[Category:Politicians from Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Tucson%2C_Arizona \"Politicians from Tucson, Arizona\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:2020 United States presidential electors](/wiki/Category:2020_United_States_presidential_electors \"2020 United States presidential electors\")\n[Category:Arizona Democrats](/wiki/Category:Arizona_Democrats \"Arizona Democrats\")\n[Category:Native American people from Arizona](/wiki/Category:Native_American_people_from_Arizona \"Native American people from Arizona\")",
""
] |
Career
------
Putnam started skating in 1989\. In addition to singles, she began training in pairs at age 15\. She finished 9th with Mark Batka at the [2002 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2002_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2002 Canadian Figure Skating Championships").
### Partnership with Wirtz
Putnam began training with [Sean Wirtz](/wiki/Sean_Wirtz "Sean Wirtz") in July 2002, following tryouts at the Toronto Cricket and Curling Club. The pair won bronze at the [2003 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2003_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2003 Canadian Figure Skating Championships") and placed ninth at their first [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships "ISU Figure Skating Championships"), the [2003 Four Continents](/wiki/2003_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing").
Putnam/Wirtz made their Grand Prix debut in the 2003–04 season, having received two assignments. After placing sixth at the [2003 Skate America](/wiki/2003_Skate_America "2003 Skate America") and fifth at the [2003 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2003_Skate_Canada_International "2003 Skate Canada International"), they won bronze at a regular international, the [2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice](/wiki/2003_Bofrost_Cup_on_Ice "2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice"). For the second season in a row, they took bronze at the [Canadian Championships](/wiki/2004_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2004 Canadian Figure Skating Championships") and finished 9th at the [Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2004_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2004 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships").
In the 2004–05 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fifth at the [2004 Skate America](/wiki/2004_Skate_America "2004 Skate America") and 8th at the [2004 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2004_Cup_of_Russia "2004 Cup of Russia"). They were fourth at both the [2005 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2005_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2005 Canadian Figure Skating Championships") and [2005 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2005_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2005 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships").
Competing in the 2005–06 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fourth at the [2005 Skate America](/wiki/2005_Skate_America "2005 Skate America") and fifth at the [2005 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2005_Cup_of_Russia "2005 Cup of Russia"). After finishing fifth at the [2006 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2006_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2006 Canadian Figure Skating Championships"), they won the bronze medal at the [2006 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2006_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships") in [Colorado Springs, Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_Springs%2C_Colorado "Colorado Springs, Colorado").
Their training for the following season was delayed by a visa problem, which prevented Wirtz from returning to New Jersey for a month. Competing in the 2006–07 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz finished fourth at the [2006 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2006_Skate_Canada_International "2006 Skate Canada International"), two weeks after the death of Putnam's father, and then fourth at the [2006 Trophee Eric Bompard](/wiki/2006_Trophee_Eric_Bompard "2006 Trophee Eric Bompard"). They were sixth at the [2007 Canadian Nationals](/wiki/2007_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2007 Canadian Figure Skating Championships").
Their preparations for the 2007–08 season were hampered by injuries. After Wirtz recovered from a broken rib, sustained while skiing in spring 2007, he injured his foot and then the other foot, causing them to withdraw from both of their Grand Prix assignments. Tchernyshev's availability also decreased due to his show commitments. on August 28, 2007, Putnam/Wirtz announced the end of their partnership.
### Later career
Putnam decided to return to single skating, training in Vancouver under Jill Marie Harvey and Joanne McLeod.
She later skated on cruise ships with adagio pairs partner Jonathan Poitras. In 2015, she appeared in a video skating on Widgeon Lake, near [Coquitlam](/wiki/Coquitlam "Coquitlam"), at an altitude of 2,500 feet.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Putnam started skating in 1989\\. In addition to singles, she began training in pairs at age 15\\. She finished 9th with Mark Batka at the [2002 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2002_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2002 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\").",
"### Partnership with Wirtz",
"Putnam began training with [Sean Wirtz](/wiki/Sean_Wirtz \"Sean Wirtz\") in July 2002, following tryouts at the Toronto Cricket and Curling Club. The pair won bronze at the [2003 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2003_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2003 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\") and placed ninth at their first [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships \"ISU Figure Skating Championships\"), the [2003 Four Continents](/wiki/2003_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\").",
"Putnam/Wirtz made their Grand Prix debut in the 2003–04 season, having received two assignments. After placing sixth at the [2003 Skate America](/wiki/2003_Skate_America \"2003 Skate America\") and fifth at the [2003 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2003_Skate_Canada_International \"2003 Skate Canada International\"), they won bronze at a regular international, the [2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice](/wiki/2003_Bofrost_Cup_on_Ice \"2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice\"). For the second season in a row, they took bronze at the [Canadian Championships](/wiki/2004_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2004 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\") and finished 9th at the [Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2004_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2004 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\").",
"In the 2004–05 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fifth at the [2004 Skate America](/wiki/2004_Skate_America \"2004 Skate America\") and 8th at the [2004 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2004_Cup_of_Russia \"2004 Cup of Russia\"). They were fourth at both the [2005 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2005_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2005 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\") and [2005 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2005_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2005 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Competing in the 2005–06 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fourth at the [2005 Skate America](/wiki/2005_Skate_America \"2005 Skate America\") and fifth at the [2005 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2005_Cup_of_Russia \"2005 Cup of Russia\"). After finishing fifth at the [2006 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2006_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2006 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\"), they won the bronze medal at the [2006 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2006_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\") in [Colorado Springs, Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_Springs%2C_Colorado \"Colorado Springs, Colorado\").",
"Their training for the following season was delayed by a visa problem, which prevented Wirtz from returning to New Jersey for a month. Competing in the 2006–07 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz finished fourth at the [2006 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2006_Skate_Canada_International \"2006 Skate Canada International\"), two weeks after the death of Putnam's father, and then fourth at the [2006 Trophee Eric Bompard](/wiki/2006_Trophee_Eric_Bompard \"2006 Trophee Eric Bompard\"). They were sixth at the [2007 Canadian Nationals](/wiki/2007_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2007 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Their preparations for the 2007–08 season were hampered by injuries. After Wirtz recovered from a broken rib, sustained while skiing in spring 2007, he injured his foot and then the other foot, causing them to withdraw from both of their Grand Prix assignments. Tchernyshev's availability also decreased due to his show commitments. on August 28, 2007, Putnam/Wirtz announced the end of their partnership.",
"### Later career",
"Putnam decided to return to single skating, training in Vancouver under Jill Marie Harvey and Joanne McLeod.\nShe later skated on cruise ships with adagio pairs partner Jonathan Poitras. In 2015, she appeared in a video skating on Widgeon Lake, near [Coquitlam](/wiki/Coquitlam \"Coquitlam\"), at an altitude of 2,500 feet.",
""
] |
### Partnership with Wirtz
Putnam began training with [Sean Wirtz](/wiki/Sean_Wirtz "Sean Wirtz") in July 2002, following tryouts at the Toronto Cricket and Curling Club. The pair won bronze at the [2003 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2003_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2003 Canadian Figure Skating Championships") and placed ninth at their first [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships "ISU Figure Skating Championships"), the [2003 Four Continents](/wiki/2003_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing").
Putnam/Wirtz made their Grand Prix debut in the 2003–04 season, having received two assignments. After placing sixth at the [2003 Skate America](/wiki/2003_Skate_America "2003 Skate America") and fifth at the [2003 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2003_Skate_Canada_International "2003 Skate Canada International"), they won bronze at a regular international, the [2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice](/wiki/2003_Bofrost_Cup_on_Ice "2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice"). For the second season in a row, they took bronze at the [Canadian Championships](/wiki/2004_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2004 Canadian Figure Skating Championships") and finished 9th at the [Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2004_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2004 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships").
In the 2004–05 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fifth at the [2004 Skate America](/wiki/2004_Skate_America "2004 Skate America") and 8th at the [2004 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2004_Cup_of_Russia "2004 Cup of Russia"). They were fourth at both the [2005 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2005_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2005 Canadian Figure Skating Championships") and [2005 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2005_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2005 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships").
Competing in the 2005–06 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fourth at the [2005 Skate America](/wiki/2005_Skate_America "2005 Skate America") and fifth at the [2005 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2005_Cup_of_Russia "2005 Cup of Russia"). After finishing fifth at the [2006 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2006_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2006 Canadian Figure Skating Championships"), they won the bronze medal at the [2006 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2006_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships") in [Colorado Springs, Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_Springs%2C_Colorado "Colorado Springs, Colorado").
Their training for the following season was delayed by a visa problem, which prevented Wirtz from returning to New Jersey for a month. Competing in the 2006–07 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz finished fourth at the [2006 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2006_Skate_Canada_International "2006 Skate Canada International"), two weeks after the death of Putnam's father, and then fourth at the [2006 Trophee Eric Bompard](/wiki/2006_Trophee_Eric_Bompard "2006 Trophee Eric Bompard"). They were sixth at the [2007 Canadian Nationals](/wiki/2007_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships "2007 Canadian Figure Skating Championships").
Their preparations for the 2007–08 season were hampered by injuries. After Wirtz recovered from a broken rib, sustained while skiing in spring 2007, he injured his foot and then the other foot, causing them to withdraw from both of their Grand Prix assignments. Tchernyshev's availability also decreased due to his show commitments. on August 28, 2007, Putnam/Wirtz announced the end of their partnership.
|
[
"### Partnership with Wirtz",
"Putnam began training with [Sean Wirtz](/wiki/Sean_Wirtz \"Sean Wirtz\") in July 2002, following tryouts at the Toronto Cricket and Curling Club. The pair won bronze at the [2003 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2003_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2003 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\") and placed ninth at their first [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships \"ISU Figure Skating Championships\"), the [2003 Four Continents](/wiki/2003_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\") in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\").",
"Putnam/Wirtz made their Grand Prix debut in the 2003–04 season, having received two assignments. After placing sixth at the [2003 Skate America](/wiki/2003_Skate_America \"2003 Skate America\") and fifth at the [2003 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2003_Skate_Canada_International \"2003 Skate Canada International\"), they won bronze at a regular international, the [2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice](/wiki/2003_Bofrost_Cup_on_Ice \"2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice\"). For the second season in a row, they took bronze at the [Canadian Championships](/wiki/2004_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2004 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\") and finished 9th at the [Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2004_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2004 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\").",
"In the 2004–05 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fifth at the [2004 Skate America](/wiki/2004_Skate_America \"2004 Skate America\") and 8th at the [2004 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2004_Cup_of_Russia \"2004 Cup of Russia\"). They were fourth at both the [2005 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2005_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2005 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\") and [2005 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2005_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2005 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Competing in the 2005–06 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fourth at the [2005 Skate America](/wiki/2005_Skate_America \"2005 Skate America\") and fifth at the [2005 Cup of Russia](/wiki/2005_Cup_of_Russia \"2005 Cup of Russia\"). After finishing fifth at the [2006 Canadian Championships](/wiki/2006_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2006 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\"), they won the bronze medal at the [2006 Four Continents Championships](/wiki/2006_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\") in [Colorado Springs, Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_Springs%2C_Colorado \"Colorado Springs, Colorado\").",
"Their training for the following season was delayed by a visa problem, which prevented Wirtz from returning to New Jersey for a month. Competing in the 2006–07 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz finished fourth at the [2006 Skate Canada International](/wiki/2006_Skate_Canada_International \"2006 Skate Canada International\"), two weeks after the death of Putnam's father, and then fourth at the [2006 Trophee Eric Bompard](/wiki/2006_Trophee_Eric_Bompard \"2006 Trophee Eric Bompard\"). They were sixth at the [2007 Canadian Nationals](/wiki/2007_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2007 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\").",
"Their preparations for the 2007–08 season were hampered by injuries. After Wirtz recovered from a broken rib, sustained while skiing in spring 2007, he injured his foot and then the other foot, causing them to withdraw from both of their Grand Prix assignments. Tchernyshev's availability also decreased due to his show commitments. on August 28, 2007, Putnam/Wirtz announced the end of their partnership.",
""
] |
Cause
-----
### Involutional stenosis
Involutional [stenosis](/wiki/Stenosis "Stenosis") is probably the most common cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older people. It affects women twice as frequently as men. Although the inciting event in this process is unknown, clinicopathologic study suggests that compression of the [lumen](/wiki/Lumen_%28anatomy%29 "Lumen (anatomy)") of the nasolacrimal duct is caused by inflammatory [infiltrates](/wiki/Infiltration_%28medical%29 "Infiltration (medical)") and [edema](/wiki/Edema "Edema"). This may be the result of an unidentified infection or possibly an [autoimmune disease](/wiki/Autoimmune_disease "Autoimmune disease").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2019}}
### Dacryolith
Dacryoliths or cast formation, within the lacrimal sac can also produce obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.
### Sinus disease
Sinus disease often occurs in conjunction with, and in other instances may contribute to the development of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Patients should be asked about previous sinus surgery, as the nasolacrimal duct is sometimes damaged when the maxillary sinus ostium is being enlarged anteriorly.
### Trauma
Naso\-orbital fractures may involve the nasolacrimal duct. Early treatment by fracture reduction with stenting of the entire lacrimal drainage system should be considered. However, such injuries are often not recognized or are initially neglected as more serious injuries are managed. In such cases, late treatment of persistent epiphora usually requires dacryocystorhinostomy.
### Inflammatory disease
Granulomatous disease, including [sarcoidosis](/wiki/Sarcoidosis "Sarcoidosis"), [granulomatosis with polyangiitis](/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis"), and [midline granuloma](/wiki/Midline_granuloma "Midline granuloma"), may also lead to nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
### Lacrimal plugs
As with similar cases of canalicular obstruction, dislodged punctal and canalicular plugs can migrate to and occlude the nasolacrimal duct.
### Neoplasm
[Neoplasm](/wiki/Neoplasm "Neoplasm") should be considered in any patient presenting with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. In patients with atypical presentations, including younger age and male gender, further workup is appropriate. Bloody punctual [discharge](/wiki/Mucopurulent_discharge "Mucopurulent discharge") or lacrimal sac distension above the [medial canthal tendon](/wiki/Medial_canthal_tendon "Medial canthal tendon") is also highly suggestive of neoplasm.
### Congenital
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, or dacryostenosis, occurs when the lacrimal duct has failed to open at the time of birth, most often due to an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner.Blocked tear ducts in infants, Pediatric Views, June 2006 <http://www.childrenshospital.org/views/june06/blocked_tear_ducts.html> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708152623/http://www.childrenshospital.org/views/june06/blocked\_tear\_ducts.html \|date\=2012\-07\-08 }} Around 6% of infants have congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, or dacryostenosis, usually experiencing a persistent watery eye even when not crying. If a secondary infection occurs ([dacryocystitis](/wiki/Dacryocystitis "Dacryocystitis")), purulent (yellow / green) discharge may be present.
Most cases resolve spontaneously, with [antibiotics](/wiki/Antibiotic "Antibiotic") reserved only if [conjunctivitis](/wiki/Conjunctivitis "Conjunctivitis") occurs. Lacrimal sac massage has been proposed as helping to open the duct, though this is not always successful.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Young JD, MacEwen CJ \|title\=Managing congenital lacrimal obstruction in general practice \|journal\=BMJ \|volume\=315 \|issue\=7103 \|pages\=293–6 \|year\=1997 \|pmid\=9274552 \|doi\= 10\.1136/bmj.315\.7103\.293\|url\=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7103/293 \|pmc\=2127215}} The aim of massage is to generate enough hydrostatic pressure (downward, toward the nose) to "pop" open any obstruction. Additional massage may then be performed up toward the [lacrimal punctum](/wiki/Lacrimal_punctum "Lacrimal punctum"), in order to express any infectious material out of the [nasolacrimal sac](/wiki/Nasolacrimal_sac "Nasolacrimal sac"). When discharge or crusting is present, the lids should be gently cleaned using cooled pre\-boiled water or saline.
Referral to an [ophthalmologist](/wiki/Ophthalmologist "Ophthalmologist") is indicated if symptoms are still present at 12 months, or sooner if significant symptoms or recurrent infections occur. [Nasolacrimal duct probing](/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_probing "Nasolacrimal duct probing") may be performed in the office setting (usually from 4 to 8 months of age) or under general anesthesia in an operating room for older patients. The success rate of probing is higher for younger children. A [silastic](/wiki/Silastic "Silastic") tube or [stent](/wiki/Stent "Stent") may be employed along with probing to maintain tear duct patency.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Engel JM, Hichie\-Schmidt C, Khammar A, Ostfeld BM, Vyas A, Ticho BH \|title\=Monocanalicular silastic intubation for the initial correction of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction \|journal\=J AAPOS \|volume\=11 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=183–186 \|year\=2007 \|pmid\=17307001 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jaapos.2006\.09\.009}} A systematic review comparing immediate probing with deferred probing found that in children with unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction, immediate probing resulted in a higher success rate of treatment compared to deferred probing.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Petris C, Liu D \|title\= Probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction \|journal\=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|volume\=2017 \|pages\= CD011109 \|date\=2017 \|issue\= 7 \|pmid\= 28700811 \|doi\= 10\.1002/14651858\.CD011109\.pub2 \|pmc\=5580992}}
|
[
"Cause\n-----",
"### Involutional stenosis",
"Involutional [stenosis](/wiki/Stenosis \"Stenosis\") is probably the most common cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older people. It affects women twice as frequently as men. Although the inciting event in this process is unknown, clinicopathologic study suggests that compression of the [lumen](/wiki/Lumen_%28anatomy%29 \"Lumen (anatomy)\") of the nasolacrimal duct is caused by inflammatory [infiltrates](/wiki/Infiltration_%28medical%29 \"Infiltration (medical)\") and [edema](/wiki/Edema \"Edema\"). This may be the result of an unidentified infection or possibly an [autoimmune disease](/wiki/Autoimmune_disease \"Autoimmune disease\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}}",
"### Dacryolith",
"Dacryoliths or cast formation, within the lacrimal sac can also produce obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.",
"### Sinus disease",
"Sinus disease often occurs in conjunction with, and in other instances may contribute to the development of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Patients should be asked about previous sinus surgery, as the nasolacrimal duct is sometimes damaged when the maxillary sinus ostium is being enlarged anteriorly.",
"### Trauma",
"Naso\\-orbital fractures may involve the nasolacrimal duct. Early treatment by fracture reduction with stenting of the entire lacrimal drainage system should be considered. However, such injuries are often not recognized or are initially neglected as more serious injuries are managed. In such cases, late treatment of persistent epiphora usually requires dacryocystorhinostomy.",
"### Inflammatory disease",
"Granulomatous disease, including [sarcoidosis](/wiki/Sarcoidosis \"Sarcoidosis\"), [granulomatosis with polyangiitis](/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis \"Granulomatosis with polyangiitis\"), and [midline granuloma](/wiki/Midline_granuloma \"Midline granuloma\"), may also lead to nasolacrimal duct obstruction.",
"### Lacrimal plugs",
"As with similar cases of canalicular obstruction, dislodged punctal and canalicular plugs can migrate to and occlude the nasolacrimal duct.",
"### Neoplasm",
"[Neoplasm](/wiki/Neoplasm \"Neoplasm\") should be considered in any patient presenting with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. In patients with atypical presentations, including younger age and male gender, further workup is appropriate. Bloody punctual [discharge](/wiki/Mucopurulent_discharge \"Mucopurulent discharge\") or lacrimal sac distension above the [medial canthal tendon](/wiki/Medial_canthal_tendon \"Medial canthal tendon\") is also highly suggestive of neoplasm.",
"### Congenital",
"Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, or dacryostenosis, occurs when the lacrimal duct has failed to open at the time of birth, most often due to an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner.Blocked tear ducts in infants, Pediatric Views, June 2006 <http://www.childrenshospital.org/views/june06/blocked_tear_ducts.html> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708152623/http://www.childrenshospital.org/views/june06/blocked\\_tear\\_ducts.html \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-08 }} Around 6% of infants have congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, or dacryostenosis, usually experiencing a persistent watery eye even when not crying. If a secondary infection occurs ([dacryocystitis](/wiki/Dacryocystitis \"Dacryocystitis\")), purulent (yellow / green) discharge may be present.",
"Most cases resolve spontaneously, with [antibiotics](/wiki/Antibiotic \"Antibiotic\") reserved only if [conjunctivitis](/wiki/Conjunctivitis \"Conjunctivitis\") occurs. Lacrimal sac massage has been proposed as helping to open the duct, though this is not always successful.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Young JD, MacEwen CJ \\|title\\=Managing congenital lacrimal obstruction in general practice \\|journal\\=BMJ \\|volume\\=315 \\|issue\\=7103 \\|pages\\=293–6 \\|year\\=1997 \\|pmid\\=9274552 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1136/bmj.315\\.7103\\.293\\|url\\=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7103/293 \\|pmc\\=2127215}} The aim of massage is to generate enough hydrostatic pressure (downward, toward the nose) to \"pop\" open any obstruction. Additional massage may then be performed up toward the [lacrimal punctum](/wiki/Lacrimal_punctum \"Lacrimal punctum\"), in order to express any infectious material out of the [nasolacrimal sac](/wiki/Nasolacrimal_sac \"Nasolacrimal sac\"). When discharge or crusting is present, the lids should be gently cleaned using cooled pre\\-boiled water or saline.",
"Referral to an [ophthalmologist](/wiki/Ophthalmologist \"Ophthalmologist\") is indicated if symptoms are still present at 12 months, or sooner if significant symptoms or recurrent infections occur. [Nasolacrimal duct probing](/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_probing \"Nasolacrimal duct probing\") may be performed in the office setting (usually from 4 to 8 months of age) or under general anesthesia in an operating room for older patients. The success rate of probing is higher for younger children. A [silastic](/wiki/Silastic \"Silastic\") tube or [stent](/wiki/Stent \"Stent\") may be employed along with probing to maintain tear duct patency.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Engel JM, Hichie\\-Schmidt C, Khammar A, Ostfeld BM, Vyas A, Ticho BH \\|title\\=Monocanalicular silastic intubation for the initial correction of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction \\|journal\\=J AAPOS \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=183–186 \\|year\\=2007 \\|pmid\\=17307001 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jaapos.2006\\.09\\.009}} A systematic review comparing immediate probing with deferred probing found that in children with unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction, immediate probing resulted in a higher success rate of treatment compared to deferred probing.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Petris C, Liu D \\|title\\= Probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction \\|journal\\=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\\|volume\\=2017 \\|pages\\= CD011109 \\|date\\=2017 \\|issue\\= 7 \\|pmid\\= 28700811 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1002/14651858\\.CD011109\\.pub2 \\|pmc\\=5580992}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{stack\|{{US Census population
\|1960\= 2622
\|1970\= 5311
\|1980\= 4773
\|1990\= 4198
\|2000\= 4202
\|2010\= 4116
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
\|2020\=3978}}}}
| \+**Castle Hills racial composition as of 2020**{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4813276\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2 \|access\-date\=May 24, 2022 \|website\=data.census.gov}} (NH \= Non\-Hispanic){{efn\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \|title\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \|url\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\-origin/about.html \|website\=www.census.gov \|access\-date\=May 18, 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") (NH) | 1,829 | 45\.98% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") (NH) | 60 | 1\.51% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") (NH) | 5 | 0\.13% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") (NH) | 73 | 1\.84% |
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") (NH) | 2 | 0\.05% |
| Some Other Race (NH) | 20 | 0\.5% |
| [Mixed/Multi\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 105 | 2\.64% |
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 1,884 | 47\.36% |
| **Total** | **3,978** | |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 3,978 people, 1,558 households, and 1,106 families residing in the city.
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 4,116 people, 1,887 households, and 1,124 families residing in the city. There were 2,047 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 90\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 4\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.7% from two or more races. 38\.9% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race, with the majority being [Mexican American](/wiki/Mexican_American "Mexican American").
There were 1,877 households, out of which 18\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\.4% were non\-families. 35\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.18 and the average family size was 2\.83\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 17\.1% under the age of 18, 4\.8% from 18 to 24, 15\.2% from 25 to 44, 30\.0% from 45 to 64, and 32\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years.
The median income for a household in the city was $69,637, and the median income for a family was $104,716\. Males had a median income of $59,911 versus $36,676 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $49,137\. 5\.9% of the population and 4\.2% of families were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"). Out of the total population, none of those under the age of 18 and 11\.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{stack\\|{{US Census population\n\\|1960\\= 2622\n\\|1970\\= 5311\n\\|1980\\= 4773\n\\|1990\\= 4198\n\\|2000\\= 4202\n\\|2010\\= 4116\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n\\|2020\\=3978}}}}",
"",
"| \\+**Castle Hills racial composition as of 2020**{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4813276\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2 \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2022 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} (NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic){{efn\\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \\|title\\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\\-origin/about.html \\|website\\=www.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=May 18, 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") (NH) | 1,829 | 45\\.98% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") (NH) | 60 | 1\\.51% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") (NH) | 5 | 0\\.13% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") (NH) | 73 | 1\\.84% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") (NH) | 2 | 0\\.05% |\n| Some Other Race (NH) | 20 | 0\\.5% |\n| [Mixed/Multi\\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 105 | 2\\.64% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 1,884 | 47\\.36% |\n| **Total** | **3,978** | |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 3,978 people, 1,558 households, and 1,106 families residing in the city.",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 4,116 people, 1,887 households, and 1,124 families residing in the city. There were 2,047 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 90\\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 4\\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.7% from two or more races. 38\\.9% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race, with the majority being [Mexican American](/wiki/Mexican_American \"Mexican American\").",
"There were 1,877 households, out of which 18\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\\.4% were non\\-families. 35\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.18 and the average family size was 2\\.83\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 17\\.1% under the age of 18, 4\\.8% from 18 to 24, 15\\.2% from 25 to 44, 30\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 32\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $69,637, and the median income for a family was $104,716\\. Males had a median income of $59,911 versus $36,676 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $49,137\\. 5\\.9% of the population and 4\\.2% of families were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"). Out of the total population, none of those under the age of 18 and 11\\.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.",
""
] |
United Kingdom
--------------
Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as [Queen of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom "Queen of the United Kingdom") with honours within her own gift, and with the advice of the Government for other honours.{{londongazette\|date\=8 June 2019\|supp\=y\|issue\=62666\|page\=B1}}
### Knight Bachelor
* [Simon Russell Beale](/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale "Simon Russell Beale"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}, Actor. For services to Drama.
* [Charles Edward Beck Bowman](/wiki/Charles_Bowman_%28accountant%29 "Charles Bowman (accountant)"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|JP}}, Lately [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London "Lord Mayor of London"). For services to Trust in Business, International Trade and the City of London.
* [Professor Ian Lamont Boyd](/wiki/Ian_L._Boyd "Ian L. Boyd"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|FRSE}}, Chief Scientific Adviser, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For services to Science and Economics on Food and the Environment.
* [Nigel Martyn Carrington](/wiki/Nigel_Carrington "Nigel Carrington"). For services to Higher Education and the Creative Industries.
* [Professor Mark Jonathan Caulfield](/wiki/Mark_Caulfield "Mark Caulfield"), Chief Scientist, [Genomics England](/wiki/Genomics_England "Genomics England") and Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, [Queen Mary University of London](/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London "Queen Mary University of London"). For services to the 100,000 Genomes Project.
* [Dr. Stephen John Cleobury](/wiki/Stephen_Cleobury "Stephen Cleobury"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}, Director of Music, King's College, Cambridge. For services to Choral Music.
* [Robert Paul Cohan](/wiki/Robert_Cohan "Robert Cohan"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}, Founding Artistic Director, The Place. For services to Choreography and Dance.
* [Jonathan Andrew Coles](/wiki/Jon_Coles "Jon Coles"), Chief Executive, [United Learning](/wiki/United_Learning "United Learning"). For services to Education.
* [Ian Edward Lamert Davis](/wiki/Ian_Davis_%28businessman%29 "Ian Davis (businessman)"), chairman, [Rolls\-Royce Holdings plc](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings "Rolls-Royce Holdings"). For services to Business.
* [Professor Peter James Donnelly](/wiki/Peter_Donnelly "Peter Donnelly"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|FRS}}, Chief Executive, Genomics plc and Professor of Statistical Science, [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to the Understanding of Human Genetics in Disease.
* [Brian Harold Donohoe](/wiki/Brian_Donohoe "Brian Donohoe"). For parliamentary and political service.
* [George Ernest Craythorne Hamilton](/wiki/George_Hamilton_%28Northern_Ireland_police_officer%29 "George Hamilton (Northern Ireland police officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|QPM}}, Chief Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to Policing and to the community in Northern Ireland.
* [The Right Honourable George Edward Howarth](/wiki/George_Howarth "George Howarth"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MP}}. For parliamentary and political service.
* [The Right Honourable Norman Peter Lamb](/wiki/Norman_Lamb "Norman Lamb"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MP}}. For public and political service.
* [David Willoughby Pountney](/wiki/David_Pountney "David Pountney"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}} – Director. For services to Opera.
* [Ian Isaac Stoutzker](/wiki/Ian_Stoutzker "Ian Stoutzker"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}, Founder Chairman, Live Music Now. For services to Music and to Philanthropy.
* [Archibald Boyd Tunnock](/wiki/Boyd_Tunnock "Boyd Tunnock"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}. For services to Business and to charity.
* [James Garwood Michael Wates](/wiki/James_Wates "James Wates"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}, chairman, [Wates Group](/wiki/Wates_Group "Wates Group"). For services to Business and to charity.
* [Professor Robert Hughes Williams](/wiki/Robin_Williams_%28physicist%29 "Robin Williams (physicist)"). For services to Higher Education, Research and the Welsh Language.
* [Simon Woolley](/wiki/Simon_Woolley "Simon Woolley"). For services to Race Equality.
### Order of the Bath
#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
Military
* [General Sir Nicholas Carter](/wiki/Nick_Carter_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Nick Carter (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|KCB\|CBE\|DSO\|ADC Gen}}
#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB/DCB)
Military
* [Lieutenant General Nick Pope](/wiki/Nick_Pope_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Nick Pope (British Army officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}
Civil
* [Stephen Lovegrove](/wiki/Stephen_Lovegrove "Stephen Lovegrove"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CB}} – Permanent Under\-Secretary, Ministry of Defence. For public service.
* [Andrew Parker](/wiki/Andrew_Parker%2C_Baron_Parker_of_Minsmere "Andrew Parker, Baron Parker of Minsmere") – Director General, Security Service. For public service.
#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Military
* [Rear Admiral Jonathan Pentreath](/wiki/Jonathan_Pentreath "Jonathan Pentreath"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}
* [Major General Charles Stickland](/wiki/Charles_Stickland "Charles Stickland"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}
* [Major General Nicholas John Cavanagh](/wiki/Nicholas_John_Cavanagh "Nicholas John Cavanagh")
* [Lieutenant General Paul Jaques](/wiki/Paul_Jaques "Paul Jaques"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}
* [Air Vice\-Marshal Chris Luck](/wiki/Chris_Luck "Chris Luck"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE}}
* [Air Vice\-Marshal Gavin Parker](/wiki/Gavin_Parker "Gavin Parker"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}
Civil
* [Deborah Ruth Alder](/wiki/Deborah_Ruth_Alder "Deborah Ruth Alder") – Director General, Human Resources, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). For public service.
* [Graham Archer](/wiki/Graham_Archer "Graham Archer") – Director, Improvement and Learning, Children's Social Care, [Department for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Education "Department for Education"). For services to Children and Families.
* [Kieran James Donnelly](/wiki/Kieran_Donnelly "Kieran Donnelly") – [Comptroller and Auditor General for Northern Ireland](/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_for_Northern_Ireland "Comptroller and Auditor General for Northern Ireland"). For services to the Northern Ireland Audit Office.
* [Christine Helen Hewitt\-Dyer](/wiki/Christine_Helen_Hewitt-Dyer "Christine Helen Hewitt-Dyer") – Lately Human Resources Director, People, Capability and Change, [Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing%2C_Communities_and_Local_Government "Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government"). For public service.
* [Craig Richard Eblett](/wiki/Craig_Eblett "Craig Eblett") – Senior Responsible Officer, Health Transformation Programme, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). For services to Welfare Reform.
* [Sarah Elizabeth Healey](/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Healey "Sarah Elizabeth Healey") – Lately Director General, [Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat](/wiki/Economic_and_Domestic_Affairs_Secretariat "Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat"), Cabinet Office. For public service.
* [Nicholas Beverley Joicey](/wiki/Nicholas_Joicey "Nicholas Joicey") – Director General for Strategy, International and Biosecurity, [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"). For services to the Environment.
* [Andrew John McCully](/wiki/Andrew_McCully "Andrew McCully") {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} – Director General, Early Years and Schools Group, [Department for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Education "Department for Education"). For services to Education.
* [Anthony Jan Michael Meggs](/wiki/Anthony_Meggs "Anthony Meggs") – Lately Chief Executive, [Infrastructure and Projects Authority](/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Projects_Authority "Infrastructure and Projects Authority") and Head, [Government Project Delivery Profession](/wiki/Government_Project_Delivery_Profession "Government Project Delivery Profession"). For public service.
* [Frances Clare Nash](/wiki/Frances_Nash "Frances Nash") – Legal Director, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). For public service.
* [Graham Parker](/wiki/Graham_Parker_%28civil_servant%29 "Graham Parker (civil servant)") {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}} – Fiscal Expert, [Office for Budget Responsibility](/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility "Office for Budget Responsibility"). For services to the Economy.
* [Glyn Williams](/wiki/Glyn_Williams_%28civil_servant%29 "Glyn Williams (civil servant)") – Director General, Borders, Immigration and Citizenship Systems Policy and International Group, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office"). For public service.
### Order of St Michael and St George
#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
* [Clive William Jones](/wiki/Clive_William_Jones "Clive William Jones"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}} – Lately Chair of Trustees for the [Disasters Emergency Committee](/wiki/Disasters_Emergency_Committee "Disasters Emergency Committee"). For services to humanitarian crises.
* [Jonathan McLeod Grigor Taylor](/wiki/Jonathan_McLeod_Grigor_Taylor "Jonathan McLeod Grigor Taylor") – Lately Vice\-president of the [European Investment Bank](/wiki/European_Investment_Bank "European Investment Bank"). For services to investment and the economy.
* [Alexander Younger](/wiki/Alex_Younger "Alex Younger"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CMG}} – [Chief, Secret Intelligence Service](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service "Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service"). For services to national security.
#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
* [Christopher Derek Bain](/wiki/Christopher_Bain "Christopher Bain"). For services to International Development and Humanitarian Work.
* [Professor Richard John Carwardine](/wiki/Richard_Carwardine "Richard Carwardine"). For services to the Study of American History in the UK and the USA.
* [Professor Charlotte Watts](/wiki/Charlotte_Watts "Charlotte Watts"). For services to Global Health and International Development.
* [Julian Nicholas Braithwaite](/wiki/Julian_Braithwaite "Julian Braithwaite"), [Permanent Representative, UK Mission](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_World_Trade_Organisation "List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the World Trade Organisation") to the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization"), United Nations and other International Organisations in Geneva, Switzerland. For services to British foreign policy.
* [Lawrence Arthur Covington](/wiki/Lawrence_Covington "Lawrence Covington"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}, Lately Law Enforcement Adviser for the Caribbean Overseas Territories and Bermuda. For services to the Caribbean Overseas Territories and Bermuda.
* [Peter Jeremy Oldham Hill](/wiki/Peter_Jeremy_Oldham_Hill "Peter Jeremy Oldham Hill"), Legal Counsellor, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). For services to British foreign policy.
* [Professor Ian Richard Hodder](/wiki/Ian_Hodder "Ian Hodder"), Professor of Anthropology, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), USA. For services to archaeology and UK/Turkey relations.
* [John Edward Hubbard](/wiki/John_Edward_Hubbard "John Edward Hubbard"), Director, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). For services to national security.
* [Professor Virgil Craig Jordan](/wiki/V._Craig_Jordan "V. Craig Jordan"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}, Professor of Breast Medical Oncology, [MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas_MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center "University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"), USA. For services to women's health.
* [David Barclay Keegan](/wiki/David_Keegan "David Keegan"), Director, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). For services to national security.
* [Graeme Jonathan Knott](/wiki/Jonathan_Knott "Jonathan Knott"), [H.M. Ambassador, Warsaw, Poland](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Poland "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Poland"). For services to British foreign policy.
* [Angus Charles William Lapsley](/wiki/Angus_Lapsley "Angus Lapsley"), Director for Defence, International Security and South East Europe, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). For services to British foreign policy.
* [Julia Longbottom](/wiki/Julia_Longbottom "Julia Longbottom"), Director, Consular Services, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). For services to British foreign policy and British Nationals overseas.
* [Moazzam Tufail Malik](/wiki/Moazzam_Malik_%28diplomat%29 "Moazzam Malik (diplomat)"), [H.M. Ambassador, Jakarta, Indonesia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Indonesia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Indonesia"). For services to British foreign policy and international development.
* [Rebecca Hay Elliott Walton](/wiki/Rebecca_Walton "Rebecca Walton"), Regional Director, [British Council](/wiki/British_Council "British Council"). For services to UK cultural relations.
### Royal Victorian Order
#### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
* [Sir Henry Egerton Aubrey\-Fletcher, Bt](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Aubrey-Fletcher%2C_8th_Baronet "Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baronet"), [Lord\-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Buckinghamshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire")
#### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
* [Clive Alderton](/wiki/Clive_Alderton "Clive Alderton") {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|LVO}}, [Principal Private Secretary to The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall](/wiki/Office_of_the_Prince_of_Wales "Office of the Prince of Wales").
* Richard David Brown, Formerly Treasury Officer of Accounts, H M Treasury.
* [Susan Elaine, The Dowager Countess of Darnley](/wiki/Susan_Bligh%2C_Countess_of_Darnley "Susan Bligh, Countess of Darnley"), [Lord\-Lieutenant of Herefordshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Herefordshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Herefordshire").
* Colonel Richard Edward Harrold, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}, Formerly Tower Group Director, Historic Royal Palaces.
* [James Ingleby](/wiki/James_Ingleby "James Ingleby"), [Lord\-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Aberdeenshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire").
* [Philip John Algernon Sidney, Viscount De L'Isle](/wiki/Philip_Sidney%2C_2nd_Viscount_De_L%27Isle "Philip Sidney, 2nd Viscount De L'Isle") {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE}}, [Lord\-Lieutenant of Kent](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Kent "Lord-Lieutenant of Kent").
* William Tucker, [Lord\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire").
* [Dione Angela, The Countess of Verulam](/wiki/Dione_Grimston%2C_Countess_of_Verulam "Dione Grimston, Countess of Verulam"), Formerly [Lord\-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire").
* Martin Ronald Watson {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|LVO}}, Partner, Forest House Veterinary Group.
#### Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO)
* Margaret Ashby {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MVO}}, Formerly Head of Learning and Development, Royal Household.
* Karen Hilary Ashworth {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MVO}}, Senior Paintings Conservator, Royal Collection.
* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Callander, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE\|TD\|DL}}, Formerly Secretary, The Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, [Royal Company of Archers](/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers "Royal Company of Archers").
* Kevin Frank Clarke. For services to the Royal Household.
* Megan Gent {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MVO\|RVM}}, Senior Archives Conservator, Royal Collection.
* Sharon Lee Prendergast, Director, Australian Honours and Awards Secretariat, Government House, Canberra.
* Jemima Rellie, Director of Content and Audiences, and Acting Visitor Experience Director, Royal Collection.
* Hartley Thorbjorn Richardson {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OC\|OM}}, Formerly Chairman, Canadian Charter for Business.
* Emma Stuart {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MVO}}, Senior Curator, Books and Manuscripts, and Acting Librarian, Royal Library, Windsor Castle.
* Andrew Merlay Wright, Formerly Treasurer to the Household of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.
#### Members of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
* Benjamin Julius Bolgar, Senior Director, The Prince's Foundation.
* Alison Victoria Cameron, Inventory Assistant, Gifts and Inventory Section, Household of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.
* Jeremy Cheek. For services to the Royal Collection.
* Sergeant John De\-Bolla, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty and Specialist Protection.
* Marnie Elizabeth Gaffney, Assistant Communications Secretary, Royal Household.
* Geoffrey David Golding, managing director, G. D. Golding (Tailors) Ltd.
* Assistant Chief Constable David Hardcastle. For services to the Royal Household.
* Beverley Jones {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|RVM}}, Housekeeping Assistant, Royal Household.
* Catherine Teresa Martin, Formerly Learning Officer (Operations), Royal Collection, Windsor Castle.
* Edward Mark Bruton Priday, Manager, Coutts \& Co.
* Constable John Edward Pritty, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty and Specialist Protection.
* Stephen John Read {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|RVM}}, Property Steward, Thatched House Lodge.
* Andrew James Richardson, Senior Events Co\-ordinator, Royal Household.
* John Brian Sinnott {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CBE}}, Clerk to the Leicestershire Lieutenancy.
* Ian Craig Spencer, Premier Sous Chef, Royal Household.
### Royal Victorian Medal (RVM)
#### Bar to the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)
* Russell Peter Sturgess, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|RVM}}, Forestry Team Supervisor, Crown Estate, Windsor
#### Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)
* Michael Dabbs, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|MBE}}, Divisional Sergeant Major, The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard
* Jason William Farmilo, Palace Attendant, Windsor Castle.
* Monica Ingrid Farrow, Personnel and Accounts Officer, Office of the Governor of Queensland.
* Gary Norman Le Poidevin, Head Gardener, Government House, Guernsey.
* Stewart Orr, Fire and Security Team Leader, Palace of Holyroodhouse.
* Clive Richard Thomas, Engineering Craft Assistant, Royal Household.
#### Honorary Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)
* Antonella Fresolone, Housekeeper to The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, Kensington Palace.
### Order of the British Empire
#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
* [Sir Michael John Burton QC](/wiki/Michael_Burton_%28judge%29 "Michael Burton (judge)") – President, [Investigatory Powers Tribunal](/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal "Investigatory Powers Tribunal"). For services to the Rule of Law.
#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Civil
* [Elizabeth Pauline Lucy Corley CBE](/wiki/Elizabeth_Corley "Elizabeth Corley") – Senior Advisor to [Allianz Global Investors](/wiki/Allianz_Global_Investors "Allianz Global Investors"). For services to the Economy and Financial Services.
* [Carolyn Julie Fairbairn](/wiki/Carolyn_Fairbairn "Carolyn Fairbairn") – Director General, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry "Confederation of British Industry"). For services to UK Business.
* [Jacqueline Foster MEP](/wiki/Jacqueline_Foster "Jacqueline Foster") – Member of the European Parliament for the [North West of England](/wiki/North_West_England_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29 "North West England (European Parliament constituency)"). For public and political service.
* [Julie Ann Kenny CBE](/wiki/Julie_Kenny "Julie Kenny") – chair, [Wentworth Woodhouse Preservation Trust](/wiki/Wentworth_Woodhouse_Preservation_Trust "Wentworth Woodhouse Preservation Trust"). For services to Heritage.
* [Laura Elizabeth Lee](/wiki/Laura_Elizabeth_Lee "Laura Elizabeth Lee") – Chief Executive, [Maggie's](/wiki/Maggie%27s_Centres "Maggie's Centres"). For services to Cancer Patients.
* [Professor Elan Closs Stephens CBE](/wiki/Elan_Closs_Stephens "Elan Closs Stephens") – For services to Welsh Government and Broadcasting.
* [Sara Thornton CBE QPM](/wiki/Sara_Thornton_%28police_officer%29 "Sara Thornton (police officer)") – Lately Chief Constable, chair, [National Police Chiefs' Council](/wiki/National_Police_Chiefs%27_Council "National Police Chiefs' Council"). For services to Policing.
* [Rachel Whiteread CBE](/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread "Rachel Whiteread") – Sculptor. For services to Art.
Military
* [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_marshal "Air marshal") [Stuart Atha](/wiki/Stuart_Atha "Stuart Atha"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CB\|DSO}}, Royal Air Force \- Former Deputy Commander (Operations) [RAF Air Command](/wiki/RAF_Air_Command "RAF Air Command")
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
* [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28Royal_Navy%29 "Commodore (Royal Navy)") Paul Dominic Burke, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}, Royal Navy, C033412M.
* [Major General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Major-general (United Kingdom)") [Matthew John Holmes](/wiki/Matt_Holmes_%28Royal_Marines_officer%29 "Matt Holmes (Royal Marines officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|DSO}}, Royal Marines, N028280S.
* Commodore, (now [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice-admiral_%28Royal_Navy%29 "Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)")) [Jeremy Paul Kyd](/wiki/Jerry_Kyd "Jerry Kyd"), Royal Navy, C032542N. \- [Fleet Commander](/wiki/Fleet_Commander "Fleet Commander")
Army
* [Brigadier](/wiki/Brigadier_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Brigadier (United Kingdom)") Paul Robert Burns
* Acting Brigadier John Lockhart Clark
* Colonel Guy Hugh John Deacon, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE\|ADC}}
* Deputy [Chaplain General](/wiki/Chaplain_general "Chaplain general") The Reverend [Michael Paul Dare Fava](/wiki/Michael_Fava "Michael Fava"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|QHC}}
* Brigadier Ian Jonathan Gibb
* Acting Brigadier George Alexander John Macintosh, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}}
Royal Air Force
* Group Captain Hamish Roy Callender Cormack, Royal Air Force
* Group Captain Teresa Anne Griffiths, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE\|ARRC}}, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service
* Group Captain Shaun Harris, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE}}, Royal Air Force
Civil Division
* Morris Timothy Angel, OBE, chairman, [Angels Costumes](/wiki/Angels_Costumes "Angels Costumes"). For services to Theatre, Film, Television and the Arts.
* [Bryan Appleyard](/wiki/Bryan_Appleyard "Bryan Appleyard"), Journalist and Author. For services to Journalism and the Arts.
* Professor [Elizabeth Florence Barnes](/wiki/Elizabeth_Florence_Barnes "Elizabeth Florence Barnes"). For services to Higher Education.
* Michael Barton, QPM, Chief Constable, [Durham Constabulary](/wiki/Durham_Constabulary "Durham Constabulary"). For services to Policing.
* Professor [Paul David Bates](/wiki/Paul_Bates_%28hydrologist%29 "Paul Bates (hydrologist)"), Professor of Hydrology, [Bristol University](/wiki/Bristol_University "Bristol University"). For services to Flood Risk Management.
* Graeme Henderson Biggar, Lately Director, [Office for Security and Counter Terrorism](/wiki/Office_for_Security_and_Counter-Terrorism "Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism"), Home Office. For services to National Security.
* Dr. Stephen Robert Billingham, chairman, [Urenco](/wiki/Urenco_Group "Urenco Group"). For services to Government Owned, Public and Regulated Companies.
* Simon William Blanchflower, Lately Programme Director, [Network Rail](/wiki/Network_Rail "Network Rail"). For services to the Railway.
* Catherine Annick Caroline Bradley, Non\-Executive Board Member, [Financial Conduct Authority](/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority "Financial Conduct Authority"). For public service.
* Philip Graeme Howard Brook, chairman, [All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club](/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club"). For services to Tennis.
* [Glenn Brown](/wiki/Glenn_Brown_%28artist%29 "Glenn Brown (artist)"), Painter. For services to Art.
* Professor [Kenneth Alexander Brown](/wiki/Kenneth_Alexander_Brown "Kenneth Alexander Brown"), FRSE, Professor of Mathematics, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow"). For services to the Mathematical Sciences.
* Professor [Michele Jane Burman](/wiki/Michele_Jane_Burman "Michele Jane Burman"), FRSE, Head, School of Social and Political Sciences, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow"). For services to Criminology.
* Valerie Joan Cain, Lately People and Change Director, [Government Legal Department](/wiki/Government_Legal_Department "Government Legal Department"). For public service.
* [Ian Callum](/wiki/Ian_Callum "Ian Callum"), Chief Designer, [Jaguar Cars](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars"). For services to the British Car Industry.
* Susan Jane Catchpole, Director, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury"). For public service.
* Rachel Maud Elizabeth Clacher. For services to Business and Disadvantaged Young People.
* Paul Christopher Clarke, Chief Technology Officer, [Ocado](/wiki/Ocado "Ocado"). For services to Digital Retailing and Technology.
* [Professor Graham Leon Collingridge](/wiki/Graham_Collingridge "Graham Collingridge"), FRS. For services to Biomedical Sciences.
* [Olivia Colman (Sarah Caroline Sinclair)](/wiki/Olivia_Colman "Olivia Colman"), Actress. For services to Drama.
* Michelle Cracknell, Chief Executive, [The Pensions Advisory Service](/wiki/The_Pensions_Advisory_Service "The Pensions Advisory Service"). For services to the Pensions Industry.
* Dr. Adrian Mark Crellin, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, [Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/Leeds_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Trust "Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust") and Trustee, [Cancer Research UK](/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK "Cancer Research UK"). For services to Radiotherapy.
* [Professor Lorne Donald Crerar](/wiki/Lorne_Crerar "Lorne Crerar"). For services to Economic and Community Development in Scotland.
* Stuart Crooks, managing director, [Hinkley Point C](/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station"), EDF Energy. For services to Nuclear Energy.
* Marcus Davey, OBE, Chief Executive and artistic director, [The Roundhouse](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28venue%29 "Roundhouse (venue)"). For services to the Arts.
* Paul Richard Dean, Head of Operational Support, Office for Security and Counter Terrorism, Home Office. For services to Security and Counter Terrorism.
* Steven Douglas, Group Chief Executive Officer, [Altair](/wiki/Altair_Engineering "Altair Engineering"). For services to the Housing Industry.
* [Jonathan Dove](/wiki/Jonathan_Dove "Jonathan Dove"), Composer. For services to Music.
* [Professor Harminder Singh Dua](/wiki/Harminder_Dua "Harminder Dua"), Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham "University of Nottingham"). For services to Eye Healthcare, Health Education and Ophthalmology.
* Professor [Stephen Eames](/wiki/Stephen_Eames "Stephen Eames"), Chief Executive, [North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/North_Cumbria_University_Hospitals_NHS_Trust "North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust") and [Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Cumbria_Partnership_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to the NHS.
* Rebecca Egan, Head, Tackling Exploitation and Abuse Unit, Home Office. For services to Vulnerable People.
* Benedict Blackstone Evans, Director, [London Design Festival](/wiki/London_Design_Festival "London Design Festival"). For services to the Creative Industries.
* Paul Anthony Evans. For services to Parliament.
* Patrick Richard Evershed. For public and political service.
* Ian Findlay, Chief Officer, Paths for All. For services to Healthy Lifestyles and Outdoor Activities.
* John Richard Evelegh Footman, Secretary, [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England"). For services to the Economy.
* Deidre Ann Ford, Group Managing Director, [Bauer Media](/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group "Bauer Media Group"), Radio. For services to Radio.
* [Professor Tamsin Jane Ford](/wiki/Tamsin_Ford_%28psychiatrist%29 "Tamsin Ford (psychiatrist)"), Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, [University of Exeter](/wiki/University_of_Exeter "University of Exeter"). For services to Psychiatry.
* Michael Peter Galloway, OBE, Lately Executive Director, City Development, [Dundee City Council](/wiki/Dundee_City_Council "Dundee City Council"). For services to Architecture and City Regeneration.
* [David Alan Gill](/wiki/David_Gill_%28football_executive%29 "David Gill (football executive)"). For services to Football.
* Deborah Mary Gillatt, Director, Business Frameworks, [Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy](/wiki/Department_for_Business%2C_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy "Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy"). For services to the Economy.
* Nigel Alexander Gooding, deputy director, [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"). For services to the Marine Environment.
* [James Dover Grant (Lee Child)](/wiki/Lee_Child "Lee Child"), Author. For services to Literature.
* David Middleton Gray, Lately Chairman, [Ofgem](/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets "Office of Gas and Electricity Markets"). For services to Regulation.
* [Stephen Greene](/wiki/Stephen_Greene_%28social_entrepreneur%29 "Stephen Greene (social entrepreneur)"), co\-founder and chief executive officer, [RockCorps](/wiki/Rockcorps "Rockcorps") and lately chair, National Citizen Service Trust. For services to Young People.
* Christina Susan Mary Hallett. For services to Civil Society, Mentoring and Coaching.
* The Lady Hamlyn (Helen Roice), Philanthropist. For services to charity.
* Andrew Heath, MBE. For services to the Music Industry.
* [The Honourable Timothy Mark Hely Hutchinson](/wiki/Tim_Hely_Hutchinson "Tim Hely Hutchinson"), Lately Chief Executive, [Hachette UK](/wiki/Hachette_UK "Hachette UK"). For services to Publishing and Literature.
* Phinella Frances Henderson, deputy director, Treasury Legal Advisers, [Government Legal Department](/wiki/Government_Legal_Department "Government Legal Department"). For public service.
* [The Rt. Hon. Professor Charles Hendry](/wiki/Charles_Hendry "Charles Hendry"), former Prime Minister's Trade Envoy to Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan and former Commissioner for the UK Pavilion at [Expo 2017](/wiki/Expo_2017 "Expo 2017"), Kazakhstan. For services to UK trade and investment
* Jonathan Lascelles Iremonger, Assistant Chief of Staff for Finance, Permanent Joint Headquarters, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). For services in Support of Military Operations.
* Lorraine Alison Jackson, deputy director, Data Policy, [Department of Health and Social Care](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care "Department of Health and Social Care"). For services to Health Policy.
* Lucy Margaret Juckes, chair, [Barrington Stoke](/wiki/Barrington_Stoke "Barrington Stoke") Publishing. For services to Education and Literacy.
* [Sandra Kerr](/wiki/Sandra_Kerr_%28diversity_adviser%29 "Sandra Kerr (diversity adviser)"), OBE, Race Equality Director, Business in the Community. For services to Equality and Diversity.
* Joanna Sarah Key, Director, Legislation and Constitution, [Department for Exiting the EU](/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union"). For public service.
* Anthony Hugh Gordon Laithwaite, Entrepreneur. For services to the UK and Global Wine Industry.
* Professor [John Latham](/wiki/John_Latham_%28academic%29 "John Latham (academic)"), Vice\-Chancellor, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University "Coventry University"). For services to Higher Education.
* [Professor Marie Corinne Lyne le Quéré, FRS](/wiki/Corinne_Le_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9 "Corinne Le Quéré"), Professor, School of Environmental Sciences and [Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research](/wiki/Tyndall_Centre_for_Climate_Change_Research "Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research"), [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia "University of East Anglia"). For services to Climate Change Science.
* [Dr Shane Legg](/wiki/Shane_Legg "Shane Legg"), co\-founder and Chief Scientist, [DeepMind Technologies Ltd](/wiki/DeepMind "DeepMind"). For services to the Science and Technology Sector and Investment.
* [Professor Jason Andrew Leitch](/wiki/Jason_Leitch "Jason Leitch"), National Clinical Director, [Health and Social Care Directorate](/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Directorates "Health and Social Care Directorates"), [Scottish Government](/wiki/Scottish_Government "Scottish Government"). For services to Healthcare and charity.
* [Barnaby John Lenon](/wiki/Barnaby_Lenon "Barnaby Lenon"), chair, [Independent Schools Council](/wiki/Independent_Schools_Council "Independent Schools Council") and Chair of Governors, [London Academy of Excellence](/wiki/London_Academy_of_Excellence "London Academy of Excellence"). For services to Education.
* Gary Nigel Lewitt, Head of Resources, [Defence Intelligence](/wiki/Defence_Intelligence "Defence Intelligence"). For services to Defence.
* Caroline Margaret Low, Director, [Department for Transport](/wiki/Department_for_Transport "Department for Transport"). For public service.
* [Professor Graham Alexander MacGregor](/wiki/Graham_MacGregor "Graham MacGregor"), Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, [Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine](/wiki/Wolfson_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine "Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine"). For services to Cardiovascular Disease.
* [Joanna Clare MacGregor, OBE](/wiki/Joanna_MacGregor "Joanna MacGregor"), Pianist. For services to Music.
* [Professor Hector Lewis MacQueen, FBA, FRSE](/wiki/Hector_MacQueen "Hector MacQueen"), Professor of Private Law, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to Legal Scholarship.
* Dr. Thomas Michael Maguire. For services to Justice in Northern Ireland.
* [Stuart Marks](/wiki/Stuart_Marks%2C_Baron_Marks_of_Hale "Stuart Marks, Baron Marks of Hale"). For voluntary political service.
* Francis Paul Augustine Martin, President, [British Chambers of Commerce](/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce "British Chambers of Commerce") and Partner, [BDO Northern Ireland](/wiki/BDO_Global "BDO Global"). For services to UK Business.
* Dr. Alan Gregory McDevitt, Lately Chairman, Scottish General Practitioners Committee, [British Medical Association](/wiki/British_Medical_Association "British Medical Association"). For services to the NHS and General Practitioners in Scotland.
* Rebecca Meredith, chief executive officer, Transform Trust, East Midlands and Humber. For services to Education.
* Anna\-Marie Morrison. For services to Apprenticeships.
* [Mitch Murray](/wiki/Mitch_Murray "Mitch Murray"), Songwriter, Record Producer and Author. For services to Music.
* [Terence O'Neill](/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_%28photographer%29 "Terry O'Neill (photographer)"). For services to Photography.
* [Grace Chidozie Ononiwu](/wiki/Grace_Ononiwu "Grace Ononiwu"), OBE, Chief Crown Prosecutor, West Midlands, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). For services to Law and Order.
* [Mark Padmore](/wiki/Mark_Padmore "Mark Padmore"), Tenor. For services to Music.
* Judith Ann Paget, chief executive officer, [Aneurin Bevan University Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_University_Health_Board "Aneurin Bevan University Health Board"). For services to Healthcare Management and Delivery in Wales.
* Stuart Leslie Patrick, Chief Executive, Glasgow Chamber of Commerce. For services to Business and the Economy in Glasgow.
* Susan Mary Elizabeth Percy, Chief Executive, [Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation](/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Highways_and_Transportation "Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation"). For services to Transport.
* Ronald Leslie Randall. For services to the British Meat Trade and to charity.
* Melanie Jane Richards, Deputy Chair, [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG "KPMG"). For services to Business and Inclusion.
* [Professor Sylvia Therese Richardson](/wiki/Sylvia_Richardson "Sylvia Richardson"), Director, Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Medical Statistics.
* David Lawton Roberts, chairman, [Nationwide Building Society](/wiki/Nationwide_Building_Society "Nationwide Building Society"). For services to Financial Services and the NHS.
* Colin Robertson, Chief Executive, [Alexander Dennis](/wiki/Alexander_Dennis "Alexander Dennis"). For services to Exports and the Bus and Coach Manufacturing Sector.
* Dr. Bharat Kumar Hansraj Shah. For services to Business, Economic Growth, Exporting, Independent Pharmacy Sector and Philanthropy.
* Dr. Samir Shah, OBE, Chief Executive and Creative Director, Juniper Television. For services to Television and to Heritage.
* Professor Michael Roy Sharland, chairman, Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Consultant Paediatrician, [St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/St_George%27s_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust").
* [Professor Mark Edmund Smith](/wiki/Mark_Smith_%28physicist%29 "Mark Smith (physicist)"), FREng, Vice\-Chancellor, [Lancaster University](/wiki/Lancaster_University "Lancaster University"). For services to Research and Higher Education.
* Philip Patrick Smith, chief executive officer, [Cisco](/wiki/Cisco_Systems "Cisco Systems"). For services to Technology, Business and Skills.
* [Dr. Shubulade Mary Eniola Smith](/wiki/Shubulade_Smith "Shubulade Smith"), Consultant Psychiatrist, [South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/South_London_and_Maudsley_NHS_Foundation_Trust "South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Forensic Psychiatric Intensive Care .
* [Professor David John Southwood](/wiki/David_Southwood "David Southwood"), Lately Chair, [UK Space Agency](/wiki/UK_Space_Agency "UK Space Agency"). For services to Space Science and Industry in the UK and Europe.
* Michael Stewart, SCS1, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* [David James Reid Strang, QPM](/wiki/David_Strang_%28police_officer%29 "David Strang (police officer)"), Lately [HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland](/wiki/HM_Chief_Inspector_of_Prisons_for_Scotland "HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland"). For services to Law and Order.
* [Matthew Taylor](/wiki/Matthew_Taylor_%28political_strategist%29 "Matthew Taylor (political strategist)"), chair, Review of Modern Employment and Chief Executive, [Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce](/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts "Royal Society of Arts"). For services to Employee Rights.
* William Russell Thomson, Lately [Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland](/wiki/Commissioner_for_Ethical_Standards_in_Public_Life_in_Scotland "Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland"). For services to the Scottish Public Sector.
* [Lesley Jane Titcomb](/wiki/Lesley_Titcomb "Lesley Titcomb"), Lately Chief Executive, [The Pensions Regulator](/wiki/The_Pensions_Regulator "The Pensions Regulator"). For services to Pensions Regulation.
* [Joanna Trollope](/wiki/Joanna_Trollope "Joanna Trollope"), OBE, Author. For services to Literature.
* Rachel Turner, Director, Economic Development, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development"). For services to International Development.
* [Derek Vaughan](/wiki/Derek_Vaughan "Derek Vaughan"), MEP, Member of the European Parliament for [Wales](/wiki/Wales_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29 "Wales (European Parliament constituency)"). For political and public service.
* [Professor Anna Frances Vignoles](/wiki/Anna_Vignoles "Anna Vignoles"), FBA, Professor of Education, Faculty of Education, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Social Sciences.
* Richard Wayne Vince, executive director, Long Term and High Security Estate, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)"). For services to Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service.
* Timothy Lillington Philip Warren, Lately Leader, [Bath and North East Somerset Council](/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council "Bath and North East Somerset Council"). For services to Local Government and the community in Somerset.
* Professor [Robert Richard Welbury](/wiki/Robert_Richard_Welbury "Robert Richard Welbury"), Professor of Paediatric Dentistry, [UCLAN Dental School](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire "University of Central Lancashire"). For services to Paediatric Dentistry, Dental Education and Safeguarding of Children.
* Terence William Whittles, National Chairman, The Royal British Legion. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.
* Eric Roy Wilson, executive director, Corporate Services, Competition and Markets Authority. For services to Competition.
* [Sophie Mary Wilson](/wiki/Sophie_Wilson "Sophie Wilson"), FRS, FREng, Director of Integrated Circuit Design, [Broadcom Europe Ltd](/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation "Broadcom Corporation"). For services to Computing.
* Dr. Kathryn Louise Wood, Director of Science, Research and Evidence, [Department of Health and Social Care](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care "Department of Health and Social Care"). For services to Health Research.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Civil
* Dr. [Nneka Abulokwe](/wiki/Nneka_Abulokwe "Nneka Abulokwe") – chief executive officer, Micromax Consulting. For services to Business.
* Professor [Malcolm Russell Airs](/wiki/Malcolm_Airs "Malcolm Airs") – Lately Director, [Kellogg College](/wiki/Kellogg_College "Kellogg College"), Oxford. For services to the Historic Environment, Conservation and Education.
* Cherry Alexander MBE – Major Events Director, British Athletics. For services to Elite Sport.
* [Nimco Ali](/wiki/Nimco_Ali "Nimco Ali") – For services to Tackling Female Genital Mutilation and Gender Inequality.
* Anthony Allcock MBE – Chief Executive, Bowls England. For services to Lawn Bowls.
* [Jacqueline Gay Alway](/wiki/Jackie_Alway "Jackie Alway") (Jacqueline Tarpey) – chair, Music Publishers Association. For services to the Music Industry.
* Professor Catherine Amanda Amos – Professor of Health Promotion, University of Edinburgh. For services to Public Health.
* Colleen Althea Amos (Colleen Amos\- Zwambila) – Chief Executive, The Amos Bursary. For services to Community Cohesion.
* Dr. Mike Mehrdad Ashmead – Managing Director, Encocam. For services to Exports and Innovation in Engineering.
* Professor Timothy Atkins – Senior Technical Fellow, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.
* Sarah Jane Bailey – Lately Head, Resourcing and Workforce Planning, Crown Prosecution Service. For services to Law and Order.
* Professor [Caroline Mary Barron](/wiki/Caroline_Barron "Caroline Barron") – For services to Education.
* Brendan John Bayley – Head, Policy Analysis Climate Energy and Agriculture Branch, HM Treasury. For public service.
* Charles Francis Houghton Beckford – Director, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security.
* Dr. René Arthur Beguelin – General Practitioner, Gibraltar. For services to health in Gibraltar.
* Carol Ann Bell – Lately Executive Director, [Great Exhibition of the North](/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition_of_the_North "The Great Exhibition of the North"). For services to the Arts.
* George Bell – chairman, Bell Group UK. For services to Apprenticeships and Charity Fundraising.
* Maureen Bell – Lately Nurse Consultant for Vulnerable Children, NHS Ayrshire and Arran. For services to Child Protection.
* Margaret Elizabeth Berry – Executive Director for Europe, WEConnect International and Founder, Women in Technology Network. For services to Women in Business and Technology.
* Professor [Michael Webster Bevan](/wiki/Michael_W._Bevan "Michael W. Bevan") FRS – Deputy Director, [John Innes Centre](/wiki/John_Innes_Centre "John Innes Centre"). For services to Plant Genomics.
* Dr. James Little Beveridge – Master Blender, [Johnnie Walker](/wiki/Johnnie_Walker "Johnnie Walker"), [Diageo](/wiki/Diageo "Diageo"). For services to the Scotch Whisky Industry.
* Harjit Singh Bhania – Wheelchair Basketball Coach. For services to Wheelchair Basketball.
* David George Thomas Bloomer – For services to Women's Health.
* Dr. Jennifer Blunden – chief executive officer, Truro and Penwith Academy Trust. For services to Education.
* [Alfred Giovanni Roncalli Boe](/wiki/Alfie_Boe "Alfie Boe") – Musical Performer and Actor. For services to music and charity.
* Maria Bota – Creative Producer, Great Exhibition of the North. For services to the Arts.
* [Katy Elizabeth Bourne](/wiki/Katy_Bourne "Katy Bourne") – [Police and Crime Commissioner for Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner "Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner"). For public and political service.
* Christopher Brammer – Deputy Director, Business Change and Implementation, Satellite Tracking Services, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For public service.
* [Theresa Rose Breslin](/wiki/Theresa_Breslin "Theresa Breslin") – Author. For services to Literature.
* Richard Campbell Brickley MBE – For services to Disability Sport.
* Professor [Sarah Jean Broadie](/wiki/Sarah_Broadie "Sarah Broadie") FBA, FRSE – Professor of Moral Philosophy, Wardlaw Professor, St Andrews University. For services to Classical Philosophy.
* Dr. Jane Louise Brooke\-Smith – UK Head of Development and Strategic Planning, Arcadis LLP. For services to the Built Environment and Diversity and Inclusion.
* Sherry Melanie June Burrows – Team Leader, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security and serious crime.
* Janice Elizabeth Cahill – For services to the Education of Vulnerable Young Learners and Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Stockport.
* David Campbell – For voluntary service to Athletics.
* James Campbell – Treasurer, Scottish Benevolent Fund. For services to the Department for Work and Pensions Staff in Scotland.
* David Carney\-Haworth – Co\-founder, Operation Encompass. For services to Children affected by Domestic Abuse.
* Elisabeth Anne Carney\-Haworth – Co\-founder, Operation Encompass. For services to Children affected by Domestic Abuse.
* Francis Clive Carreras – former Commissioner of Income Tax, Gibraltar. For services to Gibraltar.
* Dr. June Elizabeth Chatfield – Naturalist. For services to Conservation and Natural History Education.
* Amarjit Kaur Cheema – chief executive officer, Perry Hall Multi\-Academy Trust. For services to Education in the West Midlands.
* Peter David Clarke – Lately Assistant Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.
* Professor [Hannah Louise Cloke](/wiki/Hannah_Cloke "Hannah Cloke") (Hannah Pappenberger) – Professor of Hydrology, University of Reading. For services to Flood Forecasting and the Development of Hazard Early Warning Systems.
* Captain David Charles Cole MVO RM (Rt'd) – Director of Music, The Royal British Legion. For services to Music and to Remembrance.
* Dr. Paul Collier – Head of Beams Department, CERN, Switzerland. For services to science and technology.
* Anne Galbraith Cook – Head, Social Housing Services Team, Better Homes Division, Scottish Government. For services to Social Housing.
* [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello "Elvis Costello") – Musician. For services to Music.
* Alistair Robert Cunningham – Executive Director, Wiltshire Council. For services to the community in Wiltshire.
* Joni Cunningham – For services to Adult Community Learning in London and Essex.
* [Father Brian D'Arcy](/wiki/Brian_D%27Arcy "Brian D'Arcy") – For services to Cross Community Relations.
* Tonia Dawson – Macmillan Clinical Lead, East of England Cancer Alliance. For services to Nursing and People affected by Cancer.
* [Ptolemy Hugo Dean](/wiki/Ptolemy_Dean "Ptolemy Dean") – For services to Heritage and Design.
* Sandra Caroline Dinneen – Chief Executive, South Norfolk Council. For services to Local Government.
* Brian Donald – lately Chief of Staff, Europol, The Hague, The Netherlands. For services to policing and justice
* Edward Frederic Colin Donaldson – Treasurer, Royal National Lifeboat Institution. For voluntary service.
* Dr. Christopher Dorman – Vice President, Coherent Scotland. For services to Laser and Photonic Technology and Exports.
* Jill Downing – Solicitor. For services to Children and Families and to voluntary work in the community in Northern Ireland.
* Derek James Doyle MBE – lately British Consul and Director of Trade and Investment, Bilbao, Spain. For services to UK/Spain relations.
* Brian James Duffin – Non\-Executive Director, Debt Management Office. For services to the UK Pensions Industry.
* Gillian Dunion ([Gillian Docherty](/wiki/Gillian_Docherty "Gillian Docherty")) – Chief Executive, The Data Lab. For services to Information Technology and Business.
* [Edwina Dunn](/wiki/Edwina_Dunn "Edwina Dunn") (Edwina Humby) – chief executive officer, Starcount. For services to Data and Business in the UK.
* Arnab Dutt – For services to Small and Medium\-sized Businesses, Diversity and Equality.
* Jane Edmondson – Director, East and Central Africa, Department for International Development. For services to International Development.
* Professor Judith Mary Ellis MBE – Chair of Trustees, Tropical Health and Education Trust and lately Chief Executive, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. For services to Healthcare.
* Brenda Emmanus – Broadcaster and Journalist. For services to Broadcasting and Diversity.
* Barbara Ann Farndell – Policy Expert, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers.
* Malcolm William Rusk (Callum) Farquhar – Regional Commissioner, East Scotland Region, Scouts. For services to the Scouting Movement.
* Andrew Paul Ferguson – For services to the Economy and Broadband Services in the UK.
* Janet Natasha Finlayson – For services to Children and Families.
* Katherine Iona Fisher – Deputy Director, HM Treasury. For public service.
* Kelly Fisher – B2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Eithne Patricia Fitzmaurice – Deputy Director, Criminal and Financial Investigation, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For public service.
* Professor [Kevin Jeremy Fong](/wiki/Kevin_Fong "Kevin Fong") – Consultant Anaesthetist, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine and Healthcare.
* Geoffrey David Forder – Lately Deputy Head, QEC Support, Defence Equipment and Support, Ministry of Defence. For services to Naval Logistic Support.
* [Alastair David William Fothergill](/wiki/Alastair_Fothergill "Alastair Fothergill") – Director, Silverback Films. For services to Film.
* Sarah Jane Friar – lately Chief Financial Officer, Square Inc, USA. For services to entrepreneurship and financial services
* Dr. Ian James Macaulay Frood – For services to the British Cattle Industry.
* Councillor [John Fuller](/wiki/John_Fuller_%28English_politician%29 "John Fuller (English politician)") – For public and political service.
* Dr. Mark John Fulop – Programme Leader, Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.
* Professor [Tamara Susan Galloway](/wiki/Tamara_Galloway "Tamara Galloway") – Professor of Ecotoxicology, University of Exeter. For services to Environmental Science.
* William Geddes – Inspector, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. For services to Education.
* James Robert Gerard – Deputy Director, Head of Parliamentary Team, Department for Exiting the EU. For public service.
* Dr. Delna Ghandhi – Lately Health Adviser, Department for International Development. For services to Tackling Tropical Disease.
* William Roy Gibaud – lately First Secretary Defence and Security, British High Commission, Canberra, Australia. For services to international trade
* John Mark Gibson – Founding Trustee, Dumfries House and Founder and Trustee, Scottish Dark Sky Observatory. For services to Heritage.
* Steven John Gilbert – Vice Chair, Independent Review of the Mental Health Act and Member, Board of Trustees, Mind. For services to Mental Health.
* Simon Maxwell Gillespie – Chief Executive, British Heart Foundation. For services to Patients and Medical Research.
* Ian Rory Ginsberg – Deputy Director, European Finances Team, HM Treasury. For public service.
* Arvinda Gohil – chief executive officer, Community Links. For services to the community and Housing for Vulnerable People.
* Robert George Anderson Gourlay – For services to the Scottish Food and Drink Industry.
* Irene Rudge Graham – Chief Executive, Scale\-Up Institute. For services to Business and the Economy.
* Joanna Marie Greenidge – Deputy Director, Government Legal Department. For services to Government Law.
* Stuart Cameron Griffiths – Deputy Director, Department for Work and Pensions. For public service.
* Barry Kole Grossman – Director Trade and Investment, British Embassy, Tel Aviv, Israel. For services to UK/Israel commercial relations
* [Edward Michael (Bear) Grylls](/wiki/Bear_Grylls "Bear Grylls") – [Chief Scout](/wiki/Chief_Scout_%28The_Scout_Association%29 "Chief Scout (The Scout Association)"). For services to Young People, the Media and charity.
* Sajid Gulzar – chief executive officer, Prince Albert Community Trust. For services to Education.
* [Poppy Gustafsson](/wiki/Poppy_Gustafsson "Poppy Gustafsson") – Co\-founder and Co\-Chief Executive Officer, Darktrace. For services to the Cyber Security Industry.
* Mark Kieron Hamilton – Assistant Chief Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to Policing and the community in Northern Ireland.
* Paul David Roger Hancock QFSM – Lately Chief Fire Officer, Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Fire and Rescue.
* Felicity Harding – Ambassador and Special Adviser to the Chief Executive, Samaritans. For charitable services.
* [Andrew Harries](/wiki/Andy_Harries "Andy Harries") – For services to Film and Television.
* Kathryn Gwynne Harries – Lately Director, National Opera Studio. For services to Opera.
* Professor [Susan Elaine Hartley](/wiki/Sue_Hartley "Sue Hartley") (Susan Grimley) – Director, York Environmental Sustainability Institute. For services to Ecological Research and Public Engagement
* Dominic Newton Haslam – Director, Sightsavers. For services to People with Disabilities.
* Sacha Amin Hatteea – Deputy Director, Public and Parliamentary Delivery. Department for Transport. For services to Aviation.
* Gillian Valerie Haworth – Lately Chief Executive, Intercountry Adoption Centre. For services to Vulnerable Children and Families.
* Pablo Tudor Barraclough Hepworth Lloyd – chief executive officer and co\-founder, Visionnaires. For services to WorldSkills UK.
* Professor [Sarah Elizabeth Hewlett](/wiki/Sarah_Hewlett "Sarah Hewlett") – Emerita Professor of Rheumatology Nursing, University of the West of England. For services to People with Arthritis and Nursing Research.
* Nigel Ralph Gore Hinds – Executive Producer, 14 \- 18 NOW. For services to the Arts.
* Dr. Sharon Holmes – B2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Graham John Hooper – Financial Crime Prevention Consultant, Lloyds. For services to Tackling Financial Crime.
* [Bettany Hughes](/wiki/Bettany_Hughes "Bettany Hughes") – Historian, Author and Broadcaster. For services to History.
* Catherine Mary Therese Hughes – Lately Principal, St Bede's Catholic College, Bristol. For services to Education.
* Derek Joseph Hughes – Lately Deputy Director, Customer Services, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Customer Service and Inclusion.
* Kenneth Hughes – Lately Assistant Chief Executive, Scottish Parliament. For parliamentary service.
* [Clive Robert Humby](/wiki/Clive_Robert_Humby "Clive Robert Humby") – Chief Data Scientist, Starcount. For services to Data and Business in the UK.
* Professor Beverley Jane Hunt – Professor of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, King's College London and Consultant in Clinical Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine
* Dr. Carl Stephen Patrick Hunter – chief executive officer, Coltraco Ultrasonics. For services to Business and International Trade.
* Leyla Hussein – For services to Tackling Female Genital Mutilation and Gender Inequality.
* David Graham Hutchinson – HM Inspector, Health and Safety Executive. For services to Offshore Diving Safety.
* Merlin Michael Hyman – Chief Executive, Regen. For services to the Sustainable Energy Sector.
* Josephine Ann James – Chief Executive, Kent Invicta Chamber of Commerce. For services to the Economy in Kent.
* Annwen Jones – Co\-founder, Target Ovarian Cancer. For services to charity.
* David Jones – For services to Music and Culture.
* [Cush Jumbo](/wiki/Cush_Jumbo "Cush Jumbo") – Actress. For services to Drama.
* Maria Anne Kane – Chief Executive, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Leadership in Healthcare.
* Dr. [Anna Keay](/wiki/Anna_Keay "Anna Keay") – Director, Landmark Trust. For services to Heritage.
* Dr. Anne Catherine Kemp – chair, UK BIM Alliance. For services to Digital Construction Innovation.
* Sarah Louise Kenny – chief executive officer, BMT Group Ltd. For services to the Maritime Sector and Diversity.
* Qadeer Kiani – chair, Arhag Housing Association. For services to Migrants and Refugees.
* Anne Rochelle Kiem – Chief Executive, Chartered Association of Business Schools and executive director, Small Business Charter. For services to Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs.
* Barnaby James Kistruck – Lately Grade 6, Ministry of Defence. For public service.
* Narinder Kaur Kooner – Councillor, Birmingham City Council and Director, Sikh Women's Action Network. For services to Supporting Vulnerable People and to the community in the West Midlands.
* Professor Sudhesh Kumar – Dean, Warwick Medical School. For services to Medicine and to Diabetes Care.
* Arun Kumar Batra – chief executive officer, National Equality Standard. For services to Faith and Integration in the Public Sector.
* Professor Fred Frank Land – For services to the Information Systems Industry.
* Daniel John Langford – For services to Business.
* Robert Mark Last MBE – Deputy Head, Human Rights and Political Team, UK Mission to the United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. For services to British foreign policy
* Jane Carol Lees – Lately Chair, Sex Education Forum Advisory Group. For services to Education.
* Rufus Alexander Legg – Head, Royal, Ceremonial and Honours Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy.
* Annmarie Lewis – Founder and Director, Rainmakers Worldwide. For services to Young People.
* Ursula Frances Rosamond Lidbetter MBE DL – Chief Executive, Lincolnshire Co\-operative and chair, Greater Lincolnshire Local Enterprise Partnership. For services to the Economy.
* Joshua Llewellyn\-Jones – For services to Cystic Fibrosis Awareness.
* Richard Lloyd – Lately Executive Director, Which? For services to the Economy and Consumer Rights.
* Siwan Lloyd Hayward – Director of Compliance Operations and Policing Services, Transport for London. For services to Transport and Policing.
* Oliver Martin Lovell – Team Leader, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security.
* Richard Anthony Ludlow – chief executive officer, Ebor Academy Trust, York. For services to Education.
* Deborah Jane Lye – Chief Executive, Spirit of 2012\. For services to Community Projects.
* Joseph Mackie – chairman, The Archie Foundation. For services to the community in Scotland.
* Jeannette Mackinney – chief executive officer, Hales Valley Trust. For services to Education.
* Phillip Gerard Maguire – For services to Prison Radio and Radio Production.
* Professor [Lee Elliot Major](/wiki/Lee_Elliot_Major "Lee Elliot Major") – Lately Chief Executive Officer, Sutton Trust and Trustee, Education Endowment Foundation. For services to Social Mobility.
* Roger Howard Malbert – Lately Head, Hayward Gallery Touring. For services to Art.
* Dr. Stephen James Malcolm – Chief Environmental Science Adviser, Cefas. For services to the Marine Environment.
* Ann Margaret Marcer – Volunteer. For services to UK Aid and Young Women.
* Boyd Ernest McAdam – National Convener/Chief Executive, Children's Hearings Scotland. For services to Young People.
* Ann McDonald – Principal, Kellett School, The British International School in Hong Kong. For services to education and the British community in Hong Kong.
* Sheriff Iona Sara McDonald – Senior Sheriff, [Kilmarnock Sheriff Court](/wiki/Kilmarnock_Sheriff_Court "Kilmarnock Sheriff Court"). For services to Law and Order.
* Anne Graham Brodie McEwan – former president, National Association of British Schools in Spain. For services to Education.
* Timothy James McDonnell – Head, International and Industrial Strategy, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Dr. Jacqueline Ann McKenna MBE – Lately Director of Nursing, Professional Leadership, NHS Improvement. For services to Nursing.
* Amanda Jane McLoughlin – Head, Department for International Development, Lebanon. For services to Humanitarian Relief.
* Catherine Frances Mead DL – For services to Cheese Making and the community in the South West of England.
* Dr. Janet Christine Metcalfe – Head, Vitae. For services to Researcher Career Development.
* Professor Dorothy Evelyn Miell FRSE – Vice\-Principal and Head, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh. For services to Higher Education and Psychology.
* Patricia Ann Cecilia Miller – Chief Executive, Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.
* Dr. Julie Mary Mills – Principal and Chief Executive, Milton Keynes College. For services to Promoting Business and Education Links.
* Professor Shantashil Rajyeswar (Rana) Mitter – Professor, History and Politics of Modern China, University of Oxford. For services to Education.
* Peter Graham Anthony Morris – chairman, BAFTA Los Angeles, USA. For services to the British entertainment industry
* Paul Clifford Morrison QPM – Commissioner of Police, Anguilla. For services to Anguilla.
* [Sheila Jean Morrow](/wiki/Sheila_Morrow "Sheila Morrow") – For services to Hockey in Wales.
* Nicholas Moss JP – Magistrate and Bench Chair, North and East Hertfordshire Bench. For services to the Administration of Justice.
* Vickie Tyler Mottram (Roberts) – Head of Apprenticeships, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Apprentices.
* Sally Elizabeth Munday MBE – For services to Hockey.
* Joseph Christopher Musgrave – chief executive officer and Director, Wynyard Park Ltd. For services to Business and the community in the Tees Valley.
* Lucy Ellen Musgrave – For services to Architecture and the Built Environment.
* Dr. Dwain Anthony Neil – For services to the British African Caribbean community.
* Elaine Susan Newell – Lately Chief Nurse, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Midwifery.
* Professor Michael James Norton Freng – For services to Engineering and the Digital Economy.
* Robert Ormsby – Special, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement.
* Dr. [Jane Katharine Osbourn](/wiki/Jane_Osbourn "Jane Osbourn") – Vice President for Research and Development, MedImmune Biotechnology and chair, UK Bioindustry Association. For services to Drug Research and Development.
* Richard Ovenden – Librarian, Bodleian Library. For services to Libraries and Archives.
* Catherine Ellen Page – Lately Private Secretary, Cabinet Office. For public service.
* Manmeet Singh Panesar – Head of Technical Services, Office for Product Safety and Standards, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Product Safety.
* Miles Parkinson – For political service.
* Professor Mahesh Parmar – Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology and Director, MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London. For services to Medical Research and Clinical Trials.
* David Warren Parr – Chief Executive, Halton Borough Council. For services to Local Government in Cheshire.
* Janet Lynn Paterson MBE – Lately Director of Olympic Relations, British Olympic Association and Chief Executive, British Olympic Foundation. For services to Olympic Sport.
* Robert Ralston Paterson – lately Counsellor, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan. For services to national security.
* Robert Charles Pepper MBE – For services to Music.
* Nicola Sian Pittam – Senior Lawyer, Statutory Instrument Hub, HM Treasury. For public service.
* Beverley Pollard (Beverley Andrus Humphrey) – Lately Chief Executive, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Mental Health and Care.
* Rubeela Naveed Qayyum – Treasury Accountant and Head of Exchequer Funds and Accounts, HM Treasury. For services to Taxpayers, Young People and Social Inclusion.
* [Reena Ranger](/wiki/Reena_Ranger "Reena Ranger") (Reena Ahuja) – Founder and chair, Women Empowered. For services to BAME Women.
* Suzanne Rastrick – Chief Allied Health Professions Officer, NHS England. For services to Allied Health Professionals.
* Dr. Sarah Marcel Redwood – Deputy Director, European Programmes, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Science and Innovation Funding.
* Julie Reene – Assistant Director, Specialist Operations, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.
* [Griffith Rhys Jones](/wiki/Griff_Rhys_Jones "Griff Rhys Jones") – For services to the National Civic Society Movement, charity and Entertainment.
* Cynthia Ann Robinson – For voluntary service to Older People.
* Mark Raymond Rogers – Area Manager, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.
* Linda Dawn Rose – Accountability Team Leader, Inspections and Accountability Quality Team, Department for Education. For services to Education.
* [Ralph Rugoff](/wiki/Ralph_Rugoff "Ralph Rugoff") – Director, Hayward Gallery. For services to Art.
* Petra Salva – Director of Services (Rough Sleeper, Ex\-Offenders and Migrant Services), St Mungo's Community Housing Association. For services to Homeless People.
* Elizabeth Ann Sclater – For services to Older Women.
* John Maclean Scott – lately Global Deputy Chairman, KPMG International. For services to UK/Spain relations
* [Sean Feargal Sharkey](/wiki/Feargal_Sharkey "Feargal Sharkey") – For services to Music.
* Andrew Leo Sharp – For political service.
* [Nicola Shindler](/wiki/Nicola_Shindler "Nicola Shindler") – Founder, Red Production Company. For services to Broadcasting.
* Sarah Alexandra Smith – Deputy Director, Office for Product Safety and Standards, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Business and Consumers.
* Thomas Harvey Spiller – President, National Conservative Convention. For public and political service.
* Catherine Dalling Taylor Stihler – For political service.
* Jack Benjamin Stockdale – Chief Technology Officer, Darktrace. For services to the Cyber Security Industry.
* Dr. Sarah Jane Stubbs – Analytical Chemist, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.
* Gavin Douglas Thomas – Lately Chief Superintendent, Gloucestershire Constabulary and President, Police Superintendents' Association. For services to Policing.
* Professor [Geraldine Anne Thomas](/wiki/Geraldine_Thomas "Geraldine Thomas") – Professor of Molecular Pathology, Imperial College, London. For services to Science and Public Health.
* Dr. Rhian\-Mari Thomas – chief executive officer, Green Finance Institute and lately chair, Barclays Green Banking Council and Global Head Barclays Green Banking. For services to Green Banking.
* Dr. Robert Campbell Kennedy Thomson – Principal and Chief Executive, Forth Valley College. For services to Education, Economic Development and the community across Forth Valley.
* Robin Ticciati – Principal Conductor, Scottish Chamber Orchestra. For services to Music.
* Sarah Louise Treseder – Chief Executive, Royal Yachting Association. For services to Sport.
* Rosie Louise Tressler – chief executive officer, Student Minds. For services to Mental Health in Higher Education.
* Julie Anne Uzupris – Strategic Threats Team, UK Joint Delegation to NATO, Brussels, Belgium. For services to national security
* Dr. Pamela Jane Waddell – Director, Innovation Alliance for the West Midlands. For services to Innovation in the West Midlands.
* David Paul Wagstaff – Deputy Director, Euratom International Negotiations, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Energy and Climate Change Policy.
* Christine Wain – Headteacher, Pallister Park Primary School. For services to Education.
* Dr. Christopher Geoffrey Wakeling – chairman, Historic England's Places of Worship Forum. For services to Heritage.
* Nigel Keith Walker – National Director, English Institute of Sport. For services to Elite Sport.
* [Sarah Ann Waters](/wiki/Sarah_Waters "Sarah Waters") – Author. For services to Literature.
* Professor Alison Watson (Alison Macmillan) – Professor of International Relations, University of St Andrews. For services to Education.
* [Sonia Maxine Watson](/wiki/Sonia_Maxine_Watson "Sonia Maxine Watson") (Sonia Bromfield) – For services to Diversity in Architecture.
* Glenda Margaret Watt – Co\-ordinator, Scottish Older People's Assembly. For services to Older People.
* Robin Geoffrey Wilkinson – Chief of Corporate Services, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to Policing.
* Richard Ian Williams – Chief Executive, Northern Ireland Screen. For services to the Screen Industries in Northern Ireland.
* Simon Peter Williams – Country Director, British Council, Kyiv, Ukraine. For services to UK cultural relations.
* Professor Graham Wren FREng – Special Adviser to the Principal, Strathclyde University. For services to Education, Science and Engineering.
* Henrietta Mackay Wright – Service Leader, Central Scotland District, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Vulnerable Customers in Scotland.
* Alan Roy Yates – Deputy Chief Executive, Accord Housing Association. For services to Housing.
* Karl Andrew Young – Senior Lawyer, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers.
Military
* Commodore Stephen Michael Allen, Royal Navy
* Lieutenant Colonel Simon Leslie Blake, The Royal Logistic Corps, Army Reserve
* Commander Richard Charles Bone, Royal Navy
* Colonel Jo Butterfill, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MC}}
* Wing Commander Mark Christopher Butterworth, Royal Air Force
* Group Captain Joanne Lorraine Campbell, Royal Air Force
* Group Captain Ian Derek Cheswoth, Royal Air Force
* Commander (Acting Captain) Christopher John Connolly, Royal Navy
* Group Captain Jason Clarke Davies, Royal Air Force,
* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas William Day, Royal Corps of Signals
* Commander Steven Ronald Drysdale, Royal Navy
* Lieutenant Colonel Rupert Spark Evetts, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE}}, The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)
* Commodore Rupert Patrick Hollins, Royal Navy \- former Defence Attache (China)
* Colonel Joseph Edward Fossey
* Commander Martin John Freeman, Royal Navy
* Lieutenant Colonel Philip Simon James Heppell, Royal Army Medical Corps
* Lieutenant Colonel Brian Keith Howard, The Royal Logistic Corps
* Wing Commander Edwin Sebastian Kendall, Royal Air Force
* Lieutenant Colonel Simon Nicholas Meadowcroft, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|BEM}}, Royal Corps of Signals
* Wing Commander Jennifer Robinson, Royal Air Force
* Colonel Edward Dixon Sandry
* Wing Commander James Richard Simmonds, Royal Air Force
* Colonel Anthony Tait
* Lieutenant Colonel Neil Kirkby Gow Tomlin, The Royal Regiment of Scotland
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Civil
* Viviane Hooper Adamson – For voluntary service to the Credit Union Movement and the community in Newry and Banbridge.
* Veronica Anne Judith Adlam – Health and Safety Manager, Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Firefighter Safety.
* [Ama Agbeze](/wiki/Ama_Agbeze "Ama Agbeze") – Captain, England Women's Netball Team. For services to Netball.
* Olasubomi Iginla Aina – chief executive officer/Executive Director, Lightup Foundation (Nigeria and United Kingdom). For services to Young People and the Underprivileged.
* Marianne Ainsworth\-Smith – Bill Manager, Department for Exiting the EU. For public service.
* Dr. Giuseppe Vito Albano – Curator, Keats\-Shelley House, Rome, Italy. For services to UK/Italy relations.
* Paul Alger – Director, International Business Development, UK Fashion and Textile Association. For services to Exports in the UK Fashion Industry.
* Clair Alleebux – Human Resources Business Partner, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For charitable services.
* Yasemin Allsop – For services to Education and Children and Families from Disadvantaged Backgrounds.
* Bridgette Anderson – Conciliation Officer, ACAS. For services to Employee Rights and Disability Awareness.
* John Ankers JP – For services to Young People and the Magistracy Service.
* Joshua Kwabena Apeadu\-Siaw – For services to the Law, UK Legal Services and to Young People.
* Paul Michael Appleby – For services to the Creative Industries in Bristol and Bath.
* George Peter Apter – For public and political service.
* Bryan Mckend Armstrong – For services to Journalism and the community in Scotland.
* Gillian Mary Arthur – Lately Member, Export Guarantees Advisory Council. For services to the British Export Economy.
* [Mathangi Arulpragasam](/wiki/M.I.A._%28rapper%29 "M.I.A. (rapper)") – For services to Music.
* Jeremy Peter Ash – For services to Women and Girls and International Development.
* [Sheila Atim](/wiki/Sheila_Atim "Sheila Atim") – For services to Drama.
* Jessica Lucy Baker – For services to Global Supply Chains.
* Councillor Keith James Baker – For public and political service.
* Karen Ball – Head, Midlands Engine Investment Hub, Department for International Trade. For services to Trade and Investment.
* Dr. Pamela Margaret Ball – President, League of Hospital Friends, Kidderminster Hospital. For services to Charitable Fundraising in the NHS.
* Susan Gail Ball – For services to Libraries.
* Martin Ballard – Head Concierge, Claridge's. For services to the hotel, Tourism and Hospitality Industry.
* Anne Elizabeth Barclay – Operational Director, Wigtown Festival Company and chair, Dumfries and Galloway Relay for Life Committee. For services to the Arts and charity.
* Anna Rose Barker – Lately Chair, British Youth Council. For services to Young People.
* David Michael Barlow – For services to Apprenticeships and Business.
* Robert Barrow DL – For services to charity and the community in Macclesfield, Cheshire.
* [Amrik Singh Basi](/wiki/Mik_Basi "Mik Basi") – Amateur Boxing Referee. For services to Boxing.
* Daniel Oliver Bates – Manager, Research and Development, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement.
* Professor Antony James Bayer – Professor of Geriatric Medicine and Director, Memory Assessment Service, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. For services to Healthcare.
* Bridget Bennett – Service Manager, Early Years and Family Support, East Riding of Yorkshire Council. For services to Children and Families.
* Hon Michael D'arcy Benson – For services to York Minster.
* Professor Richard Arthur Betts – Head of Climate Impacts Research, Met Office Hadley Centre and chair in Climate Impacts, University of Exeter. For services to Understanding Climate Change.
* Mary Cecilia Bevan – Soprano. For services to Music.
* Sophie Anna Magdalena Bevan – Soprano. For services to Music.
* Rashid Bhayat – Founder, Positive Youth Foundation. For services to Young People in the Midlands.
* Dr. Ashok Kumar Bhuvanagiri – Founder, The Telugu Association of Scotland. For services to Cultural Cohesion and charity.
* Eileen Biddlecombe – For services to Children and Families in Plymouth.
* Roger Biddlecombe – For services to Children and Families in Plymouth.
* James Valentine Bisset – For services to the community in North West England.
* Arnold Julian Sheldon Black – Historian and Statistician, Scottish Athletics. For services to Athletics.
* Professor Lynne Boddy – For services to Mycology and Public Engagement in Science.
* Emma Pauline Bond – For services to Policing and the community in Northern Ireland.
* Professor James Robert Bonham – Director, Pharmacy, Diagnostics and Genetics, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Young People with Genetic Metabolic Diseases.
* Lorna Elizabeth Booth – Foster Carer, Lincolnshire County Council. For services to Children in Lincolnshire.
* Stephen Peter Booth – Foster Carer, Lincolnshire County Council. For services to Children in Lincolnshire.
* Barbara Ama Ansah Panfu Bray – Nutritionist. For services to Food Nutrition.
* Caroline Breen Cooksley – Development Director, Associated Community Training Ltd. For services to Education.
* Charles Ernest Brown – National Chairman, Royal British Legion Scotland. For voluntary service to Veterans in Scotland.
* [Kenneth John Brown](/wiki/Ken_Brown_%28golfer%29 "Ken Brown (golfer)") – For services to Sport and Broadcasting.
* Rosemary Brown – Team Manager, Shared Lives Scheme. For services to Healthcare in South East Wales.
* Andrew Bryant – C1, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Janis Margaret Burdin – Head Teacher, Moss Side Community Primary School, Leyland, Lancashire. For services to Education.
* Sarah Penelope Burns – For services to Disadvantaged Women.
* Eve Alexandra Burt – For public and political service.
* Karen Buse – Managing Director, European Relations, BMI. For services to Music.
* Sally Anne Buttifant – For services to the Railway and the community in Cheshire.
* Elizabeth Jane Buttigieg – Executive Officer, UK Statistics Authority. For services to Pensioners, Veterans and the community in Newport, Wales.
* Gary Roy Byfield – Inspector, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to Families of Police Officers Killed in the Line of Duty.
* Professor Gerard John Byrne – Director of Education and Quality, Health Education England (North). For services to UK and Global Health Education.
* Michael Adrien (Ben) Byrom – For services to Flood Resilience and the community in Braunton, Devon.
* Gerrard Campbell – Trustee, The Sharan Project and Founder, Big Brother Movement. For services to Crime Prevention and the Elimination of Violence Against Women and Girls.
* Lorraine Katrina Campbell – Registered Intermediary, Ministry of Justice. For services to Young Victims and Witnesses.
* Julie Carlton – Seafarer Safety and Health Manager, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Department for Transport. For services to Maritime Safety.
* John Casson – For services to charity.
* Christopher William Cavey – Open Learning Manager, British Council. For services to UK cultural relations.
* Shibu Chacko – Specialist Nurse, NHS Blood and Transplant and Community Volunteer. For services to the NHS.
* Sheila Chambers – Founder, Around Noon. For services to the Economy and to the community in Newry.
* [Shireen Chambers](/wiki/Shireen_Chambers "Shireen Chambers") – For services to Forestry.
* Dr. Navnit Singh Chana – Lately Chairman, National Association of Primary Care and General Practitioner, Cricket Green Medical Practice. For services to Clinical Education and Primary and Community Care
* Dr. Gulbash Singh Chandok – Senior Partner, Guru Nanak Medical Centre. For services to General Practice.
* Dr. Sengottiyan Chandrasekaran (Dr Chandra) – Medical Lead, General Adult Critical Care. For services to the community in Manchester.
* John Chapman – For services to Children with Severe Learning Difficulties.
* Jennifer Dorothy Charles – Magistrate, Supplemental List. For services to the Administration of Justice and the community in Hampshire.
* Cara Ann Charles\-Barks – Chief Executive, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.
* Courtney Gary Stempel Chatburn – Head Coach, Under 17 Panamanian National Football Team. For services to youth and sport in Panama
* [Janet Lynda Cheek](/wiki/Janet_Lynda_Cheek "Janet Lynda Cheek") – former Member of the Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly. For services to the Falkland Islands
* Ceinwen Jean Church – For services to Business.
* Rita Ciccu Moore – Deputy Director of Nursing, NHS Forth Valley. For services to Nursing and the NHS Forth Valley Nurses Choir.
* Darren Harkins Clark – For services to Tackling HIV/AIDS.
* Gwyneira Rose Clark – Lately Councillor. For services to Local Government, Housing and the community in Garndiffaith, Torfaen.
* Jacqueline Ida Clarke – Executive Assistant, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Dr. Keith Clarkson – For services to Wildlife Conservation.
* [Kyle James Coetzer](/wiki/Kyle_Coetzer "Kyle Coetzer") – For services to Cricket.
* Ben Coffman – For parliamentary and political service.
* Raymond Colbourne – Team Leader, Planning Casework Unit, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. For public service.
* Robert James Collister – For services to Mountaineering and Conservation.
* Anthony Joseph Convery – Founder and chairman, CDE Group. For services to the Northern Ireland Economy.
* Andrew Smith Cooke – For services to Badminton.
* Lesley Yvonne Wendy Coomer – Lately Chair, Together Trust. For services to Young People and the community in Cheshire.
* Janette Cooper – Co\-founder, volunteer, board member and lately chair, Berkshire Women's Aid. For services to Women's Refuge and those affected by Domestic Violence.
* Professor Jane Kennedy Core JP – Lately Director of Student and Library Services, Northumbria University. For services to Higher Education.
* Richard Wykeham Cornwallis – former Secretary to the Council of Trustees, British International School, Jakarta, Indonesia and former Honorary Legal Adviser to the British Embassy, Jakarta, Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesia relations Gabrielle Anne COSTIGAN, Chief Executive, BAE Systems Australia. For services to UK/Australia relations
* Katharine Alison Costelloe – Assistant Head, Operations Directorate, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Dr Diane Crann (Diane Davies) – Founder, Engineering Masterclass Programme, Royal Institution. For services to Engineering Education.
* Colin Michael Crowe – Lately Senior Officer, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.
* Ian William Crowe DL – For services to the community and to the Northern Ireland Air Ambulance.
* William John Dallimore – For services to Target Shooting.
* Nicola Daniels – For services to the community in South Shropshire.
* [Jacqueline Caryl Dankworth](/wiki/Jacqui_Dankworth "Jacqui Dankworth") – Recording Artist, Actress and Singer. For services to Music.
* Anita Elizabeth Darlison – Consultant Nurse, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and Head of Services, Mesothelioma UK. For services to Cancer Research and Patients.
* Donald Ewen Dugald Macinnes Darroch – Special Constable, Police Scotland. For services to Law and Order on the Isle of Jura, Inner Hebrides.
* Jacqueline Davidson – Founder and Director, Jackie Davidson Management. For services to Music.
* Gerallt Bowen Davies – National Operations Officer Wales, St John Ambulance. For services to First Aid provision in Wales.
* Kathryn Davies – Assistant Director, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to the Investigation of Organised Crime.
* Richard Craig Davies – HM Cutter Commander, Border Force. For services to Border Security.
* William Gareth Davies – For services to the community in Merthyr Tydfil.
* Mary Fleur De Rhé\-Philipe – For services to Local Government and the community in Wiltshire.
* Janette Dewsbury – Foster Carer, Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council. For services to Fostering.
* Neil Dewsbury – Foster Carer, Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council. For services to Fostering.
* Margaret Jessie Mcfarlane Dixon – For services to the Administration of Justice and for voluntary service in the UK and Abroad.
* Sara Kim Donald – For public and political service.
* [Gillian Donaldson](/wiki/Gillian_Donaldson "Gillian Donaldson") – former fencer and Olympic Gold Medallist. For services to UK sport
* Colin Dorrance – Lately Sergeant, Police Scotland. For services to Law and Order, the Remembrance of Pan Am Flight 103 and charity.
* Faith Douglas – For services to Charitable Fundraising.
* Matthew Downie – Director of Policy and External Affairs, Crisis. For services to Tackling Homelessness.
* Sonja Meryl Drew – Deputy Head of Senior Staff, Human Resources, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For public and charitable services.
* Alexander Peter Duguid – For services to Deaf People and British Sign Language Education.
* Martyn Dunsford – Director, Care and Relief for the Young. For services to Disadvantaged Children and Young People.
* Julie Ann Dyer – For services to Young People with Special Educational Needs.
* Laura Murray Dyer – Deputy Chief Executive, Arts Council England. For services to the Arts.
* Marlene Dylys Dyke – For services to Culture in Barnsley.
* Malcolm East – First Aid Trainer, Welsh Government. For services to First Aid and the community in Llandrindod Wells.
* Naghmeh Ebanks\-Beni – Commercial Director, Prima Cheese. For services to International Trade.
* Jane Elizabeth Ebel – Manager, UK\-Moldova Projects, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. For services to disabled children and adults in the Republic of Moldova
* Gillian Elaine Edge\-Evans – For services to Education.
* Georgina Elizabeth Edwards – Founder and Director, Norfolk Community Law Service. For services to the community in Norfolk.
* Spyros Petros Elia – Chair of Governors, Brindishe Federation, London Borough of Lewisham. For services to Education.
* Kathryn Denise Ellaway – Lately Designated Nurse Safeguarding, National Safeguarding Team. For services to Safeguarding in Wales.
* Simon Bryan Ellis – Head of Crisis Management, British Council. For services to security and the British Council
* Clive Robert Emson – For services to Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Young People in Kent.
* Raymond Vincent Ennis – For services to Music.
* Pamela Christine Evans – Founder and Director, Peace Mala. For services to the Promotion of Peace and Interfaith Understanding.
* Thomas Alfred Evans – For services to Farming Heritage.
* [Clive Harold Everton](/wiki/Clive_Everton "Clive Everton") – Broadcaster and Journalist. For services to Snooker.
* Paul Martin John Farrell – Assistant Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.
* Dr. Mohammad Farsi – Founder, CANopen Protocol. For services to the Automotive Industry, Education and Cultural Engagement.
* Eileen Fenton – For voluntary service to Long Distance and Competitive Swimming Coaching in Yorkshire and Great Britain.
* David Michael Fergusson – Scientist, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For services to Defence and to Aviation Safety.
* Suzanne Fernando – For services to Cervical Cancer, Autism and Military Veterans in Ayrshire.
* Teresa May Filkins – Lead Worker, Thames Reach Charity. For services to Homeless People.
* Jim Findlay – For services to the community in Hollingbourne, Kent.
* Joseph Guy Fisher – former Second Secretary, British Embassy, Rangoon, Myanmar. For services to British foreign policy
* Joanna Louise Fitch – Senior Policy Adviser, Cabinet Office. For public service.
* Michael Oliver Flavin – Review Team Manager. Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Joint Protective Services Major Crime Unit. For services to Policing.
* Jewelle Yvonne Fleming – Clerk to the Executive Council, Anguilla. For services to public service in Anguilla.
* Peter John Floyd – For services to the community in Bristol.
* Margaret Jean Foster – For services to Fostering in Staffordshire.
* William Ernest Henry Foster – For services to Fostering in Staffordshire.
* Keith Harrison Fowler – For charitable services.
* Michael John France – For services to Mountain Rescue.
* Victoria Lynette Garcia – Accessibility and Communities Manager, Brighton and Hove Buses. For services to Disabled Transport Users.
* Professor Jason Otto Gardosi – Director, Perinatal Institute. For services to Maternal and Infant Health.
* Dr. Jacqueline Ann Gerrard – Lately Director, The Royal College of Midwives. For services to Women and Midwifery.
* Rosie Chaar Ghazal – Personal Assistant to the Defence Attaché, British Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon. For services to Lebanese veterans who served in the British Armed Forces
* Major (Retd) William John Gillett – Support Officer, Blesma, Military Charity for Limbless Veterans. For services to Veterans.
* Thomas Louis Gilzean BEM – For services to Charitable Fundraising in Edinburgh.
* Dr. Isabel Ann Glen – For services to Education, Railway Heritage and the community in Airdrie.
* George Scott Glynn – Founder, Walk with Scott Foundation. For services to Health and charity in East Lothian.
* Joan Goodwin – Member, Housing Liaison Board, Yardley Wood. For services to Tenants and Leaseholders in Birmingham.
* Jennifer Ann Gow – Founder, A Bear Named Buttony. For services to charity in the North East of Scotland.
* Paul Gordon Graeme – For services to the Magistracy and the community in Sandwich, Kent.
* Dr. John Michael Grainger – chair, Microbiology in Schools Advisory Committee. For services to Microbiology.
* Rodney Grant (Raheem Luqmaan Mu Khepera) – Work Coach, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Young People in Haringey, North London.
* Raymond Gray – For services to Search and Rescue in the UK and Abroad.
* Caroline Inez Green – Lately Non Executive Director, British Business Bank. For services to the Economy and to charity.
* Professor Abigail Gregory – Deputy Pro\-Vice Chancellor, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Manchester Metropolitan University. For services to Exports.
* [Dr. Jane Elizabeth Haley (Jane Wyllie)](/wiki/Jane_Haley "Jane Haley") – Neuroscience Scientific Co\-ordinator, University of Edinburgh. For services to Scientific Engagement and Education.
* Dr. Frederick John Hall – For voluntary service to Armed Forces Medical Training.
* [Georgia Kelly Hall](/wiki/Georgia_Hall "Georgia Hall") – Golfer. For services to Golf.
* [Fiona Hamilton\-Fairley](/wiki/Fiona_Hamilton-Fairley "Fiona Hamilton-Fairley") – chief executive officer, Kids' Cookery School. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.
* Dr. Richard Anthony Hancock – For services to charity and the community in Chichester, West Sussex.
* Andrew Richard Hanson – Co\-ordinator of Science Ambassadors, National Physical Laboratory. For services to STEM Education.
* Judith Mary Harper – For services in Fostering in Gawcott, Buckinghamshire.
* Gillian Ruth Harris – For services to Libraries in Education.
* Ian James Harris – Chief of Staff, British Embassy Kabul, Afghanistan. For services to British foreign policy
* Ian John Harris – Incident Officer, Network Rail. For services to the Railway in South Wales.
* Marcus David Hayes – For services to Education and Law in Cheshire.
* Clare Elizabeth Hayward DL – Board Member, Cheshire and Warrington Local Enterprise Partnership and chair, Make It Macclesfield. For services to Economic Regeneration in Macclesfield.
* David Christopher Hayward – chief executive officer, Micropore Technologies. For services to International Trade and the North East Chemical Sector.
* Caroline Anne Headon – Police Staff, South Wales Police. For services to Policing and Tackling Serious and Organised Crime in Wales.
* Norman Richard Healy – For services to Wildlife Management in England.
* Peter Michael Helps – For services to the Arts, Music and Education.
* Joseph Edgar Henderson – Group Chief Executive and Founder, Henderson Insurance Broking Group. For services to Business and the community in Lincolnshire.
* Michael Ridsdale Hepple – Senior Delivery Lead, Operational Excellence Digital Services \- Automation, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers.
* Susanne Margaret Hewitt – Consultant Emergency Physician, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Emergency Medicine.
* Dr. Helen Macpherson Hibbs – Clinical Accountable Officer, NHS Wolverhampton Clinical Commissioning Group. For services to NHS Leadership.
* Jaspaul Kaur Hill – Headteacher, Mayfield Primary School. For services to Education.
* Marcia Hipwell – For services to Fostering in Plymouth.
* Martin Andrew Hipwell – For services to Fostering in Plymouth.
* Sonia Hitch – Co\-founder and volunteer, Peterborough Rape Crisis Care Group. For services to Survivors of Sexual Violence.
* Simon Christopher Hodges – Security Team Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security
* Ruth Elizabeth Holdaway – chief executive officer, Women in Sport. For services to Gender Equality in Sport.
* Andrew Nigel Horncastle – For services to charity and Business in the community in East Yorkshire.
* Jane Henson Horne – Lately Councillor, Forest of Dean District Council. For voluntary and charitable services to the community in the Forest of Dean.
* Mark Philip Horton – chief executive officer, Ballinderry Rivers Trust and All\-Ireland Director, The Rivers Trust. For services to Conservation.
* Patricia Margaret Hudson – For services to Fostering in Birmingham.
* Skinder Singh Hundal – chief executive officer, The New Art Exchange. For services to Visual Arts.
* [Kelly Hunter](/wiki/Kelly_Hunter "Kelly Hunter") – Artistic Director, Flute Theatre. For services to Theatre.
* John Gordon Irwin – Consultant Chartered Surveyor. For services to Business and Economic Regeneration on Teesside.
* Elizabeth Jane Bewick Jackson – Partner, Herbert Smith Freehills. For services to the Northern Ireland Economy and Innovation in Law.
* Dawda Jatta – Founder and chief executive officer, Black and Minority Ethnic Environment Network. For services to Recycling and Energy Saving in Hull.
* Tayyebah Jiva – Adoption Team Manager, Penny Appeal. For services to Children and Families.
* Julie Marie Johns – Founder, Safe Space Consultancy. For services to People suffering Domestic Abuse and to charity.
* Dr. Adrian Brendan Johnston – For services to Peacebuilding and the community in Northern Ireland.
* Adam Nicholas Jollans – chair, Hampshire Scout Expeditions. For services to Scouting and Young People.
* John William Charles Jolly – Co\-founder and Manager, Sudden Adult Death Trust UK. For services to Raising Awareness of Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome.
* Christopher Jones – C2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Donald Jones – Founder, Cambridge College, Lima, Peru and Founding member of British Schools Peru and the Association of British Schools in Latin America. For services to education in Peru and Latin America
* George Christopher Jones – Operational Delivery Leader, Manchester. HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Customs.
* [Stephen Henry Jones](/wiki/Steve_Jones_%28runner%29 "Steve Jones (runner)") – For services to Sport.
* Henry Ramsay Duncan John Joynson – Adviser, President's Governance and Delivery Unit, Liberia. For services to development in Liberia
* Dr. Andrew Robert Kemp – Group Sales and marketing director, Bidfood. For services to the Hospitality Industry.
* Annmarie Kennedy – For political service.
* [Michelle (Shelley) Kerr](/wiki/Shelley_Kerr "Shelley Kerr") – Head Coach, Scottish Women's National Football Team. For services to Football.
* Sophie Caroline Kershen Crosby\-Browne – Manager, British Chamber of Commerce for Luxembourg. For services to UK/Luxembourg commercial and business relations
* Marshall Kilgore – Principal, Drumachose Primary School. For services to Education and the community in Northern Ireland.
* David James King – Volunteer. For services to the Environment.
* Catherine Mary King (Catherine Bass) – Principal Expert by Experience, Independent Review of the Mental Health Act. For services to Mental Health Legislative Reform.
* Dr. Michael Joseph Kirton – Technology Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security
* Christine Emily Kitashima – For services to Fostering in Oxfordshire.
* Dr. Celia Knight – Celia Knight Consulting. For services to Plant Science Education.
* Hilary Knight – For services to the community in Plymouth, Devon.
* Michael John Ladd – Head of Special Projects, FCO Services. For services to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
* John Charles Stuart Laidlaw – For services to the Arts.
* Walter Lambe – Head, Rathmore Educational Guidance Centre. For services to Education.
* Professor Duncan Austin Lawson – For services to Mathematics in Higher Education.
* Professor [Alison Leary](/wiki/Alison_Leary "Alison Leary") – For services to Spectator Safety and Medical Care.
* Darryl Mark Lee – For services to charity and the Jewish community in Manchester.
* David Robin Lee – Founder, Wilds Lodge School, Empingham, Oakham. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.
* Gavin Tat Fai Lee JP – For services to the Chinese community in Scotland.
* Jeremy John Leggett – Trustee and vice\-chair, Action with Communities in Rural England. For services to Rural Communities and Young People.
* Professor [Melanie Jane Leng](/wiki/Melanie_Leng "Melanie Leng") – Chief Scientist for Environmental Change, British Geological Survey, Professor, University of Nottingham. For services to Environmental Research.
* Patricia Kathleen Lerew – For services to the community in Alton, Hampshire.
* John Stephen Lewis – Managing Director, SOG Group. For services to Business in Liverpool.
* Elaine Lilley – Lately Chief Executive, Lincolnshire and Rutland Education Business Partnership. For services to Improving Links between Education and Business.
* Mahendra Kumar Limbu – Welfare Officer, Brigade of Gurkhas. For services to Gurkha Personnel and their Families.
* Linda Barbara Lloyd Jones – Head of Exhibitions and Loans, Victoria and Albert Museum. For services to British Culture.
* Lesley Logan – Regional Manager, NHS Blood and Transplant. For services to Healthcare and Organ Donation.
* Linda Mary Longstaff – For services to the community in Sunderland.
* Janice Lopatkin – UK Programme Director, World Jewish Relief. For services to Refugees.
* Julia Anne Lorrain\-Smith DL – For services to the Children's Hearings System in Scotland and the community in Midlothian.
* [Jayne Louise Ludlow](/wiki/Jayne_Ludlow "Jayne Ludlow") – Manager, Wales Women's Football. For services to Women's Football in Wales.
* Christine Marie Lunn – For services to Fostering in Rotherham.
* Frances Lysyj – Lately Headteacher, St Thomas of Canterbury RC Bolton Primary. For services to Education.
* Norman MacDonald – chairman, Highland Hospice. For services to charity and Terminally Ill People in the Highlands and Islands.
* Janet MacGregor – Team Leader, HM Revenue and Customs. For public and charitable services.
* [John Allan MacKechnie](/wiki/John_Mackechnie "John Mackechnie") – Artist and Printmaker. For services to Art.
* Elizabeth Herries (Judy) MacKenzie – For voluntary service to Wheelchair Curling.
* John MacKin – Director, Credit Unions of Glasgow Ltd. For services to Credit Unions in the UK.
* Karen Margaret MacKinnon – For services to the Arts.
* Roger John Maggs – chairman, Port Talbot Waterfront Enterprise Zone. For services to the Economy in Wales.
* Kate Olivia Malone – For services to UK Ceramic Art.
* Dr. Helen Sarah Margolis – Fellow, National Physical Laboratory. For services to Metrology.
* Denise Sylvia Marshall – For services to Pregnant Women and New Mothers in Prison
* Alice Adelaide Mascarenhas – lately Deputy and Features Editor, Gibraltar Chronicle. For services to media, culture and the arts in Gibraltar
* [Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin_%28teacher%29 "Mark Martin (teacher)") – For services to Education, Technology and Diversity in UK Technology.
* Lorna McAlpine – For services to Integrated Education in Northern Ireland.
* Christine Mary McGowan (Christine Collings) – For services to Developing the Arts in Wolverhampton.
* Catherine Frances McIlroy – Allied Health Professional Manager, Acute Services, Southern Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Physiotherapy.
* Abbie Elizabeth McKenna – Workforce Development Manager, Ulster University. For services to Higher Education and to Deaf Children.
* David McKown – For services to Hospitality and Catering Training.
* Duncan James McLaren – Lead Technical Adviser, Valuation Office Agency. For services to the Surveying Profession.
* Georgios Meliniotis – Physics Teacher, the Meridian School, Royston, Hertfordshire. For services to Education.
* [Anna Howard Meredith](/wiki/Anna_Meredith "Anna Meredith") – Composer. For services to Music.
* Julianne Mary Miles – For services to Business and Equality.
* Jacqueline Naomi Milliner – Residence Manager, H.M. Ambassador's Residence, Tel Aviv, Israel. For services to UK/Israel relations
* David Lockwood Mowbray – For community service in the UK and Abroad.
* Dr. David Barclay Murray – For services to Healthcare and the community in Wester Ross.
* Rashid Mustapha – For services to Radio Broadcasting.
* Mark Debal Nandi – Regional Counter Terrorism Adviser, North Africa and the Sahel, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security
* [Shereen Nanjiani](/wiki/Shereen_Nanjiani "Shereen Nanjiani") – For services to Broadcasting in Scotland.
* Dr. Syed Muhammed Habib Naqvi – Policy Lead, Workforce Race Equality Standard, NHS England. For services to Equality and Diversity in the NHS.
* Syed Muhammad Iqbal Nasim – For services to Community Development and to Tackling Poverty.
* Andrew Howard Martin Nebel – For services to Charitable Fundraising.
* Edwin Neesom – chairman and managing director, Hunprenco Ltd. For services to Exports and the Rural Economy in North Yorkshire.
* Alison Neil – chief executive officer, South Georgia Heritage Trust. For services to Conservation.
* Philippa Jane Nightingale – Chief Nurse and executive director, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Trustee, Rennie Grove Hospice Care. For services to Midwifery.
* Michael Clive Norman – Volunteer and Founder Member, Penllergare Valley Woods. For services to Welsh Heritage.
* Frank William Norris – Director, Co\-operative Academies Trust. For services to Education.
* Catherine Lorraine O'Brien – Director, Welsh Blood Service. For services to the Welsh Blood Service and the Adoption of Cell and Gene Therapies in Wales.
* Victoria Imogen Ogden – Financial Analyst, HM Treasury. For public service.
* Craig Daniel O’Kane – lately Head of Office and Director of Investment Australia and New Zealand, British Consulate Brisbane, Australia. For services to UK/Australia relations and international trade
* Martin O'Neill – Director, Bobath Scotland. For services to People with Cerebral Palsy and voluntary service in Glasgow.
* Christine Audrey Outram (Christine Potts) – chair, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust. For services to NHS Patients.
* Priscilla Mary Padley – Founder, Nene Valley Trust. For services to Children and Families in Northamptonshire and Peterborough.
* Joanne Elizabeth Pardavila – Customer Services Manager, Aviva Health Insurance. For services to the Economy and the community in Manchester.
* Ruth Ilse Parker – Desk Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy and national security
* Joanne Parry – Head, Year of Engineering Communications, Department for Transport. For services to Engineering.
* Dr. Rajesh Patel – Deputy National Medical Director for Primary Care, NHS England. For services to Healthcare.
* [Hugh Geoffrey Pearman](/wiki/Hugh_Pearman_%28architecture_critic%29 "Hugh Pearman (architecture critic)") – For services to Architecture.
* Angus Maitland Pelham Burn – For services to the community in Aberdeenshire.
* Peter James William Pepys\-Goodchild – For public and political service.
* Charlie Kyriacos Michael Pericleous – For services to the Prevention of Extremism and Hate Crime in Portsmouth.
* Michael James Perls – For services to the community in Manchester.
* William Thomas (Liam) Perry – Principal, St Columbanus College, Bangor. For services to Education.
* [John Anthony Peter](/wiki/John_Peter_%28critic%29 "John Peter (critic)") – Founding Judge, [Ian Charleson Awards](/wiki/Ian_Charleson_Awards "Ian Charleson Awards"). For services to Theatre.
* Susan Peters – Customer Adviser, Aviva. For services to the Economy and Customer Service.
* Dr. Emma Margaret Philpott – chief executive officer, IASME Consortium Ltd. For services to Cyber Security.
* Christine Margaret Pickersgill – Teacher, Colyton Grammar School. For services to Education.
* Mark (David) Pickles – Director of EU Regulatory Affairs, National Grid. For services to the Electricity Market.
* Suzanne Louise Poley – Consultant Nurse for Substance Misuse, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff. For services to Nursing.
* David Alexander Poole – Member, Lower Wensleydale Business Network. For services to Business, Skills and the community in Wensleydale.
* Brenda Mary Potter – For services to Children and Families in London.
* Gordon John Potter – For services to Children and Families in London.
* [Katherine Jane Prince](/wiki/Kate_Prince "Kate Prince") – For services to Dance.
* Mary Louise Prince – Teacher, Reading Centre, Kingston upon Thames. For services to Young People with Dyslexia in Kingston upon Thames.
* Howard John Ramm – For services to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.
* [Christopher Ramsey](/wiki/Chris_Ramsey_%28footballer%29 "Chris Ramsey (footballer)") – For services to Football and Diversity in Sport.
* Peter Howard Ransom – For voluntary service to Mathematics Education.
* Jacquelyn Anne Rason – For services to Road Safety.
* Emma Gabrielle Ratzer (Emmeline Gallant) – Chief Executive, Access Community Trust. For services to the community in Suffolk.
* Helen Marie Rawdon – For services to Fostering in the East Riding of Yorkshire.
* Abigail Caroline Ann Reader – For services to Farming.
* Peter Martin Reddin – For services to Gymnastics.
* Dr. Peter Dennis Reed JP – Magistrate and Mediator. For services to the Administration of Justice and the community in Bristol.
* Daniel Frederick Reid – For services to Charitable Organisations in Northamptonshire.
* Adam Birrell Reid – chief executive officer, Street Child United, Brazil. For services to sport, underprivileged children and the British community in Brazil
* John Reid – Area Manager for Legacy Benefits, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Vulnerable Customers in Scotland and the community in Inverclyde.
* William Andrew Reid – Volunteer Ambassador, ABF The Soldiers' Charity. For voluntary service to Veterans and to People with Disabilities in St Helens, Merseyside.
* Dr. Timothy John Reynish – Conductor. For services to Music.
* Jane Anne Reynolds – chair, Tees Valley Business Club and Business Development Manager, NorthStar Ventures. For services to SMEs and the Tees Valley Economy.
* Kenneth David Reynolds – Lately Student Support Worker, The Blandford School. For services to At\-Risk Young People in the community in Blandford Forum, Dorset.
* [Andrew Roachford](/wiki/Andrew_Roachford "Andrew Roachford") – For services to Music.
* Clarence Bennie Robinson BEM – For services to the community in Burton\-upon\-Trent, Staffordshire.
* Patricia Roden – Senior Officer in Charge, Reasonable Adjustments Support Team. For services to Disability Support.
* Sidney James Roffey – For services to World War Two Evacuees and their Families.
* David Graham Rogers – chief executive officer, Copper Horse Ltd. For services to Cyber Security.
* Rachael Ross – Founder, Portsmouth Down Syndrome Association. For services to Education and Down Syndrome.
* Simon Paul Rowe – For services to the community in Salisbury.
* Mark Gordon Runacus – For services to Advertising.
* Katherine Jane Ryan – Headteacher, Matthew Arnold School. For services to Education.
* Sarabjit Kaur Sahota – For services to Education.
* Khalid Saifullah – For services to the community in North West England.
* Imran Sanaullah – chief executive officer, Patchwork Foundation. For services to Young People.
* Nicholas Mark Sanders – For services to Endurance Cycling and Motorcycling.
* Anne Patricia Sarrag – For services to Improving Access to Reading in the UK.
* Susan Savage – For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.
* Cary Rajinder Sawhney – For services to Film.
* Margaret Lesley Scott – Lately Headteacher, Forest Lodge Primary School. For services to Education.
* Sandra May Scotting – For services to the community in East London and Kent.
* Ian Christopher Norman Seaton – Lately Chairman, Board of Governors, City of London School. For services to Education and Training in London.
* Colin John Seccombe – Board Member, UK Community Foundations. For services to Business and the community in North East England.
* Madonna Sarah Shaughnessy – Higher Officer, National Frontier Approvals Unit, Border Force, Home Office. For public service.
* Dr. Abdullahi Shehu – For services to Community Cohesion in Coventry.
* Robert James Shephard – For services to the Environment and community in Patterdale.
* Jane Shepherd – Managing Director, Shepherd PR. For services to International Trade and the community in Staffordshire.
* Kathryn Louise Shippey – For voluntary service to Inclusion in Football Spectating.
* Peter David Shippey – For voluntary service to Inclusion in Football Spectating.
* William Henry Sholdis – For services to the Scout Movement and to Young People in North and West Belfast.
* Dr. Marie Short – Trustee, Scottish Huntington's Association and Coach, Grangemouth Synchronised Swimming Club. For services to charity.
* Ian Thomas Simpson – Immigration Officer, Home Office. For public service.
* Aghia Pal Singh – Infrastructure Engineer, West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service. For services to charity and the community in the West Midlands.
* Christine Eleanor Sloan – Founder, Crathie Opportunity Holidays. For services to People with Disabilities and to Tourism.
* Matthew Clifford Smith – Business Manager, Sheringham Woodfields School and Founder and Trustee, North Walsham Play. For services to Children with Special Education Needs and Disabilities.
* Mark Andrew Smith – International Liaison Officer, British Embassy, Quito, Ecuador. For services to international security
* Alfred Arnold Smithers – British Honorary Consul, Halifax, Canada. For services to British nationals overseas
* David Murray Alexander Smythe – chairman, Association of Scotland's Self\-Caterers. For services to the Tourism Industry.
* [Daniel Snow](/wiki/Dan_Snow "Dan Snow") – Journalist, Historian and Presenter. For services to History.
* Narendra Kantilal Solanki – chair, Multi Academy Trust, St Simon and St Judes Primary School, Bolton. For services to Education.
* Shirley Joan Sorbie – For services to Children with Disabilities in Dorset.
* Jacalyn Tarry Southcombe – Performance Improvement and Project Lead, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxation, Mental Health Support and charity.
* Christie Darren Spurling – Founder, N\-Gage. For services to Young People in Greater Manchester.
* Alexandra Jane Stanyer – Founder and Principal, The Puzzle Centre. For services to Young People with Autism.
* Jennifer Mary Stephens – Chief Officer for Adult Care and Health, Devon County Council. For services to Social Care.
* Jacqueline Elizabeth Stewart – Lately Principal, Downshire High School. For services to Education.
* Gavin Eric Stones – Technical Manager, National Measurement Office Certification Body, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Product Safety.
* Samuel Francis John Stopford – For services to Ballroom and Latin American Dance.
* Catherine Margaret Strachan – Learning and Development Manager, MBDA UK Ltd. For services to Career Development and to Young People.
* Nicholas Graham Sturge – Director, Engine Shed. For services to the Digital Economy.
* Emdad Hossain Talukder – Community Resource Officer, Tower Hamlets Social Services Family Placement Services and Foster Carer. For services to Fostering.
* Gillian Claire Taylor – Macmillan Nurse Consultant, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust. For services to Colorectal Cancer Nursing.
* Katherine Rachel Taylor – Owner and Director, Drewtons Ltd. For services to the Economy and community in Yorkshire.
* Kevin Michael Taylor – lately President, British Telecom Asia, Middle East and Africa and lately chairman, British Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong. For services to UK/Hong Kong commercial relations
* Katie Taylor – D, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* William Douglas Tennant (William Bregulla) – For voluntary service in the UK and Ghana.
* Bernadette Thomas – Intercountry Adoption Team Leader, Department for Education. For services to Young People.
* Edwin Francis Thomas JP – chairman, British Ex\-Services Wheelchair Sports Association. For services to Disability Sport and the community in Cornwall.
* Fay Margaret Doreen Thomas – Fundraiser, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. For services to Children.
* Dawn Thomas – Team Leader, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to diversity
* Nicholas Jeffrey Thomas – Founder and chairman, Qdos Entertainment Limited. For services to the Entertainment Industry and to charity.
* Ann Marion Thomson – chair, Extend Exercise Training Ltd. For services to Physiotherapy Education and Disabled People through Swimming Exercise.
* Charles Ian Howie Thomson – Vice Chairman, Scottish Target Shooting. For services to Target Shooting.
* Sylvia Margaret Tiffney – For services to Children in North East Lincolnshire.
* Brian James Tobin – chief executive officer, Iceni Ipswich. For services to Drug Rehabilitation in Suffolk.
* Robin Townsend – For services to the community in South Wiltshire.
* Yuk Kiu Tse – chair, Anglo Chinese Cultural Exchange, Ipswich. For voluntary service to the community in Suffolk.
* Andrew John Turner – For services to the community in Chorley, Lancashire.
* John Philip Turner – For services to Healthcare and the community in Portsmouth.
* Lynn Denise Tyler – Executive Assistant to Director, Air Support, Defence Equipment and Support, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Jonathan David Vaughan – Executive Director, Lilongwe Wildlife Trust, Malawi. For services to combating the illegal wildlife trade in Malawi.
* Dexter Edgar Vickery – Head of Network and Resources, Europe Directorate, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy
* Michael David Viggers – Lately Chair, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the NHS.
* Ghulam Mohammed Vohra – Vice Chairman, Coventry Muslim Forum. For services to Community Cohesion.
* Saira Wajid – Head of Engagement, Museum of London. For services to Culture and Diversity.
* Susan Elizabeth Wakefield – Scheme Coordinator, Independent Visitor Scheme, Doncaster Children's Trust. For services to Children in Care in Doncaster.
* Melanie Jane Walker – Chief Executive, Devon Partnership NHS Trust and chair, Space. For services to Mental Health and Learning Disabilities in the NHS.
* Ruth Jane Walker – Executive Nurse Director, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. For services to Nursing in the NHS.
* Ruth Wallace – For services to Young People and the Belfast Trust Fostering Service.
* Colin James Walsh – chief executive officer, Crescent Capital, Northern Ireland. For services to Economic Development in Northern Ireland.
* Frances Rosemary Watson – For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Gloucestershire.
* Mark Watson – For services to Community Policing.
* Janice Way – Lately Intercountry Adoption Programme and Training Development Manager, The Centre for Adoption. For services to Vulnerable Children and Families.
* Ian Christopher Weatherill – Managing Director, Hope Technology Ltd. For services to Business, Innovation and the community in Lancashire.
* Liane Weller – C1, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Susan Westwood – Regional Lead, Adoption Counts Regional Adoption Agency, Stockport. For services to Vulnerable Children and Families.
* Timothy Charles Wheeler – For services to charity and Education.
* John Andrew Whelan – For services to Business and Equality.
* Jean Sheila Whimster – Secretary, The Glasgow Society of Women Artists. For services to the Promotion of Women in Art.
* Jacqueline White – For services to charity and Vulnerable People in Cornwall.
* Keith Terence White – Senior Manager, UK Financial Intelligence Unit, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement.
* Dr. Peter Norman Whitehead – For services to Equestrian Sport Science and Medicine.
* Terence Keith Wilcox – For voluntary service to the Special Olympics.
* Peter Neil Wilson – Test Pilot, BAE Systems. For services to UK defence
* Councillor David Tyrie Williams JP – For political service in Local Government.
* Elizabeth Alana Williams – Director, Digital Society, BT. For services to Digital Literacy and Social Inclusion.
* Susan Williams – For services to the community in Lymm, Cheshire.
* Derek John Wilson – For public and political service.
* Dr. Jean Lesley Wilson – President, Church Monuments Society. For services to Heritage.
* Jennifer May Wilson – For services to Scottish Country Dancing and charity.
* Clive Leslie Wood – Managing Director, Tees Components Ltd. For services to Engineering, Skills and the community on Teesside.
* Jacqueline Claire Woodcock – Founder and Patron, Dying to Work Campaign. For services to Employment Protection for Terminally Ill Workers.
* Matthew Woodcock – For services to Forestry and the Development of Woodfuel.
* Margaret Mary Woodhouse – For services to Education across Greater Manchester.
* Janis Ann Wright – Specialist Nurse, Orthopaedics, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Nursing.
* Grantley William Yearwood – For services to the community in West London.
* Wendy Yianni – For services to Education and the community in the London Borough of Brent.
* Jurgita Zilinskiene – Founder and chief executive officer, Guildhawk (lately Today Translations). For services to International Trade.
Military
* Warrant Officer John Alpert, Royal Air Force
* Major Simon Peter Ash, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, General List, Army Reserve
* Acting Staff Sergeant Lorraine Bennett, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, Adjutant General's Corps (Military Provost Staff Branch), Army Reserve
* Corporal Alexander Edward Binks, Royal Corps of Signals
* Warrant Officer Class 2 Daniel Charles Bird, Royal Corps of Signals
* Captain Gregory Philip Blezard, Royal Corps of Signals
* Warrant Officer Class 2 Matthew Stewart Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps
* Major Tracey Elizabeth Brooks, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police)
* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Neil Byfield, Royal Corps of Signals
* Squadron Leader Beverley Cartwright, Royal Air Force
* Captain Gary Case, The Rifles, Army Reserve
* Commander Adam Gregory Clarke, Royal Navy
* Major Robert John Colquhoun, The Royal Regiment of Scotland
* Flight Lieutenant Neil Cottle, Royal Air Force
* Lieutenant Colonel Paul David Denton, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
* Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Christian Dixon, Royal Corps of Signals
* Major John Hutchison Dunn, Scots Guards
* Lieutenant Colonel Gregory Colin Ehlen, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch)
* Chief Petty Officer Air Engineering Technician (Avionics) Thomas Michael Eland, Royal Navy
* Major Rosamund Veronica Elliott, Corps of Royal Engineers
* Warrant Officer Class 2 David Robert Evans, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Army Reserve
* Major Roy Falshaw, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, The Royal Yeomanry, Army Reserve.
* Major Jonathan David Leonard Ferman, Royal Tank Regiment
* Sergeant Andrew James Floyd, Royal Air Force
* Air Engineering Technician (Mechanical) Matthew Kenneth Gallimore, Royal Navy
* Major Storm William Green, Coldstream Guards
* Major David Charles Groce, The Royal Logistic Corps
* Major Nicholas Alexander Heppenstall, The Royal Logistic Corps
* Warrant Officer Class 1 Martin James Howlin, Grenadier Guards
* Squadron Leader Robert Lockhart McCartney, Royal Air Force
* Captain Paul John McComb, The Parachute Regiment
* Captain Ian McDougall, Royal Marines
* Major Mark McGroarty, The Royal Irish Regiment
* Squadron Leader Andrew Paul Millikin, Royal Air Force
* Major Nigel Ian Mudd, Royal Regiment of Artillery
* Major Gordon William Muir, The Royal Regiment of Scotland
* Captain Geoffrey John Nicholls, The Mercian Regiment
* Squadron Leader Roisin Mary O’Brien, Royal Air Force
* Major Shaun Thomas Phillips, The Parachute Regiment
* Warrant Officer 1 (Physical Trainer) Natasha Pulley, Royal Navy
* Corporal Netrabahadur Rana, The Royal Gurkha Rifles
* Lieutenant Commander James Reynolds, Royal Navy
* Commander Kevin Francis Robertson, Royal Navy
* Major Fiona Jill Rogers, Adjutant General's Corps (Educational and Training Services Branch), Army Reserve,
* Major Taitusi Kagi Saukuru, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|QGM}}, The Royal Logistic Corps
* Wing Commander Tara Elizabeth Scott, Royal Air Force
* Lieutenant Commander Martin Shakespeare, Royal Naval Reserve
* Flight Sergeant Adrian Terry Shepherd, Royal Air Force
* Warrant Officer Class 2 Philip John Smith, Royal Corps of Signals
* Flight Lieutenant Michael Anthony Stokes, Royal Air Force
* Captain Darren Lee Taylor, Royal Army Physical Training Corps
* Acting Flight Sergeant Ann Thomas, Royal Air Force
* Warrant Officer Class 1 Marc Thomson, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police)
* Chief Petty Officer Engineering Technician (Communication Information Systems) Helena Gail Ward, Royal Navy
* Warrant Officer 2 Andrew Philip Watson, Royal Marines
* Acting Major John Dennis Wharton, Adjutant General's Corps (Military Provost Staff Branch)
* Warrant Officer John Vaughan Williams, Royal Air Force
* Warrant Officer Class 2 Donna Longhurst, Adjutants General's Corp (Royal Military Police)
### British Empire Medal (BEM)
Civil
* Dr. Naeem Ahmed, Consultant Radiologist, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and Founder, Selfless. For services to volunteering and Healthcare.
* Naseem Akhtar. For services to Health, Fitness and Sports for Women in Birmingham.
* Robert Michael Anderson. For voluntary service to Sport in Peterlee, County Durham.
* Helena Anderson\-Wright, Convenor, Robert Burns World Federation Schools Committee (North East Section). For services to the Arts in Aberdeenshire.
* David John Arlott, Watch Manager, Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Fire and Rescue in Oxfordshire.
* Patricia Ascroft. For services to Fundraising and the community in Garstang, Lancashire.
* Dr. Andrew Ashbee. For services to the community in Snodland, Kent.
* Richard William Austin. For services to the community in Boston, Lincolnshire.
* Rev Carol Rosemary Avery. For services to the community in Kent.
* Graham Ayres, Firefighter, Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the Fire Service and the community in Brackley, Northamptonshire.
* Charles Bain, Fundraiser, Alzheimer's Research. For services to charity in Aberdeen.
* Gillian Bainbridge, Secretary, Bells Lane and Aspley Tenants and Residents Association. For services to Tenants.
* Martin Stewart Bartlett. For services to the community in Stratford\-upon\-Avon, Warwickshire.
* Roger Beard. For services to the community in Newent, Gloucestershire.
* Kevin Allan Beaumont. For services to Minor County Cricket.
* Mervyn Best. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.
* Andrew Bignell. For services to Public Libraries.
* Trudie Jane Bird. For services to Charitable Fundraising and the community in Milton Keynes.
* Winifred Yvonne Craig Birnie, Treasurer, Rothiemurchus and Aviemore Tennis Club. For services to Sport in Badenoch and Strathspey.
* Alison Elizabeth Blayney. For services to the community in Kilcooley, Northern Ireland.
* June Patricia Boyne (June Ranger). For services to Dance in Swanage.
* Anne Elizabeth Bradshaw, Lately Head of Operations and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. For services to Laboratory Medicine.
* Kimberley Ann Briggs, Resource and Finance Director, East Belfast Community Development Agency. For services to the community in East Belfast.
* Thomas George Dennis Brock. For services to the community in Sunbury on Thames.
* Ann Isabel Brogan, Co\-Lead for Emergency Responders, Glasgow and Renfrewshire and chair, Volunteer Fundraisers, Renfrewshire. For voluntary service in Renfrewshire.
* Maureen Bruce. For services to Young People and the community in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire.
* Michael David Brunton. For services to the community in Allington and Boscombe, Wiltshire.
* Wilfred Burt. For services to Scouting, Young People and the community in Stoke\-on\-Trent.
* Deborah Ann Burton, President, Forest Fire Alert Association, the Algarve, Portugal. For services to the community in the Algarve, Portugal
* Martin Burton. For services to Public Libraries.
* Reverend John Walter Butcher, Force Chaplain, West Midlands Police. For services to West Midlands Police and the community in Birmingham.
* Jean Butterfield. Town Councillor, Harrogate Town Council. For services to Local Government.
* Pauline Elizabeth Byles, Associate Head, Dr. Triplett's C of E Primary School. For services to Education and the community in London.
* Andrew John Callard. For voluntary service to Weightlifting.
* Raymond Stephen Carroll, Car Pool Manager, Northern Ireland Office. For public service.
* Ian Lee Carter. For services to the Church and charity in Essex.
* Sandra Cartner. For services to Charitable Fundraising.
* Julie Frances Cashell. Manager, Oaklands Care Home. For services to Older People in Powys.
* William Robert Caskey, Watch Commander, Magherafelt Fire Station. For services to the community in Magherafelt.
* David John Cawthorn. For services to Hockey.
* Asal Chaharsough\-Shirazi, Founder, Jeunvie Skincare and the Autoimmune Support Awareness London. For services to Autoimmune Disease Awareness and Education.
* Lynn Mary Chantrey, Police Staff Volunteer, Lincolnshire Police. For voluntary service to the community in Lincolnshire.
* Mary Francisca Sarah Chapman. For services to Adult Education in Rochester and Medway, Kent.
* Winifred Taggart Chinery, Nurse, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing and Patient Safety.
* [Christopher John Chittell](/wiki/Chris_Chittell "Chris Chittell"), Actor. For services to Drama and charity.
* Barry Frederick Clark. For services to Libraries.
* Patricia Diane Clarke, Diabetes Specialist Nurse, Primary Integrated Community Services Ltd. For services to Diabetes Care.
* David Allan Clegg, Founder, Trebus Projects. For services to People with Dementia.
* Kathleen Cleveland\-Dunn. For services to Charitable Fundraising in North London.
* Lorna Clyne. For voluntary service to Hockey in Scotland.
* Valerie Anne Collard. For services to Children and charity.
* Anthony Frederick Charles Collier. For services to Charity, Fundraising and the community in Cheshire.
* Richard David Collins. For services to the community in Cookstown, County Tyrone.
* Mary Kidd Conacher. For services to Kayaking and Canoeing in Scotland.
* Isabel Charlene Almeida Condeco. For services to Slamannan Parish Church and the community in Stirlingshire.
* David Cook, Lately Driver, Government Car Service. For public service.
* Frederick Robert Cookes. For services to the community in Barston Village, Solihull.
* Maria Coulter, Personal and Business Coach, The Construction Coach. For services to Diversity and Inclusion in the Construction Industry.
* Bernard Coyne. For voluntary service to Rugby Union in Middlesbrough.
* David Masson Craig. For services to Outdoor Education and Canoeing on Speyside.
* Valerie Violet Crichton. For services to Road Racing in Northern Ireland.
* Elizabeth Mary Crockett. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex.
* Janet Mary Croxson. For services to the community in Brockdish, Norfolk.
* Anne Cunningham, Volunteer, Thames Valley Police. For services to Policing and the community in Faringdon, Oxfordshire.
* Stewart Cusden, lately chair, British Benevolent Fund, Madrid, Spain. For services to the British community in Spain.
* Munsif Dad. For political service.
* Andrew Dalton. For services to the community in Morley, West Yorkshire.
* Stanley Francis Davies. For services to the community in Braintree, Essex.
* Beverly Jean Denbury, chairperson and Founder, The Journey of Hope, Botswana. For services to breast cancer awareness in Botswana.
* Joanna Louise Dervisoglu. For services to Women following Mastectomy Surgery.
* Dr. Sivaramkrishnan Devaraj, Volunteer. For services to Health Charity Fundraising and General Practice.
* Elizabeth Dimmock. For services to Gender Equality.
* Robert Patrick Doherty. For services to Young People through Golf in Portrush, Northern Ireland.
* Brigid Dougherty, Staff Officer, Probation Board for Northern Ireland. For services to Criminal Justice.
* James Downing, Founder, London Youth Rowing. For services to Rowing and Young People in London.
* Richard Dunk. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.
* Janet Dunn. For services to the community in Sefton.
* Jean Dunn, Nurse, County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.
* Susan Durrant, C2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.
* Jennifer Durward, Volunteer, Accord Hospice, Paisley. For services to Palliative Care in Renfrewshire.
* Shirley Muriel Ellis. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Pwllheli, Gwynedd.
* Fiona Ruth Ellwood, Lately Senior Lecturer and External Examiner, University of Chester and Patron, The Society of British Dental Nurses. For services to Dentistry.
* Jonathan Eno. For services to Jazz Music Education.
* Justine Charlotte Everett, Ground Operations Manager, EasyJet. For services to Border Security.
* Judith Farquharson. For services to the community in Killingworth.
* Rosemary Ann Fell. For voluntary service to the British Malaysian Society.
* Siobhan Fennell, Founder, Accessible Belper. For services to Transport Accessibility, Inclusion and Disability Awareness.
* Kathryn Jane Fielding. For services to Goalball and Blind and Partially Sighted People.
* Deborah Jane Fletcher. For services to the community in Folkestone, Kent.
* Julie Elizabeth Fountain, Dental Care Professional and Manager, Teeth Team Limited. For services to Dentistry.
* Anthony William Freeman. For services to charity and the community in Taunton, Somerset.
* Dr. Peter Michael Frost. For services to community in Peckham, London.
* Horace Alfred Gafan, Lately Dock Master, Gibdock Limited, Gibraltar. For services to the ship repair industry in Gibraltar
* Nigel James Gayner JP. For services to the community in Southend on Sea, Essex.
* John Stanley Gibbons, Choral and music director. For services to Music.
* Leonard Gibson. For services to World War Two Remembrance and the community in Sunderland.
* Carol Anne Gilson. For services to the community in Honiton, Devon.
* Michael John Gittus JP. For services to the community in Alcester, Warwickshire.
* John Glover. For services to Athletics.
* James McCrorie Gourlay, Founder, Vaspar Football Club. For services to Youth and Professional Football.
* Heather Jane Gracey. For services to the community in Lisburn.
* Kate Mary\-Rose Grant. For services to the community in Cookstown, County Tyrone.
* Robert George Bruce Grant. For services to charity.
* Jennifer Valmai Margaret Greenwood. For services to the community in Lydgate, Greater Manchester.
* Thomas William Howard Greenwood. For services to Music and the community in Richmond upon Thames.
* Barry Gribben, Building Supervisor, Edenderry Primary School. For services to Education and Sport in Armagh.
* John David Griffin. For services to Running in Wales.
* Alan Thomas Griffiths. For services to the community in Foleshill, Coventry.
* Frederick Wayne Gruba. For services to Victims of Terrorism.
* Marilyn Haddon. For services to Charitable Fundraising.
* Clare Janette Haggart, co\-director, Phoenix Theatre. For services to Theatre and the Arts in the North East of Scotland.
* Michael William Haines. For services to People with Disabilities in Cambridgeshire.
* Enid Hales. For services to the community in Newton\-le\-Willows, Merseyside.
* Margaret Frances Hall. For services to the community in Dunfermline and the Kuvela Othandwen charity.
* Caroline June Hampson. For services to the Arts and the community in Bedwas, Caerphilly.
* Jeffrey Gerard Hancock, Police Staff, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to charity.
* Simon Christopher Harding. For voluntary service to the community in Bury St Edmunds.
* Leonard Hardy. For services to Armed Forces Veterans in Warwickshire.
* Georgina Lynde Harvey, President, Original Charity Shop and Library, Javea, Spain. For services to charity
* Doris Agatha Harper\-Wills. For services to Arts Education and Culture.
* Graham Leslie Harris. For services to the community in the Mendips, Somerset.
* His Honour [John David Woodburn Hayman](/wiki/John_Hayman "John Hayman"). For services to the community in Binsted and Alton, Hampshire.
* Susan Margaret Henderson, Student Services Manager, University of Winchester. For services to Higher Education.
* Valerie Jane Hepworth. For services to the Yorkshire Gardens Trust and Conservation.
* June Mary Herron. For services to Highland Dancing and the community in Elgin and Moray.
* John Peter Hess. For services to the community in Chorlton, Cheshire.
* Stephen Hicks, Lately Police Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to Young People in Enfield, London.
* John Noel Hillier. For voluntary service to Athletics.
* David Alfred Hitcham. For services to the community in Aylsham.
* Andrew Edmund Forster Hitchen. For services to music in Harrogate, North Yorkshire.
* Bruce Anthony Hoad, Director and Strategic Advisor, Operation Florian, Republic of Moldova. For services to emergency service personnel and vulnerable communities in the Republic of Moldova.
* David Hogben. For services to the community in Herne Bay, Kent.
* Elizabeth Anne Hoggan. For services to the community in Cupar and to Dr. Graham's Homes in Kalimpong, India.
* Helen Holland. For voluntary service to the community in North Belfast.
* Susan Elizabeth Hollingworth. For services to Music and the community in Scunthorpe.
* Robert William Irwin Holmes, Staff Officer, Benefit Security Division, Department for Communities, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to Fundraising.
* Isabel Graham Hood, Environmental Campaigner. For services to Environmental Conservation.
* Stephen Hoskins. For services to Young People in the Scouting Movement in Northern Ireland.
* Joan Howarth. For voluntary service to the community in Somerset and Wiltshire.
* Major Brian Michael Hudson. For voluntary service to the community in Sussex.
* Christine Anne Hughes, Physiotherapist. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Wrexham, North Wales.
* Courtney Hughes. For services to Older and Vulnerable People in Oxfordshire.
* Gareth James Hughes. For services to Fundraising and Autism Awareness.
* Gerald Humes. For voluntary and charitable services.
* Judith Margaret Hutton. For services to the community in Ilkley, West Yorkshire.
* Ronald Aloysius Hyde\-Williams, Lately Data and MI Officer, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For public service and Diversity and Inclusion.
* Susan Joy James. For services to Save the Children.
* Richard Jay. For services to Young People and Music in Northern Ireland.
* Dr. Pauline Jeffree. For services to the community in Beckenham.
* Ian Kevin Jenkins, Caseworker, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. For public and community service in Swansea.
* Wendy Johnson. Head of Adult Safeguarding and Mental Health, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.
* Annie Johnston. For services to Irish Craftwork.
* Catherine Carson Johnston. For services to the community in Ladykirk, Berwickshire.
* Walter Kammerling. For services to Holocaust Education and Awareness.
* Vallabh Kaviraj. For services to Asian Media and the South Asian community in the UK.
* Brian Edward Keen. For services to the community in Riccall, North Yorkshire.
* Gabriele Keenaghan. For services to Holocaust Education and Awareness.
* Dr. Anne (Rex) Kelly. For services to Victims of Modern Slavery.
* Peter Ernest Kidd. For services to the community in Little Bealings, Suffolk.
* Nicholas Hector Kier DL. For services to the community in Bedfordshire.
* Hannah Kirk. For services to Holocaust Education.
* Robert Samuel Kirk. For services to Holocaust Education.
* Alison Jane Kitson, District Nurse, Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.
* Terence Arthur Knights. Civilian Instructor, Exmouth Squadron, RAF Air Cadets. For voluntary service to Young People and the community in Exmouth.
* Subramaniam Chettiar Kugasenan Chettiar (Raj Chettiar). For services to the Tamil community in West London.
* Santosh Diwarkanath Kundi. For services to Education and charity in the UK and Abroad.
* Mary Winifred Lambert, School Governor, Broad Heath Primary School. For services to Education.
* Norman George Larke, chairman, Chatteris Branch, The Royal British Legion. For voluntary service to the ex\-Service community in Cambridgeshire.
* Shamsa Jabeen Latif. For services to Disadvantaged People in South Yorkshire.
* James Thomas Laverty. For services to Swimming and Disability Sport.
* Rhiannon Katherine Lawrence, Chair of Governors, Curzon C of E Combined School, Buckinghamshire. For services to Education.
* Mark Edward Le Sage. For voluntary service to the community and to the Rehabilitation of Offenders.
* Kathleen Emily Lee, Nurse, Medident, Muscat, Oman. For services to the health and welfare of British nationals overseas
* Marion Levett, Project Manager, Women4Women. For services to Women in Abusive Situations and the community in Clackmannanshire.
* Ruzena Levy, For services to Holocaust Education.
* Eileen Joyce Lindsay. Dance Teacher, The Lindsay School of Dance. For services to Dance and the community in North East Scotland.
* Martin Stephen Lown, Group Commander, Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service. For services to The Fire Fighters Charity.
* Karen Jane Macaulay. For voluntary service to Lancashire Constabulary.
* Christina Fraser MacDonald, Member, Carnoustie Branch, Royal British Legion Scotland. For voluntary service to Veterans and the community in Carnoustie.
* Katherine Ruth Macpherson. For voluntary service to Women's Running in County Durham.
* Irene Nora Elizabeth Macwilliam. For services to Textile Art in Northern Ireland.
* Colin Philip Magill. For services to Local Government and the community in County Down.
* Ruth Elizabeth Maltman TD DL. For services to the community in Glasgow.
* Dr. Maryanne Zonia Ajanthini Mariyaselvam, National Innovation Accelerator Fellow, Clinical Research Fellow, Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Trust and University of Cambridge. For services to Healthcare.
* John Campbell Martin. For services to the Farming community in Northern Ireland.
* Kathleen Margaret Martin. For services to the community in Chalfont St Giles.
* Jill May, Member and Fundraiser, Cancer Research UK. For services to Cancer Research UK.
* Jane Elizabeth Mayo, chairman, Campbeltown Community Business Ltd, Cambeltown Picture House. For services to Cultural Heritage, Business and charity in Argyll and Bute.
* Hazel Davina McAllan, chair, Balnagask Community Centre. For services to the community in Aberdeen.
* Thomas McArdle, Street Cleansing Operative. For services to the community in Liverpool.
* Peter Michael McCartney. For services to the community in Merseyside.
* Andrew McClarty. For services to charity.
* Denise McCunnell – For services to Victims of Sexual Abuse.
* Susan McDonald. Director, Active Communities (Scotland) Limited. For services to Community Sport, Health and Wellbeing in Renfrewshire.
* Robert Alastair McFarland, Head of Technology, Limavady High School. For services to Education and the community in Londonderry.
* Breda McGrenaghan. For services to Cancer Patients in County Fermanagh.
* Philip McGrenaghan. For services to Cancer Patients in County Fermanagh.
* Brendan McInerney. For services to Volunteering, the Public Sector and the community in Gloucestershire.
* Christina Elizabeth McIntosh. For services to the Environment and the community in Alness, Ross\-shire.
* George Clarke McLaughlin. For services to the Northern Ireland Fire Brigade and voluntary service to the community in Limavady.
* Sally Theresa Anne McMahon. For services to Libraries.
* Francis Joseph McNally, Deputy Principal, Department for Infrastructure, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to Government in Northern Ireland and Prostate Cancer Awareness.
* Alexandra McNaul. Nursery Assistant, Kylemore Nursery School. For services to Education and to the community in Portrush, Northern Ireland.
* Robert McQuillan. For services to Music in Ballymena.
* Roger Stanford Mead. For charitable services in Cornwall.
* Norman Mellor. For services to charity in Huddersfield.
* James Alfred Edward Mercer. For services to Young People and Football in County Armagh.
* Elizabeth Milne, co\-director, Phoenix Theatre. For services to Theatre and the Arts in the North East of Scotland.
* John Charles Minor. For services to Community Support and Cohesion.
* Karen Mitchell, Lead Cancer Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Cancer Patients and Nursing.
* William Henderson Moore. For services to People with Special Educational Needs in Ellesmere Port.
* Diana Ruth Moran ([Diana Moran](/wiki/Diana_Moran "Diana Moran")). For charitable services.
* Phillips Montague Mosscrop. For services to the community in Macclesfield.
* David Macaulay Murray, Emergency Response and First Aid volunteer, British Red Cross. For voluntary service to the Red Cross.
* Sarah Neil. For services to the Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome Support Group.
* Michael Kenneth Nicholls. For services to the community in Selsey, West Sussex.
* Hayley Nortcliffe, Sergeant, West Yorkshire Police. For services to Policing.
* Mary Isobel Nunn, Lately Nursing Officer, Tiverton Division, St John Ambulance. For voluntary service to First Aid Provision in Devon.
* David Overton, Volunteer, Suffolk Special Constabulary Recruitment. For services to Policing and the community in Suffolk.
* James Edward Packham, Immigration Officer, Home Office. For services to National Security.
* Nicholas John Palmer, lately Counter Terrorism and Extremism Liaison Officer, Tunis, Tunisia. For services to British nationals overseas and justice.
* Harold Clifford Panton. For services to Heritage in Lincolnshire.
* Simon Colin Neil Paul. For services to the community in Lechlade on Thames, Gloucestershire.
* Graham Peart. For services to the community in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.
* Kay Penkethman. For services to Homeless People in Liverpool.
* Dr. Brian Frank Perry. For services to the community in Chertsey, Surrey.
* Barbara Jean Pettegree, Founder and Manager, The Rosemary Foundation. For services to End of Life Care.
* Molly Cecilia Poulter. For services to the community in Maidstone, Kent.
* Judith Marion Povey. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and the community in Alderley Edge, Cheshire.
* Pamela Jane Powell, Chair of Governors, Chapel St Leonards Primary School, Grantham Additional Needs Fellowship and Woodlands Academy, Spilsby, Lincolnshire. For services to Education.
* John Stephen Pownceby. For services to School Athletics in Cumbria.
* Carol Prowse. For services to the Arts and the community in Derbyshire.
* Gillian Punt. For services to Charitable Fundraising.
* Rebecca Ramsay. For services to the Prevention of Water Related Accidents.
* Mark Andrew Ranola, Police Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For services to Policing and the community in Hampshire.
* Keith John Rawlings. For services to charity.
* Carol Reed. For services to Save the Children and the community in Canterbury.
* Peter Leslie Reed. For services to Education and voluntary First Aid work at the University of Sussex.
* Graham Reid, Guidance Manager, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to charity in Glasgow.
* Rachael Renihan, Executive Assistant to the British Ambassador, British Embassy, Muscat, Oman. For services to UK/Oman relations.
* Amanda Richard. For services to the Health and Wellbeing of Older People in the Scottish Borders.
* Roberta Richmond. For services to Mental Health in East Belfast.
* Alan John Robertson. For voluntary service to Kingussie Camanachd Club.
* Emily May Robertson, Ward Sister, Older Person's Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.
* Michael Antony Robertson, Conductor, Carnoustie and District Youth Brass Band. For services to Music in Angus.
* Dr. Leonard Arthur Robinson. For voluntary service to the community in South Cumbria.
* Wilfred Andrew Hiram Robinson. For services to the community in County Tyrone.
* Andrew Roby. For services to Reducing Deforestation.
* Kevin Timothy Routledge. For services to Sport and the community in Leicester.
* Carole Ann Ryan, Lately Listing Adviser, Historic England. For services to the Historic Environment, Conservation and Cultural Heritage.
* Helen Dora Sadler. For services to the community in Chester.
* Erica Sarney. For services to Wildflower and Pollinator Conservation in Lancashire.
* John Satterthwaite. For services to the community in Blucher, Newcastle upon Tyne.
* Allan Schiller. For services to Music and charity.
* Jeffrey David Scholes. For services to Young People and charity.
* Matthew Thomas Scott, Senior Warden, Warwick University. For services to Students and the community in Warwick.
* Terri Scott. For services to the Solihull Troubled Families Programme.
* Richard Searling. For services to the Soul Music Industry and the community in the North of England.
* Thomas James Servis. For voluntary and charitable services.
* William James King Shaw. For voluntary and charitable service in Belfast.
* Lauren Shea. For services to Promoting Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics to Young People.
* Michael Albert Shea. For services to Foodbank in Farnborough.
* Susan Diane Shea. For services to Foodbank in Farnborough.
* Ian Kenneth Grant Sherriff, Academic Partnership Lead for Dementia, University of Plymouth. For services to People affected by Dementia.
* David Wilson Shields. For services to Music and Amateur Dramatics in Northern Ireland.
* Lesley Ann Sim. For services to Libraries.
* Ernest Simon. For services to Holocaust Education and Remembrance.
* Lynn Rae Simpson, Head Coach, Flyers Trampoline Club and chair, Trampoline and Tumbling Technical Panel. For services to Trampolining.
* Sarah Frances Simpson, Estates Clerk, Tidworth, Netheravon and Bulford Garrison. For services to the Army and the community in Wiltshire.
* Emma Slater, Head of Music, West Lodge School, Kent. For services to Education.
* Brian Sleight. For services to Scouting and the community in Fleet, Wisbech and Spalding.
* May Glassford Smith, Fundraiser, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. For charitable service.
* Tony Spruce, Lately Police Community Support Officer, Cheshire Constabulary. For services to Policing and the community in Cheshire.
* Maurice Noach Stone. For services to Dance and Community Cohesion.
* Stephen Stone. For services to Wildlife Conservation.
* Austin John William Stronge, For services to the welfare of former Royal Ulster Constabulary Officers and their Families in Northern Ireland.
* Alison Suffield, Constable, Lancashire Police. For services to Policing.
* Brian Thomas Sullivan. For services to charity and the Performing Arts.
* Janet Edith Marion Swann. For services to People with Disabilities in Kent.
* Cecelia Taggart. For voluntary services to Scouts and the community in Downpatrick, County Down.
* Lee Tavinder. For services to Mental Health in Northern Ireland.
* John Fredrick Taylor. For services to Young People through Scouting.
* Glyn Thomas, Paramedic, Welsh Ambulance Service and St John Cymru Wales. For services to Pre\-Hospital Care in North Wales.
* Heather Mary Thomas. For services to The Goboka Rwanda Trust and the community in Bakewell, Derbyshire
* Judith Margaret Thomas (Judith Burton), Lately Chair, Sutton Music Festival. For services to Music in Sutton.
* Dr. Geoffrey Michael Thompson. For services to the Rural Youth in Northern Ireland.
* James Alexander Thompson. For services to the community in Alnwick, Northumberland.
* [Clark Tracey](/wiki/Clark_Tracey "Clark Tracey"), Jazz Musician. For services to Music and the Promotion of Jazz.
* Yelèna Travis\-Powell, Investigations Officer, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement and Diversity.
* Martin Roger Trepte. For services to the Newspaper Industry and to charity.
* June Elizabeth Trevithick. For services to the community in Callington, Cornwall.
* Geshe Tashi Tsering. For services to Buddhism in the UK.
* Sarah Jane Turner, Governance and Reporting Lead, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For services to the community in Croydon.
* Heather Unwin. For services to the community in Preston, Lancashire.
* Christopher Melroy Vallimae, Postman, Weston Super Mare. For services to the community in North Somerset.
* Adriaan Petrus Charles Van Zyl, Warden, St Andrews Church. For services to the community in London.
* Alan Neil Vollans. For voluntary service to Cricket and the community in South Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire.
* George Hans Vulkan. For services to Holocaust Education and Remembrance.
* [Dr. Jessica Alice Feinmann Wade](/wiki/Jess_Wade "Jess Wade"), Research Physicist, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London. For services to Gender Diversity in Science.
* Brian Wallace Waters. For services to the community in Preston, Hertfordshire.
* George Martyn Welch. For voluntary service to the community in South Cumbria.
* Sean Richard Wheeler. For charitable service.
* Dr. Lorraine Whewell. For voluntary service in the UK and Abroad.
* Yvonne Tina White, Equalities Officer, UNISON. For services to Equality and Diversity on the Isle of Wight.
* Muriel Doreen Wilkinson, chair, Magenta Living, Wirral Residents Umbrella Association. For services to Housing.
* Patricia Maura Williams. For services to the community in Wales.
* Sandra Elizabeth Williams. For services to the community in the Vale of Glamorgan.
* Guy Everis Williamson. For services to Boxing and the community in London.
* Rachael Wilson (Rachael Sarjantson), Senior Officer, HM Prison Hull. For services to Prisoners and their Families.
* Frederick Michael Douglas Witty, Retired. For services to the British community in Catalonia, Spain
* Dorothy Anne Wonnacott. For public and political service.
* Janet Wood. For services to Girlguiding and Young Women in Lancashire.
* Yvonne Dorothy Woodcock. For services to the community in Doncaster, South Yorkshire.
* Susan Woodward. For services to Disability Swimming.
* Jill Wright. For voluntary service to Athletics in Berkshire.
* Ernest Young. Conductor and Choirmaster. For services to Music.
Crown Dependencies
**Isle of Man**
* Vincent Fox. For services to medical charities and the community.
**Jersey**
* Richard Richomme. For services to overseas aid.
### Royal Red Cross
#### Members of the Royal Red Cross, First Class (RRC)
Military
* Lieutenant Colonel Deborah Louise Inglis, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|TD\|VR}}, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, Army Reserve
### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)
England and Wales
* Constable Firzana Ahmed – West Yorkshire Police
* Warren Barlow – Lately, Detective Constable, Greater Manchester Police
* Detective Chief Superintendent Kathryn Louise Barnes – Thames Valley Police
* Temporary Chief Superintendent Simon Justin Barraclough – Greater Manchester Police
* David Clement – Lately, Sergeant, Northumbria Police
* Commander Jane Connors – Metropolitan Police Service
* Commander Stuart Cundy – Metropolitan Police Service
* Lee Carl Davenport – Lately, Chief Superintendent, West Mercia Police
* Detective Constable Christopher Mark Davison – Metropolitan Police Service
* Constable Simon Fahey – Surrey Police
* Deputy Chief Constable Sara Glen – Hampshire Constabulary
* Chief Constable Michael Trevor Griffiths – Civil Nuclear Constabulary
* Detective Superintendent David Malyn – North Yorkshire Police
* Temporary Chief Superintendent John Joseph McDermott – Kent Police
* Temporary Chief Constable John Robins – West Yorkshire Police
* Chief Constable Stephen Watson – South Yorkshire Police
* Christine Williams – Lately, Detective Constable, Avon \& Somerset Police
* Alec Wood – Lately, Chief Constable, Cambridgeshire Constabulary
Northern Ireland
* Ronald Charles Edwin Galwey – Lately, Detective Constable, PSNI
* [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris "Drew Harris") – Lately, Deputy Chief Constable, PSNI
* Chief Superintendent Jonathan Stewart Roberts – PSNI
Overseas
* Deputy Commissioner Paul Michael Wright – Bermuda Police Service
### Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)
England and Wales
* Malcolm Livingstone Cowie – Lately, Watch Manager, Kent Fire and Rescue Service.
* Chief Fire Officer Mark Hardingham – Suffolk Fire and Rescue Service.
* Chief Fire Officer Paul Hedley – Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service.
* Group Manager Jeremy Peter Leonard – Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service.
* Watch Manager Joanne Stephens – USAR Team \& Incident Investigation Team, Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service.
### Queen's Ambulance Service Medal (QAM)
England and Wales
* Deborah Joanne Goldsmith – Assistant Emergency Medical Services Controller \- Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust.
* Grayham Gareth McLean – Unscheduled Care Lead \- Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust.
* Paul Robert Nicholson – Assistant Director IM\&T, North East Ambulance Service.
* Steven John Wheaton – Assistant Chief Ambulance Officer – West Midlands Ambulance Service.
Northern Ireland
* Jacqueline Mary O’Hara – Paramedic Station Supervisor – Northern Ireland Ambulance Service.
### Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM)
* Lieutenant Commander David Cooper, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve
* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Norman Cox, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, The Rifles, Army Reserve
* Corporal Lisa Jane Ingram, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, The Royal Logistic Corps, Army Reserve
* Lieutenant Colonel John Robert Longbottom, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE\|VR}}, The Honourable Artillery Company Territorial Army
* Warrant Officer Class 2 Ian Donald Westall, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|VR}}, The Parachute Regiment, Army Reserve
|
[
"United Kingdom\n--------------",
"Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as [Queen of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Queen of the United Kingdom\") with honours within her own gift, and with the advice of the Government for other honours.{{londongazette\\|date\\=8 June 2019\\|supp\\=y\\|issue\\=62666\\|page\\=B1}}",
"### Knight Bachelor",
"* [Simon Russell Beale](/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale \"Simon Russell Beale\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}, Actor. For services to Drama.\n* [Charles Edward Beck Bowman](/wiki/Charles_Bowman_%28accountant%29 \"Charles Bowman (accountant)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|JP}}, Lately [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\"). For services to Trust in Business, International Trade and the City of London.\n* [Professor Ian Lamont Boyd](/wiki/Ian_L._Boyd \"Ian L. Boyd\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|FRSE}}, Chief Scientific Adviser, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For services to Science and Economics on Food and the Environment.\n* [Nigel Martyn Carrington](/wiki/Nigel_Carrington \"Nigel Carrington\"). For services to Higher Education and the Creative Industries.\n* [Professor Mark Jonathan Caulfield](/wiki/Mark_Caulfield \"Mark Caulfield\"), Chief Scientist, [Genomics England](/wiki/Genomics_England \"Genomics England\") and Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, [Queen Mary University of London](/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London \"Queen Mary University of London\"). For services to the 100,000 Genomes Project.\n* [Dr. Stephen John Cleobury](/wiki/Stephen_Cleobury \"Stephen Cleobury\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}, Director of Music, King's College, Cambridge. For services to Choral Music.\n* [Robert Paul Cohan](/wiki/Robert_Cohan \"Robert Cohan\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}, Founding Artistic Director, The Place. For services to Choreography and Dance.\n* [Jonathan Andrew Coles](/wiki/Jon_Coles \"Jon Coles\"), Chief Executive, [United Learning](/wiki/United_Learning \"United Learning\"). For services to Education.\n* [Ian Edward Lamert Davis](/wiki/Ian_Davis_%28businessman%29 \"Ian Davis (businessman)\"), chairman, [Rolls\\-Royce Holdings plc](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings \"Rolls-Royce Holdings\"). For services to Business.\n* [Professor Peter James Donnelly](/wiki/Peter_Donnelly \"Peter Donnelly\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|FRS}}, Chief Executive, Genomics plc and Professor of Statistical Science, [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to the Understanding of Human Genetics in Disease.\n* [Brian Harold Donohoe](/wiki/Brian_Donohoe \"Brian Donohoe\"). For parliamentary and political service.\n* [George Ernest Craythorne Hamilton](/wiki/George_Hamilton_%28Northern_Ireland_police_officer%29 \"George Hamilton (Northern Ireland police officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|QPM}}, Chief Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to Policing and to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* [The Right Honourable George Edward Howarth](/wiki/George_Howarth \"George Howarth\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MP}}. For parliamentary and political service.\n* [The Right Honourable Norman Peter Lamb](/wiki/Norman_Lamb \"Norman Lamb\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MP}}. For public and political service.\n* [David Willoughby Pountney](/wiki/David_Pountney \"David Pountney\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}} – Director. For services to Opera.\n* [Ian Isaac Stoutzker](/wiki/Ian_Stoutzker \"Ian Stoutzker\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}, Founder Chairman, Live Music Now. For services to Music and to Philanthropy.\n* [Archibald Boyd Tunnock](/wiki/Boyd_Tunnock \"Boyd Tunnock\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}. For services to Business and to charity.\n* [James Garwood Michael Wates](/wiki/James_Wates \"James Wates\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}, chairman, [Wates Group](/wiki/Wates_Group \"Wates Group\"). For services to Business and to charity.\n* [Professor Robert Hughes Williams](/wiki/Robin_Williams_%28physicist%29 \"Robin Williams (physicist)\"). For services to Higher Education, Research and the Welsh Language.\n* [Simon Woolley](/wiki/Simon_Woolley \"Simon Woolley\"). For services to Race Equality.",
"### Order of the Bath",
"#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)",
"Military\n* [General Sir Nicholas Carter](/wiki/Nick_Carter_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Nick Carter (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|KCB\\|CBE\\|DSO\\|ADC Gen}}",
"#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB/DCB)",
"Military\n* [Lieutenant General Nick Pope](/wiki/Nick_Pope_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Nick Pope (British Army officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}",
"Civil\n* [Stephen Lovegrove](/wiki/Stephen_Lovegrove \"Stephen Lovegrove\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CB}} – Permanent Under\\-Secretary, Ministry of Defence. For public service.\n* [Andrew Parker](/wiki/Andrew_Parker%2C_Baron_Parker_of_Minsmere \"Andrew Parker, Baron Parker of Minsmere\") – Director General, Security Service. For public service.",
"#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)",
"Military\n* [Rear Admiral Jonathan Pentreath](/wiki/Jonathan_Pentreath \"Jonathan Pentreath\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}\n* [Major General Charles Stickland](/wiki/Charles_Stickland \"Charles Stickland\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}\n* [Major General Nicholas John Cavanagh](/wiki/Nicholas_John_Cavanagh \"Nicholas John Cavanagh\")\n* [Lieutenant General Paul Jaques](/wiki/Paul_Jaques \"Paul Jaques\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}\n* [Air Vice\\-Marshal Chris Luck](/wiki/Chris_Luck \"Chris Luck\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE}}\n* [Air Vice\\-Marshal Gavin Parker](/wiki/Gavin_Parker \"Gavin Parker\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}",
"Civil\n* [Deborah Ruth Alder](/wiki/Deborah_Ruth_Alder \"Deborah Ruth Alder\") – Director General, Human Resources, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\"). For public service.\n* [Graham Archer](/wiki/Graham_Archer \"Graham Archer\") – Director, Improvement and Learning, Children's Social Care, [Department for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Education \"Department for Education\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* [Kieran James Donnelly](/wiki/Kieran_Donnelly \"Kieran Donnelly\") – [Comptroller and Auditor General for Northern Ireland](/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_for_Northern_Ireland \"Comptroller and Auditor General for Northern Ireland\"). For services to the Northern Ireland Audit Office.\n* [Christine Helen Hewitt\\-Dyer](/wiki/Christine_Helen_Hewitt-Dyer \"Christine Helen Hewitt-Dyer\") – Lately Human Resources Director, People, Capability and Change, [Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing%2C_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government\"). For public service.\n* [Craig Richard Eblett](/wiki/Craig_Eblett \"Craig Eblett\") – Senior Responsible Officer, Health Transformation Programme, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\"). For services to Welfare Reform.\n* [Sarah Elizabeth Healey](/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Healey \"Sarah Elizabeth Healey\") – Lately Director General, [Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat](/wiki/Economic_and_Domestic_Affairs_Secretariat \"Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat\"), Cabinet Office. For public service.\n* [Nicholas Beverley Joicey](/wiki/Nicholas_Joicey \"Nicholas Joicey\") – Director General for Strategy, International and Biosecurity, [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\"). For services to the Environment.\n* [Andrew John McCully](/wiki/Andrew_McCully \"Andrew McCully\") {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} – Director General, Early Years and Schools Group, [Department for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Education \"Department for Education\"). For services to Education.\n* [Anthony Jan Michael Meggs](/wiki/Anthony_Meggs \"Anthony Meggs\") – Lately Chief Executive, [Infrastructure and Projects Authority](/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Projects_Authority \"Infrastructure and Projects Authority\") and Head, [Government Project Delivery Profession](/wiki/Government_Project_Delivery_Profession \"Government Project Delivery Profession\"). For public service.\n* [Frances Clare Nash](/wiki/Frances_Nash \"Frances Nash\") – Legal Director, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\"). For public service.\n* [Graham Parker](/wiki/Graham_Parker_%28civil_servant%29 \"Graham Parker (civil servant)\") {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}} – Fiscal Expert, [Office for Budget Responsibility](/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility \"Office for Budget Responsibility\"). For services to the Economy.\n* [Glyn Williams](/wiki/Glyn_Williams_%28civil_servant%29 \"Glyn Williams (civil servant)\") – Director General, Borders, Immigration and Citizenship Systems Policy and International Group, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\"). For public service.",
"### Order of St Michael and St George",
"#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)",
"* [Clive William Jones](/wiki/Clive_William_Jones \"Clive William Jones\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}} – Lately Chair of Trustees for the [Disasters Emergency Committee](/wiki/Disasters_Emergency_Committee \"Disasters Emergency Committee\"). For services to humanitarian crises.\n* [Jonathan McLeod Grigor Taylor](/wiki/Jonathan_McLeod_Grigor_Taylor \"Jonathan McLeod Grigor Taylor\") – Lately Vice\\-president of the [European Investment Bank](/wiki/European_Investment_Bank \"European Investment Bank\"). For services to investment and the economy.\n* [Alexander Younger](/wiki/Alex_Younger \"Alex Younger\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CMG}} – [Chief, Secret Intelligence Service](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service \"Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service\"). For services to national security.",
"#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)",
"* [Christopher Derek Bain](/wiki/Christopher_Bain \"Christopher Bain\"). For services to International Development and Humanitarian Work.\n* [Professor Richard John Carwardine](/wiki/Richard_Carwardine \"Richard Carwardine\"). For services to the Study of American History in the UK and the USA.\n* [Professor Charlotte Watts](/wiki/Charlotte_Watts \"Charlotte Watts\"). For services to Global Health and International Development.\n* [Julian Nicholas Braithwaite](/wiki/Julian_Braithwaite \"Julian Braithwaite\"), [Permanent Representative, UK Mission](/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_World_Trade_Organisation \"List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the World Trade Organisation\") to the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\"), United Nations and other International Organisations in Geneva, Switzerland. For services to British foreign policy.\n* [Lawrence Arthur Covington](/wiki/Lawrence_Covington \"Lawrence Covington\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}, Lately Law Enforcement Adviser for the Caribbean Overseas Territories and Bermuda. For services to the Caribbean Overseas Territories and Bermuda.\n* [Peter Jeremy Oldham Hill](/wiki/Peter_Jeremy_Oldham_Hill \"Peter Jeremy Oldham Hill\"), Legal Counsellor, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\"). For services to British foreign policy.\n* [Professor Ian Richard Hodder](/wiki/Ian_Hodder \"Ian Hodder\"), Professor of Anthropology, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"), USA. For services to archaeology and UK/Turkey relations.\n* [John Edward Hubbard](/wiki/John_Edward_Hubbard \"John Edward Hubbard\"), Director, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\"). For services to national security.\n* [Professor Virgil Craig Jordan](/wiki/V._Craig_Jordan \"V. Craig Jordan\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}, Professor of Breast Medical Oncology, [MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas_MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center \"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center\"), USA. For services to women's health.\n* [David Barclay Keegan](/wiki/David_Keegan \"David Keegan\"), Director, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\"). For services to national security.\n* [Graeme Jonathan Knott](/wiki/Jonathan_Knott \"Jonathan Knott\"), [H.M. Ambassador, Warsaw, Poland](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Poland \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Poland\"). For services to British foreign policy.\n* [Angus Charles William Lapsley](/wiki/Angus_Lapsley \"Angus Lapsley\"), Director for Defence, International Security and South East Europe, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\"). For services to British foreign policy.\n* [Julia Longbottom](/wiki/Julia_Longbottom \"Julia Longbottom\"), Director, Consular Services, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\"). For services to British foreign policy and British Nationals overseas.\n* [Moazzam Tufail Malik](/wiki/Moazzam_Malik_%28diplomat%29 \"Moazzam Malik (diplomat)\"), [H.M. Ambassador, Jakarta, Indonesia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Indonesia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Indonesia\"). For services to British foreign policy and international development.\n* [Rebecca Hay Elliott Walton](/wiki/Rebecca_Walton \"Rebecca Walton\"), Regional Director, [British Council](/wiki/British_Council \"British Council\"). For services to UK cultural relations.",
"### Royal Victorian Order",
"#### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)",
"* [Sir Henry Egerton Aubrey\\-Fletcher, Bt](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Aubrey-Fletcher%2C_8th_Baronet \"Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baronet\"), [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Buckinghamshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire\")",
"#### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)",
"* [Clive Alderton](/wiki/Clive_Alderton \"Clive Alderton\") {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|LVO}}, [Principal Private Secretary to The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall](/wiki/Office_of_the_Prince_of_Wales \"Office of the Prince of Wales\").\n* Richard David Brown, Formerly Treasury Officer of Accounts, H M Treasury.\n* [Susan Elaine, The Dowager Countess of Darnley](/wiki/Susan_Bligh%2C_Countess_of_Darnley \"Susan Bligh, Countess of Darnley\"), [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Herefordshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Herefordshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Herefordshire\").\n* Colonel Richard Edward Harrold, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}, Formerly Tower Group Director, Historic Royal Palaces.\n* [James Ingleby](/wiki/James_Ingleby \"James Ingleby\"), [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Aberdeenshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire\").\n* [Philip John Algernon Sidney, Viscount De L'Isle](/wiki/Philip_Sidney%2C_2nd_Viscount_De_L%27Isle \"Philip Sidney, 2nd Viscount De L'Isle\") {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE}}, [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Kent](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Kent \"Lord-Lieutenant of Kent\").\n* William Tucker, [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire\").\n* [Dione Angela, The Countess of Verulam](/wiki/Dione_Grimston%2C_Countess_of_Verulam \"Dione Grimston, Countess of Verulam\"), Formerly [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire\").\n* Martin Ronald Watson {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|LVO}}, Partner, Forest House Veterinary Group.",
"#### Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO)",
"* Margaret Ashby {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MVO}}, Formerly Head of Learning and Development, Royal Household.\n* Karen Hilary Ashworth {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MVO}}, Senior Paintings Conservator, Royal Collection.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Callander, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE\\|TD\\|DL}}, Formerly Secretary, The Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, [Royal Company of Archers](/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers \"Royal Company of Archers\").\n* Kevin Frank Clarke. For services to the Royal Household.\n* Megan Gent {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MVO\\|RVM}}, Senior Archives Conservator, Royal Collection.\n* Sharon Lee Prendergast, Director, Australian Honours and Awards Secretariat, Government House, Canberra.\n* Jemima Rellie, Director of Content and Audiences, and Acting Visitor Experience Director, Royal Collection.\n* Hartley Thorbjorn Richardson {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OC\\|OM}}, Formerly Chairman, Canadian Charter for Business.\n* Emma Stuart {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MVO}}, Senior Curator, Books and Manuscripts, and Acting Librarian, Royal Library, Windsor Castle.\n* Andrew Merlay Wright, Formerly Treasurer to the Household of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.",
"#### Members of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)",
"* Benjamin Julius Bolgar, Senior Director, The Prince's Foundation.\n* Alison Victoria Cameron, Inventory Assistant, Gifts and Inventory Section, Household of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.\n* Jeremy Cheek. For services to the Royal Collection.\n* Sergeant John De\\-Bolla, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty and Specialist Protection.\n* Marnie Elizabeth Gaffney, Assistant Communications Secretary, Royal Household.\n* Geoffrey David Golding, managing director, G. D. Golding (Tailors) Ltd.\n* Assistant Chief Constable David Hardcastle. For services to the Royal Household.\n* Beverley Jones {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|RVM}}, Housekeeping Assistant, Royal Household.\n* Catherine Teresa Martin, Formerly Learning Officer (Operations), Royal Collection, Windsor Castle.\n* Edward Mark Bruton Priday, Manager, Coutts \\& Co.\n* Constable John Edward Pritty, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty and Specialist Protection.\n* Stephen John Read {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|RVM}}, Property Steward, Thatched House Lodge.\n* Andrew James Richardson, Senior Events Co\\-ordinator, Royal Household.\n* John Brian Sinnott {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CBE}}, Clerk to the Leicestershire Lieutenancy.\n* Ian Craig Spencer, Premier Sous Chef, Royal Household.",
"### Royal Victorian Medal (RVM)",
"#### Bar to the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)",
"* Russell Peter Sturgess, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|RVM}}, Forestry Team Supervisor, Crown Estate, Windsor",
"#### Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)",
"* Michael Dabbs, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|MBE}}, Divisional Sergeant Major, The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard\n* Jason William Farmilo, Palace Attendant, Windsor Castle.\n* Monica Ingrid Farrow, Personnel and Accounts Officer, Office of the Governor of Queensland.\n* Gary Norman Le Poidevin, Head Gardener, Government House, Guernsey.\n* Stewart Orr, Fire and Security Team Leader, Palace of Holyroodhouse.\n* Clive Richard Thomas, Engineering Craft Assistant, Royal Household.",
"#### Honorary Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)",
"* Antonella Fresolone, Housekeeper to The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, Kensington Palace.",
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)",
"* [Sir Michael John Burton QC](/wiki/Michael_Burton_%28judge%29 \"Michael Burton (judge)\") – President, [Investigatory Powers Tribunal](/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal \"Investigatory Powers Tribunal\"). For services to the Rule of Law.",
"#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)",
"Civil\n* [Elizabeth Pauline Lucy Corley CBE](/wiki/Elizabeth_Corley \"Elizabeth Corley\") – Senior Advisor to [Allianz Global Investors](/wiki/Allianz_Global_Investors \"Allianz Global Investors\"). For services to the Economy and Financial Services.\n* [Carolyn Julie Fairbairn](/wiki/Carolyn_Fairbairn \"Carolyn Fairbairn\") – Director General, [Confederation of British Industry](/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry \"Confederation of British Industry\"). For services to UK Business.\n* [Jacqueline Foster MEP](/wiki/Jacqueline_Foster \"Jacqueline Foster\") – Member of the European Parliament for the [North West of England](/wiki/North_West_England_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29 \"North West England (European Parliament constituency)\"). For public and political service.\n* [Julie Ann Kenny CBE](/wiki/Julie_Kenny \"Julie Kenny\") – chair, [Wentworth Woodhouse Preservation Trust](/wiki/Wentworth_Woodhouse_Preservation_Trust \"Wentworth Woodhouse Preservation Trust\"). For services to Heritage.\n* [Laura Elizabeth Lee](/wiki/Laura_Elizabeth_Lee \"Laura Elizabeth Lee\") – Chief Executive, [Maggie's](/wiki/Maggie%27s_Centres \"Maggie's Centres\"). For services to Cancer Patients.\n* [Professor Elan Closs Stephens CBE](/wiki/Elan_Closs_Stephens \"Elan Closs Stephens\") – For services to Welsh Government and Broadcasting.\n* [Sara Thornton CBE QPM](/wiki/Sara_Thornton_%28police_officer%29 \"Sara Thornton (police officer)\") – Lately Chief Constable, chair, [National Police Chiefs' Council](/wiki/National_Police_Chiefs%27_Council \"National Police Chiefs' Council\"). For services to Policing.\n* [Rachel Whiteread CBE](/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread \"Rachel Whiteread\") – Sculptor. For services to Art.",
"Military\n* [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_marshal \"Air marshal\") [Stuart Atha](/wiki/Stuart_Atha \"Stuart Atha\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CB\\|DSO}}, Royal Air Force \\- Former Deputy Commander (Operations) [RAF Air Command](/wiki/RAF_Air_Command \"RAF Air Command\")",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Commodore (Royal Navy)\") Paul Dominic Burke, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}, Royal Navy, C033412M.\n* [Major General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major-general (United Kingdom)\") [Matthew John Holmes](/wiki/Matt_Holmes_%28Royal_Marines_officer%29 \"Matt Holmes (Royal Marines officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|DSO}}, Royal Marines, N028280S.\n* Commodore, (now [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice-admiral_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)\")) [Jeremy Paul Kyd](/wiki/Jerry_Kyd \"Jerry Kyd\"), Royal Navy, C032542N. \\- [Fleet Commander](/wiki/Fleet_Commander \"Fleet Commander\")",
"Army\n* [Brigadier](/wiki/Brigadier_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Brigadier (United Kingdom)\") Paul Robert Burns\n* Acting Brigadier John Lockhart Clark\n* Colonel Guy Hugh John Deacon, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE\\|ADC}}\n* Deputy [Chaplain General](/wiki/Chaplain_general \"Chaplain general\") The Reverend [Michael Paul Dare Fava](/wiki/Michael_Fava \"Michael Fava\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|QHC}}\n* Brigadier Ian Jonathan Gibb\n* Acting Brigadier George Alexander John Macintosh, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}}",
"Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Hamish Roy Callender Cormack, Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Teresa Anne Griffiths, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE\\|ARRC}}, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service\n* Group Captain Shaun Harris, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE}}, Royal Air Force",
"Civil Division\n* Morris Timothy Angel, OBE, chairman, [Angels Costumes](/wiki/Angels_Costumes \"Angels Costumes\"). For services to Theatre, Film, Television and the Arts.\n* [Bryan Appleyard](/wiki/Bryan_Appleyard \"Bryan Appleyard\"), Journalist and Author. For services to Journalism and the Arts.\n* Professor [Elizabeth Florence Barnes](/wiki/Elizabeth_Florence_Barnes \"Elizabeth Florence Barnes\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Michael Barton, QPM, Chief Constable, [Durham Constabulary](/wiki/Durham_Constabulary \"Durham Constabulary\"). For services to Policing.\n* Professor [Paul David Bates](/wiki/Paul_Bates_%28hydrologist%29 \"Paul Bates (hydrologist)\"), Professor of Hydrology, [Bristol University](/wiki/Bristol_University \"Bristol University\"). For services to Flood Risk Management.\n* Graeme Henderson Biggar, Lately Director, [Office for Security and Counter Terrorism](/wiki/Office_for_Security_and_Counter-Terrorism \"Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism\"), Home Office. For services to National Security.\n* Dr. Stephen Robert Billingham, chairman, [Urenco](/wiki/Urenco_Group \"Urenco Group\"). For services to Government Owned, Public and Regulated Companies.\n* Simon William Blanchflower, Lately Programme Director, [Network Rail](/wiki/Network_Rail \"Network Rail\"). For services to the Railway.\n* Catherine Annick Caroline Bradley, Non\\-Executive Board Member, [Financial Conduct Authority](/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority \"Financial Conduct Authority\"). For public service.\n* Philip Graeme Howard Brook, chairman, [All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club](/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club \"All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club\"). For services to Tennis.\n* [Glenn Brown](/wiki/Glenn_Brown_%28artist%29 \"Glenn Brown (artist)\"), Painter. For services to Art.\n* Professor [Kenneth Alexander Brown](/wiki/Kenneth_Alexander_Brown \"Kenneth Alexander Brown\"), FRSE, Professor of Mathematics, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"). For services to the Mathematical Sciences.\n* Professor [Michele Jane Burman](/wiki/Michele_Jane_Burman \"Michele Jane Burman\"), FRSE, Head, School of Social and Political Sciences, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"). For services to Criminology.\n* Valerie Joan Cain, Lately People and Change Director, [Government Legal Department](/wiki/Government_Legal_Department \"Government Legal Department\"). For public service.\n* [Ian Callum](/wiki/Ian_Callum \"Ian Callum\"), Chief Designer, [Jaguar Cars](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\"). For services to the British Car Industry.\n* Susan Jane Catchpole, Director, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\"). For public service.\n* Rachel Maud Elizabeth Clacher. For services to Business and Disadvantaged Young People.\n* Paul Christopher Clarke, Chief Technology Officer, [Ocado](/wiki/Ocado \"Ocado\"). For services to Digital Retailing and Technology.\n* [Professor Graham Leon Collingridge](/wiki/Graham_Collingridge \"Graham Collingridge\"), FRS. For services to Biomedical Sciences.\n* [Olivia Colman (Sarah Caroline Sinclair)](/wiki/Olivia_Colman \"Olivia Colman\"), Actress. For services to Drama.\n* Michelle Cracknell, Chief Executive, [The Pensions Advisory Service](/wiki/The_Pensions_Advisory_Service \"The Pensions Advisory Service\"). For services to the Pensions Industry.\n* Dr. Adrian Mark Crellin, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, [Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/Leeds_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Trust \"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust\") and Trustee, [Cancer Research UK](/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK \"Cancer Research UK\"). For services to Radiotherapy.\n* [Professor Lorne Donald Crerar](/wiki/Lorne_Crerar \"Lorne Crerar\"). For services to Economic and Community Development in Scotland.\n* Stuart Crooks, managing director, [Hinkley Point C](/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station \"Hinkley Point C nuclear power station\"), EDF Energy. For services to Nuclear Energy.\n* Marcus Davey, OBE, Chief Executive and artistic director, [The Roundhouse](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28venue%29 \"Roundhouse (venue)\"). For services to the Arts.\n* Paul Richard Dean, Head of Operational Support, Office for Security and Counter Terrorism, Home Office. For services to Security and Counter Terrorism.\n* Steven Douglas, Group Chief Executive Officer, [Altair](/wiki/Altair_Engineering \"Altair Engineering\"). For services to the Housing Industry.\n* [Jonathan Dove](/wiki/Jonathan_Dove \"Jonathan Dove\"), Composer. For services to Music.\n* [Professor Harminder Singh Dua](/wiki/Harminder_Dua \"Harminder Dua\"), Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, [University of Nottingham](/wiki/University_of_Nottingham \"University of Nottingham\"). For services to Eye Healthcare, Health Education and Ophthalmology.\n* Professor [Stephen Eames](/wiki/Stephen_Eames \"Stephen Eames\"), Chief Executive, [North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/North_Cumbria_University_Hospitals_NHS_Trust \"North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust\") and [Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Cumbria_Partnership_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to the NHS.\n* Rebecca Egan, Head, Tackling Exploitation and Abuse Unit, Home Office. For services to Vulnerable People.\n* Benedict Blackstone Evans, Director, [London Design Festival](/wiki/London_Design_Festival \"London Design Festival\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Paul Anthony Evans. For services to Parliament.\n* Patrick Richard Evershed. For public and political service.\n* Ian Findlay, Chief Officer, Paths for All. For services to Healthy Lifestyles and Outdoor Activities.\n* John Richard Evelegh Footman, Secretary, [Bank of England](/wiki/Bank_of_England \"Bank of England\"). For services to the Economy.\n* Deidre Ann Ford, Group Managing Director, [Bauer Media](/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group \"Bauer Media Group\"), Radio. For services to Radio.\n* [Professor Tamsin Jane Ford](/wiki/Tamsin_Ford_%28psychiatrist%29 \"Tamsin Ford (psychiatrist)\"), Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, [University of Exeter](/wiki/University_of_Exeter \"University of Exeter\"). For services to Psychiatry.\n* Michael Peter Galloway, OBE, Lately Executive Director, City Development, [Dundee City Council](/wiki/Dundee_City_Council \"Dundee City Council\"). For services to Architecture and City Regeneration.\n* [David Alan Gill](/wiki/David_Gill_%28football_executive%29 \"David Gill (football executive)\"). For services to Football.\n* Deborah Mary Gillatt, Director, Business Frameworks, [Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy](/wiki/Department_for_Business%2C_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy \"Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy\"). For services to the Economy.\n* Nigel Alexander Gooding, deputy director, [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\"). For services to the Marine Environment.\n* [James Dover Grant (Lee Child)](/wiki/Lee_Child \"Lee Child\"), Author. For services to Literature.\n* David Middleton Gray, Lately Chairman, [Ofgem](/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets \"Office of Gas and Electricity Markets\"). For services to Regulation.\n* [Stephen Greene](/wiki/Stephen_Greene_%28social_entrepreneur%29 \"Stephen Greene (social entrepreneur)\"), co\\-founder and chief executive officer, [RockCorps](/wiki/Rockcorps \"Rockcorps\") and lately chair, National Citizen Service Trust. For services to Young People.\n* Christina Susan Mary Hallett. For services to Civil Society, Mentoring and Coaching.\n* The Lady Hamlyn (Helen Roice), Philanthropist. For services to charity.\n* Andrew Heath, MBE. For services to the Music Industry.\n* [The Honourable Timothy Mark Hely Hutchinson](/wiki/Tim_Hely_Hutchinson \"Tim Hely Hutchinson\"), Lately Chief Executive, [Hachette UK](/wiki/Hachette_UK \"Hachette UK\"). For services to Publishing and Literature.\n* Phinella Frances Henderson, deputy director, Treasury Legal Advisers, [Government Legal Department](/wiki/Government_Legal_Department \"Government Legal Department\"). For public service.\n* [The Rt. Hon. Professor Charles Hendry](/wiki/Charles_Hendry \"Charles Hendry\"), former Prime Minister's Trade Envoy to Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan and former Commissioner for the UK Pavilion at [Expo 2017](/wiki/Expo_2017 \"Expo 2017\"), Kazakhstan. For services to UK trade and investment\n* Jonathan Lascelles Iremonger, Assistant Chief of Staff for Finance, Permanent Joint Headquarters, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\"). For services in Support of Military Operations.\n* Lorraine Alison Jackson, deputy director, Data Policy, [Department of Health and Social Care](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care \"Department of Health and Social Care\"). For services to Health Policy.\n* Lucy Margaret Juckes, chair, [Barrington Stoke](/wiki/Barrington_Stoke \"Barrington Stoke\") Publishing. For services to Education and Literacy.\n* [Sandra Kerr](/wiki/Sandra_Kerr_%28diversity_adviser%29 \"Sandra Kerr (diversity adviser)\"), OBE, Race Equality Director, Business in the Community. For services to Equality and Diversity.\n* Joanna Sarah Key, Director, Legislation and Constitution, [Department for Exiting the EU](/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\"). For public service.\n* Anthony Hugh Gordon Laithwaite, Entrepreneur. For services to the UK and Global Wine Industry.\n* Professor [John Latham](/wiki/John_Latham_%28academic%29 \"John Latham (academic)\"), Vice\\-Chancellor, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University \"Coventry University\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* [Professor Marie Corinne Lyne le Quéré, FRS](/wiki/Corinne_Le_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9 \"Corinne Le Quéré\"), Professor, School of Environmental Sciences and [Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research](/wiki/Tyndall_Centre_for_Climate_Change_Research \"Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research\"), [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia \"University of East Anglia\"). For services to Climate Change Science.\n* [Dr Shane Legg](/wiki/Shane_Legg \"Shane Legg\"), co\\-founder and Chief Scientist, [DeepMind Technologies Ltd](/wiki/DeepMind \"DeepMind\"). For services to the Science and Technology Sector and Investment.\n* [Professor Jason Andrew Leitch](/wiki/Jason_Leitch \"Jason Leitch\"), National Clinical Director, [Health and Social Care Directorate](/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Directorates \"Health and Social Care Directorates\"), [Scottish Government](/wiki/Scottish_Government \"Scottish Government\"). For services to Healthcare and charity.\n* [Barnaby John Lenon](/wiki/Barnaby_Lenon \"Barnaby Lenon\"), chair, [Independent Schools Council](/wiki/Independent_Schools_Council \"Independent Schools Council\") and Chair of Governors, [London Academy of Excellence](/wiki/London_Academy_of_Excellence \"London Academy of Excellence\"). For services to Education.\n* Gary Nigel Lewitt, Head of Resources, [Defence Intelligence](/wiki/Defence_Intelligence \"Defence Intelligence\"). For services to Defence.\n* Caroline Margaret Low, Director, [Department for Transport](/wiki/Department_for_Transport \"Department for Transport\"). For public service.\n* [Professor Graham Alexander MacGregor](/wiki/Graham_MacGregor \"Graham MacGregor\"), Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, [Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine](/wiki/Wolfson_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine \"Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine\"). For services to Cardiovascular Disease.\n* [Joanna Clare MacGregor, OBE](/wiki/Joanna_MacGregor \"Joanna MacGregor\"), Pianist. For services to Music.\n* [Professor Hector Lewis MacQueen, FBA, FRSE](/wiki/Hector_MacQueen \"Hector MacQueen\"), Professor of Private Law, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to Legal Scholarship.\n* Dr. Thomas Michael Maguire. For services to Justice in Northern Ireland.\n* [Stuart Marks](/wiki/Stuart_Marks%2C_Baron_Marks_of_Hale \"Stuart Marks, Baron Marks of Hale\"). For voluntary political service.\n* Francis Paul Augustine Martin, President, [British Chambers of Commerce](/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce \"British Chambers of Commerce\") and Partner, [BDO Northern Ireland](/wiki/BDO_Global \"BDO Global\"). For services to UK Business.\n* Dr. Alan Gregory McDevitt, Lately Chairman, Scottish General Practitioners Committee, [British Medical Association](/wiki/British_Medical_Association \"British Medical Association\"). For services to the NHS and General Practitioners in Scotland.\n* Rebecca Meredith, chief executive officer, Transform Trust, East Midlands and Humber. For services to Education.\n* Anna\\-Marie Morrison. For services to Apprenticeships.\n* [Mitch Murray](/wiki/Mitch_Murray \"Mitch Murray\"), Songwriter, Record Producer and Author. For services to Music.\n* [Terence O'Neill](/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_%28photographer%29 \"Terry O'Neill (photographer)\"). For services to Photography.\n* [Grace Chidozie Ononiwu](/wiki/Grace_Ononiwu \"Grace Ononiwu\"), OBE, Chief Crown Prosecutor, West Midlands, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\"). For services to Law and Order.\n* [Mark Padmore](/wiki/Mark_Padmore \"Mark Padmore\"), Tenor. For services to Music.\n* Judith Ann Paget, chief executive officer, [Aneurin Bevan University Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_University_Health_Board \"Aneurin Bevan University Health Board\"). For services to Healthcare Management and Delivery in Wales.\n* Stuart Leslie Patrick, Chief Executive, Glasgow Chamber of Commerce. For services to Business and the Economy in Glasgow.\n* Susan Mary Elizabeth Percy, Chief Executive, [Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation](/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Highways_and_Transportation \"Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation\"). For services to Transport.\n* Ronald Leslie Randall. For services to the British Meat Trade and to charity.\n* Melanie Jane Richards, Deputy Chair, [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG \"KPMG\"). For services to Business and Inclusion.\n* [Professor Sylvia Therese Richardson](/wiki/Sylvia_Richardson \"Sylvia Richardson\"), Director, Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Medical Statistics.\n* David Lawton Roberts, chairman, [Nationwide Building Society](/wiki/Nationwide_Building_Society \"Nationwide Building Society\"). For services to Financial Services and the NHS.\n* Colin Robertson, Chief Executive, [Alexander Dennis](/wiki/Alexander_Dennis \"Alexander Dennis\"). For services to Exports and the Bus and Coach Manufacturing Sector.\n* Dr. Bharat Kumar Hansraj Shah. For services to Business, Economic Growth, Exporting, Independent Pharmacy Sector and Philanthropy.\n* Dr. Samir Shah, OBE, Chief Executive and Creative Director, Juniper Television. For services to Television and to Heritage.\n* Professor Michael Roy Sharland, chairman, Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Consultant Paediatrician, [St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/St_George%27s_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\").\n* [Professor Mark Edmund Smith](/wiki/Mark_Smith_%28physicist%29 \"Mark Smith (physicist)\"), FREng, Vice\\-Chancellor, [Lancaster University](/wiki/Lancaster_University \"Lancaster University\"). For services to Research and Higher Education.\n* Philip Patrick Smith, chief executive officer, [Cisco](/wiki/Cisco_Systems \"Cisco Systems\"). For services to Technology, Business and Skills.\n* [Dr. Shubulade Mary Eniola Smith](/wiki/Shubulade_Smith \"Shubulade Smith\"), Consultant Psychiatrist, [South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/South_London_and_Maudsley_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Forensic Psychiatric Intensive Care .\n* [Professor David John Southwood](/wiki/David_Southwood \"David Southwood\"), Lately Chair, [UK Space Agency](/wiki/UK_Space_Agency \"UK Space Agency\"). For services to Space Science and Industry in the UK and Europe.\n* Michael Stewart, SCS1, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* [David James Reid Strang, QPM](/wiki/David_Strang_%28police_officer%29 \"David Strang (police officer)\"), Lately [HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland](/wiki/HM_Chief_Inspector_of_Prisons_for_Scotland \"HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland\"). For services to Law and Order.\n* [Matthew Taylor](/wiki/Matthew_Taylor_%28political_strategist%29 \"Matthew Taylor (political strategist)\"), chair, Review of Modern Employment and Chief Executive, [Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce](/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts \"Royal Society of Arts\"). For services to Employee Rights.\n* William Russell Thomson, Lately [Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland](/wiki/Commissioner_for_Ethical_Standards_in_Public_Life_in_Scotland \"Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland\"). For services to the Scottish Public Sector.\n* [Lesley Jane Titcomb](/wiki/Lesley_Titcomb \"Lesley Titcomb\"), Lately Chief Executive, [The Pensions Regulator](/wiki/The_Pensions_Regulator \"The Pensions Regulator\"). For services to Pensions Regulation.\n* [Joanna Trollope](/wiki/Joanna_Trollope \"Joanna Trollope\"), OBE, Author. For services to Literature.\n* Rachel Turner, Director, Economic Development, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\"). For services to International Development.\n* [Derek Vaughan](/wiki/Derek_Vaughan \"Derek Vaughan\"), MEP, Member of the European Parliament for [Wales](/wiki/Wales_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Wales (European Parliament constituency)\"). For political and public service.\n* [Professor Anna Frances Vignoles](/wiki/Anna_Vignoles \"Anna Vignoles\"), FBA, Professor of Education, Faculty of Education, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Social Sciences.\n* Richard Wayne Vince, executive director, Long Term and High Security Estate, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)\"). For services to Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service.\n* Timothy Lillington Philip Warren, Lately Leader, [Bath and North East Somerset Council](/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council \"Bath and North East Somerset Council\"). For services to Local Government and the community in Somerset.\n* Professor [Robert Richard Welbury](/wiki/Robert_Richard_Welbury \"Robert Richard Welbury\"), Professor of Paediatric Dentistry, [UCLAN Dental School](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire \"University of Central Lancashire\"). For services to Paediatric Dentistry, Dental Education and Safeguarding of Children.\n* Terence William Whittles, National Chairman, The Royal British Legion. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Eric Roy Wilson, executive director, Corporate Services, Competition and Markets Authority. For services to Competition.\n* [Sophie Mary Wilson](/wiki/Sophie_Wilson \"Sophie Wilson\"), FRS, FREng, Director of Integrated Circuit Design, [Broadcom Europe Ltd](/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation \"Broadcom Corporation\"). For services to Computing.\n* Dr. Kathryn Louise Wood, Director of Science, Research and Evidence, [Department of Health and Social Care](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care \"Department of Health and Social Care\"). For services to Health Research.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Civil\n* Dr. [Nneka Abulokwe](/wiki/Nneka_Abulokwe \"Nneka Abulokwe\") – chief executive officer, Micromax Consulting. For services to Business.\n* Professor [Malcolm Russell Airs](/wiki/Malcolm_Airs \"Malcolm Airs\") – Lately Director, [Kellogg College](/wiki/Kellogg_College \"Kellogg College\"), Oxford. For services to the Historic Environment, Conservation and Education.\n* Cherry Alexander MBE – Major Events Director, British Athletics. For services to Elite Sport.\n* [Nimco Ali](/wiki/Nimco_Ali \"Nimco Ali\") – For services to Tackling Female Genital Mutilation and Gender Inequality.\n* Anthony Allcock MBE – Chief Executive, Bowls England. For services to Lawn Bowls.\n* [Jacqueline Gay Alway](/wiki/Jackie_Alway \"Jackie Alway\") (Jacqueline Tarpey) – chair, Music Publishers Association. For services to the Music Industry.\n* Professor Catherine Amanda Amos – Professor of Health Promotion, University of Edinburgh. For services to Public Health.\n* Colleen Althea Amos (Colleen Amos\\- Zwambila) – Chief Executive, The Amos Bursary. For services to Community Cohesion.\n* Dr. Mike Mehrdad Ashmead – Managing Director, Encocam. For services to Exports and Innovation in Engineering.\n* Professor Timothy Atkins – Senior Technical Fellow, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.\n* Sarah Jane Bailey – Lately Head, Resourcing and Workforce Planning, Crown Prosecution Service. For services to Law and Order.\n* Professor [Caroline Mary Barron](/wiki/Caroline_Barron \"Caroline Barron\") – For services to Education.\n* Brendan John Bayley – Head, Policy Analysis Climate Energy and Agriculture Branch, HM Treasury. For public service.\n* Charles Francis Houghton Beckford – Director, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security.\n* Dr. René Arthur Beguelin – General Practitioner, Gibraltar. For services to health in Gibraltar.\n* Carol Ann Bell – Lately Executive Director, [Great Exhibition of the North](/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition_of_the_North \"The Great Exhibition of the North\"). For services to the Arts.\n* George Bell – chairman, Bell Group UK. For services to Apprenticeships and Charity Fundraising.\n* Maureen Bell – Lately Nurse Consultant for Vulnerable Children, NHS Ayrshire and Arran. For services to Child Protection.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Berry – Executive Director for Europe, WEConnect International and Founder, Women in Technology Network. For services to Women in Business and Technology.\n* Professor [Michael Webster Bevan](/wiki/Michael_W._Bevan \"Michael W. Bevan\") FRS – Deputy Director, [John Innes Centre](/wiki/John_Innes_Centre \"John Innes Centre\"). For services to Plant Genomics.\n* Dr. James Little Beveridge – Master Blender, [Johnnie Walker](/wiki/Johnnie_Walker \"Johnnie Walker\"), [Diageo](/wiki/Diageo \"Diageo\"). For services to the Scotch Whisky Industry.\n* Harjit Singh Bhania – Wheelchair Basketball Coach. For services to Wheelchair Basketball.\n* David George Thomas Bloomer – For services to Women's Health.\n* Dr. Jennifer Blunden – chief executive officer, Truro and Penwith Academy Trust. For services to Education.\n* [Alfred Giovanni Roncalli Boe](/wiki/Alfie_Boe \"Alfie Boe\") – Musical Performer and Actor. For services to music and charity.\n* Maria Bota – Creative Producer, Great Exhibition of the North. For services to the Arts.\n* [Katy Elizabeth Bourne](/wiki/Katy_Bourne \"Katy Bourne\") – [Police and Crime Commissioner for Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner \"Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner\"). For public and political service.\n* Christopher Brammer – Deputy Director, Business Change and Implementation, Satellite Tracking Services, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For public service.\n* [Theresa Rose Breslin](/wiki/Theresa_Breslin \"Theresa Breslin\") – Author. For services to Literature.\n* Richard Campbell Brickley MBE – For services to Disability Sport.\n* Professor [Sarah Jean Broadie](/wiki/Sarah_Broadie \"Sarah Broadie\") FBA, FRSE – Professor of Moral Philosophy, Wardlaw Professor, St Andrews University. For services to Classical Philosophy.\n* Dr. Jane Louise Brooke\\-Smith – UK Head of Development and Strategic Planning, Arcadis LLP. For services to the Built Environment and Diversity and Inclusion.\n* Sherry Melanie June Burrows – Team Leader, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security and serious crime.\n* Janice Elizabeth Cahill – For services to the Education of Vulnerable Young Learners and Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Stockport.\n* David Campbell – For voluntary service to Athletics.\n* James Campbell – Treasurer, Scottish Benevolent Fund. For services to the Department for Work and Pensions Staff in Scotland.\n* David Carney\\-Haworth – Co\\-founder, Operation Encompass. For services to Children affected by Domestic Abuse.\n* Elisabeth Anne Carney\\-Haworth – Co\\-founder, Operation Encompass. For services to Children affected by Domestic Abuse.\n* Francis Clive Carreras – former Commissioner of Income Tax, Gibraltar. For services to Gibraltar.\n* Dr. June Elizabeth Chatfield – Naturalist. For services to Conservation and Natural History Education.\n* Amarjit Kaur Cheema – chief executive officer, Perry Hall Multi\\-Academy Trust. For services to Education in the West Midlands.\n* Peter David Clarke – Lately Assistant Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.\n* Professor [Hannah Louise Cloke](/wiki/Hannah_Cloke \"Hannah Cloke\") (Hannah Pappenberger) – Professor of Hydrology, University of Reading. For services to Flood Forecasting and the Development of Hazard Early Warning Systems.\n* Captain David Charles Cole MVO RM (Rt'd) – Director of Music, The Royal British Legion. For services to Music and to Remembrance.\n* Dr. Paul Collier – Head of Beams Department, CERN, Switzerland. For services to science and technology.\n* Anne Galbraith Cook – Head, Social Housing Services Team, Better Homes Division, Scottish Government. For services to Social Housing.\n* [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello \"Elvis Costello\") – Musician. For services to Music.\n* Alistair Robert Cunningham – Executive Director, Wiltshire Council. For services to the community in Wiltshire.\n* Joni Cunningham – For services to Adult Community Learning in London and Essex.\n* [Father Brian D'Arcy](/wiki/Brian_D%27Arcy \"Brian D'Arcy\") – For services to Cross Community Relations.\n* Tonia Dawson – Macmillan Clinical Lead, East of England Cancer Alliance. For services to Nursing and People affected by Cancer.\n* [Ptolemy Hugo Dean](/wiki/Ptolemy_Dean \"Ptolemy Dean\") – For services to Heritage and Design.\n* Sandra Caroline Dinneen – Chief Executive, South Norfolk Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Brian Donald – lately Chief of Staff, Europol, The Hague, The Netherlands. For services to policing and justice\n* Edward Frederic Colin Donaldson – Treasurer, Royal National Lifeboat Institution. For voluntary service.\n* Dr. Christopher Dorman – Vice President, Coherent Scotland. For services to Laser and Photonic Technology and Exports.\n* Jill Downing – Solicitor. For services to Children and Families and to voluntary work in the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Derek James Doyle MBE – lately British Consul and Director of Trade and Investment, Bilbao, Spain. For services to UK/Spain relations.\n* Brian James Duffin – Non\\-Executive Director, Debt Management Office. For services to the UK Pensions Industry.\n* Gillian Dunion ([Gillian Docherty](/wiki/Gillian_Docherty \"Gillian Docherty\")) – Chief Executive, The Data Lab. For services to Information Technology and Business.\n* [Edwina Dunn](/wiki/Edwina_Dunn \"Edwina Dunn\") (Edwina Humby) – chief executive officer, Starcount. For services to Data and Business in the UK.\n* Arnab Dutt – For services to Small and Medium\\-sized Businesses, Diversity and Equality.\n* Jane Edmondson – Director, East and Central Africa, Department for International Development. For services to International Development.\n* Professor Judith Mary Ellis MBE – Chair of Trustees, Tropical Health and Education Trust and lately Chief Executive, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. For services to Healthcare.\n* Brenda Emmanus – Broadcaster and Journalist. For services to Broadcasting and Diversity.\n* Barbara Ann Farndell – Policy Expert, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers.\n* Malcolm William Rusk (Callum) Farquhar – Regional Commissioner, East Scotland Region, Scouts. For services to the Scouting Movement.\n* Andrew Paul Ferguson – For services to the Economy and Broadband Services in the UK.\n* Janet Natasha Finlayson – For services to Children and Families.\n* Katherine Iona Fisher – Deputy Director, HM Treasury. For public service.\n* Kelly Fisher – B2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Eithne Patricia Fitzmaurice – Deputy Director, Criminal and Financial Investigation, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For public service.\n* Professor [Kevin Jeremy Fong](/wiki/Kevin_Fong \"Kevin Fong\") – Consultant Anaesthetist, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine and Healthcare.\n* Geoffrey David Forder – Lately Deputy Head, QEC Support, Defence Equipment and Support, Ministry of Defence. For services to Naval Logistic Support.\n* [Alastair David William Fothergill](/wiki/Alastair_Fothergill \"Alastair Fothergill\") – Director, Silverback Films. For services to Film.\n* Sarah Jane Friar – lately Chief Financial Officer, Square Inc, USA. For services to entrepreneurship and financial services\n* Dr. Ian James Macaulay Frood – For services to the British Cattle Industry.\n* Councillor [John Fuller](/wiki/John_Fuller_%28English_politician%29 \"John Fuller (English politician)\") – For public and political service.\n* Dr. Mark John Fulop – Programme Leader, Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.\n* Professor [Tamara Susan Galloway](/wiki/Tamara_Galloway \"Tamara Galloway\") – Professor of Ecotoxicology, University of Exeter. For services to Environmental Science.\n* William Geddes – Inspector, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. For services to Education.\n* James Robert Gerard – Deputy Director, Head of Parliamentary Team, Department for Exiting the EU. For public service.\n* Dr. Delna Ghandhi – Lately Health Adviser, Department for International Development. For services to Tackling Tropical Disease.\n* William Roy Gibaud – lately First Secretary Defence and Security, British High Commission, Canberra, Australia. For services to international trade\n* John Mark Gibson – Founding Trustee, Dumfries House and Founder and Trustee, Scottish Dark Sky Observatory. For services to Heritage.\n* Steven John Gilbert – Vice Chair, Independent Review of the Mental Health Act and Member, Board of Trustees, Mind. For services to Mental Health.\n* Simon Maxwell Gillespie – Chief Executive, British Heart Foundation. For services to Patients and Medical Research.\n* Ian Rory Ginsberg – Deputy Director, European Finances Team, HM Treasury. For public service.\n* Arvinda Gohil – chief executive officer, Community Links. For services to the community and Housing for Vulnerable People.\n* Robert George Anderson Gourlay – For services to the Scottish Food and Drink Industry.\n* Irene Rudge Graham – Chief Executive, Scale\\-Up Institute. For services to Business and the Economy.\n* Joanna Marie Greenidge – Deputy Director, Government Legal Department. For services to Government Law.\n* Stuart Cameron Griffiths – Deputy Director, Department for Work and Pensions. For public service.\n* Barry Kole Grossman – Director Trade and Investment, British Embassy, Tel Aviv, Israel. For services to UK/Israel commercial relations\n* [Edward Michael (Bear) Grylls](/wiki/Bear_Grylls \"Bear Grylls\") – [Chief Scout](/wiki/Chief_Scout_%28The_Scout_Association%29 \"Chief Scout (The Scout Association)\"). For services to Young People, the Media and charity.\n* Sajid Gulzar – chief executive officer, Prince Albert Community Trust. For services to Education.\n* [Poppy Gustafsson](/wiki/Poppy_Gustafsson \"Poppy Gustafsson\") – Co\\-founder and Co\\-Chief Executive Officer, Darktrace. For services to the Cyber Security Industry.\n* Mark Kieron Hamilton – Assistant Chief Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to Policing and the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Paul David Roger Hancock QFSM – Lately Chief Fire Officer, Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Fire and Rescue.\n* Felicity Harding – Ambassador and Special Adviser to the Chief Executive, Samaritans. For charitable services.\n* [Andrew Harries](/wiki/Andy_Harries \"Andy Harries\") – For services to Film and Television.\n* Kathryn Gwynne Harries – Lately Director, National Opera Studio. For services to Opera.\n* Professor [Susan Elaine Hartley](/wiki/Sue_Hartley \"Sue Hartley\") (Susan Grimley) – Director, York Environmental Sustainability Institute. For services to Ecological Research and Public Engagement\n* Dominic Newton Haslam – Director, Sightsavers. For services to People with Disabilities.\n* Sacha Amin Hatteea – Deputy Director, Public and Parliamentary Delivery. Department for Transport. For services to Aviation.\n* Gillian Valerie Haworth – Lately Chief Executive, Intercountry Adoption Centre. For services to Vulnerable Children and Families.\n* Pablo Tudor Barraclough Hepworth Lloyd – chief executive officer and co\\-founder, Visionnaires. For services to WorldSkills UK.\n* Professor [Sarah Elizabeth Hewlett](/wiki/Sarah_Hewlett \"Sarah Hewlett\") – Emerita Professor of Rheumatology Nursing, University of the West of England. For services to People with Arthritis and Nursing Research.\n* Nigel Ralph Gore Hinds – Executive Producer, 14 \\- 18 NOW. For services to the Arts.\n* Dr. Sharon Holmes – B2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Graham John Hooper – Financial Crime Prevention Consultant, Lloyds. For services to Tackling Financial Crime.\n* [Bettany Hughes](/wiki/Bettany_Hughes \"Bettany Hughes\") – Historian, Author and Broadcaster. For services to History.\n* Catherine Mary Therese Hughes – Lately Principal, St Bede's Catholic College, Bristol. For services to Education.\n* Derek Joseph Hughes – Lately Deputy Director, Customer Services, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Customer Service and Inclusion.\n* Kenneth Hughes – Lately Assistant Chief Executive, Scottish Parliament. For parliamentary service.\n* [Clive Robert Humby](/wiki/Clive_Robert_Humby \"Clive Robert Humby\") – Chief Data Scientist, Starcount. For services to Data and Business in the UK.\n* Professor Beverley Jane Hunt – Professor of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, King's College London and Consultant in Clinical Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine\n* Dr. Carl Stephen Patrick Hunter – chief executive officer, Coltraco Ultrasonics. For services to Business and International Trade.\n* Leyla Hussein – For services to Tackling Female Genital Mutilation and Gender Inequality.\n* David Graham Hutchinson – HM Inspector, Health and Safety Executive. For services to Offshore Diving Safety.\n* Merlin Michael Hyman – Chief Executive, Regen. For services to the Sustainable Energy Sector.\n* Josephine Ann James – Chief Executive, Kent Invicta Chamber of Commerce. For services to the Economy in Kent.\n* Annwen Jones – Co\\-founder, Target Ovarian Cancer. For services to charity.\n* David Jones – For services to Music and Culture.\n* [Cush Jumbo](/wiki/Cush_Jumbo \"Cush Jumbo\") – Actress. For services to Drama.\n* Maria Anne Kane – Chief Executive, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Leadership in Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Anna Keay](/wiki/Anna_Keay \"Anna Keay\") – Director, Landmark Trust. For services to Heritage.\n* Dr. Anne Catherine Kemp – chair, UK BIM Alliance. For services to Digital Construction Innovation.\n* Sarah Louise Kenny – chief executive officer, BMT Group Ltd. For services to the Maritime Sector and Diversity.\n* Qadeer Kiani – chair, Arhag Housing Association. For services to Migrants and Refugees.\n* Anne Rochelle Kiem – Chief Executive, Chartered Association of Business Schools and executive director, Small Business Charter. For services to Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs.\n* Barnaby James Kistruck – Lately Grade 6, Ministry of Defence. For public service.\n* Narinder Kaur Kooner – Councillor, Birmingham City Council and Director, Sikh Women's Action Network. For services to Supporting Vulnerable People and to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Professor Sudhesh Kumar – Dean, Warwick Medical School. For services to Medicine and to Diabetes Care.\n* Arun Kumar Batra – chief executive officer, National Equality Standard. For services to Faith and Integration in the Public Sector.\n* Professor Fred Frank Land – For services to the Information Systems Industry.\n* Daniel John Langford – For services to Business.\n* Robert Mark Last MBE – Deputy Head, Human Rights and Political Team, UK Mission to the United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. For services to British foreign policy\n* Jane Carol Lees – Lately Chair, Sex Education Forum Advisory Group. For services to Education.\n* Rufus Alexander Legg – Head, Royal, Ceremonial and Honours Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy.\n* Annmarie Lewis – Founder and Director, Rainmakers Worldwide. For services to Young People.\n* Ursula Frances Rosamond Lidbetter MBE DL – Chief Executive, Lincolnshire Co\\-operative and chair, Greater Lincolnshire Local Enterprise Partnership. For services to the Economy.\n* Joshua Llewellyn\\-Jones – For services to Cystic Fibrosis Awareness.\n* Richard Lloyd – Lately Executive Director, Which? For services to the Economy and Consumer Rights.\n* Siwan Lloyd Hayward – Director of Compliance Operations and Policing Services, Transport for London. For services to Transport and Policing.\n* Oliver Martin Lovell – Team Leader, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security.\n* Richard Anthony Ludlow – chief executive officer, Ebor Academy Trust, York. For services to Education.\n* Deborah Jane Lye – Chief Executive, Spirit of 2012\\. For services to Community Projects.\n* Joseph Mackie – chairman, The Archie Foundation. For services to the community in Scotland.\n* Jeannette Mackinney – chief executive officer, Hales Valley Trust. For services to Education.\n* Phillip Gerard Maguire – For services to Prison Radio and Radio Production.\n* Professor [Lee Elliot Major](/wiki/Lee_Elliot_Major \"Lee Elliot Major\") – Lately Chief Executive Officer, Sutton Trust and Trustee, Education Endowment Foundation. For services to Social Mobility.\n* Roger Howard Malbert – Lately Head, Hayward Gallery Touring. For services to Art.\n* Dr. Stephen James Malcolm – Chief Environmental Science Adviser, Cefas. For services to the Marine Environment.\n* Ann Margaret Marcer – Volunteer. For services to UK Aid and Young Women.\n* Boyd Ernest McAdam – National Convener/Chief Executive, Children's Hearings Scotland. For services to Young People.\n* Ann McDonald – Principal, Kellett School, The British International School in Hong Kong. For services to education and the British community in Hong Kong.\n* Sheriff Iona Sara McDonald – Senior Sheriff, [Kilmarnock Sheriff Court](/wiki/Kilmarnock_Sheriff_Court \"Kilmarnock Sheriff Court\"). For services to Law and Order.\n* Anne Graham Brodie McEwan – former president, National Association of British Schools in Spain. For services to Education.\n* Timothy James McDonnell – Head, International and Industrial Strategy, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Dr. Jacqueline Ann McKenna MBE – Lately Director of Nursing, Professional Leadership, NHS Improvement. For services to Nursing.\n* Amanda Jane McLoughlin – Head, Department for International Development, Lebanon. For services to Humanitarian Relief.\n* Catherine Frances Mead DL – For services to Cheese Making and the community in the South West of England.\n* Dr. Janet Christine Metcalfe – Head, Vitae. For services to Researcher Career Development.\n* Professor Dorothy Evelyn Miell FRSE – Vice\\-Principal and Head, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh. For services to Higher Education and Psychology.\n* Patricia Ann Cecilia Miller – Chief Executive, Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Dr. Julie Mary Mills – Principal and Chief Executive, Milton Keynes College. For services to Promoting Business and Education Links.\n* Professor Shantashil Rajyeswar (Rana) Mitter – Professor, History and Politics of Modern China, University of Oxford. For services to Education.\n* Peter Graham Anthony Morris – chairman, BAFTA Los Angeles, USA. For services to the British entertainment industry\n* Paul Clifford Morrison QPM – Commissioner of Police, Anguilla. For services to Anguilla.\n* [Sheila Jean Morrow](/wiki/Sheila_Morrow \"Sheila Morrow\") – For services to Hockey in Wales.\n* Nicholas Moss JP – Magistrate and Bench Chair, North and East Hertfordshire Bench. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Vickie Tyler Mottram (Roberts) – Head of Apprenticeships, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Apprentices.\n* Sally Elizabeth Munday MBE – For services to Hockey.\n* Joseph Christopher Musgrave – chief executive officer and Director, Wynyard Park Ltd. For services to Business and the community in the Tees Valley.\n* Lucy Ellen Musgrave – For services to Architecture and the Built Environment.\n* Dr. Dwain Anthony Neil – For services to the British African Caribbean community.\n* Elaine Susan Newell – Lately Chief Nurse, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Midwifery.\n* Professor Michael James Norton Freng – For services to Engineering and the Digital Economy.\n* Robert Ormsby – Special, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement.\n* Dr. [Jane Katharine Osbourn](/wiki/Jane_Osbourn \"Jane Osbourn\") – Vice President for Research and Development, MedImmune Biotechnology and chair, UK Bioindustry Association. For services to Drug Research and Development.\n* Richard Ovenden – Librarian, Bodleian Library. For services to Libraries and Archives.\n* Catherine Ellen Page – Lately Private Secretary, Cabinet Office. For public service.\n* Manmeet Singh Panesar – Head of Technical Services, Office for Product Safety and Standards, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Product Safety.\n* Miles Parkinson – For political service.\n* Professor Mahesh Parmar – Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology and Director, MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London. For services to Medical Research and Clinical Trials.\n* David Warren Parr – Chief Executive, Halton Borough Council. For services to Local Government in Cheshire.\n* Janet Lynn Paterson MBE – Lately Director of Olympic Relations, British Olympic Association and Chief Executive, British Olympic Foundation. For services to Olympic Sport.\n* Robert Ralston Paterson – lately Counsellor, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan. For services to national security.\n* Robert Charles Pepper MBE – For services to Music.\n* Nicola Sian Pittam – Senior Lawyer, Statutory Instrument Hub, HM Treasury. For public service.\n* Beverley Pollard (Beverley Andrus Humphrey) – Lately Chief Executive, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Mental Health and Care.\n* Rubeela Naveed Qayyum – Treasury Accountant and Head of Exchequer Funds and Accounts, HM Treasury. For services to Taxpayers, Young People and Social Inclusion.\n* [Reena Ranger](/wiki/Reena_Ranger \"Reena Ranger\") (Reena Ahuja) – Founder and chair, Women Empowered. For services to BAME Women.\n* Suzanne Rastrick – Chief Allied Health Professions Officer, NHS England. For services to Allied Health Professionals.\n* Dr. Sarah Marcel Redwood – Deputy Director, European Programmes, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Science and Innovation Funding.\n* Julie Reene – Assistant Director, Specialist Operations, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.\n* [Griffith Rhys Jones](/wiki/Griff_Rhys_Jones \"Griff Rhys Jones\") – For services to the National Civic Society Movement, charity and Entertainment.\n* Cynthia Ann Robinson – For voluntary service to Older People.\n* Mark Raymond Rogers – Area Manager, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.\n* Linda Dawn Rose – Accountability Team Leader, Inspections and Accountability Quality Team, Department for Education. For services to Education.\n* [Ralph Rugoff](/wiki/Ralph_Rugoff \"Ralph Rugoff\") – Director, Hayward Gallery. For services to Art.\n* Petra Salva – Director of Services (Rough Sleeper, Ex\\-Offenders and Migrant Services), St Mungo's Community Housing Association. For services to Homeless People.\n* Elizabeth Ann Sclater – For services to Older Women.\n* John Maclean Scott – lately Global Deputy Chairman, KPMG International. For services to UK/Spain relations\n* [Sean Feargal Sharkey](/wiki/Feargal_Sharkey \"Feargal Sharkey\") – For services to Music.\n* Andrew Leo Sharp – For political service.\n* [Nicola Shindler](/wiki/Nicola_Shindler \"Nicola Shindler\") – Founder, Red Production Company. For services to Broadcasting.\n* Sarah Alexandra Smith – Deputy Director, Office for Product Safety and Standards, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Business and Consumers.\n* Thomas Harvey Spiller – President, National Conservative Convention. For public and political service.\n* Catherine Dalling Taylor Stihler – For political service.\n* Jack Benjamin Stockdale – Chief Technology Officer, Darktrace. For services to the Cyber Security Industry.\n* Dr. Sarah Jane Stubbs – Analytical Chemist, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For public service.\n* Gavin Douglas Thomas – Lately Chief Superintendent, Gloucestershire Constabulary and President, Police Superintendents' Association. For services to Policing.\n* Professor [Geraldine Anne Thomas](/wiki/Geraldine_Thomas \"Geraldine Thomas\") – Professor of Molecular Pathology, Imperial College, London. For services to Science and Public Health.\n* Dr. Rhian\\-Mari Thomas – chief executive officer, Green Finance Institute and lately chair, Barclays Green Banking Council and Global Head Barclays Green Banking. For services to Green Banking.\n* Dr. Robert Campbell Kennedy Thomson – Principal and Chief Executive, Forth Valley College. For services to Education, Economic Development and the community across Forth Valley.\n* Robin Ticciati – Principal Conductor, Scottish Chamber Orchestra. For services to Music.\n* Sarah Louise Treseder – Chief Executive, Royal Yachting Association. For services to Sport.\n* Rosie Louise Tressler – chief executive officer, Student Minds. For services to Mental Health in Higher Education.\n* Julie Anne Uzupris – Strategic Threats Team, UK Joint Delegation to NATO, Brussels, Belgium. For services to national security\n* Dr. Pamela Jane Waddell – Director, Innovation Alliance for the West Midlands. For services to Innovation in the West Midlands.\n* David Paul Wagstaff – Deputy Director, Euratom International Negotiations, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Energy and Climate Change Policy.\n* Christine Wain – Headteacher, Pallister Park Primary School. For services to Education.\n* Dr. Christopher Geoffrey Wakeling – chairman, Historic England's Places of Worship Forum. For services to Heritage.\n* Nigel Keith Walker – National Director, English Institute of Sport. For services to Elite Sport.\n* [Sarah Ann Waters](/wiki/Sarah_Waters \"Sarah Waters\") – Author. For services to Literature.\n* Professor Alison Watson (Alison Macmillan) – Professor of International Relations, University of St Andrews. For services to Education.\n* [Sonia Maxine Watson](/wiki/Sonia_Maxine_Watson \"Sonia Maxine Watson\") (Sonia Bromfield) – For services to Diversity in Architecture.\n* Glenda Margaret Watt – Co\\-ordinator, Scottish Older People's Assembly. For services to Older People.\n* Robin Geoffrey Wilkinson – Chief of Corporate Services, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to Policing.\n* Richard Ian Williams – Chief Executive, Northern Ireland Screen. For services to the Screen Industries in Northern Ireland.\n* Simon Peter Williams – Country Director, British Council, Kyiv, Ukraine. For services to UK cultural relations.\n* Professor Graham Wren FREng – Special Adviser to the Principal, Strathclyde University. For services to Education, Science and Engineering.\n* Henrietta Mackay Wright – Service Leader, Central Scotland District, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Vulnerable Customers in Scotland.\n* Alan Roy Yates – Deputy Chief Executive, Accord Housing Association. For services to Housing.\n* Karl Andrew Young – Senior Lawyer, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers.",
"Military\n* Commodore Stephen Michael Allen, Royal Navy\n* Lieutenant Colonel Simon Leslie Blake, The Royal Logistic Corps, Army Reserve\n* Commander Richard Charles Bone, Royal Navy\n* Colonel Jo Butterfill, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MC}}\n* Wing Commander Mark Christopher Butterworth, Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Joanne Lorraine Campbell, Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Ian Derek Cheswoth, Royal Air Force\n* Commander (Acting Captain) Christopher John Connolly, Royal Navy\n* Group Captain Jason Clarke Davies, Royal Air Force,\n* Lieutenant Colonel Thomas William Day, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Commander Steven Ronald Drysdale, Royal Navy\n* Lieutenant Colonel Rupert Spark Evetts, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE}}, The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)\n* Commodore Rupert Patrick Hollins, Royal Navy \\- former Defence Attache (China)\n* Colonel Joseph Edward Fossey\n* Commander Martin John Freeman, Royal Navy\n* Lieutenant Colonel Philip Simon James Heppell, Royal Army Medical Corps\n* Lieutenant Colonel Brian Keith Howard, The Royal Logistic Corps\n* Wing Commander Edwin Sebastian Kendall, Royal Air Force\n* Lieutenant Colonel Simon Nicholas Meadowcroft, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|BEM}}, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Wing Commander Jennifer Robinson, Royal Air Force\n* Colonel Edward Dixon Sandry\n* Wing Commander James Richard Simmonds, Royal Air Force\n* Colonel Anthony Tait\n* Lieutenant Colonel Neil Kirkby Gow Tomlin, The Royal Regiment of Scotland",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Civil\n* Viviane Hooper Adamson – For voluntary service to the Credit Union Movement and the community in Newry and Banbridge.\n* Veronica Anne Judith Adlam – Health and Safety Manager, Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Firefighter Safety.\n* [Ama Agbeze](/wiki/Ama_Agbeze \"Ama Agbeze\") – Captain, England Women's Netball Team. For services to Netball.\n* Olasubomi Iginla Aina – chief executive officer/Executive Director, Lightup Foundation (Nigeria and United Kingdom). For services to Young People and the Underprivileged.\n* Marianne Ainsworth\\-Smith – Bill Manager, Department for Exiting the EU. For public service.\n* Dr. Giuseppe Vito Albano – Curator, Keats\\-Shelley House, Rome, Italy. For services to UK/Italy relations.\n* Paul Alger – Director, International Business Development, UK Fashion and Textile Association. For services to Exports in the UK Fashion Industry.\n* Clair Alleebux – Human Resources Business Partner, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For charitable services.\n* Yasemin Allsop – For services to Education and Children and Families from Disadvantaged Backgrounds.\n* Bridgette Anderson – Conciliation Officer, ACAS. For services to Employee Rights and Disability Awareness.\n* John Ankers JP – For services to Young People and the Magistracy Service.\n* Joshua Kwabena Apeadu\\-Siaw – For services to the Law, UK Legal Services and to Young People.\n* Paul Michael Appleby – For services to the Creative Industries in Bristol and Bath.\n* George Peter Apter – For public and political service.\n* Bryan Mckend Armstrong – For services to Journalism and the community in Scotland.\n* Gillian Mary Arthur – Lately Member, Export Guarantees Advisory Council. For services to the British Export Economy.\n* [Mathangi Arulpragasam](/wiki/M.I.A._%28rapper%29 \"M.I.A. (rapper)\") – For services to Music.\n* Jeremy Peter Ash – For services to Women and Girls and International Development.\n* [Sheila Atim](/wiki/Sheila_Atim \"Sheila Atim\") – For services to Drama.\n* Jessica Lucy Baker – For services to Global Supply Chains.\n* Councillor Keith James Baker – For public and political service.\n* Karen Ball – Head, Midlands Engine Investment Hub, Department for International Trade. For services to Trade and Investment.\n* Dr. Pamela Margaret Ball – President, League of Hospital Friends, Kidderminster Hospital. For services to Charitable Fundraising in the NHS.\n* Susan Gail Ball – For services to Libraries.\n* Martin Ballard – Head Concierge, Claridge's. For services to the hotel, Tourism and Hospitality Industry.\n* Anne Elizabeth Barclay – Operational Director, Wigtown Festival Company and chair, Dumfries and Galloway Relay for Life Committee. For services to the Arts and charity.\n* Anna Rose Barker – Lately Chair, British Youth Council. For services to Young People.\n* David Michael Barlow – For services to Apprenticeships and Business.\n* Robert Barrow DL – For services to charity and the community in Macclesfield, Cheshire.\n* [Amrik Singh Basi](/wiki/Mik_Basi \"Mik Basi\") – Amateur Boxing Referee. For services to Boxing.\n* Daniel Oliver Bates – Manager, Research and Development, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement.\n* Professor Antony James Bayer – Professor of Geriatric Medicine and Director, Memory Assessment Service, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. For services to Healthcare.\n* Bridget Bennett – Service Manager, Early Years and Family Support, East Riding of Yorkshire Council. For services to Children and Families.\n* Hon Michael D'arcy Benson – For services to York Minster.\n* Professor Richard Arthur Betts – Head of Climate Impacts Research, Met Office Hadley Centre and chair in Climate Impacts, University of Exeter. For services to Understanding Climate Change.\n* Mary Cecilia Bevan – Soprano. For services to Music.\n* Sophie Anna Magdalena Bevan – Soprano. For services to Music.\n* Rashid Bhayat – Founder, Positive Youth Foundation. For services to Young People in the Midlands.\n* Dr. Ashok Kumar Bhuvanagiri – Founder, The Telugu Association of Scotland. For services to Cultural Cohesion and charity.\n* Eileen Biddlecombe – For services to Children and Families in Plymouth.\n* Roger Biddlecombe – For services to Children and Families in Plymouth.\n* James Valentine Bisset – For services to the community in North West England.\n* Arnold Julian Sheldon Black – Historian and Statistician, Scottish Athletics. For services to Athletics.\n* Professor Lynne Boddy – For services to Mycology and Public Engagement in Science.\n* Emma Pauline Bond – For services to Policing and the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor James Robert Bonham – Director, Pharmacy, Diagnostics and Genetics, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Young People with Genetic Metabolic Diseases.\n* Lorna Elizabeth Booth – Foster Carer, Lincolnshire County Council. For services to Children in Lincolnshire.\n* Stephen Peter Booth – Foster Carer, Lincolnshire County Council. For services to Children in Lincolnshire.\n* Barbara Ama Ansah Panfu Bray – Nutritionist. For services to Food Nutrition.\n* Caroline Breen Cooksley – Development Director, Associated Community Training Ltd. For services to Education.\n* Charles Ernest Brown – National Chairman, Royal British Legion Scotland. For voluntary service to Veterans in Scotland.\n* [Kenneth John Brown](/wiki/Ken_Brown_%28golfer%29 \"Ken Brown (golfer)\") – For services to Sport and Broadcasting.\n* Rosemary Brown – Team Manager, Shared Lives Scheme. For services to Healthcare in South East Wales.\n* Andrew Bryant – C1, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Janis Margaret Burdin – Head Teacher, Moss Side Community Primary School, Leyland, Lancashire. For services to Education.\n* Sarah Penelope Burns – For services to Disadvantaged Women.\n* Eve Alexandra Burt – For public and political service.\n* Karen Buse – Managing Director, European Relations, BMI. For services to Music.\n* Sally Anne Buttifant – For services to the Railway and the community in Cheshire.\n* Elizabeth Jane Buttigieg – Executive Officer, UK Statistics Authority. For services to Pensioners, Veterans and the community in Newport, Wales.\n* Gary Roy Byfield – Inspector, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to Families of Police Officers Killed in the Line of Duty.\n* Professor Gerard John Byrne – Director of Education and Quality, Health Education England (North). For services to UK and Global Health Education.\n* Michael Adrien (Ben) Byrom – For services to Flood Resilience and the community in Braunton, Devon.\n* Gerrard Campbell – Trustee, The Sharan Project and Founder, Big Brother Movement. For services to Crime Prevention and the Elimination of Violence Against Women and Girls.\n* Lorraine Katrina Campbell – Registered Intermediary, Ministry of Justice. For services to Young Victims and Witnesses.\n* Julie Carlton – Seafarer Safety and Health Manager, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Department for Transport. For services to Maritime Safety.\n* John Casson – For services to charity.\n* Christopher William Cavey – Open Learning Manager, British Council. For services to UK cultural relations.\n* Shibu Chacko – Specialist Nurse, NHS Blood and Transplant and Community Volunteer. For services to the NHS.\n* Sheila Chambers – Founder, Around Noon. For services to the Economy and to the community in Newry.\n* [Shireen Chambers](/wiki/Shireen_Chambers \"Shireen Chambers\") – For services to Forestry.\n* Dr. Navnit Singh Chana – Lately Chairman, National Association of Primary Care and General Practitioner, Cricket Green Medical Practice. For services to Clinical Education and Primary and Community Care\n* Dr. Gulbash Singh Chandok – Senior Partner, Guru Nanak Medical Centre. For services to General Practice.\n* Dr. Sengottiyan Chandrasekaran (Dr Chandra) – Medical Lead, General Adult Critical Care. For services to the community in Manchester.\n* John Chapman – For services to Children with Severe Learning Difficulties.\n* Jennifer Dorothy Charles – Magistrate, Supplemental List. For services to the Administration of Justice and the community in Hampshire.\n* Cara Ann Charles\\-Barks – Chief Executive, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Courtney Gary Stempel Chatburn – Head Coach, Under 17 Panamanian National Football Team. For services to youth and sport in Panama\n* [Janet Lynda Cheek](/wiki/Janet_Lynda_Cheek \"Janet Lynda Cheek\") – former Member of the Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly. For services to the Falkland Islands\n* Ceinwen Jean Church – For services to Business.\n* Rita Ciccu Moore – Deputy Director of Nursing, NHS Forth Valley. For services to Nursing and the NHS Forth Valley Nurses Choir.\n* Darren Harkins Clark – For services to Tackling HIV/AIDS.\n* Gwyneira Rose Clark – Lately Councillor. For services to Local Government, Housing and the community in Garndiffaith, Torfaen.\n* Jacqueline Ida Clarke – Executive Assistant, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Dr. Keith Clarkson – For services to Wildlife Conservation.\n* [Kyle James Coetzer](/wiki/Kyle_Coetzer \"Kyle Coetzer\") – For services to Cricket.\n* Ben Coffman – For parliamentary and political service.\n* Raymond Colbourne – Team Leader, Planning Casework Unit, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. For public service.\n* Robert James Collister – For services to Mountaineering and Conservation.\n* Anthony Joseph Convery – Founder and chairman, CDE Group. For services to the Northern Ireland Economy.\n* Andrew Smith Cooke – For services to Badminton.\n* Lesley Yvonne Wendy Coomer – Lately Chair, Together Trust. For services to Young People and the community in Cheshire.\n* Janette Cooper – Co\\-founder, volunteer, board member and lately chair, Berkshire Women's Aid. For services to Women's Refuge and those affected by Domestic Violence.\n* Professor Jane Kennedy Core JP – Lately Director of Student and Library Services, Northumbria University. For services to Higher Education.\n* Richard Wykeham Cornwallis – former Secretary to the Council of Trustees, British International School, Jakarta, Indonesia and former Honorary Legal Adviser to the British Embassy, Jakarta, Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesia relations Gabrielle Anne COSTIGAN, Chief Executive, BAE Systems Australia. For services to UK/Australia relations\n* Katharine Alison Costelloe – Assistant Head, Operations Directorate, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Dr Diane Crann (Diane Davies) – Founder, Engineering Masterclass Programme, Royal Institution. For services to Engineering Education.\n* Colin Michael Crowe – Lately Senior Officer, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.\n* Ian William Crowe DL – For services to the community and to the Northern Ireland Air Ambulance.\n* William John Dallimore – For services to Target Shooting.\n* Nicola Daniels – For services to the community in South Shropshire.\n* [Jacqueline Caryl Dankworth](/wiki/Jacqui_Dankworth \"Jacqui Dankworth\") – Recording Artist, Actress and Singer. For services to Music.\n* Anita Elizabeth Darlison – Consultant Nurse, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and Head of Services, Mesothelioma UK. For services to Cancer Research and Patients.\n* Donald Ewen Dugald Macinnes Darroch – Special Constable, Police Scotland. For services to Law and Order on the Isle of Jura, Inner Hebrides.\n* Jacqueline Davidson – Founder and Director, Jackie Davidson Management. For services to Music.\n* Gerallt Bowen Davies – National Operations Officer Wales, St John Ambulance. For services to First Aid provision in Wales.\n* Kathryn Davies – Assistant Director, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to the Investigation of Organised Crime.\n* Richard Craig Davies – HM Cutter Commander, Border Force. For services to Border Security.\n* William Gareth Davies – For services to the community in Merthyr Tydfil.\n* Mary Fleur De Rhé\\-Philipe – For services to Local Government and the community in Wiltshire.\n* Janette Dewsbury – Foster Carer, Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council. For services to Fostering.\n* Neil Dewsbury – Foster Carer, Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council. For services to Fostering.\n* Margaret Jessie Mcfarlane Dixon – For services to the Administration of Justice and for voluntary service in the UK and Abroad.\n* Sara Kim Donald – For public and political service.\n* [Gillian Donaldson](/wiki/Gillian_Donaldson \"Gillian Donaldson\") – former fencer and Olympic Gold Medallist. For services to UK sport\n* Colin Dorrance – Lately Sergeant, Police Scotland. For services to Law and Order, the Remembrance of Pan Am Flight 103 and charity.\n* Faith Douglas – For services to Charitable Fundraising.\n* Matthew Downie – Director of Policy and External Affairs, Crisis. For services to Tackling Homelessness.\n* Sonja Meryl Drew – Deputy Head of Senior Staff, Human Resources, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For public and charitable services.\n* Alexander Peter Duguid – For services to Deaf People and British Sign Language Education.\n* Martyn Dunsford – Director, Care and Relief for the Young. For services to Disadvantaged Children and Young People.\n* Julie Ann Dyer – For services to Young People with Special Educational Needs.\n* Laura Murray Dyer – Deputy Chief Executive, Arts Council England. For services to the Arts.\n* Marlene Dylys Dyke – For services to Culture in Barnsley.\n* Malcolm East – First Aid Trainer, Welsh Government. For services to First Aid and the community in Llandrindod Wells.\n* Naghmeh Ebanks\\-Beni – Commercial Director, Prima Cheese. For services to International Trade.\n* Jane Elizabeth Ebel – Manager, UK\\-Moldova Projects, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. For services to disabled children and adults in the Republic of Moldova\n* Gillian Elaine Edge\\-Evans – For services to Education.\n* Georgina Elizabeth Edwards – Founder and Director, Norfolk Community Law Service. For services to the community in Norfolk.\n* Spyros Petros Elia – Chair of Governors, Brindishe Federation, London Borough of Lewisham. For services to Education.\n* Kathryn Denise Ellaway – Lately Designated Nurse Safeguarding, National Safeguarding Team. For services to Safeguarding in Wales.\n* Simon Bryan Ellis – Head of Crisis Management, British Council. For services to security and the British Council\n* Clive Robert Emson – For services to Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Young People in Kent.\n* Raymond Vincent Ennis – For services to Music.\n* Pamela Christine Evans – Founder and Director, Peace Mala. For services to the Promotion of Peace and Interfaith Understanding.\n* Thomas Alfred Evans – For services to Farming Heritage.\n* [Clive Harold Everton](/wiki/Clive_Everton \"Clive Everton\") – Broadcaster and Journalist. For services to Snooker.\n* Paul Martin John Farrell – Assistant Director, Border Force, Home Office. For services to Border Security.\n* Dr. Mohammad Farsi – Founder, CANopen Protocol. For services to the Automotive Industry, Education and Cultural Engagement.\n* Eileen Fenton – For voluntary service to Long Distance and Competitive Swimming Coaching in Yorkshire and Great Britain.\n* David Michael Fergusson – Scientist, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For services to Defence and to Aviation Safety.\n* Suzanne Fernando – For services to Cervical Cancer, Autism and Military Veterans in Ayrshire.\n* Teresa May Filkins – Lead Worker, Thames Reach Charity. For services to Homeless People.\n* Jim Findlay – For services to the community in Hollingbourne, Kent.\n* Joseph Guy Fisher – former Second Secretary, British Embassy, Rangoon, Myanmar. For services to British foreign policy\n* Joanna Louise Fitch – Senior Policy Adviser, Cabinet Office. For public service.\n* Michael Oliver Flavin – Review Team Manager. Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Joint Protective Services Major Crime Unit. For services to Policing.\n* Jewelle Yvonne Fleming – Clerk to the Executive Council, Anguilla. For services to public service in Anguilla.\n* Peter John Floyd – For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Margaret Jean Foster – For services to Fostering in Staffordshire.\n* William Ernest Henry Foster – For services to Fostering in Staffordshire.\n* Keith Harrison Fowler – For charitable services.\n* Michael John France – For services to Mountain Rescue.\n* Victoria Lynette Garcia – Accessibility and Communities Manager, Brighton and Hove Buses. For services to Disabled Transport Users.\n* Professor Jason Otto Gardosi – Director, Perinatal Institute. For services to Maternal and Infant Health.\n* Dr. Jacqueline Ann Gerrard – Lately Director, The Royal College of Midwives. For services to Women and Midwifery.\n* Rosie Chaar Ghazal – Personal Assistant to the Defence Attaché, British Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon. For services to Lebanese veterans who served in the British Armed Forces\n* Major (Retd) William John Gillett – Support Officer, Blesma, Military Charity for Limbless Veterans. For services to Veterans.\n* Thomas Louis Gilzean BEM – For services to Charitable Fundraising in Edinburgh.\n* Dr. Isabel Ann Glen – For services to Education, Railway Heritage and the community in Airdrie.\n* George Scott Glynn – Founder, Walk with Scott Foundation. For services to Health and charity in East Lothian.\n* Joan Goodwin – Member, Housing Liaison Board, Yardley Wood. For services to Tenants and Leaseholders in Birmingham.\n* Jennifer Ann Gow – Founder, A Bear Named Buttony. For services to charity in the North East of Scotland.\n* Paul Gordon Graeme – For services to the Magistracy and the community in Sandwich, Kent.\n* Dr. John Michael Grainger – chair, Microbiology in Schools Advisory Committee. For services to Microbiology.\n* Rodney Grant (Raheem Luqmaan Mu Khepera) – Work Coach, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Young People in Haringey, North London.\n* Raymond Gray – For services to Search and Rescue in the UK and Abroad.\n* Caroline Inez Green – Lately Non Executive Director, British Business Bank. For services to the Economy and to charity.\n* Professor Abigail Gregory – Deputy Pro\\-Vice Chancellor, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Manchester Metropolitan University. For services to Exports.\n* [Dr. Jane Elizabeth Haley (Jane Wyllie)](/wiki/Jane_Haley \"Jane Haley\") – Neuroscience Scientific Co\\-ordinator, University of Edinburgh. For services to Scientific Engagement and Education.\n* Dr. Frederick John Hall – For voluntary service to Armed Forces Medical Training.\n* [Georgia Kelly Hall](/wiki/Georgia_Hall \"Georgia Hall\") – Golfer. For services to Golf.\n* [Fiona Hamilton\\-Fairley](/wiki/Fiona_Hamilton-Fairley \"Fiona Hamilton-Fairley\") – chief executive officer, Kids' Cookery School. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.\n* Dr. Richard Anthony Hancock – For services to charity and the community in Chichester, West Sussex.\n* Andrew Richard Hanson – Co\\-ordinator of Science Ambassadors, National Physical Laboratory. For services to STEM Education.\n* Judith Mary Harper – For services in Fostering in Gawcott, Buckinghamshire.\n* Gillian Ruth Harris – For services to Libraries in Education.\n* Ian James Harris – Chief of Staff, British Embassy Kabul, Afghanistan. For services to British foreign policy\n* Ian John Harris – Incident Officer, Network Rail. For services to the Railway in South Wales.\n* Marcus David Hayes – For services to Education and Law in Cheshire.\n* Clare Elizabeth Hayward DL – Board Member, Cheshire and Warrington Local Enterprise Partnership and chair, Make It Macclesfield. For services to Economic Regeneration in Macclesfield.\n* David Christopher Hayward – chief executive officer, Micropore Technologies. For services to International Trade and the North East Chemical Sector.\n* Caroline Anne Headon – Police Staff, South Wales Police. For services to Policing and Tackling Serious and Organised Crime in Wales.\n* Norman Richard Healy – For services to Wildlife Management in England.\n* Peter Michael Helps – For services to the Arts, Music and Education.\n* Joseph Edgar Henderson – Group Chief Executive and Founder, Henderson Insurance Broking Group. For services to Business and the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Michael Ridsdale Hepple – Senior Delivery Lead, Operational Excellence Digital Services \\- Automation, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers.\n* Susanne Margaret Hewitt – Consultant Emergency Physician, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Emergency Medicine.\n* Dr. Helen Macpherson Hibbs – Clinical Accountable Officer, NHS Wolverhampton Clinical Commissioning Group. For services to NHS Leadership.\n* Jaspaul Kaur Hill – Headteacher, Mayfield Primary School. For services to Education.\n* Marcia Hipwell – For services to Fostering in Plymouth.\n* Martin Andrew Hipwell – For services to Fostering in Plymouth.\n* Sonia Hitch – Co\\-founder and volunteer, Peterborough Rape Crisis Care Group. For services to Survivors of Sexual Violence.\n* Simon Christopher Hodges – Security Team Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security\n* Ruth Elizabeth Holdaway – chief executive officer, Women in Sport. For services to Gender Equality in Sport.\n* Andrew Nigel Horncastle – For services to charity and Business in the community in East Yorkshire.\n* Jane Henson Horne – Lately Councillor, Forest of Dean District Council. For voluntary and charitable services to the community in the Forest of Dean.\n* Mark Philip Horton – chief executive officer, Ballinderry Rivers Trust and All\\-Ireland Director, The Rivers Trust. For services to Conservation.\n* Patricia Margaret Hudson – For services to Fostering in Birmingham.\n* Skinder Singh Hundal – chief executive officer, The New Art Exchange. For services to Visual Arts.\n* [Kelly Hunter](/wiki/Kelly_Hunter \"Kelly Hunter\") – Artistic Director, Flute Theatre. For services to Theatre.\n* John Gordon Irwin – Consultant Chartered Surveyor. For services to Business and Economic Regeneration on Teesside.\n* Elizabeth Jane Bewick Jackson – Partner, Herbert Smith Freehills. For services to the Northern Ireland Economy and Innovation in Law.\n* Dawda Jatta – Founder and chief executive officer, Black and Minority Ethnic Environment Network. For services to Recycling and Energy Saving in Hull.\n* Tayyebah Jiva – Adoption Team Manager, Penny Appeal. For services to Children and Families.\n* Julie Marie Johns – Founder, Safe Space Consultancy. For services to People suffering Domestic Abuse and to charity.\n* Dr. Adrian Brendan Johnston – For services to Peacebuilding and the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Adam Nicholas Jollans – chair, Hampshire Scout Expeditions. For services to Scouting and Young People.\n* John William Charles Jolly – Co\\-founder and Manager, Sudden Adult Death Trust UK. For services to Raising Awareness of Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome.\n* Christopher Jones – C2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Donald Jones – Founder, Cambridge College, Lima, Peru and Founding member of British Schools Peru and the Association of British Schools in Latin America. For services to education in Peru and Latin America\n* George Christopher Jones – Operational Delivery Leader, Manchester. HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Customs.\n* [Stephen Henry Jones](/wiki/Steve_Jones_%28runner%29 \"Steve Jones (runner)\") – For services to Sport.\n* Henry Ramsay Duncan John Joynson – Adviser, President's Governance and Delivery Unit, Liberia. For services to development in Liberia\n* Dr. Andrew Robert Kemp – Group Sales and marketing director, Bidfood. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Annmarie Kennedy – For political service.\n* [Michelle (Shelley) Kerr](/wiki/Shelley_Kerr \"Shelley Kerr\") – Head Coach, Scottish Women's National Football Team. For services to Football.\n* Sophie Caroline Kershen Crosby\\-Browne – Manager, British Chamber of Commerce for Luxembourg. For services to UK/Luxembourg commercial and business relations\n* Marshall Kilgore – Principal, Drumachose Primary School. For services to Education and the community in Northern Ireland.\n* David James King – Volunteer. For services to the Environment.\n* Catherine Mary King (Catherine Bass) – Principal Expert by Experience, Independent Review of the Mental Health Act. For services to Mental Health Legislative Reform.\n* Dr. Michael Joseph Kirton – Technology Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security\n* Christine Emily Kitashima – For services to Fostering in Oxfordshire.\n* Dr. Celia Knight – Celia Knight Consulting. For services to Plant Science Education.\n* Hilary Knight – For services to the community in Plymouth, Devon.\n* Michael John Ladd – Head of Special Projects, FCO Services. For services to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office\n* John Charles Stuart Laidlaw – For services to the Arts.\n* Walter Lambe – Head, Rathmore Educational Guidance Centre. For services to Education.\n* Professor Duncan Austin Lawson – For services to Mathematics in Higher Education.\n* Professor [Alison Leary](/wiki/Alison_Leary \"Alison Leary\") – For services to Spectator Safety and Medical Care.\n* Darryl Mark Lee – For services to charity and the Jewish community in Manchester.\n* David Robin Lee – Founder, Wilds Lodge School, Empingham, Oakham. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities.\n* Gavin Tat Fai Lee JP – For services to the Chinese community in Scotland.\n* Jeremy John Leggett – Trustee and vice\\-chair, Action with Communities in Rural England. For services to Rural Communities and Young People.\n* Professor [Melanie Jane Leng](/wiki/Melanie_Leng \"Melanie Leng\") – Chief Scientist for Environmental Change, British Geological Survey, Professor, University of Nottingham. For services to Environmental Research.\n* Patricia Kathleen Lerew – For services to the community in Alton, Hampshire.\n* John Stephen Lewis – Managing Director, SOG Group. For services to Business in Liverpool.\n* Elaine Lilley – Lately Chief Executive, Lincolnshire and Rutland Education Business Partnership. For services to Improving Links between Education and Business.\n* Mahendra Kumar Limbu – Welfare Officer, Brigade of Gurkhas. For services to Gurkha Personnel and their Families.\n* Linda Barbara Lloyd Jones – Head of Exhibitions and Loans, Victoria and Albert Museum. For services to British Culture.\n* Lesley Logan – Regional Manager, NHS Blood and Transplant. For services to Healthcare and Organ Donation.\n* Linda Mary Longstaff – For services to the community in Sunderland.\n* Janice Lopatkin – UK Programme Director, World Jewish Relief. For services to Refugees.\n* Julia Anne Lorrain\\-Smith DL – For services to the Children's Hearings System in Scotland and the community in Midlothian.\n* [Jayne Louise Ludlow](/wiki/Jayne_Ludlow \"Jayne Ludlow\") – Manager, Wales Women's Football. For services to Women's Football in Wales.\n* Christine Marie Lunn – For services to Fostering in Rotherham.\n* Frances Lysyj – Lately Headteacher, St Thomas of Canterbury RC Bolton Primary. For services to Education.\n* Norman MacDonald – chairman, Highland Hospice. For services to charity and Terminally Ill People in the Highlands and Islands.\n* Janet MacGregor – Team Leader, HM Revenue and Customs. For public and charitable services.\n* [John Allan MacKechnie](/wiki/John_Mackechnie \"John Mackechnie\") – Artist and Printmaker. For services to Art.\n* Elizabeth Herries (Judy) MacKenzie – For voluntary service to Wheelchair Curling.\n* John MacKin – Director, Credit Unions of Glasgow Ltd. For services to Credit Unions in the UK.\n* Karen Margaret MacKinnon – For services to the Arts.\n* Roger John Maggs – chairman, Port Talbot Waterfront Enterprise Zone. For services to the Economy in Wales.\n* Kate Olivia Malone – For services to UK Ceramic Art.\n* Dr. Helen Sarah Margolis – Fellow, National Physical Laboratory. For services to Metrology.\n* Denise Sylvia Marshall – For services to Pregnant Women and New Mothers in Prison\n* Alice Adelaide Mascarenhas – lately Deputy and Features Editor, Gibraltar Chronicle. For services to media, culture and the arts in Gibraltar\n* [Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin_%28teacher%29 \"Mark Martin (teacher)\") – For services to Education, Technology and Diversity in UK Technology.\n* Lorna McAlpine – For services to Integrated Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Christine Mary McGowan (Christine Collings) – For services to Developing the Arts in Wolverhampton.\n* Catherine Frances McIlroy – Allied Health Professional Manager, Acute Services, Southern Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Physiotherapy.\n* Abbie Elizabeth McKenna – Workforce Development Manager, Ulster University. For services to Higher Education and to Deaf Children.\n* David McKown – For services to Hospitality and Catering Training.\n* Duncan James McLaren – Lead Technical Adviser, Valuation Office Agency. For services to the Surveying Profession.\n* Georgios Meliniotis – Physics Teacher, the Meridian School, Royston, Hertfordshire. For services to Education.\n* [Anna Howard Meredith](/wiki/Anna_Meredith \"Anna Meredith\") – Composer. For services to Music.\n* Julianne Mary Miles – For services to Business and Equality.\n* Jacqueline Naomi Milliner – Residence Manager, H.M. Ambassador's Residence, Tel Aviv, Israel. For services to UK/Israel relations\n* David Lockwood Mowbray – For community service in the UK and Abroad.\n* Dr. David Barclay Murray – For services to Healthcare and the community in Wester Ross.\n* Rashid Mustapha – For services to Radio Broadcasting.\n* Mark Debal Nandi – Regional Counter Terrorism Adviser, North Africa and the Sahel, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to national security\n* [Shereen Nanjiani](/wiki/Shereen_Nanjiani \"Shereen Nanjiani\") – For services to Broadcasting in Scotland.\n* Dr. Syed Muhammed Habib Naqvi – Policy Lead, Workforce Race Equality Standard, NHS England. For services to Equality and Diversity in the NHS.\n* Syed Muhammad Iqbal Nasim – For services to Community Development and to Tackling Poverty.\n* Andrew Howard Martin Nebel – For services to Charitable Fundraising.\n* Edwin Neesom – chairman and managing director, Hunprenco Ltd. For services to Exports and the Rural Economy in North Yorkshire.\n* Alison Neil – chief executive officer, South Georgia Heritage Trust. For services to Conservation.\n* Philippa Jane Nightingale – Chief Nurse and executive director, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Trustee, Rennie Grove Hospice Care. For services to Midwifery.\n* Michael Clive Norman – Volunteer and Founder Member, Penllergare Valley Woods. For services to Welsh Heritage.\n* Frank William Norris – Director, Co\\-operative Academies Trust. For services to Education.\n* Catherine Lorraine O'Brien – Director, Welsh Blood Service. For services to the Welsh Blood Service and the Adoption of Cell and Gene Therapies in Wales.\n* Victoria Imogen Ogden – Financial Analyst, HM Treasury. For public service.\n* Craig Daniel O’Kane – lately Head of Office and Director of Investment Australia and New Zealand, British Consulate Brisbane, Australia. For services to UK/Australia relations and international trade\n* Martin O'Neill – Director, Bobath Scotland. For services to People with Cerebral Palsy and voluntary service in Glasgow.\n* Christine Audrey Outram (Christine Potts) – chair, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust. For services to NHS Patients.\n* Priscilla Mary Padley – Founder, Nene Valley Trust. For services to Children and Families in Northamptonshire and Peterborough.\n* Joanne Elizabeth Pardavila – Customer Services Manager, Aviva Health Insurance. For services to the Economy and the community in Manchester.\n* Ruth Ilse Parker – Desk Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy and national security\n* Joanne Parry – Head, Year of Engineering Communications, Department for Transport. For services to Engineering.\n* Dr. Rajesh Patel – Deputy National Medical Director for Primary Care, NHS England. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Hugh Geoffrey Pearman](/wiki/Hugh_Pearman_%28architecture_critic%29 \"Hugh Pearman (architecture critic)\") – For services to Architecture.\n* Angus Maitland Pelham Burn – For services to the community in Aberdeenshire.\n* Peter James William Pepys\\-Goodchild – For public and political service.\n* Charlie Kyriacos Michael Pericleous – For services to the Prevention of Extremism and Hate Crime in Portsmouth.\n* Michael James Perls – For services to the community in Manchester.\n* William Thomas (Liam) Perry – Principal, St Columbanus College, Bangor. For services to Education.\n* [John Anthony Peter](/wiki/John_Peter_%28critic%29 \"John Peter (critic)\") – Founding Judge, [Ian Charleson Awards](/wiki/Ian_Charleson_Awards \"Ian Charleson Awards\"). For services to Theatre.\n* Susan Peters – Customer Adviser, Aviva. For services to the Economy and Customer Service.\n* Dr. Emma Margaret Philpott – chief executive officer, IASME Consortium Ltd. For services to Cyber Security.\n* Christine Margaret Pickersgill – Teacher, Colyton Grammar School. For services to Education.\n* Mark (David) Pickles – Director of EU Regulatory Affairs, National Grid. For services to the Electricity Market.\n* Suzanne Louise Poley – Consultant Nurse for Substance Misuse, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff. For services to Nursing.\n* David Alexander Poole – Member, Lower Wensleydale Business Network. For services to Business, Skills and the community in Wensleydale.\n* Brenda Mary Potter – For services to Children and Families in London.\n* Gordon John Potter – For services to Children and Families in London.\n* [Katherine Jane Prince](/wiki/Kate_Prince \"Kate Prince\") – For services to Dance.\n* Mary Louise Prince – Teacher, Reading Centre, Kingston upon Thames. For services to Young People with Dyslexia in Kingston upon Thames.\n* Howard John Ramm – For services to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.\n* [Christopher Ramsey](/wiki/Chris_Ramsey_%28footballer%29 \"Chris Ramsey (footballer)\") – For services to Football and Diversity in Sport.\n* Peter Howard Ransom – For voluntary service to Mathematics Education.\n* Jacquelyn Anne Rason – For services to Road Safety.\n* Emma Gabrielle Ratzer (Emmeline Gallant) – Chief Executive, Access Community Trust. For services to the community in Suffolk.\n* Helen Marie Rawdon – For services to Fostering in the East Riding of Yorkshire.\n* Abigail Caroline Ann Reader – For services to Farming.\n* Peter Martin Reddin – For services to Gymnastics.\n* Dr. Peter Dennis Reed JP – Magistrate and Mediator. For services to the Administration of Justice and the community in Bristol.\n* Daniel Frederick Reid – For services to Charitable Organisations in Northamptonshire.\n* Adam Birrell Reid – chief executive officer, Street Child United, Brazil. For services to sport, underprivileged children and the British community in Brazil\n* John Reid – Area Manager for Legacy Benefits, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Vulnerable Customers in Scotland and the community in Inverclyde.\n* William Andrew Reid – Volunteer Ambassador, ABF The Soldiers' Charity. For voluntary service to Veterans and to People with Disabilities in St Helens, Merseyside.\n* Dr. Timothy John Reynish – Conductor. For services to Music.\n* Jane Anne Reynolds – chair, Tees Valley Business Club and Business Development Manager, NorthStar Ventures. For services to SMEs and the Tees Valley Economy.\n* Kenneth David Reynolds – Lately Student Support Worker, The Blandford School. For services to At\\-Risk Young People in the community in Blandford Forum, Dorset.\n* [Andrew Roachford](/wiki/Andrew_Roachford \"Andrew Roachford\") – For services to Music.\n* Clarence Bennie Robinson BEM – For services to the community in Burton\\-upon\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* Patricia Roden – Senior Officer in Charge, Reasonable Adjustments Support Team. For services to Disability Support.\n* Sidney James Roffey – For services to World War Two Evacuees and their Families.\n* David Graham Rogers – chief executive officer, Copper Horse Ltd. For services to Cyber Security.\n* Rachael Ross – Founder, Portsmouth Down Syndrome Association. For services to Education and Down Syndrome.\n* Simon Paul Rowe – For services to the community in Salisbury.\n* Mark Gordon Runacus – For services to Advertising.\n* Katherine Jane Ryan – Headteacher, Matthew Arnold School. For services to Education.\n* Sarabjit Kaur Sahota – For services to Education.\n* Khalid Saifullah – For services to the community in North West England.\n* Imran Sanaullah – chief executive officer, Patchwork Foundation. For services to Young People.\n* Nicholas Mark Sanders – For services to Endurance Cycling and Motorcycling.\n* Anne Patricia Sarrag – For services to Improving Access to Reading in the UK.\n* Susan Savage – For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.\n* Cary Rajinder Sawhney – For services to Film.\n* Margaret Lesley Scott – Lately Headteacher, Forest Lodge Primary School. For services to Education.\n* Sandra May Scotting – For services to the community in East London and Kent.\n* Ian Christopher Norman Seaton – Lately Chairman, Board of Governors, City of London School. For services to Education and Training in London.\n* Colin John Seccombe – Board Member, UK Community Foundations. For services to Business and the community in North East England.\n* Madonna Sarah Shaughnessy – Higher Officer, National Frontier Approvals Unit, Border Force, Home Office. For public service.\n* Dr. Abdullahi Shehu – For services to Community Cohesion in Coventry.\n* Robert James Shephard – For services to the Environment and community in Patterdale.\n* Jane Shepherd – Managing Director, Shepherd PR. For services to International Trade and the community in Staffordshire.\n* Kathryn Louise Shippey – For voluntary service to Inclusion in Football Spectating.\n* Peter David Shippey – For voluntary service to Inclusion in Football Spectating.\n* William Henry Sholdis – For services to the Scout Movement and to Young People in North and West Belfast.\n* Dr. Marie Short – Trustee, Scottish Huntington's Association and Coach, Grangemouth Synchronised Swimming Club. For services to charity.\n* Ian Thomas Simpson – Immigration Officer, Home Office. For public service.\n* Aghia Pal Singh – Infrastructure Engineer, West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service. For services to charity and the community in the West Midlands.\n* Christine Eleanor Sloan – Founder, Crathie Opportunity Holidays. For services to People with Disabilities and to Tourism.\n* Matthew Clifford Smith – Business Manager, Sheringham Woodfields School and Founder and Trustee, North Walsham Play. For services to Children with Special Education Needs and Disabilities.\n* Mark Andrew Smith – International Liaison Officer, British Embassy, Quito, Ecuador. For services to international security\n* Alfred Arnold Smithers – British Honorary Consul, Halifax, Canada. For services to British nationals overseas\n* David Murray Alexander Smythe – chairman, Association of Scotland's Self\\-Caterers. For services to the Tourism Industry.\n* [Daniel Snow](/wiki/Dan_Snow \"Dan Snow\") – Journalist, Historian and Presenter. For services to History.\n* Narendra Kantilal Solanki – chair, Multi Academy Trust, St Simon and St Judes Primary School, Bolton. For services to Education.\n* Shirley Joan Sorbie – For services to Children with Disabilities in Dorset.\n* Jacalyn Tarry Southcombe – Performance Improvement and Project Lead, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxation, Mental Health Support and charity.\n* Christie Darren Spurling – Founder, N\\-Gage. For services to Young People in Greater Manchester.\n* Alexandra Jane Stanyer – Founder and Principal, The Puzzle Centre. For services to Young People with Autism.\n* Jennifer Mary Stephens – Chief Officer for Adult Care and Health, Devon County Council. For services to Social Care.\n* Jacqueline Elizabeth Stewart – Lately Principal, Downshire High School. For services to Education.\n* Gavin Eric Stones – Technical Manager, National Measurement Office Certification Body, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For services to Product Safety.\n* Samuel Francis John Stopford – For services to Ballroom and Latin American Dance.\n* Catherine Margaret Strachan – Learning and Development Manager, MBDA UK Ltd. For services to Career Development and to Young People.\n* Nicholas Graham Sturge – Director, Engine Shed. For services to the Digital Economy.\n* Emdad Hossain Talukder – Community Resource Officer, Tower Hamlets Social Services Family Placement Services and Foster Carer. For services to Fostering.\n* Gillian Claire Taylor – Macmillan Nurse Consultant, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust. For services to Colorectal Cancer Nursing.\n* Katherine Rachel Taylor – Owner and Director, Drewtons Ltd. For services to the Economy and community in Yorkshire.\n* Kevin Michael Taylor – lately President, British Telecom Asia, Middle East and Africa and lately chairman, British Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong. For services to UK/Hong Kong commercial relations\n* Katie Taylor – D, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* William Douglas Tennant (William Bregulla) – For voluntary service in the UK and Ghana.\n* Bernadette Thomas – Intercountry Adoption Team Leader, Department for Education. For services to Young People.\n* Edwin Francis Thomas JP – chairman, British Ex\\-Services Wheelchair Sports Association. For services to Disability Sport and the community in Cornwall.\n* Fay Margaret Doreen Thomas – Fundraiser, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. For services to Children.\n* Dawn Thomas – Team Leader, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to diversity\n* Nicholas Jeffrey Thomas – Founder and chairman, Qdos Entertainment Limited. For services to the Entertainment Industry and to charity.\n* Ann Marion Thomson – chair, Extend Exercise Training Ltd. For services to Physiotherapy Education and Disabled People through Swimming Exercise.\n* Charles Ian Howie Thomson – Vice Chairman, Scottish Target Shooting. For services to Target Shooting.\n* Sylvia Margaret Tiffney – For services to Children in North East Lincolnshire.\n* Brian James Tobin – chief executive officer, Iceni Ipswich. For services to Drug Rehabilitation in Suffolk.\n* Robin Townsend – For services to the community in South Wiltshire.\n* Yuk Kiu Tse – chair, Anglo Chinese Cultural Exchange, Ipswich. For voluntary service to the community in Suffolk.\n* Andrew John Turner – For services to the community in Chorley, Lancashire.\n* John Philip Turner – For services to Healthcare and the community in Portsmouth.\n* Lynn Denise Tyler – Executive Assistant to Director, Air Support, Defence Equipment and Support, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Jonathan David Vaughan – Executive Director, Lilongwe Wildlife Trust, Malawi. For services to combating the illegal wildlife trade in Malawi.\n* Dexter Edgar Vickery – Head of Network and Resources, Europe Directorate, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy\n* Michael David Viggers – Lately Chair, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Ghulam Mohammed Vohra – Vice Chairman, Coventry Muslim Forum. For services to Community Cohesion.\n* Saira Wajid – Head of Engagement, Museum of London. For services to Culture and Diversity.\n* Susan Elizabeth Wakefield – Scheme Coordinator, Independent Visitor Scheme, Doncaster Children's Trust. For services to Children in Care in Doncaster.\n* Melanie Jane Walker – Chief Executive, Devon Partnership NHS Trust and chair, Space. For services to Mental Health and Learning Disabilities in the NHS.\n* Ruth Jane Walker – Executive Nurse Director, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. For services to Nursing in the NHS.\n* Ruth Wallace – For services to Young People and the Belfast Trust Fostering Service.\n* Colin James Walsh – chief executive officer, Crescent Capital, Northern Ireland. For services to Economic Development in Northern Ireland.\n* Frances Rosemary Watson – For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Gloucestershire.\n* Mark Watson – For services to Community Policing.\n* Janice Way – Lately Intercountry Adoption Programme and Training Development Manager, The Centre for Adoption. For services to Vulnerable Children and Families.\n* Ian Christopher Weatherill – Managing Director, Hope Technology Ltd. For services to Business, Innovation and the community in Lancashire.\n* Liane Weller – C1, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Susan Westwood – Regional Lead, Adoption Counts Regional Adoption Agency, Stockport. For services to Vulnerable Children and Families.\n* Timothy Charles Wheeler – For services to charity and Education.\n* John Andrew Whelan – For services to Business and Equality.\n* Jean Sheila Whimster – Secretary, The Glasgow Society of Women Artists. For services to the Promotion of Women in Art.\n* Jacqueline White – For services to charity and Vulnerable People in Cornwall.\n* Keith Terence White – Senior Manager, UK Financial Intelligence Unit, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement.\n* Dr. Peter Norman Whitehead – For services to Equestrian Sport Science and Medicine.\n* Terence Keith Wilcox – For voluntary service to the Special Olympics.\n* Peter Neil Wilson – Test Pilot, BAE Systems. For services to UK defence\n* Councillor David Tyrie Williams JP – For political service in Local Government.\n* Elizabeth Alana Williams – Director, Digital Society, BT. For services to Digital Literacy and Social Inclusion.\n* Susan Williams – For services to the community in Lymm, Cheshire.\n* Derek John Wilson – For public and political service.\n* Dr. Jean Lesley Wilson – President, Church Monuments Society. For services to Heritage.\n* Jennifer May Wilson – For services to Scottish Country Dancing and charity.\n* Clive Leslie Wood – Managing Director, Tees Components Ltd. For services to Engineering, Skills and the community on Teesside.\n* Jacqueline Claire Woodcock – Founder and Patron, Dying to Work Campaign. For services to Employment Protection for Terminally Ill Workers.\n* Matthew Woodcock – For services to Forestry and the Development of Woodfuel.\n* Margaret Mary Woodhouse – For services to Education across Greater Manchester.\n* Janis Ann Wright – Specialist Nurse, Orthopaedics, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Nursing.\n* Grantley William Yearwood – For services to the community in West London.\n* Wendy Yianni – For services to Education and the community in the London Borough of Brent.\n* Jurgita Zilinskiene – Founder and chief executive officer, Guildhawk (lately Today Translations). For services to International Trade.",
"Military\n* Warrant Officer John Alpert, Royal Air Force\n* Major Simon Peter Ash, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, General List, Army Reserve\n* Acting Staff Sergeant Lorraine Bennett, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, Adjutant General's Corps (Military Provost Staff Branch), Army Reserve\n* Corporal Alexander Edward Binks, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Daniel Charles Bird, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Captain Gregory Philip Blezard, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Matthew Stewart Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps\n* Major Tracey Elizabeth Brooks, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police)\n* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Neil Byfield, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Squadron Leader Beverley Cartwright, Royal Air Force\n* Captain Gary Case, The Rifles, Army Reserve\n* Commander Adam Gregory Clarke, Royal Navy\n* Major Robert John Colquhoun, The Royal Regiment of Scotland\n* Flight Lieutenant Neil Cottle, Royal Air Force\n* Lieutenant Colonel Paul David Denton, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Christian Dixon, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Major John Hutchison Dunn, Scots Guards\n* Lieutenant Colonel Gregory Colin Ehlen, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch)\n* Chief Petty Officer Air Engineering Technician (Avionics) Thomas Michael Eland, Royal Navy\n* Major Rosamund Veronica Elliott, Corps of Royal Engineers\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 David Robert Evans, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Army Reserve\n* Major Roy Falshaw, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, The Royal Yeomanry, Army Reserve.\n* Major Jonathan David Leonard Ferman, Royal Tank Regiment\n* Sergeant Andrew James Floyd, Royal Air Force\n* Air Engineering Technician (Mechanical) Matthew Kenneth Gallimore, Royal Navy\n* Major Storm William Green, Coldstream Guards\n* Major David Charles Groce, The Royal Logistic Corps\n* Major Nicholas Alexander Heppenstall, The Royal Logistic Corps\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Martin James Howlin, Grenadier Guards\n* Squadron Leader Robert Lockhart McCartney, Royal Air Force\n* Captain Paul John McComb, The Parachute Regiment\n* Captain Ian McDougall, Royal Marines\n* Major Mark McGroarty, The Royal Irish Regiment\n* Squadron Leader Andrew Paul Millikin, Royal Air Force\n* Major Nigel Ian Mudd, Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* Major Gordon William Muir, The Royal Regiment of Scotland\n* Captain Geoffrey John Nicholls, The Mercian Regiment\n* Squadron Leader Roisin Mary O’Brien, Royal Air Force\n* Major Shaun Thomas Phillips, The Parachute Regiment\n* Warrant Officer 1 (Physical Trainer) Natasha Pulley, Royal Navy\n* Corporal Netrabahadur Rana, The Royal Gurkha Rifles\n* Lieutenant Commander James Reynolds, Royal Navy\n* Commander Kevin Francis Robertson, Royal Navy\n* Major Fiona Jill Rogers, Adjutant General's Corps (Educational and Training Services Branch), Army Reserve,\n* Major Taitusi Kagi Saukuru, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|QGM}}, The Royal Logistic Corps\n* Wing Commander Tara Elizabeth Scott, Royal Air Force\n* Lieutenant Commander Martin Shakespeare, Royal Naval Reserve\n* Flight Sergeant Adrian Terry Shepherd, Royal Air Force\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Philip John Smith, Royal Corps of Signals\n* Flight Lieutenant Michael Anthony Stokes, Royal Air Force\n* Captain Darren Lee Taylor, Royal Army Physical Training Corps\n* Acting Flight Sergeant Ann Thomas, Royal Air Force\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Marc Thomson, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police)\n* Chief Petty Officer Engineering Technician (Communication Information Systems) Helena Gail Ward, Royal Navy\n* Warrant Officer 2 Andrew Philip Watson, Royal Marines\n* Acting Major John Dennis Wharton, Adjutant General's Corps (Military Provost Staff Branch)\n* Warrant Officer John Vaughan Williams, Royal Air Force\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Donna Longhurst, Adjutants General's Corp (Royal Military Police)",
"### British Empire Medal (BEM)",
"Civil\n* Dr. Naeem Ahmed, Consultant Radiologist, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and Founder, Selfless. For services to volunteering and Healthcare.\n* Naseem Akhtar. For services to Health, Fitness and Sports for Women in Birmingham.\n* Robert Michael Anderson. For voluntary service to Sport in Peterlee, County Durham.\n* Helena Anderson\\-Wright, Convenor, Robert Burns World Federation Schools Committee (North East Section). For services to the Arts in Aberdeenshire.\n* David John Arlott, Watch Manager, Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Fire and Rescue in Oxfordshire.\n* Patricia Ascroft. For services to Fundraising and the community in Garstang, Lancashire.\n* Dr. Andrew Ashbee. For services to the community in Snodland, Kent.\n* Richard William Austin. For services to the community in Boston, Lincolnshire.\n* Rev Carol Rosemary Avery. For services to the community in Kent.\n* Graham Ayres, Firefighter, Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the Fire Service and the community in Brackley, Northamptonshire.\n* Charles Bain, Fundraiser, Alzheimer's Research. For services to charity in Aberdeen.\n* Gillian Bainbridge, Secretary, Bells Lane and Aspley Tenants and Residents Association. For services to Tenants.\n* Martin Stewart Bartlett. For services to the community in Stratford\\-upon\\-Avon, Warwickshire.\n* Roger Beard. For services to the community in Newent, Gloucestershire.\n* Kevin Allan Beaumont. For services to Minor County Cricket.\n* Mervyn Best. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Andrew Bignell. For services to Public Libraries.\n* Trudie Jane Bird. For services to Charitable Fundraising and the community in Milton Keynes.\n* Winifred Yvonne Craig Birnie, Treasurer, Rothiemurchus and Aviemore Tennis Club. For services to Sport in Badenoch and Strathspey.\n* Alison Elizabeth Blayney. For services to the community in Kilcooley, Northern Ireland.\n* June Patricia Boyne (June Ranger). For services to Dance in Swanage.\n* Anne Elizabeth Bradshaw, Lately Head of Operations and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. For services to Laboratory Medicine.\n* Kimberley Ann Briggs, Resource and Finance Director, East Belfast Community Development Agency. For services to the community in East Belfast.\n* Thomas George Dennis Brock. For services to the community in Sunbury on Thames.\n* Ann Isabel Brogan, Co\\-Lead for Emergency Responders, Glasgow and Renfrewshire and chair, Volunteer Fundraisers, Renfrewshire. For voluntary service in Renfrewshire.\n* Maureen Bruce. For services to Young People and the community in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire.\n* Michael David Brunton. For services to the community in Allington and Boscombe, Wiltshire.\n* Wilfred Burt. For services to Scouting, Young People and the community in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent.\n* Deborah Ann Burton, President, Forest Fire Alert Association, the Algarve, Portugal. For services to the community in the Algarve, Portugal\n* Martin Burton. For services to Public Libraries.\n* Reverend John Walter Butcher, Force Chaplain, West Midlands Police. For services to West Midlands Police and the community in Birmingham.\n* Jean Butterfield. Town Councillor, Harrogate Town Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Pauline Elizabeth Byles, Associate Head, Dr. Triplett's C of E Primary School. For services to Education and the community in London.\n* Andrew John Callard. For voluntary service to Weightlifting.\n* Raymond Stephen Carroll, Car Pool Manager, Northern Ireland Office. For public service.\n* Ian Lee Carter. For services to the Church and charity in Essex.\n* Sandra Cartner. For services to Charitable Fundraising.\n* Julie Frances Cashell. Manager, Oaklands Care Home. For services to Older People in Powys.\n* William Robert Caskey, Watch Commander, Magherafelt Fire Station. For services to the community in Magherafelt.\n* David John Cawthorn. For services to Hockey.\n* Asal Chaharsough\\-Shirazi, Founder, Jeunvie Skincare and the Autoimmune Support Awareness London. For services to Autoimmune Disease Awareness and Education.\n* Lynn Mary Chantrey, Police Staff Volunteer, Lincolnshire Police. For voluntary service to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Mary Francisca Sarah Chapman. For services to Adult Education in Rochester and Medway, Kent.\n* Winifred Taggart Chinery, Nurse, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing and Patient Safety.\n* [Christopher John Chittell](/wiki/Chris_Chittell \"Chris Chittell\"), Actor. For services to Drama and charity.\n* Barry Frederick Clark. For services to Libraries.\n* Patricia Diane Clarke, Diabetes Specialist Nurse, Primary Integrated Community Services Ltd. For services to Diabetes Care.\n* David Allan Clegg, Founder, Trebus Projects. For services to People with Dementia.\n* Kathleen Cleveland\\-Dunn. For services to Charitable Fundraising in North London.\n* Lorna Clyne. For voluntary service to Hockey in Scotland.\n* Valerie Anne Collard. For services to Children and charity.\n* Anthony Frederick Charles Collier. For services to Charity, Fundraising and the community in Cheshire.\n* Richard David Collins. For services to the community in Cookstown, County Tyrone.\n* Mary Kidd Conacher. For services to Kayaking and Canoeing in Scotland.\n* Isabel Charlene Almeida Condeco. For services to Slamannan Parish Church and the community in Stirlingshire.\n* David Cook, Lately Driver, Government Car Service. For public service.\n* Frederick Robert Cookes. For services to the community in Barston Village, Solihull.\n* Maria Coulter, Personal and Business Coach, The Construction Coach. For services to Diversity and Inclusion in the Construction Industry.\n* Bernard Coyne. For voluntary service to Rugby Union in Middlesbrough.\n* David Masson Craig. For services to Outdoor Education and Canoeing on Speyside.\n* Valerie Violet Crichton. For services to Road Racing in Northern Ireland.\n* Elizabeth Mary Crockett. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex.\n* Janet Mary Croxson. For services to the community in Brockdish, Norfolk.\n* Anne Cunningham, Volunteer, Thames Valley Police. For services to Policing and the community in Faringdon, Oxfordshire.\n* Stewart Cusden, lately chair, British Benevolent Fund, Madrid, Spain. For services to the British community in Spain.\n* Munsif Dad. For political service.\n* Andrew Dalton. For services to the community in Morley, West Yorkshire.\n* Stanley Francis Davies. For services to the community in Braintree, Essex.\n* Beverly Jean Denbury, chairperson and Founder, The Journey of Hope, Botswana. For services to breast cancer awareness in Botswana.\n* Joanna Louise Dervisoglu. For services to Women following Mastectomy Surgery.\n* Dr. Sivaramkrishnan Devaraj, Volunteer. For services to Health Charity Fundraising and General Practice.\n* Elizabeth Dimmock. For services to Gender Equality.\n* Robert Patrick Doherty. For services to Young People through Golf in Portrush, Northern Ireland.\n* Brigid Dougherty, Staff Officer, Probation Board for Northern Ireland. For services to Criminal Justice.\n* James Downing, Founder, London Youth Rowing. For services to Rowing and Young People in London.\n* Richard Dunk. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.\n* Janet Dunn. For services to the community in Sefton.\n* Jean Dunn, Nurse, County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.\n* Susan Durrant, C2, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence.\n* Jennifer Durward, Volunteer, Accord Hospice, Paisley. For services to Palliative Care in Renfrewshire.\n* Shirley Muriel Ellis. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Pwllheli, Gwynedd.\n* Fiona Ruth Ellwood, Lately Senior Lecturer and External Examiner, University of Chester and Patron, The Society of British Dental Nurses. For services to Dentistry.\n* Jonathan Eno. For services to Jazz Music Education.\n* Justine Charlotte Everett, Ground Operations Manager, EasyJet. For services to Border Security.\n* Judith Farquharson. For services to the community in Killingworth.\n* Rosemary Ann Fell. For voluntary service to the British Malaysian Society.\n* Siobhan Fennell, Founder, Accessible Belper. For services to Transport Accessibility, Inclusion and Disability Awareness.\n* Kathryn Jane Fielding. For services to Goalball and Blind and Partially Sighted People.\n* Deborah Jane Fletcher. For services to the community in Folkestone, Kent.\n* Julie Elizabeth Fountain, Dental Care Professional and Manager, Teeth Team Limited. For services to Dentistry.\n* Anthony William Freeman. For services to charity and the community in Taunton, Somerset.\n* Dr. Peter Michael Frost. For services to community in Peckham, London.\n* Horace Alfred Gafan, Lately Dock Master, Gibdock Limited, Gibraltar. For services to the ship repair industry in Gibraltar\n* Nigel James Gayner JP. For services to the community in Southend on Sea, Essex.\n* John Stanley Gibbons, Choral and music director. For services to Music.\n* Leonard Gibson. For services to World War Two Remembrance and the community in Sunderland.\n* Carol Anne Gilson. For services to the community in Honiton, Devon.\n* Michael John Gittus JP. For services to the community in Alcester, Warwickshire.\n* John Glover. For services to Athletics.\n* James McCrorie Gourlay, Founder, Vaspar Football Club. For services to Youth and Professional Football.\n* Heather Jane Gracey. For services to the community in Lisburn.\n* Kate Mary\\-Rose Grant. For services to the community in Cookstown, County Tyrone.\n* Robert George Bruce Grant. For services to charity.\n* Jennifer Valmai Margaret Greenwood. For services to the community in Lydgate, Greater Manchester.\n* Thomas William Howard Greenwood. For services to Music and the community in Richmond upon Thames.\n* Barry Gribben, Building Supervisor, Edenderry Primary School. For services to Education and Sport in Armagh.\n* John David Griffin. For services to Running in Wales.\n* Alan Thomas Griffiths. For services to the community in Foleshill, Coventry.\n* Frederick Wayne Gruba. For services to Victims of Terrorism.\n* Marilyn Haddon. For services to Charitable Fundraising.\n* Clare Janette Haggart, co\\-director, Phoenix Theatre. For services to Theatre and the Arts in the North East of Scotland.\n* Michael William Haines. For services to People with Disabilities in Cambridgeshire.\n* Enid Hales. For services to the community in Newton\\-le\\-Willows, Merseyside.\n* Margaret Frances Hall. For services to the community in Dunfermline and the Kuvela Othandwen charity.\n* Caroline June Hampson. For services to the Arts and the community in Bedwas, Caerphilly.\n* Jeffrey Gerard Hancock, Police Staff, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to charity.\n* Simon Christopher Harding. For voluntary service to the community in Bury St Edmunds.\n* Leonard Hardy. For services to Armed Forces Veterans in Warwickshire.\n* Georgina Lynde Harvey, President, Original Charity Shop and Library, Javea, Spain. For services to charity\n* Doris Agatha Harper\\-Wills. For services to Arts Education and Culture.\n* Graham Leslie Harris. For services to the community in the Mendips, Somerset.\n* His Honour [John David Woodburn Hayman](/wiki/John_Hayman \"John Hayman\"). For services to the community in Binsted and Alton, Hampshire.\n* Susan Margaret Henderson, Student Services Manager, University of Winchester. For services to Higher Education.\n* Valerie Jane Hepworth. For services to the Yorkshire Gardens Trust and Conservation.\n* June Mary Herron. For services to Highland Dancing and the community in Elgin and Moray.\n* John Peter Hess. For services to the community in Chorlton, Cheshire.\n* Stephen Hicks, Lately Police Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to Young People in Enfield, London.\n* John Noel Hillier. For voluntary service to Athletics.\n* David Alfred Hitcham. For services to the community in Aylsham.\n* Andrew Edmund Forster Hitchen. For services to music in Harrogate, North Yorkshire.\n* Bruce Anthony Hoad, Director and Strategic Advisor, Operation Florian, Republic of Moldova. For services to emergency service personnel and vulnerable communities in the Republic of Moldova.\n* David Hogben. For services to the community in Herne Bay, Kent.\n* Elizabeth Anne Hoggan. For services to the community in Cupar and to Dr. Graham's Homes in Kalimpong, India.\n* Helen Holland. For voluntary service to the community in North Belfast.\n* Susan Elizabeth Hollingworth. For services to Music and the community in Scunthorpe.\n* Robert William Irwin Holmes, Staff Officer, Benefit Security Division, Department for Communities, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to Fundraising.\n* Isabel Graham Hood, Environmental Campaigner. For services to Environmental Conservation.\n* Stephen Hoskins. For services to Young People in the Scouting Movement in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Howarth. For voluntary service to the community in Somerset and Wiltshire.\n* Major Brian Michael Hudson. For voluntary service to the community in Sussex.\n* Christine Anne Hughes, Physiotherapist. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Wrexham, North Wales.\n* Courtney Hughes. For services to Older and Vulnerable People in Oxfordshire.\n* Gareth James Hughes. For services to Fundraising and Autism Awareness.\n* Gerald Humes. For voluntary and charitable services.\n* Judith Margaret Hutton. For services to the community in Ilkley, West Yorkshire.\n* Ronald Aloysius Hyde\\-Williams, Lately Data and MI Officer, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. For public service and Diversity and Inclusion.\n* Susan Joy James. For services to Save the Children.\n* Richard Jay. For services to Young People and Music in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Pauline Jeffree. For services to the community in Beckenham.\n* Ian Kevin Jenkins, Caseworker, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. For public and community service in Swansea.\n* Wendy Johnson. Head of Adult Safeguarding and Mental Health, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.\n* Annie Johnston. For services to Irish Craftwork.\n* Catherine Carson Johnston. For services to the community in Ladykirk, Berwickshire.\n* Walter Kammerling. For services to Holocaust Education and Awareness.\n* Vallabh Kaviraj. For services to Asian Media and the South Asian community in the UK.\n* Brian Edward Keen. For services to the community in Riccall, North Yorkshire.\n* Gabriele Keenaghan. For services to Holocaust Education and Awareness.\n* Dr. Anne (Rex) Kelly. For services to Victims of Modern Slavery.\n* Peter Ernest Kidd. For services to the community in Little Bealings, Suffolk.\n* Nicholas Hector Kier DL. For services to the community in Bedfordshire.\n* Hannah Kirk. For services to Holocaust Education.\n* Robert Samuel Kirk. For services to Holocaust Education.\n* Alison Jane Kitson, District Nurse, Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.\n* Terence Arthur Knights. Civilian Instructor, Exmouth Squadron, RAF Air Cadets. For voluntary service to Young People and the community in Exmouth.\n* Subramaniam Chettiar Kugasenan Chettiar (Raj Chettiar). For services to the Tamil community in West London.\n* Santosh Diwarkanath Kundi. For services to Education and charity in the UK and Abroad.\n* Mary Winifred Lambert, School Governor, Broad Heath Primary School. For services to Education.\n* Norman George Larke, chairman, Chatteris Branch, The Royal British Legion. For voluntary service to the ex\\-Service community in Cambridgeshire.\n* Shamsa Jabeen Latif. For services to Disadvantaged People in South Yorkshire.\n* James Thomas Laverty. For services to Swimming and Disability Sport.\n* Rhiannon Katherine Lawrence, Chair of Governors, Curzon C of E Combined School, Buckinghamshire. For services to Education.\n* Mark Edward Le Sage. For voluntary service to the community and to the Rehabilitation of Offenders.\n* Kathleen Emily Lee, Nurse, Medident, Muscat, Oman. For services to the health and welfare of British nationals overseas\n* Marion Levett, Project Manager, Women4Women. For services to Women in Abusive Situations and the community in Clackmannanshire.\n* Ruzena Levy, For services to Holocaust Education.\n* Eileen Joyce Lindsay. Dance Teacher, The Lindsay School of Dance. For services to Dance and the community in North East Scotland.\n* Martin Stephen Lown, Group Commander, Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service. For services to The Fire Fighters Charity.\n* Karen Jane Macaulay. For voluntary service to Lancashire Constabulary.\n* Christina Fraser MacDonald, Member, Carnoustie Branch, Royal British Legion Scotland. For voluntary service to Veterans and the community in Carnoustie.\n* Katherine Ruth Macpherson. For voluntary service to Women's Running in County Durham.\n* Irene Nora Elizabeth Macwilliam. For services to Textile Art in Northern Ireland.\n* Colin Philip Magill. For services to Local Government and the community in County Down.\n* Ruth Elizabeth Maltman TD DL. For services to the community in Glasgow.\n* Dr. Maryanne Zonia Ajanthini Mariyaselvam, National Innovation Accelerator Fellow, Clinical Research Fellow, Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Trust and University of Cambridge. For services to Healthcare.\n* John Campbell Martin. For services to the Farming community in Northern Ireland.\n* Kathleen Margaret Martin. For services to the community in Chalfont St Giles.\n* Jill May, Member and Fundraiser, Cancer Research UK. For services to Cancer Research UK.\n* Jane Elizabeth Mayo, chairman, Campbeltown Community Business Ltd, Cambeltown Picture House. For services to Cultural Heritage, Business and charity in Argyll and Bute.\n* Hazel Davina McAllan, chair, Balnagask Community Centre. For services to the community in Aberdeen.\n* Thomas McArdle, Street Cleansing Operative. For services to the community in Liverpool.\n* Peter Michael McCartney. For services to the community in Merseyside.\n* Andrew McClarty. For services to charity.\n* Denise McCunnell – For services to Victims of Sexual Abuse.\n* Susan McDonald. Director, Active Communities (Scotland) Limited. For services to Community Sport, Health and Wellbeing in Renfrewshire.\n* Robert Alastair McFarland, Head of Technology, Limavady High School. For services to Education and the community in Londonderry.\n* Breda McGrenaghan. For services to Cancer Patients in County Fermanagh.\n* Philip McGrenaghan. For services to Cancer Patients in County Fermanagh.\n* Brendan McInerney. For services to Volunteering, the Public Sector and the community in Gloucestershire.\n* Christina Elizabeth McIntosh. For services to the Environment and the community in Alness, Ross\\-shire.\n* George Clarke McLaughlin. For services to the Northern Ireland Fire Brigade and voluntary service to the community in Limavady.\n* Sally Theresa Anne McMahon. For services to Libraries.\n* Francis Joseph McNally, Deputy Principal, Department for Infrastructure, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to Government in Northern Ireland and Prostate Cancer Awareness.\n* Alexandra McNaul. Nursery Assistant, Kylemore Nursery School. For services to Education and to the community in Portrush, Northern Ireland.\n* Robert McQuillan. For services to Music in Ballymena.\n* Roger Stanford Mead. For charitable services in Cornwall.\n* Norman Mellor. For services to charity in Huddersfield.\n* James Alfred Edward Mercer. For services to Young People and Football in County Armagh.\n* Elizabeth Milne, co\\-director, Phoenix Theatre. For services to Theatre and the Arts in the North East of Scotland.\n* John Charles Minor. For services to Community Support and Cohesion.\n* Karen Mitchell, Lead Cancer Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Cancer Patients and Nursing.\n* William Henderson Moore. For services to People with Special Educational Needs in Ellesmere Port.\n* Diana Ruth Moran ([Diana Moran](/wiki/Diana_Moran \"Diana Moran\")). For charitable services.\n* Phillips Montague Mosscrop. For services to the community in Macclesfield.\n* David Macaulay Murray, Emergency Response and First Aid volunteer, British Red Cross. For voluntary service to the Red Cross.\n* Sarah Neil. For services to the Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome Support Group.\n* Michael Kenneth Nicholls. For services to the community in Selsey, West Sussex.\n* Hayley Nortcliffe, Sergeant, West Yorkshire Police. For services to Policing.\n* Mary Isobel Nunn, Lately Nursing Officer, Tiverton Division, St John Ambulance. For voluntary service to First Aid Provision in Devon.\n* David Overton, Volunteer, Suffolk Special Constabulary Recruitment. For services to Policing and the community in Suffolk.\n* James Edward Packham, Immigration Officer, Home Office. For services to National Security.\n* Nicholas John Palmer, lately Counter Terrorism and Extremism Liaison Officer, Tunis, Tunisia. For services to British nationals overseas and justice.\n* Harold Clifford Panton. For services to Heritage in Lincolnshire.\n* Simon Colin Neil Paul. For services to the community in Lechlade on Thames, Gloucestershire.\n* Graham Peart. For services to the community in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.\n* Kay Penkethman. For services to Homeless People in Liverpool.\n* Dr. Brian Frank Perry. For services to the community in Chertsey, Surrey.\n* Barbara Jean Pettegree, Founder and Manager, The Rosemary Foundation. For services to End of Life Care.\n* Molly Cecilia Poulter. For services to the community in Maidstone, Kent.\n* Judith Marion Povey. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and the community in Alderley Edge, Cheshire.\n* Pamela Jane Powell, Chair of Governors, Chapel St Leonards Primary School, Grantham Additional Needs Fellowship and Woodlands Academy, Spilsby, Lincolnshire. For services to Education.\n* John Stephen Pownceby. For services to School Athletics in Cumbria.\n* Carol Prowse. For services to the Arts and the community in Derbyshire.\n* Gillian Punt. For services to Charitable Fundraising.\n* Rebecca Ramsay. For services to the Prevention of Water Related Accidents.\n* Mark Andrew Ranola, Police Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For services to Policing and the community in Hampshire.\n* Keith John Rawlings. For services to charity.\n* Carol Reed. For services to Save the Children and the community in Canterbury.\n* Peter Leslie Reed. For services to Education and voluntary First Aid work at the University of Sussex.\n* Graham Reid, Guidance Manager, HM Revenue and Customs. For services to charity in Glasgow.\n* Rachael Renihan, Executive Assistant to the British Ambassador, British Embassy, Muscat, Oman. For services to UK/Oman relations.\n* Amanda Richard. For services to the Health and Wellbeing of Older People in the Scottish Borders.\n* Roberta Richmond. For services to Mental Health in East Belfast.\n* Alan John Robertson. For voluntary service to Kingussie Camanachd Club.\n* Emily May Robertson, Ward Sister, Older Person's Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing.\n* Michael Antony Robertson, Conductor, Carnoustie and District Youth Brass Band. For services to Music in Angus.\n* Dr. Leonard Arthur Robinson. For voluntary service to the community in South Cumbria.\n* Wilfred Andrew Hiram Robinson. For services to the community in County Tyrone.\n* Andrew Roby. For services to Reducing Deforestation.\n* Kevin Timothy Routledge. For services to Sport and the community in Leicester.\n* Carole Ann Ryan, Lately Listing Adviser, Historic England. For services to the Historic Environment, Conservation and Cultural Heritage.\n* Helen Dora Sadler. For services to the community in Chester.\n* Erica Sarney. For services to Wildflower and Pollinator Conservation in Lancashire.\n* John Satterthwaite. For services to the community in Blucher, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Allan Schiller. For services to Music and charity.\n* Jeffrey David Scholes. For services to Young People and charity.\n* Matthew Thomas Scott, Senior Warden, Warwick University. For services to Students and the community in Warwick.\n* Terri Scott. For services to the Solihull Troubled Families Programme.\n* Richard Searling. For services to the Soul Music Industry and the community in the North of England.\n* Thomas James Servis. For voluntary and charitable services.\n* William James King Shaw. For voluntary and charitable service in Belfast.\n* Lauren Shea. For services to Promoting Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics to Young People.\n* Michael Albert Shea. For services to Foodbank in Farnborough.\n* Susan Diane Shea. For services to Foodbank in Farnborough.\n* Ian Kenneth Grant Sherriff, Academic Partnership Lead for Dementia, University of Plymouth. For services to People affected by Dementia.\n* David Wilson Shields. For services to Music and Amateur Dramatics in Northern Ireland.\n* Lesley Ann Sim. For services to Libraries.\n* Ernest Simon. For services to Holocaust Education and Remembrance.\n* Lynn Rae Simpson, Head Coach, Flyers Trampoline Club and chair, Trampoline and Tumbling Technical Panel. For services to Trampolining.\n* Sarah Frances Simpson, Estates Clerk, Tidworth, Netheravon and Bulford Garrison. For services to the Army and the community in Wiltshire.\n* Emma Slater, Head of Music, West Lodge School, Kent. For services to Education.\n* Brian Sleight. For services to Scouting and the community in Fleet, Wisbech and Spalding.\n* May Glassford Smith, Fundraiser, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. For charitable service.\n* Tony Spruce, Lately Police Community Support Officer, Cheshire Constabulary. For services to Policing and the community in Cheshire.\n* Maurice Noach Stone. For services to Dance and Community Cohesion.\n* Stephen Stone. For services to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Austin John William Stronge, For services to the welfare of former Royal Ulster Constabulary Officers and their Families in Northern Ireland.\n* Alison Suffield, Constable, Lancashire Police. For services to Policing.\n* Brian Thomas Sullivan. For services to charity and the Performing Arts.\n* Janet Edith Marion Swann. For services to People with Disabilities in Kent.\n* Cecelia Taggart. For voluntary services to Scouts and the community in Downpatrick, County Down.\n* Lee Tavinder. For services to Mental Health in Northern Ireland.\n* John Fredrick Taylor. For services to Young People through Scouting.\n* Glyn Thomas, Paramedic, Welsh Ambulance Service and St John Cymru Wales. For services to Pre\\-Hospital Care in North Wales.\n* Heather Mary Thomas. For services to The Goboka Rwanda Trust and the community in Bakewell, Derbyshire\n* Judith Margaret Thomas (Judith Burton), Lately Chair, Sutton Music Festival. For services to Music in Sutton.\n* Dr. Geoffrey Michael Thompson. For services to the Rural Youth in Northern Ireland.\n* James Alexander Thompson. For services to the community in Alnwick, Northumberland.\n* [Clark Tracey](/wiki/Clark_Tracey \"Clark Tracey\"), Jazz Musician. For services to Music and the Promotion of Jazz.\n* Yelèna Travis\\-Powell, Investigations Officer, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement and Diversity.\n* Martin Roger Trepte. For services to the Newspaper Industry and to charity.\n* June Elizabeth Trevithick. For services to the community in Callington, Cornwall.\n* Geshe Tashi Tsering. For services to Buddhism in the UK.\n* Sarah Jane Turner, Governance and Reporting Lead, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For services to the community in Croydon.\n* Heather Unwin. For services to the community in Preston, Lancashire.\n* Christopher Melroy Vallimae, Postman, Weston Super Mare. For services to the community in North Somerset.\n* Adriaan Petrus Charles Van Zyl, Warden, St Andrews Church. For services to the community in London.\n* Alan Neil Vollans. For voluntary service to Cricket and the community in South Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire.\n* George Hans Vulkan. For services to Holocaust Education and Remembrance.\n* [Dr. Jessica Alice Feinmann Wade](/wiki/Jess_Wade \"Jess Wade\"), Research Physicist, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London. For services to Gender Diversity in Science.\n* Brian Wallace Waters. For services to the community in Preston, Hertfordshire.\n* George Martyn Welch. For voluntary service to the community in South Cumbria.\n* Sean Richard Wheeler. For charitable service.\n* Dr. Lorraine Whewell. For voluntary service in the UK and Abroad.\n* Yvonne Tina White, Equalities Officer, UNISON. For services to Equality and Diversity on the Isle of Wight.\n* Muriel Doreen Wilkinson, chair, Magenta Living, Wirral Residents Umbrella Association. For services to Housing.\n* Patricia Maura Williams. For services to the community in Wales.\n* Sandra Elizabeth Williams. For services to the community in the Vale of Glamorgan.\n* Guy Everis Williamson. For services to Boxing and the community in London.\n* Rachael Wilson (Rachael Sarjantson), Senior Officer, HM Prison Hull. For services to Prisoners and their Families.\n* Frederick Michael Douglas Witty, Retired. For services to the British community in Catalonia, Spain\n* Dorothy Anne Wonnacott. For public and political service.\n* Janet Wood. For services to Girlguiding and Young Women in Lancashire.\n* Yvonne Dorothy Woodcock. For services to the community in Doncaster, South Yorkshire.\n* Susan Woodward. For services to Disability Swimming.\n* Jill Wright. For voluntary service to Athletics in Berkshire.\n* Ernest Young. Conductor and Choirmaster. For services to Music.",
"Crown Dependencies\n**Isle of Man**\n* Vincent Fox. For services to medical charities and the community.",
"**Jersey**\n* Richard Richomme. For services to overseas aid.",
"### Royal Red Cross",
"#### Members of the Royal Red Cross, First Class (RRC)",
"Military\n* Lieutenant Colonel Deborah Louise Inglis, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|TD\\|VR}}, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, Army Reserve",
"### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)",
"England and Wales\n* Constable Firzana Ahmed – West Yorkshire Police\n* Warren Barlow – Lately, Detective Constable, Greater Manchester Police\n* Detective Chief Superintendent Kathryn Louise Barnes – Thames Valley Police\n* Temporary Chief Superintendent Simon Justin Barraclough – Greater Manchester Police\n* David Clement – Lately, Sergeant, Northumbria Police\n* Commander Jane Connors – Metropolitan Police Service\n* Commander Stuart Cundy – Metropolitan Police Service\n* Lee Carl Davenport – Lately, Chief Superintendent, West Mercia Police\n* Detective Constable Christopher Mark Davison – Metropolitan Police Service\n* Constable Simon Fahey – Surrey Police\n* Deputy Chief Constable Sara Glen – Hampshire Constabulary\n* Chief Constable Michael Trevor Griffiths – Civil Nuclear Constabulary\n* Detective Superintendent David Malyn – North Yorkshire Police\n* Temporary Chief Superintendent John Joseph McDermott – Kent Police\n* Temporary Chief Constable John Robins – West Yorkshire Police\n* Chief Constable Stephen Watson – South Yorkshire Police\n* Christine Williams – Lately, Detective Constable, Avon \\& Somerset Police\n* Alec Wood – Lately, Chief Constable, Cambridgeshire Constabulary",
"Northern Ireland\n* Ronald Charles Edwin Galwey – Lately, Detective Constable, PSNI\n* [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris \"Drew Harris\") – Lately, Deputy Chief Constable, PSNI\n* Chief Superintendent Jonathan Stewart Roberts – PSNI",
"Overseas\n* Deputy Commissioner Paul Michael Wright – Bermuda Police Service",
"### Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)",
"England and Wales\n* Malcolm Livingstone Cowie – Lately, Watch Manager, Kent Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Chief Fire Officer Mark Hardingham – Suffolk Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Chief Fire Officer Paul Hedley – Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Group Manager Jeremy Peter Leonard – Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Watch Manager Joanne Stephens – USAR Team \\& Incident Investigation Team, Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service.",
"### Queen's Ambulance Service Medal (QAM)",
"England and Wales\n* Deborah Joanne Goldsmith – Assistant Emergency Medical Services Controller \\- Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust.\n* Grayham Gareth McLean – Unscheduled Care Lead \\- Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust.\n* Paul Robert Nicholson – Assistant Director IM\\&T, North East Ambulance Service.\n* Steven John Wheaton – Assistant Chief Ambulance Officer – West Midlands Ambulance Service.",
"Northern Ireland\n* Jacqueline Mary O’Hara – Paramedic Station Supervisor – Northern Ireland Ambulance Service.",
"### Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM)",
"* Lieutenant Commander David Cooper, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve\n* Lieutenant Colonel Graham Norman Cox, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, The Rifles, Army Reserve\n* Corporal Lisa Jane Ingram, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, The Royal Logistic Corps, Army Reserve\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Robert Longbottom, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE\\|VR}}, The Honourable Artillery Company Territorial Army\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Ian Donald Westall, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|VR}}, The Parachute Regiment, Army Reserve"
] |
Papua New Guinea
----------------
Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as [Queen of Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Queen_of_Papua_New_Guinea "Queen of Papua New Guinea"), on the advice of Her Majesty's Papua New Guinea Ministers.{{londongazette\|date\=8 June 2019\|supp\=6\|issue\=62671\|page\=B53}}
### Knight Bachelor
* Walter Oma Nombe \- For services to the community of the Eastern Highlands in the roles of Member, Minister and Premier of the Provincial Government.
### Order of St Michael and St George
#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
* The Honourable Job Pomat \- For services to the community and as a Member of National Parliament including as Minister and currently as Speaker of Parliament.
* The Honourable Joseph Malinu Yagi \- For services to law, the community and the judiciary as a Senior Judge in the National and Supreme Courts of Papua New Guinea.
### Order of the British Empire
#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Civil
* Sandra Geok Mei Lau, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE}} \- For services to commerce and the community through her philanthropic contribution in the areas of women and children welfare, education and health services.
* The Honourable [John Thomas Pundari](/wiki/John_Pundari "John Pundari"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CMG}} \- For services to Papua New Guinea and the community as a Member of National Parliament and Speaker of Parliament.
* Datuk Kie Yik Wong \- For services to commerce and the community through significant investment in rural business enterprises, human resource and infrastructure development.
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Civil
* Wayne Kenneth Golding, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} \- For services to commerce and trade promotion and the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\.
* James Sze Yuan Lau \- For services to commerce, manufacturing, hospitality and property development.
* Peter Allan Lowing, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} \- For services to law, the legal profession and the community.
* Dr. Thomas Webster \- For public service, research and policy development in education and law reform.
Military
* Colonel Mark Goina, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} \- For distinguished service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Civil
* David Caradus \- For services to commerce and taxation.
* Dr. Alois Daton \- For contribution to public services, taxation and gender equality.
* Dr. Kulala Mulung \- For services to the University of Technology, forestry and the environment.
* Dr. Ken Ngangan \- For his contribution to public services and public financial management and governance reform.
* James Joseph Pang \- For services to commerce, sport and the community.
* David Manoa Toua \- For services to commerce, the Business Council and the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\.
* Robin Murray Woo \- For services to manufacturing, the airline industry and the National Superannuation Fund
Military
* Colonel Albert Palaua \- For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Civil
* Kamis Bira, [Pastor](/wiki/Pastor "Pastor") \- For services to the community and religion.
* Dennis William Bux \- For services to business and the security industry.
* Monni Cross \- For services to the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2018\.
* Derek Andrew Daubney \- For services to Trukai, sport and the community.
* Fred Meraveka Eovo \- For services to the church and the community.
* Mark Steven Foxe \- For services to Australia\-Papua New Guinea relations.
* Dr. Keith Kulakit Galgal \- For services to agriculture research and [agribusiness](/wiki/Agribusiness "Agribusiness").
* Antonio Sodicta Go \- For services to commerce and the fishing industry.
* Harriett Jack \- For services to healthcare and the Good Samaritan Women Programme.
* Dr. Etami Betty Koka \- For services to healthcare and the Enga community.
* Gustav Kraus \- For services to the airline industry in the Pacific region.
* Kelvin Laki \- For services to Emergency Disaster Relief.
* Leo Lemalu \- For services to village court and the community.
* Carlistius Jason Mari’Bera \- For services to karate.
* Anne Piwa Tarutia \- For services to education, particularly for young children.
* Onnie Teio \- For services to victims of sexual and family violence.
* Jethro Wala \- For services to the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Papua New Guinea Leaders’ Summit 2018\.
* Julie Tagual Wialu \- For services to rural healthcare.
* Lucas Yalipin \- For services to the community.
Military
* Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Henry \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Kari \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Lieutenant Colonel John Wani \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
### Imperial Service Order (ISO)
* Alexis Oaengo Maino \- For public service.
* Tambon Tara \- For public service.
### British Empire Medal (BEM)
Civil
* Roselyn Cecil Akua \- For services to caring for abused women and children.
* Daniel Kulumini Apakia \- For services to village court.
* Kwalam Apisah \- For services to sport.
* Kapiya Ayare \- For services to the community.
* Reverend Anna Besai \- For services to the United Church and women's development.
* Superintendent Clement Dalla \- For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.
* Rohu Gagai \- For services to the community.
* Agatha Gawi \- For services to education.
* Ilaita Gigimat \- For services to basketball.
* Chief Inspector Laboi Ambrose Igak \- For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.
* Ben Imal \- For services to the Assemblies of God Church.
* Eva Vinun Jesse \- For services to education.
* Rendey Kawage \- For services to education.
* Elijah Koju \- For services to the community.
* Sarufa Lakou \- For services to education.
* Larry Lavai \- For services to the East Sepik provincial administration.
* Aaron Luai \- For public service.
* Detective Chief Sergeant Ulagis Mantu \- For services to policing and the community.
* Siloe Mase \- For services to the United Church.
* Hannah Bennett McManus \- For services to gymnastics.
* Atai Mogola \- For services to education.
* Hanna Ogi \- For services to education and women's development.
* Jennifer Parina \- For services to the National Research Institute.
* Jessie Piliwas \- For public service.
* Sarenah Karess Pini \- For services to sport.
* Raphael Nime Poka \- For services to the community.
* John Umbu Pupu \- For services to the community.
* Mark Reto \- For services to the community.
* Monica Richard \- For services to education and victims of sexual and family violence.
* Martha Sere \- For services to Emergency Disaster Restoration.
* Tonny Sios \- For services to the Seventh Day Adventist Church.
* Vere Tere\-Apisah \- For services to sport.
* Francis Posou Waitao \- For services to the community.
* Hiob Tupeno Wekiko \- For services to the Evangelical Lutheran Church.
* Biyu Yakipa \- For services to rural healthcare.
* Stanley Tumun Yekep \- For public service
Military
* Warrant Officer Robert Abba \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Chief Warrant Officer Ricks Kandi \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Chief Warrant Officer Pepena Pepena \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Chief Warrant Officer Mark Sakei \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Chief Warrant Officer Salestine Takendu \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)
* Chief Superintendent Anthony Wagambie Junior \- For service to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.
* Chief Superintendent John Kolopen \- For service to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.
* Chief Superintendent Jimmy Onopia \- For service to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.
|
[
"Papua New Guinea\n----------------",
"Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as [Queen of Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Queen_of_Papua_New_Guinea \"Queen of Papua New Guinea\"), on the advice of Her Majesty's Papua New Guinea Ministers.{{londongazette\\|date\\=8 June 2019\\|supp\\=6\\|issue\\=62671\\|page\\=B53}}",
"### Knight Bachelor",
"* Walter Oma Nombe \\- For services to the community of the Eastern Highlands in the roles of Member, Minister and Premier of the Provincial Government.",
"### Order of St Michael and St George",
"#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)",
"* The Honourable Job Pomat \\- For services to the community and as a Member of National Parliament including as Minister and currently as Speaker of Parliament.\n* The Honourable Joseph Malinu Yagi \\- For services to law, the community and the judiciary as a Senior Judge in the National and Supreme Courts of Papua New Guinea.",
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)",
"Civil\n* Sandra Geok Mei Lau, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE}} \\- For services to commerce and the community through her philanthropic contribution in the areas of women and children welfare, education and health services.\n* The Honourable [John Thomas Pundari](/wiki/John_Pundari \"John Pundari\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CMG}} \\- For services to Papua New Guinea and the community as a Member of National Parliament and Speaker of Parliament.\n* Datuk Kie Yik Wong \\- For services to commerce and the community through significant investment in rural business enterprises, human resource and infrastructure development.",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Civil\n* Wayne Kenneth Golding, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} \\- For services to commerce and trade promotion and the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\\.\n* James Sze Yuan Lau \\- For services to commerce, manufacturing, hospitality and property development.\n* Peter Allan Lowing, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} \\- For services to law, the legal profession and the community.\n* Dr. Thomas Webster \\- For public service, research and policy development in education and law reform.",
"Military\n* Colonel Mark Goina, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} \\- For distinguished service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Civil\n* David Caradus \\- For services to commerce and taxation.\n* Dr. Alois Daton \\- For contribution to public services, taxation and gender equality.\n* Dr. Kulala Mulung \\- For services to the University of Technology, forestry and the environment.\n* Dr. Ken Ngangan \\- For his contribution to public services and public financial management and governance reform.\n* James Joseph Pang \\- For services to commerce, sport and the community.\n* David Manoa Toua \\- For services to commerce, the Business Council and the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\\.\n* Robin Murray Woo \\- For services to manufacturing, the airline industry and the National Superannuation Fund",
"Military\n* Colonel Albert Palaua \\- For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Civil\n* Kamis Bira, [Pastor](/wiki/Pastor \"Pastor\") \\- For services to the community and religion.\n* Dennis William Bux \\- For services to business and the security industry.\n* Monni Cross \\- For services to the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2018\\.\n* Derek Andrew Daubney \\- For services to Trukai, sport and the community.\n* Fred Meraveka Eovo \\- For services to the church and the community.\n* Mark Steven Foxe \\- For services to Australia\\-Papua New Guinea relations.\n* Dr. Keith Kulakit Galgal \\- For services to agriculture research and [agribusiness](/wiki/Agribusiness \"Agribusiness\").\n* Antonio Sodicta Go \\- For services to commerce and the fishing industry.\n* Harriett Jack \\- For services to healthcare and the Good Samaritan Women Programme.\n* Dr. Etami Betty Koka \\- For services to healthcare and the Enga community.\n* Gustav Kraus \\- For services to the airline industry in the Pacific region.\n* Kelvin Laki \\- For services to Emergency Disaster Relief.\n* Leo Lemalu \\- For services to village court and the community.\n* Carlistius Jason Mari’Bera \\- For services to karate.\n* Anne Piwa Tarutia \\- For services to education, particularly for young children.\n* Onnie Teio \\- For services to victims of sexual and family violence.\n* Jethro Wala \\- For services to the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Papua New Guinea Leaders’ Summit 2018\\.\n* Julie Tagual Wialu \\- For services to rural healthcare.\n* Lucas Yalipin \\- For services to the community.",
"Military\n* Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Henry \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Kari \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Wani \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.",
"### Imperial Service Order (ISO)",
"* Alexis Oaengo Maino \\- For public service.\n* Tambon Tara \\- For public service.",
"### British Empire Medal (BEM)",
"Civil\n* Roselyn Cecil Akua \\- For services to caring for abused women and children.\n* Daniel Kulumini Apakia \\- For services to village court.\n* Kwalam Apisah \\- For services to sport.\n* Kapiya Ayare \\- For services to the community.\n* Reverend Anna Besai \\- For services to the United Church and women's development.\n* Superintendent Clement Dalla \\- For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Rohu Gagai \\- For services to the community.\n* Agatha Gawi \\- For services to education.\n* Ilaita Gigimat \\- For services to basketball.\n* Chief Inspector Laboi Ambrose Igak \\- For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Ben Imal \\- For services to the Assemblies of God Church.\n* Eva Vinun Jesse \\- For services to education.\n* Rendey Kawage \\- For services to education.\n* Elijah Koju \\- For services to the community.\n* Sarufa Lakou \\- For services to education.\n* Larry Lavai \\- For services to the East Sepik provincial administration.\n* Aaron Luai \\- For public service.\n* Detective Chief Sergeant Ulagis Mantu \\- For services to policing and the community.\n* Siloe Mase \\- For services to the United Church.\n* Hannah Bennett McManus \\- For services to gymnastics.\n* Atai Mogola \\- For services to education.\n* Hanna Ogi \\- For services to education and women's development.\n* Jennifer Parina \\- For services to the National Research Institute.\n* Jessie Piliwas \\- For public service.\n* Sarenah Karess Pini \\- For services to sport.\n* Raphael Nime Poka \\- For services to the community.\n* John Umbu Pupu \\- For services to the community.\n* Mark Reto \\- For services to the community.\n* Monica Richard \\- For services to education and victims of sexual and family violence.\n* Martha Sere \\- For services to Emergency Disaster Restoration.\n* Tonny Sios \\- For services to the Seventh Day Adventist Church.\n* Vere Tere\\-Apisah \\- For services to sport.\n* Francis Posou Waitao \\- For services to the community.\n* Hiob Tupeno Wekiko \\- For services to the Evangelical Lutheran Church.\n* Biyu Yakipa \\- For services to rural healthcare.\n* Stanley Tumun Yekep \\- For public service",
"Military\n* Warrant Officer Robert Abba \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Chief Warrant Officer Ricks Kandi \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Chief Warrant Officer Pepena Pepena \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Chief Warrant Officer Mark Sakei \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Chief Warrant Officer Salestine Takendu \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.",
"### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)",
"* Chief Superintendent Anthony Wagambie Junior \\- For service to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Chief Superintendent John Kolopen \\- For service to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Chief Superintendent Jimmy Onopia \\- For service to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary."
] |
### Order of the British Empire
#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Civil
* Sandra Geok Mei Lau, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|MBE}} \- For services to commerce and the community through her philanthropic contribution in the areas of women and children welfare, education and health services.
* The Honourable [John Thomas Pundari](/wiki/John_Pundari "John Pundari"), {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|CMG}} \- For services to Papua New Guinea and the community as a Member of National Parliament and Speaker of Parliament.
* Datuk Kie Yik Wong \- For services to commerce and the community through significant investment in rural business enterprises, human resource and infrastructure development.
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Civil
* Wayne Kenneth Golding, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} \- For services to commerce and trade promotion and the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\.
* James Sze Yuan Lau \- For services to commerce, manufacturing, hospitality and property development.
* Peter Allan Lowing, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} \- For services to law, the legal profession and the community.
* Dr. Thomas Webster \- For public service, research and policy development in education and law reform.
Military
* Colonel Mark Goina, {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|sep\=,\|OBE}} \- For distinguished service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Civil
* David Caradus \- For services to commerce and taxation.
* Dr. Alois Daton \- For contribution to public services, taxation and gender equality.
* Dr. Kulala Mulung \- For services to the University of Technology, forestry and the environment.
* Dr. Ken Ngangan \- For his contribution to public services and public financial management and governance reform.
* James Joseph Pang \- For services to commerce, sport and the community.
* David Manoa Toua \- For services to commerce, the Business Council and the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\.
* Robin Murray Woo \- For services to manufacturing, the airline industry and the National Superannuation Fund
Military
* Colonel Albert Palaua \- For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Civil
* Kamis Bira, [Pastor](/wiki/Pastor "Pastor") \- For services to the community and religion.
* Dennis William Bux \- For services to business and the security industry.
* Monni Cross \- For services to the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2018\.
* Derek Andrew Daubney \- For services to Trukai, sport and the community.
* Fred Meraveka Eovo \- For services to the church and the community.
* Mark Steven Foxe \- For services to Australia\-Papua New Guinea relations.
* Dr. Keith Kulakit Galgal \- For services to agriculture research and [agribusiness](/wiki/Agribusiness "Agribusiness").
* Antonio Sodicta Go \- For services to commerce and the fishing industry.
* Harriett Jack \- For services to healthcare and the Good Samaritan Women Programme.
* Dr. Etami Betty Koka \- For services to healthcare and the Enga community.
* Gustav Kraus \- For services to the airline industry in the Pacific region.
* Kelvin Laki \- For services to Emergency Disaster Relief.
* Leo Lemalu \- For services to village court and the community.
* Carlistius Jason Mari’Bera \- For services to karate.
* Anne Piwa Tarutia \- For services to education, particularly for young children.
* Onnie Teio \- For services to victims of sexual and family violence.
* Jethro Wala \- For services to the Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Papua New Guinea Leaders’ Summit 2018\.
* Julie Tagual Wialu \- For services to rural healthcare.
* Lucas Yalipin \- For services to the community.
Military
* Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Henry \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Kari \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
* Lieutenant Colonel John Wani \- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.
|
[
"### Order of the British Empire",
"#### Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)",
"Civil\n* Sandra Geok Mei Lau, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|MBE}} \\- For services to commerce and the community through her philanthropic contribution in the areas of women and children welfare, education and health services.\n* The Honourable [John Thomas Pundari](/wiki/John_Pundari \"John Pundari\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|CMG}} \\- For services to Papua New Guinea and the community as a Member of National Parliament and Speaker of Parliament.\n* Datuk Kie Yik Wong \\- For services to commerce and the community through significant investment in rural business enterprises, human resource and infrastructure development.",
"#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)",
"Civil\n* Wayne Kenneth Golding, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} \\- For services to commerce and trade promotion and the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\\.\n* James Sze Yuan Lau \\- For services to commerce, manufacturing, hospitality and property development.\n* Peter Allan Lowing, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} \\- For services to law, the legal profession and the community.\n* Dr. Thomas Webster \\- For public service, research and policy development in education and law reform.",
"Military\n* Colonel Mark Goina, {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|sep\\=,\\|OBE}} \\- For distinguished service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.",
"#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)",
"Civil\n* David Caradus \\- For services to commerce and taxation.\n* Dr. Alois Daton \\- For contribution to public services, taxation and gender equality.\n* Dr. Kulala Mulung \\- For services to the University of Technology, forestry and the environment.\n* Dr. Ken Ngangan \\- For his contribution to public services and public financial management and governance reform.\n* James Joseph Pang \\- For services to commerce, sport and the community.\n* David Manoa Toua \\- For services to commerce, the Business Council and the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2018\\.\n* Robin Murray Woo \\- For services to manufacturing, the airline industry and the National Superannuation Fund",
"Military\n* Colonel Albert Palaua \\- For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.",
"#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)",
"Civil\n* Kamis Bira, [Pastor](/wiki/Pastor \"Pastor\") \\- For services to the community and religion.\n* Dennis William Bux \\- For services to business and the security industry.\n* Monni Cross \\- For services to the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2018\\.\n* Derek Andrew Daubney \\- For services to Trukai, sport and the community.\n* Fred Meraveka Eovo \\- For services to the church and the community.\n* Mark Steven Foxe \\- For services to Australia\\-Papua New Guinea relations.\n* Dr. Keith Kulakit Galgal \\- For services to agriculture research and [agribusiness](/wiki/Agribusiness \"Agribusiness\").\n* Antonio Sodicta Go \\- For services to commerce and the fishing industry.\n* Harriett Jack \\- For services to healthcare and the Good Samaritan Women Programme.\n* Dr. Etami Betty Koka \\- For services to healthcare and the Enga community.\n* Gustav Kraus \\- For services to the airline industry in the Pacific region.\n* Kelvin Laki \\- For services to Emergency Disaster Relief.\n* Leo Lemalu \\- For services to village court and the community.\n* Carlistius Jason Mari’Bera \\- For services to karate.\n* Anne Piwa Tarutia \\- For services to education, particularly for young children.\n* Onnie Teio \\- For services to victims of sexual and family violence.\n* Jethro Wala \\- For services to the Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation Papua New Guinea Leaders’ Summit 2018\\.\n* Julie Tagual Wialu \\- For services to rural healthcare.\n* Lucas Yalipin \\- For services to the community.",
"Military\n* Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Henry \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Kari \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Wani \\- For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force."
] |
Season summary
--------------
Following an unexpectedly successful [2010 season](/wiki/2010_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season "2010 Toronto Blue Jays season"), one of the Blue Jays' priorities was to find a replacement for retiring manager [Cito Gaston](/wiki/Cito_Gaston "Cito Gaston"). After reviewing many candidates, the Blue Jays vetted four finalists, [Sandy Alomar Jr.](/wiki/Sandy_Alomar_Jr. "Sandy Alomar Jr."), [DeMarlo Hale](/wiki/DeMarlo_Hale "DeMarlo Hale"), [John Farrell](/wiki/John_Farrell_%28manager%29 "John Farrell (manager)") and their third base coach [Brian Butterfield](/wiki/Brian_Butterfield "Brian Butterfield"). The Jays hired Farrell on October 22, 2010\.
Relief pitcher [Scott Downs](/wiki/Scott_Downs "Scott Downs") declined arbitration, becoming a free agent; he signed with the [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim") on December 10, 2010\. Catcher [John Buck](/wiki/John_Buck_%28baseball%29 "John Buck (baseball)") was also expected to leave, as GM [Alex Anthopoulos](/wiki/Alex_Anthopoulos "Alex Anthopoulos") and several commentators noted that he deserved a full\-time job and contract coming off an all\-star season, but that the Jays would be looking to prospect [J. P. Arencibia](/wiki/J._P._Arencibia "J. P. Arencibia") as their starting catcher, after he hit .301 with 32 home runs in 104 Triple\-A games.{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20101011\&content\_id\=15577720\&vkey\=news\_tor\&c\_id\=tor\&partnerId\=rss\_tor \|title\=Blue Jays face tough decisions behind the plate \| bluejays.com: News \|publisher\=Mlb.mlb.com \|access\-date\=February 19, 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://mlbastian.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/10/highlights\_of\_anthopoulos\_sit\-.html \|title\=Major League Bastian: Highlights of Anthopoulos sit\-down \|publisher\=Mlbastian.mlblogs.com \|access\-date\=February 19, 2011}}
The Jays made several notable acquisitions through free agency, including relievers [Jon Rauch](/wiki/Jon_Rauch "Jon Rauch") and [Octavio Dotel](/wiki/Octavio_Dotel "Octavio Dotel"). On November 17, 2010, the Blue Jays traded for outfielder [Rajai Davis](/wiki/Rajai_Davis "Rajai Davis") from the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics") in exchange for two minor league pitchers [Trystan Magnuson](/wiki/Trystan_Magnuson "Trystan Magnuson") and [Danny Farquhar](/wiki/Danny_Farquhar "Danny Farquhar").
On January 21, the Blue Jays announced a blockbuster deal that sent the face of the franchise, [Vernon Wells](/wiki/Vernon_Wells "Vernon Wells"), to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, in exchange for catcher/first baseman [Mike Napoli](/wiki/Mike_Napoli "Mike Napoli") and outfielder [Juan Rivera](/wiki/Juan_Rivera_%28baseball%29 "Juan Rivera (baseball)").{{cite web \|url\=http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\_releases/press\_release.jsp?ymd\=20110121\&content\_id\=16480104\&vkey\=pr\_tor\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=tor \|title\=Blue Jays trade Wells for Napoli, Rivera \|publisher\=Toronto.bluejays.mlb.com \|date\=January 21, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041527/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\_releases/press\_release.jsp?ymd\=20110121\&content\_id\=16480104\&vkey\=pr\_tor\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=tor \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all }} Four days later, the Blue Jays traded Napoli to the Texas Rangers for reliever [Frank Francisco](/wiki/Frank_Francisco "Frank Francisco"),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\=351016 \|title\=Blue Jays acquire Francisco in exchange for Napoli \|publisher\=Tsn.ca \|date\=January 25, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 28, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128023717/http://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\=351016 \|url\-status\=dead }} Rivera was [Designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment "Designated for assignment") by the Blue Jays on July 3, 2011, and acquired by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers") with cash for a player to be named later or cash back.{{cite web\|url\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20110712\&content\_id\=21755046\&vkey\=news\_la\&c\_id\=la\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715031910/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20110712\&content\_id\=21755046\&vkey\=news\_la\&c\_id\=la\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2011\|title\=Dodgers acquire veteran outfielder Rivera; dodgers.com: Official Info \|publisher\=losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \|date\=July 3, 2011 \|access\-date\=March 12, 2012}}
On February 17, the Blue Jays announced that [José Bautista](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bautista "José Bautista") had agreed to a five\-year contract extension worth $64 million.[BLUE JAYS ANNOUNCE FIVE\-YEAR, $64M DEAL WITH BAUTISTA](https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id=354275) TSN. Accessed on February 23, 2011\. Bautista led the MLB with 54 home runs, won the AL [Hank Aaron Award](/wiki/Hank_Aaron_Award "Hank Aaron Award") and placed fourth in MVP balloting in 2010\.
On June 1, in a game against the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/2011_Cleveland_Indians_season "2011 Cleveland Indians season"), [Eric Thames](/wiki/Eric_Thames "Eric Thames"), Rajai Davis and [Jayson Nix](/wiki/Jayson_Nix "Jayson Nix") hit back\-to\-back\-to\-back triples for the first time in franchise history. It was also the first time in the Major Leagues since [Mike Gates](/wiki/Mike_Gates "Mike Gates"), [Tim Raines](/wiki/Tim_Raines "Tim Raines") and [Tim Wallach](/wiki/Tim_Wallach "Tim Wallach") of the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos "Montreal Expos") accomplished this incredibly rare feat back in 1981\.
On July 27, the Blue Jays completed a three\-team trade to acquire long sought\-after center fielder [Colby Rasmus](/wiki/Colby_Rasmus "Colby Rasmus") from the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals"). In total, the trade involved many players, with Rasmus, [P. J. Walters](/wiki/P._J._Walters "P. J. Walters"), [Brian Tallet](/wiki/Brian_Tallet "Brian Tallet"), and [Trever Miller](/wiki/Trever_Miller "Trever Miller") traded from St. Louis to Toronto, [Mark Teahen](/wiki/Mark_Teahen "Mark Teahen") traded from the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") to Toronto, [Zach Stewart](/wiki/Zach_Stewart "Zach Stewart") and [Jason Frasor](/wiki/Jason_Frasor "Jason Frasor") traded from Toronto to Chicago, [Edwin Jackson](/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_%28baseball%29 "Edwin Jackson (baseball)") traded to the St. Louis Cardinals from the Chicago White Sox (through Toronto), along with outfielder [Corey Patterson](/wiki/Corey_Patterson "Corey Patterson"), relief pitchers Octavio Dotel, and [Marc Rzepczynski](/wiki/Marc_Rzepczynski "Marc Rzepczynski"). The trade was seen as a watershed moment in the Blue Jays development process in the Anthopoulous regime, providing the team a multi\-tooled centre fielder to anchor a young, developing outfield trio.
On July 31, the Blue Jays [retired their first number](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_retired_numbers "List of Major League Baseball retired numbers"), [Roberto Alomar](/wiki/Roberto_Alomar "Roberto Alomar")'s \#12\.
On August 10, [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") reported a cover story claiming the Toronto Blue Jays organization engaged in [sign stealing](/wiki/Sign_stealing "Sign stealing"){{cite web\|first1\=Amy K.\|last1\=Nelson\|first2\=Peter\|last2\=Keating\|url\=https://www.espn.com/new\-york/story/\_/id/6837424/baseball\-toronto\-blue\-jays\-suspicion\-again\-stealing\-signs\-rogers\-centre \|title\=Signs of trouble in Toronto\|publisher\=ESPN.com \|date\=August 10, 2011 \|access\-date\=July 24, 2017}} from visiting teams at the Rogers Centre, during the 2010 season. The story, by Peter Keating and Amy K. Nelson, alleged that a man in white, sitting in the outfield crowd, was raising his arms above his head to indicate an [off\-speed pitch](/wiki/Off-speed_pitch "Off-speed pitch"). While the story was not validated by visiting players, managers or other MLB organizations, the Blue Jays responded with a press conference to denounce the allegations.
On August 23, [Aaron Hill](/wiki/Aaron_Hill_%28baseball%29 "Aaron Hill (baseball)") and [John McDonald](/wiki/John_McDonald_%28infielder%29 "John McDonald (infielder)") were traded to the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks") in exchange for second baseman [Kelly Johnson](/wiki/Kelly_Johnson_%28baseball%29 "Kelly Johnson (baseball)").{{cite web\|url\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2011/08/diamondbacks\-trade\-blue\-jays/1 \|title\=Diamondbacks acquire Aaron Hill and John McDonald to help offense \|publisher\=Content.usatoday.com \|date\=August 23, 2011 \|access\-date\=October 6, 2011}}
In August, J. P. Arencibia broke the Blue Jays single\-season record for most home runs by a catcher, finishing the year with 23\. [Russell Martin](/wiki/Russell_Martin_%28baseball%29 "Russell Martin (baseball)") would later tie this record in [2015](/wiki/2015_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season "2015 Toronto Blue Jays season").
|
[
"Season summary\n--------------",
"Following an unexpectedly successful [2010 season](/wiki/2010_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season \"2010 Toronto Blue Jays season\"), one of the Blue Jays' priorities was to find a replacement for retiring manager [Cito Gaston](/wiki/Cito_Gaston \"Cito Gaston\"). After reviewing many candidates, the Blue Jays vetted four finalists, [Sandy Alomar Jr.](/wiki/Sandy_Alomar_Jr. \"Sandy Alomar Jr.\"), [DeMarlo Hale](/wiki/DeMarlo_Hale \"DeMarlo Hale\"), [John Farrell](/wiki/John_Farrell_%28manager%29 \"John Farrell (manager)\") and their third base coach [Brian Butterfield](/wiki/Brian_Butterfield \"Brian Butterfield\"). The Jays hired Farrell on October 22, 2010\\.",
"Relief pitcher [Scott Downs](/wiki/Scott_Downs \"Scott Downs\") declined arbitration, becoming a free agent; he signed with the [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim \"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim\") on December 10, 2010\\. Catcher [John Buck](/wiki/John_Buck_%28baseball%29 \"John Buck (baseball)\") was also expected to leave, as GM [Alex Anthopoulos](/wiki/Alex_Anthopoulos \"Alex Anthopoulos\") and several commentators noted that he deserved a full\\-time job and contract coming off an all\\-star season, but that the Jays would be looking to prospect [J. P. Arencibia](/wiki/J._P._Arencibia \"J. P. Arencibia\") as their starting catcher, after he hit .301 with 32 home runs in 104 Triple\\-A games.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20101011\\&content\\_id\\=15577720\\&vkey\\=news\\_tor\\&c\\_id\\=tor\\&partnerId\\=rss\\_tor \\|title\\=Blue Jays face tough decisions behind the plate \\| bluejays.com: News \\|publisher\\=Mlb.mlb.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlbastian.mlblogs.com/archives/2010/10/highlights\\_of\\_anthopoulos\\_sit\\-.html \\|title\\=Major League Bastian: Highlights of Anthopoulos sit\\-down \\|publisher\\=Mlbastian.mlblogs.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2011}}",
"The Jays made several notable acquisitions through free agency, including relievers [Jon Rauch](/wiki/Jon_Rauch \"Jon Rauch\") and [Octavio Dotel](/wiki/Octavio_Dotel \"Octavio Dotel\"). On November 17, 2010, the Blue Jays traded for outfielder [Rajai Davis](/wiki/Rajai_Davis \"Rajai Davis\") from the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") in exchange for two minor league pitchers [Trystan Magnuson](/wiki/Trystan_Magnuson \"Trystan Magnuson\") and [Danny Farquhar](/wiki/Danny_Farquhar \"Danny Farquhar\").",
"On January 21, the Blue Jays announced a blockbuster deal that sent the face of the franchise, [Vernon Wells](/wiki/Vernon_Wells \"Vernon Wells\"), to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, in exchange for catcher/first baseman [Mike Napoli](/wiki/Mike_Napoli \"Mike Napoli\") and outfielder [Juan Rivera](/wiki/Juan_Rivera_%28baseball%29 \"Juan Rivera (baseball)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\\_releases/press\\_release.jsp?ymd\\=20110121\\&content\\_id\\=16480104\\&vkey\\=pr\\_tor\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=tor \\|title\\=Blue Jays trade Wells for Napoli, Rivera \\|publisher\\=Toronto.bluejays.mlb.com \\|date\\=January 21, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041527/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/news/press\\_releases/press\\_release.jsp?ymd\\=20110121\\&content\\_id\\=16480104\\&vkey\\=pr\\_tor\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=tor \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Four days later, the Blue Jays traded Napoli to the Texas Rangers for reliever [Frank Francisco](/wiki/Frank_Francisco \"Frank Francisco\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\\=351016 \\|title\\=Blue Jays acquire Francisco in exchange for Napoli \\|publisher\\=Tsn.ca \\|date\\=January 25, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128023717/http://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\\=351016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Rivera was [Designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment \"Designated for assignment\") by the Blue Jays on July 3, 2011, and acquired by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\") with cash for a player to be named later or cash back.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20110712\\&content\\_id\\=21755046\\&vkey\\=news\\_la\\&c\\_id\\=la\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715031910/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20110712\\&content\\_id\\=21755046\\&vkey\\=news\\_la\\&c\\_id\\=la\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2011\\|title\\=Dodgers acquire veteran outfielder Rivera; dodgers.com: Official Info \\|publisher\\=losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \\|date\\=July 3, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2012}}",
"On February 17, the Blue Jays announced that [José Bautista](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bautista \"José Bautista\") had agreed to a five\\-year contract extension worth $64 million.[BLUE JAYS ANNOUNCE FIVE\\-YEAR, $64M DEAL WITH BAUTISTA](https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id=354275) TSN. Accessed on February 23, 2011\\. Bautista led the MLB with 54 home runs, won the AL [Hank Aaron Award](/wiki/Hank_Aaron_Award \"Hank Aaron Award\") and placed fourth in MVP balloting in 2010\\.",
"On June 1, in a game against the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/2011_Cleveland_Indians_season \"2011 Cleveland Indians season\"), [Eric Thames](/wiki/Eric_Thames \"Eric Thames\"), Rajai Davis and [Jayson Nix](/wiki/Jayson_Nix \"Jayson Nix\") hit back\\-to\\-back\\-to\\-back triples for the first time in franchise history. It was also the first time in the Major Leagues since [Mike Gates](/wiki/Mike_Gates \"Mike Gates\"), [Tim Raines](/wiki/Tim_Raines \"Tim Raines\") and [Tim Wallach](/wiki/Tim_Wallach \"Tim Wallach\") of the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos \"Montreal Expos\") accomplished this incredibly rare feat back in 1981\\.",
"On July 27, the Blue Jays completed a three\\-team trade to acquire long sought\\-after center fielder [Colby Rasmus](/wiki/Colby_Rasmus \"Colby Rasmus\") from the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\"). In total, the trade involved many players, with Rasmus, [P. J. Walters](/wiki/P._J._Walters \"P. J. Walters\"), [Brian Tallet](/wiki/Brian_Tallet \"Brian Tallet\"), and [Trever Miller](/wiki/Trever_Miller \"Trever Miller\") traded from St. Louis to Toronto, [Mark Teahen](/wiki/Mark_Teahen \"Mark Teahen\") traded from the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") to Toronto, [Zach Stewart](/wiki/Zach_Stewart \"Zach Stewart\") and [Jason Frasor](/wiki/Jason_Frasor \"Jason Frasor\") traded from Toronto to Chicago, [Edwin Jackson](/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_%28baseball%29 \"Edwin Jackson (baseball)\") traded to the St. Louis Cardinals from the Chicago White Sox (through Toronto), along with outfielder [Corey Patterson](/wiki/Corey_Patterson \"Corey Patterson\"), relief pitchers Octavio Dotel, and [Marc Rzepczynski](/wiki/Marc_Rzepczynski \"Marc Rzepczynski\"). The trade was seen as a watershed moment in the Blue Jays development process in the Anthopoulous regime, providing the team a multi\\-tooled centre fielder to anchor a young, developing outfield trio.",
"On July 31, the Blue Jays [retired their first number](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_retired_numbers \"List of Major League Baseball retired numbers\"), [Roberto Alomar](/wiki/Roberto_Alomar \"Roberto Alomar\")'s \\#12\\.",
"On August 10, [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") reported a cover story claiming the Toronto Blue Jays organization engaged in [sign stealing](/wiki/Sign_stealing \"Sign stealing\"){{cite web\\|first1\\=Amy K.\\|last1\\=Nelson\\|first2\\=Peter\\|last2\\=Keating\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/new\\-york/story/\\_/id/6837424/baseball\\-toronto\\-blue\\-jays\\-suspicion\\-again\\-stealing\\-signs\\-rogers\\-centre \\|title\\=Signs of trouble in Toronto\\|publisher\\=ESPN.com \\|date\\=August 10, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2017}} from visiting teams at the Rogers Centre, during the 2010 season. The story, by Peter Keating and Amy K. Nelson, alleged that a man in white, sitting in the outfield crowd, was raising his arms above his head to indicate an [off\\-speed pitch](/wiki/Off-speed_pitch \"Off-speed pitch\"). While the story was not validated by visiting players, managers or other MLB organizations, the Blue Jays responded with a press conference to denounce the allegations.",
"On August 23, [Aaron Hill](/wiki/Aaron_Hill_%28baseball%29 \"Aaron Hill (baseball)\") and [John McDonald](/wiki/John_McDonald_%28infielder%29 \"John McDonald (infielder)\") were traded to the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\") in exchange for second baseman [Kelly Johnson](/wiki/Kelly_Johnson_%28baseball%29 \"Kelly Johnson (baseball)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2011/08/diamondbacks\\-trade\\-blue\\-jays/1 \\|title\\=Diamondbacks acquire Aaron Hill and John McDonald to help offense \\|publisher\\=Content.usatoday.com \\|date\\=August 23, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2011}}",
"In August, J. P. Arencibia broke the Blue Jays single\\-season record for most home runs by a catcher, finishing the year with 23\\. [Russell Martin](/wiki/Russell_Martin_%28baseball%29 \"Russell Martin (baseball)\") would later tie this record in [2015](/wiki/2015_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season \"2015 Toronto Blue Jays season\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Trigaux was a founding member of [Univers Zero](/wiki/Univers_Zero "Univers Zero") and participated on the first two albums. After *[Heresie](/wiki/Heresie_%28album%29 "Heresie (album)")* (1979\) he left Univers Zero to concentrate on his own vision and founded Present. The early lineup of Present featured fellow Univers Zero members Daniel Denis and Christian Genet playing drums and bass respectively.
Present's first album, *Triskaidekiphobie*, was released in 1980, and was followed by *Le Poison Qui Rend Fou* in 1985\. The group toured Europe in support of both albums.
In 1990, Trigaux began working with his son Reginald Trigaux (also a guitarist), as a duo, using the moniker Present C.O.D. Performance. They played a stripped\-down and very loud repertoire of the band’s previous compositions, plus new songs written for the duo. An eponymous record was issued early in 1993\. By year's end, Denis wished to concentrate on Univers Zero, but agreed to stay with Present until a suitable replacement could be found. The American drummer [Dave Kerman](/wiki/Dave_Kerman "Dave Kerman") from the [5uu's](/wiki/5uu%27s "5uu's"), [Thinking Plague](/wiki/Thinking_Plague "Thinking Plague"), U\-Totem, etc. was recruited. This new line\-up set out on a twenty\-five\-date tour of Europe; the last show was recorded and released in 1995 as *Present Live* by Cuneiform Records in the USA.
In 1996 Present recorded their fifth album, *Certitudes*. As Kerman was under contract with the Dutch band Blast for the year, Denis returned for the recording. Cuneiform Records released the disc in 1998\.
Keyboardist Pierre Chevalier joined the group in 1997\. The following year, a New Yorker, Keith Macksoud (the group's former driver and roadie), became the bassist. This new line\-up played a five\-week, twenty\-five\-show, ten\-thousand\-mile tour, zigzagging across America and back during the spring of 1998\. Again, the last concert was recorded for a live album, though it would be a few years before being released.
In 1998, Trigaux traveled to Tel Aviv, to play guitar for a soundtrack L.P. by the Israeli band Tractor's Revenge. The recording engineer of the project, Udi Koomran, suggested that Trigaux return to Israel with the entire band, plus percussionist David Davister, for the next recording sessions in the spring of 1999\. During their two\-week stay, the group recorded over 100 minutes of new music. The finished project was split up over two subsequent albums, *No. 6* (1999\) and *High Infidelity* (2000\).
In 2000 the French cellist [Matthieu Safatly](/wiki/Matthieu_Safatly "Matthieu Safatly") joined Present. The band, joined by two horn players, Fred Becker and Dominic Ntoumos, were the headline act at the Blaye Les Mines Festival in Southern France, for an audience of seven thousand spectators. (Others on the bill included [Toots And The Maytals](/wiki/Toots_And_The_Maytals "Toots And The Maytals"), [Gong](/wiki/Gong_%28band%29 "Gong (band)") and [Asian Dub Foundation](/wiki/Asian_Dub_Foundation "Asian Dub Foundation").) The following year, the same group played with [Anekdoten](/wiki/Anekdoten "Anekdoten") and [Magma](/wiki/Magma_%28band%29 "Magma (band)") at the Freakshow Festival in Wurzburg Germany and in Gdansk, Poland for a festival performance the next day.
Present's 2001 tour of North America was cancelled because of the September 11th attacks. (The band was scheduled to arrive at New York’s JFK airport late that same evening.)
In 2004, the band convened in Brussels to record the album *Barbaro, ma non troppo*. That year there were some sporadic concert dates, and Pierre Desassis (alto and soprano saxophones) joined the band.
In 2005, Cuneiform Records released Present’s second live album, *A Great Inhumane Adventure*, culled from recordings at Orion Studios during the 1998 USA tour. Also in 2005, the band again traveled to the USA, for a tour of the eastern states and Canada, which concluded with a performance at the [North East Art Rock Festival (NEARfest)](/wiki/NEARfest "NEARfest"). This concert appearance is, in part, featured on the DVD release by Nearfest Records called *NEARfest 2005*. In 2006 Present traveled to Portugal to perform at the Gouveia Artrock Festival.
In April 2007, the band were the curators of the first Rock In Opposition Festival France event, highlighting two separate performances: The first night was called “Present Acoustic”, as Trigaux's compositions were classically realized for two grand pianos (performed by Chevalier and Ward Devleeschhouwer), while the rest of the group played scored percussion. The following evening, Present was the final band of the festival, playing in their normal, electric rock manner. Both performances were filmed for the *Barbaro, ma non troppo* DVD.
Present appeared at the second Rock In Opposition Festival France event in 2009\. Univers Zero also performed, after which both groups performed together. That same year ReR USA/ Ad Hoc Records released the *Barbaro, ma non troppo* set (the studio recordings from Brussels, 2004 \+ the live footage from Gouveia and both the electric and acoustic concerts from Rock In Opposition 2007 \+ bonus, historical films of the band). Also in 2009, cellist Matthew Safatly left the band to concentrate on a solo career.
At the 2010 installment of the Rock In Opposition Festival France event, Present and Univers Zero again performed together, adding a third Belgian group (Aranis) to the mix, bringing the total number of musicians on stage to seventeen. This large ensemble{{snd}}which goes by the name Once Upon A Time In Belgium{{snd}}played compositions by the main composers of each group: Trigaux, Denis, Kurt Bude and [Joris Vanvinckenroye](/wiki/Joris_Vanvinckenroye "Joris Vanvinckenroye"). This line\-up also performed in Lyon, France the following February. The entourage was also augmented by the crew of Zeitgeist Media, who produced the 2012 feature film documentary *[Romantic Warriors II: A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition](/wiki/Romantic_Warriors_II:A_Progressive_Music_Saga_About_Rock_in_Opposition "A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition")*, of which all three groups were an integral part.
During autumn 2013, Present again convened in Brussels, this time to plan for the following year’s recording schedule, and to learn an almost entirely new concert program in only five days. Shortly afterwards, the group premiered this music at that year’s Rock In Opposition Festival France event, with new horn player Kurt Bude (from Univers Zero), and again at the Freakshow Festival in Wurzburg, Germany.
In 2014 the band performed at the Zappanale Festival in Bad Doberan, Germany, and at the first Rock In Opposition Festival in Japan. In 2015, violinist/violist [Liesbeth Lambrecht](/wiki/Liesbeth_Lambrecht "Liesbeth Lambrecht") joined Present. Roger Trigaux died in March, 2021 aged 69\.
### Present Acoustic
Present Acoustic is a "classical" variant of the band featuring grand piano, percussion and vocals. It premièred at a [Rock in Opposition festival](/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition%23%22Reunions%22 "Rock in Opposition#") in [Southern France](/wiki/Southern_France "Southern France") in April 2007, where they performed as Present, their regular act, and as Present Acoustic, where they played two grand pianos and "a lot of percussion" and sang.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rocktime.org/rio/present2pianos\_english.htm \|title\=Present, 2 pianos, percussions \& vocals \|work\=Rock In Opposition festival, France, April 2007 \|accessdate\=2007\-07\-17 \|archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070220015858/http://www.rocktime.org/rio/present2pianos\_english.htm \|archivedate \= 2007\-02\-20}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Trigaux was a founding member of [Univers Zero](/wiki/Univers_Zero \"Univers Zero\") and participated on the first two albums. After *[Heresie](/wiki/Heresie_%28album%29 \"Heresie (album)\")* (1979\\) he left Univers Zero to concentrate on his own vision and founded Present. The early lineup of Present featured fellow Univers Zero members Daniel Denis and Christian Genet playing drums and bass respectively.",
"Present's first album, *Triskaidekiphobie*, was released in 1980, and was followed by *Le Poison Qui Rend Fou* in 1985\\. The group toured Europe in support of both albums.",
"In 1990, Trigaux began working with his son Reginald Trigaux (also a guitarist), as a duo, using the moniker Present C.O.D. Performance. They played a stripped\\-down and very loud repertoire of the band’s previous compositions, plus new songs written for the duo. An eponymous record was issued early in 1993\\. By year's end, Denis wished to concentrate on Univers Zero, but agreed to stay with Present until a suitable replacement could be found. The American drummer [Dave Kerman](/wiki/Dave_Kerman \"Dave Kerman\") from the [5uu's](/wiki/5uu%27s \"5uu's\"), [Thinking Plague](/wiki/Thinking_Plague \"Thinking Plague\"), U\\-Totem, etc. was recruited. This new line\\-up set out on a twenty\\-five\\-date tour of Europe; the last show was recorded and released in 1995 as *Present Live* by Cuneiform Records in the USA.",
"In 1996 Present recorded their fifth album, *Certitudes*. As Kerman was under contract with the Dutch band Blast for the year, Denis returned for the recording. Cuneiform Records released the disc in 1998\\.",
"Keyboardist Pierre Chevalier joined the group in 1997\\. The following year, a New Yorker, Keith Macksoud (the group's former driver and roadie), became the bassist. This new line\\-up played a five\\-week, twenty\\-five\\-show, ten\\-thousand\\-mile tour, zigzagging across America and back during the spring of 1998\\. Again, the last concert was recorded for a live album, though it would be a few years before being released.",
"In 1998, Trigaux traveled to Tel Aviv, to play guitar for a soundtrack L.P. by the Israeli band Tractor's Revenge. The recording engineer of the project, Udi Koomran, suggested that Trigaux return to Israel with the entire band, plus percussionist David Davister, for the next recording sessions in the spring of 1999\\. During their two\\-week stay, the group recorded over 100 minutes of new music. The finished project was split up over two subsequent albums, *No. 6* (1999\\) and *High Infidelity* (2000\\).",
"In 2000 the French cellist [Matthieu Safatly](/wiki/Matthieu_Safatly \"Matthieu Safatly\") joined Present. The band, joined by two horn players, Fred Becker and Dominic Ntoumos, were the headline act at the Blaye Les Mines Festival in Southern France, for an audience of seven thousand spectators. (Others on the bill included [Toots And The Maytals](/wiki/Toots_And_The_Maytals \"Toots And The Maytals\"), [Gong](/wiki/Gong_%28band%29 \"Gong (band)\") and [Asian Dub Foundation](/wiki/Asian_Dub_Foundation \"Asian Dub Foundation\").) The following year, the same group played with [Anekdoten](/wiki/Anekdoten \"Anekdoten\") and [Magma](/wiki/Magma_%28band%29 \"Magma (band)\") at the Freakshow Festival in Wurzburg Germany and in Gdansk, Poland for a festival performance the next day.",
"Present's 2001 tour of North America was cancelled because of the September 11th attacks. (The band was scheduled to arrive at New York’s JFK airport late that same evening.)",
"In 2004, the band convened in Brussels to record the album *Barbaro, ma non troppo*. That year there were some sporadic concert dates, and Pierre Desassis (alto and soprano saxophones) joined the band.",
"In 2005, Cuneiform Records released Present’s second live album, *A Great Inhumane Adventure*, culled from recordings at Orion Studios during the 1998 USA tour. Also in 2005, the band again traveled to the USA, for a tour of the eastern states and Canada, which concluded with a performance at the [North East Art Rock Festival (NEARfest)](/wiki/NEARfest \"NEARfest\"). This concert appearance is, in part, featured on the DVD release by Nearfest Records called *NEARfest 2005*. In 2006 Present traveled to Portugal to perform at the Gouveia Artrock Festival.",
"In April 2007, the band were the curators of the first Rock In Opposition Festival France event, highlighting two separate performances: The first night was called “Present Acoustic”, as Trigaux's compositions were classically realized for two grand pianos (performed by Chevalier and Ward Devleeschhouwer), while the rest of the group played scored percussion. The following evening, Present was the final band of the festival, playing in their normal, electric rock manner. Both performances were filmed for the *Barbaro, ma non troppo* DVD.",
"Present appeared at the second Rock In Opposition Festival France event in 2009\\. Univers Zero also performed, after which both groups performed together. That same year ReR USA/ Ad Hoc Records released the *Barbaro, ma non troppo* set (the studio recordings from Brussels, 2004 \\+ the live footage from Gouveia and both the electric and acoustic concerts from Rock In Opposition 2007 \\+ bonus, historical films of the band). Also in 2009, cellist Matthew Safatly left the band to concentrate on a solo career.",
"At the 2010 installment of the Rock In Opposition Festival France event, Present and Univers Zero again performed together, adding a third Belgian group (Aranis) to the mix, bringing the total number of musicians on stage to seventeen. This large ensemble{{snd}}which goes by the name Once Upon A Time In Belgium{{snd}}played compositions by the main composers of each group: Trigaux, Denis, Kurt Bude and [Joris Vanvinckenroye](/wiki/Joris_Vanvinckenroye \"Joris Vanvinckenroye\"). This line\\-up also performed in Lyon, France the following February. The entourage was also augmented by the crew of Zeitgeist Media, who produced the 2012 feature film documentary *[Romantic Warriors II: A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition](/wiki/Romantic_Warriors_II:A_Progressive_Music_Saga_About_Rock_in_Opposition \"A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition\")*, of which all three groups were an integral part.",
"During autumn 2013, Present again convened in Brussels, this time to plan for the following year’s recording schedule, and to learn an almost entirely new concert program in only five days. Shortly afterwards, the group premiered this music at that year’s Rock In Opposition Festival France event, with new horn player Kurt Bude (from Univers Zero), and again at the Freakshow Festival in Wurzburg, Germany.",
"In 2014 the band performed at the Zappanale Festival in Bad Doberan, Germany, and at the first Rock In Opposition Festival in Japan. In 2015, violinist/violist [Liesbeth Lambrecht](/wiki/Liesbeth_Lambrecht \"Liesbeth Lambrecht\") joined Present. Roger Trigaux died in March, 2021 aged 69\\.",
"### Present Acoustic",
"Present Acoustic is a \"classical\" variant of the band featuring grand piano, percussion and vocals. It premièred at a [Rock in Opposition festival](/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition%23%22Reunions%22 \"Rock in Opposition#\") in [Southern France](/wiki/Southern_France \"Southern France\") in April 2007, where they performed as Present, their regular act, and as Present Acoustic, where they played two grand pianos and \"a lot of percussion\" and sang.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rocktime.org/rio/present2pianos\\_english.htm \\|title\\=Present, 2 pianos, percussions \\& vocals \\|work\\=Rock In Opposition festival, France, April 2007 \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-07\\-17 \\|archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070220015858/http://www.rocktime.org/rio/present2pianos\\_english.htm \\|archivedate \\= 2007\\-02\\-20}}",
""
] |
Rugby career
------------
### Toulouse / France
He played his first [Heineken Cup](/wiki/Heineken_Cup "Heineken Cup") match during the [2000–01 tournament](/wiki/2000-2001_European_Rugby_Cup "2000-2001 European Rugby Cup"), against Welsh side, the [Cardiff Blues](/wiki/Cardiff_Blues "Cardiff Blues"). He scored his first Heineken Cup [try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 "Try (rugby)") coming off the bench in a match against the [Saracens](/wiki/Saracens_F.C. "Saracens F.C."), and did the same in the subsequent match against the Cardiff Blues. Toulouse won the Top 14 in 2001, defeating [ASM Clermont Auvergne](/wiki/ASM_Clermont_Auvergne "ASM Clermont Auvergne") 34 to 22 in the final at [Stade de France](/wiki/Stade_de_France "Stade de France").
Poitrenaud made his debut for France during 2001, and was part of the French side which defeated the [Springboks](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team "South Africa national rugby union team") 20 to 10 in Paris. He earned a further two international caps for France that year, playing in the subsequent victories over [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team "Australia national rugby union team") in [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team "Fiji national rugby union team") in [Saint\-Étienne](/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne "Saint-Étienne"). Toulouse made it to the [final](/wiki/2003_Heineken_Cup_Final "2003 Heineken Cup Final") of the [2002\-03 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2002-03_Heineken_Cup "2002-03 Heineken Cup"), and defeated [USA Perpignan](/wiki/USA_Perpignan "USA Perpignan") to win the cup.{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/european/2935190\.stm
\|title\=Toulouse regain European crown
\|publisher\=BBC
\|date\=24 May 2003 \|accessdate\=25 September 2019}} Toulouse were also finalists of the domestic competition, but were defeated by [Stade Français](/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais "Stade Français").
Poitrenaud returned to the national side in early 2003, to play in all of France's matches during the [2003 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2003_Six_Nations_Championship "2003 Six Nations Championship"), which included losses to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team "England national rugby union team") and [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team "Ireland national rugby union team"), with wins over [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team "Wales national rugby union team"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team "Italy national rugby union team") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team"). In the lead up to the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup "Rugby World Cup") he appeared in three matches for France; in the losses to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team "Argentina national rugby union team"), the [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") and England. He was called up to the French squad for the [2003 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup "2003 Rugby World Cup") in Australia. He played in the 51–29 victory over [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team "Japan national rugby union team") as well as the 41–14 in over the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team "United States national rugby union team") during the pool stages. France played the All Blacks in the third place match.
He played in the 24 to 21 win over England in Paris. France would eventually win the [2004 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2004_Six_Nations_Championship "2004 Six Nations Championship"). Toulouse made it to the final of the [2003\-04 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2003-04_Heineken_Cup "2003-04 Heineken Cup"), but were defeated by the [London Wasps](/wiki/Wasps_RFC "Wasps RFC") in the final. The scores were tied going into the last minute when Wasps player [Robert Howley](/wiki/Robert_Howley "Robert Howley") kicked the ball to the corner; Poitrenaud stood over the ball waiting for it to bounce into touch but it stayed in play and Howley chased the ball down and touched it down for the winning try [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/international/3726322\.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/3726322.stm).
Poitrenaud played another four times for France later that year; playing in matches against the United States, [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team "Canada national rugby union team"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team "Argentina national rugby union team") and the All Blacks. Toulouse were finalists of the [2004\-05 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2004-05_Heineken_Cup "2004-05 Heineken Cup"), and met fellow French club Stade Français (who defeated Toulouse in the domestic final of 2003\). Stade Toulousain won the [match](/wiki/2005_Heineken_Cup_Final "2005 Heineken Cup Final") 18 points to 12\.{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/european/4559935\.stm
\|title\=Stade Francais 12\-18 Toulouse
\|publisher\=BBC
\|date\=22 May 2005 \|accessdate\=25 September 2019}} He did not play any tests during 2005, or during the [2006 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2006_Six_Nations_Championship "2006 Six Nations Championship"), but played in the wins over [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team "Romania national rugby union team") and the Springboks in June 2006\.
Poitrenaud sustained a broken ankle during a match between Toulouse and Perpignan on Saturday 16 February. He was expected to be sidelined for at least three months with this injury and as a result missed out on France's remaining matches in the Six Nations championship. This came only a few days after he was recalled to the France national team by [Marc Lievremont](/wiki/Marc_Lievremont "Marc Lievremont"). The general manager of Toulouse Guy Noves made some controversial statements regarding Clement's injury, he has commented that, ""Clement's injury is not down to bad luck but because the players are becoming exhausted," "Even if he didn't play in the Six Nations matches he still played the two championship games that took place at the same time."[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86\-rTWWCWVaw](https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86-rTWWCWVaw).
Poitrenaud played in his third victorious Heineken Cup Final in [2010](/wiki/2010_Heineken_Cup_Final "2010 Heineken Cup Final") when Toulouse defeated [Biarritz](/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique "Biarritz Olympique").{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/8687906\.stm
\|title\=Biarritz 19\-21 Toulouse
\|publisher\=BBC
\|date\=22 May 2010 \|accessdate\=25 September 2019}}
### Sharks
After initially announcing his retirement after the 2015–16 season, Poitrenaud joined [South African](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") [Super Rugby](/wiki/Super_Rugby "Super Rugby") side the {{Rut\|Sharks}} for the [2017 season](/wiki/2017_Super_Rugby_season "2017 Super Rugby season").{{cite press release\|url\=http://sharksrugby.co.za/building\-2017\-beyond \|title\=Building for 2017 and Beyond \|publisher\=Sharks \|date\=31 October 2016 \|accessdate\=31 October 2016 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031112536/http://sharksrugby.co.za/building\-2017\-beyond \|archivedate\=31 October 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy }}
|
[
"Rugby career\n------------",
"### Toulouse / France",
"He played his first [Heineken Cup](/wiki/Heineken_Cup \"Heineken Cup\") match during the [2000–01 tournament](/wiki/2000-2001_European_Rugby_Cup \"2000-2001 European Rugby Cup\"), against Welsh side, the [Cardiff Blues](/wiki/Cardiff_Blues \"Cardiff Blues\"). He scored his first Heineken Cup [try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 \"Try (rugby)\") coming off the bench in a match against the [Saracens](/wiki/Saracens_F.C. \"Saracens F.C.\"), and did the same in the subsequent match against the Cardiff Blues. Toulouse won the Top 14 in 2001, defeating [ASM Clermont Auvergne](/wiki/ASM_Clermont_Auvergne \"ASM Clermont Auvergne\") 34 to 22 in the final at [Stade de France](/wiki/Stade_de_France \"Stade de France\").",
"Poitrenaud made his debut for France during 2001, and was part of the French side which defeated the [Springboks](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team \"South Africa national rugby union team\") 20 to 10 in Paris. He earned a further two international caps for France that year, playing in the subsequent victories over [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\") in [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team \"Fiji national rugby union team\") in [Saint\\-Étienne](/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne \"Saint-Étienne\"). Toulouse made it to the [final](/wiki/2003_Heineken_Cup_Final \"2003 Heineken Cup Final\") of the [2002\\-03 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2002-03_Heineken_Cup \"2002-03 Heineken Cup\"), and defeated [USA Perpignan](/wiki/USA_Perpignan \"USA Perpignan\") to win the cup.{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/european/2935190\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Toulouse regain European crown\n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=24 May 2003 \\|accessdate\\=25 September 2019}} Toulouse were also finalists of the domestic competition, but were defeated by [Stade Français](/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais \"Stade Français\").",
"Poitrenaud returned to the national side in early 2003, to play in all of France's matches during the [2003 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2003_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Six Nations Championship\"), which included losses to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\") and [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team \"Ireland national rugby union team\"), with wins over [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team \"Wales national rugby union team\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team \"Italy national rugby union team\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\"). In the lead up to the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup \"Rugby World Cup\") he appeared in three matches for France; in the losses to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team \"Argentina national rugby union team\"), the [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") and England. He was called up to the French squad for the [2003 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup \"2003 Rugby World Cup\") in Australia. He played in the 51–29 victory over [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team \"Japan national rugby union team\") as well as the 41–14 in over the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team \"United States national rugby union team\") during the pool stages. France played the All Blacks in the third place match.",
"He played in the 24 to 21 win over England in Paris. France would eventually win the [2004 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2004_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Six Nations Championship\"). Toulouse made it to the final of the [2003\\-04 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2003-04_Heineken_Cup \"2003-04 Heineken Cup\"), but were defeated by the [London Wasps](/wiki/Wasps_RFC \"Wasps RFC\") in the final. The scores were tied going into the last minute when Wasps player [Robert Howley](/wiki/Robert_Howley \"Robert Howley\") kicked the ball to the corner; Poitrenaud stood over the ball waiting for it to bounce into touch but it stayed in play and Howley chased the ball down and touched it down for the winning try [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/international/3726322\\.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/3726322.stm).",
"Poitrenaud played another four times for France later that year; playing in matches against the United States, [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team \"Canada national rugby union team\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team \"Argentina national rugby union team\") and the All Blacks. Toulouse were finalists of the [2004\\-05 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2004-05_Heineken_Cup \"2004-05 Heineken Cup\"), and met fellow French club Stade Français (who defeated Toulouse in the domestic final of 2003\\). Stade Toulousain won the [match](/wiki/2005_Heineken_Cup_Final \"2005 Heineken Cup Final\") 18 points to 12\\.{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/european/4559935\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Stade Francais 12\\-18 Toulouse \n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=22 May 2005 \\|accessdate\\=25 September 2019}} He did not play any tests during 2005, or during the [2006 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2006_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Six Nations Championship\"), but played in the wins over [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team \"Romania national rugby union team\") and the Springboks in June 2006\\.",
"Poitrenaud sustained a broken ankle during a match between Toulouse and Perpignan on Saturday 16 February. He was expected to be sidelined for at least three months with this injury and as a result missed out on France's remaining matches in the Six Nations championship. This came only a few days after he was recalled to the France national team by [Marc Lievremont](/wiki/Marc_Lievremont \"Marc Lievremont\"). The general manager of Toulouse Guy Noves made some controversial statements regarding Clement's injury, he has commented that, \"\"Clement's injury is not down to bad luck but because the players are becoming exhausted,\" \"Even if he didn't play in the Six Nations matches he still played the two championship games that took place at the same time.\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86\\-rTWWCWVaw](https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86-rTWWCWVaw).",
"Poitrenaud played in his third victorious Heineken Cup Final in [2010](/wiki/2010_Heineken_Cup_Final \"2010 Heineken Cup Final\") when Toulouse defeated [Biarritz](/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique \"Biarritz Olympique\").{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/8687906\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Biarritz 19\\-21 Toulouse \n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=22 May 2010 \\|accessdate\\=25 September 2019}}",
"### Sharks",
"After initially announcing his retirement after the 2015–16 season, Poitrenaud joined [South African](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") [Super Rugby](/wiki/Super_Rugby \"Super Rugby\") side the {{Rut\\|Sharks}} for the [2017 season](/wiki/2017_Super_Rugby_season \"2017 Super Rugby season\").{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://sharksrugby.co.za/building\\-2017\\-beyond \\|title\\=Building for 2017 and Beyond \\|publisher\\=Sharks \\|date\\=31 October 2016 \\|accessdate\\=31 October 2016 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031112536/http://sharksrugby.co.za/building\\-2017\\-beyond \\|archivedate\\=31 October 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy }}",
""
] |
### Toulouse / France
He played his first [Heineken Cup](/wiki/Heineken_Cup "Heineken Cup") match during the [2000–01 tournament](/wiki/2000-2001_European_Rugby_Cup "2000-2001 European Rugby Cup"), against Welsh side, the [Cardiff Blues](/wiki/Cardiff_Blues "Cardiff Blues"). He scored his first Heineken Cup [try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 "Try (rugby)") coming off the bench in a match against the [Saracens](/wiki/Saracens_F.C. "Saracens F.C."), and did the same in the subsequent match against the Cardiff Blues. Toulouse won the Top 14 in 2001, defeating [ASM Clermont Auvergne](/wiki/ASM_Clermont_Auvergne "ASM Clermont Auvergne") 34 to 22 in the final at [Stade de France](/wiki/Stade_de_France "Stade de France").
Poitrenaud made his debut for France during 2001, and was part of the French side which defeated the [Springboks](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team "South Africa national rugby union team") 20 to 10 in Paris. He earned a further two international caps for France that year, playing in the subsequent victories over [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team "Australia national rugby union team") in [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team "Fiji national rugby union team") in [Saint\-Étienne](/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne "Saint-Étienne"). Toulouse made it to the [final](/wiki/2003_Heineken_Cup_Final "2003 Heineken Cup Final") of the [2002\-03 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2002-03_Heineken_Cup "2002-03 Heineken Cup"), and defeated [USA Perpignan](/wiki/USA_Perpignan "USA Perpignan") to win the cup.{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/european/2935190\.stm
\|title\=Toulouse regain European crown
\|publisher\=BBC
\|date\=24 May 2003 \|accessdate\=25 September 2019}} Toulouse were also finalists of the domestic competition, but were defeated by [Stade Français](/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais "Stade Français").
Poitrenaud returned to the national side in early 2003, to play in all of France's matches during the [2003 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2003_Six_Nations_Championship "2003 Six Nations Championship"), which included losses to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team "England national rugby union team") and [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team "Ireland national rugby union team"), with wins over [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team "Wales national rugby union team"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team "Italy national rugby union team") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team"). In the lead up to the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup "Rugby World Cup") he appeared in three matches for France; in the losses to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team "Argentina national rugby union team"), the [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") and England. He was called up to the French squad for the [2003 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup "2003 Rugby World Cup") in Australia. He played in the 51–29 victory over [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team "Japan national rugby union team") as well as the 41–14 in over the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team "United States national rugby union team") during the pool stages. France played the All Blacks in the third place match.
He played in the 24 to 21 win over England in Paris. France would eventually win the [2004 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2004_Six_Nations_Championship "2004 Six Nations Championship"). Toulouse made it to the final of the [2003\-04 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2003-04_Heineken_Cup "2003-04 Heineken Cup"), but were defeated by the [London Wasps](/wiki/Wasps_RFC "Wasps RFC") in the final. The scores were tied going into the last minute when Wasps player [Robert Howley](/wiki/Robert_Howley "Robert Howley") kicked the ball to the corner; Poitrenaud stood over the ball waiting for it to bounce into touch but it stayed in play and Howley chased the ball down and touched it down for the winning try [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/international/3726322\.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/3726322.stm).
Poitrenaud played another four times for France later that year; playing in matches against the United States, [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team "Canada national rugby union team"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team "Argentina national rugby union team") and the All Blacks. Toulouse were finalists of the [2004\-05 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2004-05_Heineken_Cup "2004-05 Heineken Cup"), and met fellow French club Stade Français (who defeated Toulouse in the domestic final of 2003\). Stade Toulousain won the [match](/wiki/2005_Heineken_Cup_Final "2005 Heineken Cup Final") 18 points to 12\.{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/european/4559935\.stm
\|title\=Stade Francais 12\-18 Toulouse
\|publisher\=BBC
\|date\=22 May 2005 \|accessdate\=25 September 2019}} He did not play any tests during 2005, or during the [2006 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2006_Six_Nations_Championship "2006 Six Nations Championship"), but played in the wins over [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team "Romania national rugby union team") and the Springboks in June 2006\.
Poitrenaud sustained a broken ankle during a match between Toulouse and Perpignan on Saturday 16 February. He was expected to be sidelined for at least three months with this injury and as a result missed out on France's remaining matches in the Six Nations championship. This came only a few days after he was recalled to the France national team by [Marc Lievremont](/wiki/Marc_Lievremont "Marc Lievremont"). The general manager of Toulouse Guy Noves made some controversial statements regarding Clement's injury, he has commented that, ""Clement's injury is not down to bad luck but because the players are becoming exhausted," "Even if he didn't play in the Six Nations matches he still played the two championship games that took place at the same time."[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86\-rTWWCWVaw](https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86-rTWWCWVaw).
Poitrenaud played in his third victorious Heineken Cup Final in [2010](/wiki/2010_Heineken_Cup_Final "2010 Heineken Cup Final") when Toulouse defeated [Biarritz](/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique "Biarritz Olympique").{{cite news
\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/8687906\.stm
\|title\=Biarritz 19\-21 Toulouse
\|publisher\=BBC
\|date\=22 May 2010 \|accessdate\=25 September 2019}}
|
[
"### Toulouse / France",
"He played his first [Heineken Cup](/wiki/Heineken_Cup \"Heineken Cup\") match during the [2000–01 tournament](/wiki/2000-2001_European_Rugby_Cup \"2000-2001 European Rugby Cup\"), against Welsh side, the [Cardiff Blues](/wiki/Cardiff_Blues \"Cardiff Blues\"). He scored his first Heineken Cup [try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 \"Try (rugby)\") coming off the bench in a match against the [Saracens](/wiki/Saracens_F.C. \"Saracens F.C.\"), and did the same in the subsequent match against the Cardiff Blues. Toulouse won the Top 14 in 2001, defeating [ASM Clermont Auvergne](/wiki/ASM_Clermont_Auvergne \"ASM Clermont Auvergne\") 34 to 22 in the final at [Stade de France](/wiki/Stade_de_France \"Stade de France\").",
"Poitrenaud made his debut for France during 2001, and was part of the French side which defeated the [Springboks](/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team \"South Africa national rugby union team\") 20 to 10 in Paris. He earned a further two international caps for France that year, playing in the subsequent victories over [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\") in [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team \"Fiji national rugby union team\") in [Saint\\-Étienne](/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne \"Saint-Étienne\"). Toulouse made it to the [final](/wiki/2003_Heineken_Cup_Final \"2003 Heineken Cup Final\") of the [2002\\-03 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2002-03_Heineken_Cup \"2002-03 Heineken Cup\"), and defeated [USA Perpignan](/wiki/USA_Perpignan \"USA Perpignan\") to win the cup.{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/european/2935190\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Toulouse regain European crown\n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=24 May 2003 \\|accessdate\\=25 September 2019}} Toulouse were also finalists of the domestic competition, but were defeated by [Stade Français](/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais \"Stade Français\").",
"Poitrenaud returned to the national side in early 2003, to play in all of France's matches during the [2003 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2003_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Six Nations Championship\"), which included losses to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\") and [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team \"Ireland national rugby union team\"), with wins over [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team \"Wales national rugby union team\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team \"Italy national rugby union team\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\"). In the lead up to the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup \"Rugby World Cup\") he appeared in three matches for France; in the losses to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team \"Argentina national rugby union team\"), the [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") and England. He was called up to the French squad for the [2003 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup \"2003 Rugby World Cup\") in Australia. He played in the 51–29 victory over [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team \"Japan national rugby union team\") as well as the 41–14 in over the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team \"United States national rugby union team\") during the pool stages. France played the All Blacks in the third place match.",
"He played in the 24 to 21 win over England in Paris. France would eventually win the [2004 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2004_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Six Nations Championship\"). Toulouse made it to the final of the [2003\\-04 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2003-04_Heineken_Cup \"2003-04 Heineken Cup\"), but were defeated by the [London Wasps](/wiki/Wasps_RFC \"Wasps RFC\") in the final. The scores were tied going into the last minute when Wasps player [Robert Howley](/wiki/Robert_Howley \"Robert Howley\") kicked the ball to the corner; Poitrenaud stood over the ball waiting for it to bounce into touch but it stayed in play and Howley chased the ball down and touched it down for the winning try [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/international/3726322\\.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/3726322.stm).",
"Poitrenaud played another four times for France later that year; playing in matches against the United States, [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team \"Canada national rugby union team\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team \"Argentina national rugby union team\") and the All Blacks. Toulouse were finalists of the [2004\\-05 Heineken Cup](/wiki/2004-05_Heineken_Cup \"2004-05 Heineken Cup\"), and met fellow French club Stade Français (who defeated Toulouse in the domestic final of 2003\\). Stade Toulousain won the [match](/wiki/2005_Heineken_Cup_Final \"2005 Heineken Cup Final\") 18 points to 12\\.{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/european/4559935\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Stade Francais 12\\-18 Toulouse \n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=22 May 2005 \\|accessdate\\=25 September 2019}} He did not play any tests during 2005, or during the [2006 Six Nations Championship](/wiki/2006_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Six Nations Championship\"), but played in the wins over [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team \"Romania national rugby union team\") and the Springboks in June 2006\\.",
"Poitrenaud sustained a broken ankle during a match between Toulouse and Perpignan on Saturday 16 February. He was expected to be sidelined for at least three months with this injury and as a result missed out on France's remaining matches in the Six Nations championship. This came only a few days after he was recalled to the France national team by [Marc Lievremont](/wiki/Marc_Lievremont \"Marc Lievremont\"). The general manager of Toulouse Guy Noves made some controversial statements regarding Clement's injury, he has commented that, \"\"Clement's injury is not down to bad luck but because the players are becoming exhausted,\" \"Even if he didn't play in the Six Nations matches he still played the two championship games that took place at the same time.\"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86\\-rTWWCWVaw](https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122303/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ii0dAM654QnL9Vax86-rTWWCWVaw).",
"Poitrenaud played in his third victorious Heineken Cup Final in [2010](/wiki/2010_Heineken_Cup_Final \"2010 Heineken Cup Final\") when Toulouse defeated [Biarritz](/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique \"Biarritz Olympique\").{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/8687906\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Biarritz 19\\-21 Toulouse \n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=22 May 2010 \\|accessdate\\=25 September 2019}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
{{plot too long\|date\=July 2024}}
Karuna and Aadhi have been close friends since their childhood in [Kombai](/wiki/Kombai%2C_Tamil_Nadu "Kombai, Tamil Nadu"), [Theni](/wiki/Theni_district "Theni district"). They share very close ties and never give up on each other under any circumstances. During their childhood, Karuna was saved by an orphan named Sokkan from danger, for which, Karuna took in Sokkan, in gratitude. Sokkan became a true, faithful, and fierce loyalist to Karuna. The three of them grew up in the care of Karuna's grandmother, Sellayee. Although Karuna was a zamin heir, currently, he is living in poverty with a meager income from his brick kiln, while Adi owns a few lorries. Both remain powerful in Kombai while presiding and managing as trustees of the Kombai Amman temple.
Meanwhile, the Registration Department Minister, Thangapandi, plans to usurp unclaimed land worth {{INR}}330 crores near Chennai. He learns that the land belongs to the Kombai Amman temple while the original deed is in a jewelry box in the same temple. Upon the head of the temple's trustee committee, Sellayee's death, Nagaraj, a relative of Thangapandi, plans to become the temple committee head at the instruction of Thangapandi. However, Sokkan becomes the temple committee head with the support of Aadhi and Karuna. The key to the temple treasury comes to Aadhi; Nagaraj, to somehow redeem the bond, provokes Karuna's wife, Angayarkanni, and his brother\-in\-law, Vairavel, by kindling their greed for money. To aid Nagaraj in the minister's plan, Inspector Muthuvel is also forced to join upon Thangapandi's coercion.
Vairavel, who is already angry with Aadhi for forcing him to marry Parveen, whom he had cheated on, stirs up trouble among the 3 friends. When Aadhi discovers fake jewels in the jewelry box of the temple and Karuna's involvement in it, he hands him over to the police, thinking to bail him out using his property, but is stopped by Nagaraj and Vairavel, who bring the actual jewelry. The conflict deepens as Karuna feels betrayed. During the temple festival, they plan to attack the jewelry box\-carrying van during transport from the bank to the temple, but are thwarted by Aadhi. At the festival, a fight unfolds between Aadhi and Nagaraj's henchmen; Karuna also pretends to fight the thieves. As Sokkan gets [possessed by the divine](/wiki/Spirit_possession "Spirit possession"), he chops off Vairavel's hand and saves Aadhi.
Realizing that the deed cannot be stolen as long as Aadhi is alive, Karuna takes Sokkan to Kodaikanal, leaves him there, and returns along with Nagaraj and his henchmen to kill Aadhi. Aadhi's wife, Katyayini, advises her husband to hand over the bond so that a part of that 20 crores can be used for Kombai's development works. Aadhi accepts and when he goes to give it, Karuna and Vairavel brutally kill Aadhi. Sokkan follows Karuna from Kodaikanal only to get called to Aadhi's house for lunch. When he comes back, he finds Aadhi's dead body. However, Sokkan does not betray Karuna in the police investigation knowing fully well that he was responsible for Aadhi's heinous murder, due to his loyalty towards him. Karuna informs Sokkan that he killed Aadhi only in self\-defense. Karuna escapes the punishment as Katyaini tries but fails to find a witness. Aadhi's son, Samaran, to avenge his father's death, tries to kill Karuna but is stopped by Sokkan, who rather protects him from Karuna, but the accompanying Vinnarasi gets caught with Karuna.
To protect Samaran, Sokkan takes him to another town which Nagaraj spots, and tries to kill Samaran. But Sokkan intervenes and kills Nagaraj and surrenders to the police station himself. When Karuna comes and inquires, Sokkan confesses that he killed both Nagaraj and Vairavel. At the police station lockup, Karuna's former business partner informs that Karuna killed Sellayee as well as she resisted Karuna from substituting the temple jewels with the fake ones. However, he had recorded his conversation with Karuna and him adding the poison to her toddy. He later showed the videos to Aadhi, who went to question Karuna, resulting in his death. On his way to be produced before the magistrate, Sokkan escapes and goes to Karuna's brick kiln to seek justice. Realizing that Sokkan knows the truth, Karuna brutally attacks Sokkan.
Meanwhile, Katyayini and Samaran come in search of Vinnarasi to the brick kiln, but get beaten brutally by Karuna. Sokkan discovers Vinnarasi in the kiln's chamber, prepared to be cremated alive, and is compelled to fight back. He saves Vinnarasi, Katyayini, and Samaran, by ultimately killing Karuna. Muthuvel gives all this information to his superior officer as a detailed report along with his resignation. The police officer secretly tells Thangapandi that if Sokkan is convicted, he along with all the associates up to him will be punished for the murders and the temple land theft. With no other choice, Sokkan is released without any charges, reuniting with Vinnarasi. In the end credits, it is shown that Thangapandi had been fatally injured in a road accident.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{plot too long\\|date\\=July 2024}}\nKaruna and Aadhi have been close friends since their childhood in [Kombai](/wiki/Kombai%2C_Tamil_Nadu \"Kombai, Tamil Nadu\"), [Theni](/wiki/Theni_district \"Theni district\"). They share very close ties and never give up on each other under any circumstances. During their childhood, Karuna was saved by an orphan named Sokkan from danger, for which, Karuna took in Sokkan, in gratitude. Sokkan became a true, faithful, and fierce loyalist to Karuna. The three of them grew up in the care of Karuna's grandmother, Sellayee. Although Karuna was a zamin heir, currently, he is living in poverty with a meager income from his brick kiln, while Adi owns a few lorries. Both remain powerful in Kombai while presiding and managing as trustees of the Kombai Amman temple.",
"Meanwhile, the Registration Department Minister, Thangapandi, plans to usurp unclaimed land worth {{INR}}330 crores near Chennai. He learns that the land belongs to the Kombai Amman temple while the original deed is in a jewelry box in the same temple. Upon the head of the temple's trustee committee, Sellayee's death, Nagaraj, a relative of Thangapandi, plans to become the temple committee head at the instruction of Thangapandi. However, Sokkan becomes the temple committee head with the support of Aadhi and Karuna. The key to the temple treasury comes to Aadhi; Nagaraj, to somehow redeem the bond, provokes Karuna's wife, Angayarkanni, and his brother\\-in\\-law, Vairavel, by kindling their greed for money. To aid Nagaraj in the minister's plan, Inspector Muthuvel is also forced to join upon Thangapandi's coercion.",
"Vairavel, who is already angry with Aadhi for forcing him to marry Parveen, whom he had cheated on, stirs up trouble among the 3 friends. When Aadhi discovers fake jewels in the jewelry box of the temple and Karuna's involvement in it, he hands him over to the police, thinking to bail him out using his property, but is stopped by Nagaraj and Vairavel, who bring the actual jewelry. The conflict deepens as Karuna feels betrayed. During the temple festival, they plan to attack the jewelry box\\-carrying van during transport from the bank to the temple, but are thwarted by Aadhi. At the festival, a fight unfolds between Aadhi and Nagaraj's henchmen; Karuna also pretends to fight the thieves. As Sokkan gets [possessed by the divine](/wiki/Spirit_possession \"Spirit possession\"), he chops off Vairavel's hand and saves Aadhi.",
"Realizing that the deed cannot be stolen as long as Aadhi is alive, Karuna takes Sokkan to Kodaikanal, leaves him there, and returns along with Nagaraj and his henchmen to kill Aadhi. Aadhi's wife, Katyayini, advises her husband to hand over the bond so that a part of that 20 crores can be used for Kombai's development works. Aadhi accepts and when he goes to give it, Karuna and Vairavel brutally kill Aadhi. Sokkan follows Karuna from Kodaikanal only to get called to Aadhi's house for lunch. When he comes back, he finds Aadhi's dead body. However, Sokkan does not betray Karuna in the police investigation knowing fully well that he was responsible for Aadhi's heinous murder, due to his loyalty towards him. Karuna informs Sokkan that he killed Aadhi only in self\\-defense. Karuna escapes the punishment as Katyaini tries but fails to find a witness. Aadhi's son, Samaran, to avenge his father's death, tries to kill Karuna but is stopped by Sokkan, who rather protects him from Karuna, but the accompanying Vinnarasi gets caught with Karuna.",
"To protect Samaran, Sokkan takes him to another town which Nagaraj spots, and tries to kill Samaran. But Sokkan intervenes and kills Nagaraj and surrenders to the police station himself. When Karuna comes and inquires, Sokkan confesses that he killed both Nagaraj and Vairavel. At the police station lockup, Karuna's former business partner informs that Karuna killed Sellayee as well as she resisted Karuna from substituting the temple jewels with the fake ones. However, he had recorded his conversation with Karuna and him adding the poison to her toddy. He later showed the videos to Aadhi, who went to question Karuna, resulting in his death. On his way to be produced before the magistrate, Sokkan escapes and goes to Karuna's brick kiln to seek justice. Realizing that Sokkan knows the truth, Karuna brutally attacks Sokkan.",
"Meanwhile, Katyayini and Samaran come in search of Vinnarasi to the brick kiln, but get beaten brutally by Karuna. Sokkan discovers Vinnarasi in the kiln's chamber, prepared to be cremated alive, and is compelled to fight back. He saves Vinnarasi, Katyayini, and Samaran, by ultimately killing Karuna. Muthuvel gives all this information to his superior officer as a detailed report along with his resignation. The police officer secretly tells Thangapandi that if Sokkan is convicted, he along with all the associates up to him will be punished for the murders and the temple land theft. With no other choice, Sokkan is released without any charges, reuniting with Vinnarasi. In the end credits, it is shown that Thangapandi had been fatally injured in a road accident.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Draft and minor leagues (2002–2006\)
Martin was selected in the 35th round of the [2000 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2000 Major League Baseball draft") by the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos "Montreal Expos"), but did not sign.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/draft/?query\_type\=year\_round\&year\_ID\=2000\&draft\_round\=35\&draft\_type\=junreg\&\|title\=35th Round of the 2000 MLB June Amateur Draft\|work\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]\|access\-date\=May 27, 2015}} He then attended [Chipola College](/wiki/Chipola_College "Chipola College") for two years before being chosen in the 17th round of the [2002 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2002 Major League Baseball draft") by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers"). Drafted as a third baseman, Martin played his first professional season with the [Gulf Coast Dodgers](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Dodgers "Gulf Coast Dodgers"), and hit .286 with 10 RBI in 41 games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id\=martin003rus\|title\=Russell Martin Minor League Statistics \& History\|work\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]\|access\-date\=May 27, 2015}} In the offseason, he was converted to a catcher. Martin played the 2003 minor league season with the [Ogden Raptors](/wiki/Ogden_Raptors "Ogden Raptors"), and was later promoted to the Class\-A [South Georgia Waves](/wiki/South_Georgia_Waves "South Georgia Waves"). In 77 combined games, he batted .276 with 9 home runs and 50 RBI.
Martin was a [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League "Florida State League") All\-Star catcher while with the [Vero Beach Dodgers](/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers "Vero Beach Dodgers") in 2004, playing 122 games and batting .250 with 15 home runs and 64 RBI.{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/players/russell\_martin/bio/index.jsp\|title\=Russell Martin Bio\|work\=MLB.com\|access\-date\=May 27, 2015}} During the offseason, Martin played with the [Scottsdale Scorpions](/wiki/Scottsdale_Scorpions "Scottsdale Scorpions") of the [Arizona Fall League](/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League "Arizona Fall League"). In 2005, he played in a career\-high 129 games for the Double\-A [Jacksonville Suns](/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns "Jacksonville Suns") and made the All\-Star team, hitting .311 with 9 home runs and 61 RBI. Martin began the 2006 season with the Triple\-A [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s "Las Vegas 51s"), where he hit .297 in 23 games before his promotion.
### Los Angeles Dodgers (2006–2010\)
[thumb\|left\|250px\|Martin with the [Los Angeles Dodgers in 2008](/wiki/2008_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2008 Los Angeles Dodgers season")](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_on_April_6%2C_2008.jpg "Russell Martin on April 6, 2008.jpg")
Martin was promoted to the Dodgers on May 5, 2006, after a wrist injury to starting catcher [Dioner Navarro](/wiki/Dioner_Navarro "Dioner Navarro").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\=2093845\|title\=Russell Martin achieves stardom in second big\-league season\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|date\=June 14, 2007\|publisher\=Sporting News\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220180641/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\=2093845\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2009\|df\=mdy\-all}} He got two hits, including a double, in the game. His first hit was against [Chris Capuano](/wiki/Chris_Capuano "Chris Capuano"). On May 7, he hit his first major league home run against [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers") pitcher [Dave Bush](/wiki/Dave_Bush "Dave Bush"). On June 6, 2006, Martin and [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 "Éric Gagné") made [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") history by becoming the first French Canadian battery in the majors.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=260606119\|title\=Mets vs. Dodgers — Box Score — June 6, 2006\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|date\=June 6, 2006\|publisher\=ESPN}} Martin's play was good enough that, on June 26, 2006, Navarro was traded to the [Tampa Bay Devil Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays "Tampa Bay Devil Rays").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/\_/id/5902/dioner\-navarro\|title\=ESPN — Dioner Navarro Stats, News, Photos, – Tampa Bay Rays\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|publisher\=ESPN}} On August 13, 2006, Martin hit his first career walk\-off home run in a victory that completed a sweep of the rival [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=260813119\|title\=Giants vs. Dodgers — Box Score — August 13, 2006\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|date\=August 13, 2006\|publisher\=ESPN}} On September 18, 2006, Martin hit a solo home run off of [Trevor Hoffman](/wiki/Trevor_Hoffman "Trevor Hoffman"), the third of four consecutive home runs in the bottom of the 9th inning to tie the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres"). It was the first time four home runs had been hit in a row since the 1964 [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins").{{cite web\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=260918119\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134014/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=260918119\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 16, 2009\|title\=Padres vs. Dodgers — Recap — September 18, 2006\|access\-date\=April 16, 2008\|date\=September 18, 2006\|publisher\=ESPN}}
On April 21, 2007, Martin hit a walk\-off [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 "Grand slam (baseball)") against [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates") pitcher [Shawn Chacón](/wiki/Shawn_Chac%C3%B3n "Shawn Chacón") in the bottom of the 10th inning. This was the first grand slam of his career.{{cite web\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=270421119\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215072024/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=270421119\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 15, 2009\|title\=Pirates vs. Dodgers — Recap — April 21, 2007\|quote\=Martin's walk\-off grand slam sends Dodgers past Pirates\|access\-date\=April 16, 2008\|date\=April 21, 2007\|publisher\=ESPN}}
In May 2007, Martin broke the Dodgers' franchise record for single\-season steals by a catcher (12\) set by [John Roseboro](/wiki/John_Roseboro "John Roseboro") in 1962\.{{cite web\|author\=GoBlue1324\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/blog/GoBlue1324/126640/\|title\=2008 Fantasy Baseball: Catchers\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|date\=December 27, 2007\|publisher\=Sporting News\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105212748/http://www.sportingnews.com/blog/GoBlue1324/126640\|archive\-date\=January 5, 2008\|df\=mdy\-all}} On July 1, it was announced that Martin finished in first place in [All\-Star Game](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") voting, leading [Paul Lo Duca](/wiki/Paul_Lo_Duca "Paul Lo Duca") by 296,948 votes. He became the first ever Canadian born catcher to start the All\-Star Game.{{cite web\|first\=Lyle\|last\=Spencer\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20070710\&content\_id\=2079849\&vkey\=allstar2007\&fext\=.jsp\|title\=Dodgers take All\-Star Game by storm\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|date\=July 11, 2007\|work\=MLB.com}}
At the end of the 2007 season, he was awarded with the National League [Gold Glove Award](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award "Gold Glove Award") and the [Silver Slugger Award](/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award "Silver Slugger Award").{{cite web\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/awards/mlb\_awards\_content.jsp?content\=silver\_slugger\_history\|title\=The Official Site of Major League Baseball: History: MLB Awards\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|work\=MLB.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\=2643130\|title\=Maddux wins record 17th Gold Glove\|access\-date\=April 18, 2008\|date\=November 6, 2007\|publisher\=Sporting News\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220182326/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\=2643130\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2009\|df\=mdy\-all}}
On May 2, 2008, Martin started his first game at third base since reaching the Majors, allowing veteran backup [Gary Bennett](/wiki/Gary_Bennett_%28baseball%29 "Gary Bennett (baseball)") to spell Martin behind the [plate](/wiki/Home_plate "Home plate").{{cite web\|url\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20080502\&content\_id\=2627891\&vkey\=news\_la\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=la\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506133137/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20080502\&content\_id\=2627891\&vkey\=news\_la\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=la\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2008\|title\=The Official Site of The Los Angeles Dodgers: News: Martin starts at hot corner\|access\-date\=September 2, 2008\|date\=May 2, 2008\|work\=\[\[MLB\|MLB.com]]}} Martin made his second all\-star game during the 2008 season.{{cite web\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20080706\&content\_id\=3075611\&vkey\=allstar2008\&fext\=.jsp\|title\=Martin gets second straight All\-Star nod\|access\-date\=September 12, 2011\|date\=July 6, 2008\|publisher\=MLB}} He caught 10 innings of a 15 inning game in which the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") won 4–3\.{{cite web\|first\=Bryan\|last\=Hoch\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/gameday\_recap.jsp?ymd\=20080715\&content\_id\=3137808\&vkey\=recap\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=mlb\|title\=Night is Young: AL walks off in 15th\|access\-date\=September 2, 2008\|date\=July 16, 2008\|work\=\[\[MLB\|MLB.com]]}} Martin's 10 innings caught are tied for fourth place all time among all star catchers in a single game.
On January 20, 2009, Martin signed a one\-year, $3\.9 million contract to avoid salary arbitration. The deal was the largest ever awarded to a catcher in his first year of arbitration.[Source: Dodgers give Martin 1\-year, $3\.9M deal](http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/9108250/Source:-Dodgers-give-Martin-1-year,-$3.9M-deal?CMP=OTC-K9B140813162&ATT=49) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122082738/http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/9108250/Source:\-Dodgers\-give\-Martin\-1\-year,\-$3\.9M\-deal?CMP\=OTC\-K9B140813162\&ATT\=49 \|date\=January 22, 2009 }}. Retrieved on January 20, 2009\. He played for the Canadian team during the [2009 World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic "2009 World Baseball Classic") and then rejoined the Dodgers. He slumped offensively in 2009, hitting only .250 with 7 home runs in 143 games, the weakest totals in his four\-year career.
In 2010, Martin continued to regress as he hit .248 with 5 home runs and 26 RBI in 97 games. In August, Martin suffered a torn [labrum](/wiki/Acetabular_labrum "Acetabular labrum") in his right hip when he was trying to avoid a tag at home plate in a game against the Padres. The injury kept him sidelined for the rest of the season.{{cite web\|author\=Ken Gurnick \|url\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20100804\&content\_id\=13037528\&vkey\=news\_la\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=la \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806212117/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20100804\&content\_id\=13037528\&vkey\=news\_la\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=la \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=August 6, 2010 \|title\=Dodgers' Martin likely done for season \|website\=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \|date\=July 22, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2011}}
Due to his uncertain recovery from injury and declining production, and concern that Martin would be awarded a salary as high as $6 million in [arbitration](/wiki/Salary_arbitration "Salary arbitration"), the Dodgers did not tender Martin a contract for 2011 and allowed him to become a free agent.{{cite web\|date\=December 2, 2010\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/12/dodgers\-elect\-to\-non\-tender\-russell\-martin.html \|title\=Dodgers elect to non\-tender Russell Martin; reach deal with Rod Barajas \|publisher\=Latimesblogs.latimes.com \|access\-date\=September 15, 2011}} The Dodgers offered Martin a one\-year contract worth $4\.2 million prior to the arbitration hearings but he insisted on receiving well above $5 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/12/the\-fade\-to\-black\-for\-russell\-martin\-as\-a\-dodger\-catcher\-reportedly\-signs\-with\-yankees.html \|title\=Russell Martin's sad fade to black as a Dodger: catcher reportedly signs with Yankees \|publisher\=Latimesblogs.latimes.com \|date\=December 14, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2011}} After Martin rebuffed the Dodgers' offer, the Dodgers [non\-tendered](/wiki/Non-tendered "Non-tendered") him and signed journeyman catcher Rod Barajas, though hinting that Martin could still have a place on the team. Martin said the Dodgers had shown by avoiding arbitration that they no longer "believed in" him.{{cite web\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/12/russell\-martin\-i\-wanted\-to\-see\-if\-the\-dodgers\-still\-believed\-in\-me.html \|title\=Russell Martin: I wanted to see if the Dodgers still believed in me \|publisher\=Latimesblogs.latimes.com \|date\=December 16, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2011}}
### New York Yankees (2011–2012\)
[thumb\|left\|220px\|Martin with the [New York Yankees in 2011](/wiki/2011_New_York_Yankees_season "2011 New York Yankees season")](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_2011.jpg "Russell Martin 2011.jpg")
Martin agreed to a $6 million guaranteed one\-year contract with the New York Yankees for the 2011 season. The value of the contract could reach $9\.4 million if he caught 110 games.{{cite web\|url\=http://yankees.lhblogs.com/2010/12/14/report\-martin\-signs\-with\-yankees/ \|title\=Report: Martin signs with Yankees \| The Lohud Yankees Blog \|publisher\=Yankees.lhblogs.com \|date\=December 14, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/new\-york/mlb/news/story?id\=5918751 \|title\=Source: New York Yankees sign catcher Russell Martin — ESPN New York \|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \|date\=December 15, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2011}}
Martin began the 2011 season as the everyday catcher for the Yankees. He was elected to the 2011 American League All\-Star team as a Yankee.
Along with [Robinson Canó](/wiki/Robinson_Can%C3%B3 "Robinson Canó") and [Curtis Granderson](/wiki/Curtis_Granderson "Curtis Granderson"), Martin was one of the Yankees' three batters who hit an MLB record three [grand slams](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 "Grand slam (baseball)") in a single game in a 22–9 rout of the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics") at [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium "Yankee Stadium") on August 25, 2011\.
As a Super Two player, Martin was eligible for arbitration for a fourth time, and he signed a one\-year, $7\.5 million contract for the 2012 season with up to $100,000 in performance bonuses with the Yankees to avoid arbitration on January 24\. He spent the year as the starting catcher with [Chris Stewart](/wiki/Chris_Stewart_%28baseball%29 "Chris Stewart (baseball)") as his backup. In 133 games, he hit .211 with 21 home runs and 53 RBI. Martin started all 9 games of the Yankees' postseason, going 5\-for\-31 with one home run.
### Pittsburgh Pirates (2013–2014\)
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Martin with the Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_on_May_3%2C_2013.jpg "Russell Martin on May 3, 2013.jpg")
On November 29, 2012, [Ken Rosenthal](/wiki/Ken_Rosenthal "Ken Rosenthal") reported that the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates") had signed Martin for two years and $17 million.{{cite web\|last\=Rosenthal\|first\=Ken\|title\=Pirates Agree To Terms With Russell Martin\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/11/pirates\-agree\-to\-terms\-with\-russell\-martin.html\|access\-date\=November 29, 2012}}{{cite web\|first\=Scott\|last\=Cullen\|title\=Numbers Game: Pirates ink free agent catcher Martin\|publisher\=TSN.ca\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\=410632\|date\=November 30, 2012}} The deal became official on November 30\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\=410590\|title\=Pirates officially sign Martin to two\-year, $17M contract\|work\=TSN.ca\|date\=November 30, 2012\|access\-date\=November 30, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20121130\&content\_id\=40476022\&vkey\=pr\_pit\&c\_id\=pit\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213245/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20121130\&content\_id\=40476022\&vkey\=pr\_pit\&c\_id\=pit\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2013\|title\=Pirates sign free agent catcher Russell Martin\|date\=November 30, 2012}} On June 4, 2013, Martin made his first start and appearance at right field. On June 8, 2013, Martin hit his 100th career home run.
In the [NL Wild Card Game](/wiki/NL_Wild_Card_Game "NL Wild Card Game") on October 1, 2013, Martin hit a pair of solo home runs as the Pirates defeated the Cincinnati Reds 6\-2\. The first was off Reds starter [Johnny Cueto](/wiki/Johnny_Cueto "Johnny Cueto"). Cueto, [having his name chanted by 40,000 Pirates fans, dropped the ball while on the mound](/wiki/Pittsburgh_sports_lore%23The_Drop_Seen_%27Round_the_World:The_Cueto_Chant "The Cueto Chant"). His next pitch, a fastball over the heart of the plate, was crushed into the left\-field stands by Martin. This home run gave the Pirates the momentum to win the game, their first postseason victory in 21 years.
During a game against the Milwaukee Brewers on April 20, 2014, Martin was involved in a brawl which was started when [Carlos Gómez](/wiki/Carlos_G%C3%B3mez "Carlos Gómez") hit a triple off [Gerrit Cole](/wiki/Gerrit_Cole "Gerrit Cole") after which Martin was suspended 2 games by the MLB on April 22, 2014, for his role in the brawl.
### Toronto Blue Jays (2015–2018\)
[thumb\|Russell Martin with the [Toronto Blue Jays in 2015](/wiki/2015_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season "2015 Toronto Blue Jays season")](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_2015.jpg "Russell Martin 2015.jpg")
On November 18, 2014, the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") announced that they had signed Martin to a five\-year, $82 million contract. Early in spring training, manager [John Gibbons](/wiki/John_Gibbons "John Gibbons") told reporters that Martin would be [R. A. Dickey](/wiki/R._A._Dickey "R. A. Dickey")'s catcher during practice and in preseason games, to give him the opportunity to practice catching Dickey's [knuckleball](/wiki/Knuckleball "Knuckleball").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/new\-blue\-jay\-martin\-draws\-crowd\-1st\-workout/\|title\=Martin up for challenge of catching knuckleball\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]]\|date\=February 23, 2015\|access\-date\=February 23, 2015}} Martin received a standing ovation from the fans at [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_%28Montreal%29 "Olympic Stadium (Montreal)") on April 3, as the Blue Jays played their final two spring training games in Montreal for the second consecutive year.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/eye\-on\-baseball/25134958/look\-montreals\-russell\-martin\-gets\-standing\-ovation\-at\-olympic\-stadium\|title\=LOOK: Montreal's Russell Martin gets standing ovation at Olympic Stadium\|last\=Axisa\|first\=Mike\|work\=cbssports.com\|date\=April 3, 2015\|access\-date\=April 4, 2015}} On April 19, 2015, Martin caught [Jeff Francis](/wiki/Jeff_Francis "Jeff Francis") in his debut for the Blue Jays, and in doing so formed the first all\-Canadian battery in franchise history.{{cite web\|url\=http://fantasynews.cbssports.com/fantasybaseball/update/25155403/jeff\-francis\-russell\-martin\-become\-blue\-jays\-first\-canadian\-battery\|title\=Jeff Francis, Russell Martin become Blue Jays' first Canadian battery\|last\=Leshinski\|first\=Ted\|work\=fantasynews.cbssports.com\|date\=April 19, 2015\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} On June 2, Martin stole home off the back end of a double steal, and became the first Blue Jay to steal home since [Brett Lawrie](/wiki/Brett_Lawrie "Brett Lawrie") did so in 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/128238020/russell\-martin\-steals\-home\-against\-nationals\|title\=Martin swipes home on double steal in DC\|last\=Chisholm\|first\=Gregor\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=June 2, 2015\|access\-date\=June 3, 2015}} Martin established a new career\-high in home runs on September 26, hitting his 22nd of the season to aid the Blue Jays to a 10–8 win over the Tampa Bay Rays.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/blue\-jays\-outlast\-rays\-in\-wild\-10\-8\-victory\-1\.2582756\|title\=Blue Jays outlast Rays in wild 10\-8 victory\|last\=Davidson\|first\=Neil\|work\=ctvnews.ca\|date\=September 26, 2015\|access\-date\=September 26, 2015}} He ended the 2015 regular season with a .240 batting average, 23 home runs, and 77 RBI in 129 games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/m/martiru01\.shtml\|title\=Russell Martin Statistics and History\|work\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]\|access\-date\=October 5, 2015}} He led the major leagues in [passed balls](/wiki/Passed_ball "Passed ball"), with 19\.[Major League Leaderboards » 2015 » All Positions » Fielding Statistics \| FanGraphs Baseball](https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=fld&lg=all&qual=10&type=0&season=2015&month=0&season1=2015&ind=0&team=0&rost=0&age=0&filter=&players=0&sort=19,d) Martin was announced as a finalist for the catcher [Gold Glove](/wiki/Rawlings_Gold_Glove_Award "Rawlings Gold Glove Award") award, along with [Salvador Pérez](/wiki/Salvador_P%C3%A9rez "Salvador Pérez") and [Jason Castro](/wiki/Jason_Castro_%28baseball%29 "Jason Castro (baseball)").{{cite web\|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/155895822/gold\-glove\-award\-finalists\-announced\|title\=Finalists for Gold Gloves unveiled\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=October 29, 2015\|access\-date\=October 29, 2015}}
Martin appeared in 137 games for the Blue Jays in 2016, and hit .231 with 20 home runs and 74 RBI. He struggled in the postseason, recording only three hits in 33 at\-bats.
On April 29, 2017, Martin became the 15th catcher to record 10,000 career putouts at the [position](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_putouts_as_a_catcher_leaders "List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders").
On June 20, 2018, Martin became the 11th catcher to make 11,000 career putouts at the position. Martin endured his worst offensive season of his career, hitting .194 with 10 home runs and 25 RBIs. In the final game of the 2018 season, Martin managed the Blue Jays, the team wound up losing in his managerial debut.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/bluejays/news/russell\-martin\-manages\-blue\-jays\-game\-162\-loss/c\-296708812\|title\=Russell Martin manages Blue Jays Game 162 loss\|website\=MLB.com}}
### Return to the Dodgers (2019\)
On January 11, 2019, the Blue Jays traded Martin to the Dodgers for prospects Ronny Brito and [Andrew Sopko](/wiki/Andrew_Sopko "Andrew Sopko"). The Blue Jays also sent $16\.4 million to offset most of Martin's $20 million salary.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-sp\-dodgers\-russell\-martin\-20190111\-story.html\|title\=Dodgers Acquire Russell Martin\|newspaper\=LA Times\|first\=Maria\|last\=Torres\|date\=January 11, 2019\|access\-date\=January 13, 2019}} Martin spent the 2019 season as the Dodgers' backup catcher, first behind [Austin Barnes](/wiki/Austin_Barnes "Austin Barnes") and then [Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith_%28catcher%29 "Will Smith (catcher)").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2019\-07\-26/will\-smith\-dodgers\-catcher\-austin\-barnes\-david\-freese\|title\=Rookie Will Smith to be Dodgers' 'primary' catcher, Dave Roberts says\|newspaper\=LA Times\|first\=Jorge\|last\=Castillo\|date\=July 26, 2019\|access\-date\=October 2, 2019}}
On March 30, 2019, Martin pitched the top of the ninth inning in the Dodgers' 18\-5 win over the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks"). He made ten pitches and retired three straight batters, becoming the first major league position player to pitch and complete the ninth inning of a game that his team won since left fielder [Willie Smith](/wiki/Willie_Smith_%28outfielder%29 "Willie Smith (outfielder)") did so for the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") on September 23, 1963\. Martin also became the first position player to pitch a 1\-2\-3 ninth inning in a team win since at least 1925\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/russell\-martin\-makes\-history\-on\-the\-mound\|title\=Russell Martin makes history on the mound\|website\=MLB.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-01}} On August 28, 2019, Martin became the first position player to pitch in a shutout victory since October 3, 1917, when [George Kelly](/wiki/George_Kelly_%28baseball%29 "George Kelly (baseball)") of the [New York Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") did so.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/news/walker\-buehler\-leads\-shutout\-of\-padres\|title\=Buehler Ks 11, Martin makes history ... as pitcher\|work\=mlb.com\|first\=Ken\|last\=Gurnick\|date\=August 27, 2019\|access\-date\=August 28, 2019}} In what would be his last season in the majors, Martin played in 83 games for the Dodgers in 2019, hitting .220 with six homers and 20 RBI.
### Retirement
On May 28, 2022, he announced his retirement, via an [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") post.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-05\-29 \|title\=Former Los Angeles Dodgers Catcher Russell Martin Retires \|url\=https://dodgerblue.com/former\-los\-angeles\-dodgers\-catcher\-russell\-martin\-retires/2022/05/28/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-29 \|website\=Dodger Blue \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Draft and minor leagues (2002–2006\\)",
"Martin was selected in the 35th round of the [2000 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2000 Major League Baseball draft\") by the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos \"Montreal Expos\"), but did not sign.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/draft/?query\\_type\\=year\\_round\\&year\\_ID\\=2000\\&draft\\_round\\=35\\&draft\\_type\\=junreg\\&\\|title\\=35th Round of the 2000 MLB June Amateur Draft\\|work\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2015}} He then attended [Chipola College](/wiki/Chipola_College \"Chipola College\") for two years before being chosen in the 17th round of the [2002 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2002 Major League Baseball draft\") by the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\"). Drafted as a third baseman, Martin played his first professional season with the [Gulf Coast Dodgers](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Dodgers \"Gulf Coast Dodgers\"), and hit .286 with 10 RBI in 41 games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id\\=martin003rus\\|title\\=Russell Martin Minor League Statistics \\& History\\|work\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2015}} In the offseason, he was converted to a catcher. Martin played the 2003 minor league season with the [Ogden Raptors](/wiki/Ogden_Raptors \"Ogden Raptors\"), and was later promoted to the Class\\-A [South Georgia Waves](/wiki/South_Georgia_Waves \"South Georgia Waves\"). In 77 combined games, he batted .276 with 9 home runs and 50 RBI.",
"Martin was a [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League \"Florida State League\") All\\-Star catcher while with the [Vero Beach Dodgers](/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers \"Vero Beach Dodgers\") in 2004, playing 122 games and batting .250 with 15 home runs and 64 RBI.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/players/russell\\_martin/bio/index.jsp\\|title\\=Russell Martin Bio\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2015}} During the offseason, Martin played with the [Scottsdale Scorpions](/wiki/Scottsdale_Scorpions \"Scottsdale Scorpions\") of the [Arizona Fall League](/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League \"Arizona Fall League\"). In 2005, he played in a career\\-high 129 games for the Double\\-A [Jacksonville Suns](/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns \"Jacksonville Suns\") and made the All\\-Star team, hitting .311 with 9 home runs and 61 RBI. Martin began the 2006 season with the Triple\\-A [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s \"Las Vegas 51s\"), where he hit .297 in 23 games before his promotion.",
"### Los Angeles Dodgers (2006–2010\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Martin with the [Los Angeles Dodgers in 2008](/wiki/2008_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2008 Los Angeles Dodgers season\")](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_on_April_6%2C_2008.jpg \"Russell Martin on April 6, 2008.jpg\")\nMartin was promoted to the Dodgers on May 5, 2006, after a wrist injury to starting catcher [Dioner Navarro](/wiki/Dioner_Navarro \"Dioner Navarro\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\\=2093845\\|title\\=Russell Martin achieves stardom in second big\\-league season\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|date\\=June 14, 2007\\|publisher\\=Sporting News\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220180641/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\\=2093845\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2009\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} He got two hits, including a double, in the game. His first hit was against [Chris Capuano](/wiki/Chris_Capuano \"Chris Capuano\"). On May 7, he hit his first major league home run against [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\") pitcher [Dave Bush](/wiki/Dave_Bush \"Dave Bush\"). On June 6, 2006, Martin and [Éric Gagné](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9 \"Éric Gagné\") made [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") history by becoming the first French Canadian battery in the majors.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=260606119\\|title\\=Mets vs. Dodgers — Box Score — June 6, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|date\\=June 6, 2006\\|publisher\\=ESPN}} Martin's play was good enough that, on June 26, 2006, Navarro was traded to the [Tampa Bay Devil Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays \"Tampa Bay Devil Rays\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/\\_/id/5902/dioner\\-navarro\\|title\\=ESPN — Dioner Navarro Stats, News, Photos, – Tampa Bay Rays\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|publisher\\=ESPN}} On August 13, 2006, Martin hit his first career walk\\-off home run in a victory that completed a sweep of the rival [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=260813119\\|title\\=Giants vs. Dodgers — Box Score — August 13, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|date\\=August 13, 2006\\|publisher\\=ESPN}} On September 18, 2006, Martin hit a solo home run off of [Trevor Hoffman](/wiki/Trevor_Hoffman \"Trevor Hoffman\"), the third of four consecutive home runs in the bottom of the 9th inning to tie the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\"). It was the first time four home runs had been hit in a row since the 1964 [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=260918119\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134014/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=260918119\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2009\\|title\\=Padres vs. Dodgers — Recap — September 18, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2008\\|date\\=September 18, 2006\\|publisher\\=ESPN}}",
"On April 21, 2007, Martin hit a walk\\-off [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 \"Grand slam (baseball)\") against [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\") pitcher [Shawn Chacón](/wiki/Shawn_Chac%C3%B3n \"Shawn Chacón\") in the bottom of the 10th inning. This was the first grand slam of his career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=270421119\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215072024/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=270421119\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 15, 2009\\|title\\=Pirates vs. Dodgers — Recap — April 21, 2007\\|quote\\=Martin's walk\\-off grand slam sends Dodgers past Pirates\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2008\\|date\\=April 21, 2007\\|publisher\\=ESPN}}",
"In May 2007, Martin broke the Dodgers' franchise record for single\\-season steals by a catcher (12\\) set by [John Roseboro](/wiki/John_Roseboro \"John Roseboro\") in 1962\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=GoBlue1324\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/blog/GoBlue1324/126640/\\|title\\=2008 Fantasy Baseball: Catchers\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|date\\=December 27, 2007\\|publisher\\=Sporting News\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105212748/http://www.sportingnews.com/blog/GoBlue1324/126640\\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2008\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} On July 1, it was announced that Martin finished in first place in [All\\-Star Game](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") voting, leading [Paul Lo Duca](/wiki/Paul_Lo_Duca \"Paul Lo Duca\") by 296,948 votes. He became the first ever Canadian born catcher to start the All\\-Star Game.{{cite web\\|first\\=Lyle\\|last\\=Spencer\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20070710\\&content\\_id\\=2079849\\&vkey\\=allstar2007\\&fext\\=.jsp\\|title\\=Dodgers take All\\-Star Game by storm\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|date\\=July 11, 2007\\|work\\=MLB.com}}",
"At the end of the 2007 season, he was awarded with the National League [Gold Glove Award](/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award \"Gold Glove Award\") and the [Silver Slugger Award](/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award \"Silver Slugger Award\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/awards/mlb\\_awards\\_content.jsp?content\\=silver\\_slugger\\_history\\|title\\=The Official Site of Major League Baseball: History: MLB Awards\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|work\\=MLB.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\\=2643130\\|title\\=Maddux wins record 17th Gold Glove\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2008\\|date\\=November 6, 2007\\|publisher\\=Sporting News\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220182326/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?p\\=2643130\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2009\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"On May 2, 2008, Martin started his first game at third base since reaching the Majors, allowing veteran backup [Gary Bennett](/wiki/Gary_Bennett_%28baseball%29 \"Gary Bennett (baseball)\") to spell Martin behind the [plate](/wiki/Home_plate \"Home plate\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20080502\\&content\\_id\\=2627891\\&vkey\\=news\\_la\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=la\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506133137/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20080502\\&content\\_id\\=2627891\\&vkey\\=news\\_la\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=la\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2008\\|title\\=The Official Site of The Los Angeles Dodgers: News: Martin starts at hot corner\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2008\\|date\\=May 2, 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[MLB\\|MLB.com]]}} Martin made his second all\\-star game during the 2008 season.{{cite web\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20080706\\&content\\_id\\=3075611\\&vkey\\=allstar2008\\&fext\\=.jsp\\|title\\=Martin gets second straight All\\-Star nod\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2011\\|date\\=July 6, 2008\\|publisher\\=MLB}} He caught 10 innings of a 15 inning game in which the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") won 4–3\\.{{cite web\\|first\\=Bryan\\|last\\=Hoch\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/gameday\\_recap.jsp?ymd\\=20080715\\&content\\_id\\=3137808\\&vkey\\=recap\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=mlb\\|title\\=Night is Young: AL walks off in 15th\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2008\\|date\\=July 16, 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[MLB\\|MLB.com]]}} Martin's 10 innings caught are tied for fourth place all time among all star catchers in a single game.",
"On January 20, 2009, Martin signed a one\\-year, $3\\.9 million contract to avoid salary arbitration. The deal was the largest ever awarded to a catcher in his first year of arbitration.[Source: Dodgers give Martin 1\\-year, $3\\.9M deal](http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/9108250/Source:-Dodgers-give-Martin-1-year,-$3.9M-deal?CMP=OTC-K9B140813162&ATT=49) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122082738/http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/9108250/Source:\\-Dodgers\\-give\\-Martin\\-1\\-year,\\-$3\\.9M\\-deal?CMP\\=OTC\\-K9B140813162\\&ATT\\=49 \\|date\\=January 22, 2009 }}. Retrieved on January 20, 2009\\. He played for the Canadian team during the [2009 World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic \"2009 World Baseball Classic\") and then rejoined the Dodgers. He slumped offensively in 2009, hitting only .250 with 7 home runs in 143 games, the weakest totals in his four\\-year career.",
"In 2010, Martin continued to regress as he hit .248 with 5 home runs and 26 RBI in 97 games. In August, Martin suffered a torn [labrum](/wiki/Acetabular_labrum \"Acetabular labrum\") in his right hip when he was trying to avoid a tag at home plate in a game against the Padres. The injury kept him sidelined for the rest of the season.{{cite web\\|author\\=Ken Gurnick \\|url\\=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20100804\\&content\\_id\\=13037528\\&vkey\\=news\\_la\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=la \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806212117/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20100804\\&content\\_id\\=13037528\\&vkey\\=news\\_la\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=la \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2010 \\|title\\=Dodgers' Martin likely done for season \\|website\\=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com \\|date\\=July 22, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2011}}",
"Due to his uncertain recovery from injury and declining production, and concern that Martin would be awarded a salary as high as $6 million in [arbitration](/wiki/Salary_arbitration \"Salary arbitration\"), the Dodgers did not tender Martin a contract for 2011 and allowed him to become a free agent.{{cite web\\|date\\=December 2, 2010\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/12/dodgers\\-elect\\-to\\-non\\-tender\\-russell\\-martin.html \\|title\\=Dodgers elect to non\\-tender Russell Martin; reach deal with Rod Barajas \\|publisher\\=Latimesblogs.latimes.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2011}} The Dodgers offered Martin a one\\-year contract worth $4\\.2 million prior to the arbitration hearings but he insisted on receiving well above $5 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/12/the\\-fade\\-to\\-black\\-for\\-russell\\-martin\\-as\\-a\\-dodger\\-catcher\\-reportedly\\-signs\\-with\\-yankees.html \\|title\\=Russell Martin's sad fade to black as a Dodger: catcher reportedly signs with Yankees \\|publisher\\=Latimesblogs.latimes.com \\|date\\=December 14, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2011}} After Martin rebuffed the Dodgers' offer, the Dodgers [non\\-tendered](/wiki/Non-tendered \"Non-tendered\") him and signed journeyman catcher Rod Barajas, though hinting that Martin could still have a place on the team. Martin said the Dodgers had shown by avoiding arbitration that they no longer \"believed in\" him.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgers/2010/12/russell\\-martin\\-i\\-wanted\\-to\\-see\\-if\\-the\\-dodgers\\-still\\-believed\\-in\\-me.html \\|title\\=Russell Martin: I wanted to see if the Dodgers still believed in me \\|publisher\\=Latimesblogs.latimes.com \\|date\\=December 16, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2011}}",
"### New York Yankees (2011–2012\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Martin with the [New York Yankees in 2011](/wiki/2011_New_York_Yankees_season \"2011 New York Yankees season\")](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_2011.jpg \"Russell Martin 2011.jpg\")\nMartin agreed to a $6 million guaranteed one\\-year contract with the New York Yankees for the 2011 season. The value of the contract could reach $9\\.4 million if he caught 110 games.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://yankees.lhblogs.com/2010/12/14/report\\-martin\\-signs\\-with\\-yankees/ \\|title\\=Report: Martin signs with Yankees \\| The Lohud Yankees Blog \\|publisher\\=Yankees.lhblogs.com \\|date\\=December 14, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/new\\-york/mlb/news/story?id\\=5918751 \\|title\\=Source: New York Yankees sign catcher Russell Martin — ESPN New York \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\|date\\=December 15, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2011}}",
"Martin began the 2011 season as the everyday catcher for the Yankees. He was elected to the 2011 American League All\\-Star team as a Yankee.",
"Along with [Robinson Canó](/wiki/Robinson_Can%C3%B3 \"Robinson Canó\") and [Curtis Granderson](/wiki/Curtis_Granderson \"Curtis Granderson\"), Martin was one of the Yankees' three batters who hit an MLB record three [grand slams](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 \"Grand slam (baseball)\") in a single game in a 22–9 rout of the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") at [Yankee Stadium](/wiki/Yankee_Stadium \"Yankee Stadium\") on August 25, 2011\\.",
"As a Super Two player, Martin was eligible for arbitration for a fourth time, and he signed a one\\-year, $7\\.5 million contract for the 2012 season with up to $100,000 in performance bonuses with the Yankees to avoid arbitration on January 24\\. He spent the year as the starting catcher with [Chris Stewart](/wiki/Chris_Stewart_%28baseball%29 \"Chris Stewart (baseball)\") as his backup. In 133 games, he hit .211 with 21 home runs and 53 RBI. Martin started all 9 games of the Yankees' postseason, going 5\\-for\\-31 with one home run.",
"### Pittsburgh Pirates (2013–2014\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Martin with the Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_on_May_3%2C_2013.jpg \"Russell Martin on May 3, 2013.jpg\")\nOn November 29, 2012, [Ken Rosenthal](/wiki/Ken_Rosenthal \"Ken Rosenthal\") reported that the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\") had signed Martin for two years and $17 million.{{cite web\\|last\\=Rosenthal\\|first\\=Ken\\|title\\=Pirates Agree To Terms With Russell Martin\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/11/pirates\\-agree\\-to\\-terms\\-with\\-russell\\-martin.html\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2012}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Scott\\|last\\=Cullen\\|title\\=Numbers Game: Pirates ink free agent catcher Martin\\|publisher\\=TSN.ca\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\\=410632\\|date\\=November 30, 2012}} The deal became official on November 30\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/mlb/story/?id\\=410590\\|title\\=Pirates officially sign Martin to two\\-year, $17M contract\\|work\\=TSN.ca\\|date\\=November 30, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20121130\\&content\\_id\\=40476022\\&vkey\\=pr\\_pit\\&c\\_id\\=pit\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213245/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20121130\\&content\\_id\\=40476022\\&vkey\\=pr\\_pit\\&c\\_id\\=pit\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2013\\|title\\=Pirates sign free agent catcher Russell Martin\\|date\\=November 30, 2012}} On June 4, 2013, Martin made his first start and appearance at right field. On June 8, 2013, Martin hit his 100th career home run.",
"In the [NL Wild Card Game](/wiki/NL_Wild_Card_Game \"NL Wild Card Game\") on October 1, 2013, Martin hit a pair of solo home runs as the Pirates defeated the Cincinnati Reds 6\\-2\\. The first was off Reds starter [Johnny Cueto](/wiki/Johnny_Cueto \"Johnny Cueto\"). Cueto, [having his name chanted by 40,000 Pirates fans, dropped the ball while on the mound](/wiki/Pittsburgh_sports_lore%23The_Drop_Seen_%27Round_the_World:The_Cueto_Chant \"The Cueto Chant\"). His next pitch, a fastball over the heart of the plate, was crushed into the left\\-field stands by Martin. This home run gave the Pirates the momentum to win the game, their first postseason victory in 21 years.",
"During a game against the Milwaukee Brewers on April 20, 2014, Martin was involved in a brawl which was started when [Carlos Gómez](/wiki/Carlos_G%C3%B3mez \"Carlos Gómez\") hit a triple off [Gerrit Cole](/wiki/Gerrit_Cole \"Gerrit Cole\") after which Martin was suspended 2 games by the MLB on April 22, 2014, for his role in the brawl.",
"### Toronto Blue Jays (2015–2018\\)",
"[thumb\\|Russell Martin with the [Toronto Blue Jays in 2015](/wiki/2015_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season \"2015 Toronto Blue Jays season\")](/wiki/File:Russell_Martin_2015.jpg \"Russell Martin 2015.jpg\")\nOn November 18, 2014, the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") announced that they had signed Martin to a five\\-year, $82 million contract. Early in spring training, manager [John Gibbons](/wiki/John_Gibbons \"John Gibbons\") told reporters that Martin would be [R. A. Dickey](/wiki/R._A._Dickey \"R. A. Dickey\")'s catcher during practice and in preseason games, to give him the opportunity to practice catching Dickey's [knuckleball](/wiki/Knuckleball \"Knuckleball\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/new\\-blue\\-jay\\-martin\\-draws\\-crowd\\-1st\\-workout/\\|title\\=Martin up for challenge of catching knuckleball\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]]\\|date\\=February 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2015}} Martin received a standing ovation from the fans at [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_%28Montreal%29 \"Olympic Stadium (Montreal)\") on April 3, as the Blue Jays played their final two spring training games in Montreal for the second consecutive year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/eye\\-on\\-baseball/25134958/look\\-montreals\\-russell\\-martin\\-gets\\-standing\\-ovation\\-at\\-olympic\\-stadium\\|title\\=LOOK: Montreal's Russell Martin gets standing ovation at Olympic Stadium\\|last\\=Axisa\\|first\\=Mike\\|work\\=cbssports.com\\|date\\=April 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2015}} On April 19, 2015, Martin caught [Jeff Francis](/wiki/Jeff_Francis \"Jeff Francis\") in his debut for the Blue Jays, and in doing so formed the first all\\-Canadian battery in franchise history.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fantasynews.cbssports.com/fantasybaseball/update/25155403/jeff\\-francis\\-russell\\-martin\\-become\\-blue\\-jays\\-first\\-canadian\\-battery\\|title\\=Jeff Francis, Russell Martin become Blue Jays' first Canadian battery\\|last\\=Leshinski\\|first\\=Ted\\|work\\=fantasynews.cbssports.com\\|date\\=April 19, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} On June 2, Martin stole home off the back end of a double steal, and became the first Blue Jay to steal home since [Brett Lawrie](/wiki/Brett_Lawrie \"Brett Lawrie\") did so in 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/128238020/russell\\-martin\\-steals\\-home\\-against\\-nationals\\|title\\=Martin swipes home on double steal in DC\\|last\\=Chisholm\\|first\\=Gregor\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=June 2, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2015}} Martin established a new career\\-high in home runs on September 26, hitting his 22nd of the season to aid the Blue Jays to a 10–8 win over the Tampa Bay Rays.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/blue\\-jays\\-outlast\\-rays\\-in\\-wild\\-10\\-8\\-victory\\-1\\.2582756\\|title\\=Blue Jays outlast Rays in wild 10\\-8 victory\\|last\\=Davidson\\|first\\=Neil\\|work\\=ctvnews.ca\\|date\\=September 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2015}} He ended the 2015 regular season with a .240 batting average, 23 home runs, and 77 RBI in 129 games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/m/martiru01\\.shtml\\|title\\=Russell Martin Statistics and History\\|work\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015}} He led the major leagues in [passed balls](/wiki/Passed_ball \"Passed ball\"), with 19\\.[Major League Leaderboards » 2015 » All Positions » Fielding Statistics \\| FanGraphs Baseball](https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=fld&lg=all&qual=10&type=0&season=2015&month=0&season1=2015&ind=0&team=0&rost=0&age=0&filter=&players=0&sort=19,d) Martin was announced as a finalist for the catcher [Gold Glove](/wiki/Rawlings_Gold_Glove_Award \"Rawlings Gold Glove Award\") award, along with [Salvador Pérez](/wiki/Salvador_P%C3%A9rez \"Salvador Pérez\") and [Jason Castro](/wiki/Jason_Castro_%28baseball%29 \"Jason Castro (baseball)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/155895822/gold\\-glove\\-award\\-finalists\\-announced\\|title\\=Finalists for Gold Gloves unveiled\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=October 29, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2015}}",
"Martin appeared in 137 games for the Blue Jays in 2016, and hit .231 with 20 home runs and 74 RBI. He struggled in the postseason, recording only three hits in 33 at\\-bats.",
"On April 29, 2017, Martin became the 15th catcher to record 10,000 career putouts at the [position](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_putouts_as_a_catcher_leaders \"List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders\").",
"On June 20, 2018, Martin became the 11th catcher to make 11,000 career putouts at the position. Martin endured his worst offensive season of his career, hitting .194 with 10 home runs and 25 RBIs. In the final game of the 2018 season, Martin managed the Blue Jays, the team wound up losing in his managerial debut.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/bluejays/news/russell\\-martin\\-manages\\-blue\\-jays\\-game\\-162\\-loss/c\\-296708812\\|title\\=Russell Martin manages Blue Jays Game 162 loss\\|website\\=MLB.com}}",
"### Return to the Dodgers (2019\\)",
"On January 11, 2019, the Blue Jays traded Martin to the Dodgers for prospects Ronny Brito and [Andrew Sopko](/wiki/Andrew_Sopko \"Andrew Sopko\"). The Blue Jays also sent $16\\.4 million to offset most of Martin's $20 million salary.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-sp\\-dodgers\\-russell\\-martin\\-20190111\\-story.html\\|title\\=Dodgers Acquire Russell Martin\\|newspaper\\=LA Times\\|first\\=Maria\\|last\\=Torres\\|date\\=January 11, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2019}} Martin spent the 2019 season as the Dodgers' backup catcher, first behind [Austin Barnes](/wiki/Austin_Barnes \"Austin Barnes\") and then [Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith_%28catcher%29 \"Will Smith (catcher)\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2019\\-07\\-26/will\\-smith\\-dodgers\\-catcher\\-austin\\-barnes\\-david\\-freese\\|title\\=Rookie Will Smith to be Dodgers' 'primary' catcher, Dave Roberts says\\|newspaper\\=LA Times\\|first\\=Jorge\\|last\\=Castillo\\|date\\=July 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2019}}",
"On March 30, 2019, Martin pitched the top of the ninth inning in the Dodgers' 18\\-5 win over the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\"). He made ten pitches and retired three straight batters, becoming the first major league position player to pitch and complete the ninth inning of a game that his team won since left fielder [Willie Smith](/wiki/Willie_Smith_%28outfielder%29 \"Willie Smith (outfielder)\") did so for the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") on September 23, 1963\\. Martin also became the first position player to pitch a 1\\-2\\-3 ninth inning in a team win since at least 1925\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/russell\\-martin\\-makes\\-history\\-on\\-the\\-mound\\|title\\=Russell Martin makes history on the mound\\|website\\=MLB.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-01}} On August 28, 2019, Martin became the first position player to pitch in a shutout victory since October 3, 1917, when [George Kelly](/wiki/George_Kelly_%28baseball%29 \"George Kelly (baseball)\") of the [New York Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") did so.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/news/walker\\-buehler\\-leads\\-shutout\\-of\\-padres\\|title\\=Buehler Ks 11, Martin makes history ... as pitcher\\|work\\=mlb.com\\|first\\=Ken\\|last\\=Gurnick\\|date\\=August 27, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2019}} In what would be his last season in the majors, Martin played in 83 games for the Dodgers in 2019, hitting .220 with six homers and 20 RBI.",
"### Retirement",
"On May 28, 2022, he announced his retirement, via an [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") post.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-29 \\|title\\=Former Los Angeles Dodgers Catcher Russell Martin Retires \\|url\\=https://dodgerblue.com/former\\-los\\-angeles\\-dodgers\\-catcher\\-russell\\-martin\\-retires/2022/05/28/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-29 \\|website\\=Dodger Blue \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
The daughter of a railway official, she was born in [Požega](/wiki/Po%C5%BEega%2C_Serbia "Požega, Serbia"). Her father died of [typhus](/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and her mother was left to raise the five children. With the help of a scholarship, Mitrović was able to study at the [University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Philosophy "University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy"), earning a degree in [Serbo\-Croatian language](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language "Serbo-Croatian language") and literature in 1934\. In 1933, she joined the [Communist Party of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia "Communist Party of Yugoslavia"). She was arrested several times{{cite web \|url\=http://www.yurope.com/zines/republika/arhiva/2001/259/259\_26\.html \|title\=Mitru Mitrovic: 1912–2001 \|work\=Republika \|year\=2001 \|language\=Bosnian}} and, as an anti\-fascist, was imprisoned following the [German occupation of Serbia](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia "Axis occupation of Serbia") but managed to escape.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.danas.rs/drustvo/rodna\-ravnopravnost/mitra\-mitrovic\-prva\-ministarka\-u\-istoriji\-srbije/ \|title\=Mitra Mitrović: Prva ministarka u istoriji Srbije \|work\=Danas \|date\=November 23, 2017}}
She was a delegate to the [Anti\-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia "Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia") (AVNOJ). She was an editor of *[Borba](/wiki/Borba_%28newspaper%29 "Borba (newspaper)")*, the Communist Party newspaper. She was a founding member of the [Antifascist front of women](/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Yugoslavia "Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia") (AFŽ) and served on its central committee.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dBdnDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA57 \|title\=Soviet Influences on Postwar Yugoslav Gender Policies \|page\=57 \|first\=Ivan \|last\=Simic \|year\=2018 \|isbn\=978\-3319943824}}{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=u2joCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA173 \|title\=War Stories: The War Memoir in History and Literature \|page\=173 \|first\=Philip \|last\=Dwyer \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-1785333088}} She helped found the feminist newspaper *Žena danas* ("Woman today").
She served as a member of the Serbian [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Serbia%29 "National Assembly (Serbia)") and of the federal assembly for the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia").
Mitrović was [Minister of Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education%2C_Science_and_Technological_Development_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia)") in the government of the [People's Republic of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia "Socialist Republic of Serbia"). Later, she served as president of the Council for Education and Culture.
She married [Milovan Đilas](/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas "Milovan Đilas") in 1936; the couple divorced in 1952\.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vWtpAAAAMAAJ\&q\=Mitra\+Mitrović\+2001 \|title\=The South Slav Journal \|page\=92 \|volume\=25 \|year\=2004}}
Even though she was no longer married to Đilas, when he fell out of favor, she was removed from all her political posts in January 1954\.
She published a memoir *Ratno putovanje* as well as books in support of women's rights: *Pravo glasa žena dokaz i oruđe demokratije* and *Položaj žene u savremenom svetu*.
Mitrović died in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade") at the age of 88\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"The daughter of a railway official, she was born in [Požega](/wiki/Po%C5%BEega%2C_Serbia \"Požega, Serbia\"). Her father died of [typhus](/wiki/Typhus \"Typhus\") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and her mother was left to raise the five children. With the help of a scholarship, Mitrović was able to study at the [University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Philosophy \"University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy\"), earning a degree in [Serbo\\-Croatian language](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language \"Serbo-Croatian language\") and literature in 1934\\. In 1933, she joined the [Communist Party of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia \"Communist Party of Yugoslavia\"). She was arrested several times{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.yurope.com/zines/republika/arhiva/2001/259/259\\_26\\.html \\|title\\=Mitru Mitrovic: 1912–2001 \\|work\\=Republika \\|year\\=2001 \\|language\\=Bosnian}} and, as an anti\\-fascist, was imprisoned following the [German occupation of Serbia](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia \"Axis occupation of Serbia\") but managed to escape.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.danas.rs/drustvo/rodna\\-ravnopravnost/mitra\\-mitrovic\\-prva\\-ministarka\\-u\\-istoriji\\-srbije/ \\|title\\=Mitra Mitrović: Prva ministarka u istoriji Srbije \\|work\\=Danas \\|date\\=November 23, 2017}}",
"She was a delegate to the [Anti\\-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia \"Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia\") (AVNOJ). She was an editor of *[Borba](/wiki/Borba_%28newspaper%29 \"Borba (newspaper)\")*, the Communist Party newspaper. She was a founding member of the [Antifascist front of women](/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Yugoslavia \"Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia\") (AFŽ) and served on its central committee.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dBdnDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA57 \\|title\\=Soviet Influences on Postwar Yugoslav Gender Policies \\|page\\=57 \\|first\\=Ivan \\|last\\=Simic \\|year\\=2018 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3319943824}}{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=u2joCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA173 \\|title\\=War Stories: The War Memoir in History and Literature \\|page\\=173 \\|first\\=Philip \\|last\\=Dwyer \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1785333088}} She helped found the feminist newspaper *Žena danas* (\"Woman today\").",
"She served as a member of the Serbian [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Serbia%29 \"National Assembly (Serbia)\") and of the federal assembly for the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\").",
"Mitrović was [Minister of Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education%2C_Science_and_Technological_Development_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia)\") in the government of the [People's Republic of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia \"Socialist Republic of Serbia\"). Later, she served as president of the Council for Education and Culture.",
"She married [Milovan Đilas](/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas \"Milovan Đilas\") in 1936; the couple divorced in 1952\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vWtpAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Mitra\\+Mitrović\\+2001 \\|title\\=The South Slav Journal \\|page\\=92 \\|volume\\=25 \\|year\\=2004}}",
"Even though she was no longer married to Đilas, when he fell out of favor, she was removed from all her political posts in January 1954\\.",
"She published a memoir *Ratno putovanje* as well as books in support of women's rights: *Pravo glasa žena dokaz i oruđe demokratije* and *Položaj žene u savremenom svetu*.",
"Mitrović died in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") at the age of 88\\.",
""
] |
List of preserved aircraft by country
-------------------------------------
### Argentina
A\-4B (A\-4P)
* 142688: [National Aeronautics Museum](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica_de_Argentina "Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina"), [Moron, Argentina](/wiki/Moron%2C_Argentina "Moron, Argentina").[Skyhawks on Display](http://a4skyhawk.org/2c/museum.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814171402/http://a4skyhawk.org/2c/museum.htm \|date\=14 August 2014 }}. a4skyhawk.org. Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142748: Brigada Aerea, [Villa Reynolds](/wiki/Villa_Reynolds "Villa Reynolds"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina").
* 142749: Regional Interforce Museum, [San Luis, Argentina](/wiki/San_Luis%2C_Argentina "San Luis, Argentina").
* 142752: Aerospace Technical Museum, [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina "Córdoba, Argentina").
* 142757: Brigada Aerea, [Mendoza, Argentina](/wiki/Mendoza%2C_Argentina "Mendoza, Argentina").
* 142773: Rio Cuarto Material Area, [Las Higueras Airport](/wiki/Las_Higueras_Airport "Las Higueras Airport"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina").
* 142803: [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina "Córdoba, Argentina").
* 142855: [National Aeronautics Museum](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica_de_Argentina "Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina"), [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina "Buenos Aires, Argentina").
* 144988: Flying Club, [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata "Mar del Plata"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.lacapitalmdp.com/homenaje\-al\-unico\-aviador\-marplatense\-caido\-en\-malvinas/\|title\=Homenaje al único aviador marplatense caído en Malvinas\|website\=Diario La Capital de Mar del Plata\|language\=es\-ES\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-14}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/AviacionNaval/CB\-A4\-LoroMarquez.htm\|title\=AvNaval\|website\=www.histarmar.com.ar\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-14}}
A\-4B (A\-4Q)
* 144882: Espora Naval Aviation Museum, [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina "Buenos Aires, Argentina").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.museoaeronaval.ara.mil.ar/ \|title\=Pagina nueva 1 \|access\-date\=17 November 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004025352/http://www.museoaeronaval.ara.mil.ar/ \|archive\-date\=4 October 2008 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Museo de la Aviacion Naval. Retrieved: 11 July 2013\.
* 144915: Naval Headquarters, [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina "Buenos Aires, Argentina").
A\-4C
[thumb\|A\-4C at National Aeronautics Museum, Argentina, 2008](/wiki/File:C-322_Douglas_A-4C_Skyhawk_%287310434418%29.jpg "C-322 Douglas A-4C Skyhawk (7310434418).jpg")
* 148438: National Museum of Malvinas, [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina "Córdoba, Argentina").
* 149564: Brigada Aerea Museum, [Mendoza, Argentina](/wiki/Mendoza%2C_Argentina "Mendoza, Argentina").
* 149514: [National Aeronautics Museum](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica_de_Argentina "Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina"), [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina "Buenos Aires, Argentina").
A\-4F
* 154173: Aerospace Technical Museum, [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina "Córdoba, Argentina").
TA\-4J
* 158477: Museo Santa Romana, [San Luis, Argentina](/wiki/San_Luis%2C_Argentina "San Luis, Argentina").
### Australia
A\-4B
* 142871: A\-4B displayed as A\-4G 154906 (885\) and from 2007 as A\-4G 154903 (882\) [Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum_%28Australia%29 "Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)"), [Nowra, New South Wales](/wiki/Nowra%2C_New_South_Wales "Nowra, New South Wales").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142871"](http://www.navy.gov.au/aircraft/mcdonnell-douglas-a4g-skyhawk) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121155702/http://www.navy.gov.au/aircraft/mcdonnell\-douglas\-a4g\-skyhawk \|date\=21 January 2016 }}. Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.["A\-4 Skyhawk/142871"](http://a4skyhawk.org/content/142871-fleet-air-arm-museum-calum-gibson-640) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224129/http://a4skyhawk.org/content/142871\-fleet\-air\-arm\-museum\-calum\-gibson\-640 \|date\=12 August 2014 }}. a4skyhawk.org. Retrieved: 10 August 2014\.
TA\-4G
* 154911: displayed as TA\-4G (880\) [Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum_%28Australia%29 "Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)"), [Nowra, New South Wales](/wiki/Nowra%2C_New_South_Wales "Nowra, New South Wales").["TA\-4G Skyhawk/154911"](http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Sep2013/Events/429/Old-friend-helps-Navy-remember-its-fixed-wing-history.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121155443/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Sep2013/Events/429/Old\-friend\-helps\-Navy\-remember\-its\-fixed\-wing\-history.htm \|date\=21 January 2016 }}. Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved: 10 August 2014\.["TA\-4G Skyhawk/154911"](http://australianaviation.com.au/2012/04/skyhawk-returns-home-18-years-later). australianaviation.com.au. Retrieved 10 August 2014\.
### France
A\-4SU
* 147797 (928\): on display at the [French Aerospace Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air "Musée de l'Air") in Paris.["Retired RSAF Super Skyhawks Find New Home in French Museum."](http://www.totaldefence.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2006/jan/12jan06_nr.html){{Dead link\|date\=August 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} *MINDEF,* 12 January 2006\. Retrieved: 17 September 2014\.Two of the retired A\-4SU Super Skyhawks were donated to the [French Air and Space Museum (Musée de l'Air)](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air "Musée de l'Air") for static display. On 12 January 2006, a Certificate of Transfer and Acceptance signing ceremony took place between representatives of the RSAF and the French Aeronautics Museum at Cazaux Air Base in France.
* 145071 (941\): stored at the French Aerospace Museum.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/World/Europe/France/Paris\-Le\_Bourget/Musee\_de\_l\_air.htm \|title\=Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace: Stored Dugny\|date\=4 December 2011\|publisher\=AviationMuseum.Eu\|access\-date\=17 September 2014}}Since then, only *928* was put on display in the Rosette Hall of the museum while *941* was stored.
### Indonesia
A\-4E
[thumb\|right\|A\-4 Skyhawk TT\-0440 as collection of [Dirgantara Mandala Museum](/wiki/Dirgantara_Mandala_Museum "Dirgantara Mandala Museum")](/wiki/File:An_Indonesian_Air_Force_A-4-Skyhawk_TT-0440_at_Dirgantara_Mandala_Museum.jpg "An Indonesian Air Force A-4-Skyhawk TT-0440 at Dirgantara Mandala Museum.jpg")
* TT\-0401: [Sengkang](/wiki/Sengkang%2C_Indonesia "Sengkang, Indonesia") town park, [Wajo Regency](/wiki/Wajo_Regency "Wajo Regency"), [South Sulawesi](/wiki/South_Sulawesi "South Sulawesi"){{cite book \|last1\=Saragih \|first1\=Maylina \|title\=18 Pesawat Warnai Muspusdirla Yogyakarta \|publisher\=Subdisjarah Dispenau \|location\=Jakarta \|pages\=20–25 }}
* TT\-0402: [Komando Operasi Angkatan Udara II](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Air_Defense_Forces_Command "Indonesian National Air Defense Forces Command"), [Makassar](/wiki/Makassar "Makassar"), South Sulawesi
* TT\-0403: [Haluoleo Airport](/wiki/Haluoleo_Airport "Haluoleo Airport") park, [Kendari](/wiki/Kendari "Kendari"), [South East Sulawesi](/wiki/South_East_Sulawesi "South East Sulawesi")
* TT\-0408: [Suryadarma Air Force Base](/wiki/Suryadarma_Air_Force_Base "Suryadarma Air Force Base") Museum, [Kalijati](/wiki/Kecamatan_Kalijati "Kecamatan Kalijati"), [Subang](/wiki/Subang_Regency "Subang Regency"), [West Java](/wiki/West_Java "West Java")
* TT\-0410: [Komando Operasi Angkatan Udara II](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Air_Defense_Forces_Command "Indonesian National Air Defense Forces Command"), Makassar, South Sulawesi
* TT\-0431: Hospital of [Indonesian Air Force](/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force "Indonesian Air Force"), dr. Dody Sarjoto, Makassar, South Sulawesi
* TT\-0431: [Iswahyudi Air Force Base](/wiki/Iswahyudi_Air_Force_Base "Iswahyudi Air Force Base"), [Magetan](/wiki/Magetan "Magetan"), [East Java](/wiki/East_Java "East Java"){{cite web\|url\=https://tni\-au.mil.id/ratusan\-murid\-tk\-geruduk\-museum\-pesawat\-mahasiswa\-stta/\|title\=Ratusan Murid TK Geruduk museum pesawat, Mahasiswa STTA Kunjungi Skatek 042\|language\=id\|date\=18 December 2019\|website\=tni\-au.mil.id\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
* TT\-0432: [Supadio International Airport](/wiki/Supadio_International_Airport "Supadio International Airport"), [Kubu Raya Regency](/wiki/Kubu_Raya_Regency "Kubu Raya Regency"), [West Kalimantan](/wiki/West_Kalimantan "West Kalimantan"){{cite web\|url\=https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2018/05/28/santai\-di\-tugu\-dirgantara\-sambillihatpesawat\-tempur\|title\=Santai di Tugu Dirgantara Sambil Lihat Pesawat Tempur\|language\=id\|date\=28 May 2018\|website\=pontianak.tribunnews.com\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
* TT\-0433: [Roesmin Nurjadin Air Force Base](/wiki/Pangkalan_TNI_Angkatan_Udara_Roesmin_Nurjadin "Pangkalan TNI Angkatan Udara Roesmin Nurjadin"), [Pekanbaru](/wiki/Pekanbaru "Pekanbaru"), [Riau](/wiki/Riau "Riau"){{cite web\|url\=https://tni\-au.mil.id/pengecatan\-monumen\-4\-skyhawk\-lanud\-rsn\-telah\-selesai/\|title\=Pengecatan Monumen A\-4 Skyhawk Lanud Rsn Telah Selesai\|language\=id\|date\=14 December 2017\|website\=tni\-au.mil.id\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
* TT\-0435: [Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Force Base](/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_International_Airport "Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport"), [Aceh Besar Regency](/wiki/Aceh_Besar_Regency "Aceh Besar Regency"), [Aceh](/wiki/Aceh "Aceh"){{cite web\|url\=https://tni\-au.mil.id/paud\-permata\-hati\-kunjungi\-lanud\-sultan\-iskandar\-muda/\|title\=Paud Permata Hati Kunjungi Lanud Sultan Iskandar Muda\|language\=id\|date\=21 November 2018\|website\=tni\-au.mil.id\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
* TT\-0436: [Abdul Rachman Saleh Air Force Base](/wiki/Abdul_Rachman_Saleh_Airport "Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport"), [Malang](/wiki/Malang "Malang"), East Java{{cite web\|url\=https://malangvoice.com/a\-4\-sky\-hawk\-bakal\-jadi\-monumen\-di\-lanud\-abd\-saleh/\|title\=A\-4 Sky Hawk Bakal Jadi Monumen di Lanud Abd Saleh\|language\=id\|date\=8 March 2016\|website\=malangvoice.com\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
* TT\-0437: Majalengka Dirgantara Park, [Majalengka Regency](/wiki/Majalengka_Regency "Majalengka Regency"), West Java{{cite web\|url\=https://www.kodesjabar.com/2017/06/taman\-dirgantara\-munjul\-majalengka.html\|title\=Taman Dirgantara Munjul Majalengka\|language\=id\|date\=June 2017\|website\=kodesjabar.com\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
* TT\-0438: [Satria Mandala Museum](/wiki/Satria_Mandala_Museum "Satria Mandala Museum"), [South Jakarta](/wiki/South_Jakarta "South Jakarta"), [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta").{{cite web\|url\= https://news.detik.com/berita/d\-3446483/tni\-au\-sumbang\-1\-pesawat\-tempur\-skyhawk\-untuk\-jadi\-monumen\|title\= TNI AU Sumbang 1 Pesawat Tempur Skyhawk Untuk Jadi Monumen\|last\= Adrian\|first\= Beni\|date\= May 24, 2019\|website\= Angkasa News\|access\-date\= November 22, 2019}}
* TT\-0440: [Dirgantara Mandala Museum](/wiki/Dirgantara_Mandala_Museum "Dirgantara Mandala Museum"), [Sleman Regency](/wiki/Sleman_Regency "Sleman Regency"), [Special Region of Yogyakarta](/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta "Special Region of Yogyakarta")
* TT\-0441: [Sultan Hasanuddin Air Force Base](/wiki/Sultan_Hasanuddin_International_Airport "Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport"), Makassar, South Sulawesi[Markas TNI AU LANUD HASANUDDIN](https://foursquare.com/v/markas-tni-au-lanud-hasanuddin/4ca5355ba6e08cfafa586f94)
* TT\-0442: [Skadron Udara 11](/wiki/Skadron_Udara_11 "Skadron Udara 11"), Sultan Hasanuddin Air Force Base, Makassar, South Sulawesi
* TT\-0444: Migas Cepu Edupark, [Blora Regency](/wiki/Blora_Regency "Blora Regency"), [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.blorakab.go.id/index.php/public/berita/detail/2202/mc\-edupark\-cepu\-diresmikan\|title\=MC Edupark Cepu Diresmikan\|language\=id\|date\=9 September 2020\|website\=blorakab.go.id\|access\-date\=29 November 2020}}
TA\-4H
* TL\-0416: [Indonesian Air Force Academy](/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force_Academy "Indonesian Air Force Academy"), Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta
TA\-4J
* TL\-0418: [Prince M. Bunyamin Air Force Baset](/wiki/Prince_M._Bunyamin_Air_Force_Base "Prince M. Bunyamin Air Force Base"), Lampung{{cite news \|title\=Douglas TA\-4J Skyhawk – Varian Keluarga Skyhawk Yang Berusia Paling Muda Di Indonesia \|url\=https://www.indomiliter.com/douglas\-ta\-4j\-skyhawk\-varian\-keluarga\-skyhawk\-yang\-berusia\-paling\-muda\-di\-indonesia/ \|publisher\=Indo Militer}}
* TL\-0419: [Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport](/wiki/Sultan_Syarif_Kasim_II_International_Airport "Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport"), Pekanbaru, Riau
### Israel
A\-4E
* 149964: [Israeli Air Force Museum](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_Museum "Israeli Air Force Museum"), [Hatzerim Airbase](/wiki/Hatzerim_Airbase "Hatzerim Airbase"), [Beersheba, Israel](/wiki/Beersheba%2C_Israel "Beersheba, Israel").
* 150092: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
* 151179: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
* 152050: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
* 152099: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
[thumb\|A4\-H at Israeli Air Force Museum, Israel, 2010](/wiki/File:Hatzerim_290110_Skyhawk.jpg "Hatzerim 290110 Skyhawk.jpg")
A\-4F
* 155010: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
A\-4H
* 155254: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
* 155271: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
* 155287: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
* 155289: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
A\-4N
* 159816: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.
### Japan
A\-4E
* 151074: U.S. [Naval Air Facility Atsugi](/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Atsugi "Naval Air Facility Atsugi"), [Atsugi, Japan](/wiki/Atsugi%2C_Japan "Atsugi, Japan").
* 151095: Clinic Syara (ex\-Francisco D. Penie Memorial Clinic), [Matsushige, Tokushima, Japan](/wiki/Matsushige%2C_Tokushima "Matsushige, Tokushima").
OA\-4M
* 154638: U.S. [Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Iwakuni "Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni"), [Iwakuni, Japan](/wiki/Iwakuni%2C_Japan "Iwakuni, Japan").
### Kuwait
TA4\-KU
* 160210: [Kuwaiti Air Force](/wiki/Kuwaiti_Air_Force "Kuwaiti Air Force") Museum, [Kuwait International Airport](/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport "Kuwait International Airport"), [Kuwait City, Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait_City%2C_Kuwait "Kuwait City, Kuwait").
* 160211: [Kuwaiti Air Force](/wiki/Kuwaiti_Air_Force "Kuwaiti Air Force") Museum, [Kuwait International Airport](/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport "Kuwait International Airport"), [Kuwait City, Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait_City%2C_Kuwait "Kuwait City, Kuwait").
### New Zealand
[thumb\|A\-4K *NZ6216* on static display at the 2015 [Classic Fighters](/wiki/Classic_Fighters "Classic Fighters") air show in Blenheim, New Zealand](/wiki/File:Douglas_A-4K_NZ6216.JPG "Douglas A-4K NZ6216.JPG")
[thumb\|A\-4 Skyhawk on static display at the [Museum of Transport \& Technology](/wiki/Museum_of_Transport_%26_Technology "Museum of Transport & Technology")](/wiki/File:A4MOTAT.jpg "A4MOTAT.jpg")
A\-4C
* 149516: ex\-US Navy aircraft that had been upgraded to A\-4L configuration and never served in [Royal New Zealand Air Force](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force "Royal New Zealand Air Force") (RNZAF); modified after its delivery to New Zealand to represent an RNZAF A\-4K in early configuration; displayed with the spurious serial *NZ6207* (the real *NZ6207* crashed in 1974\), [Air Force Museum of New Zealand](/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand "Air Force Museum of New Zealand"), [Wigram Aerodrome](/wiki/Wigram_Aerodrome "Wigram Aerodrome"), [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch "Christchurch"), [South Island](/wiki/South_Island "South Island").["McDonnell Douglas A\-4K Skyhawk NZ6207"](http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/main/A4_Skyhawk_NZ6207/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010532/http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/main/A4\_Skyhawk\_NZ6207/ \|date\=20 April 2015 }}. RNZAF Museum. Retrieved: 14 May 2015\.
A\-4K
* *NZ6201*: Classic Flyers Museum, [Tauranga Airport](/wiki/Tauranga_Airport "Tauranga Airport"), [Tauranga](/wiki/Tauranga "Tauranga"), [North Island](/wiki/North_Island "North Island"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.classicflyersnz.com/Aviation\+Museum/Legacy\+Jets/Skyhawk\+Reassembly\+Image\+Gallery\+1\.html \|title\=Skyhawk Reassembly Image Gallery 1 \|author\= \|website\=www.classicflyersnz.com \|publisher\=Classic Flyers Museum \|access\-date\=14 May 2015 }}
* *NZ6204*: Ashburton Aviation Museum, [Ashburton Aerodrome](/wiki/Ashburton_Aerodrome "Ashburton Aerodrome"), [Ashburton](/wiki/Ashburton%2C_New_Zealand "Ashburton, New Zealand"), South Island{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aviationmuseum.co.nz/cms/index.php/museum\-exhibiits\#!4 \|title\=Our Exhibits \- Skyhawk\|author\= \|website\=www.aviationmuseum.co.nz \|publisher\=Ashburton Aviation Museum \|access\-date\=14 May 2015 }}
* *NZ6205*: [Air Force Museum of New Zealand](/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand "Air Force Museum of New Zealand"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/collections/featured\-collections/?c\_type\=aircraft\#collections\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185851/http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/collections/featured\-collections/?c\_type\=aircraft\#collections\|archive\-date\=20 December 2016\|df\=dmy\-all\|title\=Featured Collections }}
* *NZ6206*: [Museum of Transport \& Technology](/wiki/Museum_of_Transport_%26_Technology "Museum of Transport & Technology"), [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"), North Island
* *NZ6209*: New Zealand Warbirds Association Visitor Centre, [Ardmore Aerodrome](/wiki/Ardmore_Aerodrome "Ardmore Aerodrome"), Auckland{{cite web \|url\=http://www.3news.co.nz/entertainment/skyhawk\-lands\-at\-nz\-warbirds\-2012031316\#axzz3a4Wx4b8q \|title\=Skyhawk lands at NZ Warbirds \|author\= \|date\=13 March 2012 \|website\=www.3news.co.nz \|publisher\=\[\[3 News]] \|access\-date\=14 May 2015 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085059/http://www.3news.co.nz/entertainment/skyhawk\-lands\-at\-nz\-warbirds\-2012031316\#axzz3a4Wx4b8q \|url\-status\=dead }}
* *NZ6216*: [Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre](/wiki/Omaka_Aviation_Heritage_Centre "Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre"), [Omaka Aerodrome](/wiki/Omaka_Aerodrome "Omaka Aerodrome"), [Blenheim](/wiki/Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand "Blenheim, New Zealand"), South Island
TA\-4K
* *NZ6254*: [Air Force Museum of New Zealand](/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand "Air Force Museum of New Zealand")
* *NZ6257*: A non\-flying static example constructed from parts. Currently displayed outside the Officers Mess at [RNZAF Ohakea](/wiki/RNZAF_Ohakea "RNZAF Ohakea")
### Singapore
[thumb\|TA\-4SU (900\) BuNo 147742, with buddy refuelling pack attached under the centre\-line pylon. RSAF Museum, Singapore, 2010](/wiki/File:147742_cn-_12506_Singapore_TA-4SU_900.JPG "147742 cn- 12506 Singapore TA-4SU 900.JPG")
A\-4S
* 142850 (600\): [Singapore Discovery Centre](/wiki/Singapore_Discovery_Centre "Singapore Discovery Centre").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy\_serials/thirdseries17\.html\|title\=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos Third Series (140053 to 145061\)\|date\=27 November 2011\|publisher\=Joe Baugher\|access\-date\=17 September 2014}}
* 144979 (690\): [SAFTI Military Institute](/wiki/SAFTI_Military_Institute "SAFTI Military Institute").
* 145013 (607\): [Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum](/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force_Museum "Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum").
TA\-4S
* 145047 (651\): Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum (forward fuselage section and cockpit).
A\-4SU
* 145073 (929\): [gate guardian](/wiki/Gate_guardian "Gate guardian") at Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy\_serials/thirdseries18\.html\|title\=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos Third Series (145062 to 150138\)\|date\=27 November 2011\|publisher\=Joe Baugher\|access\-date\=17 September 2014}}
TA\-4SU
* 147742 (900\): Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum.
### United States
#### Airworthy
##### A\-4B
* 142112: based at the Warbird Heritage Foundation in [Waukegan, Illinois](/wiki/Waukegan%2C_Illinois "Waukegan, Illinois").["FAA Registry: N49WH."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N49WH) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.["A\-4 Skyhawk/142112\."](http://www.warbirdheritagefoundation.org/a4_skyhawk.html) *Warbird Heritage Foundation.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
##### A\-4C
* 149606: privately owned in [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida "Miami, Florida").["FAA Registry: N2262Z."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N2262Z) faa.gov. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
##### TA\-4J
[thumb\|Collings Foundation A\-4 Skyhawk at the NAS Ft Worth Air Show in 2014](/wiki/File:A-4_Skyhawk_NAS_Ft_Worth-4.jpg "A-4 Skyhawk NAS Ft Worth-4.jpg")
{{blist
\|153524: based at the \[\[Collings Foundation]] in \[\[Stow, Massachusetts]].\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N524CF "FAA Registry: N524CF."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.\[http://www.collingsfoundation.org/aircrafts/mcdonnell\-ta\-4j\-skyhawk/ "A\-4 Skyhawk/153524\."] ''Collings Foundation.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\|153672: operated by \[\[Boeing]] in \[\[St. Louis, Missouri]].\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N280TA "FAA Registry: N280TA."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\|156925: operated by \[\[Boeing]] in \[\[St. Louis, Missouri]].\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N281TA "FAA Registry: N281TA."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\|158128: privately owned in \[\[Wilmington, Delaware]].\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N128TA "FAA Registry: N128TA."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\|158141: privately owned in \[\[Wilson, Wyoming]].\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N234LT "FAA Registry: N234LT."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\|158486: privately owned in \[\[Ontario, Oregon]].\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N518TA "FAA Registry: N518TA."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\|class\=ta\-4j\_airworthy}}
##### A\-4K
* 154904: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N142EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N142EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 154905: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N143EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N143EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 154908: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N144EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N144EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 155052: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N145EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N145EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 155063: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N146EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N146EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 155069: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N147EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N147EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
TA\-4K
* 157915: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N141EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N141EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
##### A\-4L
* 147761: operated by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N146AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N146AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.\-At first it was completed as A\-4C and deployed on the front line.Although it was remodeled to A\-4L on the way, it is currently disassembled and stored for maintenance reasons.It has been given a new registration number of N146AT.
* 147768: operated by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N147AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N147AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\. It was operated as A\-4C at the beginning of completion, but was remodeled to A\-4L on the way.It has now been given a new registration number of N147AT.
* 148581: operated by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N207AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N207AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
##### A\-4N
* 159078: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N164EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N164EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 159530: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N167EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N167EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 159542: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N162EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N162EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 159545: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N166EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N166EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 159805: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N161EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N161EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 159815: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International "Draken International") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida "Lakeland, Florida").["FAA Registry: N163EM."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N163EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
#### On display
##### A\-4A
[thumb\|Restored A4D\-1 at Alameda Point (former NAS Alameda), January 2012](/wiki/File:Douglas_A4D-1_%28142200%29_1-1-12_%286617558207%29.jpg "Douglas A4D-1 (142200) 1-1-12 (6617558207).jpg")
[thumb\|A Douglas A\-4A Skyhawk (BuNo 139947\) painted in Blue Angels livery at the MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.](/wiki/File:Douglas_A-4A_Blue_Angels_Skyhawk_BuNo_139947_at_the_MAPS_Air_Museum%2C_North_Canton%2C_Ohio.jpg "Douglas A-4A Blue Angels Skyhawk BuNo 139947 at the MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.jpg")
* 137813: [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/NAS_Pensacola "NAS Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/137813\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a4d-1_skyhawk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614185334/https://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=a4d\-1\_skyhawk \|date\=14 June 2020 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 137814: [Naval Museum of Armament \& Technology](/wiki/Naval_Museum_of_Armament_%26_Technology "Naval Museum of Armament & Technology"), NCC China Lake (North), [Ridgecrest, California](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California "Ridgecrest, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 137826: [Estrella Warbirds Museum](/wiki/Estrella_Warbirds_Museum "Estrella Warbirds Museum"), [Paso Robles, California](/wiki/Paso_Robles%2C_California "Paso Robles, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/137826\."](http://www.ewarbirds.org/a4a.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102145717/http://ewarbirds.org/a4a.html \|date\=2 November 2019 }} *Estrella Warbirds Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
[thumb\|A\-4C BuNo 148314\. National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC](/wiki/File:Douglas_A4D_2N_A_4C_Skyhawk.jpg "Douglas A4D 2N A 4C Skyhawk.jpg")
* 139929: [USS Hornet Museum](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum "USS Hornet Museum"), [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California "Alameda, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/139929\."](http://www.uss-hornet.org/contribute/adoptaplane/) *USS Hornet Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 139931: Gate guardian at [Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division](/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Training_Systems_Division "Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division"), [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 139947: [MAPS Air Museum](/wiki/MAPS_Air_Museum "MAPS Air Museum"), [North Canton, Ohio](/wiki/North_Canton%2C_Ohio "North Canton, Ohio"). Formerly on display at [Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum](/wiki/Octave_Chanute_Aerospace_Museum "Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum") at the former [Chanute AFB](/wiki/Chanute_AFB "Chanute AFB"), [Rantoul, Illinois](/wiki/Rantoul%2C_Illinois "Rantoul, Illinois").{{cite web\|title\=USN Bureau Number Search (139947\)\|url\=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy\_serials/thirdseries16\.html\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-14}}
* 139953: Hickey Park, [Lemoore, California](/wiki/Lemoore%2C_California "Lemoore, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 139956 (displayed as 142176\) : [Aviation History \& Technology Center](/wiki/Aviation_History_%26_Technology_Center "Aviation History & Technology Center"), [Dobbins ARB](/wiki/Dobbins_ARB "Dobbins ARB") (formerly Atlanta NAS), [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 139968: [U.S. Naval Academy](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy "U.S. Naval Academy"), [Annapolis, Maryland](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland "Annapolis, Maryland").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142180: [Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Wildwood_Aviation_Museum "Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum"), [Cape May County Airport](/wiki/Cape_May_County_Airport "Cape May County Airport"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142180\."](http://www.usnasw.org/?page_id=227) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032237/http://www.usnasw.org/?page\_id\=227 \|date\=22 July 2015 }} *NAS Wildwood Museum.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\. It was retired due to damage, and the main wing, which originally had no folding mechanism, was cut off. The aircraft itself was painted with Blue Angels paint, but it was never actually used.
* 142200: Alameda Point, former [NAS Alameda](/wiki/NAS_Alameda "NAS Alameda"), [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California "Alameda, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142219: [New England Air Museum](/wiki/New_England_Air_Museum "New England Air Museum"), [Windsor Locks, Connecticut](/wiki/Windsor_Locks%2C_Connecticut "Windsor Locks, Connecticut").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142219\."](http://www.neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88) *New England Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142226: [Carolinas Aviation Museum](/wiki/Carolinas_Aviation_Museum "Carolinas Aviation Museum"), [Charlotte Douglas International Airport](/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport "Charlotte Douglas International Airport"), [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142226\."](http://www.carolinasaviation.org/military/douglas-a4-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801075118/http://www.carolinasaviation.org/military/douglas\-a4\-skyhawk \|date\=1 August 2017 }} *Carolinas Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142227: [Western Museum of Flight](/wiki/Western_Museum_of_Flight "Western Museum of Flight"), [Torrance, California](/wiki/Torrance%2C_California "Torrance, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142227\."](http://www.wmof.com/a4a.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814194155/https://www.wmof.com/a4a.htm \|date\=14 August 2023 }} *Western Museum of Flight.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142230: Naval Surface Warfare Center, [Crane, Indiana](/wiki/Crane%2C_Indiana "Crane, Indiana").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
##### A\-4B
* 142094: [NAS Lemoore](/wiki/NAS_Lemoore "NAS Lemoore"), [Lemoore, California](/wiki/Lemoore%2C_California "Lemoore, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142100: [NAS Fallon](/wiki/NAS_Fallon "NAS Fallon"), [Fallon, Nevada](/wiki/Fallon%2C_Nevada "Fallon, Nevada").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142105: Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 8076, [Hartwell, Georgia](/wiki/Hartwell%2C_Georgia "Hartwell, Georgia").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142106: [Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst](/wiki/Naval_Air_Engineering_Station_Lakehurst "Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst"), [Lakehurst, New Jersey](/wiki/Lakehurst%2C_New_Jersey "Lakehurst, New Jersey").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142120: Weapons Survivability Lab, NCC China Lake (North), [Ridgecrest, California](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California "Ridgecrest, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142166: George T. Baker Aviation School, [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida "Miami, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142166\."](http://www.bakeraviation.edu/) *Baker Aviation.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
* 142675: [USS Lexington Museum](/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-16%29%23USS_Lexington_Museum "USS Lexington (CV-16)#USS Lexington Museum") of The Bay, [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas "Corpus Christi, Texas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142675\."](http://usslexington.com/aircraft/ta-4b-skyhawk-blue-angel/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326042605/https://www.usslexington.com/aircraft/ta\-4b\-skyhawk\-blue\-angel/ \|date\=26 March 2016 }} *USS Lexington Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142678: City of Purdy, [Purdy, Missouri](/wiki/Purdy%2C_Missouri "Purdy, Missouri").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142717: Court House Square, [Beeville, Texas](/wiki/Beeville%2C_Texas "Beeville, Texas").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142741: National Vietnam War Museum, [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142761: [Selfridge Military Air Museum](/wiki/Selfridge_Military_Air_Museum "Selfridge Military Air Museum") and Air Park, [Selfridge Air National Guard Base](/wiki/Selfridge_Air_National_Guard_Base "Selfridge Air National Guard Base"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142761\."](http://www.selfridgeairmuseum.org/A-4B%20Skyhawk.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723062528/http://www.selfridgeairmuseum.org/A\-4B%20Skyhawk.htm \|date\=23 July 2015 }} *Selfridge Military Air Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 142777: FAA Facility, [Nashua, New Hampshire](/wiki/Nashua%2C_New_Hampshire "Nashua, New Hampshire").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142829: HARP, [Floyd Bennett Field](/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field "Floyd Bennett Field") (former [NAS New York](/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field "Floyd Bennett Field")), [Brooklyn, New York](/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York "Brooklyn, New York").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142829\."](http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FloydBennettField/DouglasA4Skyhawk/index.htm) *HARP.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
* 142833: Aboard former [USS Intrepid (CVS\-11\)](/wiki/USS_Intrepid_%28CVS-11%29 "USS Intrepid (CVS-11)"), [Intrepid Sea\-Air\-Space Museum](/wiki/Intrepid_Sea-Air-Space_Museum "Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142833\."](http://www.intrepidmuseum.org/AircraftCollection.aspx) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219014823/http://www.intrepidmuseum.org/AircraftCollection.aspx \|date\=19 December 2015 }} *Intrepid Air \& Space Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 142834: [Ropkey Armor Museum](/wiki/Ropkey_Armor_Museum "Ropkey Armor Museum"), [Crawfordsville, Indiana](/wiki/Crawfordsville%2C_Indiana "Crawfordsville, Indiana").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142834\."](http://ropkeyarmormuseum.com/) *Ropkey Armor Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142848: Veterans Memorial Park, [Ewing Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Ewing_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Ewing Township, New Jersey").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 142879: in storage at [Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Aviation_Museum "Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum") at [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar "Marine Corps Air Station Miramar"), [California](/wiki/California "California")["F8U Crusader/150920"](http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185627/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\_Listing.pdf \|date\=11 October 2017 }} *Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum and Historical Foundation.* Retrieved: 22 January 2015\.
* 142905: [San Diego Aerospace Museum](/wiki/San_Diego_Aerospace_Museum "San Diego Aerospace Museum"), [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142905\."](http://sandiegoairandspace.org/) *San Diego Aerospace Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142922: [Tillamook Air Museum](/wiki/Tillamook_Air_Museum "Tillamook Air Museum"), [Tillamook, Oregon](/wiki/Tillamook%2C_Oregon "Tillamook, Oregon").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142922\."](http://www.tillamookair.com/douglas-a4-b-skyhawk) *Tillamook Air Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 142928: [Pima Air \& Space Museum](/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum "Pima Air & Space Museum") adjacent to [Davis\-Monthan AFB](/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB "Davis-Monthan AFB"), [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona "Tucson, Arizona").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142928\."](http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft-by-name/item/douglas-a4d-2-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917121613/http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft\-by\-name/item/douglas\-a4d\-2\-skyhawk \|date\=17 September 2018 }} *Pima Air \& Space Museum.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
* 142929: [USS Lexington Museum](/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-16%29%23USS_Lexington_Museum "USS Lexington (CV-16)#USS Lexington Museum"), [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas "Corpus Christi, Texas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/142929\."](http://usslexington.com/aircraft/ta-4b-skyhawk/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328024048/https://www.usslexington.com/aircraft/ta\-4b\-skyhawk/ \|date\=28 March 2016 }} *USS Lexington Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 142940: Shea Field Memorial Grove, former [NAS South Weymouth](/wiki/NAS_South_Weymouth "NAS South Weymouth"), [Weymouth, Massachusetts](/wiki/Weymouth%2C_Massachusetts "Weymouth, Massachusetts").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 144906: Indiana Military Museum, [Vincennes, Indiana](/wiki/Vincennes%2C_Indiana "Vincennes, Indiana").["A\-4 Skyhawk/144906\."](http://indymilitary.com/collection-exhibits/recent-acquisitions/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116002551/http://indymilitary.com/collection\-exhibits/recent\-acquisitions/ \|date\=16 November 2019 }} *Indiana Military Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 144930: Proud Bird Restaurant, Aviation Blvd., [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 145011: [Air Zoo](/wiki/Air_Zoo "Air Zoo"), [Kalamazoo, Michigan](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan "Kalamazoo, Michigan").["A\-4 Skyhawk/145011\."](http://www.airzoo.org/page.php?page_id=190) *Air Zoo.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
##### A\-4C
{{blist
\|145067: Plant 42 Heritage Airpark, \[\[Air Force Plant 42]], \[\[Palmdale, California]].\[http://www.cityofpalmdale.org/Portals/0/Documents/AirPark/Airpark%20Brochure.pdf "A\-4 Skyhawk/145067\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20151029190436/http://www.cityofpalmdale.org/Portals/0/Documents/AirPark/Airpark%20Brochure.pdf \|date\=29 October 2015 }} ''City of Palmdale.'' Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
\| 145072: \[\[Air Victory Museum]], \[\[Medford, New Jersey]].\[http://www.airvictorymuseum.org/html/aircraft.html "A\-4 Skyhawk/145072\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702062057/http://www.airvictorymuseum.org/html/aircraft.html \|date\=2 July 2015 }} ''Air Victory Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 145082: Veterans Century of Sentries Park, \[\[Kenner, Louisiana]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 145113: Dick Kleberg Park, \[\[Kingsville, Texas]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 145122: \[\[Donnie Cochran]] Memorial, \[\[Savannah State University]], \[\[Savannah, Georgia]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 145135: \[\[Northland Community \& Technical College]], \[\[Thief River Falls, Minnesota]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 147702: \[\[Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum]], \[\[Pueblo, Colorado]].\[http://www.pwam.org/aircraftdisplay1\.html "A\-4 Skyhawk/147702\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225043629/http://www.pwam.org/aircraftdisplay1\.html \|date\=25 December 2016 }} ''Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 147708: \[\[Aviation Museum of Kentucky]], \[\[Lexington, Kentucky]].\[http://www.aviationky.org/default.asp "A\-4 Skyhawk/147708\."] ''Aviation Museum of Kentucky.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 147715: \[\[Fort Worth Aviation Museum]], \[\[Meacham International Airport]], \[\[Fort Worth, Texas]].\[http://vmapaircraft.weebly.com/a\-4c\-skyhawk.html "A\-4 Skyhawk/147715\."] ''Veterans Memorial Air Park.'' Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
\| 147727: \[\[Porterville Municipal Airport]], \[\[Porterville, California]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\[\[File:Arkansas Air \& Military Museum May 2017 57 (Douglas A\-4 Skyhawk).jpg\|thumb\|Douglas A\-4 Skyhawk at the \[\[Arkansas Air \& Military Museum]] in \[\[Fayetteville, Arkansas]]]]
\| 147733: \[\[Arkansas Air \& Military Museum]], \[\[Fayetteville, Arkansas]].\[http://www.arkansasairandmilitary.com/collection/aircraft/ "A\-4 Skyhawk/147733\."] ''Arkansas Air Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 147767: Inde Motorsports Ranch, \[\[Willcox, Arizona]].\[http://www.indemotorsports.com/site/index.php "A\-4 Skyhawk/147767\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723031218/http://www.indemotorsports.com/site/index.php \|date\=23 July 2015 }} ''Inde Motorsports Ranch.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 147787: \[\[Battleship Memorial Park]], \[\[Mobile, Alabama]].\[http://www.ussalabama.com/uss\-aircraft\-collection/ "A\-4 Skyhawk/147787\."] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218083627/http://www.ussalabama.com/uss\-aircraft\-collection/ \|date\=18 December 2015 }} ''USS Alabama Museum''. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 147788: NAS Jacksonville Air Park, \[\[Naval Air Station Jacksonville]], Florida.{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 147790: stored at \[\[Quonset Air Museum]], \[\[Quonset State Airport]] (former \[\[NAS Quonset Point]]), \[\[North Kingstown, Rhode Island]].\[http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\=exhibitions "A\-4 Skyhawk/147790\."] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026024437/http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\=exhibitions \|date\=26 October 2016 }} ''Quonset Air Museum''. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.It is currently in a disassembled state.
\| 147825: \[\[Santa Maria Museum of Flight]], \[\[Santa Maria, California]].\[http://www.smmof.org/restorationprojects.aspx "A\-4 Skyhawk/147825\."] ''Santa Maria Museum of Flight.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 148314: \[\[National Air and Space Museum]], \[\[Washington, D.C.]]\[http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\=A19760757000 "A\-4 Skyhawk/148314\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201626/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\=A19760757000 \|date\=29 October 2013 }} ''National Air and Space Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 148316: \[\[Planes of Fame Museum]], \[\[Chino, California]].\[http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\=81\&itemsperpage\=All "A\-4 Skyhawk/148316\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222534/http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\=81\&itemsperpage\=All \|date\=6 August 2017 }} ''Planes of Fame Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 148485: Wall of Honor Veterans Memorial, \[\[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 148490: \[\[I\-10]] rest stop, \[\[Santa Rosa County, Florida]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 148491: \[\[Oregon Air \& Space Museum]], \[\[Eugene, Oregon]].\[https://web.archive.org/web/20090420053843/http://www.oasm.info/featured\_aircrafts.php "A\-4 Skyhawk/148491\."] ''Oregon Air and Space Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 148492: \[\[Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum]], \[\[Marine Corps Air Station Miramar]], \[\[California]].\[https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\_Listing.pdf "A\-4 Skyhawk/148492\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\_Listing.pdf \|date\=4 March 2016 }} ''Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 148500: \[\[Illinois Aviation Museum]], \[\[Bolingbrook, Illinois]].\[http://www.illinoisaviationmuseum.org/projects.htm\#a4 "A\-4 Skyhawk/148500\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029112952/http://www.illinoisaviationmuseum.org/projects.htm\#a4 \|date\=29 October 2014 }} ''Illinois Aviation Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 148503: \[\[Aerospace Museum of California]], \[\[Sacramento, California]].\[http://www.aerospaceca.org/mcdonnell\-douglas\-a\-4c\-skyhawk\-i/ "A\-4 Skyhawk/148503\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328234651/http://www.aerospaceca.org/mcdonnell\-douglas\-a\-4c\-skyhawk\-i/ \|date\=28 March 2015 }} ''Aerospace Museum of California.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 148516: \[\[Naval Air Station North Island]], \[\[San Diego, California]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 148538: \[\[Hickory Aviation Museum]], \[\[North Carolina]].\[http://hickoryaviationmuseum.org/Assets/A4\-L\_LB\_03\.png "A\-4 Skyhawk/148538\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723041608/http://hickoryaviationmuseum.org/Assets/A4\-L\_LB\_03\.png \|date\=23 July 2015 }} ''Hickory Aviation Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 148543: \[\[Yankee Air Museum]], \[\[Belleville, Michigan]]A\-4C, Hangar Happenings, March 2017
\| 148569: Louisiana Military Museum, \[\[Ruston, Louisiana]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 148571: \[\[Pima Air \& Space Museum]], adjacent to \[\[Davis\-Monthan AFB]], \[\[Tucson, Arizona]].\[http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft\-by\-name/item/douglas\-a\-4c\-skyhawk "A\-4 Skyhawk/148571"] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917122035/http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft\-by\-name/item/douglas\-a\-4c\-skyhawk \|date\=17 September 2018 }}. Pima Air \& Space Museum. Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
\| 148572: Cumberland High School, \[\[Crossville, Tennessee]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 148610: Encinal High School, \[\[Alameda, California]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 149508: Patriot Park, \[\[Covington, Tennessee]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 149532: \[\[Castle Air Museum]], former \[\[Castle AFB]], \[\[Atwater, California]].\[http://www.castleairmuseum.org/ondisplay/ "A\-4 Skyhawk/149532\."] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221836/http://www.castleairmuseum.org/ondisplay \|date\=7 July 2014 }} ''Castle Air Museum''. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 149547: stored at \[\[Planes of Fame]] in \[\[Chino, California]].\[http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\=81\&itemsperpage\=All "A\-4 Skyhawk/149547\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222534/http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\=81\&itemsperpage\=All \|date\=6 August 2017 }} ''Planes of Fame.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 149563: \[\[Pensacola Regional Airport]], \[\[Pensacola, Florida]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 149618: Though the aircraft's actual identity is unconfirmed, an aircraft marked as 149618 is displayed at \[\[Freedom Park (Omaha, Nebraska)\|Freedom Park]] in \[\[Omaha, Nebraska\|Omaha]], \[\[Nebraska]].{{cite web \|url\=http://a4skyhawk.org/content/skyhawk\-displays \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=15 April 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311025940/http://a4skyhawk.org/content/skyhawk\-displays \|archive\-date\=11 March 2016 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
\| 149623: \[\[Patriots Point]] Naval \& Maritime Museum, \[\[Charleston, South Carolina]].\[http://www.patriotspoint.org/pdf/aircraft/a\-4c\_skyhawk.pdf "A\-4 Skyhawk/149623\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185256/http://www.patriotspoint.org/pdf/aircraft/a\-4c\_skyhawk.pdf \|date\=4 March 2016 }} ''Patriots Point Naval \& Maritime Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
\| 149636: \[\[Yanks Air Museum]], \[\[Chino, California]].\[https://yanksair.com/Products/45/111/Douglas\-A\-4A\-Skyhawk\-A4D\-2N/ "A\-4 Skyhawk/149636\."] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722041655/https://yanksair.com/Products/45/111/Douglas\-A\-4A\-Skyhawk\-A4D\-2N/ \|date\=22 July 2015 }} ''Yanks Air Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\=N230AT "FAA Registry: N230AT."] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
\| 150586: Air Park, \[\[Marine Corps Air Station Yuma]], \[\[Yuma, Arizona]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\| 150598: \[\[New Century Air Center]] (former \[\[NAS Olathe]]), \[\[Olathe, Kansas]].{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
\|class\=a\-4c}}
##### A\-4E
* 149656: [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/149656\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_quarterdeck) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518141512/https://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=a\-4\_quarterdeck \|date\=18 May 2021 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 149977: Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 1419, [Hamburg, New York](/wiki/Hamburg%2C_New_York "Hamburg, New York").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 150023: Naval Air Museum Barbers Point (former [NAS Barbers Point](/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point "NAS Barbers Point")), [Kapolei, Hawaii](/wiki/Kapolei%2C_Hawaii "Kapolei, Hawaii").["A\-4 Skyhawk/150023\."](http://www.nambarberspoint.org/aircraft/a4e.htm) *Naval Air Museum Barbers Point.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 150058: [Nauticus National Maritime Center](/wiki/Nauticus_National_Maritime_Center "Nauticus National Maritime Center"), [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia").["A\-4 Skyhawk/150058\."](http://www.nauticus.org/exhibits/mcdonnell-douglas-4-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234034/http://www.nauticus.org/exhibits/mcdonnell\-douglas\-4\-skyhawk \|date\=19 December 2014 }} *Nauticus National Maritime Center.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 150076 (marked as Blue Angel \#1 154180\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/NAS_Pensacola "NAS Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/150076\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=a\-4\_blueangels \|date\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 151030: Naval Air Museum Barbers Point (former [NAS Barbers Point](/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point "NAS Barbers Point")), [Kapolei, Hawaii](/wiki/Kapolei%2C_Hawaii "Kapolei, Hawaii").["A\-4 Skyhawk/151030\."](http://www.nambarberspoint.org/aircraft/a4e.htm) *Naval Air Museum Barbers Point.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 151033: [Naval Air Station Key West](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West "Naval Air Station Key West"), [Key West, Florida](/wiki/Key_West%2C_Florida "Key West, Florida").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 151036: Veterans Center, [Lihue, Hawaii](/wiki/Lihue%2C_Hawaii "Lihue, Hawaii").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 151038: [Yanks Air Museum](/wiki/Yanks_Air_Museum "Yanks Air Museum"), [Chino, California](/wiki/Chino%2C_California "Chino, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/151038\."](https://yanksair.com/Products/46/71/Douglas-A-4A-Skyhawk-A4D-5/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203211/https://yanksair.com/Products/46/71/Douglas\-A\-4A\-Skyhawk\-A4D\-5/ \|date\=29 October 2013 }} *Yanks Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 151064: stored at [Planes of Fame](/wiki/Planes_of_Fame "Planes of Fame") in [Chino, California](/wiki/Chino%2C_California "Chino, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/151064\."](http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page=81&itemsperpage=All) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222534/http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\=81\&itemsperpage\=All \|date\=6 August 2017 }} *Planes of Fame.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 151186: [Naval Air Station Oceana](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana "Naval Air Station Oceana") Air Park, [Virginia Beach, Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Beach%2C_Virginia "Virginia Beach, Virginia").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 151194: [Pacific Coast Air Museum](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Air_Museum "Pacific Coast Air Museum"), [Santa Rosa, California](/wiki/Santa_Rosa%2C_California "Santa Rosa, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/151194\."](http://www.pacificcoastairmuseum.org/aircraft/A4ESkyhawk.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009000444/http://www.pacificcoastairmuseum.org/aircraft/A4ESkyhawk.asp \|date\=9 October 2014 }} *Pacific Coast Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* [152012](https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/e-sky-hawk-municipal-airport-albany-u-s-navy-attack-jet-display-oregon-was-capable-operating-off-160494469.jpg):[Albany Municipal Airport](/wiki/Albany_Municipal_Airport_%28Oregon%29 "Albany Municipal Airport (Oregon)"), [Albany, Oregon](/wiki/Albany%2C_Oregon "Albany, Oregon").Exhibited with VA\-164 paint applied.{{Cite web\|title\=Skyhawks Displays {{!}} The Skyhawk Association\|url\=http://skyhawk.org/article/skyhawk\-displays\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-29\|website\=skyhawk.org}}{{Cite web\|last\=Democrat\-Herald\|first\=CAITLYN M. MAY Albany\|title\=City declares fighter jet a monument\|url\=https://democratherald.com/news/local/city\-declares\-fighter\-jet\-a\-monument/article\_f9a564a6\-d153\-5c76\-b26a\-bb2cd4f9de98\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-29\|website\=Albany Democrat Herald\|date\=11 October 2019 \|language\=en}}
* 152061: Naval Air Museum Barbers Point (former [NAS Barbers Point](/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point "NAS Barbers Point")), [Kapolei, Hawaii](/wiki/Kapolei%2C_Hawaii "Kapolei, Hawaii").["A\-4 Skyhawk/152061\."](http://www.nambarberspoint.org/aircraft/a4e.htm) *Naval Air Museum Barbers Point.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 152070: [Evergreen Aviation Museum](/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_Museum "Evergreen Aviation Museum"), [McMinnville, Oregon](/wiki/McMinnville%2C_Oregon "McMinnville, Oregon").It was numbered 149996 and painted.["A\-4 Skyhawk/152070\."](http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the-museum/aircraft-exhibits/military-aircrafts/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206162346/http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the\-museum/aircraft\-exhibits/military\-aircrafts/ \|date\=6 December 2011 }} *Evergreen Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 152080: [National Museum of the Marine Corps](/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Marine_Corps "National Museum of the Marine Corps"), [Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Facility_Quantico "Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico"), [Triangle, Virginia](/wiki/Triangle%2C_Virginia "Triangle, Virginia").["A\-4 Skyhawk/152080\."](http://www.usmcmuseum.com/index.asp) *National Museum of the Marine Corps.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
#### NA\-4E
* 148613: Oriskany Memorial Park, [Oriskany, New York](/wiki/Oriskany%2C_New_York "Oriskany, New York").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
##### A\-4F
* 154180: [Museum of Flight](/wiki/Museum_of_Flight "Museum of Flight"), [Seattle, Washington](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington "Seattle, Washington").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154180\."](http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/douglas-4f-skyhawk-ii) *Museum of Flight.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 154200: Army Airfield Museum, [Millville, New Jersey](/wiki/Millville%2C_New_Jersey "Millville, New Jersey").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154200\."](http://www.p47millville.org/portfolio/a-4f-skyhawk/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825191706/http://www.p47millville.org/portfolio/a\-4f\-skyhawk/ \|date\=25 August 2014 }} *Army Airfield Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 154204: [Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Historical_Foundation_and_Aviation_Museum "Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum"), [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar "Marine Corps Air Station Miramar"), [California](/wiki/California "California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154204\."](https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\_Listing.pdf \|date\=4 March 2016 }} *Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 154217 (marked as Blue Angel \#4\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154217\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=a\-4\_blueangels \|date\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 154977: [USS Midway Museum](/wiki/USS_Midway_Museum "USS Midway Museum"), [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154977\."](http://www.midway.org/Aircraft-Museum) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325094835/http://www.midway.org/Aircraft\-Museum \|date\=25 March 2013 }} *USS Midway Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 154983 (marked as Blue Angel \#2\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154983\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=a\-4\_blueangels \|date\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 155009: [Empire State Aerosciences Museum](/wiki/Empire_State_Aerosciences_Museum "Empire State Aerosciences Museum"), [Glenville, New York](/wiki/Glenville%2C_New_York "Glenville, New York").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 155025: NAS Fallon Air Park, [Naval Air Station Fallon](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Fallon "Naval Air Station Fallon"), Nevada.{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 155027: [Quonset Air Museum](/wiki/Quonset_Air_Museum "Quonset Air Museum"), [Quonset State Airport](/wiki/Quonset_State_Airport "Quonset State Airport") (former [NAS Quonset Point](/wiki/NAS_Quonset_Point "NAS Quonset Point")), [North Kingstown, Rhode Island](/wiki/North_Kingstown%2C_Rhode_Island "North Kingstown, Rhode Island").["A\-4 Skyhawk/155027\."](http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page=exhibitions) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026024437/http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\=exhibitions \|date\=26 October 2016 }} *Quonset Air Museum*. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 155033 (marked as Blue Angel \#3\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/155033\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=a\-4\_blueangels \|date\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 155036: [Accomack County Airport](/wiki/Accomack_County_Airport "Accomack County Airport"), [Accomack County, Virginia](/wiki/Accomack_County%2C_Virginia "Accomack County, Virginia").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
##### NA\-4M
* 155049: [Patuxent River Naval Air Museum](/wiki/Patuxent_River_Naval_Air_Museum "Patuxent River Naval Air Museum"), [Naval Air Station Patuxent River](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River "Naval Air Station Patuxent River"), [Lexington Park, Maryland](/wiki/Lexington_Park%2C_Maryland "Lexington Park, Maryland").["A\-4 Skyhawk/155049\."](http://paxmuseum.com/page/aircraft-1) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130150933/http://paxmuseum.com/page/aircraft\-1 \|date\=30 January 2011 }} *Patuxent River Naval Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
##### TA\-4F
* 152102: [Naval Museum of Armament \& Technology](/wiki/Naval_Museum_of_Armament_%26_Technology "Naval Museum of Armament & Technology"), [Covington Municipal Airport](/wiki/Covington_Municipal_Airport_%28Tennessee%29 "Covington Municipal Airport (Tennessee)"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 154639: Aviation High School, [Long Island City, New York](/wiki/Long_Island_City%2C_New_York "Long Island City, New York").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
##### TA\-4J
[thumb\|Douglas TA\-4J Skyhawk on display at the [Historic Aviation Memorial Museum](/wiki/Historic_Aviation_Memorial_Museum "Historic Aviation Memorial Museum")](/wiki/File:Historic_Aviation_Memorial_Museum_August_2018_10_%28Douglas_TA-4J_Skyhawk%29.jpg "Historic Aviation Memorial Museum August 2018 10 (Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk).jpg")
* 152861: Cape Girardeau Municipal Airport, [Scott City, Missouri](/wiki/Scott_City%2C_Missouri "Scott City, Missouri").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 152867: [Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum](/wiki/Valiant_Air_Command_Warbird_Museum "Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum"), [Space Coast Regional Airport](/wiki/Space_Coast_Regional_Airport "Space Coast Regional Airport"), [Titusville, Florida](/wiki/Titusville%2C_Florida "Titusville, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/152867\."](http://www.vacwarbirds.net/warbird-museum/vac-aircraft-inventory/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729082314/http://www.vacwarbirds.net/warbird\-museum/vac\-aircraft\-inventory/ \|date\=29 July 2015 }} *Valiant Air Command.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 153525: Glenn Martin Aviation Museum, [Middle River, Maryland](/wiki/Middle_River%2C_Maryland "Middle River, Maryland").["A\-4 Skyhawk/153525\."](http://www.mdairmuseum.org/flight-line.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144833/https://www.mdairmuseum.org/flight\-line.html \|date\=1 April 2017 }} *Glenn Martin Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 153671: [Grissom Air Museum](/wiki/Grissom_Air_Museum "Grissom Air Museum"), [Grissom Air Reserve Base](/wiki/Grissom_Air_Reserve_Base "Grissom Air Reserve Base"), [Peru, Indiana](/wiki/Peru%2C_Indiana "Peru, Indiana").["A\-4 Skyhawk/153671\."](http://www.grissomairmuseum.com/gallery/trainers/plane-19) *Grissom Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 153678: [Air Classics Museum of Aviation](/wiki/Air_Classics_Museum_of_Aviation "Air Classics Museum of Aviation"), [Sugar Grove, Illinois](/wiki/Sugar_Grove%2C_Illinois "Sugar Grove, Illinois").["A\-4 Skyhawk/153678\."](http://airclassicsmuseum.org/Collection.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921045631/http://www.airclassicsmuseum.org/Collection.html \|date\=21 September 2014 }} *Air Classic Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 154291: Historic Aviation Memorial Museum, [Tyler, Texas](/wiki/Tyler%2C_Texas "Tyler, Texas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154291\."](http://www.tylerhamm.org/planes.html) *Historic Aviation Memorial Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 154332: [Oakland Aviation Museum](/wiki/Oakland_Aviation_Museum "Oakland Aviation Museum"), [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154332\."](http://oaklandaviationmuseum.org/aircraft_3.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326183035/http://www.oaklandaviationmuseum.org/aircraft\_3\.html \|date\=26 March 2013 }} *Oakland Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 154338: [Kingsville NAS](/wiki/Kingsville_NAS "Kingsville NAS"), [Kingsville, Texas](/wiki/Kingsville%2C_Texas "Kingsville, Texas").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 154342: [March Field Air Museum](/wiki/March_Field_Air_Museum "March Field Air Museum"), [March Air Reserve Base](/wiki/March_Air_Reserve_Base "March Air Reserve Base") (former [March AFB](/wiki/March_AFB "March AFB")), [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California "Riverside, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154342\."](http://www.marchfield.org/aircraft-exhibits/aircraft/ta-4j-skyhawk-mcdonnell-douglas/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731043345/http://www.marchfield.org/aircraft\-exhibits/aircraft/ta\-4j\-skyhawk\-mcdonnell\-douglas \|date\=31 July 2015 }} *March Field Air Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 154649: [Palm Springs Air Museum](/wiki/Palm_Springs_Air_Museum "Palm Springs Air Museum"), [Palm Springs, California](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California "Palm Springs, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/154649\."](http://www.palmspringsairmuseum.org/aircrafts.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317173342/http://palmspringsairmuseum.org/aircrafts.htm \|date\=17 March 2012 }} *Palm Springs Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 158073: [Fort Worth Aviation Museum](/wiki/Fort_Worth_Aviation_Museum "Fort Worth Aviation Museum"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.facmuseum.org/docs/VMAP%20Monthly/VAMP%20Monthly%20October%202013\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=20 February 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306132019/http://www.facmuseum.org/docs/VMAP%20Monthly/VAMP%20Monthly%20October%202013\.pdf \|archive\-date\=6 March 2014 }} [Meacham International Airport](/wiki/Meacham_International_Airport "Meacham International Airport"), [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas "Fort Worth, Texas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158073\."](http://vmapaircraft.weebly.com/ta-4j-skyhawk.html) *Veterans Memorial Air Park.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 158087: [Naval Air Station Corpus Christi](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi "Naval Air Station Corpus Christi"), [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas "Corpus Christi, Texas").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 158090: American Legion, [Middlebury, Vermont](/wiki/Middlebury%2C_Vermont "Middlebury, Vermont").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 158094: [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida "Pensacola, Florida").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158094\."](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=ta-4j_skyhawk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614191217/https://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\-exhibits/item/?item\=ta\-4j\_skyhawk \|date\=14 June 2020 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 158106: Navy Test Pilot School, [Naval Air Station Patuxent River](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River "Naval Air Station Patuxent River"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 158137: [USS Hornet Museum](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum "USS Hornet Museum"), former [NAS Alameda](/wiki/NAS_Alameda "NAS Alameda"), California.["A\-4 Skyhawk/158137\."](http://www.uss-hornet.org/exhibits/aircraft/jet/skyhawk.shtml) *USS Hornet Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 158467: [Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Historical_Foundation_and_Aviation_Museum "Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum"), [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar "Marine Corps Air Station Miramar"), [California](/wiki/California "California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158467\."](https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\_Listing.pdf \|date\=4 March 2016 }} *Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 158479: Veterans Memorial Park of Delta County, [Gladstone, Michigan](/wiki/Gladstone%2C_Michigan "Gladstone, Michigan").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 158490: [Naval Air Station Meridian](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Meridian "Naval Air Station Meridian"), [Meridian, Mississippi](/wiki/Meridian%2C_Mississippi "Meridian, Mississippi").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 158512: [Estrella Warbirds Museum](/wiki/Estrella_Warbirds_Museum "Estrella Warbirds Museum"), [Paso Robles, California](/wiki/Paso_Robles%2C_California "Paso Robles, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158512\."](http://www.ewarbirds.org/ta4j.html) *Estrella Warbirds Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 158526: [Naval Air Station Meridian](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Meridian "Naval Air Station Meridian"), [Meridian, Mississippi](/wiki/Meridian%2C_Mississippi "Meridian, Mississippi").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 158716: [Combat Air Museum](/wiki/Combat_Air_Museum "Combat Air Museum"), [Forbes Field](/wiki/Forbes_Field "Forbes Field") (former [Forbes AFB](/wiki/Forbes_AFB "Forbes AFB")), [Topeka, Kansas](/wiki/Topeka%2C_Kansas "Topeka, Kansas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158716\."](http://combatairmuseum.org/aircraft/douglasta4skyhawk.html) *Combat Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 158722: [Lexington Museum](/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-16%29%23USS_Lexington_Museum "USS Lexington (CV-16)#USS Lexington Museum"), [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas "Corpus Christi, Texas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158722\."](http://usslexington.com/aircraft/ta-4j-skyhawk/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331210040/https://www.usslexington.com/aircraft/ta\-4j\-skyhawk/ \|date\=31 March 2016 }} *USS Lexington Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 159798: [Naval Air Facility El Centro](/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_El_Centro "Naval Air Facility El Centro"), [El Centro, California](/wiki/El_Centro%2C_California "El Centro, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
##### A\-4L
* No Neme: Planes of Fame Museum, Chino, California
* 147750: [Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_New_Orleans "Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans"), [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 147772: [Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Beaufort "Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 149635: [Mid\-America Air Museum](/wiki/Mid-America_Air_Museum "Mid-America Air Museum"), [Liberal, Kansas](/wiki/Liberal%2C_Kansas "Liberal, Kansas").["A\-4 Skyhawk/149635\."](http://www.mid-americaairmuseum.com/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217134105/http://mid\-americaairmuseum.com/ \|date\=17 December 2014 }} *Mid\-America Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.Originally an A\-4C, it was converted to an A\-4L in February 1971\.
##### A\-4M
[thumb\|The last production A\-4 Skyhawk in its rollout scheme, Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum, 2012](/wiki/File:The_last_production_A-4_Skyhawk_on_display_at_the_Flying_Leatherneck_Aviation_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg "The last production A-4 Skyhawk on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in July 2012.jpg")
* 158148: [Quonset Air Museum](/wiki/Quonset_Air_Museum "Quonset Air Museum"), [Quonset State Airport](/wiki/Quonset_State_Airport "Quonset State Airport") (former [NAS Quonset Point](/wiki/NAS_Quonset_Point "NAS Quonset Point")), [North Kingstown, Rhode Island](/wiki/North_Kingstown%2C_Rhode_Island "North Kingstown, Rhode Island").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158722\."](http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page=exhibitions) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026024437/http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\=exhibitions \|date\=26 October 2016 }} *Quonset Air Museum*. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 158182: [Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum](/wiki/Wings_of_Freedom_Aviation_Museum "Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum"), [Horsham, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Horsham%2C_Pennsylvania "Horsham, Pennsylvania").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158722\."](http://wingsoffreedommuseum.org/index.php/our-aircraft/17-aircraft-main/fixed-wing/22-aircraft-a4m-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030659/http://wingsoffreedommuseum.org/index.php/our\-aircraft/17\-aircraft\-main/fixed\-wing/22\-aircraft\-a4m\-skyhawk \|date\=4 March 2016 }} *Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 158195: [Museum of Flying](/wiki/Museum_of_Flying "Museum of Flying"), [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158195\."](http://www.museumofflying.org/exhibits/aircraft/douglas-a-4-skyhawk/) *Museum of Flying.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\.
* 158430: Sequatchie County Veterans Memorial Park, [Dunlap, Tennessee](/wiki/Dunlap%2C_Tennessee "Dunlap, Tennessee").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 159789: [Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_Fort_Worth "Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth"), [Ft. Worth, Texas](/wiki/Ft._Worth%2C_Texas "Ft. Worth, Texas").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 160024: City of Havelock Visitor Center, [Havelock, North Carolina](/wiki/Havelock%2C_North_Carolina "Havelock, North Carolina").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 160031: 12 Civic Center Plaza, [Santa Ana, California](/wiki/Santa_Ana%2C_California "Santa Ana, California").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 160036: [Prairie Aviation Museum](/wiki/Prairie_Aviation_Museum "Prairie Aviation Museum"), [Bloomington, Illinois](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Illinois "Bloomington, Illinois").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158722\."](http://prairieaviationmuseum.org/exhibits/aircraft/mcdonnell-douglas-a-4m-skyhawk/) *Prairie Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\.
* 160255: [Grenada High School](/wiki/Grenada_High_School "Grenada High School"), [Grenada, Mississippi](/wiki/Grenada%2C_Mississippi "Grenada, Mississippi").{{Cn\|date\=August 2024}}
* 160264: [Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Historical_Foundation_and_Aviation_Museum "Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum"), [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar "Marine Corps Air Station Miramar"), [California](/wiki/California "California").["A\-4 Skyhawk/158722\."](https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\_Listing.pdf \|date\=4 March 2016 }} *Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
#### Under Restoration or in Storage
##### A\-4C
* 145076: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas "Houston, Texas").["FAA Registry: N129AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N129AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 147669: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Delanson, New York](/wiki/Delanson%2C_New_York "Delanson, New York").["FAA Registry: N135AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N135AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 147690: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N143AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N143AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 147836: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N154AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N154AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 148446: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N130AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N130AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 148597: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida "Miami, Florida").["FAA Registry: N214AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N214AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 148602: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington "Bellevue, Washington").["FAA Registry: N215AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N215AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 149500: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N218AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N218AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 149502: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas").["FAA Registry: N219AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N219AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 149540: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington "Bellevue, Washington").["FAA Registry: N220AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N595TA) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 149591: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California "Anaheim, California").["FAA Registry: N228AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N228AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 149620: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Idaho Falls, Idaho](/wiki/Idaho_Falls%2C_Idaho "Idaho Falls, Idaho").["FAA Registry: N233AT."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N233AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
##### A\-4F
* 155051: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington "Bellevue, Washington").["FAA Registry: N595TA."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N595TA) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
##### TA\-4F
* 153469: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington "Bellevue, Washington").["FAA Registry: N670TF."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N670TF) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
* 153484: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington "Bellevue, Washington").["FAA Registry: N685TF."](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N685TF) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\.
|
[
"List of preserved aircraft by country\n-------------------------------------",
"### Argentina",
"A\\-4B (A\\-4P)\n* 142688: [National Aeronautics Museum](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica_de_Argentina \"Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina\"), [Moron, Argentina](/wiki/Moron%2C_Argentina \"Moron, Argentina\").[Skyhawks on Display](http://a4skyhawk.org/2c/museum.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814171402/http://a4skyhawk.org/2c/museum.htm \\|date\\=14 August 2014 }}. a4skyhawk.org. Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142748: Brigada Aerea, [Villa Reynolds](/wiki/Villa_Reynolds \"Villa Reynolds\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\").\n* 142749: Regional Interforce Museum, [San Luis, Argentina](/wiki/San_Luis%2C_Argentina \"San Luis, Argentina\").\n* 142752: Aerospace Technical Museum, [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina \"Córdoba, Argentina\").\n* 142757: Brigada Aerea, [Mendoza, Argentina](/wiki/Mendoza%2C_Argentina \"Mendoza, Argentina\").\n* 142773: Rio Cuarto Material Area, [Las Higueras Airport](/wiki/Las_Higueras_Airport \"Las Higueras Airport\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\").\n* 142803: [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina \"Córdoba, Argentina\").\n* 142855: [National Aeronautics Museum](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica_de_Argentina \"Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina\"), [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina \"Buenos Aires, Argentina\").\n* 144988: Flying Club, [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata \"Mar del Plata\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lacapitalmdp.com/homenaje\\-al\\-unico\\-aviador\\-marplatense\\-caido\\-en\\-malvinas/\\|title\\=Homenaje al único aviador marplatense caído en Malvinas\\|website\\=Diario La Capital de Mar del Plata\\|language\\=es\\-ES\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-14}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/AviacionNaval/CB\\-A4\\-LoroMarquez.htm\\|title\\=AvNaval\\|website\\=www.histarmar.com.ar\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-14}}",
"A\\-4B (A\\-4Q)\n* 144882: Espora Naval Aviation Museum, [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina \"Buenos Aires, Argentina\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.museoaeronaval.ara.mil.ar/ \\|title\\=Pagina nueva 1 \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004025352/http://www.museoaeronaval.ara.mil.ar/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2008 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Museo de la Aviacion Naval. Retrieved: 11 July 2013\\.\n* 144915: Naval Headquarters, [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina \"Buenos Aires, Argentina\").",
"A\\-4C\n[thumb\\|A\\-4C at National Aeronautics Museum, Argentina, 2008](/wiki/File:C-322_Douglas_A-4C_Skyhawk_%287310434418%29.jpg \"C-322 Douglas A-4C Skyhawk (7310434418).jpg\")\n* 148438: National Museum of Malvinas, [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina \"Córdoba, Argentina\").\n* 149564: Brigada Aerea Museum, [Mendoza, Argentina](/wiki/Mendoza%2C_Argentina \"Mendoza, Argentina\").\n* 149514: [National Aeronautics Museum](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica_de_Argentina \"Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina\"), [Buenos Aires, Argentina](/wiki/Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina \"Buenos Aires, Argentina\").",
"A\\-4F\n* 154173: Aerospace Technical Museum, [Córdoba, Argentina](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentina \"Córdoba, Argentina\").",
"TA\\-4J\n* 158477: Museo Santa Romana, [San Luis, Argentina](/wiki/San_Luis%2C_Argentina \"San Luis, Argentina\").",
"### Australia",
"A\\-4B\n* 142871: A\\-4B displayed as A\\-4G 154906 (885\\) and from 2007 as A\\-4G 154903 (882\\) [Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum_%28Australia%29 \"Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)\"), [Nowra, New South Wales](/wiki/Nowra%2C_New_South_Wales \"Nowra, New South Wales\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142871\"](http://www.navy.gov.au/aircraft/mcdonnell-douglas-a4g-skyhawk) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121155702/http://www.navy.gov.au/aircraft/mcdonnell\\-douglas\\-a4g\\-skyhawk \\|date\\=21 January 2016 }}. Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142871\"](http://a4skyhawk.org/content/142871-fleet-air-arm-museum-calum-gibson-640) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224129/http://a4skyhawk.org/content/142871\\-fleet\\-air\\-arm\\-museum\\-calum\\-gibson\\-640 \\|date\\=12 August 2014 }}. a4skyhawk.org. Retrieved: 10 August 2014\\.",
"TA\\-4G\n* 154911: displayed as TA\\-4G (880\\) [Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)](/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum_%28Australia%29 \"Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia)\"), [Nowra, New South Wales](/wiki/Nowra%2C_New_South_Wales \"Nowra, New South Wales\").[\"TA\\-4G Skyhawk/154911\"](http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Sep2013/Events/429/Old-friend-helps-Navy-remember-its-fixed-wing-history.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121155443/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Sep2013/Events/429/Old\\-friend\\-helps\\-Navy\\-remember\\-its\\-fixed\\-wing\\-history.htm \\|date\\=21 January 2016 }}. Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved: 10 August 2014\\.[\"TA\\-4G Skyhawk/154911\"](http://australianaviation.com.au/2012/04/skyhawk-returns-home-18-years-later). australianaviation.com.au. Retrieved 10 August 2014\\.",
"### France",
"A\\-4SU\n* 147797 (928\\): on display at the [French Aerospace Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air \"Musée de l'Air\") in Paris.[\"Retired RSAF Super Skyhawks Find New Home in French Museum.\"](http://www.totaldefence.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2006/jan/12jan06_nr.html){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} *MINDEF,* 12 January 2006\\. Retrieved: 17 September 2014\\.Two of the retired A\\-4SU Super Skyhawks were donated to the [French Air and Space Museum (Musée de l'Air)](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air \"Musée de l'Air\") for static display. On 12 January 2006, a Certificate of Transfer and Acceptance signing ceremony took place between representatives of the RSAF and the French Aeronautics Museum at Cazaux Air Base in France.\n* 145071 (941\\): stored at the French Aerospace Museum.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/World/Europe/France/Paris\\-Le\\_Bourget/Musee\\_de\\_l\\_air.htm \\|title\\=Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace: Stored Dugny\\|date\\=4 December 2011\\|publisher\\=AviationMuseum.Eu\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2014}}Since then, only *928* was put on display in the Rosette Hall of the museum while *941* was stored.",
"### Indonesia",
"A\\-4E\n[thumb\\|right\\|A\\-4 Skyhawk TT\\-0440 as collection of [Dirgantara Mandala Museum](/wiki/Dirgantara_Mandala_Museum \"Dirgantara Mandala Museum\")](/wiki/File:An_Indonesian_Air_Force_A-4-Skyhawk_TT-0440_at_Dirgantara_Mandala_Museum.jpg \"An Indonesian Air Force A-4-Skyhawk TT-0440 at Dirgantara Mandala Museum.jpg\")\n* TT\\-0401: [Sengkang](/wiki/Sengkang%2C_Indonesia \"Sengkang, Indonesia\") town park, [Wajo Regency](/wiki/Wajo_Regency \"Wajo Regency\"), [South Sulawesi](/wiki/South_Sulawesi \"South Sulawesi\"){{cite book \\|last1\\=Saragih \\|first1\\=Maylina \\|title\\=18 Pesawat Warnai Muspusdirla Yogyakarta \\|publisher\\=Subdisjarah Dispenau \\|location\\=Jakarta \\|pages\\=20–25 }}\n* TT\\-0402: [Komando Operasi Angkatan Udara II](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Air_Defense_Forces_Command \"Indonesian National Air Defense Forces Command\"), [Makassar](/wiki/Makassar \"Makassar\"), South Sulawesi\n* TT\\-0403: [Haluoleo Airport](/wiki/Haluoleo_Airport \"Haluoleo Airport\") park, [Kendari](/wiki/Kendari \"Kendari\"), [South East Sulawesi](/wiki/South_East_Sulawesi \"South East Sulawesi\")\n* TT\\-0408: [Suryadarma Air Force Base](/wiki/Suryadarma_Air_Force_Base \"Suryadarma Air Force Base\") Museum, [Kalijati](/wiki/Kecamatan_Kalijati \"Kecamatan Kalijati\"), [Subang](/wiki/Subang_Regency \"Subang Regency\"), [West Java](/wiki/West_Java \"West Java\")\n* TT\\-0410: [Komando Operasi Angkatan Udara II](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Air_Defense_Forces_Command \"Indonesian National Air Defense Forces Command\"), Makassar, South Sulawesi\n* TT\\-0431: Hospital of [Indonesian Air Force](/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force \"Indonesian Air Force\"), dr. Dody Sarjoto, Makassar, South Sulawesi\n* TT\\-0431: [Iswahyudi Air Force Base](/wiki/Iswahyudi_Air_Force_Base \"Iswahyudi Air Force Base\"), [Magetan](/wiki/Magetan \"Magetan\"), [East Java](/wiki/East_Java \"East Java\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://tni\\-au.mil.id/ratusan\\-murid\\-tk\\-geruduk\\-museum\\-pesawat\\-mahasiswa\\-stta/\\|title\\=Ratusan Murid TK Geruduk museum pesawat, Mahasiswa STTA Kunjungi Skatek 042\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=18 December 2019\\|website\\=tni\\-au.mil.id\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}\n* TT\\-0432: [Supadio International Airport](/wiki/Supadio_International_Airport \"Supadio International Airport\"), [Kubu Raya Regency](/wiki/Kubu_Raya_Regency \"Kubu Raya Regency\"), [West Kalimantan](/wiki/West_Kalimantan \"West Kalimantan\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2018/05/28/santai\\-di\\-tugu\\-dirgantara\\-sambillihatpesawat\\-tempur\\|title\\=Santai di Tugu Dirgantara Sambil Lihat Pesawat Tempur\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=28 May 2018\\|website\\=pontianak.tribunnews.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}\n* TT\\-0433: [Roesmin Nurjadin Air Force Base](/wiki/Pangkalan_TNI_Angkatan_Udara_Roesmin_Nurjadin \"Pangkalan TNI Angkatan Udara Roesmin Nurjadin\"), [Pekanbaru](/wiki/Pekanbaru \"Pekanbaru\"), [Riau](/wiki/Riau \"Riau\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://tni\\-au.mil.id/pengecatan\\-monumen\\-4\\-skyhawk\\-lanud\\-rsn\\-telah\\-selesai/\\|title\\=Pengecatan Monumen A\\-4 Skyhawk Lanud Rsn Telah Selesai\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=14 December 2017\\|website\\=tni\\-au.mil.id\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}\n* TT\\-0435: [Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Force Base](/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_International_Airport \"Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport\"), [Aceh Besar Regency](/wiki/Aceh_Besar_Regency \"Aceh Besar Regency\"), [Aceh](/wiki/Aceh \"Aceh\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://tni\\-au.mil.id/paud\\-permata\\-hati\\-kunjungi\\-lanud\\-sultan\\-iskandar\\-muda/\\|title\\=Paud Permata Hati Kunjungi Lanud Sultan Iskandar Muda\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=21 November 2018\\|website\\=tni\\-au.mil.id\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}\n* TT\\-0436: [Abdul Rachman Saleh Air Force Base](/wiki/Abdul_Rachman_Saleh_Airport \"Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport\"), [Malang](/wiki/Malang \"Malang\"), East Java{{cite web\\|url\\=https://malangvoice.com/a\\-4\\-sky\\-hawk\\-bakal\\-jadi\\-monumen\\-di\\-lanud\\-abd\\-saleh/\\|title\\=A\\-4 Sky Hawk Bakal Jadi Monumen di Lanud Abd Saleh\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=8 March 2016\\|website\\=malangvoice.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}\n* TT\\-0437: Majalengka Dirgantara Park, [Majalengka Regency](/wiki/Majalengka_Regency \"Majalengka Regency\"), West Java{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.kodesjabar.com/2017/06/taman\\-dirgantara\\-munjul\\-majalengka.html\\|title\\=Taman Dirgantara Munjul Majalengka\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=June 2017\\|website\\=kodesjabar.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}\n* TT\\-0438: [Satria Mandala Museum](/wiki/Satria_Mandala_Museum \"Satria Mandala Museum\"), [South Jakarta](/wiki/South_Jakarta \"South Jakarta\"), [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\").{{cite web\\|url\\= https://news.detik.com/berita/d\\-3446483/tni\\-au\\-sumbang\\-1\\-pesawat\\-tempur\\-skyhawk\\-untuk\\-jadi\\-monumen\\|title\\= TNI AU Sumbang 1 Pesawat Tempur Skyhawk Untuk Jadi Monumen\\|last\\= Adrian\\|first\\= Beni\\|date\\= May 24, 2019\\|website\\= Angkasa News\\|access\\-date\\= November 22, 2019}}\n* TT\\-0440: [Dirgantara Mandala Museum](/wiki/Dirgantara_Mandala_Museum \"Dirgantara Mandala Museum\"), [Sleman Regency](/wiki/Sleman_Regency \"Sleman Regency\"), [Special Region of Yogyakarta](/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta \"Special Region of Yogyakarta\")\n* TT\\-0441: [Sultan Hasanuddin Air Force Base](/wiki/Sultan_Hasanuddin_International_Airport \"Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport\"), Makassar, South Sulawesi[Markas TNI AU LANUD HASANUDDIN](https://foursquare.com/v/markas-tni-au-lanud-hasanuddin/4ca5355ba6e08cfafa586f94)\n* TT\\-0442: [Skadron Udara 11](/wiki/Skadron_Udara_11 \"Skadron Udara 11\"), Sultan Hasanuddin Air Force Base, Makassar, South Sulawesi\n* TT\\-0444: Migas Cepu Edupark, [Blora Regency](/wiki/Blora_Regency \"Blora Regency\"), [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java \"Central Java\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.blorakab.go.id/index.php/public/berita/detail/2202/mc\\-edupark\\-cepu\\-diresmikan\\|title\\=MC Edupark Cepu Diresmikan\\|language\\=id\\|date\\=9 September 2020\\|website\\=blorakab.go.id\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2020}}",
"TA\\-4H\n* TL\\-0416: [Indonesian Air Force Academy](/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force_Academy \"Indonesian Air Force Academy\"), Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta",
"TA\\-4J\n* TL\\-0418: [Prince M. Bunyamin Air Force Baset](/wiki/Prince_M._Bunyamin_Air_Force_Base \"Prince M. Bunyamin Air Force Base\"), Lampung{{cite news \\|title\\=Douglas TA\\-4J Skyhawk – Varian Keluarga Skyhawk Yang Berusia Paling Muda Di Indonesia \\|url\\=https://www.indomiliter.com/douglas\\-ta\\-4j\\-skyhawk\\-varian\\-keluarga\\-skyhawk\\-yang\\-berusia\\-paling\\-muda\\-di\\-indonesia/ \\|publisher\\=Indo Militer}}\n* TL\\-0419: [Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport](/wiki/Sultan_Syarif_Kasim_II_International_Airport \"Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport\"), Pekanbaru, Riau",
"### Israel",
"A\\-4E\n* 149964: [Israeli Air Force Museum](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_Museum \"Israeli Air Force Museum\"), [Hatzerim Airbase](/wiki/Hatzerim_Airbase \"Hatzerim Airbase\"), [Beersheba, Israel](/wiki/Beersheba%2C_Israel \"Beersheba, Israel\").\n* 150092: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n* 151179: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n* 152050: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n* 152099: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n[thumb\\|A4\\-H at Israeli Air Force Museum, Israel, 2010](/wiki/File:Hatzerim_290110_Skyhawk.jpg \"Hatzerim 290110 Skyhawk.jpg\")",
"A\\-4F\n* 155010: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.",
"A\\-4H\n* 155254: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n* 155271: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n* 155287: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.\n* 155289: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.",
"A\\-4N\n* 159816: Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Airbase, Beersheba, Israel.",
"### Japan",
"A\\-4E\n* 151074: U.S. [Naval Air Facility Atsugi](/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Atsugi \"Naval Air Facility Atsugi\"), [Atsugi, Japan](/wiki/Atsugi%2C_Japan \"Atsugi, Japan\").\n* 151095: Clinic Syara (ex\\-Francisco D. Penie Memorial Clinic), [Matsushige, Tokushima, Japan](/wiki/Matsushige%2C_Tokushima \"Matsushige, Tokushima\").",
"OA\\-4M\n* 154638: U.S. [Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Iwakuni \"Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni\"), [Iwakuni, Japan](/wiki/Iwakuni%2C_Japan \"Iwakuni, Japan\").",
"### Kuwait",
"TA4\\-KU\n* 160210: [Kuwaiti Air Force](/wiki/Kuwaiti_Air_Force \"Kuwaiti Air Force\") Museum, [Kuwait International Airport](/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport \"Kuwait International Airport\"), [Kuwait City, Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait_City%2C_Kuwait \"Kuwait City, Kuwait\").\n* 160211: [Kuwaiti Air Force](/wiki/Kuwaiti_Air_Force \"Kuwaiti Air Force\") Museum, [Kuwait International Airport](/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport \"Kuwait International Airport\"), [Kuwait City, Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait_City%2C_Kuwait \"Kuwait City, Kuwait\").",
"### New Zealand",
"[thumb\\|A\\-4K *NZ6216* on static display at the 2015 [Classic Fighters](/wiki/Classic_Fighters \"Classic Fighters\") air show in Blenheim, New Zealand](/wiki/File:Douglas_A-4K_NZ6216.JPG \"Douglas A-4K NZ6216.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|A\\-4 Skyhawk on static display at the [Museum of Transport \\& Technology](/wiki/Museum_of_Transport_%26_Technology \"Museum of Transport & Technology\")](/wiki/File:A4MOTAT.jpg \"A4MOTAT.jpg\")\n A\\-4C\n* 149516: ex\\-US Navy aircraft that had been upgraded to A\\-4L configuration and never served in [Royal New Zealand Air Force](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force \"Royal New Zealand Air Force\") (RNZAF); modified after its delivery to New Zealand to represent an RNZAF A\\-4K in early configuration; displayed with the spurious serial *NZ6207* (the real *NZ6207* crashed in 1974\\), [Air Force Museum of New Zealand](/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand \"Air Force Museum of New Zealand\"), [Wigram Aerodrome](/wiki/Wigram_Aerodrome \"Wigram Aerodrome\"), [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch \"Christchurch\"), [South Island](/wiki/South_Island \"South Island\").[\"McDonnell Douglas A\\-4K Skyhawk NZ6207\"](http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/main/A4_Skyhawk_NZ6207/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010532/http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/main/A4\\_Skyhawk\\_NZ6207/ \\|date\\=20 April 2015 }}. RNZAF Museum. Retrieved: 14 May 2015\\.",
"A\\-4K\n* *NZ6201*: Classic Flyers Museum, [Tauranga Airport](/wiki/Tauranga_Airport \"Tauranga Airport\"), [Tauranga](/wiki/Tauranga \"Tauranga\"), [North Island](/wiki/North_Island \"North Island\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.classicflyersnz.com/Aviation\\+Museum/Legacy\\+Jets/Skyhawk\\+Reassembly\\+Image\\+Gallery\\+1\\.html \\|title\\=Skyhawk Reassembly Image Gallery 1 \\|author\\= \\|website\\=www.classicflyersnz.com \\|publisher\\=Classic Flyers Museum \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2015 }}\n* *NZ6204*: Ashburton Aviation Museum, [Ashburton Aerodrome](/wiki/Ashburton_Aerodrome \"Ashburton Aerodrome\"), [Ashburton](/wiki/Ashburton%2C_New_Zealand \"Ashburton, New Zealand\"), South Island{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aviationmuseum.co.nz/cms/index.php/museum\\-exhibiits\\#!4 \\|title\\=Our Exhibits \\- Skyhawk\\|author\\= \\|website\\=www.aviationmuseum.co.nz \\|publisher\\=Ashburton Aviation Museum \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2015 }}\n* *NZ6205*: [Air Force Museum of New Zealand](/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand \"Air Force Museum of New Zealand\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/collections/featured\\-collections/?c\\_type\\=aircraft\\#collections\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185851/http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/collections/featured\\-collections/?c\\_type\\=aircraft\\#collections\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all\\|title\\=Featured Collections }}\n* *NZ6206*: [Museum of Transport \\& Technology](/wiki/Museum_of_Transport_%26_Technology \"Museum of Transport & Technology\"), [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\"), North Island\n* *NZ6209*: New Zealand Warbirds Association Visitor Centre, [Ardmore Aerodrome](/wiki/Ardmore_Aerodrome \"Ardmore Aerodrome\"), Auckland{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.3news.co.nz/entertainment/skyhawk\\-lands\\-at\\-nz\\-warbirds\\-2012031316\\#axzz3a4Wx4b8q \\|title\\=Skyhawk lands at NZ Warbirds \\|author\\= \\|date\\=13 March 2012 \\|website\\=www.3news.co.nz \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[3 News]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085059/http://www.3news.co.nz/entertainment/skyhawk\\-lands\\-at\\-nz\\-warbirds\\-2012031316\\#axzz3a4Wx4b8q \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* *NZ6216*: [Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre](/wiki/Omaka_Aviation_Heritage_Centre \"Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre\"), [Omaka Aerodrome](/wiki/Omaka_Aerodrome \"Omaka Aerodrome\"), [Blenheim](/wiki/Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand \"Blenheim, New Zealand\"), South Island",
"TA\\-4K\n* *NZ6254*: [Air Force Museum of New Zealand](/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand \"Air Force Museum of New Zealand\")\n* *NZ6257*: A non\\-flying static example constructed from parts. Currently displayed outside the Officers Mess at [RNZAF Ohakea](/wiki/RNZAF_Ohakea \"RNZAF Ohakea\")",
"### Singapore",
"[thumb\\|TA\\-4SU (900\\) BuNo 147742, with buddy refuelling pack attached under the centre\\-line pylon. RSAF Museum, Singapore, 2010](/wiki/File:147742_cn-_12506_Singapore_TA-4SU_900.JPG \"147742 cn- 12506 Singapore TA-4SU 900.JPG\")",
"A\\-4S\n* 142850 (600\\): [Singapore Discovery Centre](/wiki/Singapore_Discovery_Centre \"Singapore Discovery Centre\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy\\_serials/thirdseries17\\.html\\|title\\=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos Third Series (140053 to 145061\\)\\|date\\=27 November 2011\\|publisher\\=Joe Baugher\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2014}}\n* 144979 (690\\): [SAFTI Military Institute](/wiki/SAFTI_Military_Institute \"SAFTI Military Institute\").\n* 145013 (607\\): [Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum](/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force_Museum \"Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum\").",
"TA\\-4S\n* 145047 (651\\): Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum (forward fuselage section and cockpit).",
"A\\-4SU\n* 145073 (929\\): [gate guardian](/wiki/Gate_guardian \"Gate guardian\") at Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy\\_serials/thirdseries18\\.html\\|title\\=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos Third Series (145062 to 150138\\)\\|date\\=27 November 2011\\|publisher\\=Joe Baugher\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2014}}",
"TA\\-4SU\n* 147742 (900\\): Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum.",
"### United States",
"#### Airworthy",
"##### A\\-4B",
"* 142112: based at the Warbird Heritage Foundation in [Waukegan, Illinois](/wiki/Waukegan%2C_Illinois \"Waukegan, Illinois\").[\"FAA Registry: N49WH.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N49WH) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142112\\.\"](http://www.warbirdheritagefoundation.org/a4_skyhawk.html) *Warbird Heritage Foundation.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"##### A\\-4C",
"* 149606: privately owned in [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida \"Miami, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N2262Z.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N2262Z) faa.gov. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"##### TA\\-4J",
"[thumb\\|Collings Foundation A\\-4 Skyhawk at the NAS Ft Worth Air Show in 2014](/wiki/File:A-4_Skyhawk_NAS_Ft_Worth-4.jpg \"A-4 Skyhawk NAS Ft Worth-4.jpg\")\n{{blist\n\\|153524: based at the \\[\\[Collings Foundation]] in \\[\\[Stow, Massachusetts]].\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N524CF \"FAA Registry: N524CF.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\\[http://www.collingsfoundation.org/aircrafts/mcdonnell\\-ta\\-4j\\-skyhawk/ \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/153524\\.\"] ''Collings Foundation.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\. \n\\|153672: operated by \\[\\[Boeing]] in \\[\\[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N280TA \"FAA Registry: N280TA.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\|156925: operated by \\[\\[Boeing]] in \\[\\[St. Louis, Missouri]].\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N281TA \"FAA Registry: N281TA.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\|158128: privately owned in \\[\\[Wilmington, Delaware]].\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N128TA \"FAA Registry: N128TA.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\|158141: privately owned in \\[\\[Wilson, Wyoming]].\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N234LT \"FAA Registry: N234LT.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\|158486: privately owned in \\[\\[Ontario, Oregon]].\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N518TA \"FAA Registry: N518TA.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\|class\\=ta\\-4j\\_airworthy}}",
"##### A\\-4K",
"* 154904: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N142EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N142EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 154905: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N143EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N143EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 154908: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N144EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N144EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 155052: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N145EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N145EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 155063: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N146EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N146EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 155069: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N147EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N147EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"TA\\-4K\n* 157915: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N141EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N141EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"##### A\\-4L",
"* 147761: operated by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N146AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N146AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\\-At first it was completed as A\\-4C and deployed on the front line.Although it was remodeled to A\\-4L on the way, it is currently disassembled and stored for maintenance reasons.It has been given a new registration number of N146AT.\n* 147768: operated by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N147AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N147AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\. It was operated as A\\-4C at the beginning of completion, but was remodeled to A\\-4L on the way.It has now been given a new registration number of N147AT.\n* 148581: operated by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N207AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N207AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"##### A\\-4N",
"* 159078: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N164EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N164EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 159530: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N167EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N167EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 159542: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N162EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N162EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 159545: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N166EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N166EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 159805: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N161EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N161EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 159815: operated by [Draken International](/wiki/Draken_International \"Draken International\") in [Lakeland, Florida](/wiki/Lakeland%2C_Florida \"Lakeland, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N163EM.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N163EM) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"#### On display",
"##### A\\-4A",
"[thumb\\|Restored A4D\\-1 at Alameda Point (former NAS Alameda), January 2012](/wiki/File:Douglas_A4D-1_%28142200%29_1-1-12_%286617558207%29.jpg \"Douglas A4D-1 (142200) 1-1-12 (6617558207).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A Douglas A\\-4A Skyhawk (BuNo 139947\\) painted in Blue Angels livery at the MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.](/wiki/File:Douglas_A-4A_Blue_Angels_Skyhawk_BuNo_139947_at_the_MAPS_Air_Museum%2C_North_Canton%2C_Ohio.jpg \"Douglas A-4A Blue Angels Skyhawk BuNo 139947 at the MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.jpg\")\n* 137813: [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/NAS_Pensacola \"NAS Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/137813\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a4d-1_skyhawk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614185334/https://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=a4d\\-1\\_skyhawk \\|date\\=14 June 2020 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 137814: [Naval Museum of Armament \\& Technology](/wiki/Naval_Museum_of_Armament_%26_Technology \"Naval Museum of Armament & Technology\"), NCC China Lake (North), [Ridgecrest, California](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California \"Ridgecrest, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 137826: [Estrella Warbirds Museum](/wiki/Estrella_Warbirds_Museum \"Estrella Warbirds Museum\"), [Paso Robles, California](/wiki/Paso_Robles%2C_California \"Paso Robles, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/137826\\.\"](http://www.ewarbirds.org/a4a.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102145717/http://ewarbirds.org/a4a.html \\|date\\=2 November 2019 }} *Estrella Warbirds Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n[thumb\\|A\\-4C BuNo 148314\\. National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC](/wiki/File:Douglas_A4D_2N_A_4C_Skyhawk.jpg \"Douglas A4D 2N A 4C Skyhawk.jpg\")\n* 139929: [USS Hornet Museum](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum \"USS Hornet Museum\"), [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/139929\\.\"](http://www.uss-hornet.org/contribute/adoptaplane/) *USS Hornet Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 139931: Gate guardian at [Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division](/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Training_Systems_Division \"Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division\"), [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 139947: [MAPS Air Museum](/wiki/MAPS_Air_Museum \"MAPS Air Museum\"), [North Canton, Ohio](/wiki/North_Canton%2C_Ohio \"North Canton, Ohio\"). Formerly on display at [Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum](/wiki/Octave_Chanute_Aerospace_Museum \"Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum\") at the former [Chanute AFB](/wiki/Chanute_AFB \"Chanute AFB\"), [Rantoul, Illinois](/wiki/Rantoul%2C_Illinois \"Rantoul, Illinois\").{{cite web\\|title\\=USN Bureau Number Search (139947\\)\\|url\\=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy\\_serials/thirdseries16\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-14}}\n* 139953: Hickey Park, [Lemoore, California](/wiki/Lemoore%2C_California \"Lemoore, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 139956 (displayed as 142176\\) : [Aviation History \\& Technology Center](/wiki/Aviation_History_%26_Technology_Center \"Aviation History & Technology Center\"), [Dobbins ARB](/wiki/Dobbins_ARB \"Dobbins ARB\") (formerly Atlanta NAS), [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 139968: [U.S. Naval Academy](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy \"U.S. Naval Academy\"), [Annapolis, Maryland](/wiki/Annapolis%2C_Maryland \"Annapolis, Maryland\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142180: [Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Wildwood_Aviation_Museum \"Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum\"), [Cape May County Airport](/wiki/Cape_May_County_Airport \"Cape May County Airport\"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142180\\.\"](http://www.usnasw.org/?page_id=227) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032237/http://www.usnasw.org/?page\\_id\\=227 \\|date\\=22 July 2015 }} *NAS Wildwood Museum.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\. It was retired due to damage, and the main wing, which originally had no folding mechanism, was cut off. The aircraft itself was painted with Blue Angels paint, but it was never actually used.\n* 142200: Alameda Point, former [NAS Alameda](/wiki/NAS_Alameda \"NAS Alameda\"), [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142219: [New England Air Museum](/wiki/New_England_Air_Museum \"New England Air Museum\"), [Windsor Locks, Connecticut](/wiki/Windsor_Locks%2C_Connecticut \"Windsor Locks, Connecticut\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142219\\.\"](http://www.neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88) *New England Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142226: [Carolinas Aviation Museum](/wiki/Carolinas_Aviation_Museum \"Carolinas Aviation Museum\"), [Charlotte Douglas International Airport](/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport \"Charlotte Douglas International Airport\"), [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142226\\.\"](http://www.carolinasaviation.org/military/douglas-a4-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801075118/http://www.carolinasaviation.org/military/douglas\\-a4\\-skyhawk \\|date\\=1 August 2017 }} *Carolinas Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142227: [Western Museum of Flight](/wiki/Western_Museum_of_Flight \"Western Museum of Flight\"), [Torrance, California](/wiki/Torrance%2C_California \"Torrance, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142227\\.\"](http://www.wmof.com/a4a.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814194155/https://www.wmof.com/a4a.htm \\|date\\=14 August 2023 }} *Western Museum of Flight.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142230: Naval Surface Warfare Center, [Crane, Indiana](/wiki/Crane%2C_Indiana \"Crane, Indiana\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"##### A\\-4B",
"* 142094: [NAS Lemoore](/wiki/NAS_Lemoore \"NAS Lemoore\"), [Lemoore, California](/wiki/Lemoore%2C_California \"Lemoore, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142100: [NAS Fallon](/wiki/NAS_Fallon \"NAS Fallon\"), [Fallon, Nevada](/wiki/Fallon%2C_Nevada \"Fallon, Nevada\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142105: Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 8076, [Hartwell, Georgia](/wiki/Hartwell%2C_Georgia \"Hartwell, Georgia\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142106: [Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst](/wiki/Naval_Air_Engineering_Station_Lakehurst \"Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst\"), [Lakehurst, New Jersey](/wiki/Lakehurst%2C_New_Jersey \"Lakehurst, New Jersey\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142120: Weapons Survivability Lab, NCC China Lake (North), [Ridgecrest, California](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California \"Ridgecrest, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142166: George T. Baker Aviation School, [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida \"Miami, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142166\\.\"](http://www.bakeraviation.edu/) *Baker Aviation.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\.\n* 142675: [USS Lexington Museum](/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-16%29%23USS_Lexington_Museum \"USS Lexington (CV-16)#USS Lexington Museum\") of The Bay, [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas \"Corpus Christi, Texas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142675\\.\"](http://usslexington.com/aircraft/ta-4b-skyhawk-blue-angel/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326042605/https://www.usslexington.com/aircraft/ta\\-4b\\-skyhawk\\-blue\\-angel/ \\|date\\=26 March 2016 }} *USS Lexington Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142678: City of Purdy, [Purdy, Missouri](/wiki/Purdy%2C_Missouri \"Purdy, Missouri\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142717: Court House Square, [Beeville, Texas](/wiki/Beeville%2C_Texas \"Beeville, Texas\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142741: National Vietnam War Museum, [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142761: [Selfridge Military Air Museum](/wiki/Selfridge_Military_Air_Museum \"Selfridge Military Air Museum\") and Air Park, [Selfridge Air National Guard Base](/wiki/Selfridge_Air_National_Guard_Base \"Selfridge Air National Guard Base\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142761\\.\"](http://www.selfridgeairmuseum.org/A-4B%20Skyhawk.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723062528/http://www.selfridgeairmuseum.org/A\\-4B%20Skyhawk.htm \\|date\\=23 July 2015 }} *Selfridge Military Air Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 142777: FAA Facility, [Nashua, New Hampshire](/wiki/Nashua%2C_New_Hampshire \"Nashua, New Hampshire\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142829: HARP, [Floyd Bennett Field](/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field \"Floyd Bennett Field\") (former [NAS New York](/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field \"Floyd Bennett Field\")), [Brooklyn, New York](/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York \"Brooklyn, New York\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142829\\.\"](http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FloydBennettField/DouglasA4Skyhawk/index.htm) *HARP.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\.\n* 142833: Aboard former [USS Intrepid (CVS\\-11\\)](/wiki/USS_Intrepid_%28CVS-11%29 \"USS Intrepid (CVS-11)\"), [Intrepid Sea\\-Air\\-Space Museum](/wiki/Intrepid_Sea-Air-Space_Museum \"Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum\"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142833\\.\"](http://www.intrepidmuseum.org/AircraftCollection.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219014823/http://www.intrepidmuseum.org/AircraftCollection.aspx \\|date\\=19 December 2015 }} *Intrepid Air \\& Space Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 142834: [Ropkey Armor Museum](/wiki/Ropkey_Armor_Museum \"Ropkey Armor Museum\"), [Crawfordsville, Indiana](/wiki/Crawfordsville%2C_Indiana \"Crawfordsville, Indiana\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142834\\.\"](http://ropkeyarmormuseum.com/) *Ropkey Armor Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142848: Veterans Memorial Park, [Ewing Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Ewing_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Ewing Township, New Jersey\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 142879: in storage at [Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Aviation_Museum \"Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum\") at [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar \"Marine Corps Air Station Miramar\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\")[\"F8U Crusader/150920\"](http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185627/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\\_Listing.pdf \\|date\\=11 October 2017 }} *Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum and Historical Foundation.* Retrieved: 22 January 2015\\.\n* 142905: [San Diego Aerospace Museum](/wiki/San_Diego_Aerospace_Museum \"San Diego Aerospace Museum\"), [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142905\\.\"](http://sandiegoairandspace.org/) *San Diego Aerospace Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142922: [Tillamook Air Museum](/wiki/Tillamook_Air_Museum \"Tillamook Air Museum\"), [Tillamook, Oregon](/wiki/Tillamook%2C_Oregon \"Tillamook, Oregon\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142922\\.\"](http://www.tillamookair.com/douglas-a4-b-skyhawk) *Tillamook Air Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 142928: [Pima Air \\& Space Museum](/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum \"Pima Air & Space Museum\") adjacent to [Davis\\-Monthan AFB](/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB \"Davis-Monthan AFB\"), [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona \"Tucson, Arizona\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142928\\.\"](http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft-by-name/item/douglas-a4d-2-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917121613/http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft\\-by\\-name/item/douglas\\-a4d\\-2\\-skyhawk \\|date\\=17 September 2018 }} *Pima Air \\& Space Museum.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\.\n* 142929: [USS Lexington Museum](/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-16%29%23USS_Lexington_Museum \"USS Lexington (CV-16)#USS Lexington Museum\"), [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas \"Corpus Christi, Texas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/142929\\.\"](http://usslexington.com/aircraft/ta-4b-skyhawk/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328024048/https://www.usslexington.com/aircraft/ta\\-4b\\-skyhawk/ \\|date\\=28 March 2016 }} *USS Lexington Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 142940: Shea Field Memorial Grove, former [NAS South Weymouth](/wiki/NAS_South_Weymouth \"NAS South Weymouth\"), [Weymouth, Massachusetts](/wiki/Weymouth%2C_Massachusetts \"Weymouth, Massachusetts\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 144906: Indiana Military Museum, [Vincennes, Indiana](/wiki/Vincennes%2C_Indiana \"Vincennes, Indiana\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/144906\\.\"](http://indymilitary.com/collection-exhibits/recent-acquisitions/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116002551/http://indymilitary.com/collection\\-exhibits/recent\\-acquisitions/ \\|date\\=16 November 2019 }} *Indiana Military Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 144930: Proud Bird Restaurant, Aviation Blvd., [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 145011: [Air Zoo](/wiki/Air_Zoo \"Air Zoo\"), [Kalamazoo, Michigan](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan \"Kalamazoo, Michigan\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/145011\\.\"](http://www.airzoo.org/page.php?page_id=190) *Air Zoo.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.",
"##### A\\-4C",
"{{blist\n\\|145067: Plant 42 Heritage Airpark, \\[\\[Air Force Plant 42]], \\[\\[Palmdale, California]].\\[http://www.cityofpalmdale.org/Portals/0/Documents/AirPark/Airpark%20Brochure.pdf \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/145067\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20151029190436/http://www.cityofpalmdale.org/Portals/0/Documents/AirPark/Airpark%20Brochure.pdf \\|date\\=29 October 2015 }} ''City of Palmdale.'' Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\.\n\\| 145072: \\[\\[Air Victory Museum]], \\[\\[Medford, New Jersey]].\\[http://www.airvictorymuseum.org/html/aircraft.html \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/145072\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702062057/http://www.airvictorymuseum.org/html/aircraft.html \\|date\\=2 July 2015 }} ''Air Victory Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 145082: Veterans Century of Sentries Park, \\[\\[Kenner, Louisiana]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 145113: Dick Kleberg Park, \\[\\[Kingsville, Texas]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 145122: \\[\\[Donnie Cochran]] Memorial, \\[\\[Savannah State University]], \\[\\[Savannah, Georgia]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 145135: \\[\\[Northland Community \\& Technical College]], \\[\\[Thief River Falls, Minnesota]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 147702: \\[\\[Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum]], \\[\\[Pueblo, Colorado]].\\[http://www.pwam.org/aircraftdisplay1\\.html \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147702\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225043629/http://www.pwam.org/aircraftdisplay1\\.html \\|date\\=25 December 2016 }} ''Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 147708: \\[\\[Aviation Museum of Kentucky]], \\[\\[Lexington, Kentucky]].\\[http://www.aviationky.org/default.asp \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147708\\.\"] ''Aviation Museum of Kentucky.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 147715: \\[\\[Fort Worth Aviation Museum]], \\[\\[Meacham International Airport]], \\[\\[Fort Worth, Texas]].\\[http://vmapaircraft.weebly.com/a\\-4c\\-skyhawk.html \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147715\\.\"] ''Veterans Memorial Air Park.'' Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\. \n\\| 147727: \\[\\[Porterville Municipal Airport]], \\[\\[Porterville, California]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\[\\[File:Arkansas Air \\& Military Museum May 2017 57 (Douglas A\\-4 Skyhawk).jpg\\|thumb\\|Douglas A\\-4 Skyhawk at the \\[\\[Arkansas Air \\& Military Museum]] in \\[\\[Fayetteville, Arkansas]]]]\n\\| 147733: \\[\\[Arkansas Air \\& Military Museum]], \\[\\[Fayetteville, Arkansas]].\\[http://www.arkansasairandmilitary.com/collection/aircraft/ \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147733\\.\"] ''Arkansas Air Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\. \n\\| 147767: Inde Motorsports Ranch, \\[\\[Willcox, Arizona]].\\[http://www.indemotorsports.com/site/index.php \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147767\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723031218/http://www.indemotorsports.com/site/index.php \\|date\\=23 July 2015 }} ''Inde Motorsports Ranch.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\. \n\\| 147787: \\[\\[Battleship Memorial Park]], \\[\\[Mobile, Alabama]].\\[http://www.ussalabama.com/uss\\-aircraft\\-collection/ \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147787\\.\"] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218083627/http://www.ussalabama.com/uss\\-aircraft\\-collection/ \\|date\\=18 December 2015 }} ''USS Alabama Museum''. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 147788: NAS Jacksonville Air Park, \\[\\[Naval Air Station Jacksonville]], Florida.{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 147790: stored at \\[\\[Quonset Air Museum]], \\[\\[Quonset State Airport]] (former \\[\\[NAS Quonset Point]]), \\[\\[North Kingstown, Rhode Island]].\\[http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\\=exhibitions \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147790\\.\"] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026024437/http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\\=exhibitions \\|date\\=26 October 2016 }} ''Quonset Air Museum''. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.It is currently in a disassembled state.\n\\| 147825: \\[\\[Santa Maria Museum of Flight]], \\[\\[Santa Maria, California]].\\[http://www.smmof.org/restorationprojects.aspx \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/147825\\.\"] ''Santa Maria Museum of Flight.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 148314: \\[\\[National Air and Space Museum]], \\[\\[Washington, D.C.]]\\[http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\\=A19760757000 \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148314\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201626/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\\=A19760757000 \\|date\\=29 October 2013 }} ''National Air and Space Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 148316: \\[\\[Planes of Fame Museum]], \\[\\[Chino, California]].\\[http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\\=81\\&itemsperpage\\=All \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148316\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222534/http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\\=81\\&itemsperpage\\=All \\|date\\=6 August 2017 }} ''Planes of Fame Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 148485: Wall of Honor Veterans Memorial, \\[\\[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 148490: \\[\\[I\\-10]] rest stop, \\[\\[Santa Rosa County, Florida]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 148491: \\[\\[Oregon Air \\& Space Museum]], \\[\\[Eugene, Oregon]].\\[https://web.archive.org/web/20090420053843/http://www.oasm.info/featured\\_aircrafts.php \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148491\\.\"] ''Oregon Air and Space Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 148492: \\[\\[Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum]], \\[\\[Marine Corps Air Station Miramar]], \\[\\[California]].\\[https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\\_Listing.pdf \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148492\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\\_Listing.pdf \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} ''Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 148500: \\[\\[Illinois Aviation Museum]], \\[\\[Bolingbrook, Illinois]].\\[http://www.illinoisaviationmuseum.org/projects.htm\\#a4 \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148500\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029112952/http://www.illinoisaviationmuseum.org/projects.htm\\#a4 \\|date\\=29 October 2014 }} ''Illinois Aviation Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 148503: \\[\\[Aerospace Museum of California]], \\[\\[Sacramento, California]].\\[http://www.aerospaceca.org/mcdonnell\\-douglas\\-a\\-4c\\-skyhawk\\-i/ \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148503\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328234651/http://www.aerospaceca.org/mcdonnell\\-douglas\\-a\\-4c\\-skyhawk\\-i/ \\|date\\=28 March 2015 }} ''Aerospace Museum of California.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 148516: \\[\\[Naval Air Station North Island]], \\[\\[San Diego, California]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 148538: \\[\\[Hickory Aviation Museum]], \\[\\[North Carolina]].\\[http://hickoryaviationmuseum.org/Assets/A4\\-L\\_LB\\_03\\.png \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148538\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723041608/http://hickoryaviationmuseum.org/Assets/A4\\-L\\_LB\\_03\\.png \\|date\\=23 July 2015 }} ''Hickory Aviation Museum.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 148543: \\[\\[Yankee Air Museum]], \\[\\[Belleville, Michigan]]A\\-4C, Hangar Happenings, March 2017\n\\| 148569: Louisiana Military Museum, \\[\\[Ruston, Louisiana]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 148571: \\[\\[Pima Air \\& Space Museum]], adjacent to \\[\\[Davis\\-Monthan AFB]], \\[\\[Tucson, Arizona]].\\[http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft\\-by\\-name/item/douglas\\-a\\-4c\\-skyhawk \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/148571\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917122035/http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft\\-by\\-name/item/douglas\\-a\\-4c\\-skyhawk \\|date\\=17 September 2018 }}. Pima Air \\& Space Museum. Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\.\n\\| 148572: Cumberland High School, \\[\\[Crossville, Tennessee]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 148610: Encinal High School, \\[\\[Alameda, California]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 149508: Patriot Park, \\[\\[Covington, Tennessee]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 149532: \\[\\[Castle Air Museum]], former \\[\\[Castle AFB]], \\[\\[Atwater, California]].\\[http://www.castleairmuseum.org/ondisplay/ \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/149532\\.\"] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221836/http://www.castleairmuseum.org/ondisplay \\|date\\=7 July 2014 }} ''Castle Air Museum''. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 149547: stored at \\[\\[Planes of Fame]] in \\[\\[Chino, California]].\\[http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\\=81\\&itemsperpage\\=All \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/149547\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222534/http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\\=81\\&itemsperpage\\=All \\|date\\=6 August 2017 }} ''Planes of Fame.'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 149563: \\[\\[Pensacola Regional Airport]], \\[\\[Pensacola, Florida]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 149618: Though the aircraft's actual identity is unconfirmed, an aircraft marked as 149618 is displayed at \\[\\[Freedom Park (Omaha, Nebraska)\\|Freedom Park]] in \\[\\[Omaha, Nebraska\\|Omaha]], \\[\\[Nebraska]].{{cite web \\|url\\=http://a4skyhawk.org/content/skyhawk\\-displays \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311025940/http://a4skyhawk.org/content/skyhawk\\-displays \\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2016 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}\n\\| 149623: \\[\\[Patriots Point]] Naval \\& Maritime Museum, \\[\\[Charleston, South Carolina]].\\[http://www.patriotspoint.org/pdf/aircraft/a\\-4c\\_skyhawk.pdf \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/149623\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185256/http://www.patriotspoint.org/pdf/aircraft/a\\-4c\\_skyhawk.pdf \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} ''Patriots Point Naval \\& Maritime Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n\\| 149636: \\[\\[Yanks Air Museum]], \\[\\[Chino, California]].\\[https://yanksair.com/Products/45/111/Douglas\\-A\\-4A\\-Skyhawk\\-A4D\\-2N/ \"A\\-4 Skyhawk/149636\\.\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722041655/https://yanksair.com/Products/45/111/Douglas\\-A\\-4A\\-Skyhawk\\-A4D\\-2N/ \\|date\\=22 July 2015 }} ''Yanks Air Museum.'' Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\\[https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt\\=N230AT \"FAA Registry: N230AT.\"] ''faa.gov'' Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n\\| 150586: Air Park, \\[\\[Marine Corps Air Station Yuma]], \\[\\[Yuma, Arizona]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\| 150598: \\[\\[New Century Air Center]] (former \\[\\[NAS Olathe]]), \\[\\[Olathe, Kansas]].{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n\\|class\\=a\\-4c}}",
"##### A\\-4E",
"* 149656: [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/149656\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_quarterdeck) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518141512/https://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=a\\-4\\_quarterdeck \\|date\\=18 May 2021 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 149977: Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 1419, [Hamburg, New York](/wiki/Hamburg%2C_New_York \"Hamburg, New York\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 150023: Naval Air Museum Barbers Point (former [NAS Barbers Point](/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point \"NAS Barbers Point\")), [Kapolei, Hawaii](/wiki/Kapolei%2C_Hawaii \"Kapolei, Hawaii\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/150023\\.\"](http://www.nambarberspoint.org/aircraft/a4e.htm) *Naval Air Museum Barbers Point.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 150058: [Nauticus National Maritime Center](/wiki/Nauticus_National_Maritime_Center \"Nauticus National Maritime Center\"), [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/150058\\.\"](http://www.nauticus.org/exhibits/mcdonnell-douglas-4-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234034/http://www.nauticus.org/exhibits/mcdonnell\\-douglas\\-4\\-skyhawk \\|date\\=19 December 2014 }} *Nauticus National Maritime Center.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 150076 (marked as Blue Angel \\#1 154180\\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/NAS_Pensacola \"NAS Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/150076\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=a\\-4\\_blueangels \\|date\\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 151030: Naval Air Museum Barbers Point (former [NAS Barbers Point](/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point \"NAS Barbers Point\")), [Kapolei, Hawaii](/wiki/Kapolei%2C_Hawaii \"Kapolei, Hawaii\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/151030\\.\"](http://www.nambarberspoint.org/aircraft/a4e.htm) *Naval Air Museum Barbers Point.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 151033: [Naval Air Station Key West](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West \"Naval Air Station Key West\"), [Key West, Florida](/wiki/Key_West%2C_Florida \"Key West, Florida\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 151036: Veterans Center, [Lihue, Hawaii](/wiki/Lihue%2C_Hawaii \"Lihue, Hawaii\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 151038: [Yanks Air Museum](/wiki/Yanks_Air_Museum \"Yanks Air Museum\"), [Chino, California](/wiki/Chino%2C_California \"Chino, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/151038\\.\"](https://yanksair.com/Products/46/71/Douglas-A-4A-Skyhawk-A4D-5/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203211/https://yanksair.com/Products/46/71/Douglas\\-A\\-4A\\-Skyhawk\\-A4D\\-5/ \\|date\\=29 October 2013 }} *Yanks Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 151064: stored at [Planes of Fame](/wiki/Planes_of_Fame \"Planes of Fame\") in [Chino, California](/wiki/Chino%2C_California \"Chino, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/151064\\.\"](http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page=81&itemsperpage=All) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222534/http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page\\=81\\&itemsperpage\\=All \\|date\\=6 August 2017 }} *Planes of Fame.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 151186: [Naval Air Station Oceana](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana \"Naval Air Station Oceana\") Air Park, [Virginia Beach, Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Beach%2C_Virginia \"Virginia Beach, Virginia\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 151194: [Pacific Coast Air Museum](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Air_Museum \"Pacific Coast Air Museum\"), [Santa Rosa, California](/wiki/Santa_Rosa%2C_California \"Santa Rosa, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/151194\\.\"](http://www.pacificcoastairmuseum.org/aircraft/A4ESkyhawk.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009000444/http://www.pacificcoastairmuseum.org/aircraft/A4ESkyhawk.asp \\|date\\=9 October 2014 }} *Pacific Coast Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* [152012](https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/e-sky-hawk-municipal-airport-albany-u-s-navy-attack-jet-display-oregon-was-capable-operating-off-160494469.jpg):[Albany Municipal Airport](/wiki/Albany_Municipal_Airport_%28Oregon%29 \"Albany Municipal Airport (Oregon)\"), [Albany, Oregon](/wiki/Albany%2C_Oregon \"Albany, Oregon\").Exhibited with VA\\-164 paint applied.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Skyhawks Displays {{!}} The Skyhawk Association\\|url\\=http://skyhawk.org/article/skyhawk\\-displays\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-29\\|website\\=skyhawk.org}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Democrat\\-Herald\\|first\\=CAITLYN M. MAY Albany\\|title\\=City declares fighter jet a monument\\|url\\=https://democratherald.com/news/local/city\\-declares\\-fighter\\-jet\\-a\\-monument/article\\_f9a564a6\\-d153\\-5c76\\-b26a\\-bb2cd4f9de98\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-29\\|website\\=Albany Democrat Herald\\|date\\=11 October 2019 \\|language\\=en}}\n* 152061: Naval Air Museum Barbers Point (former [NAS Barbers Point](/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point \"NAS Barbers Point\")), [Kapolei, Hawaii](/wiki/Kapolei%2C_Hawaii \"Kapolei, Hawaii\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/152061\\.\"](http://www.nambarberspoint.org/aircraft/a4e.htm) *Naval Air Museum Barbers Point.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 152070: [Evergreen Aviation Museum](/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_Museum \"Evergreen Aviation Museum\"), [McMinnville, Oregon](/wiki/McMinnville%2C_Oregon \"McMinnville, Oregon\").It was numbered 149996 and painted.[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/152070\\.\"](http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the-museum/aircraft-exhibits/military-aircrafts/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206162346/http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the\\-museum/aircraft\\-exhibits/military\\-aircrafts/ \\|date\\=6 December 2011 }} *Evergreen Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 152080: [National Museum of the Marine Corps](/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Marine_Corps \"National Museum of the Marine Corps\"), [Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Facility_Quantico \"Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico\"), [Triangle, Virginia](/wiki/Triangle%2C_Virginia \"Triangle, Virginia\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/152080\\.\"](http://www.usmcmuseum.com/index.asp) *National Museum of the Marine Corps.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.",
"#### NA\\-4E",
"* 148613: Oriskany Memorial Park, [Oriskany, New York](/wiki/Oriskany%2C_New_York \"Oriskany, New York\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"##### A\\-4F",
"* 154180: [Museum of Flight](/wiki/Museum_of_Flight \"Museum of Flight\"), [Seattle, Washington](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington \"Seattle, Washington\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154180\\.\"](http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/douglas-4f-skyhawk-ii) *Museum of Flight.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 154200: Army Airfield Museum, [Millville, New Jersey](/wiki/Millville%2C_New_Jersey \"Millville, New Jersey\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154200\\.\"](http://www.p47millville.org/portfolio/a-4f-skyhawk/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825191706/http://www.p47millville.org/portfolio/a\\-4f\\-skyhawk/ \\|date\\=25 August 2014 }} *Army Airfield Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 154204: [Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Historical_Foundation_and_Aviation_Museum \"Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum\"), [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar \"Marine Corps Air Station Miramar\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154204\\.\"](https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\\_Listing.pdf \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} *Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 154217 (marked as Blue Angel \\#4\\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154217\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=a\\-4\\_blueangels \\|date\\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 154977: [USS Midway Museum](/wiki/USS_Midway_Museum \"USS Midway Museum\"), [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154977\\.\"](http://www.midway.org/Aircraft-Museum) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325094835/http://www.midway.org/Aircraft\\-Museum \\|date\\=25 March 2013 }} *USS Midway Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 154983 (marked as Blue Angel \\#2\\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154983\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=a\\-4\\_blueangels \\|date\\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 155009: [Empire State Aerosciences Museum](/wiki/Empire_State_Aerosciences_Museum \"Empire State Aerosciences Museum\"), [Glenville, New York](/wiki/Glenville%2C_New_York \"Glenville, New York\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 155025: NAS Fallon Air Park, [Naval Air Station Fallon](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Fallon \"Naval Air Station Fallon\"), Nevada.{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 155027: [Quonset Air Museum](/wiki/Quonset_Air_Museum \"Quonset Air Museum\"), [Quonset State Airport](/wiki/Quonset_State_Airport \"Quonset State Airport\") (former [NAS Quonset Point](/wiki/NAS_Quonset_Point \"NAS Quonset Point\")), [North Kingstown, Rhode Island](/wiki/North_Kingstown%2C_Rhode_Island \"North Kingstown, Rhode Island\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/155027\\.\"](http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page=exhibitions) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026024437/http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\\=exhibitions \\|date\\=26 October 2016 }} *Quonset Air Museum*. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 155033 (marked as Blue Angel \\#3\\): [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/155033\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=a-4_blueangels) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154727/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=a\\-4\\_blueangels \\|date\\=2 June 2023 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 155036: [Accomack County Airport](/wiki/Accomack_County_Airport \"Accomack County Airport\"), [Accomack County, Virginia](/wiki/Accomack_County%2C_Virginia \"Accomack County, Virginia\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"##### NA\\-4M",
"* 155049: [Patuxent River Naval Air Museum](/wiki/Patuxent_River_Naval_Air_Museum \"Patuxent River Naval Air Museum\"), [Naval Air Station Patuxent River](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River \"Naval Air Station Patuxent River\"), [Lexington Park, Maryland](/wiki/Lexington_Park%2C_Maryland \"Lexington Park, Maryland\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/155049\\.\"](http://paxmuseum.com/page/aircraft-1) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130150933/http://paxmuseum.com/page/aircraft\\-1 \\|date\\=30 January 2011 }} *Patuxent River Naval Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.",
"##### TA\\-4F",
"* 152102: [Naval Museum of Armament \\& Technology](/wiki/Naval_Museum_of_Armament_%26_Technology \"Naval Museum of Armament & Technology\"), [Covington Municipal Airport](/wiki/Covington_Municipal_Airport_%28Tennessee%29 \"Covington Municipal Airport (Tennessee)\"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 154639: Aviation High School, [Long Island City, New York](/wiki/Long_Island_City%2C_New_York \"Long Island City, New York\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"##### TA\\-4J",
"[thumb\\|Douglas TA\\-4J Skyhawk on display at the [Historic Aviation Memorial Museum](/wiki/Historic_Aviation_Memorial_Museum \"Historic Aviation Memorial Museum\")](/wiki/File:Historic_Aviation_Memorial_Museum_August_2018_10_%28Douglas_TA-4J_Skyhawk%29.jpg \"Historic Aviation Memorial Museum August 2018 10 (Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk).jpg\")\n* 152861: Cape Girardeau Municipal Airport, [Scott City, Missouri](/wiki/Scott_City%2C_Missouri \"Scott City, Missouri\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 152867: [Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum](/wiki/Valiant_Air_Command_Warbird_Museum \"Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum\"), [Space Coast Regional Airport](/wiki/Space_Coast_Regional_Airport \"Space Coast Regional Airport\"), [Titusville, Florida](/wiki/Titusville%2C_Florida \"Titusville, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/152867\\.\"](http://www.vacwarbirds.net/warbird-museum/vac-aircraft-inventory/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729082314/http://www.vacwarbirds.net/warbird\\-museum/vac\\-aircraft\\-inventory/ \\|date\\=29 July 2015 }} *Valiant Air Command.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 153525: Glenn Martin Aviation Museum, [Middle River, Maryland](/wiki/Middle_River%2C_Maryland \"Middle River, Maryland\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/153525\\.\"](http://www.mdairmuseum.org/flight-line.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144833/https://www.mdairmuseum.org/flight\\-line.html \\|date\\=1 April 2017 }} *Glenn Martin Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 153671: [Grissom Air Museum](/wiki/Grissom_Air_Museum \"Grissom Air Museum\"), [Grissom Air Reserve Base](/wiki/Grissom_Air_Reserve_Base \"Grissom Air Reserve Base\"), [Peru, Indiana](/wiki/Peru%2C_Indiana \"Peru, Indiana\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/153671\\.\"](http://www.grissomairmuseum.com/gallery/trainers/plane-19) *Grissom Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 153678: [Air Classics Museum of Aviation](/wiki/Air_Classics_Museum_of_Aviation \"Air Classics Museum of Aviation\"), [Sugar Grove, Illinois](/wiki/Sugar_Grove%2C_Illinois \"Sugar Grove, Illinois\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/153678\\.\"](http://airclassicsmuseum.org/Collection.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921045631/http://www.airclassicsmuseum.org/Collection.html \\|date\\=21 September 2014 }} *Air Classic Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 154291: Historic Aviation Memorial Museum, [Tyler, Texas](/wiki/Tyler%2C_Texas \"Tyler, Texas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154291\\.\"](http://www.tylerhamm.org/planes.html) *Historic Aviation Memorial Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 154332: [Oakland Aviation Museum](/wiki/Oakland_Aviation_Museum \"Oakland Aviation Museum\"), [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154332\\.\"](http://oaklandaviationmuseum.org/aircraft_3.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326183035/http://www.oaklandaviationmuseum.org/aircraft\\_3\\.html \\|date\\=26 March 2013 }} *Oakland Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 154338: [Kingsville NAS](/wiki/Kingsville_NAS \"Kingsville NAS\"), [Kingsville, Texas](/wiki/Kingsville%2C_Texas \"Kingsville, Texas\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 154342: [March Field Air Museum](/wiki/March_Field_Air_Museum \"March Field Air Museum\"), [March Air Reserve Base](/wiki/March_Air_Reserve_Base \"March Air Reserve Base\") (former [March AFB](/wiki/March_AFB \"March AFB\")), [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California \"Riverside, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154342\\.\"](http://www.marchfield.org/aircraft-exhibits/aircraft/ta-4j-skyhawk-mcdonnell-douglas/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731043345/http://www.marchfield.org/aircraft\\-exhibits/aircraft/ta\\-4j\\-skyhawk\\-mcdonnell\\-douglas \\|date\\=31 July 2015 }} *March Field Air Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 154649: [Palm Springs Air Museum](/wiki/Palm_Springs_Air_Museum \"Palm Springs Air Museum\"), [Palm Springs, California](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California \"Palm Springs, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/154649\\.\"](http://www.palmspringsairmuseum.org/aircrafts.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317173342/http://palmspringsairmuseum.org/aircrafts.htm \\|date\\=17 March 2012 }} *Palm Springs Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 158073: [Fort Worth Aviation Museum](/wiki/Fort_Worth_Aviation_Museum \"Fort Worth Aviation Museum\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.facmuseum.org/docs/VMAP%20Monthly/VAMP%20Monthly%20October%202013\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306132019/http://www.facmuseum.org/docs/VMAP%20Monthly/VAMP%20Monthly%20October%202013\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2014 }} [Meacham International Airport](/wiki/Meacham_International_Airport \"Meacham International Airport\"), [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158073\\.\"](http://vmapaircraft.weebly.com/ta-4j-skyhawk.html) *Veterans Memorial Air Park.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 158087: [Naval Air Station Corpus Christi](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi \"Naval Air Station Corpus Christi\"), [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas \"Corpus Christi, Texas\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 158090: American Legion, [Middlebury, Vermont](/wiki/Middlebury%2C_Vermont \"Middlebury, Vermont\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 158094: [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\"), [Naval Air Station Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\"), [Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Pensacola%2C_Florida \"Pensacola, Florida\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158094\\.\"](http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=ta-4j_skyhawk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614191217/https://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft\\-exhibits/item/?item\\=ta\\-4j\\_skyhawk \\|date\\=14 June 2020 }} *National Naval Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 158106: Navy Test Pilot School, [Naval Air Station Patuxent River](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River \"Naval Air Station Patuxent River\"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 158137: [USS Hornet Museum](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum \"USS Hornet Museum\"), former [NAS Alameda](/wiki/NAS_Alameda \"NAS Alameda\"), California.[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158137\\.\"](http://www.uss-hornet.org/exhibits/aircraft/jet/skyhawk.shtml) *USS Hornet Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 158467: [Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Historical_Foundation_and_Aviation_Museum \"Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum\"), [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar \"Marine Corps Air Station Miramar\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158467\\.\"](https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\\_Listing.pdf \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} *Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 158479: Veterans Memorial Park of Delta County, [Gladstone, Michigan](/wiki/Gladstone%2C_Michigan \"Gladstone, Michigan\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 158490: [Naval Air Station Meridian](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Meridian \"Naval Air Station Meridian\"), [Meridian, Mississippi](/wiki/Meridian%2C_Mississippi \"Meridian, Mississippi\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 158512: [Estrella Warbirds Museum](/wiki/Estrella_Warbirds_Museum \"Estrella Warbirds Museum\"), [Paso Robles, California](/wiki/Paso_Robles%2C_California \"Paso Robles, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158512\\.\"](http://www.ewarbirds.org/ta4j.html) *Estrella Warbirds Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 158526: [Naval Air Station Meridian](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Meridian \"Naval Air Station Meridian\"), [Meridian, Mississippi](/wiki/Meridian%2C_Mississippi \"Meridian, Mississippi\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 158716: [Combat Air Museum](/wiki/Combat_Air_Museum \"Combat Air Museum\"), [Forbes Field](/wiki/Forbes_Field \"Forbes Field\") (former [Forbes AFB](/wiki/Forbes_AFB \"Forbes AFB\")), [Topeka, Kansas](/wiki/Topeka%2C_Kansas \"Topeka, Kansas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158716\\.\"](http://combatairmuseum.org/aircraft/douglasta4skyhawk.html) *Combat Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 158722: [Lexington Museum](/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-16%29%23USS_Lexington_Museum \"USS Lexington (CV-16)#USS Lexington Museum\"), [Corpus Christi, Texas](/wiki/Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas \"Corpus Christi, Texas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158722\\.\"](http://usslexington.com/aircraft/ta-4j-skyhawk/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331210040/https://www.usslexington.com/aircraft/ta\\-4j\\-skyhawk/ \\|date\\=31 March 2016 }} *USS Lexington Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 159798: [Naval Air Facility El Centro](/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_El_Centro \"Naval Air Facility El Centro\"), [El Centro, California](/wiki/El_Centro%2C_California \"El Centro, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"##### A\\-4L",
"* No Neme: Planes of Fame Museum, Chino, California\n* 147750: [Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_New_Orleans \"Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans\"), [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 147772: [Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Beaufort \"Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort\"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 149635: [Mid\\-America Air Museum](/wiki/Mid-America_Air_Museum \"Mid-America Air Museum\"), [Liberal, Kansas](/wiki/Liberal%2C_Kansas \"Liberal, Kansas\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/149635\\.\"](http://www.mid-americaairmuseum.com/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217134105/http://mid\\-americaairmuseum.com/ \\|date\\=17 December 2014 }} *Mid\\-America Air Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.Originally an A\\-4C, it was converted to an A\\-4L in February 1971\\.",
"##### A\\-4M",
"[thumb\\|The last production A\\-4 Skyhawk in its rollout scheme, Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum, 2012](/wiki/File:The_last_production_A-4_Skyhawk_on_display_at_the_Flying_Leatherneck_Aviation_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg \"The last production A-4 Skyhawk on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in July 2012.jpg\")\n* 158148: [Quonset Air Museum](/wiki/Quonset_Air_Museum \"Quonset Air Museum\"), [Quonset State Airport](/wiki/Quonset_State_Airport \"Quonset State Airport\") (former [NAS Quonset Point](/wiki/NAS_Quonset_Point \"NAS Quonset Point\")), [North Kingstown, Rhode Island](/wiki/North_Kingstown%2C_Rhode_Island \"North Kingstown, Rhode Island\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158722\\.\"](http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page=exhibitions) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026024437/http://www.quonsetairmuseum.com/index.php?page\\=exhibitions \\|date\\=26 October 2016 }} *Quonset Air Museum*. Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 158182: [Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum](/wiki/Wings_of_Freedom_Aviation_Museum \"Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum\"), [Horsham, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Horsham%2C_Pennsylvania \"Horsham, Pennsylvania\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158722\\.\"](http://wingsoffreedommuseum.org/index.php/our-aircraft/17-aircraft-main/fixed-wing/22-aircraft-a4m-skyhawk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030659/http://wingsoffreedommuseum.org/index.php/our\\-aircraft/17\\-aircraft\\-main/fixed\\-wing/22\\-aircraft\\-a4m\\-skyhawk \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} *Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 158195: [Museum of Flying](/wiki/Museum_of_Flying \"Museum of Flying\"), [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158195\\.\"](http://www.museumofflying.org/exhibits/aircraft/douglas-a-4-skyhawk/) *Museum of Flying.* Retrieved: 21 July 2015\\.\n* 158430: Sequatchie County Veterans Memorial Park, [Dunlap, Tennessee](/wiki/Dunlap%2C_Tennessee \"Dunlap, Tennessee\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 159789: [Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_Fort_Worth \"Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth\"), [Ft. Worth, Texas](/wiki/Ft._Worth%2C_Texas \"Ft. Worth, Texas\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 160024: City of Havelock Visitor Center, [Havelock, North Carolina](/wiki/Havelock%2C_North_Carolina \"Havelock, North Carolina\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 160031: 12 Civic Center Plaza, [Santa Ana, California](/wiki/Santa_Ana%2C_California \"Santa Ana, California\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 160036: [Prairie Aviation Museum](/wiki/Prairie_Aviation_Museum \"Prairie Aviation Museum\"), [Bloomington, Illinois](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Illinois \"Bloomington, Illinois\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158722\\.\"](http://prairieaviationmuseum.org/exhibits/aircraft/mcdonnell-douglas-a-4m-skyhawk/) *Prairie Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 29 April 2013\\.\n* 160255: [Grenada High School](/wiki/Grenada_High_School \"Grenada High School\"), [Grenada, Mississippi](/wiki/Grenada%2C_Mississippi \"Grenada, Mississippi\").{{Cn\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n* 160264: [Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum](/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Historical_Foundation_and_Aviation_Museum \"Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum\"), [Marine Corps Air Station Miramar](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar \"Marine Corps Air Station Miramar\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\").[\"A\\-4 Skyhawk/158722\\.\"](https://www.flyingleathernecks.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft_Listing.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030559/http://flyingleathernecks.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/10/Aircraft\\_Listing.pdf \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }} *Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum.* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"#### Under Restoration or in Storage",
"##### A\\-4C",
"* 145076: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas \"Houston, Texas\").[\"FAA Registry: N129AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N129AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 147669: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Delanson, New York](/wiki/Delanson%2C_New_York \"Delanson, New York\").[\"FAA Registry: N135AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N135AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 147690: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N143AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N143AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 147836: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N154AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N154AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 148446: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N130AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N130AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 148597: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida \"Miami, Florida\").[\"FAA Registry: N214AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N214AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 148602: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\").[\"FAA Registry: N215AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N215AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 149500: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N218AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N218AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 149502: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\").[\"FAA Registry: N219AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N219AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 149540: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\").[\"FAA Registry: N220AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N595TA) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 149591: stored for restoration to airworthiness by Sky Resources in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").[\"FAA Registry: N228AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N228AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 149620: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Idaho Falls, Idaho](/wiki/Idaho_Falls%2C_Idaho \"Idaho Falls, Idaho\").[\"FAA Registry: N233AT.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N233AT) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"##### A\\-4F",
"* 155051: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\").[\"FAA Registry: N595TA.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N595TA) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.",
"##### TA\\-4F",
"* 153469: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\").[\"FAA Registry: N670TF.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N670TF) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\.\n* 153484: stored for restoration to airworthiness by private owner in [Bellevue, Washington](/wiki/Bellevue%2C_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\").[\"FAA Registry: N685TF.\"](https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N685TF) *faa.gov* Retrieved: 28 July 2021\\."
] |
History
-------
### Origins
The 22nd Aero Squadron was organized at [Kelly Field](/wiki/Kelly_Field "Kelly Field"), Texas, on 16 June 1917\. Initially 150 men, it was later expanded to a size of 200\. Once organized, the 22nd was sent to [Toronto, Ontario](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), Canada, on 9 August to begin formal training under the auspices of the [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps") at their facilities. In Canada, the squadron trained on the [Curtiss JN\-4](/wiki/Curtiss_JN-4 "Curtiss JN-4") "Jenny", and detachments attended schools at locations around the Toronto area. The men received instruction on engine and aircraft maintenance.Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22nd–24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
On 19 October the squadron finished its initial training and was sent to [Hicks Field](/wiki/Hicks_Field "Hicks Field"), near Fort Worth, Texas. Hicks was also designated Field No. 1 of the [Camp Taliaferro](/wiki/Camp_Taliaferro "Camp Taliaferro") training complex, operated also by the British [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps"). When the squadron arrived, Hicks Field was still under construction; however, flying training in the JN\-4 was conducted and 42 flight cadets soloed in the Jenny. Orders were received for overseas movement to France, and the squadron left for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, on 21 January 1918, arriving on the 25th. The squadron boarded the [RMS *Adriatic*](/wiki/RMS_Adriatic_%281907%29 "RMS Adriatic (1907)") in New York Harbor on the 31st, arriving in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), England on 16 February after an uneventful voyage and proceeding to a "Rest Camp", where the pilots were sent to various advanced training schools in England, while the enlisted support personnel were sent to France for training with RFC units on the continent.
### Training in France
[thumb\|left\|Training at the 3rd Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Airdrome, July 1918](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_Issodun.jpg "22d Aero Squadron - Issodun.jpg")
In France, the squadron was divided into Flights and divided among units of the [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service "Royal Naval Air Service") that were engaged in day\-bombing: "HQ", "A" and "B" Flights to No. 6 Squadron, and "C" Flight to No. 2 Squadron. Later transfers were "A" Flight to No. 4 Aviation Service Depot at [Guînes](/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes "Guînes") for instruction and repair work and "B" Flight to No. 3 Squadron, RNAS on the Somme, where one man was captured by the Germans in a ground attack during the [German drive of 21 March](/wiki/German_spring_offensive "German spring offensive"). The segments received much experience in German bombing, sea\-raids, and shelling by the famous "Ludendorf" gun. During the British retreat, camps were hurriedly broken up and re\-pitched at a succession of locations.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.gunjones.com/History\_of\_US22nd\_Aero\_Sq.pdf\|title\=A HISTORY OF THE 22nd AERO SQUADRON \~ "SHOOTING STARS"}} During the training outside of Belrain, France John G. Agar was famous for demanding all his food raw. After world renowned writer wrote about John G. Agar's eating habits he was receiving much letter's per day, so much so they also moved him squadrons.
On 24 June 1918, the flights were reassembled at Guînes Aerodrome and then went to the American 3rd Air Instructional Center at [Issoudun Aerodrome](/wiki/Issoudun_Aerodrome "Issoudun Aerodrome"), where the squadron remained until 7 July, when the pilots received their final combat training. It then moved to the Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [Orly Field](/wiki/Orly_Field "Orly Field"), near Paris. At Orly the enlisted strength was reduced to 176 men, who were detailed to work in the several departments in the Park. At Orly, the squadron was classified as a pursuit (fighter) squadron and was assigned to the [2nd Pursuit Group](/wiki/2nd_Pursuit_Group "2nd Pursuit Group"), [1st Pursuit Wing](/wiki/1st_Pursuit_Wing "1st Pursuit Wing"), First American Army, AEF, joining the [13th](/wiki/13th_Aero_Squadron "13th Aero Squadron"), [49th](/wiki/49th_Aero_Squadron "49th Aero Squadron") and [139th Aero Squadrons](/wiki/139th_Aero_Squadron "139th Aero Squadron").
From Orly, the 22nd then moved to their first combat airfield in the "Zone of Advance", [Croix de Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield "Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield"), near [Toul](/wiki/Toul "Toul"). There the squadron received its combat aircraft and pilots, [SPAD XIII](/wiki/SPAD_XIII "SPAD XIII")'s from the 1st Air Depot at [Colombey\-les\-Belles Airdrome](/wiki/Colombey-les-Belles_Airdrome "Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome"), equipped with 220 hp Hispano engines. It received its full complement of 25 aircraft and pilots by 26 August.
### Combat in France
[thumb\|New 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit) SPAD XIII, Gengault Aerodrome, August 1918](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_SPAD_13-4.jpg "22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-4.jpg")
The 22nd Aero Squadron flew its first combat patrol on 21 August 1918 in preparation for the [St. Mihiel offensive](/wiki/St._Mihiel_offensive "St. Mihiel offensive"). As the date of the attack grew nearer, the flying over the sector increased. The squadron achieved its first aerial victory on 2 September with the shooting down of a German [Rumpler](/wiki/Rumpler "Rumpler") in the region of [Arracourt](/wiki/Arracourt "Arracourt") by Lt Brooks. The next victory came two days later on the 4th when Lieutenants Brooks, Tyndall and Jones attacked a [Fokker](/wiki/Fokker "Fokker") that had attacked Allied balloons. From this point contact and combat with enemy aircraft was frequent, along with German [anti\-aircraft artillery](/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery "Anti-aircraft artillery") fire (Archies) causing damage to several squadron planes.
With clear flying weather by 13 September, the air filled with Allied and German aircraft. Flights of the [11th](/wiki/11th_Aero_Squadron "11th Aero Squadron") and [20th](/wiki/20th_Aero_Squadron "20th Aero Squadron") Squadrons' [de Havilland DH\-4](/wiki/De_Havilland_DH-4 "De Havilland DH-4") bombers were attached to the squadron and the mission of the 22nd became escorting the DH\-4s to attack ground targets behind the German lines. [Salmson 2A2s](/wiki/Salmson_2A2 "Salmson 2A2") from the [1st](/wiki/1st_Aero_Squadron "1st Aero Squadron"), [12th](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron "12th Aero Squadron") and [91st](/wiki/91st_Aero_Squadron "91st Aero Squadron") Observation Squadrons flew frequent reconnaissance and photographic missions and the 22nd's SPADs kept the Germans at a distance. On 14 September, a large air battle took place between the 22nd and German aircraft near [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun "Verdun"). The 22nd was to meet a Salmson over [Mars\-la\-Tour](/wiki/Mars-la-Tour "Mars-la-Tour") about 3:00 pm with orders to clear the skies of German aircraft to allow the Salmson to take photos over the area. However, no Salmson was in sight and twelve enemy aircraft attacked the 22nd. During the ensuing combat no squadron aircraft were lost, but several pilots returned with heavily damaged aircraft.
[thumb\|left\|22nd Aero Squadron aircraft at Belrain Aerodrome, France](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_SPAD_13-3.jpg "22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-3.jpg")
On 22 September, the squadron moved to [Belrain Aerodrome](/wiki/Belrain_Aerodrome "Belrain Aerodrome"). At Toul, the quarters had been comfortable and convenient with adequate transportation for leaves to such places as Nancy or Toul. But for the next month, the main satisfaction of being an aviator, living outside the muck of battle after the day's fighting, was taken away. Billets in Prie\-la\-Brulee and [Belrain](/wiki/Belrain "Belrain") were offered, supplemented by shacks on the field.
[thumb\|Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks with his SPAD S.XIII, making a forced landing after engine trouble at Belrain Aerodrome, France](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_SPAD_13-2.jpg "22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-2.jpg")
On 26 September, Lieuts. Hudson, Doolin and Agar were in a patrol of four of the Squadron's planes that were set upon by 13 Fokkers. After a horrible plane crash on 26 September John G. Agar was the last of the patrol four and had to walk 19 miles back to camp. After considerable maneuvering they reached the Allied lines safely and brought down one of the enemy in the running fight. On the same patrol, Lieut. Beane became separated from the others and shot down a Fokker that had just shot down another SPAD. Although in turn attacked by two more of the enemy, Lieut. Beane succeeded in eluding the offenders. Two days later, on the 28th, a "glorious dog\-fight" took place over [Montfaucon\-d'Argonne](/wiki/Montfaucon-d%27Argonne "Montfaucon-d'Argonne") with six victories for the Squadron's pilots and none for the Germans. Three biplanes and about a dozen case planes were sighted in excellent position below the
groups of seven, resulting in 13 combats.
That was the kind of work done by the 22nd Aero Squadron, although it was not always so concentrated. The last patrol, led by Captain Bridgeman, went over the lines and bombed [Stenay](/wiki/Stenay "Stenay") on 6 November. The next day, the squadron moved "up" to keep up with the advance of First Army and moved to [Souilly Aerodrome](/wiki/Souilly_Aerodrome "Souilly Aerodrome"), however, owing to bad weather, no combat patrols were sent out before the Armistice on 11 November.
### Demobilization
[thumb\|left\|Post\-Armistice photo of squadron aircraft 15 in the snow at Souilly Aerodrome, France.](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_SPAD_S.XIII.jpg "22d Aero Squadron SPAD S.XIII.jpg")
The record of the squadron from 6 August to 11 November is quite remarkable. In spite of
a late start, the "Shooting Stars" accounted for 43 official victories, against 34 of its nearest rival, the [139th Aero Squadron](/wiki/139th_Aero_Squadron "139th Aero Squadron") "Mercurios". Casualties were 12, including 4 known killed, two prisoners and six "missing in action". During 72 days of flying operations the squadron conducted 956 sorties and 82 combats and achieved 43 (possibly 46\) official victories. Several [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)") were awarded and recommendations were made for the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor").
The AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Aerodrome until 29 January 1919, when it moved to the [Grand aerodrome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Aerodrome_-_Map.jpg), France, west of Neufchateau, to help construct a new airfield. On 18 April 1919, orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, [Colombey\-les\-Belles Airdrome](/wiki/Colombey-les-Belles_Airdrome "Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome") to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and it was relieved of duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [Orly Aerodrome](/wiki/Orly_Air_Base "Orly Air Base") to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.
Series "D", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919\. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at LeMans, France. There, they awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 22 May, the squadron moved to its port of embarkation, [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France").
The 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were demobilized and returned to civilian life, and the squadron was inactivated at [Hazelhurst Field](/wiki/Hazelhurst_Field "Hazelhurst Field"), Long Island, on 17 June 1919\.
In April 1937, the inactivated squadron was re\-constituted administratively, with its lineage and history being consolidated with those of the [United States Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps "United States Army Air Corps") 22nd Observation Squadron. The current [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") unit that holds its lineage and history is the [22nd Intelligence Squadron](/wiki/22nd_Intelligence_Squadron "22nd Intelligence Squadron"), assigned to the [707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group](/wiki/707th_Intelligence%2C_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group "707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group"), [Fort George G. Meade](/wiki/Fort_George_G._Meade "Fort George G. Meade"), Maryland.[:File:22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf](/wiki/22d_Intelligence_Squadron.pdf "22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf") AFHRA Lineage and Honors History of the 22nd INTELLIGENCE SQUADRON (AIA), 23 January 1997\.
### Lineage
* Organized as **17th Aero Squadron** on 16 June 1917
Re\-designated as: **22nd Aero Squadron** on 20 June 1917
Re\-designated as: **22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit)** on 16 August 1918
Demobilized on 17 June 1919
### Assignments
{{Col\-begin}}
{{Col\-break\|width\=50%}}
* Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 16 June 1917 – 21 January 1918
Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 9 August 1917 – 21 January 1918
* Aviation Concentration Center, 25 January 1918
+ Air Service Headquarters, AEF, British Isles, 16 January 1918
Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 24 January – 19 July 1918
{{Col\-break\|width\=50%}}
* 3rd Air Instructional Center, 26 June 1918
* Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1, 7 July 1918
* [2nd Pursuit Group](/wiki/2nd_Pursuit_Group "2nd Pursuit Group"), 16 August 1918
* First Army Air Service, 11 December 1918
* 1st Air Depot, 10 April 1919
* Commanding General, Services of Supply, – 22 April May 1919
* John G. Agar, Wine Server, Services of Supply, – 22 April May 1919
* Post Headquarters, Hazelhurst Field, 15–17 June 1919
{{col\-end}}
### Stations
{{Col\-begin}}
{{Col\-break\|width\=50%}}
* [Kelly Field](/wiki/Kelly_Field "Kelly Field"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"), 16 June 1917
* [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), Ontario, Canada, 9 August 1917
Detachments at Camp Borden, Deseronto, Armour Heights, Longbranch, North Toronto, Leaside
* [Hicks Field](/wiki/Hicks_Field "Hicks Field") (Taliaferro \#1\), Texas, 19 October 1917
* [Aviation Concentration Center](/wiki/Aviation_Concentration_Center "Aviation Concentration Center"), Garden City, New York, 25 January 1918
* Port of Entry, [Hoboken, New Jersey](/wiki/Hoboken%2C_New_Jersey "Hoboken, New Jersey")
Overseas transport, [RMS *Adriatic*](/wiki/RMS_Adriatic_%281907%29 "RMS Adriatic (1907)"), 10–16 February 1918
* [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), England, 16 February 1918
* [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk"), France, 4 March 1918
Unit divided into flights which operated from various stations in [Nord\-Pas\-de\-Calais](/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais "Nord-Pas-de-Calais") and [Somme](/wiki/Somme_%28department%29 "Somme (department)") Regions until squadron reassembled on 24 June 1918
Headquarters flight was in [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") Region, Belgium
A, B, and C flights in [Picardy](/wiki/Picardy "Picardy") Region
{{Col\-break\|width\=50%}}
* [Guînes](/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes "Guînes") Aerodrome, France, 24 June 1918
* [Issoudun Aerodrome](/wiki/Issoudun_Aerodrome "Issoudun Aerodrome"), France, 26 June 1918
* [Orly Airport](/wiki/Orly_Airport "Orly Airport"), Paris, France, 7 July 1918
* [Croix de Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield "Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield"), France, 16 August 1918
* [Belrain Aerodrome](/wiki/Belrain_Aerodrome "Belrain Aerodrome"), France, 22 September 1918
* [Souilly Aerodrome](/wiki/Souilly_Aerodrome "Souilly Aerodrome"), France, 7 November 1918
* [Grand Aerodrome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Aerodrome_-_Map.jpg), France, c. 29 January 1919
* [Colombey\-les\-Belles Airdrome](/wiki/Colombey-les-Belles_Airdrome "Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome"), France, 10 April 1919
* [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans "Le Mans"), France, 2 May 1919
* Port of [Brest, France](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), 20 May 1919
Return transport, [SS *Louisville*](/wiki/SS_St._Louis_%281894%29 "SS St. Louis (1894)"), 22 May −15 June 1919
* [Hazelhurst Field](/wiki/Hazelhurst_Field "Hazelhurst Field"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), 15–17 June 1919
{{col\-end}}
### Combat sectors and campaigns
| Streamer | Sector/Campaign | Dates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [250px](/wiki/File:Streamer_SOMME_DEFENSIVE-2_1918_ARMY.png "Streamer SOMME DEFENSIVE-2 1918 ARMY.png") | [Somme Defensive Campaign](/wiki/Somme_Defensive_Campaign "Somme Defensive Campaign") | 21 March – 6 April 1918 | United States War Department (1920\), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917–1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920 |
| | Amiens Sector | 7 April −24 June 1918 | |
| | Toul Sector | 21 August – 11 September 1918 | |
| [250px](/wiki/File:Streamer_ST._MIHIEL_1918_ARMY.png "Streamer ST. MIHIEL 1918 ARMY.png") | [St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign](/wiki/St._Mihiel_Offensive_Campaign "St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign") | 12–16 September 1918 | |
| [250px](/wiki/File:Streamer_MEUSE-ARGONNE_1918_ARMY.png "Streamer MEUSE-ARGONNE 1918 ARMY.png") | [Meuse\-Argonne Offensive Campaign](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive_Campaign "Meuse-Argonne Offensive Campaign") | 26 September – 11 November 1918 | |
### Notable personnel
{{Col\-begin}}
{{Col\-break\|width\=50%}}
* Lt. John G. Agar, (**Died 21 October 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 October 1918**)
* Lt. [James Dudley Beane](/wiki/James_Dudley_Beane "James Dudley Beane"), DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) (**MIA – 30 October 1918**)
* Lt. James B. Biggs, (**Killed in Aerial Accident 27 October 1918**)
* Cpt. Ray C. Bridgman, SSC, (4 aerial victories)
(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)
* Cpt. [Arthur Raymond Brooks](/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Brooks "Arthur Raymond Brooks"), DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) C Flight Commander and then Commanding Officer
(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)
LAST SURVIVING OF ALL AMERICAN WWI ACES{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/24/obituaries/a\-raymond\-brooks\-is\-dead\-at\-95\-the\-last\-us\-ace\-of\-world\-war\-i.html\|title\=A. Raymond Brooks Is Dead at 95; The Last U.S. Ace of World War I\|first\=Glenn\|last\=Fowler\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=24 July 1991\|via\=NYTimes.com}}
Brooks' SPAD XIII C.1 "Smith IV" is on display in the Smithsonian{{Cite web\|url\=https://sova.si.edu//record/NASM.1989\.0104\|title\=Arthur Raymond Brooks Collection · SOVA\|website\=sova.si.edu}}
* Lt. Howard R. Clapp, (**MIA – since 3 November 1918**)
* Lt. John C. Crissey, SSC, (2 aerial victories)
* Lt. Bernard Doolin, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Edward B. Gibson, (**KIA on 3 November 1918**)
* Lt. Greveys Grylls, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Phillip E. Hassinger, (2 aerial victories) (**MIA – since 14 September 1918**)(KIA/BNR[The Aerodome](http://www.theaerodrome.com/forum/showthread.php?t=74498))
* Lt. Henry Hudson, (3 aerial victories)
{{Col\-break\|width\=50%}}
* Lt. [Clinton Leonard Jones](/wiki/Clinton_Leonard_Jones "Clinton Leonard Jones"), DSC (2x), air ace (8 aerial victories)
* Lt. Arthur C. Kimber, (**KIA – 26 September 1918**)
* Lt. William M. LaForce, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Raymond J. Little, SSC, (3 aerial victories)
* Lt. Vaughn McCormick, (2 aerial victories with 139th Aero Squadron), A Flight Commander (**KIA returning to Aerodrome\- first fatality of the 22nd Aero Squadron**)
* Lt. Harmon C. Rorison, DSC, (3 aerial victories), (**WIA – 3 November 1918**). After War joined the Kosciusko Squadron of the Polish Flying Corps in Warsaw, Poland
* Lt. Joh G. Agar, (22 areo squadron) Father of John George Agar jr. (**Died 21 October 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 October 1918**)
* Lt. John A. Sperry, (4 aerial victories), B Flight Commander, (**Captured POW 10/4/18**)
* Lt. [Jacques Michael Swaab](/wiki/Jacques_Michael_Swaab "Jacques Michael Swaab"), DSC, SSC (2x), air ace (10 aerial victories), (**WIA – 18 August 1918**)
* Lt. George Tiffany, (**POW – captured on 3 November 1918 but escaped and made it back to the unit 10 November 1918**)
* Lt. Alvin H. Treadwell, DSC, SSC, (3 aerial victories) (**KIA**)
* Cpt. Frank B. Tyndall, SSC, (4 aerial victories)
* Lt. [Remington D. B. Vernam](/wiki/Remington_D._B._Vernam "Remington D. B. Vernam"), DSC, air ace (5 aerial victories) (**WIA \& POW – 20 October 1918, Died of Wounds 1 December 1918**)
{{col\-end}}
DSC: [Distinguished Service Cross](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)"); SSC: [Silver Star Citation](/wiki/Citation_Star "Citation Star"); KIA: [Killed in Action](/wiki/Killed_in_Action "Killed in Action"); MIA
[Missing in Action](/wiki/Missing_in_Action "Missing in Action"){{Cite web\|url\=http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations\-medals\-awards/search.php?term\=22nd\+Aero\+Squadron\|title\=Military Times Hall of Valor Search, 22nd Aero Squadron}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins",
"The 22nd Aero Squadron was organized at [Kelly Field](/wiki/Kelly_Field \"Kelly Field\"), Texas, on 16 June 1917\\. Initially 150 men, it was later expanded to a size of 200\\. Once organized, the 22nd was sent to [Toronto, Ontario](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Canada, on 9 August to begin formal training under the auspices of the [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\") at their facilities. In Canada, the squadron trained on the [Curtiss JN\\-4](/wiki/Curtiss_JN-4 \"Curtiss JN-4\") \"Jenny\", and detachments attended schools at locations around the Toronto area. The men received instruction on engine and aircraft maintenance.Series \"E\", Volume 9, History of the 22nd–24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"On 19 October the squadron finished its initial training and was sent to [Hicks Field](/wiki/Hicks_Field \"Hicks Field\"), near Fort Worth, Texas. Hicks was also designated Field No. 1 of the [Camp Taliaferro](/wiki/Camp_Taliaferro \"Camp Taliaferro\") training complex, operated also by the British [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\"). When the squadron arrived, Hicks Field was still under construction; however, flying training in the JN\\-4 was conducted and 42 flight cadets soloed in the Jenny. Orders were received for overseas movement to France, and the squadron left for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, on 21 January 1918, arriving on the 25th. The squadron boarded the [RMS *Adriatic*](/wiki/RMS_Adriatic_%281907%29 \"RMS Adriatic (1907)\") in New York Harbor on the 31st, arriving in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), England on 16 February after an uneventful voyage and proceeding to a \"Rest Camp\", where the pilots were sent to various advanced training schools in England, while the enlisted support personnel were sent to France for training with RFC units on the continent.",
"### Training in France",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Training at the 3rd Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Airdrome, July 1918](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_Issodun.jpg \"22d Aero Squadron - Issodun.jpg\")\nIn France, the squadron was divided into Flights and divided among units of the [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service \"Royal Naval Air Service\") that were engaged in day\\-bombing: \"HQ\", \"A\" and \"B\" Flights to No. 6 Squadron, and \"C\" Flight to No. 2 Squadron. Later transfers were \"A\" Flight to No. 4 Aviation Service Depot at [Guînes](/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes \"Guînes\") for instruction and repair work and \"B\" Flight to No. 3 Squadron, RNAS on the Somme, where one man was captured by the Germans in a ground attack during the [German drive of 21 March](/wiki/German_spring_offensive \"German spring offensive\"). The segments received much experience in German bombing, sea\\-raids, and shelling by the famous \"Ludendorf\" gun. During the British retreat, camps were hurriedly broken up and re\\-pitched at a succession of locations.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gunjones.com/History\\_of\\_US22nd\\_Aero\\_Sq.pdf\\|title\\=A HISTORY OF THE 22nd AERO SQUADRON \\~ \"SHOOTING STARS\"}} During the training outside of Belrain, France John G. Agar was famous for demanding all his food raw. After world renowned writer wrote about John G. Agar's eating habits he was receiving much letter's per day, so much so they also moved him squadrons.",
"On 24 June 1918, the flights were reassembled at Guînes Aerodrome and then went to the American 3rd Air Instructional Center at [Issoudun Aerodrome](/wiki/Issoudun_Aerodrome \"Issoudun Aerodrome\"), where the squadron remained until 7 July, when the pilots received their final combat training. It then moved to the Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [Orly Field](/wiki/Orly_Field \"Orly Field\"), near Paris. At Orly the enlisted strength was reduced to 176 men, who were detailed to work in the several departments in the Park. At Orly, the squadron was classified as a pursuit (fighter) squadron and was assigned to the [2nd Pursuit Group](/wiki/2nd_Pursuit_Group \"2nd Pursuit Group\"), [1st Pursuit Wing](/wiki/1st_Pursuit_Wing \"1st Pursuit Wing\"), First American Army, AEF, joining the [13th](/wiki/13th_Aero_Squadron \"13th Aero Squadron\"), [49th](/wiki/49th_Aero_Squadron \"49th Aero Squadron\") and [139th Aero Squadrons](/wiki/139th_Aero_Squadron \"139th Aero Squadron\").",
"From Orly, the 22nd then moved to their first combat airfield in the \"Zone of Advance\", [Croix de Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield \"Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield\"), near [Toul](/wiki/Toul \"Toul\"). There the squadron received its combat aircraft and pilots, [SPAD XIII](/wiki/SPAD_XIII \"SPAD XIII\")'s from the 1st Air Depot at [Colombey\\-les\\-Belles Airdrome](/wiki/Colombey-les-Belles_Airdrome \"Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome\"), equipped with 220 hp Hispano engines. It received its full complement of 25 aircraft and pilots by 26 August.",
"### Combat in France",
"[thumb\\|New 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit) SPAD XIII, Gengault Aerodrome, August 1918](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_SPAD_13-4.jpg \"22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-4.jpg\")\nThe 22nd Aero Squadron flew its first combat patrol on 21 August 1918 in preparation for the [St. Mihiel offensive](/wiki/St._Mihiel_offensive \"St. Mihiel offensive\"). As the date of the attack grew nearer, the flying over the sector increased. The squadron achieved its first aerial victory on 2 September with the shooting down of a German [Rumpler](/wiki/Rumpler \"Rumpler\") in the region of [Arracourt](/wiki/Arracourt \"Arracourt\") by Lt Brooks. The next victory came two days later on the 4th when Lieutenants Brooks, Tyndall and Jones attacked a [Fokker](/wiki/Fokker \"Fokker\") that had attacked Allied balloons. From this point contact and combat with enemy aircraft was frequent, along with German [anti\\-aircraft artillery](/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery \"Anti-aircraft artillery\") fire (Archies) causing damage to several squadron planes.",
"With clear flying weather by 13 September, the air filled with Allied and German aircraft. Flights of the [11th](/wiki/11th_Aero_Squadron \"11th Aero Squadron\") and [20th](/wiki/20th_Aero_Squadron \"20th Aero Squadron\") Squadrons' [de Havilland DH\\-4](/wiki/De_Havilland_DH-4 \"De Havilland DH-4\") bombers were attached to the squadron and the mission of the 22nd became escorting the DH\\-4s to attack ground targets behind the German lines. [Salmson 2A2s](/wiki/Salmson_2A2 \"Salmson 2A2\") from the [1st](/wiki/1st_Aero_Squadron \"1st Aero Squadron\"), [12th](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron \"12th Aero Squadron\") and [91st](/wiki/91st_Aero_Squadron \"91st Aero Squadron\") Observation Squadrons flew frequent reconnaissance and photographic missions and the 22nd's SPADs kept the Germans at a distance. On 14 September, a large air battle took place between the 22nd and German aircraft near [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun \"Verdun\"). The 22nd was to meet a Salmson over [Mars\\-la\\-Tour](/wiki/Mars-la-Tour \"Mars-la-Tour\") about 3:00 pm with orders to clear the skies of German aircraft to allow the Salmson to take photos over the area. However, no Salmson was in sight and twelve enemy aircraft attacked the 22nd. During the ensuing combat no squadron aircraft were lost, but several pilots returned with heavily damaged aircraft.\n[thumb\\|left\\|22nd Aero Squadron aircraft at Belrain Aerodrome, France](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_SPAD_13-3.jpg \"22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-3.jpg\")\nOn 22 September, the squadron moved to [Belrain Aerodrome](/wiki/Belrain_Aerodrome \"Belrain Aerodrome\"). At Toul, the quarters had been comfortable and convenient with adequate transportation for leaves to such places as Nancy or Toul. But for the next month, the main satisfaction of being an aviator, living outside the muck of battle after the day's fighting, was taken away. Billets in Prie\\-la\\-Brulee and [Belrain](/wiki/Belrain \"Belrain\") were offered, supplemented by shacks on the field.\n[thumb\\|Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks with his SPAD S.XIII, making a forced landing after engine trouble at Belrain Aerodrome, France](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_-_SPAD_13-2.jpg \"22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-2.jpg\")\nOn 26 September, Lieuts. Hudson, Doolin and Agar were in a patrol of four of the Squadron's planes that were set upon by 13 Fokkers. After a horrible plane crash on 26 September John G. Agar was the last of the patrol four and had to walk 19 miles back to camp. After considerable maneuvering they reached the Allied lines safely and brought down one of the enemy in the running fight. On the same patrol, Lieut. Beane became separated from the others and shot down a Fokker that had just shot down another SPAD. Although in turn attacked by two more of the enemy, Lieut. Beane succeeded in eluding the offenders. Two days later, on the 28th, a \"glorious dog\\-fight\" took place over [Montfaucon\\-d'Argonne](/wiki/Montfaucon-d%27Argonne \"Montfaucon-d'Argonne\") with six victories for the Squadron's pilots and none for the Germans. Three biplanes and about a dozen case planes were sighted in excellent position below the\ngroups of seven, resulting in 13 combats.",
"That was the kind of work done by the 22nd Aero Squadron, although it was not always so concentrated. The last patrol, led by Captain Bridgeman, went over the lines and bombed [Stenay](/wiki/Stenay \"Stenay\") on 6 November. The next day, the squadron moved \"up\" to keep up with the advance of First Army and moved to [Souilly Aerodrome](/wiki/Souilly_Aerodrome \"Souilly Aerodrome\"), however, owing to bad weather, no combat patrols were sent out before the Armistice on 11 November.",
"### Demobilization",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Post\\-Armistice photo of squadron aircraft 15 in the snow at Souilly Aerodrome, France.](/wiki/File:22d_Aero_Squadron_SPAD_S.XIII.jpg \"22d Aero Squadron SPAD S.XIII.jpg\")\nThe record of the squadron from 6 August to 11 November is quite remarkable. In spite of\na late start, the \"Shooting Stars\" accounted for 43 official victories, against 34 of its nearest rival, the [139th Aero Squadron](/wiki/139th_Aero_Squadron \"139th Aero Squadron\") \"Mercurios\". Casualties were 12, including 4 known killed, two prisoners and six \"missing in action\". During 72 days of flying operations the squadron conducted 956 sorties and 82 combats and achieved 43 (possibly 46\\) official victories. Several [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 \"Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\") were awarded and recommendations were made for the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\").",
"The AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Aerodrome until 29 January 1919, when it moved to the [Grand aerodrome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Aerodrome_-_Map.jpg), France, west of Neufchateau, to help construct a new airfield. On 18 April 1919, orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, [Colombey\\-les\\-Belles Airdrome](/wiki/Colombey-les-Belles_Airdrome \"Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome\") to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and it was relieved of duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [Orly Aerodrome](/wiki/Orly_Air_Base \"Orly Air Base\") to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.\nSeries \"D\", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919\\. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at LeMans, France. There, they awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 22 May, the squadron moved to its port of embarkation, [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\").",
"The 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were demobilized and returned to civilian life, and the squadron was inactivated at [Hazelhurst Field](/wiki/Hazelhurst_Field \"Hazelhurst Field\"), Long Island, on 17 June 1919\\.",
"In April 1937, the inactivated squadron was re\\-constituted administratively, with its lineage and history being consolidated with those of the [United States Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") 22nd Observation Squadron. The current [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\") unit that holds its lineage and history is the [22nd Intelligence Squadron](/wiki/22nd_Intelligence_Squadron \"22nd Intelligence Squadron\"), assigned to the [707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group](/wiki/707th_Intelligence%2C_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group \"707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group\"), [Fort George G. Meade](/wiki/Fort_George_G._Meade \"Fort George G. Meade\"), Maryland.[:File:22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf](/wiki/22d_Intelligence_Squadron.pdf \"22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf\") AFHRA Lineage and Honors History of the 22nd INTELLIGENCE SQUADRON (AIA), 23 January 1997\\.",
"### Lineage",
"* Organized as **17th Aero Squadron** on 16 June 1917",
"Re\\-designated as: **22nd Aero Squadron** on 20 June 1917\n Re\\-designated as: **22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit)** on 16 August 1918\n Demobilized on 17 June 1919\n### Assignments",
"{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 16 June 1917 – 21 January 1918",
"Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 9 August 1917 – 21 January 1918\n* Aviation Concentration Center, 25 January 1918\n\t+ Air Service Headquarters, AEF, British Isles, 16 January 1918",
"Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 24 January – 19 July 1918\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* 3rd Air Instructional Center, 26 June 1918\n* Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1, 7 July 1918\n* [2nd Pursuit Group](/wiki/2nd_Pursuit_Group \"2nd Pursuit Group\"), 16 August 1918\n* First Army Air Service, 11 December 1918\n* 1st Air Depot, 10 April 1919\n* Commanding General, Services of Supply, – 22 April May 1919\n* John G. Agar, Wine Server, Services of Supply, – 22 April May 1919\n* Post Headquarters, Hazelhurst Field, 15–17 June 1919\n{{col\\-end}}",
"### Stations",
"{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* [Kelly Field](/wiki/Kelly_Field \"Kelly Field\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), 16 June 1917\n* [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Ontario, Canada, 9 August 1917",
"Detachments at Camp Borden, Deseronto, Armour Heights, Longbranch, North Toronto, Leaside\n* [Hicks Field](/wiki/Hicks_Field \"Hicks Field\") (Taliaferro \\#1\\), Texas, 19 October 1917\n* [Aviation Concentration Center](/wiki/Aviation_Concentration_Center \"Aviation Concentration Center\"), Garden City, New York, 25 January 1918\n* Port of Entry, [Hoboken, New Jersey](/wiki/Hoboken%2C_New_Jersey \"Hoboken, New Jersey\")",
"Overseas transport, [RMS *Adriatic*](/wiki/RMS_Adriatic_%281907%29 \"RMS Adriatic (1907)\"), 10–16 February 1918\n* [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), England, 16 February 1918\n* [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\"), France, 4 March 1918",
"Unit divided into flights which operated from various stations in [Nord\\-Pas\\-de\\-Calais](/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais \"Nord-Pas-de-Calais\") and [Somme](/wiki/Somme_%28department%29 \"Somme (department)\") Regions until squadron reassembled on 24 June 1918\n Headquarters flight was in [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") Region, Belgium\n A, B, and C flights in [Picardy](/wiki/Picardy \"Picardy\") Region\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* [Guînes](/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes \"Guînes\") Aerodrome, France, 24 June 1918\n* [Issoudun Aerodrome](/wiki/Issoudun_Aerodrome \"Issoudun Aerodrome\"), France, 26 June 1918\n* [Orly Airport](/wiki/Orly_Airport \"Orly Airport\"), Paris, France, 7 July 1918\n* [Croix de Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield \"Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield\"), France, 16 August 1918\n* [Belrain Aerodrome](/wiki/Belrain_Aerodrome \"Belrain Aerodrome\"), France, 22 September 1918\n* [Souilly Aerodrome](/wiki/Souilly_Aerodrome \"Souilly Aerodrome\"), France, 7 November 1918\n* [Grand Aerodrome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Aerodrome_-_Map.jpg), France, c. 29 January 1919\n* [Colombey\\-les\\-Belles Airdrome](/wiki/Colombey-les-Belles_Airdrome \"Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome\"), France, 10 April 1919\n* [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans \"Le Mans\"), France, 2 May 1919\n* Port of [Brest, France](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), 20 May 1919",
"Return transport, [SS *Louisville*](/wiki/SS_St._Louis_%281894%29 \"SS St. Louis (1894)\"), 22 May −15 June 1919\n* [Hazelhurst Field](/wiki/Hazelhurst_Field \"Hazelhurst Field\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), 15–17 June 1919\n{{col\\-end}}",
"### Combat sectors and campaigns",
"",
"| Streamer | Sector/Campaign | Dates | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [250px](/wiki/File:Streamer_SOMME_DEFENSIVE-2_1918_ARMY.png \"Streamer SOMME DEFENSIVE-2 1918 ARMY.png\") | [Somme Defensive Campaign](/wiki/Somme_Defensive_Campaign \"Somme Defensive Campaign\") | 21 March – 6 April 1918 | United States War Department (1920\\), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917–1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920 |\n| | Amiens Sector | 7 April −24 June 1918 | |\n| | Toul Sector | 21 August – 11 September 1918 | |\n| [250px](/wiki/File:Streamer_ST._MIHIEL_1918_ARMY.png \"Streamer ST. MIHIEL 1918 ARMY.png\") | [St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign](/wiki/St._Mihiel_Offensive_Campaign \"St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign\") | 12–16 September 1918 | |\n| [250px](/wiki/File:Streamer_MEUSE-ARGONNE_1918_ARMY.png \"Streamer MEUSE-ARGONNE 1918 ARMY.png\") | [Meuse\\-Argonne Offensive Campaign](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive_Campaign \"Meuse-Argonne Offensive Campaign\") | 26 September – 11 November 1918 | |",
"### Notable personnel",
"{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* Lt. John G. Agar, (**Died 21 October 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 October 1918**)\n* Lt. [James Dudley Beane](/wiki/James_Dudley_Beane \"James Dudley Beane\"), DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) (**MIA – 30 October 1918**)\n* Lt. James B. Biggs, (**Killed in Aerial Accident 27 October 1918**)\n* Cpt. Ray C. Bridgman, SSC, (4 aerial victories)",
"(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)\n* Cpt. [Arthur Raymond Brooks](/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Brooks \"Arthur Raymond Brooks\"), DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) C Flight Commander and then Commanding Officer",
"(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)\nLAST SURVIVING OF ALL AMERICAN WWI ACES{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/24/obituaries/a\\-raymond\\-brooks\\-is\\-dead\\-at\\-95\\-the\\-last\\-us\\-ace\\-of\\-world\\-war\\-i.html\\|title\\=A. Raymond Brooks Is Dead at 95; The Last U.S. Ace of World War I\\|first\\=Glenn\\|last\\=Fowler\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=24 July 1991\\|via\\=NYTimes.com}}\nBrooks' SPAD XIII C.1 \"Smith IV\" is on display in the Smithsonian{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sova.si.edu//record/NASM.1989\\.0104\\|title\\=Arthur Raymond Brooks Collection · SOVA\\|website\\=sova.si.edu}}\n* Lt. Howard R. Clapp, (**MIA – since 3 November 1918**)\n* Lt. John C. Crissey, SSC, (2 aerial victories)\n* Lt. Bernard Doolin, (1 aerial victory)\n* Lt. Edward B. Gibson, (**KIA on 3 November 1918**)\n* Lt. Greveys Grylls, (1 aerial victory)\n* Lt. Phillip E. Hassinger, (2 aerial victories) (**MIA – since 14 September 1918**)(KIA/BNR[The Aerodome](http://www.theaerodrome.com/forum/showthread.php?t=74498))\n* Lt. Henry Hudson, (3 aerial victories)\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* Lt. [Clinton Leonard Jones](/wiki/Clinton_Leonard_Jones \"Clinton Leonard Jones\"), DSC (2x), air ace (8 aerial victories)\n* Lt. Arthur C. Kimber, (**KIA – 26 September 1918**)\n* Lt. William M. LaForce, (1 aerial victory)\n* Lt. Raymond J. Little, SSC, (3 aerial victories)\n* Lt. Vaughn McCormick, (2 aerial victories with 139th Aero Squadron), A Flight Commander (**KIA returning to Aerodrome\\- first fatality of the 22nd Aero Squadron**)\n* Lt. Harmon C. Rorison, DSC, (3 aerial victories), (**WIA – 3 November 1918**). After War joined the Kosciusko Squadron of the Polish Flying Corps in Warsaw, Poland\n* Lt. Joh G. Agar, (22 areo squadron) Father of John George Agar jr. (**Died 21 October 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 October 1918**)\n* Lt. John A. Sperry, (4 aerial victories), B Flight Commander, (**Captured POW 10/4/18**)\n* Lt. [Jacques Michael Swaab](/wiki/Jacques_Michael_Swaab \"Jacques Michael Swaab\"), DSC, SSC (2x), air ace (10 aerial victories), (**WIA – 18 August 1918**)\n* Lt. George Tiffany, (**POW – captured on 3 November 1918 but escaped and made it back to the unit 10 November 1918**)\n* Lt. Alvin H. Treadwell, DSC, SSC, (3 aerial victories) (**KIA**)\n* Cpt. Frank B. Tyndall, SSC, (4 aerial victories)\n* Lt. [Remington D. B. Vernam](/wiki/Remington_D._B._Vernam \"Remington D. B. Vernam\"), DSC, air ace (5 aerial victories) (**WIA \\& POW – 20 October 1918, Died of Wounds 1 December 1918**)\n{{col\\-end}}\n DSC: [Distinguished Service Cross](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 \"Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\"); SSC: [Silver Star Citation](/wiki/Citation_Star \"Citation Star\"); KIA: [Killed in Action](/wiki/Killed_in_Action \"Killed in Action\"); MIA",
"[Missing in Action](/wiki/Missing_in_Action \"Missing in Action\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations\\-medals\\-awards/search.php?term\\=22nd\\+Aero\\+Squadron\\|title\\=Military Times Hall of Valor Search, 22nd Aero Squadron}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
""
] |
Mixed martial arts career
-------------------------
### Early career
Daly began her professional career in Denmark against Nicole Sydboge, defeating her in the second round via guillotine choke. This was followed up by a win over Annika Sitter via TKO after 22 seconds.
### Cage Rage
Daly then signed with [Cage Rage](/wiki/Cage_Rage "Cage Rage") and debuted against Majanka Lathouwers. Daly won the fight by armbar submission in the second round. She later competed outside of Cage Rage against Nadia van der Wel and won the fight by TKO.
Daly returned at Cage Rage 25 and defeated Aysen Berik, younger sister of Cage Rage veteran Sami Berik, via corner stoppage less than two minutes into the fight, making her the first woman to win a professional bout in Cage Rage.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/European\-Throwdown\-Three\-to\-Watch\-12416\|title\=European Throwdown – Three to Watch\|publisher\=Sherdog.com\|date\=22 April 2008}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Buzz\-Stings\-Shamrock\-at\-Cage\-Rage\-11719\|title\='Buzz' Stings Shamrock at Cage Rage\|publisher\=Sherdog.com\|date\=9 March 2008}} She then fought at Cage Rage Contenders and won via TKO, which was followed up by a win at Cage Rage 27 via rear naked choke.
Daly then made two more appearances after Cage Rage's dissolution, winning one via decision and another via TKO.
### Bellator Fighting championships
Ranked as the number three female flyweight in the world and the top female mixed martial artist in Ireland, Daly signed with [Bellator](/wiki/Bellator_Fighting_Championships "Bellator Fighting Championships") to compete in their women's 115 lbs tournament.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bellator.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=23600\&ATCLID\=204963242 \|title\=Aisling Daly added to women's tournament \|publisher\=Bellator.com \|date\=22 June 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725064432/http://www.bellator.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=23600\&ATCLID\=204963242 \|archivedate\=25 July 2011 }}
Her opening round fight was against [Lisa Ellis](/wiki/Lisa_Ellis_%28fighter%29 "Lisa Ellis (fighter)") at [Bellator 26](/wiki/Bellator_26 "Bellator 26").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/07/19/ward\-vs\-daly\-now\-likely\-for\-bellator\-26/\|title\=Ward vs Daly Now Likely For Bellator 26\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|accessdate\=19 July 2010}} She lost the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/08/26/lisa\-ward\-defeats\-aisling\-daly\-at\-bellator\-26/\|title\=Lisa Ward Defeats Aisling Daly at Bellator 26\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|accessdate\=26 August 2010\| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100829052248/http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/08/26/lisa\-ward\-defeats\-aisling\-daly\-at\-bellator\-26/\| archivedate\= 29 August 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
On 10 April 2011, it was announced that Daly had been released from her Bellator contract.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/04/10/bellator\-fighting\-championships\-releases\-aisling\-daly/\|title\=Bellator Fighting Championships Releases Aisling Daly\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|accessdate\=10 April 2011}}
Daly was scheduled to return to the promotion at [Bellator 66](/wiki/Bellator_66 "Bellator 66") on 20 April 2012 to face [Jessica Eye](/wiki/Jessica_Eye "Jessica Eye") in an NAAFS title rematch.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/03/01/jessica\-eye\-vs\-aisling\-daly\-rematch\-added\-to\-bellator\-66/\|title\=Jessica Eye vs Aisling Daly Rematch Added To Bellator 66\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=1 March 2012\|accessdate\=2 March 2012}} However, Daly was forced to withdraw from the fight due to an ear infection.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/04/11/daly\-out\-jessica\-eye\-to\-face\-anita\-rodriguez\-at\-bellator\-66/\|title\=Daly Out, Jessica Eye To Face Anita Rodriguez at Bellator 66\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=11 April 2012\|accessdate\=12 April 2012}}
### Outside of Bellator
Daly faced Molly Helsel at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 39 on 27 November 2010 in [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 "Cork (city)"), Ireland.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/10/23/sexton\-vs\-krumdiack\-daly\-vs\-helsel\-at\-cwfc\-39/\|title\=Sexton vs Krumdiack, Daly vs Helsel at CWFC 39\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|accessdate\=23 October 2010\| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101026232348/http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/10/23/sexton\-vs\-krumdiack\-daly\-vs\-helsel\-at\-cwfc\-39/\| archivedate\= 26 October 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} She won the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/11/27/rosi\-sexton\-aisling\-daly\-win\-at\-cage\-warriors\-39/\|title\=Rosi Sexton, Aisling Daly Win at Cage Warriors 39\|accessdate\=27 November 2010\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=27 November 2010}}
Daly faced German [Sheila Gaff](/wiki/Sheila_Gaff "Sheila Gaff") at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 41 on 24 April 2011 in [North London, England](/wiki/North_London "North London").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/03/15/aisling\-daly\-vs\-sheila\-gaff\-agreed\-for\-cage\-warriors\-41/\|title\=Aisling Daly vs Sheila Gaff Agreed For Cage Warriors 41\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=15 March 2011\|accessdate\=23 March 2011}} She was defeated by TKO in the first round.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/04/24/sheila\-gaff\-quickly\-stops\-aisling\-daly\-at\-cage\-warriors\-41/\|title\=Sheila Gaff Quickly Stops Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors 41\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|accessdate\=24 April 2011}}
She next faced [Jessica Eye](/wiki/Jessica_Eye "Jessica Eye") at NAAFS: Fight Night In The Flats 7 on 4 June 2011 in [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/03/23/jessica\-eye\-to\-face\-aisling\-daly\-at\-june\-4\-naafs\-event/\|title\=Jessica Eye To Face Aisling Daly at June 4 NAAFS Event\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=23 March 2011\|accessdate\=23 March 2011}} Daly defeated Eye by submission due to a rear\-naked choke in the second round to become NAAFS 125 lbs women's champion.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/06/04/naafs\-fight\-night\-in\-the\-flats\-7\-play\-by\-play\-results/\|title\=NAAFS: "Fight Night In The Flats 7" Play\-By\-Play \& Results\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=4 June 2011\|accessdate\=4 June 2011\| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110630162107/http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/06/04/naafs\-fight\-night\-in\-the\-flats\-7\-play\-by\-play\-results/\| archivedate\= 30 June 2011 \| url\-status\= live}}
On three days' notice, Daly agreed to face Angela Hayes at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship: Fight Night 2 on 8 September 2011 in [Amman, Jordan](/wiki/Amman "Amman"). Daly replaced Sheila Gaff, who withdrew from the fight due to illness.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/09/05/sheila\-gaff\-out\-daly\-to\-face\-hayes\-at\-cwfc\-fight\-night\-2/\|title\=Sheila Gaff Out, Daly To Face Hayes at CWFC: Fight Night 2\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=5 September 2011\|accessdate\=5 September 2011}} She defeated Hayes by armbar submission in 20 seconds.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/09/08/aisling\-daly\-submits\-angela\-hayes\-at\-cwfc\-fight\-night\-2/\|title\=Aisling Daly Submits Angela Hayes at CWFC: Fight Night 2\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=8 September 2011\|accessdate\=8 September 2011}}
Daly was scheduled to face [Roxanne Modafferi](/wiki/Roxanne_Modafferi "Roxanne Modafferi") at BlackEye Promotions 5 on 1 October 2011 in [Fletcher, North Carolina](/wiki/Fletcher%2C_North_Carolina "Fletcher, North Carolina").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/07/20/roxanne\-modafferi\-vs\-aisling\-daly\-targeted\-for\-blackeye\-5/\|title\=Roxanne Modafferi vs Aisling Daly Targeted For BlackEye 5\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=20 July 2011\|accessdate\=22 July 2011}} However, she was forced to withdraw from the fight due to contractual obligations to NAAFS and instead defended her title against Kelly Warren at NAAFS: Night of Champions 2011 on 23 November 2011 in [Canton, Ohio](/wiki/Canton%2C_Ohio "Canton, Ohio").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/10/25/naafs\-moves\-aisling\-daly\-vs\-kelly\-warren\-to\-november\-23/\|title\=NAAFS Moves Aisling Daly vs Kelly Warren To November 23\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=25 October 2011\|accessdate\=26 October 2011}} Daly defeated Warren by submission due to an armbar in the second round.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/11/23/jessica\-eye\-aisling\-daly\-win\-at\-night\-of\-champions\-2011/\|title\=Jessica Eye, Aisling Daly Win At "Night of Champions 2011"\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=23 November 2011\|accessdate\=23 November 2011}}
Daly had planned to compete in Ireland on 24 March 2012 at Battlezone Fighting Championships 5,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/01/23/aisling\-daly\-to\-face\-titiana\-van\-polanen\-petel\-on\-march\-24/\|title\=Aisling Daly To Face Titiana Van Polanen Petel on March 24\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=23 January 2012\|accessdate\=25 January 2012}} but her fight was cancelled when opponent Titiana van Polanen Petel suffered a shoulder injury.
On 2 June 2012, Daly faced [Rosi Sexton](/wiki/Rosi_Sexton "Rosi Sexton") at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 47\. The bout was part of a tournament to crown a [Cage Warriors](/wiki/Cage_Warriors "Cage Warriors") 125\-pound women's champion.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/12/16/cage\-warriors\-125\-pound\-womens\-tournament\-set\-for\-april/\|title\=Cage Warriors 125\-Pound Women's Tournament Set For April\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=16 December 2011\|accessdate\=16 December 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/04/16/rosi\-sexton\-vs\-aisling\-daly\-official\-for\-cwfc\-47\-on\-june\-2/\|title\=Rosi Sexton vs Aisling Daly Official For CWFC 47 on June 2\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=16 April 2012\|accessdate\=18 April 2012}} Daly was defeated by unanimous decision.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/06/02/rosi\-sexton\-defeats\-aisling\-daly\-at\-cage\-warriors\-47/\|title\=Rosi Sexton Defeats Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors 47\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=2 June 2012\|accessdate\=2 June 2012}}
Daly next competed in a 120 lbs catchweight bout against [Katja Kankaanpää](/wiki/Katja_Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4 "Katja Kankaanpää") at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 51 on 31 December 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cagewarriors.com/news/article/cage\_warriors\_51\_daly\_v\_kankaanpaa\_james\_v\_philpott\|title\=Cage Warriors 51: Daly v Kankaanpaa, James v Philpott\|publisher\=CageWarriors.com\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=22 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128093021/http://www.cagewarriors.com/news/article/cage\_warriors\_51\_daly\_v\_kankaanpaa\_james\_v\_philpott\|archive\-date\=28 November 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} She was defeated by unanimous decision.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/12/31/katja\-kankaanpaa\-defeats\-aisling\-daly\-at\-cage\-warriors\-51/\|title\=Katja Kankaanpää Defeats Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors 51\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=31 December 2012\|accessdate\=31 December 2012}}
### Invicta Fighting championships
Daly faced Barb Honchak at [Invicta Fighting Championships 3](/wiki/Invicta_Fighting_Championships%23Invicta_Fighting_Championships_3 "Invicta Fighting Championships#Invicta Fighting Championships 3") on 6 October 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/08/15/barb\-honchak\-vs\-aisling\-daly\-set\-for\-invicta\-fc\-3\-main\-card/\|title\=Barb Honchak vs Aisling Daly Set For Invicta FC 3 Main Card\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=15 August 2012\|accessdate\=15 August 2012}} She was defeated via unanimous decision.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/10/06/invicta\-fc\-3\-results\-jessica\-penne\-captures\-atomweight\-title/\|title\=Invicta FC 3 Results: Jessica Penne Captures Atomweight Title\|publisher\=MMARising.com\|date\=6 October 2012\|accessdate\=10 October 2012}}
### Ultimate Fighting Championship
#### The Ultimate Fighter
On 3 July 2014, it was announced that Daly was one of the eight remaining contestants on *[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:Team_Pettis_vs._Team_Melendez "Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/07/full\-tuf\-20\-cast\-revealed\-includes\-eight\-new\-additions\|title\=Full 'TUF 20' cast revealed, includes eight new additions \|publisher\=mmajunkie.com \|date\=3 July 2014 \|accessdate\=3 July 2014}}
In the first episode of *[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:Team_Pettis_vs._Team_Melendez "Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez")* it was revealed that the UFC had seeded the fighters. Aisling was seeded 5th of 16 fighters and was paired with the no. 12 seed, [Angela Magaña](/wiki/Angela_Maga%C3%B1a "Angela Magaña"), who she fought in the preliminary round. Daly won the fight via TKO in the third round to advance in the tournament. She was defeated by no. 4 seed [Jessica Penne](/wiki/Jessica_Penne "Jessica Penne") in the quarterfinals via unanimous decision in 3 rounds.{{cite web \|last1\=Reid \|first1\=Roberto \|title\=Performance Replay: Jessica Penne vs. Aisling Daly \|url\=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round\-up/ufc/performance\-replay\-jessica\-penne\-vs\-aisling\-daly/ \|website\=mmaplus.co.uk \|access\-date\=20 February 2022 \|date\=27 November 2014}}
#### After TUF
Daly's first fight after The Ultimate Fighter was against Alex Chambers at [The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:A_Champion_Will_Be_Crowned_Finale "A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale") on 12 December 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/12/tuf\-20\-finale\-adds\-six\-fights\-in\-las\-vegas\-including\-herrig\-ellis\-torres\-magana\|title\=TUF 20 Finale adds six fights in Las Vegas, including Herrig\-Ellis, Torres\-Magana\|publisher\=mmajunkie.com\|author\=Matt Erickson\|date\=11 December 2013\|accessdate\=11 December 2013}} She was successful in her debut, winning by submission in the first round.
Daly was expected to face [Cláudia Gadelha](/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udia_Gadelha "Cláudia Gadelha") on 11 April 2015 at [UFC Fight Night 64](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_64 "UFC Fight Night 64").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ufc.co.nz/news/Irelands\-Aisling\-Daly\-Claudia\-Gadelha\-Krakow\|title\=Ireland's Aisling Daly meets Claudia Gadelha at UFC Fight Night Krakow\|publisher\=ufc.co.nz\|author\=Staff\|date\=12 February 2015}} However, Gadelha pulled out of the bout in late March citing a recent muscle spasm in her back. Subsequently, Daly was pulled from the card entirely.{{cite web\|url\=http://severemma.com/2015/03/claudia\-gadelha\-reveals\-she\-has\-withdrawn\-from\-bout\-with\-aisling\-daly\-in\-poland/\|title\=Claudia Gadelha reveals she has withdrawn from bout with Aisling Daly in Poland\|publisher\=severemma.com\|author\=Sean Sheehan\|date\=27 March 2015\|accessdate\=27 March 2015}} In turn, she was quickly re\-booked and faced Randa Markos on 25 April 2015 at [UFC 186](/wiki/UFC_186 "UFC 186").{{cite web\|url\=http://mmajunkie.com/2015/03/with\-gadelha\-out\-aisling\-daly\-vs\-randa\-markos\-official\-for\-ufc\-186\-in\-montreal\|title\=With Gadelha out, Aisling Daly vs. Randa Markos official for UFC 186 in Montreal\|publisher\=mmajunkie.com\|author\=Staff\|date\=31 March 2015\|accessdate\=31 March 2015}} Daly lost the fight by unanimous decision.{{cite web \|last1\=Fowlkes \|first1\=Ben \|title\=UFC 186 results: Randa Markos outworks 'TUF 20' teammate Aisling Daly \|url\=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/ufc\-186\-results\-aisling\-daly\-outworks\-tuf\-20\-teammate\-randa\-markos \|website\=mmajunkie.usatoday.com \|access\-date\=20 February 2022 \|date\=25 April 2015}}
Daly next faced Ericka Almeida on 24 October 2015 at [UFC Fight Night: Holohan vs. Smolka](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:Holohan_vs._Smolka "Holohan vs. Smolka"). She won the fight by unanimous decision.{{cite web \|last1\=Brookhouse \|first1\=Brent \|title\=UFC Fight Night 76 results: Emotional Aisling Daly punches past Ericka Almeida \|url\=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/10/ufc\-fight\-night\-76\-results\-emotional\-aisling\-daly\-punches\-past\-ericka\-almeida \|website\=mmajunkie.usatoday.com \|access\-date\=20 February 2022 \|date\=24 October 2015}}
On 30 January 2017 Daly announced her retirement following medical tests that revealed an abnormality as a result of a prior brain haemorrhage.{{cite instagram\|postid\=BP5j2lOgm3b/\|user\=aisydaly\|author\=Aisling Daly\|title\=I will be officially retiring from the sport of MMA. This past year a routine brain scan showed up evidence of an abnormality, the remnant of a small haemorrhage that had taken place at some point in the months previous...\|date\=30 January 2017}}
|
[
"Mixed martial arts career\n-------------------------",
"### Early career",
"Daly began her professional career in Denmark against Nicole Sydboge, defeating her in the second round via guillotine choke. This was followed up by a win over Annika Sitter via TKO after 22 seconds.",
"### Cage Rage",
"Daly then signed with [Cage Rage](/wiki/Cage_Rage \"Cage Rage\") and debuted against Majanka Lathouwers. Daly won the fight by armbar submission in the second round. She later competed outside of Cage Rage against Nadia van der Wel and won the fight by TKO.",
"Daly returned at Cage Rage 25 and defeated Aysen Berik, younger sister of Cage Rage veteran Sami Berik, via corner stoppage less than two minutes into the fight, making her the first woman to win a professional bout in Cage Rage.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/European\\-Throwdown\\-Three\\-to\\-Watch\\-12416\\|title\\=European Throwdown – Three to Watch\\|publisher\\=Sherdog.com\\|date\\=22 April 2008}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Buzz\\-Stings\\-Shamrock\\-at\\-Cage\\-Rage\\-11719\\|title\\='Buzz' Stings Shamrock at Cage Rage\\|publisher\\=Sherdog.com\\|date\\=9 March 2008}} She then fought at Cage Rage Contenders and won via TKO, which was followed up by a win at Cage Rage 27 via rear naked choke.",
"Daly then made two more appearances after Cage Rage's dissolution, winning one via decision and another via TKO.",
"### Bellator Fighting championships",
"Ranked as the number three female flyweight in the world and the top female mixed martial artist in Ireland, Daly signed with [Bellator](/wiki/Bellator_Fighting_Championships \"Bellator Fighting Championships\") to compete in their women's 115 lbs tournament.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bellator.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=23600\\&ATCLID\\=204963242 \\|title\\=Aisling Daly added to women's tournament \\|publisher\\=Bellator.com \\|date\\=22 June 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725064432/http://www.bellator.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=23600\\&ATCLID\\=204963242 \\|archivedate\\=25 July 2011 }}",
"Her opening round fight was against [Lisa Ellis](/wiki/Lisa_Ellis_%28fighter%29 \"Lisa Ellis (fighter)\") at [Bellator 26](/wiki/Bellator_26 \"Bellator 26\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/07/19/ward\\-vs\\-daly\\-now\\-likely\\-for\\-bellator\\-26/\\|title\\=Ward vs Daly Now Likely For Bellator 26\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|accessdate\\=19 July 2010}} She lost the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/08/26/lisa\\-ward\\-defeats\\-aisling\\-daly\\-at\\-bellator\\-26/\\|title\\=Lisa Ward Defeats Aisling Daly at Bellator 26\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|accessdate\\=26 August 2010\\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100829052248/http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/08/26/lisa\\-ward\\-defeats\\-aisling\\-daly\\-at\\-bellator\\-26/\\| archivedate\\= 29 August 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"On 10 April 2011, it was announced that Daly had been released from her Bellator contract.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/04/10/bellator\\-fighting\\-championships\\-releases\\-aisling\\-daly/\\|title\\=Bellator Fighting Championships Releases Aisling Daly\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|accessdate\\=10 April 2011}}",
"Daly was scheduled to return to the promotion at [Bellator 66](/wiki/Bellator_66 \"Bellator 66\") on 20 April 2012 to face [Jessica Eye](/wiki/Jessica_Eye \"Jessica Eye\") in an NAAFS title rematch.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/03/01/jessica\\-eye\\-vs\\-aisling\\-daly\\-rematch\\-added\\-to\\-bellator\\-66/\\|title\\=Jessica Eye vs Aisling Daly Rematch Added To Bellator 66\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=1 March 2012\\|accessdate\\=2 March 2012}} However, Daly was forced to withdraw from the fight due to an ear infection.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/04/11/daly\\-out\\-jessica\\-eye\\-to\\-face\\-anita\\-rodriguez\\-at\\-bellator\\-66/\\|title\\=Daly Out, Jessica Eye To Face Anita Rodriguez at Bellator 66\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=11 April 2012\\|accessdate\\=12 April 2012}}",
"### Outside of Bellator",
"Daly faced Molly Helsel at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 39 on 27 November 2010 in [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\"), Ireland.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/10/23/sexton\\-vs\\-krumdiack\\-daly\\-vs\\-helsel\\-at\\-cwfc\\-39/\\|title\\=Sexton vs Krumdiack, Daly vs Helsel at CWFC 39\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|accessdate\\=23 October 2010\\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101026232348/http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/10/23/sexton\\-vs\\-krumdiack\\-daly\\-vs\\-helsel\\-at\\-cwfc\\-39/\\| archivedate\\= 26 October 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} She won the fight via unanimous decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/11/27/rosi\\-sexton\\-aisling\\-daly\\-win\\-at\\-cage\\-warriors\\-39/\\|title\\=Rosi Sexton, Aisling Daly Win at Cage Warriors 39\\|accessdate\\=27 November 2010\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=27 November 2010}}",
"Daly faced German [Sheila Gaff](/wiki/Sheila_Gaff \"Sheila Gaff\") at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 41 on 24 April 2011 in [North London, England](/wiki/North_London \"North London\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/03/15/aisling\\-daly\\-vs\\-sheila\\-gaff\\-agreed\\-for\\-cage\\-warriors\\-41/\\|title\\=Aisling Daly vs Sheila Gaff Agreed For Cage Warriors 41\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=15 March 2011\\|accessdate\\=23 March 2011}} She was defeated by TKO in the first round.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/04/24/sheila\\-gaff\\-quickly\\-stops\\-aisling\\-daly\\-at\\-cage\\-warriors\\-41/\\|title\\=Sheila Gaff Quickly Stops Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors 41\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|accessdate\\=24 April 2011}}",
"She next faced [Jessica Eye](/wiki/Jessica_Eye \"Jessica Eye\") at NAAFS: Fight Night In The Flats 7 on 4 June 2011 in [Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/03/23/jessica\\-eye\\-to\\-face\\-aisling\\-daly\\-at\\-june\\-4\\-naafs\\-event/\\|title\\=Jessica Eye To Face Aisling Daly at June 4 NAAFS Event\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=23 March 2011\\|accessdate\\=23 March 2011}} Daly defeated Eye by submission due to a rear\\-naked choke in the second round to become NAAFS 125 lbs women's champion.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/06/04/naafs\\-fight\\-night\\-in\\-the\\-flats\\-7\\-play\\-by\\-play\\-results/\\|title\\=NAAFS: \"Fight Night In The Flats 7\" Play\\-By\\-Play \\& Results\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=4 June 2011\\|accessdate\\=4 June 2011\\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110630162107/http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/06/04/naafs\\-fight\\-night\\-in\\-the\\-flats\\-7\\-play\\-by\\-play\\-results/\\| archivedate\\= 30 June 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"On three days' notice, Daly agreed to face Angela Hayes at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship: Fight Night 2 on 8 September 2011 in [Amman, Jordan](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\"). Daly replaced Sheila Gaff, who withdrew from the fight due to illness.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/09/05/sheila\\-gaff\\-out\\-daly\\-to\\-face\\-hayes\\-at\\-cwfc\\-fight\\-night\\-2/\\|title\\=Sheila Gaff Out, Daly To Face Hayes at CWFC: Fight Night 2\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=5 September 2011\\|accessdate\\=5 September 2011}} She defeated Hayes by armbar submission in 20 seconds.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/09/08/aisling\\-daly\\-submits\\-angela\\-hayes\\-at\\-cwfc\\-fight\\-night\\-2/\\|title\\=Aisling Daly Submits Angela Hayes at CWFC: Fight Night 2\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=8 September 2011\\|accessdate\\=8 September 2011}}",
"Daly was scheduled to face [Roxanne Modafferi](/wiki/Roxanne_Modafferi \"Roxanne Modafferi\") at BlackEye Promotions 5 on 1 October 2011 in [Fletcher, North Carolina](/wiki/Fletcher%2C_North_Carolina \"Fletcher, North Carolina\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/07/20/roxanne\\-modafferi\\-vs\\-aisling\\-daly\\-targeted\\-for\\-blackeye\\-5/\\|title\\=Roxanne Modafferi vs Aisling Daly Targeted For BlackEye 5\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=20 July 2011\\|accessdate\\=22 July 2011}} However, she was forced to withdraw from the fight due to contractual obligations to NAAFS and instead defended her title against Kelly Warren at NAAFS: Night of Champions 2011 on 23 November 2011 in [Canton, Ohio](/wiki/Canton%2C_Ohio \"Canton, Ohio\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/10/25/naafs\\-moves\\-aisling\\-daly\\-vs\\-kelly\\-warren\\-to\\-november\\-23/\\|title\\=NAAFS Moves Aisling Daly vs Kelly Warren To November 23\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=25 October 2011\\|accessdate\\=26 October 2011}} Daly defeated Warren by submission due to an armbar in the second round.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/11/23/jessica\\-eye\\-aisling\\-daly\\-win\\-at\\-night\\-of\\-champions\\-2011/\\|title\\=Jessica Eye, Aisling Daly Win At \"Night of Champions 2011\"\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=23 November 2011\\|accessdate\\=23 November 2011}}",
"Daly had planned to compete in Ireland on 24 March 2012 at Battlezone Fighting Championships 5,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/01/23/aisling\\-daly\\-to\\-face\\-titiana\\-van\\-polanen\\-petel\\-on\\-march\\-24/\\|title\\=Aisling Daly To Face Titiana Van Polanen Petel on March 24\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=23 January 2012\\|accessdate\\=25 January 2012}} but her fight was cancelled when opponent Titiana van Polanen Petel suffered a shoulder injury.",
"On 2 June 2012, Daly faced [Rosi Sexton](/wiki/Rosi_Sexton \"Rosi Sexton\") at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 47\\. The bout was part of a tournament to crown a [Cage Warriors](/wiki/Cage_Warriors \"Cage Warriors\") 125\\-pound women's champion.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/12/16/cage\\-warriors\\-125\\-pound\\-womens\\-tournament\\-set\\-for\\-april/\\|title\\=Cage Warriors 125\\-Pound Women's Tournament Set For April\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=16 December 2011\\|accessdate\\=16 December 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/04/16/rosi\\-sexton\\-vs\\-aisling\\-daly\\-official\\-for\\-cwfc\\-47\\-on\\-june\\-2/\\|title\\=Rosi Sexton vs Aisling Daly Official For CWFC 47 on June 2\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=16 April 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 April 2012}} Daly was defeated by unanimous decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/06/02/rosi\\-sexton\\-defeats\\-aisling\\-daly\\-at\\-cage\\-warriors\\-47/\\|title\\=Rosi Sexton Defeats Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors 47\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=2 June 2012\\|accessdate\\=2 June 2012}}",
"Daly next competed in a 120 lbs catchweight bout against [Katja Kankaanpää](/wiki/Katja_Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4 \"Katja Kankaanpää\") at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 51 on 31 December 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cagewarriors.com/news/article/cage\\_warriors\\_51\\_daly\\_v\\_kankaanpaa\\_james\\_v\\_philpott\\|title\\=Cage Warriors 51: Daly v Kankaanpaa, James v Philpott\\|publisher\\=CageWarriors.com\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=22 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128093021/http://www.cagewarriors.com/news/article/cage\\_warriors\\_51\\_daly\\_v\\_kankaanpaa\\_james\\_v\\_philpott\\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} She was defeated by unanimous decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/12/31/katja\\-kankaanpaa\\-defeats\\-aisling\\-daly\\-at\\-cage\\-warriors\\-51/\\|title\\=Katja Kankaanpää Defeats Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors 51\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=31 December 2012\\|accessdate\\=31 December 2012}}",
"### Invicta Fighting championships",
"Daly faced Barb Honchak at [Invicta Fighting Championships 3](/wiki/Invicta_Fighting_Championships%23Invicta_Fighting_Championships_3 \"Invicta Fighting Championships#Invicta Fighting Championships 3\") on 6 October 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/08/15/barb\\-honchak\\-vs\\-aisling\\-daly\\-set\\-for\\-invicta\\-fc\\-3\\-main\\-card/\\|title\\=Barb Honchak vs Aisling Daly Set For Invicta FC 3 Main Card\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=15 August 2012\\|accessdate\\=15 August 2012}} She was defeated via unanimous decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/10/06/invicta\\-fc\\-3\\-results\\-jessica\\-penne\\-captures\\-atomweight\\-title/\\|title\\=Invicta FC 3 Results: Jessica Penne Captures Atomweight Title\\|publisher\\=MMARising.com\\|date\\=6 October 2012\\|accessdate\\=10 October 2012}}",
"### Ultimate Fighting Championship",
"#### The Ultimate Fighter",
"On 3 July 2014, it was announced that Daly was one of the eight remaining contestants on *[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:Team_Pettis_vs._Team_Melendez \"Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/07/full\\-tuf\\-20\\-cast\\-revealed\\-includes\\-eight\\-new\\-additions\\|title\\=Full 'TUF 20' cast revealed, includes eight new additions \\|publisher\\=mmajunkie.com \\|date\\=3 July 2014 \\|accessdate\\=3 July 2014}}",
"In the first episode of *[The Ultimate Fighter: Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:Team_Pettis_vs._Team_Melendez \"Team Pettis vs. Team Melendez\")* it was revealed that the UFC had seeded the fighters. Aisling was seeded 5th of 16 fighters and was paired with the no. 12 seed, [Angela Magaña](/wiki/Angela_Maga%C3%B1a \"Angela Magaña\"), who she fought in the preliminary round. Daly won the fight via TKO in the third round to advance in the tournament. She was defeated by no. 4 seed [Jessica Penne](/wiki/Jessica_Penne \"Jessica Penne\") in the quarterfinals via unanimous decision in 3 rounds.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Reid \\|first1\\=Roberto \\|title\\=Performance Replay: Jessica Penne vs. Aisling Daly \\|url\\=http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/round\\-up/ufc/performance\\-replay\\-jessica\\-penne\\-vs\\-aisling\\-daly/ \\|website\\=mmaplus.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2022 \\|date\\=27 November 2014}}",
"#### After TUF",
"Daly's first fight after The Ultimate Fighter was against Alex Chambers at [The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:A_Champion_Will_Be_Crowned_Finale \"A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale\") on 12 December 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/12/tuf\\-20\\-finale\\-adds\\-six\\-fights\\-in\\-las\\-vegas\\-including\\-herrig\\-ellis\\-torres\\-magana\\|title\\=TUF 20 Finale adds six fights in Las Vegas, including Herrig\\-Ellis, Torres\\-Magana\\|publisher\\=mmajunkie.com\\|author\\=Matt Erickson\\|date\\=11 December 2013\\|accessdate\\=11 December 2013}} She was successful in her debut, winning by submission in the first round.",
"Daly was expected to face [Cláudia Gadelha](/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udia_Gadelha \"Cláudia Gadelha\") on 11 April 2015 at [UFC Fight Night 64](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_64 \"UFC Fight Night 64\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ufc.co.nz/news/Irelands\\-Aisling\\-Daly\\-Claudia\\-Gadelha\\-Krakow\\|title\\=Ireland's Aisling Daly meets Claudia Gadelha at UFC Fight Night Krakow\\|publisher\\=ufc.co.nz\\|author\\=Staff\\|date\\=12 February 2015}} However, Gadelha pulled out of the bout in late March citing a recent muscle spasm in her back. Subsequently, Daly was pulled from the card entirely.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://severemma.com/2015/03/claudia\\-gadelha\\-reveals\\-she\\-has\\-withdrawn\\-from\\-bout\\-with\\-aisling\\-daly\\-in\\-poland/\\|title\\=Claudia Gadelha reveals she has withdrawn from bout with Aisling Daly in Poland\\|publisher\\=severemma.com\\|author\\=Sean Sheehan\\|date\\=27 March 2015\\|accessdate\\=27 March 2015}} In turn, she was quickly re\\-booked and faced Randa Markos on 25 April 2015 at [UFC 186](/wiki/UFC_186 \"UFC 186\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mmajunkie.com/2015/03/with\\-gadelha\\-out\\-aisling\\-daly\\-vs\\-randa\\-markos\\-official\\-for\\-ufc\\-186\\-in\\-montreal\\|title\\=With Gadelha out, Aisling Daly vs. Randa Markos official for UFC 186 in Montreal\\|publisher\\=mmajunkie.com\\|author\\=Staff\\|date\\=31 March 2015\\|accessdate\\=31 March 2015}} Daly lost the fight by unanimous decision.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Fowlkes \\|first1\\=Ben \\|title\\=UFC 186 results: Randa Markos outworks 'TUF 20' teammate Aisling Daly \\|url\\=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/ufc\\-186\\-results\\-aisling\\-daly\\-outworks\\-tuf\\-20\\-teammate\\-randa\\-markos \\|website\\=mmajunkie.usatoday.com \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2022 \\|date\\=25 April 2015}}",
"Daly next faced Ericka Almeida on 24 October 2015 at [UFC Fight Night: Holohan vs. Smolka](/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:Holohan_vs._Smolka \"Holohan vs. Smolka\"). She won the fight by unanimous decision.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Brookhouse \\|first1\\=Brent \\|title\\=UFC Fight Night 76 results: Emotional Aisling Daly punches past Ericka Almeida \\|url\\=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/10/ufc\\-fight\\-night\\-76\\-results\\-emotional\\-aisling\\-daly\\-punches\\-past\\-ericka\\-almeida \\|website\\=mmajunkie.usatoday.com \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2022 \\|date\\=24 October 2015}}",
"On 30 January 2017 Daly announced her retirement following medical tests that revealed an abnormality as a result of a prior brain haemorrhage.{{cite instagram\\|postid\\=BP5j2lOgm3b/\\|user\\=aisydaly\\|author\\=Aisling Daly\\|title\\=I will be officially retiring from the sport of MMA. This past year a routine brain scan showed up evidence of an abnormality, the remnant of a small haemorrhage that had taken place at some point in the months previous...\\|date\\=30 January 2017}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### As actor
Muthuraj started his acting career with his father in a drama troupe led by [Gubbi Veeranna](/wiki/Gubbi_Veeranna "Gubbi Veeranna"){{cite web \| url \= http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\_1\.htm \| title \= Dr. Raj Kumar \| ನಟಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ 'ರಾಜ್' ಐದನೇ ಪುಣ್ಯತಿಥಿ \| publisher \= Kannada.webdunia.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \| archive\-date \= 1 November 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153909/http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\_1\.htm \| url\-status \= live }}{{cite web\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\|date\=10 August 1996\|title\=A star without peer on Kannada screen\|access\-date\=14 July 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220101108/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\|archive\-date\=20 December 1996}} and later joined the drama company of [Subbaiah Naidu](/wiki/Subbaiah_Naidu "Subbaiah Naidu").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/theater/kannada\-film\-actor\-dr\-rajkumar\-and\-his\-singing\-theatre\-songs\-825236\.html\|title\=ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಮತ್ತು ರಂಗಗೀತೆಗಳು\|website\=Prajavani.net\|date\=25 April 2021}} In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well\-built, pleasant\-faced man for the starring role in film, *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa "Bedara Kannappa")* (1954\). Simha eventually signed Muthuraj for the film and named him Rajkumar.
Prior to *Bedara Kannappa*, Rajkumar had appeared as a child artist in the 1942 film *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281942_Kannada_film%29 "Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)")* in a small role and also in the 1952 film, *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana_%281952_film%29 "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)")*, as Sage Agasthya, one of the [Saptarishis](/wiki/Saptarishi "Saptarishi") (seven sages).{{Cite web\|url\=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\-dr\-rajkumar\-spoke\-about\-his\-debut\-movie/articleshow/75551966\.cms\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200915061109/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\-dr\-rajkumar\-spoke\-about\-his\-debut\-movie/articleshow/75551966\.cms\|archive\-date \= 15 September 2020\|title \= 'ಬೇಡರ ಕಣ್ಣಪ್ಪ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ಆ ಎರಡು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?}} It was an insignificant role in which his scene was over even before he recognised himself.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=8J8cvyHaWT8\|title\=Dr Rajana introduction lovely\|date\=July 2019 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]\|access\-date\=28 June 2020\|archive\-date\=28 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=8J8cvyHaWT8\&feature\=youtu.be\|url\-status\=live}}
He acted only in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada "Kannada") movies throughout his career apart from one [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language") film, *[Kalahasti Mahatyam](/wiki/Kalahasti_Mahatyam "Kalahasti Mahatyam")* (1954\), which was a remake of his debut Kannada movie *Bedara Kannappa*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/do\-you\-know\-the\-legendary\-rajkumar\-once\-acted\-in\-a\-telugu\-movie\-888722\.html\|title\=Do you know the legendary Rajkumar once acted in a Telugu movie?\|date\=17 September 2020\|newspaper\=Deccan Herald\|access\-date\=8 February 2021\|archive\-date\=13 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20210413030127/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/irul\-four\-changes\-that\-would\-have\-made\-the\-fahadh\-faasil\-starrer\-a\-good\-watch\-971015\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
He had lead roles in 205 movies.{{cite book \| last1 \= Seetalabavi \| first1 \= P. Nayak, M. \| title \= Swarnasetu 2014: ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ KKNC Annual Publication \| publisher \= RG Kannada e\-Publisher \| page \= 44 \| url \= https://ooks.google.co.in/books?id\=CFIqDAAAQBAJ\&pbg\=PA44 \| ref \= seta \| language \= kn}} He owned a production company called *Sri Vajreshwari Combines* under the banner *Dakshayani Combines*. *[Bhagyada Bagilu](/wiki/Bhagyada_Bagilu "Bhagyada Bagilu")* (1968\) was his 100th film,{{cite news \| title \= Swept away by the wave \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-fridayreview/swept\-away\-by\-the\-wave/article3217929\.ece \| newspaper \= The Hindu \| date \= 21 April 2006 \| access\-date \= 13 May 2014 \| archive\-date \= 24 April 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170424092606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-fridayreview/swept\-away\-by\-the\-wave/article3217929\.ece \| url\-status \= live }} *[Devatha Manushya](/wiki/Devatha_Manushya "Devatha Manushya")* (1988\) was his 200th film and *[Shabdavedhi](/wiki/Shabdavedhi "Shabdavedhi")* (2000\) was his last film.{{cite news \| title \= S Narayan directed Rajkumar's last film \| url \= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know\-/S\-Narayan\-directed\-Rajkumars\-last\-film/articleshow/45614498\.cms \| newspaper \= \[\[The Times of India]] \| access\-date \= 23 April 2017 \| archive\-date \= 23 December 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20171223132842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know\-/S\-Narayan\-directed\-Rajkumars\-last\-film/articleshow/45614498\.cms \| url\-status \= live }}
His character depictions ranged from mythological, historical, devotional, James Bond styled spies to romantic, rural, action roles and portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span of over five decades. Rajkumar along with his contemporaries [Udaya Kumar](/wiki/Udaya_Kumar_%28actor%29 "Udaya Kumar (actor)") and [Kalyan Kumar](/wiki/Kalyan_Kumar "Kalyan Kumar") were referred as the *Kumara Thrayaru* of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar.[Kannada Cinema – Frequently Asked Questions and a Brief history of Kannada Film Industry](https://web.archive.org/web/20060915090451/http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp). Totalkannada.com
His historical movies such as *[Ranadheera Kanteerava](/wiki/Ranadheera_Kanteerava "Ranadheera Kanteerava")*, *[Immadi Pulikeshi](/wiki/Immadi_Pulikeshi_%28film%29 "Immadi Pulikeshi (film)")*, *[Sri Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Sri_Krishnadevaraya_%28film%29 "Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)")* and *[Mayura](/wiki/Mayura_%28film%29 "Mayura (film)")* presented a populist version of [Karnataka's history](/wiki/History_of_Karnataka "History of Karnataka"), focusing on the Karnataka kingdoms such as [Mysore royalty](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore "Kingdom of Mysore"), [The Chalukyas](/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty "Chalukya dynasty"), [Vijayanagara Empire](/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire "Vijayanagara Empire") and [The Kadambas](/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty "Kadamba dynasty") respectively{{cite web \| url \= http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\.htm \| title \= Frontline : In\-depth analysis of issues and events in India and around the world \| publisher \= Frontlineonnet.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000309/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\.htm \| archive\-date \= 21 September 2012}} \- thereby making him the only Indian actor to have portrayed the role of four prominent kings of Indian history \- [Kanthirava Narasaraja I](/wiki/Kanthirava_Narasaraja_I "Kanthirava Narasaraja I"), [Pulakeshin II](/wiki/Pulakeshin_II "Pulakeshin II"), [Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Krishnadevaraya "Krishnadevaraya") and [Mayurasharma](/wiki/Mayurasharma "Mayurasharma"). He also appeared as [Bijjala II](/wiki/Bijjala_II "Bijjala II") in *[Jagajyothi Basveshwara](/wiki/Jagajyothi_Basveshwara "Jagajyothi Basveshwara")* and as Raja Mallasarja in *[Kittur Chennamma](/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma_%28film%29 "Kittur Chennamma (film)")*.
The other prominent historical characters portrayed by him include [Purandara Dasa](/wiki/Purandara_Dasa "Purandara Dasa") in *[Navakoti Narayana](/wiki/Navakoti_Narayana "Navakoti Narayana")*, [Kanaka Dasa](/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa "Kanaka Dasa") in *[Bhakta Kanakadasa](/wiki/Bhakta_Kanakadasa "Bhakta Kanakadasa")*, [Tukaram](/wiki/Tukaram "Tukaram") in *[Santha Thukaram](/wiki/Santha_Thukaram "Santha Thukaram")*, [Kabir Das](/wiki/Kabir "Kabir") in *[Mahathma Kabir](/wiki/Mahathma_Kabir "Mahathma Kabir")*, [Kālidāsa](/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa "Kālidāsa") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa "Kaviratna Kalidasa")*, [Gora Kumbhar](/wiki/Gora_Kumbhar "Gora Kumbhar") in *[Bhakta Kumbara](/wiki/Bhakta_Kumbara "Bhakta Kumbara")*, [Sri Raghavendra Swamy](/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha "Raghavendra Tirtha") in *[Mantralaya Mahatme](/wiki/Mantralaya_Mahatme "Mantralaya Mahatme")*, [Sarvajna](/wiki/Sarvajna "Sarvajna") in *[Sarvagna Murthy](/wiki/Sarvagna_Murthy "Sarvagna Murthy")*, Chetha in *[Bhakta Chetha](/wiki/Bhakta_Chetha_%281961_film%29 "Bhakta Chetha (1961 film)")*,{{cite web\| url \= https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\-rajkumar\-profile.html\| title \= rajkumar profile \- chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image\| access\-date \= 13 November 2021\| archive\-date \= 13 November 2021\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132344/https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\-rajkumar\-profile.html\| url\-status \= live}} [Kaivara Narayanappa](/wiki/Kaivara%23Saint_Narayanappa "Kaivara#Saint Narayanappa") in *[Kaiwara Mahathme](/wiki/Kaiwara_Mahathme "Kaiwara Mahathme")*,{{Cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=97fSFymcwYs\&feature \| title\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಸಂಕಷ್ಟದಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಂದ ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ..! \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 103 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=19 January 2022 \| access\-date\=22 January 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=97fSFymcwYs\&feature \| url\-status\=live }} [Pundarika](/wiki/Pundalik "Pundalik") in *[Hari Bhakta](/wiki/Hari_Bhakta "Hari Bhakta")*,{{Cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=4yyWnFMSz8M\&feature \| title\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ನಟಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಚಿತ್ರ ಯಾವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 102 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=13 January 2022 \| access\-date\=22 January 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=4yyWnFMSz8M\&feature \| url\-status\=live }} Appanna in *[Sanaadi Appanna](/wiki/Sanaadi_Appanna "Sanaadi Appanna")* and Santhoba Pavar in *[Bhakta Vijaya](/wiki/Bhakta_Vijaya "Bhakta Vijaya")*.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\&q\=who\+is\+santhoba\&pg\=PT39\|title\=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film\|first\=M. K.\|last\=Raghavendra\|date\=22 June 2011\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=9780199088430\|via\=Google Books\|access\-date\=4 October 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://books.google.com/books?id\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\&q\=who\+is\+santhoba\&pg\=PT39\#v\=snippet\&q\=who%20is%20santhoba\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}
He also has the rare distinction of having portrayed the mythological roles of both *Devas* and *Asuras* in an almost equal number on the Indian on\-screen. While he has played [Lord Ram](/wiki/Rama "Rama") in *[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha](/wiki/Sri_Ramanjaneya_Yuddha "Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha")*, [Lord Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") in *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana")*, *[Lord Krishna](/wiki/Krishna "Krishna")* in *[Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama](/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama "Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama")*, [Lord Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") in *[Gange Gowri](/wiki/Gange_Gowri "Gange Gowri")*, [Narada](/wiki/Narada "Narada") in *[Mooroovare Vajragalu](/wiki/Mooroovare_Vajragalu "Mooroovare Vajragalu")*, he has also played the role of [Ravana](/wiki/Ravana "Ravana") in *[Bhookailasa](/wiki/Bhookailasa_%28film%29 "Bhookailasa (film)")*, [Hiranyakashipu](/wiki/Hiranyakashipu "Hiranyakashipu") in *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281983_film%29 "Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)")*, [Shishupala](/wiki/Shishupala "Shishupala") in *[Dashavathara](/wiki/Dashavathara_%28film%29 "Dashavathara (film)")*, [Bhasmasura](/wiki/Bhasmasura_%28Hinduism%29 "Bhasmasura (Hinduism)") in *[Mohini Bhasmasura](/wiki/Mohini_Bhasmasura "Mohini Bhasmasura")* and [Mahishasura](/wiki/Mahishasura "Mahishasura") in *[Mahishasura Mardini](/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini "Mahishasura Mardini")*. His other prominent mythological characters include [Kannappa](/wiki/Kannappa "Kannappa") in *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa "Bedara Kannappa")*, [Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa "Chandrahasa") in *[Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa_%281965_film%29 "Chandrahasa (1965 film)")*, [Harishchandra](/wiki/Harishchandra "Harishchandra") in *[Satya Harishchandra](/wiki/Satya_Harishchandra_%281965_Kannada_film%29 "Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)")*, [Satyavan](/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan "Savitri and Satyavan") in *[Sathi Savithri](/wiki/Sathi_Savithri "Sathi Savithri")*, [Vasishtha](/wiki/Vasishtha "Vasishtha") in *[Mahasathi Arundathi](/wiki/Mahasathi_Arundathi "Mahasathi Arundathi")*,{{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಏಕಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ, ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ ಹಾಗು ಜಾನಪದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.. \| Ramkumar \| Ep 81 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=22 December 2022 \| access\-date\=24 December 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\&feature\=youtu.be \| url\-status\=live }} [Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki "Valmiki") in *[Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki_%281963_Kannada_film%29 "Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)")*, [Chyavana Maharshi](/wiki/Chyavana "Chyavana") in *[Sathi Sukanya](/wiki/Sathi_Sukanya "Sathi Sukanya")* and [Dushyanta](/wiki/Dushyanta "Dushyanta") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa "Kaviratna Kalidasa")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\-A\-casestudy\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-s\-movies.html\|title\=A Casesetudy ofDr. Rajkumar S. Movies\|website\=docplayer.net\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=29 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029000941/https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\-A\-casestudy\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-s\-movies.html\|url\-status\=live}} Further, he also holds the distinction of being the only actor to play the role of [Arjuna](/wiki/Arjuna "Arjuna") and his two sons. While he appeared as Arjuna in *[Shree Krishna Gaarudi](/wiki/Shree_Krishna_Gaarudi "Shree Krishna Gaarudi")*, he appeared in the role of [Nagarjuna](/wiki/Iravan "Iravan") in *[Nagarjuna](/wiki/Nagarjuna_%28film%29 "Nagarjuna (film)")* and as [Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana "Babruvahana") in *[Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana_%281977_film%29 "Babruvahana (1977 film)")*.
His movies were also noted to include drama sequences where he performs various mythological, historical or literary characters such as [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo "Romeo") and Babruvahana in *[Amma](/wiki/Amma_%281968_film%29 "Amma (1968 film)")* (1968\), [Gautama Buddha](/wiki/The_Buddha "The Buddha") in *[Uyyale](/wiki/Uyyale "Uyyale")* (1969\), Echchamanayaka in *[Bhale Jodi](/wiki/Bhale_Jodi_%281970_film%29 "Bhale Jodi (1970 film)")* (1970\) {{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=eMhvfScwQ3U\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=Dr.Rajkumar as Ecchama Nayaka \|\| ಎಚ್ಚಮನಾಯಕ \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=7 November 2022 \| access\-date\=12 November 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=eMhvfScwQ3U\&feature\=youtu.be \| url\-status\=live }} and as [Bhima](/wiki/Bhima "Bhima") in *[Havina Hede](/wiki/Havina_Hede "Havina Hede")* (1981\). His movies also have dream and song sequences where he appears in various characters such as [Kamadeva](/wiki/Kamadeva "Kamadeva") in *[Dhruva Thare](/wiki/Dhruva_Thare "Dhruva Thare")*, as [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna "Krishna") in *[Emme Thammanna](/wiki/Emme_Thammanna "Emme Thammanna")*,{{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si\=M9I3dot0vwJ\-nT\-C\&v\=qvOCRhDUHQQ\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=ಹಿಂದಿ,ತಮಿಳು, ತೆಲುಗಿಗಿಂತ ಕನ್ನಡದ "ಎಮ್ಮೆ ತಮ್ಮಣ್ಣ" ಏಕೆ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ..? \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \| Ep 171 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=12 February 2024 }} *[Daari Tappida Maga](/wiki/Daari_Tappida_Maga "Daari Tappida Maga")* and *[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma](/wiki/Bhagyada_Lakshmi_Baramma "Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma")*.
He has acted in around 50 movies based on novels, plays and short stories,{{cite web\|title\=ರಾಜ್ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ\|url\=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\-sandalwood\-news/raj\-festival\-a\-mirror\-of\-the\-grooms\-novel\-films\|website\=Udayavani\|access\-date\=26 March 2020\|archive\-date\=5 May 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505142131/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\-sandalwood\-news/raj\-festival\-a\-mirror\-of\-the\-grooms\-novel\-films\|url\-status\=live}} which is the highest for any actor in India. He made movies from Kannada [novels](/wiki/Novel "Novel") and made movies against perceived social evils in movies like *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra "Jeevana Chaitra")* (on evils of alcohol) and *Shabdavedhi* (on drug abuse).[In 'Shabdavedi' Dr Rajkumar waged a war against drug menace](http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar-war-on-betting-news-details) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074153/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar\-war\-on\-betting\-news\-details \|date\=4 March 2016 }}. Supergoodmovies.com (6 June 2011\).
Between 1954 and 1969, Kannada film industry produced 207 movies within a span of 15 years and Rajkumar starred in 100 of those.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/fans\-now\-play\-a\-big\-role\-behind\-the\-scenes\-975199\.html\|title\=Fans now play a big role behind the scenes\|date\=16 April 2021\|newspaper\=Deccan Herald\|access\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202957/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/fans\-now\-play\-a\-big\-role\-behind\-the\-scenes\-975199\.html\|url\-status\=live}} While the early 60s saw him appearing in [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") genre movies such as *[Rani Honnamma](/wiki/Rani_Honnamma "Rani Honnamma")* (1960\), *[Aasha Sundari](/wiki/Aasha_Sundari "Aasha Sundari")* (1960\), *[Devasundari](/wiki/Devasundari "Devasundari")* (1962\), *[Bala Nagamma](/wiki/Bala_Nagamma_%281966_film%29 "Bala Nagamma (1966 film)")* (1966\) and *[Devara Gedda Manava](/wiki/Devara_Gedda_Manava "Devara Gedda Manava")* (1967\), he was also noted for doing [swashbuckler films](/wiki/Swashbuckler_film "Swashbuckler film") {{cite web \| url\=https://theprint.in/theprint\-profile/arjuna\-to\-james\-bond\-like\-roles\-dr\-rajkumar\-was\-emperor\-of\-actors\-in\-kannada\-film\-industry/1536120/ \| title\=Arjuna to James Bond\-like roles—Dr Rajkumar was 'emperor of actors' in Kannada film industry \| website\=\[\[ThePrint]] \| date\=24 April 2023 }} such as *[Vidhivilasa](/wiki/Vidhivilasa "Vidhivilasa")* (1962\), *[Veera Kesari](/wiki/Veera_Kesari "Veera Kesari")* (1963\), *[Katari Veera](/wiki/Katari_Veera "Katari Veera")* (1966\), *[Madhu Malathi](/wiki/Madhu_Malathi "Madhu Malathi")* (1966\), *[Rajashekara](/wiki/Rajashekara "Rajashekara")* (1967\), *[Rajadurgada Rahasya](/wiki/Rajadurgada_Rahasya "Rajadurgada Rahasya")* (1967\), *[Simha Swapna](/wiki/Simha_Swapna "Simha Swapna")* (1968\), *[Jaga Mecchida Maga](/wiki/Jaga_Mecchida_Maga "Jaga Mecchida Maga")* (1972\), *[Bahaddur Gandu](/wiki/Bahaddur_Gandu "Bahaddur Gandu")* (1976\) and *[Huliya Haalina Mevu](/wiki/Huliya_Haalina_Mevu "Huliya Haalina Mevu")* (1979\) at regular intervals in the 1960s and the 1970s.
When Rajkumar appeared as CID 999 in *[Jedara Bale](/wiki/Jedara_Bale "Jedara Bale")*, he became the first Indian actor to enact a spy role modelled on [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond "James Bond") in a full\-fledged manner {{cite news \| last \= Vijayasarathy \| first \= R.G. \| title \= The best of Dr Rajkumar \| publisher \= Rediff India Abroad \| date \= 17 April 2006 \| url \= http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \| access\-date \= 25 September 2007 \| archive\-date \= 16 August 2007 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816053056/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \| url\-status \= live }} and was called the *James Bond of India*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\-kannada\-superstar\-rajkumar\-birthday\-special\-veerappan\-had\-kidnapped\-actor\-for\-extortion\|title\=Rajkumar Birthday: जब भारतीय सिनेमा के 'जेम्स बॉन्ड' को वीरप्पन ने कर लिया था अगवा, 108 दिनों बाद हुई थी रिहाई\|website\=Amar Ujala\|language\=hi\|access\-date\=4 October 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052908/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\-kannada\-superstar\-rajkumar\-birthday\-special\-veerappan\-had\-kidnapped\-actor\-for\-extortion\|url\-status\=live}} The success of this movie led to three sequels: *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 "Goa Dalli CID 999")*, *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999")* and *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket "Operation Diamond Racket")*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\-of\-james\-bond\-in\-kannada\-416388\.html\|title\=Versions of James Bond in Kannada\|newspaper\=\[\[The New Indian Express]]\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=1 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\-of\-james\-bond\-in\-kannada\-416388\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\-history\-49\-james\-bond\-style\-in\-kannada.html\|title\=History 49 \- James Bond Style in Kannada\|website\=Chitraloka.com\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=19 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203932/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\-history\-49\-james\-bond\-style\-in\-kannada.html\|url\-status\=dead}}[Shivaraj Kumar to play James Bond in Operation Golden Gang](http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj-kumar-james-bond-200710.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021333/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj\-kumar\-james\-bond\-200710\.html \|date\=23 October 2012 }}. Entertainment.oneindia.in (20 July 2010\). The *CID 999 Franchise* was the first Indian movie franchise to have four instalments and CID 999 was the first character based trilogy in India.{{cite news\|url\=http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\-to\-sethurama\-iyer\-indias\-best\-detectives\-in\-film\-fiction/\|title\=Feluda To Sethurama Iyer: India's Best Detectives in Film \& Fiction \- Silverscreen.in\|date\=7 April 2016\|newspaper\=Silverscreen.in\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=14 October 2016\|archive\-date\=10 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410080124/http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\-to\-sethurama\-iyer\-indias\-best\-detectives\-in\-film\-fiction/\|url\-status\=live}}Balakrishnan, Ravi. (10 May 2008\) [Economic Times – The name is Kumar, Raj Kumar](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/the-name-is-kumar-raj-kumar/articleshow/3026795.cms) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020041159/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business\-of\-bollywood/the\-name\-is\-kumar\-raj\-kumar/articleshow/3026795\.cms \|date\=20 October 2012 }}. *The Economic Times*.
He acted with heroines of southern cinema{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\-kannada\-actor\|title\=Rajkumar\|website\=Cinemaazi\|access\-date\=28 June 2020\|archive\-date\=12 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130916/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\-kannada\-actor\|url\-status\=live}} such as [Jayanti](/wiki/Jayanthi_%28actress%29 "Jayanthi (actress)") (38 films),{{cite web \| url \= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \| title \= The man who changed Kannada cinema \| work \= Rediff.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \| archive\-date \= 29 April 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130429081609/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \| url\-status \= live }}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/rajkumar\-jayanthi\-pair\-ruled\-kannada\-cinema\-1013196\.html\|title\=Rajkumar\-Jayanthi pair ruled Kannada cinema\|date\=26 July 2021\|newspaper\=\[\[Deccan Herald]]\|access\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202959/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/rajkumar\-jayanthi\-pair\-ruled\-kannada\-cinema\-1013196\.html\|url\-status\=live}} [Pandaribai](/wiki/Pandaribai "Pandaribai") (18 films), [Leelavathi](/wiki/Leelavathi_%28actress%29 "Leelavathi (actress)") (28 films), [Bharati](/wiki/Bharathi_%28actress%29 "Bharathi (actress)") (26 films),{{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=zlWGXbIQr\_s\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=ಜೇಡರ ಬಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜಯಂತಿ ನಟಿಸಿಲ್ಲವೇ..? \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \| Ep 151 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=19 December 2022 \| access\-date\=21 December 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=zlWGXbIQr\_s\&feature\=youtu.be \| url\-status\=live }} [Kalpana](/wiki/Kalpana_%28Kannada_actress%29 "Kalpana (Kannada actress)") (19 films), [Aarathi](/wiki/Aarathi "Aarathi") (13 films), [B. Saroja Devi](/wiki/B._Saroja_Devi "B. Saroja Devi") (12 films), [Rajasree](/wiki/Rajasree "Rajasree") (10 films), [Harini](/wiki/Harini_%28Kannada_actress%29 "Harini (Kannada actress)") (11 films), [Krishna Kumari](/wiki/Krishna_Kumari_%28actress%29 "Krishna Kumari (actress)") (8 films), [Madhavi](/wiki/Madhavi_%28actress%29 "Madhavi (actress)") (7 films), [Manjula](/wiki/Manjula_%28Kannada_actress%29 "Manjula (Kannada actress)") (7 films), [Jayamala](/wiki/Jayamala "Jayamala") (6 films), [Lakshmi](/wiki/Lakshmi_%28actress%29 "Lakshmi (actress)") (5 films), [Kanchana](/wiki/Kanchana_%28actress%29 "Kanchana (actress)")(5 films), [Geetha](/wiki/Geetha_%28actress%29 "Geetha (actress)") (5 films), [Saritha](/wiki/Saritha "Saritha") (5 films) and [Jaya Prada](/wiki/Jaya_Prada "Jaya Prada") (4 films).[Rajkumar Filmography](http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053901/http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm \|date\=22 July 2012 }}. Rajkumarmemorial.com. Actress [Rekha](/wiki/Rekha "Rekha") made her debut in a lead role with his movie *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\-made\-her\-acting\-debut\-at\-12\-in\-a\-telugu\-film\-1476093611434\|title\=Rekha made her acting debut at 12 in a Telugu film\|website\=Inshorts \- Stay Informed\|access\-date\=4 October 2020\|archive\-date\=23 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623055500/https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\-made\-her\-acting\-debut\-at\-12\-in\-a\-telugu\-film\-1476093611434\|url\-status\=live}} Sri Lankan based actress [Sabeetha Perera](/wiki/Sabeetha_Perera "Sabeetha Perera") also made her Indian movie debut with his film *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 "Goa Dalli CID 999")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://onlyfilmy.com/\|title\=Domain For Sale\|website\=onlyfilmy.com\|access\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-date\=12 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002914/https://onlyfilmy.com/\|url\-status\=live}} [Chi. Udaya Shankar](/wiki/Chi._Udaya_Shankar "Chi. Udaya Shankar") has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies. [G. K. Venkatesh](/wiki/G._K._Venkatesh "G. K. Venkatesh") has scored music for over 50 of his movies. He also has the distinction of having worked with more than 75 directors.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\-undisputed\-cult\-figure\-in\-karnataka/377342\|title\=Rajkumar: Undisputed cult figure in Karnataka\|website\=Outlookindia.com/\|date\=2 August 2022\|access\-date\=24 June 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125053001/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\-undisputed\-cult\-figure\-in\-karnataka/377342\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|right\|Rajkumar in an interview in 90's](/wiki/File:Dr._Rajkumar_%285%29.jpg "Dr. Rajkumar (5).jpg")
His movie *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket "Operation Diamond Racket")* was shot in Nepal and became the first Kannada movie to be shot outside India. His movie *[Ondu Muttina Kathe](/wiki/Ondu_Muttina_Kathe "Ondu Muttina Kathe")* was reported to be the first ever Indian film to have an underwater action sequence shot in an ocean{{Cite web\|url\=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\=31806\&articlexml\=DID\-YOU\-KNOW\-\-21072017110007\|title\=The Times Group\|date\=10 October 2018\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011751/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\=31806\&articlexml\=DID\-YOU\-KNOW\-\-21072017110007\|archive\-date\=10 October 2018}} outside India{{cite news\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know/OnduMuttina\-Kathe\-is\-the\-first\-Indian\-movie\-to\-be\-shot\-under\-water/articleshow/31327553\.cms\|title\=Ondu Muttina Kathe is the first Indian movie to be shot under water\|newspaper\=The Times of India\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=28 April 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428041856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know/OnduMuttina\-Kathe\-is\-the\-first\-Indian\-movie\-to\-be\-shot\-under\-water/articleshow/31327553\.cms\|url\-status\=live}} without the help of oxygen mask.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=I9H2VraGw0c \|title\=Shankar Nag's Last Interview – Full \|via\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=9 November 2013 \|access\-date\=8 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 August 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812234650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=I9H2VraGw0c\&app\=desktop \|url\-status\=live }}
Rajkumar's 1971 movie *[Kasturi Nivasa](/wiki/Kasturi_Nivasa "Kasturi Nivasa")* was colorised and released in 2014\. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor's life\-size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorised release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\-rajkumar\-still\-holds\-sway.html \| title \= Dr Rajkumar still holds sway over fans \| date \= 7 November 2014 \| website \= Deccan Herald \| access\-date \= 6 May 2019 \| archive\-date \= 6 May 2019 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190506104353/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\-rajkumar\-still\-holds\-sway.html \| url\-status \= live }} His 39 movies have been remade 63 times in 9 languages by 34 actors.{{cite web\|url\=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\-ten\-super\-hit\-movies\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-remade\-into\-other\-languages\-041940\.html\|title\=Dr. Rajkumar Movies Remade in Other Languages : ಪರಭಾಷೆಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆದ ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಯ 10 ಬ್ಲಾಕ್ ಬಸ್ಟರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು \- Kannada Filmibeat\|date\=5 March 2020\|website\=Kannada.filmibeat.com\|access\-date\=8 February 2021\|archive\-date\=27 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052919/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\-ten\-super\-hit\-movies\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-remade\-into\-other\-languages\-041940\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### As singer
Rajkumar trained in [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") when he was with Gubbi Veeranna's theatre troupe.{{cite news \| last1 \= Ganesh \| first1 \= Deepa \| title \= The authentic Kannada voice \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the\-authentic\-kannada\-voice/article18134857\.ece \| newspaper \= The Hindu \| access\-date \= 21 April 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421114447/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the\-authentic\-kannada\-voice/article18134857\.ece \| archive\-date \= 21 April 2017 \| date \= 19 April 2017}} The track "Om Namaha Shivaya" from the 1956 film *[Ohileshwara](/wiki/Ohileshwara "Ohileshwara")*, which he also starred in, was his first song for a film. He subsequently sang "Thumbithu Manava", a duet with [S. Janaki](/wiki/S._Janaki "S. Janaki"), for the movie *[Mahishasura Mardini](/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini_%28film%29 "Mahishasura Mardini (film)")* (1959\). However, he became a full\-fledged singer only in 1974 when he sang in place of [P. B. Sreenivas](/wiki/P._B._Sreenivas "P. B. Sreenivas") for *[Sampathige Savaal](/wiki/Sampathige_Savaal "Sampathige Savaal")*,{{cite web\|date\=12 April 2006\|title\=Nata Saarvabhouma Dr Rajkumar no more\|url\=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Apr122006/update103482006412\.asp\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017012701/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Apr122006/update103482006412\.asp\|archive\-date\=17 October 2013\|newspaper\=Deccan Herald}} who had till then sung for most songs picturised on Rajkumar, fell ill. Rajkumar sang the energetic "Yaare Koogadali" for the film which became widely popular during the time and is considered one of his best songs.{{cite web \| last1 \= Ramakrishna \| first1 \= S. R. \| title \= Rajkumar's rich musicscape \| url \= http://www.themusicmagazine.com/drrajlegends.html \| publisher \= themusicmagazine.com \| access\-date \= 21 April 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20000823215215/http://www.themusicmagazine.com/drrajlegends.html \| archive\-date \= 23 August 2000}}
Rajkumar has been credited for having sung across various genres and each rendition according to the mood of the scene in the film. In "Yaaru Tiliyaru Ninna" for *[Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana_%28film%29 "Babruvahana (film)")* (1977\), a [prosodic](/wiki/Prosody_%28music%29 "Prosody (music)") form of [Kannada poetry](/wiki/Kannada_poetry "Kannada poetry") that required the tone to be a combination of [sarcasm](/wiki/Sarcasm "Sarcasm") and anger, he blended the twin skills of theatrics and music. For *[Nee Nanna Gellalare](/wiki/Nee_Nanna_Gellalare "Nee Nanna Gellalare")* (1981\), he sang two songs—"Jeeva Hoovagide" and "Anuraga Enaytu"—beginning both with the [refrain](/wiki/Refrain "Refrain") "I love you", that is full of Carnatic [gamakas](/wiki/Gamaka_%28music%29 "Gamaka (music)"). After the same tone in the refrain, they take on a life of their own with the form according to love and happiness in the former and love but a discord in the latter. He is known widely for his rendition of "Nadamaya" for *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra "Jeevana Chaitra")* (1992\), a song based on the [raga](/wiki/Raga "Raga") of [Todi](/wiki/Todi_%28raga%29 "Todi (raga)") and with complex graces and strings other ragas as it progresses. He switches ragas with ease, and sings complex swara patterns like a professional classical artiste. For the rendition, he was awarded the [National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer](/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer").{{cite web \| url \= http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th\_nff\_1993\.pdf \| title \= 40th National Film Awards \| publisher \= \[\[Directorate of Film Festivals]] \| access\-date \= 21 April 2017 \| archive\-date \= 4 October 2011 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20111004083057/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th\_nff\_1993\.pdf \| url\-status \= live }} His frequent collaboration with the composer duo of [Rajan–Nagendra](/wiki/Rajan%E2%80%93Nagendra "Rajan–Nagendra") gave musical hits such as *[Bangarada Hoovu](/wiki/Bangarada_Hoovu "Bangarada Hoovu")* (1967\), *[Nyayave Devaru](/wiki/Nyayave_Devaru "Nyayave Devaru")* (1971\), *[Swayamvara](/wiki/Swayamvara_%28film%29 "Swayamvara (film)")* (1973\), *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana")* (1974\), *[Nanobba Kalla](/wiki/Nanobba_Kalla "Nanobba Kalla")* (1979\) and *[Chalisuva Modagalu](/wiki/Chalisuva_Modagalu "Chalisuva Modagalu")* (1982\).{{cite news \| last1 \= Ganesh \| first1 \= Deepa \| title \= He captured the drama in the song \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\-review/he\-captured\-the\-drama\-in\-the\-song/article8504407\.ece \| newspaper \= The Hindu \| access\-date \= 21 April 2017 \| date \= 21 April 2017 \| archive\-date \= 16 April 2021 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210416073530/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\-review/he\-captured\-the\-drama\-in\-the\-song/article8504407\.ece \| url\-status \= live }}
Rajkumar's duets are mostly recorded with [S. Janaki](/wiki/S._Janaki "S. Janaki") and [Vani Jairam](/wiki/Vani_Jairam "Vani Jairam"). Other female singers who sang with him are [P. Susheela](/wiki/P._Susheela "P. Susheela"), [Bangalore Latha](/wiki/Bangalore_Latha "Bangalore Latha"), H. P. Geetha, [K. S. Chitra](/wiki/K._S._Chitra "K. S. Chitra"), [Swarnalatha](/wiki/Swarnalatha "Swarnalatha"), [Manjula Gururaj](/wiki/Manjula_Gururaj "Manjula Gururaj"), [B. R. Chaya](/wiki/B._R._Chaya "B. R. Chaya"), [Kasturi Shankar](/wiki/Kasturi_Shankar "Kasturi Shankar"), [Rathnamala Prakash](/wiki/Rathnamala_Prakash "Rathnamala Prakash"), Sulochana and others.
During his career, Rajkumar sang and performed for songs about [Kannadigas](/wiki/Kannadiga "Kannadiga"), the Kannada language and culture, such as "Jenina Holeyo" from *[Chalisuva Modagalu](/wiki/Chalisuva_Modagalu "Chalisuva Modagalu")*, "Maanavanagi Huttidmele" from *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra "Jeevana Chaitra")* and "[Huttidare Kannada](/wiki/Huttidare_Kannada "Huttidare Kannada")" from the film *[Aakasmika](/wiki/Aakasmika "Aakasmika")*. He sang a complete English song called "If You Come Today" ("Tick Tick Tick") in the movie *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket "Operation Diamond Racket")* in 1978\. This song became an [internet meme](/wiki/Internet_meme "Internet meme") in India following Rajkumar's demise in 2006\.
In later years, he lent his voice to a few actors and sang background solos. For the song *Deepavali Deepavali* {{YouTube\|xSCTpjq\-HM4}} from *[Muddina Maava](/wiki/Muddina_Maava "Muddina Maava")*, he provided playback to [S. P. Balasubrahmanyam](/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam "S. P. Balasubrahmanyam").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.annavaru.com/dr\-rajkumar\-songs/ \| title \= Songs sung by Dr.Rajkumar \| publisher \= Annavaru \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220537/http://www.annavaru.com/dr\-rajkumar\-songs/ \| archive\-date \= 2 November 2013}} This was a rare occasion. "Hrudaya Samudra Kalaki" from *[Ashwamedha](/wiki/Ashwamedha_%28film%29 "Ashwamedha (film)")* and "Hey Dinakara" from *[Om](/wiki/Om_%281995_film%29 "Om (1995 film)")* are the two other popular songs sung by Rajkumar for other actors.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17songs.htm\|title\=The best songs of Rajkumar\|website\=Rediff\|access\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160103/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17songs.htm\|url\-status\=live}} He also sang [Kalidasa](/wiki/Kalidasa "Kalidasa") [shlokas](/wiki/Shloka "Shloka") such as "Maanikya Veena" and [ghazal](/wiki/Ghazal "Ghazal")\-based songs such as "Sadaa Kannale", "Kanneera Dhaare" and "Yaava Kaviyu".
Rajkumar recorded many devotional songs beginning in the 1970s for Columbia Recording Company starting with "Mantralayakke Hogona" in 1972\. His widely popular [LP record](/wiki/LP_record "LP record") "Guruvara Bantamma" was also recorded during the time.{{cite news \| last1 \= Govind \| first1 \= Ranjani \| title \= The saga of a pioneer \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the\-saga\-of\-a\-pioneer/article5969831\.ece \| newspaper \= The Hindu \| access\-date \= 21 April 2017 \| date \= 2 May 2014 \| archive\-date \= 11 May 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140511021402/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the\-saga\-of\-a\-pioneer/article5969831\.ece \| url\-status \= live }} In 1979, Sangeetha Cassettes became India's first licensed pre\-recorded cassettes. Rajkumar sang the devotional songs glorifying the saint [Raghavendra](/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami "Raghavendra Swami") and the Hindu deity [Hanuman](/wiki/Hanuman "Hanuman").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.4to40\.com/legends/print.asp?p\=Dr.\_Raj\_Kumar \| title \= Dr. Rajkumar Biography, India Great Celebrity, Short essay on Dr. Rajkumar \| publisher \= 4to40\.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232530/http://www.4to40\.com/legends/print.asp?p\=Dr.\_Raj\_Kumar \| archive\-date \= 1 November 2013}}
Apart from performing in about 75 musical nights, he has sung 300 movie songs and about 200 folk and devotional songs, the proceeds of which were given away to charity.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid\=8\|title\=Welcome to Chitatara\|date\=17 July 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid\=8\|archive\-date\=17 July 2007}}
It was also noted that his versatility and diction contributed immensely to his popularity as a singer since he was able to sing songs of any style \- be it qawwali, ghazal, bhajan or English songs \- apart from handling a range of emotions \- vivacious, romance, devotion or sarcasm.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary\-kannada\-actor\-rajkumar\-who\-also\-excelled\-as\-a\-singer/article65487495\.ece/amp/ \| title\=Legendary Kannada actor Rajkumar who also excelled as a singer \| newspaper\=The Hindu \| date\=2 June 2022 \| last1\=Ganesh \| first1\=Deepa \| access\-date\=8 June 2022 \| archive\-date\=8 June 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608140949/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary\-kannada\-actor\-rajkumar\-who\-also\-excelled\-as\-a\-singer/article65487495\.ece/amp/ \| url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### As actor",
"Muthuraj started his acting career with his father in a drama troupe led by [Gubbi Veeranna](/wiki/Gubbi_Veeranna \"Gubbi Veeranna\"){{cite web \\| url \\= http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\\_1\\.htm \\| title \\= Dr. Raj Kumar \\| ನಟಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ 'ರಾಜ್' ಐದನೇ ಪುಣ್ಯತಿಥಿ \\| publisher \\= Kannada.webdunia.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\| archive\\-date \\= 1 November 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153909/http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\\_1\\.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{cite web\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\\|date\\=10 August 1996\\|title\\=A star without peer on Kannada screen\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220101108/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 1996}} and later joined the drama company of [Subbaiah Naidu](/wiki/Subbaiah_Naidu \"Subbaiah Naidu\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/theater/kannada\\-film\\-actor\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-and\\-his\\-singing\\-theatre\\-songs\\-825236\\.html\\|title\\=ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಮತ್ತು ರಂಗಗೀತೆಗಳು\\|website\\=Prajavani.net\\|date\\=25 April 2021}} In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well\\-built, pleasant\\-faced man for the starring role in film, *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa \"Bedara Kannappa\")* (1954\\). Simha eventually signed Muthuraj for the film and named him Rajkumar.",
"Prior to *Bedara Kannappa*, Rajkumar had appeared as a child artist in the 1942 film *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281942_Kannada_film%29 \"Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)\")* in a small role and also in the 1952 film, *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana_%281952_film%29 \"Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)\")*, as Sage Agasthya, one of the [Saptarishis](/wiki/Saptarishi \"Saptarishi\") (seven sages).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-spoke\\-about\\-his\\-debut\\-movie/articleshow/75551966\\.cms\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200915061109/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-spoke\\-about\\-his\\-debut\\-movie/articleshow/75551966\\.cms\\|archive\\-date \\= 15 September 2020\\|title \\= 'ಬೇಡರ ಕಣ್ಣಪ್ಪ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ಆ ಎರಡು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?}} It was an insignificant role in which his scene was over even before he recognised himself.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=8J8cvyHaWT8\\|title\\=Dr Rajana introduction lovely\\|date\\=July 2019 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=8J8cvyHaWT8\\&feature\\=youtu.be\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He acted only in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada \"Kannada\") movies throughout his career apart from one [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\") film, *[Kalahasti Mahatyam](/wiki/Kalahasti_Mahatyam \"Kalahasti Mahatyam\")* (1954\\), which was a remake of his debut Kannada movie *Bedara Kannappa*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/do\\-you\\-know\\-the\\-legendary\\-rajkumar\\-once\\-acted\\-in\\-a\\-telugu\\-movie\\-888722\\.html\\|title\\=Do you know the legendary Rajkumar once acted in a Telugu movie?\\|date\\=17 September 2020\\|newspaper\\=Deccan Herald\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20210413030127/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/irul\\-four\\-changes\\-that\\-would\\-have\\-made\\-the\\-fahadh\\-faasil\\-starrer\\-a\\-good\\-watch\\-971015\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He had lead roles in 205 movies.{{cite book \\| last1 \\= Seetalabavi \\| first1 \\= P. Nayak, M. \\| title \\= Swarnasetu 2014: ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ KKNC Annual Publication \\| publisher \\= RG Kannada e\\-Publisher \\| page \\= 44 \\| url \\= https://ooks.google.co.in/books?id\\=CFIqDAAAQBAJ\\&pbg\\=PA44 \\| ref \\= seta \\| language \\= kn}} He owned a production company called *Sri Vajreshwari Combines* under the banner *Dakshayani Combines*. *[Bhagyada Bagilu](/wiki/Bhagyada_Bagilu \"Bhagyada Bagilu\")* (1968\\) was his 100th film,{{cite news \\| title \\= Swept away by the wave \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-fridayreview/swept\\-away\\-by\\-the\\-wave/article3217929\\.ece \\| newspaper \\= The Hindu \\| date \\= 21 April 2006 \\| access\\-date \\= 13 May 2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= 24 April 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170424092606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-fridayreview/swept\\-away\\-by\\-the\\-wave/article3217929\\.ece \\| url\\-status \\= live }} *[Devatha Manushya](/wiki/Devatha_Manushya \"Devatha Manushya\")* (1988\\) was his 200th film and *[Shabdavedhi](/wiki/Shabdavedhi \"Shabdavedhi\")* (2000\\) was his last film.{{cite news \\| title \\= S Narayan directed Rajkumar's last film \\| url \\= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know\\-/S\\-Narayan\\-directed\\-Rajkumars\\-last\\-film/articleshow/45614498\\.cms \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| access\\-date \\= 23 April 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 December 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171223132842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know\\-/S\\-Narayan\\-directed\\-Rajkumars\\-last\\-film/articleshow/45614498\\.cms \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"His character depictions ranged from mythological, historical, devotional, James Bond styled spies to romantic, rural, action roles and portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span of over five decades. Rajkumar along with his contemporaries [Udaya Kumar](/wiki/Udaya_Kumar_%28actor%29 \"Udaya Kumar (actor)\") and [Kalyan Kumar](/wiki/Kalyan_Kumar \"Kalyan Kumar\") were referred as the *Kumara Thrayaru* of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar.[Kannada Cinema – Frequently Asked Questions and a Brief history of Kannada Film Industry](https://web.archive.org/web/20060915090451/http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp). Totalkannada.com",
"His historical movies such as *[Ranadheera Kanteerava](/wiki/Ranadheera_Kanteerava \"Ranadheera Kanteerava\")*, *[Immadi Pulikeshi](/wiki/Immadi_Pulikeshi_%28film%29 \"Immadi Pulikeshi (film)\")*, *[Sri Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Sri_Krishnadevaraya_%28film%29 \"Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)\")* and *[Mayura](/wiki/Mayura_%28film%29 \"Mayura (film)\")* presented a populist version of [Karnataka's history](/wiki/History_of_Karnataka \"History of Karnataka\"), focusing on the Karnataka kingdoms such as [Mysore royalty](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore \"Kingdom of Mysore\"), [The Chalukyas](/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty \"Chalukya dynasty\"), [Vijayanagara Empire](/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire \"Vijayanagara Empire\") and [The Kadambas](/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty \"Kadamba dynasty\") respectively{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\\.htm \\| title \\= Frontline : In\\-depth analysis of issues and events in India and around the world \\| publisher \\= Frontlineonnet.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000309/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\\.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 21 September 2012}} \\- thereby making him the only Indian actor to have portrayed the role of four prominent kings of Indian history \\- [Kanthirava Narasaraja I](/wiki/Kanthirava_Narasaraja_I \"Kanthirava Narasaraja I\"), [Pulakeshin II](/wiki/Pulakeshin_II \"Pulakeshin II\"), [Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Krishnadevaraya \"Krishnadevaraya\") and [Mayurasharma](/wiki/Mayurasharma \"Mayurasharma\"). He also appeared as [Bijjala II](/wiki/Bijjala_II \"Bijjala II\") in *[Jagajyothi Basveshwara](/wiki/Jagajyothi_Basveshwara \"Jagajyothi Basveshwara\")* and as Raja Mallasarja in *[Kittur Chennamma](/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma_%28film%29 \"Kittur Chennamma (film)\")*.",
"The other prominent historical characters portrayed by him include [Purandara Dasa](/wiki/Purandara_Dasa \"Purandara Dasa\") in *[Navakoti Narayana](/wiki/Navakoti_Narayana \"Navakoti Narayana\")*, [Kanaka Dasa](/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa \"Kanaka Dasa\") in *[Bhakta Kanakadasa](/wiki/Bhakta_Kanakadasa \"Bhakta Kanakadasa\")*, [Tukaram](/wiki/Tukaram \"Tukaram\") in *[Santha Thukaram](/wiki/Santha_Thukaram \"Santha Thukaram\")*, [Kabir Das](/wiki/Kabir \"Kabir\") in *[Mahathma Kabir](/wiki/Mahathma_Kabir \"Mahathma Kabir\")*, [Kālidāsa](/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa \"Kālidāsa\") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa \"Kaviratna Kalidasa\")*, [Gora Kumbhar](/wiki/Gora_Kumbhar \"Gora Kumbhar\") in *[Bhakta Kumbara](/wiki/Bhakta_Kumbara \"Bhakta Kumbara\")*, [Sri Raghavendra Swamy](/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha \"Raghavendra Tirtha\") in *[Mantralaya Mahatme](/wiki/Mantralaya_Mahatme \"Mantralaya Mahatme\")*, [Sarvajna](/wiki/Sarvajna \"Sarvajna\") in *[Sarvagna Murthy](/wiki/Sarvagna_Murthy \"Sarvagna Murthy\")*, Chetha in *[Bhakta Chetha](/wiki/Bhakta_Chetha_%281961_film%29 \"Bhakta Chetha (1961 film)\")*,{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\\-rajkumar\\-profile.html\\| title \\= rajkumar profile \\- chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image\\| access\\-date \\= 13 November 2021\\| archive\\-date \\= 13 November 2021\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132344/https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\\-rajkumar\\-profile.html\\| url\\-status \\= live}} [Kaivara Narayanappa](/wiki/Kaivara%23Saint_Narayanappa \"Kaivara#Saint Narayanappa\") in *[Kaiwara Mahathme](/wiki/Kaiwara_Mahathme \"Kaiwara Mahathme\")*,{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=97fSFymcwYs\\&feature \\| title\\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಸಂಕಷ್ಟದಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಂದ ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ..! \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 103 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=19 January 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=22 January 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=97fSFymcwYs\\&feature \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Pundarika](/wiki/Pundalik \"Pundalik\") in *[Hari Bhakta](/wiki/Hari_Bhakta \"Hari Bhakta\")*,{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4yyWnFMSz8M\\&feature \\| title\\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ನಟಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಚಿತ್ರ ಯಾವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 102 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=13 January 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=22 January 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=4yyWnFMSz8M\\&feature \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Appanna in *[Sanaadi Appanna](/wiki/Sanaadi_Appanna \"Sanaadi Appanna\")* and Santhoba Pavar in *[Bhakta Vijaya](/wiki/Bhakta_Vijaya \"Bhakta Vijaya\")*.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=who\\+is\\+santhoba\\&pg\\=PT39\\|title\\=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film\\|first\\=M. K.\\|last\\=Raghavendra\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=9780199088430\\|via\\=Google Books\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=who\\+is\\+santhoba\\&pg\\=PT39\\#v\\=snippet\\&q\\=who%20is%20santhoba\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He also has the rare distinction of having portrayed the mythological roles of both *Devas* and *Asuras* in an almost equal number on the Indian on\\-screen. While he has played [Lord Ram](/wiki/Rama \"Rama\") in *[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha](/wiki/Sri_Ramanjaneya_Yuddha \"Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha\")*, [Lord Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") in *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana \"Sri Srinivasa Kalyana\")*, *[Lord Krishna](/wiki/Krishna \"Krishna\")* in *[Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama](/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama \"Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama\")*, [Lord Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") in *[Gange Gowri](/wiki/Gange_Gowri \"Gange Gowri\")*, [Narada](/wiki/Narada \"Narada\") in *[Mooroovare Vajragalu](/wiki/Mooroovare_Vajragalu \"Mooroovare Vajragalu\")*, he has also played the role of [Ravana](/wiki/Ravana \"Ravana\") in *[Bhookailasa](/wiki/Bhookailasa_%28film%29 \"Bhookailasa (film)\")*, [Hiranyakashipu](/wiki/Hiranyakashipu \"Hiranyakashipu\") in *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281983_film%29 \"Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)\")*, [Shishupala](/wiki/Shishupala \"Shishupala\") in *[Dashavathara](/wiki/Dashavathara_%28film%29 \"Dashavathara (film)\")*, [Bhasmasura](/wiki/Bhasmasura_%28Hinduism%29 \"Bhasmasura (Hinduism)\") in *[Mohini Bhasmasura](/wiki/Mohini_Bhasmasura \"Mohini Bhasmasura\")* and [Mahishasura](/wiki/Mahishasura \"Mahishasura\") in *[Mahishasura Mardini](/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini \"Mahishasura Mardini\")*. His other prominent mythological characters include [Kannappa](/wiki/Kannappa \"Kannappa\") in *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa \"Bedara Kannappa\")*, [Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa \"Chandrahasa\") in *[Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa_%281965_film%29 \"Chandrahasa (1965 film)\")*, [Harishchandra](/wiki/Harishchandra \"Harishchandra\") in *[Satya Harishchandra](/wiki/Satya_Harishchandra_%281965_Kannada_film%29 \"Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)\")*, [Satyavan](/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan \"Savitri and Satyavan\") in *[Sathi Savithri](/wiki/Sathi_Savithri \"Sathi Savithri\")*, [Vasishtha](/wiki/Vasishtha \"Vasishtha\") in *[Mahasathi Arundathi](/wiki/Mahasathi_Arundathi \"Mahasathi Arundathi\")*,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಏಕಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ, ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ ಹಾಗು ಜಾನಪದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.. \\| Ramkumar \\| Ep 81 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=22 December 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=24 December 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki \"Valmiki\") in *[Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki_%281963_Kannada_film%29 \"Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)\")*, [Chyavana Maharshi](/wiki/Chyavana \"Chyavana\") in *[Sathi Sukanya](/wiki/Sathi_Sukanya \"Sathi Sukanya\")* and [Dushyanta](/wiki/Dushyanta \"Dushyanta\") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa \"Kaviratna Kalidasa\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\\-A\\-casestudy\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-s\\-movies.html\\|title\\=A Casesetudy ofDr. Rajkumar S. Movies\\|website\\=docplayer.net\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029000941/https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\\-A\\-casestudy\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-s\\-movies.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Further, he also holds the distinction of being the only actor to play the role of [Arjuna](/wiki/Arjuna \"Arjuna\") and his two sons. While he appeared as Arjuna in *[Shree Krishna Gaarudi](/wiki/Shree_Krishna_Gaarudi \"Shree Krishna Gaarudi\")*, he appeared in the role of [Nagarjuna](/wiki/Iravan \"Iravan\") in *[Nagarjuna](/wiki/Nagarjuna_%28film%29 \"Nagarjuna (film)\")* and as [Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana \"Babruvahana\") in *[Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana_%281977_film%29 \"Babruvahana (1977 film)\")*.",
"His movies were also noted to include drama sequences where he performs various mythological, historical or literary characters such as [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo \"Romeo\") and Babruvahana in *[Amma](/wiki/Amma_%281968_film%29 \"Amma (1968 film)\")* (1968\\), [Gautama Buddha](/wiki/The_Buddha \"The Buddha\") in *[Uyyale](/wiki/Uyyale \"Uyyale\")* (1969\\), Echchamanayaka in *[Bhale Jodi](/wiki/Bhale_Jodi_%281970_film%29 \"Bhale Jodi (1970 film)\")* (1970\\) {{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=eMhvfScwQ3U\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=Dr.Rajkumar as Ecchama Nayaka \\|\\| ಎಚ್ಚಮನಾಯಕ \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=7 November 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=12 November 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=eMhvfScwQ3U\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| url\\-status\\=live }} and as [Bhima](/wiki/Bhima \"Bhima\") in *[Havina Hede](/wiki/Havina_Hede \"Havina Hede\")* (1981\\). His movies also have dream and song sequences where he appears in various characters such as [Kamadeva](/wiki/Kamadeva \"Kamadeva\") in *[Dhruva Thare](/wiki/Dhruva_Thare \"Dhruva Thare\")*, as [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna \"Krishna\") in *[Emme Thammanna](/wiki/Emme_Thammanna \"Emme Thammanna\")*,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si\\=M9I3dot0vwJ\\-nT\\-C\\&v\\=qvOCRhDUHQQ\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=ಹಿಂದಿ,ತಮಿಳು, ತೆಲುಗಿಗಿಂತ ಕನ್ನಡದ \"ಎಮ್ಮೆ ತಮ್ಮಣ್ಣ\" ಏಕೆ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ..? \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \\| Ep 171 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=12 February 2024 }} *[Daari Tappida Maga](/wiki/Daari_Tappida_Maga \"Daari Tappida Maga\")* and *[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma](/wiki/Bhagyada_Lakshmi_Baramma \"Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma\")*.",
"He has acted in around 50 movies based on novels, plays and short stories,{{cite web\\|title\\=ರಾಜ್ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ\\|url\\=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\\-sandalwood\\-news/raj\\-festival\\-a\\-mirror\\-of\\-the\\-grooms\\-novel\\-films\\|website\\=Udayavani\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505142131/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\\-sandalwood\\-news/raj\\-festival\\-a\\-mirror\\-of\\-the\\-grooms\\-novel\\-films\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which is the highest for any actor in India. He made movies from Kannada [novels](/wiki/Novel \"Novel\") and made movies against perceived social evils in movies like *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra \"Jeevana Chaitra\")* (on evils of alcohol) and *Shabdavedhi* (on drug abuse).[In 'Shabdavedi' Dr Rajkumar waged a war against drug menace](http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar-war-on-betting-news-details) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074153/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar\\-war\\-on\\-betting\\-news\\-details \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }}. Supergoodmovies.com (6 June 2011\\).",
"Between 1954 and 1969, Kannada film industry produced 207 movies within a span of 15 years and Rajkumar starred in 100 of those.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/fans\\-now\\-play\\-a\\-big\\-role\\-behind\\-the\\-scenes\\-975199\\.html\\|title\\=Fans now play a big role behind the scenes\\|date\\=16 April 2021\\|newspaper\\=Deccan Herald\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202957/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/fans\\-now\\-play\\-a\\-big\\-role\\-behind\\-the\\-scenes\\-975199\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} While the early 60s saw him appearing in [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy \"Fantasy\") genre movies such as *[Rani Honnamma](/wiki/Rani_Honnamma \"Rani Honnamma\")* (1960\\), *[Aasha Sundari](/wiki/Aasha_Sundari \"Aasha Sundari\")* (1960\\), *[Devasundari](/wiki/Devasundari \"Devasundari\")* (1962\\), *[Bala Nagamma](/wiki/Bala_Nagamma_%281966_film%29 \"Bala Nagamma (1966 film)\")* (1966\\) and *[Devara Gedda Manava](/wiki/Devara_Gedda_Manava \"Devara Gedda Manava\")* (1967\\), he was also noted for doing [swashbuckler films](/wiki/Swashbuckler_film \"Swashbuckler film\") {{cite web \\| url\\=https://theprint.in/theprint\\-profile/arjuna\\-to\\-james\\-bond\\-like\\-roles\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-was\\-emperor\\-of\\-actors\\-in\\-kannada\\-film\\-industry/1536120/ \\| title\\=Arjuna to James Bond\\-like roles—Dr Rajkumar was 'emperor of actors' in Kannada film industry \\| website\\=\\[\\[ThePrint]] \\| date\\=24 April 2023 }} such as *[Vidhivilasa](/wiki/Vidhivilasa \"Vidhivilasa\")* (1962\\), *[Veera Kesari](/wiki/Veera_Kesari \"Veera Kesari\")* (1963\\), *[Katari Veera](/wiki/Katari_Veera \"Katari Veera\")* (1966\\), *[Madhu Malathi](/wiki/Madhu_Malathi \"Madhu Malathi\")* (1966\\), *[Rajashekara](/wiki/Rajashekara \"Rajashekara\")* (1967\\), *[Rajadurgada Rahasya](/wiki/Rajadurgada_Rahasya \"Rajadurgada Rahasya\")* (1967\\), *[Simha Swapna](/wiki/Simha_Swapna \"Simha Swapna\")* (1968\\), *[Jaga Mecchida Maga](/wiki/Jaga_Mecchida_Maga \"Jaga Mecchida Maga\")* (1972\\), *[Bahaddur Gandu](/wiki/Bahaddur_Gandu \"Bahaddur Gandu\")* (1976\\) and *[Huliya Haalina Mevu](/wiki/Huliya_Haalina_Mevu \"Huliya Haalina Mevu\")* (1979\\) at regular intervals in the 1960s and the 1970s.",
"When Rajkumar appeared as CID 999 in *[Jedara Bale](/wiki/Jedara_Bale \"Jedara Bale\")*, he became the first Indian actor to enact a spy role modelled on [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\") in a full\\-fledged manner {{cite news \\| last \\= Vijayasarathy \\| first \\= R.G. \\| title \\= The best of Dr Rajkumar \\| publisher \\= Rediff India Abroad \\| date \\= 17 April 2006 \\| url \\= http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \\| access\\-date \\= 25 September 2007 \\| archive\\-date \\= 16 August 2007 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816053056/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }} and was called the *James Bond of India*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\\-kannada\\-superstar\\-rajkumar\\-birthday\\-special\\-veerappan\\-had\\-kidnapped\\-actor\\-for\\-extortion\\|title\\=Rajkumar Birthday: जब भारतीय सिनेमा के 'जेम्स बॉन्ड' को वीरप्पन ने कर लिया था अगवा, 108 दिनों बाद हुई थी रिहाई\\|website\\=Amar Ujala\\|language\\=hi\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052908/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\\-kannada\\-superstar\\-rajkumar\\-birthday\\-special\\-veerappan\\-had\\-kidnapped\\-actor\\-for\\-extortion\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The success of this movie led to three sequels: *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 \"Goa Dalli CID 999\")*, *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 \"Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999\")* and *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket \"Operation Diamond Racket\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\\-of\\-james\\-bond\\-in\\-kannada\\-416388\\.html\\|title\\=Versions of James Bond in Kannada\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New Indian Express]]\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\\-of\\-james\\-bond\\-in\\-kannada\\-416388\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\\-history\\-49\\-james\\-bond\\-style\\-in\\-kannada.html\\|title\\=History 49 \\- James Bond Style in Kannada\\|website\\=Chitraloka.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203932/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\\-history\\-49\\-james\\-bond\\-style\\-in\\-kannada.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[Shivaraj Kumar to play James Bond in Operation Golden Gang](http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj-kumar-james-bond-200710.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021333/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj\\-kumar\\-james\\-bond\\-200710\\.html \\|date\\=23 October 2012 }}. Entertainment.oneindia.in (20 July 2010\\). The *CID 999 Franchise* was the first Indian movie franchise to have four instalments and CID 999 was the first character based trilogy in India.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\\-to\\-sethurama\\-iyer\\-indias\\-best\\-detectives\\-in\\-film\\-fiction/\\|title\\=Feluda To Sethurama Iyer: India's Best Detectives in Film \\& Fiction \\- Silverscreen.in\\|date\\=7 April 2016\\|newspaper\\=Silverscreen.in\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410080124/http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\\-to\\-sethurama\\-iyer\\-indias\\-best\\-detectives\\-in\\-film\\-fiction/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}Balakrishnan, Ravi. (10 May 2008\\) [Economic Times – The name is Kumar, Raj Kumar](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/the-name-is-kumar-raj-kumar/articleshow/3026795.cms) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020041159/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business\\-of\\-bollywood/the\\-name\\-is\\-kumar\\-raj\\-kumar/articleshow/3026795\\.cms \\|date\\=20 October 2012 }}. *The Economic Times*.",
"He acted with heroines of southern cinema{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\\-kannada\\-actor\\|title\\=Rajkumar\\|website\\=Cinemaazi\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130916/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\\-kannada\\-actor\\|url\\-status\\=live}} such as [Jayanti](/wiki/Jayanthi_%28actress%29 \"Jayanthi (actress)\") (38 films),{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \\| title \\= The man who changed Kannada cinema \\| work \\= Rediff.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\| archive\\-date \\= 29 April 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130429081609/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/rajkumar\\-jayanthi\\-pair\\-ruled\\-kannada\\-cinema\\-1013196\\.html\\|title\\=Rajkumar\\-Jayanthi pair ruled Kannada cinema\\|date\\=26 July 2021\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Deccan Herald]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202959/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/rajkumar\\-jayanthi\\-pair\\-ruled\\-kannada\\-cinema\\-1013196\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Pandaribai](/wiki/Pandaribai \"Pandaribai\") (18 films), [Leelavathi](/wiki/Leelavathi_%28actress%29 \"Leelavathi (actress)\") (28 films), [Bharati](/wiki/Bharathi_%28actress%29 \"Bharathi (actress)\") (26 films),{{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=zlWGXbIQr\\_s\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=ಜೇಡರ ಬಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜಯಂತಿ ನಟಿಸಿಲ್ಲವೇ..? \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \\| Ep 151 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=19 December 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=21 December 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=zlWGXbIQr\\_s\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Kalpana](/wiki/Kalpana_%28Kannada_actress%29 \"Kalpana (Kannada actress)\") (19 films), [Aarathi](/wiki/Aarathi \"Aarathi\") (13 films), [B. Saroja Devi](/wiki/B._Saroja_Devi \"B. Saroja Devi\") (12 films), [Rajasree](/wiki/Rajasree \"Rajasree\") (10 films), [Harini](/wiki/Harini_%28Kannada_actress%29 \"Harini (Kannada actress)\") (11 films), [Krishna Kumari](/wiki/Krishna_Kumari_%28actress%29 \"Krishna Kumari (actress)\") (8 films), [Madhavi](/wiki/Madhavi_%28actress%29 \"Madhavi (actress)\") (7 films), [Manjula](/wiki/Manjula_%28Kannada_actress%29 \"Manjula (Kannada actress)\") (7 films), [Jayamala](/wiki/Jayamala \"Jayamala\") (6 films), [Lakshmi](/wiki/Lakshmi_%28actress%29 \"Lakshmi (actress)\") (5 films), [Kanchana](/wiki/Kanchana_%28actress%29 \"Kanchana (actress)\")(5 films), [Geetha](/wiki/Geetha_%28actress%29 \"Geetha (actress)\") (5 films), [Saritha](/wiki/Saritha \"Saritha\") (5 films) and [Jaya Prada](/wiki/Jaya_Prada \"Jaya Prada\") (4 films).[Rajkumar Filmography](http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053901/http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm \\|date\\=22 July 2012 }}. Rajkumarmemorial.com. Actress [Rekha](/wiki/Rekha \"Rekha\") made her debut in a lead role with his movie *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 \"Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\\-made\\-her\\-acting\\-debut\\-at\\-12\\-in\\-a\\-telugu\\-film\\-1476093611434\\|title\\=Rekha made her acting debut at 12 in a Telugu film\\|website\\=Inshorts \\- Stay Informed\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623055500/https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\\-made\\-her\\-acting\\-debut\\-at\\-12\\-in\\-a\\-telugu\\-film\\-1476093611434\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Sri Lankan based actress [Sabeetha Perera](/wiki/Sabeetha_Perera \"Sabeetha Perera\") also made her Indian movie debut with his film *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 \"Goa Dalli CID 999\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://onlyfilmy.com/\\|title\\=Domain For Sale\\|website\\=onlyfilmy.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002914/https://onlyfilmy.com/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Chi. Udaya Shankar](/wiki/Chi._Udaya_Shankar \"Chi. Udaya Shankar\") has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies. [G. K. Venkatesh](/wiki/G._K._Venkatesh \"G. K. Venkatesh\") has scored music for over 50 of his movies. He also has the distinction of having worked with more than 75 directors.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\\-undisputed\\-cult\\-figure\\-in\\-karnataka/377342\\|title\\=Rajkumar: Undisputed cult figure in Karnataka\\|website\\=Outlookindia.com/\\|date\\=2 August 2022\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125053001/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\\-undisputed\\-cult\\-figure\\-in\\-karnataka/377342\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Rajkumar in an interview in 90's](/wiki/File:Dr._Rajkumar_%285%29.jpg \"Dr. Rajkumar (5).jpg\")",
"His movie *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket \"Operation Diamond Racket\")* was shot in Nepal and became the first Kannada movie to be shot outside India. His movie *[Ondu Muttina Kathe](/wiki/Ondu_Muttina_Kathe \"Ondu Muttina Kathe\")* was reported to be the first ever Indian film to have an underwater action sequence shot in an ocean{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\\=31806\\&articlexml\\=DID\\-YOU\\-KNOW\\-\\-21072017110007\\|title\\=The Times Group\\|date\\=10 October 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011751/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\\=31806\\&articlexml\\=DID\\-YOU\\-KNOW\\-\\-21072017110007\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2018}} outside India{{cite news\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know/OnduMuttina\\-Kathe\\-is\\-the\\-first\\-Indian\\-movie\\-to\\-be\\-shot\\-under\\-water/articleshow/31327553\\.cms\\|title\\=Ondu Muttina Kathe is the first Indian movie to be shot under water\\|newspaper\\=The Times of India\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428041856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know/OnduMuttina\\-Kathe\\-is\\-the\\-first\\-Indian\\-movie\\-to\\-be\\-shot\\-under\\-water/articleshow/31327553\\.cms\\|url\\-status\\=live}} without the help of oxygen mask.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=I9H2VraGw0c \\|title\\=Shankar Nag's Last Interview – Full \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=9 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812234650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=I9H2VraGw0c\\&app\\=desktop \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Rajkumar's 1971 movie *[Kasturi Nivasa](/wiki/Kasturi_Nivasa \"Kasturi Nivasa\")* was colorised and released in 2014\\. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor's life\\-size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorised release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\\-rajkumar\\-still\\-holds\\-sway.html \\| title \\= Dr Rajkumar still holds sway over fans \\| date \\= 7 November 2014 \\| website \\= Deccan Herald \\| access\\-date \\= 6 May 2019 \\| archive\\-date \\= 6 May 2019 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190506104353/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\\-rajkumar\\-still\\-holds\\-sway.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }} His 39 movies have been remade 63 times in 9 languages by 34 actors.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\\-ten\\-super\\-hit\\-movies\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-remade\\-into\\-other\\-languages\\-041940\\.html\\|title\\=Dr. Rajkumar Movies Remade in Other Languages : ಪರಭಾಷೆಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆದ ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಯ 10 ಬ್ಲಾಕ್ ಬಸ್ಟರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು \\- Kannada Filmibeat\\|date\\=5 March 2020\\|website\\=Kannada.filmibeat.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052919/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\\-ten\\-super\\-hit\\-movies\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-remade\\-into\\-other\\-languages\\-041940\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### As singer",
"Rajkumar trained in [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") when he was with Gubbi Veeranna's theatre troupe.{{cite news \\| last1 \\= Ganesh \\| first1 \\= Deepa \\| title \\= The authentic Kannada voice \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the\\-authentic\\-kannada\\-voice/article18134857\\.ece \\| newspaper \\= The Hindu \\| access\\-date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421114447/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the\\-authentic\\-kannada\\-voice/article18134857\\.ece \\| archive\\-date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| date \\= 19 April 2017}} The track \"Om Namaha Shivaya\" from the 1956 film *[Ohileshwara](/wiki/Ohileshwara \"Ohileshwara\")*, which he also starred in, was his first song for a film. He subsequently sang \"Thumbithu Manava\", a duet with [S. Janaki](/wiki/S._Janaki \"S. Janaki\"), for the movie *[Mahishasura Mardini](/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini_%28film%29 \"Mahishasura Mardini (film)\")* (1959\\). However, he became a full\\-fledged singer only in 1974 when he sang in place of [P. B. Sreenivas](/wiki/P._B._Sreenivas \"P. B. Sreenivas\") for *[Sampathige Savaal](/wiki/Sampathige_Savaal \"Sampathige Savaal\")*,{{cite web\\|date\\=12 April 2006\\|title\\=Nata Saarvabhouma Dr Rajkumar no more\\|url\\=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Apr122006/update103482006412\\.asp\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017012701/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Apr122006/update103482006412\\.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Deccan Herald}} who had till then sung for most songs picturised on Rajkumar, fell ill. Rajkumar sang the energetic \"Yaare Koogadali\" for the film which became widely popular during the time and is considered one of his best songs.{{cite web \\| last1 \\= Ramakrishna \\| first1 \\= S. R. \\| title \\= Rajkumar's rich musicscape \\| url \\= http://www.themusicmagazine.com/drrajlegends.html \\| publisher \\= themusicmagazine.com \\| access\\-date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20000823215215/http://www.themusicmagazine.com/drrajlegends.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 August 2000}}",
"Rajkumar has been credited for having sung across various genres and each rendition according to the mood of the scene in the film. In \"Yaaru Tiliyaru Ninna\" for *[Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana_%28film%29 \"Babruvahana (film)\")* (1977\\), a [prosodic](/wiki/Prosody_%28music%29 \"Prosody (music)\") form of [Kannada poetry](/wiki/Kannada_poetry \"Kannada poetry\") that required the tone to be a combination of [sarcasm](/wiki/Sarcasm \"Sarcasm\") and anger, he blended the twin skills of theatrics and music. For *[Nee Nanna Gellalare](/wiki/Nee_Nanna_Gellalare \"Nee Nanna Gellalare\")* (1981\\), he sang two songs—\"Jeeva Hoovagide\" and \"Anuraga Enaytu\"—beginning both with the [refrain](/wiki/Refrain \"Refrain\") \"I love you\", that is full of Carnatic [gamakas](/wiki/Gamaka_%28music%29 \"Gamaka (music)\"). After the same tone in the refrain, they take on a life of their own with the form according to love and happiness in the former and love but a discord in the latter. He is known widely for his rendition of \"Nadamaya\" for *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra \"Jeevana Chaitra\")* (1992\\), a song based on the [raga](/wiki/Raga \"Raga\") of [Todi](/wiki/Todi_%28raga%29 \"Todi (raga)\") and with complex graces and strings other ragas as it progresses. He switches ragas with ease, and sings complex swara patterns like a professional classical artiste. For the rendition, he was awarded the [National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer](/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer \"National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th\\_nff\\_1993\\.pdf \\| title \\= 40th National Film Awards \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Directorate of Film Festivals]] \\| access\\-date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 4 October 2011 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111004083057/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th\\_nff\\_1993\\.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= live }} His frequent collaboration with the composer duo of [Rajan–Nagendra](/wiki/Rajan%E2%80%93Nagendra \"Rajan–Nagendra\") gave musical hits such as *[Bangarada Hoovu](/wiki/Bangarada_Hoovu \"Bangarada Hoovu\")* (1967\\), *[Nyayave Devaru](/wiki/Nyayave_Devaru \"Nyayave Devaru\")* (1971\\), *[Swayamvara](/wiki/Swayamvara_%28film%29 \"Swayamvara (film)\")* (1973\\), *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana \"Sri Srinivasa Kalyana\")* (1974\\), *[Nanobba Kalla](/wiki/Nanobba_Kalla \"Nanobba Kalla\")* (1979\\) and *[Chalisuva Modagalu](/wiki/Chalisuva_Modagalu \"Chalisuva Modagalu\")* (1982\\).{{cite news \\| last1 \\= Ganesh \\| first1 \\= Deepa \\| title \\= He captured the drama in the song \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\\-review/he\\-captured\\-the\\-drama\\-in\\-the\\-song/article8504407\\.ece \\| newspaper \\= The Hindu \\| access\\-date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 16 April 2021 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210416073530/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\\-review/he\\-captured\\-the\\-drama\\-in\\-the\\-song/article8504407\\.ece \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"Rajkumar's duets are mostly recorded with [S. Janaki](/wiki/S._Janaki \"S. Janaki\") and [Vani Jairam](/wiki/Vani_Jairam \"Vani Jairam\"). Other female singers who sang with him are [P. Susheela](/wiki/P._Susheela \"P. Susheela\"), [Bangalore Latha](/wiki/Bangalore_Latha \"Bangalore Latha\"), H. P. Geetha, [K. S. Chitra](/wiki/K._S._Chitra \"K. S. Chitra\"), [Swarnalatha](/wiki/Swarnalatha \"Swarnalatha\"), [Manjula Gururaj](/wiki/Manjula_Gururaj \"Manjula Gururaj\"), [B. R. Chaya](/wiki/B._R._Chaya \"B. R. Chaya\"), [Kasturi Shankar](/wiki/Kasturi_Shankar \"Kasturi Shankar\"), [Rathnamala Prakash](/wiki/Rathnamala_Prakash \"Rathnamala Prakash\"), Sulochana and others.",
"During his career, Rajkumar sang and performed for songs about [Kannadigas](/wiki/Kannadiga \"Kannadiga\"), the Kannada language and culture, such as \"Jenina Holeyo\" from *[Chalisuva Modagalu](/wiki/Chalisuva_Modagalu \"Chalisuva Modagalu\")*, \"Maanavanagi Huttidmele\" from *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra \"Jeevana Chaitra\")* and \"[Huttidare Kannada](/wiki/Huttidare_Kannada \"Huttidare Kannada\")\" from the film *[Aakasmika](/wiki/Aakasmika \"Aakasmika\")*. He sang a complete English song called \"If You Come Today\" (\"Tick Tick Tick\") in the movie *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket \"Operation Diamond Racket\")* in 1978\\. This song became an [internet meme](/wiki/Internet_meme \"Internet meme\") in India following Rajkumar's demise in 2006\\.",
"In later years, he lent his voice to a few actors and sang background solos. For the song *Deepavali Deepavali* {{YouTube\\|xSCTpjq\\-HM4}} from *[Muddina Maava](/wiki/Muddina_Maava \"Muddina Maava\")*, he provided playback to [S. P. Balasubrahmanyam](/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam \"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.annavaru.com/dr\\-rajkumar\\-songs/ \\| title \\= Songs sung by Dr.Rajkumar \\| publisher \\= Annavaru \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220537/http://www.annavaru.com/dr\\-rajkumar\\-songs/ \\| archive\\-date \\= 2 November 2013}} This was a rare occasion. \"Hrudaya Samudra Kalaki\" from *[Ashwamedha](/wiki/Ashwamedha_%28film%29 \"Ashwamedha (film)\")* and \"Hey Dinakara\" from *[Om](/wiki/Om_%281995_film%29 \"Om (1995 film)\")* are the two other popular songs sung by Rajkumar for other actors.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17songs.htm\\|title\\=The best songs of Rajkumar\\|website\\=Rediff\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160103/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17songs.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He also sang [Kalidasa](/wiki/Kalidasa \"Kalidasa\") [shlokas](/wiki/Shloka \"Shloka\") such as \"Maanikya Veena\" and [ghazal](/wiki/Ghazal \"Ghazal\")\\-based songs such as \"Sadaa Kannale\", \"Kanneera Dhaare\" and \"Yaava Kaviyu\".",
"Rajkumar recorded many devotional songs beginning in the 1970s for Columbia Recording Company starting with \"Mantralayakke Hogona\" in 1972\\. His widely popular [LP record](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\") \"Guruvara Bantamma\" was also recorded during the time.{{cite news \\| last1 \\= Govind \\| first1 \\= Ranjani \\| title \\= The saga of a pioneer \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the\\-saga\\-of\\-a\\-pioneer/article5969831\\.ece \\| newspaper \\= The Hindu \\| access\\-date \\= 21 April 2017 \\| date \\= 2 May 2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= 11 May 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140511021402/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the\\-saga\\-of\\-a\\-pioneer/article5969831\\.ece \\| url\\-status \\= live }} In 1979, Sangeetha Cassettes became India's first licensed pre\\-recorded cassettes. Rajkumar sang the devotional songs glorifying the saint [Raghavendra](/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami \"Raghavendra Swami\") and the Hindu deity [Hanuman](/wiki/Hanuman \"Hanuman\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.4to40\\.com/legends/print.asp?p\\=Dr.\\_Raj\\_Kumar \\| title \\= Dr. Rajkumar Biography, India Great Celebrity, Short essay on Dr. Rajkumar \\| publisher \\= 4to40\\.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232530/http://www.4to40\\.com/legends/print.asp?p\\=Dr.\\_Raj\\_Kumar \\| archive\\-date \\= 1 November 2013}}",
"Apart from performing in about 75 musical nights, he has sung 300 movie songs and about 200 folk and devotional songs, the proceeds of which were given away to charity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid\\=8\\|title\\=Welcome to Chitatara\\|date\\=17 July 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid\\=8\\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2007}}",
"It was also noted that his versatility and diction contributed immensely to his popularity as a singer since he was able to sing songs of any style \\- be it qawwali, ghazal, bhajan or English songs \\- apart from handling a range of emotions \\- vivacious, romance, devotion or sarcasm.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary\\-kannada\\-actor\\-rajkumar\\-who\\-also\\-excelled\\-as\\-a\\-singer/article65487495\\.ece/amp/ \\| title\\=Legendary Kannada actor Rajkumar who also excelled as a singer \\| newspaper\\=The Hindu \\| date\\=2 June 2022 \\| last1\\=Ganesh \\| first1\\=Deepa \\| access\\-date\\=8 June 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=8 June 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608140949/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary\\-kannada\\-actor\\-rajkumar\\-who\\-also\\-excelled\\-as\\-a\\-singer/article65487495\\.ece/amp/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
### As actor
Muthuraj started his acting career with his father in a drama troupe led by [Gubbi Veeranna](/wiki/Gubbi_Veeranna "Gubbi Veeranna"){{cite web \| url \= http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\_1\.htm \| title \= Dr. Raj Kumar \| ನಟಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ 'ರಾಜ್' ಐದನೇ ಪುಣ್ಯತಿಥಿ \| publisher \= Kannada.webdunia.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \| archive\-date \= 1 November 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153909/http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\_1\.htm \| url\-status \= live }}{{cite web\|work\=The Hindu\|url\=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\|date\=10 August 1996\|title\=A star without peer on Kannada screen\|access\-date\=14 July 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220101108/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\|archive\-date\=20 December 1996}} and later joined the drama company of [Subbaiah Naidu](/wiki/Subbaiah_Naidu "Subbaiah Naidu").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/theater/kannada\-film\-actor\-dr\-rajkumar\-and\-his\-singing\-theatre\-songs\-825236\.html\|title\=ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಮತ್ತು ರಂಗಗೀತೆಗಳು\|website\=Prajavani.net\|date\=25 April 2021}} In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well\-built, pleasant\-faced man for the starring role in film, *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa "Bedara Kannappa")* (1954\). Simha eventually signed Muthuraj for the film and named him Rajkumar.
Prior to *Bedara Kannappa*, Rajkumar had appeared as a child artist in the 1942 film *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281942_Kannada_film%29 "Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)")* in a small role and also in the 1952 film, *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana_%281952_film%29 "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)")*, as Sage Agasthya, one of the [Saptarishis](/wiki/Saptarishi "Saptarishi") (seven sages).{{Cite web\|url\=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\-dr\-rajkumar\-spoke\-about\-his\-debut\-movie/articleshow/75551966\.cms\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20200915061109/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\-dr\-rajkumar\-spoke\-about\-his\-debut\-movie/articleshow/75551966\.cms\|archive\-date \= 15 September 2020\|title \= 'ಬೇಡರ ಕಣ್ಣಪ್ಪ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ಆ ಎರಡು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?}} It was an insignificant role in which his scene was over even before he recognised himself.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=8J8cvyHaWT8\|title\=Dr Rajana introduction lovely\|date\=July 2019 \|via\=\[\[YouTube]]\|access\-date\=28 June 2020\|archive\-date\=28 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=8J8cvyHaWT8\&feature\=youtu.be\|url\-status\=live}}
He acted only in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada "Kannada") movies throughout his career apart from one [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language") film, *[Kalahasti Mahatyam](/wiki/Kalahasti_Mahatyam "Kalahasti Mahatyam")* (1954\), which was a remake of his debut Kannada movie *Bedara Kannappa*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/do\-you\-know\-the\-legendary\-rajkumar\-once\-acted\-in\-a\-telugu\-movie\-888722\.html\|title\=Do you know the legendary Rajkumar once acted in a Telugu movie?\|date\=17 September 2020\|newspaper\=Deccan Herald\|access\-date\=8 February 2021\|archive\-date\=13 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20210413030127/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/irul\-four\-changes\-that\-would\-have\-made\-the\-fahadh\-faasil\-starrer\-a\-good\-watch\-971015\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
He had lead roles in 205 movies.{{cite book \| last1 \= Seetalabavi \| first1 \= P. Nayak, M. \| title \= Swarnasetu 2014: ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ KKNC Annual Publication \| publisher \= RG Kannada e\-Publisher \| page \= 44 \| url \= https://ooks.google.co.in/books?id\=CFIqDAAAQBAJ\&pbg\=PA44 \| ref \= seta \| language \= kn}} He owned a production company called *Sri Vajreshwari Combines* under the banner *Dakshayani Combines*. *[Bhagyada Bagilu](/wiki/Bhagyada_Bagilu "Bhagyada Bagilu")* (1968\) was his 100th film,{{cite news \| title \= Swept away by the wave \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-fridayreview/swept\-away\-by\-the\-wave/article3217929\.ece \| newspaper \= The Hindu \| date \= 21 April 2006 \| access\-date \= 13 May 2014 \| archive\-date \= 24 April 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170424092606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-fridayreview/swept\-away\-by\-the\-wave/article3217929\.ece \| url\-status \= live }} *[Devatha Manushya](/wiki/Devatha_Manushya "Devatha Manushya")* (1988\) was his 200th film and *[Shabdavedhi](/wiki/Shabdavedhi "Shabdavedhi")* (2000\) was his last film.{{cite news \| title \= S Narayan directed Rajkumar's last film \| url \= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know\-/S\-Narayan\-directed\-Rajkumars\-last\-film/articleshow/45614498\.cms \| newspaper \= \[\[The Times of India]] \| access\-date \= 23 April 2017 \| archive\-date \= 23 December 2017 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20171223132842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know\-/S\-Narayan\-directed\-Rajkumars\-last\-film/articleshow/45614498\.cms \| url\-status \= live }}
His character depictions ranged from mythological, historical, devotional, James Bond styled spies to romantic, rural, action roles and portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span of over five decades. Rajkumar along with his contemporaries [Udaya Kumar](/wiki/Udaya_Kumar_%28actor%29 "Udaya Kumar (actor)") and [Kalyan Kumar](/wiki/Kalyan_Kumar "Kalyan Kumar") were referred as the *Kumara Thrayaru* of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar.[Kannada Cinema – Frequently Asked Questions and a Brief history of Kannada Film Industry](https://web.archive.org/web/20060915090451/http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp). Totalkannada.com
His historical movies such as *[Ranadheera Kanteerava](/wiki/Ranadheera_Kanteerava "Ranadheera Kanteerava")*, *[Immadi Pulikeshi](/wiki/Immadi_Pulikeshi_%28film%29 "Immadi Pulikeshi (film)")*, *[Sri Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Sri_Krishnadevaraya_%28film%29 "Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)")* and *[Mayura](/wiki/Mayura_%28film%29 "Mayura (film)")* presented a populist version of [Karnataka's history](/wiki/History_of_Karnataka "History of Karnataka"), focusing on the Karnataka kingdoms such as [Mysore royalty](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore "Kingdom of Mysore"), [The Chalukyas](/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty "Chalukya dynasty"), [Vijayanagara Empire](/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire "Vijayanagara Empire") and [The Kadambas](/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty "Kadamba dynasty") respectively{{cite web \| url \= http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\.htm \| title \= Frontline : In\-depth analysis of issues and events in India and around the world \| publisher \= Frontlineonnet.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000309/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\.htm \| archive\-date \= 21 September 2012}} \- thereby making him the only Indian actor to have portrayed the role of four prominent kings of Indian history \- [Kanthirava Narasaraja I](/wiki/Kanthirava_Narasaraja_I "Kanthirava Narasaraja I"), [Pulakeshin II](/wiki/Pulakeshin_II "Pulakeshin II"), [Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Krishnadevaraya "Krishnadevaraya") and [Mayurasharma](/wiki/Mayurasharma "Mayurasharma"). He also appeared as [Bijjala II](/wiki/Bijjala_II "Bijjala II") in *[Jagajyothi Basveshwara](/wiki/Jagajyothi_Basveshwara "Jagajyothi Basveshwara")* and as Raja Mallasarja in *[Kittur Chennamma](/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma_%28film%29 "Kittur Chennamma (film)")*.
The other prominent historical characters portrayed by him include [Purandara Dasa](/wiki/Purandara_Dasa "Purandara Dasa") in *[Navakoti Narayana](/wiki/Navakoti_Narayana "Navakoti Narayana")*, [Kanaka Dasa](/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa "Kanaka Dasa") in *[Bhakta Kanakadasa](/wiki/Bhakta_Kanakadasa "Bhakta Kanakadasa")*, [Tukaram](/wiki/Tukaram "Tukaram") in *[Santha Thukaram](/wiki/Santha_Thukaram "Santha Thukaram")*, [Kabir Das](/wiki/Kabir "Kabir") in *[Mahathma Kabir](/wiki/Mahathma_Kabir "Mahathma Kabir")*, [Kālidāsa](/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa "Kālidāsa") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa "Kaviratna Kalidasa")*, [Gora Kumbhar](/wiki/Gora_Kumbhar "Gora Kumbhar") in *[Bhakta Kumbara](/wiki/Bhakta_Kumbara "Bhakta Kumbara")*, [Sri Raghavendra Swamy](/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha "Raghavendra Tirtha") in *[Mantralaya Mahatme](/wiki/Mantralaya_Mahatme "Mantralaya Mahatme")*, [Sarvajna](/wiki/Sarvajna "Sarvajna") in *[Sarvagna Murthy](/wiki/Sarvagna_Murthy "Sarvagna Murthy")*, Chetha in *[Bhakta Chetha](/wiki/Bhakta_Chetha_%281961_film%29 "Bhakta Chetha (1961 film)")*,{{cite web\| url \= https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\-rajkumar\-profile.html\| title \= rajkumar profile \- chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image\| access\-date \= 13 November 2021\| archive\-date \= 13 November 2021\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132344/https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\-rajkumar\-profile.html\| url\-status \= live}} [Kaivara Narayanappa](/wiki/Kaivara%23Saint_Narayanappa "Kaivara#Saint Narayanappa") in *[Kaiwara Mahathme](/wiki/Kaiwara_Mahathme "Kaiwara Mahathme")*,{{Cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=97fSFymcwYs\&feature \| title\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಸಂಕಷ್ಟದಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಂದ ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ..! \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 103 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=19 January 2022 \| access\-date\=22 January 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=97fSFymcwYs\&feature \| url\-status\=live }} [Pundarika](/wiki/Pundalik "Pundalik") in *[Hari Bhakta](/wiki/Hari_Bhakta "Hari Bhakta")*,{{Cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=4yyWnFMSz8M\&feature \| title\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ನಟಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಚಿತ್ರ ಯಾವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 102 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=13 January 2022 \| access\-date\=22 January 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=4yyWnFMSz8M\&feature \| url\-status\=live }} Appanna in *[Sanaadi Appanna](/wiki/Sanaadi_Appanna "Sanaadi Appanna")* and Santhoba Pavar in *[Bhakta Vijaya](/wiki/Bhakta_Vijaya "Bhakta Vijaya")*.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\&q\=who\+is\+santhoba\&pg\=PT39\|title\=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film\|first\=M. K.\|last\=Raghavendra\|date\=22 June 2011\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=9780199088430\|via\=Google Books\|access\-date\=4 October 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://books.google.com/books?id\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\&q\=who\+is\+santhoba\&pg\=PT39\#v\=snippet\&q\=who%20is%20santhoba\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}
He also has the rare distinction of having portrayed the mythological roles of both *Devas* and *Asuras* in an almost equal number on the Indian on\-screen. While he has played [Lord Ram](/wiki/Rama "Rama") in *[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha](/wiki/Sri_Ramanjaneya_Yuddha "Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha")*, [Lord Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") in *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana "Sri Srinivasa Kalyana")*, *[Lord Krishna](/wiki/Krishna "Krishna")* in *[Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama](/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama "Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama")*, [Lord Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") in *[Gange Gowri](/wiki/Gange_Gowri "Gange Gowri")*, [Narada](/wiki/Narada "Narada") in *[Mooroovare Vajragalu](/wiki/Mooroovare_Vajragalu "Mooroovare Vajragalu")*, he has also played the role of [Ravana](/wiki/Ravana "Ravana") in *[Bhookailasa](/wiki/Bhookailasa_%28film%29 "Bhookailasa (film)")*, [Hiranyakashipu](/wiki/Hiranyakashipu "Hiranyakashipu") in *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281983_film%29 "Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)")*, [Shishupala](/wiki/Shishupala "Shishupala") in *[Dashavathara](/wiki/Dashavathara_%28film%29 "Dashavathara (film)")*, [Bhasmasura](/wiki/Bhasmasura_%28Hinduism%29 "Bhasmasura (Hinduism)") in *[Mohini Bhasmasura](/wiki/Mohini_Bhasmasura "Mohini Bhasmasura")* and [Mahishasura](/wiki/Mahishasura "Mahishasura") in *[Mahishasura Mardini](/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini "Mahishasura Mardini")*. His other prominent mythological characters include [Kannappa](/wiki/Kannappa "Kannappa") in *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa "Bedara Kannappa")*, [Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa "Chandrahasa") in *[Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa_%281965_film%29 "Chandrahasa (1965 film)")*, [Harishchandra](/wiki/Harishchandra "Harishchandra") in *[Satya Harishchandra](/wiki/Satya_Harishchandra_%281965_Kannada_film%29 "Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)")*, [Satyavan](/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan "Savitri and Satyavan") in *[Sathi Savithri](/wiki/Sathi_Savithri "Sathi Savithri")*, [Vasishtha](/wiki/Vasishtha "Vasishtha") in *[Mahasathi Arundathi](/wiki/Mahasathi_Arundathi "Mahasathi Arundathi")*,{{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಏಕಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ, ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ ಹಾಗು ಜಾನಪದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.. \| Ramkumar \| Ep 81 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=22 December 2022 \| access\-date\=24 December 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\&feature\=youtu.be \| url\-status\=live }} [Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki "Valmiki") in *[Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki_%281963_Kannada_film%29 "Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)")*, [Chyavana Maharshi](/wiki/Chyavana "Chyavana") in *[Sathi Sukanya](/wiki/Sathi_Sukanya "Sathi Sukanya")* and [Dushyanta](/wiki/Dushyanta "Dushyanta") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa "Kaviratna Kalidasa")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\-A\-casestudy\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-s\-movies.html\|title\=A Casesetudy ofDr. Rajkumar S. Movies\|website\=docplayer.net\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=29 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029000941/https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\-A\-casestudy\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-s\-movies.html\|url\-status\=live}} Further, he also holds the distinction of being the only actor to play the role of [Arjuna](/wiki/Arjuna "Arjuna") and his two sons. While he appeared as Arjuna in *[Shree Krishna Gaarudi](/wiki/Shree_Krishna_Gaarudi "Shree Krishna Gaarudi")*, he appeared in the role of [Nagarjuna](/wiki/Iravan "Iravan") in *[Nagarjuna](/wiki/Nagarjuna_%28film%29 "Nagarjuna (film)")* and as [Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana "Babruvahana") in *[Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana_%281977_film%29 "Babruvahana (1977 film)")*.
His movies were also noted to include drama sequences where he performs various mythological, historical or literary characters such as [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo "Romeo") and Babruvahana in *[Amma](/wiki/Amma_%281968_film%29 "Amma (1968 film)")* (1968\), [Gautama Buddha](/wiki/The_Buddha "The Buddha") in *[Uyyale](/wiki/Uyyale "Uyyale")* (1969\), Echchamanayaka in *[Bhale Jodi](/wiki/Bhale_Jodi_%281970_film%29 "Bhale Jodi (1970 film)")* (1970\) {{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=eMhvfScwQ3U\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=Dr.Rajkumar as Ecchama Nayaka \|\| ಎಚ್ಚಮನಾಯಕ \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=7 November 2022 \| access\-date\=12 November 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=eMhvfScwQ3U\&feature\=youtu.be \| url\-status\=live }} and as [Bhima](/wiki/Bhima "Bhima") in *[Havina Hede](/wiki/Havina_Hede "Havina Hede")* (1981\). His movies also have dream and song sequences where he appears in various characters such as [Kamadeva](/wiki/Kamadeva "Kamadeva") in *[Dhruva Thare](/wiki/Dhruva_Thare "Dhruva Thare")*, as [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna "Krishna") in *[Emme Thammanna](/wiki/Emme_Thammanna "Emme Thammanna")*,{{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si\=M9I3dot0vwJ\-nT\-C\&v\=qvOCRhDUHQQ\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=ಹಿಂದಿ,ತಮಿಳು, ತೆಲುಗಿಗಿಂತ ಕನ್ನಡದ "ಎಮ್ಮೆ ತಮ್ಮಣ್ಣ" ಏಕೆ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ..? \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \| Ep 171 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=12 February 2024 }} *[Daari Tappida Maga](/wiki/Daari_Tappida_Maga "Daari Tappida Maga")* and *[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma](/wiki/Bhagyada_Lakshmi_Baramma "Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma")*.
He has acted in around 50 movies based on novels, plays and short stories,{{cite web\|title\=ರಾಜ್ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ\|url\=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\-sandalwood\-news/raj\-festival\-a\-mirror\-of\-the\-grooms\-novel\-films\|website\=Udayavani\|access\-date\=26 March 2020\|archive\-date\=5 May 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505142131/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\-sandalwood\-news/raj\-festival\-a\-mirror\-of\-the\-grooms\-novel\-films\|url\-status\=live}} which is the highest for any actor in India. He made movies from Kannada [novels](/wiki/Novel "Novel") and made movies against perceived social evils in movies like *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra "Jeevana Chaitra")* (on evils of alcohol) and *Shabdavedhi* (on drug abuse).[In 'Shabdavedi' Dr Rajkumar waged a war against drug menace](http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar-war-on-betting-news-details) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074153/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar\-war\-on\-betting\-news\-details \|date\=4 March 2016 }}. Supergoodmovies.com (6 June 2011\).
Between 1954 and 1969, Kannada film industry produced 207 movies within a span of 15 years and Rajkumar starred in 100 of those.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/fans\-now\-play\-a\-big\-role\-behind\-the\-scenes\-975199\.html\|title\=Fans now play a big role behind the scenes\|date\=16 April 2021\|newspaper\=Deccan Herald\|access\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202957/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/fans\-now\-play\-a\-big\-role\-behind\-the\-scenes\-975199\.html\|url\-status\=live}} While the early 60s saw him appearing in [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") genre movies such as *[Rani Honnamma](/wiki/Rani_Honnamma "Rani Honnamma")* (1960\), *[Aasha Sundari](/wiki/Aasha_Sundari "Aasha Sundari")* (1960\), *[Devasundari](/wiki/Devasundari "Devasundari")* (1962\), *[Bala Nagamma](/wiki/Bala_Nagamma_%281966_film%29 "Bala Nagamma (1966 film)")* (1966\) and *[Devara Gedda Manava](/wiki/Devara_Gedda_Manava "Devara Gedda Manava")* (1967\), he was also noted for doing [swashbuckler films](/wiki/Swashbuckler_film "Swashbuckler film") {{cite web \| url\=https://theprint.in/theprint\-profile/arjuna\-to\-james\-bond\-like\-roles\-dr\-rajkumar\-was\-emperor\-of\-actors\-in\-kannada\-film\-industry/1536120/ \| title\=Arjuna to James Bond\-like roles—Dr Rajkumar was 'emperor of actors' in Kannada film industry \| website\=\[\[ThePrint]] \| date\=24 April 2023 }} such as *[Vidhivilasa](/wiki/Vidhivilasa "Vidhivilasa")* (1962\), *[Veera Kesari](/wiki/Veera_Kesari "Veera Kesari")* (1963\), *[Katari Veera](/wiki/Katari_Veera "Katari Veera")* (1966\), *[Madhu Malathi](/wiki/Madhu_Malathi "Madhu Malathi")* (1966\), *[Rajashekara](/wiki/Rajashekara "Rajashekara")* (1967\), *[Rajadurgada Rahasya](/wiki/Rajadurgada_Rahasya "Rajadurgada Rahasya")* (1967\), *[Simha Swapna](/wiki/Simha_Swapna "Simha Swapna")* (1968\), *[Jaga Mecchida Maga](/wiki/Jaga_Mecchida_Maga "Jaga Mecchida Maga")* (1972\), *[Bahaddur Gandu](/wiki/Bahaddur_Gandu "Bahaddur Gandu")* (1976\) and *[Huliya Haalina Mevu](/wiki/Huliya_Haalina_Mevu "Huliya Haalina Mevu")* (1979\) at regular intervals in the 1960s and the 1970s.
When Rajkumar appeared as CID 999 in *[Jedara Bale](/wiki/Jedara_Bale "Jedara Bale")*, he became the first Indian actor to enact a spy role modelled on [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond "James Bond") in a full\-fledged manner {{cite news \| last \= Vijayasarathy \| first \= R.G. \| title \= The best of Dr Rajkumar \| publisher \= Rediff India Abroad \| date \= 17 April 2006 \| url \= http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \| access\-date \= 25 September 2007 \| archive\-date \= 16 August 2007 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816053056/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \| url\-status \= live }} and was called the *James Bond of India*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\-kannada\-superstar\-rajkumar\-birthday\-special\-veerappan\-had\-kidnapped\-actor\-for\-extortion\|title\=Rajkumar Birthday: जब भारतीय सिनेमा के 'जेम्स बॉन्ड' को वीरप्पन ने कर लिया था अगवा, 108 दिनों बाद हुई थी रिहाई\|website\=Amar Ujala\|language\=hi\|access\-date\=4 October 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052908/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\-kannada\-superstar\-rajkumar\-birthday\-special\-veerappan\-had\-kidnapped\-actor\-for\-extortion\|url\-status\=live}} The success of this movie led to three sequels: *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 "Goa Dalli CID 999")*, *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999")* and *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket "Operation Diamond Racket")*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\-of\-james\-bond\-in\-kannada\-416388\.html\|title\=Versions of James Bond in Kannada\|newspaper\=\[\[The New Indian Express]]\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=1 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\-of\-james\-bond\-in\-kannada\-416388\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\-history\-49\-james\-bond\-style\-in\-kannada.html\|title\=History 49 \- James Bond Style in Kannada\|website\=Chitraloka.com\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=19 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203932/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\-history\-49\-james\-bond\-style\-in\-kannada.html\|url\-status\=dead}}[Shivaraj Kumar to play James Bond in Operation Golden Gang](http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj-kumar-james-bond-200710.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021333/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj\-kumar\-james\-bond\-200710\.html \|date\=23 October 2012 }}. Entertainment.oneindia.in (20 July 2010\). The *CID 999 Franchise* was the first Indian movie franchise to have four instalments and CID 999 was the first character based trilogy in India.{{cite news\|url\=http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\-to\-sethurama\-iyer\-indias\-best\-detectives\-in\-film\-fiction/\|title\=Feluda To Sethurama Iyer: India's Best Detectives in Film \& Fiction \- Silverscreen.in\|date\=7 April 2016\|newspaper\=Silverscreen.in\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=14 October 2016\|archive\-date\=10 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410080124/http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\-to\-sethurama\-iyer\-indias\-best\-detectives\-in\-film\-fiction/\|url\-status\=live}}Balakrishnan, Ravi. (10 May 2008\) [Economic Times – The name is Kumar, Raj Kumar](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/the-name-is-kumar-raj-kumar/articleshow/3026795.cms) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020041159/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business\-of\-bollywood/the\-name\-is\-kumar\-raj\-kumar/articleshow/3026795\.cms \|date\=20 October 2012 }}. *The Economic Times*.
He acted with heroines of southern cinema{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\-kannada\-actor\|title\=Rajkumar\|website\=Cinemaazi\|access\-date\=28 June 2020\|archive\-date\=12 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130916/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\-kannada\-actor\|url\-status\=live}} such as [Jayanti](/wiki/Jayanthi_%28actress%29 "Jayanthi (actress)") (38 films),{{cite web \| url \= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \| title \= The man who changed Kannada cinema \| work \= Rediff.com \| access\-date \= 30 October 2013 \| archive\-date \= 29 April 2013 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130429081609/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \| url\-status \= live }}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/rajkumar\-jayanthi\-pair\-ruled\-kannada\-cinema\-1013196\.html\|title\=Rajkumar\-Jayanthi pair ruled Kannada cinema\|date\=26 July 2021\|newspaper\=\[\[Deccan Herald]]\|access\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-date\=7 June 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202959/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\-news/rajkumar\-jayanthi\-pair\-ruled\-kannada\-cinema\-1013196\.html\|url\-status\=live}} [Pandaribai](/wiki/Pandaribai "Pandaribai") (18 films), [Leelavathi](/wiki/Leelavathi_%28actress%29 "Leelavathi (actress)") (28 films), [Bharati](/wiki/Bharathi_%28actress%29 "Bharathi (actress)") (26 films),{{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=zlWGXbIQr\_s\&feature\=youtu.be \| title\=ಜೇಡರ ಬಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜಯಂತಿ ನಟಿಸಿಲ್ಲವೇ..? \| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \| Ep 151 \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=19 December 2022 \| access\-date\=21 December 2022 \| archive\-date\=25 January 2024 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\=desktop\&v\=zlWGXbIQr\_s\&feature\=youtu.be \| url\-status\=live }} [Kalpana](/wiki/Kalpana_%28Kannada_actress%29 "Kalpana (Kannada actress)") (19 films), [Aarathi](/wiki/Aarathi "Aarathi") (13 films), [B. Saroja Devi](/wiki/B._Saroja_Devi "B. Saroja Devi") (12 films), [Rajasree](/wiki/Rajasree "Rajasree") (10 films), [Harini](/wiki/Harini_%28Kannada_actress%29 "Harini (Kannada actress)") (11 films), [Krishna Kumari](/wiki/Krishna_Kumari_%28actress%29 "Krishna Kumari (actress)") (8 films), [Madhavi](/wiki/Madhavi_%28actress%29 "Madhavi (actress)") (7 films), [Manjula](/wiki/Manjula_%28Kannada_actress%29 "Manjula (Kannada actress)") (7 films), [Jayamala](/wiki/Jayamala "Jayamala") (6 films), [Lakshmi](/wiki/Lakshmi_%28actress%29 "Lakshmi (actress)") (5 films), [Kanchana](/wiki/Kanchana_%28actress%29 "Kanchana (actress)")(5 films), [Geetha](/wiki/Geetha_%28actress%29 "Geetha (actress)") (5 films), [Saritha](/wiki/Saritha "Saritha") (5 films) and [Jaya Prada](/wiki/Jaya_Prada "Jaya Prada") (4 films).[Rajkumar Filmography](http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053901/http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm \|date\=22 July 2012 }}. Rajkumarmemorial.com. Actress [Rekha](/wiki/Rekha "Rekha") made her debut in a lead role with his movie *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\-made\-her\-acting\-debut\-at\-12\-in\-a\-telugu\-film\-1476093611434\|title\=Rekha made her acting debut at 12 in a Telugu film\|website\=Inshorts \- Stay Informed\|access\-date\=4 October 2020\|archive\-date\=23 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623055500/https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\-made\-her\-acting\-debut\-at\-12\-in\-a\-telugu\-film\-1476093611434\|url\-status\=live}} Sri Lankan based actress [Sabeetha Perera](/wiki/Sabeetha_Perera "Sabeetha Perera") also made her Indian movie debut with his film *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 "Goa Dalli CID 999")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://onlyfilmy.com/\|title\=Domain For Sale\|website\=onlyfilmy.com\|access\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-date\=12 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002914/https://onlyfilmy.com/\|url\-status\=live}} [Chi. Udaya Shankar](/wiki/Chi._Udaya_Shankar "Chi. Udaya Shankar") has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies. [G. K. Venkatesh](/wiki/G._K._Venkatesh "G. K. Venkatesh") has scored music for over 50 of his movies. He also has the distinction of having worked with more than 75 directors.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\-undisputed\-cult\-figure\-in\-karnataka/377342\|title\=Rajkumar: Undisputed cult figure in Karnataka\|website\=Outlookindia.com/\|date\=2 August 2022\|access\-date\=24 June 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125053001/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\-undisputed\-cult\-figure\-in\-karnataka/377342\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|right\|Rajkumar in an interview in 90's](/wiki/File:Dr._Rajkumar_%285%29.jpg "Dr. Rajkumar (5).jpg")
His movie *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket "Operation Diamond Racket")* was shot in Nepal and became the first Kannada movie to be shot outside India. His movie *[Ondu Muttina Kathe](/wiki/Ondu_Muttina_Kathe "Ondu Muttina Kathe")* was reported to be the first ever Indian film to have an underwater action sequence shot in an ocean{{Cite web\|url\=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\=31806\&articlexml\=DID\-YOU\-KNOW\-\-21072017110007\|title\=The Times Group\|date\=10 October 2018\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011751/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\=31806\&articlexml\=DID\-YOU\-KNOW\-\-21072017110007\|archive\-date\=10 October 2018}} outside India{{cite news\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know/OnduMuttina\-Kathe\-is\-the\-first\-Indian\-movie\-to\-be\-shot\-under\-water/articleshow/31327553\.cms\|title\=Ondu Muttina Kathe is the first Indian movie to be shot under water\|newspaper\=The Times of India\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=28 April 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428041856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\-you\-know/OnduMuttina\-Kathe\-is\-the\-first\-Indian\-movie\-to\-be\-shot\-under\-water/articleshow/31327553\.cms\|url\-status\=live}} without the help of oxygen mask.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=I9H2VraGw0c \|title\=Shankar Nag's Last Interview – Full \|via\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=9 November 2013 \|access\-date\=8 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 August 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812234650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=I9H2VraGw0c\&app\=desktop \|url\-status\=live }}
Rajkumar's 1971 movie *[Kasturi Nivasa](/wiki/Kasturi_Nivasa "Kasturi Nivasa")* was colorised and released in 2014\. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor's life\-size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorised release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\-rajkumar\-still\-holds\-sway.html \| title \= Dr Rajkumar still holds sway over fans \| date \= 7 November 2014 \| website \= Deccan Herald \| access\-date \= 6 May 2019 \| archive\-date \= 6 May 2019 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190506104353/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\-rajkumar\-still\-holds\-sway.html \| url\-status \= live }} His 39 movies have been remade 63 times in 9 languages by 34 actors.{{cite web\|url\=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\-ten\-super\-hit\-movies\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-remade\-into\-other\-languages\-041940\.html\|title\=Dr. Rajkumar Movies Remade in Other Languages : ಪರಭಾಷೆಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆದ ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಯ 10 ಬ್ಲಾಕ್ ಬಸ್ಟರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು \- Kannada Filmibeat\|date\=5 March 2020\|website\=Kannada.filmibeat.com\|access\-date\=8 February 2021\|archive\-date\=27 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052919/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\-ten\-super\-hit\-movies\-of\-dr\-rajkumar\-remade\-into\-other\-languages\-041940\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"### As actor",
"Muthuraj started his acting career with his father in a drama troupe led by [Gubbi Veeranna](/wiki/Gubbi_Veeranna \"Gubbi Veeranna\"){{cite web \\| url \\= http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\\_1\\.htm \\| title \\= Dr. Raj Kumar \\| ನಟಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ 'ರಾಜ್' ಐದನೇ ಪುಣ್ಯತಿಥಿ \\| publisher \\= Kannada.webdunia.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\| archive\\-date \\= 1 November 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153909/http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1104/12/1110412017\\_1\\.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{cite web\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|url\\=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\\|date\\=10 August 1996\\|title\\=A star without peer on Kannada screen\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220101108/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960810/03/0925a.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 1996}} and later joined the drama company of [Subbaiah Naidu](/wiki/Subbaiah_Naidu \"Subbaiah Naidu\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/theater/kannada\\-film\\-actor\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-and\\-his\\-singing\\-theatre\\-songs\\-825236\\.html\\|title\\=ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಮತ್ತು ರಂಗಗೀತೆಗಳು\\|website\\=Prajavani.net\\|date\\=25 April 2021}} In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well\\-built, pleasant\\-faced man for the starring role in film, *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa \"Bedara Kannappa\")* (1954\\). Simha eventually signed Muthuraj for the film and named him Rajkumar.",
"Prior to *Bedara Kannappa*, Rajkumar had appeared as a child artist in the 1942 film *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281942_Kannada_film%29 \"Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)\")* in a small role and also in the 1952 film, *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana_%281952_film%29 \"Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)\")*, as Sage Agasthya, one of the [Saptarishis](/wiki/Saptarishi \"Saptarishi\") (seven sages).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-spoke\\-about\\-his\\-debut\\-movie/articleshow/75551966\\.cms\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20200915061109/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/when\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-spoke\\-about\\-his\\-debut\\-movie/articleshow/75551966\\.cms\\|archive\\-date \\= 15 September 2020\\|title \\= 'ಬೇಡರ ಕಣ್ಣಪ್ಪ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ಆ ಎರಡು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?}} It was an insignificant role in which his scene was over even before he recognised himself.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=8J8cvyHaWT8\\|title\\=Dr Rajana introduction lovely\\|date\\=July 2019 \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=8J8cvyHaWT8\\&feature\\=youtu.be\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He acted only in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada \"Kannada\") movies throughout his career apart from one [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\") film, *[Kalahasti Mahatyam](/wiki/Kalahasti_Mahatyam \"Kalahasti Mahatyam\")* (1954\\), which was a remake of his debut Kannada movie *Bedara Kannappa*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/do\\-you\\-know\\-the\\-legendary\\-rajkumar\\-once\\-acted\\-in\\-a\\-telugu\\-movie\\-888722\\.html\\|title\\=Do you know the legendary Rajkumar once acted in a Telugu movie?\\|date\\=17 September 2020\\|newspaper\\=Deccan Herald\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20210413030127/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/irul\\-four\\-changes\\-that\\-would\\-have\\-made\\-the\\-fahadh\\-faasil\\-starrer\\-a\\-good\\-watch\\-971015\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He had lead roles in 205 movies.{{cite book \\| last1 \\= Seetalabavi \\| first1 \\= P. Nayak, M. \\| title \\= Swarnasetu 2014: ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ KKNC Annual Publication \\| publisher \\= RG Kannada e\\-Publisher \\| page \\= 44 \\| url \\= https://ooks.google.co.in/books?id\\=CFIqDAAAQBAJ\\&pbg\\=PA44 \\| ref \\= seta \\| language \\= kn}} He owned a production company called *Sri Vajreshwari Combines* under the banner *Dakshayani Combines*. *[Bhagyada Bagilu](/wiki/Bhagyada_Bagilu \"Bhagyada Bagilu\")* (1968\\) was his 100th film,{{cite news \\| title \\= Swept away by the wave \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-fridayreview/swept\\-away\\-by\\-the\\-wave/article3217929\\.ece \\| newspaper \\= The Hindu \\| date \\= 21 April 2006 \\| access\\-date \\= 13 May 2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= 24 April 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170424092606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-fridayreview/swept\\-away\\-by\\-the\\-wave/article3217929\\.ece \\| url\\-status \\= live }} *[Devatha Manushya](/wiki/Devatha_Manushya \"Devatha Manushya\")* (1988\\) was his 200th film and *[Shabdavedhi](/wiki/Shabdavedhi \"Shabdavedhi\")* (2000\\) was his last film.{{cite news \\| title \\= S Narayan directed Rajkumar's last film \\| url \\= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know\\-/S\\-Narayan\\-directed\\-Rajkumars\\-last\\-film/articleshow/45614498\\.cms \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Times of India]] \\| access\\-date \\= 23 April 2017 \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 December 2017 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171223132842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know\\-/S\\-Narayan\\-directed\\-Rajkumars\\-last\\-film/articleshow/45614498\\.cms \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"His character depictions ranged from mythological, historical, devotional, James Bond styled spies to romantic, rural, action roles and portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span of over five decades. Rajkumar along with his contemporaries [Udaya Kumar](/wiki/Udaya_Kumar_%28actor%29 \"Udaya Kumar (actor)\") and [Kalyan Kumar](/wiki/Kalyan_Kumar \"Kalyan Kumar\") were referred as the *Kumara Thrayaru* of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar.[Kannada Cinema – Frequently Asked Questions and a Brief history of Kannada Film Industry](https://web.archive.org/web/20060915090451/http://www.totalkannada.com/Kannada%20Cinema%20FAQs.asp). Totalkannada.com",
"His historical movies such as *[Ranadheera Kanteerava](/wiki/Ranadheera_Kanteerava \"Ranadheera Kanteerava\")*, *[Immadi Pulikeshi](/wiki/Immadi_Pulikeshi_%28film%29 \"Immadi Pulikeshi (film)\")*, *[Sri Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Sri_Krishnadevaraya_%28film%29 \"Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)\")* and *[Mayura](/wiki/Mayura_%28film%29 \"Mayura (film)\")* presented a populist version of [Karnataka's history](/wiki/History_of_Karnataka \"History of Karnataka\"), focusing on the Karnataka kingdoms such as [Mysore royalty](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore \"Kingdom of Mysore\"), [The Chalukyas](/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty \"Chalukya dynasty\"), [Vijayanagara Empire](/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire \"Vijayanagara Empire\") and [The Kadambas](/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty \"Kadamba dynasty\") respectively{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\\.htm \\| title \\= Frontline : In\\-depth analysis of issues and events in India and around the world \\| publisher \\= Frontlineonnet.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000309/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1724/17240160\\.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 21 September 2012}} \\- thereby making him the only Indian actor to have portrayed the role of four prominent kings of Indian history \\- [Kanthirava Narasaraja I](/wiki/Kanthirava_Narasaraja_I \"Kanthirava Narasaraja I\"), [Pulakeshin II](/wiki/Pulakeshin_II \"Pulakeshin II\"), [Krishnadevaraya](/wiki/Krishnadevaraya \"Krishnadevaraya\") and [Mayurasharma](/wiki/Mayurasharma \"Mayurasharma\"). He also appeared as [Bijjala II](/wiki/Bijjala_II \"Bijjala II\") in *[Jagajyothi Basveshwara](/wiki/Jagajyothi_Basveshwara \"Jagajyothi Basveshwara\")* and as Raja Mallasarja in *[Kittur Chennamma](/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma_%28film%29 \"Kittur Chennamma (film)\")*.",
"The other prominent historical characters portrayed by him include [Purandara Dasa](/wiki/Purandara_Dasa \"Purandara Dasa\") in *[Navakoti Narayana](/wiki/Navakoti_Narayana \"Navakoti Narayana\")*, [Kanaka Dasa](/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa \"Kanaka Dasa\") in *[Bhakta Kanakadasa](/wiki/Bhakta_Kanakadasa \"Bhakta Kanakadasa\")*, [Tukaram](/wiki/Tukaram \"Tukaram\") in *[Santha Thukaram](/wiki/Santha_Thukaram \"Santha Thukaram\")*, [Kabir Das](/wiki/Kabir \"Kabir\") in *[Mahathma Kabir](/wiki/Mahathma_Kabir \"Mahathma Kabir\")*, [Kālidāsa](/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa \"Kālidāsa\") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa \"Kaviratna Kalidasa\")*, [Gora Kumbhar](/wiki/Gora_Kumbhar \"Gora Kumbhar\") in *[Bhakta Kumbara](/wiki/Bhakta_Kumbara \"Bhakta Kumbara\")*, [Sri Raghavendra Swamy](/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha \"Raghavendra Tirtha\") in *[Mantralaya Mahatme](/wiki/Mantralaya_Mahatme \"Mantralaya Mahatme\")*, [Sarvajna](/wiki/Sarvajna \"Sarvajna\") in *[Sarvagna Murthy](/wiki/Sarvagna_Murthy \"Sarvagna Murthy\")*, Chetha in *[Bhakta Chetha](/wiki/Bhakta_Chetha_%281961_film%29 \"Bhakta Chetha (1961 film)\")*,{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\\-rajkumar\\-profile.html\\| title \\= rajkumar profile \\- chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image\\| access\\-date \\= 13 November 2021\\| archive\\-date \\= 13 November 2021\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132344/https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/873\\-rajkumar\\-profile.html\\| url\\-status \\= live}} [Kaivara Narayanappa](/wiki/Kaivara%23Saint_Narayanappa \"Kaivara#Saint Narayanappa\") in *[Kaiwara Mahathme](/wiki/Kaiwara_Mahathme \"Kaiwara Mahathme\")*,{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=97fSFymcwYs\\&feature \\| title\\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಸಂಕಷ್ಟದಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಂದ ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ..! \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 103 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=19 January 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=22 January 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=97fSFymcwYs\\&feature \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Pundarika](/wiki/Pundalik \"Pundalik\") in *[Hari Bhakta](/wiki/Hari_Bhakta \"Hari Bhakta\")*,{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4yyWnFMSz8M\\&feature \\| title\\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ನಟಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಚಿತ್ರ ಯಾವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 102 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=13 January 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=22 January 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=4yyWnFMSz8M\\&feature \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Appanna in *[Sanaadi Appanna](/wiki/Sanaadi_Appanna \"Sanaadi Appanna\")* and Santhoba Pavar in *[Bhakta Vijaya](/wiki/Bhakta_Vijaya \"Bhakta Vijaya\")*.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=who\\+is\\+santhoba\\&pg\\=PT39\\|title\\=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film\\|first\\=M. K.\\|last\\=Raghavendra\\|date\\=22 June 2011\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=9780199088430\\|via\\=Google Books\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052902/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3vQtDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=who\\+is\\+santhoba\\&pg\\=PT39\\#v\\=snippet\\&q\\=who%20is%20santhoba\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He also has the rare distinction of having portrayed the mythological roles of both *Devas* and *Asuras* in an almost equal number on the Indian on\\-screen. While he has played [Lord Ram](/wiki/Rama \"Rama\") in *[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha](/wiki/Sri_Ramanjaneya_Yuddha \"Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha\")*, [Lord Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") in *[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana](/wiki/Sri_Srinivasa_Kalyana \"Sri Srinivasa Kalyana\")*, *[Lord Krishna](/wiki/Krishna \"Krishna\")* in *[Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama](/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama \"Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama\")*, [Lord Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") in *[Gange Gowri](/wiki/Gange_Gowri \"Gange Gowri\")*, [Narada](/wiki/Narada \"Narada\") in *[Mooroovare Vajragalu](/wiki/Mooroovare_Vajragalu \"Mooroovare Vajragalu\")*, he has also played the role of [Ravana](/wiki/Ravana \"Ravana\") in *[Bhookailasa](/wiki/Bhookailasa_%28film%29 \"Bhookailasa (film)\")*, [Hiranyakashipu](/wiki/Hiranyakashipu \"Hiranyakashipu\") in *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281983_film%29 \"Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)\")*, [Shishupala](/wiki/Shishupala \"Shishupala\") in *[Dashavathara](/wiki/Dashavathara_%28film%29 \"Dashavathara (film)\")*, [Bhasmasura](/wiki/Bhasmasura_%28Hinduism%29 \"Bhasmasura (Hinduism)\") in *[Mohini Bhasmasura](/wiki/Mohini_Bhasmasura \"Mohini Bhasmasura\")* and [Mahishasura](/wiki/Mahishasura \"Mahishasura\") in *[Mahishasura Mardini](/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini \"Mahishasura Mardini\")*. His other prominent mythological characters include [Kannappa](/wiki/Kannappa \"Kannappa\") in *[Bedara Kannappa](/wiki/Bedara_Kannappa \"Bedara Kannappa\")*, [Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa \"Chandrahasa\") in *[Chandrahasa](/wiki/Chandrahasa_%281965_film%29 \"Chandrahasa (1965 film)\")*, [Harishchandra](/wiki/Harishchandra \"Harishchandra\") in *[Satya Harishchandra](/wiki/Satya_Harishchandra_%281965_Kannada_film%29 \"Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)\")*, [Satyavan](/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan \"Savitri and Satyavan\") in *[Sathi Savithri](/wiki/Sathi_Savithri \"Sathi Savithri\")*, [Vasishtha](/wiki/Vasishtha \"Vasishtha\") in *[Mahasathi Arundathi](/wiki/Mahasathi_Arundathi \"Mahasathi Arundathi\")*,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಏಕಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ, ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ ಹಾಗು ಜಾನಪದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.. \\| Ramkumar \\| Ep 81 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=22 December 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=24 December 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=Xl3uGYIvmfU\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki \"Valmiki\") in *[Valmiki](/wiki/Valmiki_%281963_Kannada_film%29 \"Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)\")*, [Chyavana Maharshi](/wiki/Chyavana \"Chyavana\") in *[Sathi Sukanya](/wiki/Sathi_Sukanya \"Sathi Sukanya\")* and [Dushyanta](/wiki/Dushyanta \"Dushyanta\") in *[Kaviratna Kalidasa](/wiki/Kaviratna_Kalidasa \"Kaviratna Kalidasa\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\\-A\\-casestudy\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-s\\-movies.html\\|title\\=A Casesetudy ofDr. Rajkumar S. Movies\\|website\\=docplayer.net\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029000941/https://docplayer.net/amp/104068973\\-A\\-casestudy\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-s\\-movies.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Further, he also holds the distinction of being the only actor to play the role of [Arjuna](/wiki/Arjuna \"Arjuna\") and his two sons. While he appeared as Arjuna in *[Shree Krishna Gaarudi](/wiki/Shree_Krishna_Gaarudi \"Shree Krishna Gaarudi\")*, he appeared in the role of [Nagarjuna](/wiki/Iravan \"Iravan\") in *[Nagarjuna](/wiki/Nagarjuna_%28film%29 \"Nagarjuna (film)\")* and as [Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana \"Babruvahana\") in *[Babruvahana](/wiki/Babruvahana_%281977_film%29 \"Babruvahana (1977 film)\")*.",
"His movies were also noted to include drama sequences where he performs various mythological, historical or literary characters such as [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo \"Romeo\") and Babruvahana in *[Amma](/wiki/Amma_%281968_film%29 \"Amma (1968 film)\")* (1968\\), [Gautama Buddha](/wiki/The_Buddha \"The Buddha\") in *[Uyyale](/wiki/Uyyale \"Uyyale\")* (1969\\), Echchamanayaka in *[Bhale Jodi](/wiki/Bhale_Jodi_%281970_film%29 \"Bhale Jodi (1970 film)\")* (1970\\) {{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=eMhvfScwQ3U\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=Dr.Rajkumar as Ecchama Nayaka \\|\\| ಎಚ್ಚಮನಾಯಕ \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=7 November 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=12 November 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=eMhvfScwQ3U\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| url\\-status\\=live }} and as [Bhima](/wiki/Bhima \"Bhima\") in *[Havina Hede](/wiki/Havina_Hede \"Havina Hede\")* (1981\\). His movies also have dream and song sequences where he appears in various characters such as [Kamadeva](/wiki/Kamadeva \"Kamadeva\") in *[Dhruva Thare](/wiki/Dhruva_Thare \"Dhruva Thare\")*, as [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna \"Krishna\") in *[Emme Thammanna](/wiki/Emme_Thammanna \"Emme Thammanna\")*,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si\\=M9I3dot0vwJ\\-nT\\-C\\&v\\=qvOCRhDUHQQ\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=ಹಿಂದಿ,ತಮಿಳು, ತೆಲುಗಿಗಿಂತ ಕನ್ನಡದ \"ಎಮ್ಮೆ ತಮ್ಮಣ್ಣ\" ಏಕೆ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ..? \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \\| Ep 171 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=12 February 2024 }} *[Daari Tappida Maga](/wiki/Daari_Tappida_Maga \"Daari Tappida Maga\")* and *[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma](/wiki/Bhagyada_Lakshmi_Baramma \"Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma\")*.",
"He has acted in around 50 movies based on novels, plays and short stories,{{cite web\\|title\\=ರಾಜ್ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ\\|url\\=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\\-sandalwood\\-news/raj\\-festival\\-a\\-mirror\\-of\\-the\\-grooms\\-novel\\-films\\|website\\=Udayavani\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505142131/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony\\-sandalwood\\-news/raj\\-festival\\-a\\-mirror\\-of\\-the\\-grooms\\-novel\\-films\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which is the highest for any actor in India. He made movies from Kannada [novels](/wiki/Novel \"Novel\") and made movies against perceived social evils in movies like *[Jeevana Chaitra](/wiki/Jeevana_Chaitra \"Jeevana Chaitra\")* (on evils of alcohol) and *Shabdavedhi* (on drug abuse).[In 'Shabdavedi' Dr Rajkumar waged a war against drug menace](http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar-war-on-betting-news-details) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074153/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/19229/sandalwood/shivarajakumar\\-war\\-on\\-betting\\-news\\-details \\|date\\=4 March 2016 }}. Supergoodmovies.com (6 June 2011\\).",
"Between 1954 and 1969, Kannada film industry produced 207 movies within a span of 15 years and Rajkumar starred in 100 of those.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/fans\\-now\\-play\\-a\\-big\\-role\\-behind\\-the\\-scenes\\-975199\\.html\\|title\\=Fans now play a big role behind the scenes\\|date\\=16 April 2021\\|newspaper\\=Deccan Herald\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202957/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/fans\\-now\\-play\\-a\\-big\\-role\\-behind\\-the\\-scenes\\-975199\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} While the early 60s saw him appearing in [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy \"Fantasy\") genre movies such as *[Rani Honnamma](/wiki/Rani_Honnamma \"Rani Honnamma\")* (1960\\), *[Aasha Sundari](/wiki/Aasha_Sundari \"Aasha Sundari\")* (1960\\), *[Devasundari](/wiki/Devasundari \"Devasundari\")* (1962\\), *[Bala Nagamma](/wiki/Bala_Nagamma_%281966_film%29 \"Bala Nagamma (1966 film)\")* (1966\\) and *[Devara Gedda Manava](/wiki/Devara_Gedda_Manava \"Devara Gedda Manava\")* (1967\\), he was also noted for doing [swashbuckler films](/wiki/Swashbuckler_film \"Swashbuckler film\") {{cite web \\| url\\=https://theprint.in/theprint\\-profile/arjuna\\-to\\-james\\-bond\\-like\\-roles\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-was\\-emperor\\-of\\-actors\\-in\\-kannada\\-film\\-industry/1536120/ \\| title\\=Arjuna to James Bond\\-like roles—Dr Rajkumar was 'emperor of actors' in Kannada film industry \\| website\\=\\[\\[ThePrint]] \\| date\\=24 April 2023 }} such as *[Vidhivilasa](/wiki/Vidhivilasa \"Vidhivilasa\")* (1962\\), *[Veera Kesari](/wiki/Veera_Kesari \"Veera Kesari\")* (1963\\), *[Katari Veera](/wiki/Katari_Veera \"Katari Veera\")* (1966\\), *[Madhu Malathi](/wiki/Madhu_Malathi \"Madhu Malathi\")* (1966\\), *[Rajashekara](/wiki/Rajashekara \"Rajashekara\")* (1967\\), *[Rajadurgada Rahasya](/wiki/Rajadurgada_Rahasya \"Rajadurgada Rahasya\")* (1967\\), *[Simha Swapna](/wiki/Simha_Swapna \"Simha Swapna\")* (1968\\), *[Jaga Mecchida Maga](/wiki/Jaga_Mecchida_Maga \"Jaga Mecchida Maga\")* (1972\\), *[Bahaddur Gandu](/wiki/Bahaddur_Gandu \"Bahaddur Gandu\")* (1976\\) and *[Huliya Haalina Mevu](/wiki/Huliya_Haalina_Mevu \"Huliya Haalina Mevu\")* (1979\\) at regular intervals in the 1960s and the 1970s.",
"When Rajkumar appeared as CID 999 in *[Jedara Bale](/wiki/Jedara_Bale \"Jedara Bale\")*, he became the first Indian actor to enact a spy role modelled on [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\") in a full\\-fledged manner {{cite news \\| last \\= Vijayasarathy \\| first \\= R.G. \\| title \\= The best of Dr Rajkumar \\| publisher \\= Rediff India Abroad \\| date \\= 17 April 2006 \\| url \\= http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \\| access\\-date \\= 25 September 2007 \\| archive\\-date \\= 16 August 2007 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816053056/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }} and was called the *James Bond of India*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\\-kannada\\-superstar\\-rajkumar\\-birthday\\-special\\-veerappan\\-had\\-kidnapped\\-actor\\-for\\-extortion\\|title\\=Rajkumar Birthday: जब भारतीय सिनेमा के 'जेम्स बॉन्ड' को वीरप्पन ने कर लिया था अगवा, 108 दिनों बाद हुई थी रिहाई\\|website\\=Amar Ujala\\|language\\=hi\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052908/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/late\\-kannada\\-superstar\\-rajkumar\\-birthday\\-special\\-veerappan\\-had\\-kidnapped\\-actor\\-for\\-extortion\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The success of this movie led to three sequels: *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 \"Goa Dalli CID 999\")*, *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 \"Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999\")* and *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket \"Operation Diamond Racket\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\\-of\\-james\\-bond\\-in\\-kannada\\-416388\\.html\\|title\\=Versions of James Bond in Kannada\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New Indian Express]]\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/oct/18/versions\\-of\\-james\\-bond\\-in\\-kannada\\-416388\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\\-history\\-49\\-james\\-bond\\-style\\-in\\-kannada.html\\|title\\=History 49 \\- James Bond Style in Kannada\\|website\\=Chitraloka.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203932/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3876\\-history\\-49\\-james\\-bond\\-style\\-in\\-kannada.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[Shivaraj Kumar to play James Bond in Operation Golden Gang](http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj-kumar-james-bond-200710.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021333/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/shivaraj\\-kumar\\-james\\-bond\\-200710\\.html \\|date\\=23 October 2012 }}. Entertainment.oneindia.in (20 July 2010\\). The *CID 999 Franchise* was the first Indian movie franchise to have four instalments and CID 999 was the first character based trilogy in India.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\\-to\\-sethurama\\-iyer\\-indias\\-best\\-detectives\\-in\\-film\\-fiction/\\|title\\=Feluda To Sethurama Iyer: India's Best Detectives in Film \\& Fiction \\- Silverscreen.in\\|date\\=7 April 2016\\|newspaper\\=Silverscreen.in\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410080124/http://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/feluda\\-to\\-sethurama\\-iyer\\-indias\\-best\\-detectives\\-in\\-film\\-fiction/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}Balakrishnan, Ravi. (10 May 2008\\) [Economic Times – The name is Kumar, Raj Kumar](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/the-name-is-kumar-raj-kumar/articleshow/3026795.cms) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020041159/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business\\-of\\-bollywood/the\\-name\\-is\\-kumar\\-raj\\-kumar/articleshow/3026795\\.cms \\|date\\=20 October 2012 }}. *The Economic Times*.",
"He acted with heroines of southern cinema{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\\-kannada\\-actor\\|title\\=Rajkumar\\|website\\=Cinemaazi\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130916/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/rajkumar\\-kannada\\-actor\\|url\\-status\\=live}} such as [Jayanti](/wiki/Jayanthi_%28actress%29 \"Jayanthi (actress)\") (38 films),{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \\| title \\= The man who changed Kannada cinema \\| work \\= Rediff.com \\| access\\-date \\= 30 October 2013 \\| archive\\-date \\= 29 April 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130429081609/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/rajkumar\\-jayanthi\\-pair\\-ruled\\-kannada\\-cinema\\-1013196\\.html\\|title\\=Rajkumar\\-Jayanthi pair ruled Kannada cinema\\|date\\=26 July 2021\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Deccan Herald]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607202959/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment\\-news/rajkumar\\-jayanthi\\-pair\\-ruled\\-kannada\\-cinema\\-1013196\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Pandaribai](/wiki/Pandaribai \"Pandaribai\") (18 films), [Leelavathi](/wiki/Leelavathi_%28actress%29 \"Leelavathi (actress)\") (28 films), [Bharati](/wiki/Bharathi_%28actress%29 \"Bharathi (actress)\") (26 films),{{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=zlWGXbIQr\\_s\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| title\\=ಜೇಡರ ಬಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜಯಂತಿ ನಟಿಸಿಲ್ಲವೇ..? \\| Naadu Kanda Rajkumar \\| Ep 151 \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=19 December 2022 \\| access\\-date\\=21 December 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125052957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app\\=desktop\\&v\\=zlWGXbIQr\\_s\\&feature\\=youtu.be \\| url\\-status\\=live }} [Kalpana](/wiki/Kalpana_%28Kannada_actress%29 \"Kalpana (Kannada actress)\") (19 films), [Aarathi](/wiki/Aarathi \"Aarathi\") (13 films), [B. Saroja Devi](/wiki/B._Saroja_Devi \"B. Saroja Devi\") (12 films), [Rajasree](/wiki/Rajasree \"Rajasree\") (10 films), [Harini](/wiki/Harini_%28Kannada_actress%29 \"Harini (Kannada actress)\") (11 films), [Krishna Kumari](/wiki/Krishna_Kumari_%28actress%29 \"Krishna Kumari (actress)\") (8 films), [Madhavi](/wiki/Madhavi_%28actress%29 \"Madhavi (actress)\") (7 films), [Manjula](/wiki/Manjula_%28Kannada_actress%29 \"Manjula (Kannada actress)\") (7 films), [Jayamala](/wiki/Jayamala \"Jayamala\") (6 films), [Lakshmi](/wiki/Lakshmi_%28actress%29 \"Lakshmi (actress)\") (5 films), [Kanchana](/wiki/Kanchana_%28actress%29 \"Kanchana (actress)\")(5 films), [Geetha](/wiki/Geetha_%28actress%29 \"Geetha (actress)\") (5 films), [Saritha](/wiki/Saritha \"Saritha\") (5 films) and [Jaya Prada](/wiki/Jaya_Prada \"Jaya Prada\") (4 films).[Rajkumar Filmography](http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053901/http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com/movies.htm \\|date\\=22 July 2012 }}. Rajkumarmemorial.com. Actress [Rekha](/wiki/Rekha \"Rekha\") made her debut in a lead role with his movie *[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999](/wiki/Operation_Jackpot_Nalli_C.I.D_999 \"Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\\-made\\-her\\-acting\\-debut\\-at\\-12\\-in\\-a\\-telugu\\-film\\-1476093611434\\|title\\=Rekha made her acting debut at 12 in a Telugu film\\|website\\=Inshorts \\- Stay Informed\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623055500/https://inshorts.com/en/news/rekha\\-made\\-her\\-acting\\-debut\\-at\\-12\\-in\\-a\\-telugu\\-film\\-1476093611434\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Sri Lankan based actress [Sabeetha Perera](/wiki/Sabeetha_Perera \"Sabeetha Perera\") also made her Indian movie debut with his film *[Goa Dalli CID 999](/wiki/Goa_Dalli_CID_999 \"Goa Dalli CID 999\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://onlyfilmy.com/\\|title\\=Domain For Sale\\|website\\=onlyfilmy.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002914/https://onlyfilmy.com/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Chi. Udaya Shankar](/wiki/Chi._Udaya_Shankar \"Chi. Udaya Shankar\") has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies. [G. K. Venkatesh](/wiki/G._K._Venkatesh \"G. K. Venkatesh\") has scored music for over 50 of his movies. He also has the distinction of having worked with more than 75 directors.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\\-undisputed\\-cult\\-figure\\-in\\-karnataka/377342\\|title\\=Rajkumar: Undisputed cult figure in Karnataka\\|website\\=Outlookindia.com/\\|date\\=2 August 2022\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125053001/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/rajkumar\\-undisputed\\-cult\\-figure\\-in\\-karnataka/377342\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Rajkumar in an interview in 90's](/wiki/File:Dr._Rajkumar_%285%29.jpg \"Dr. Rajkumar (5).jpg\")",
"His movie *[Operation Diamond Racket](/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Racket \"Operation Diamond Racket\")* was shot in Nepal and became the first Kannada movie to be shot outside India. His movie *[Ondu Muttina Kathe](/wiki/Ondu_Muttina_Kathe \"Ondu Muttina Kathe\")* was reported to be the first ever Indian film to have an underwater action sequence shot in an ocean{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\\=31806\\&articlexml\\=DID\\-YOU\\-KNOW\\-\\-21072017110007\\|title\\=The Times Group\\|date\\=10 October 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011751/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid\\=31806\\&articlexml\\=DID\\-YOU\\-KNOW\\-\\-21072017110007\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2018}} outside India{{cite news\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know/OnduMuttina\\-Kathe\\-is\\-the\\-first\\-Indian\\-movie\\-to\\-be\\-shot\\-under\\-water/articleshow/31327553\\.cms\\|title\\=Ondu Muttina Kathe is the first Indian movie to be shot under water\\|newspaper\\=The Times of India\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428041856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did\\-you\\-know/OnduMuttina\\-Kathe\\-is\\-the\\-first\\-Indian\\-movie\\-to\\-be\\-shot\\-under\\-water/articleshow/31327553\\.cms\\|url\\-status\\=live}} without the help of oxygen mask.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=I9H2VraGw0c \\|title\\=Shankar Nag's Last Interview – Full \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=9 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812234650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=I9H2VraGw0c\\&app\\=desktop \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Rajkumar's 1971 movie *[Kasturi Nivasa](/wiki/Kasturi_Nivasa \"Kasturi Nivasa\")* was colorised and released in 2014\\. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor's life\\-size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorised release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\\-rajkumar\\-still\\-holds\\-sway.html \\| title \\= Dr Rajkumar still holds sway over fans \\| date \\= 7 November 2014 \\| website \\= Deccan Herald \\| access\\-date \\= 6 May 2019 \\| archive\\-date \\= 6 May 2019 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190506104353/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/440236/dr\\-rajkumar\\-still\\-holds\\-sway.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }} His 39 movies have been remade 63 times in 9 languages by 34 actors.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\\-ten\\-super\\-hit\\-movies\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-remade\\-into\\-other\\-languages\\-041940\\.html\\|title\\=Dr. Rajkumar Movies Remade in Other Languages : ಪರಭಾಷೆಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆದ ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಯ 10 ಬ್ಲಾಕ್ ಬಸ್ಟರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು \\- Kannada Filmibeat\\|date\\=5 March 2020\\|website\\=Kannada.filmibeat.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052919/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top\\-ten\\-super\\-hit\\-movies\\-of\\-dr\\-rajkumar\\-remade\\-into\\-other\\-languages\\-041940\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Parks
-----
### Buck Creek Trail
The City of Grandville and the City of Wyoming teamed up to build a trail system that follows Buck Creek. The project started 30 years ago and has developed into a system of beautiful trails along the creek. The trail is currently in three segments. One from the Baldwin Street Trailhead in Jenison, Michigan to Broadway St. in Grandville. This is the newest segment. The next is down Canal St. to the Grandville segment which goes through Wedgewood Park. The third piece is the Wyoming segment which starts at Lemery Park, goes through the Buck Creek Nature preserve and finishes out at Palmer Park. Westmichigantrails.com says it takes some navigational skills to complete but is well worth the effort in the end.
### Wedgwood Park
Wedgwood Park located on Wilson Ave in Grandville, Michigan right next to the Grandville Middle school. The park features a football field with new goalposts put in spring of 2012 and has small sets of bleachers on either side. The football field is used by Grandville Rocket Football and the home for the Grandville Girls Rugby Club. The park has bathrooms, a nice playground with much room for children to run around and play a large pavilion with picnic tables, stand up charcoal grills, benches, and a beautiful bridge that connects to the Grandville Middle School. Part of Buck Creek Trail goes through the park and has many different places with benches to view the Buck Creek.
### Lemery Park
Lemery Park is located just off of Byron Center about a half mile north of 44th street (4050 Byron Center Ave. SW) The park is about 87 acres with Buck Creek and the Buck Creek Trail both running through it. The park has tennis courts, basketball courts, little league and softball fields, restrooms, picnic area, a concession stand and a walking trail. The park also has great playground equipment and space to run around. Since Buck Creek runs through it there are many great opportunities for fishing. It is a beautiful park great for activities, picnics, exercise, and just enjoy nature.
### Palmer Park
Palmer Park is located at 1275 52nd Street SW Wyoming, MI 49509\. It is partially surrounded by Kaufman Golf Course (4807 Clyde Park). The park has baseball diamonds, biking, cross country skiing, fishing, an 18\-hole golf course, picnicking, hiking/walking, a playground, an open shelterhouse, and restrooms.
### Kelloggsville Park
5100 Haughey SW Kellogsville Park is about 8\.5 acres. Kent County Bike Trail runs through the park. The park has Softball fields, a great playground, tennis courts, basketball courts, restrooms, picnic area, a shelter, and charcoal grills.
### Veteran's Park
Located on 48th street between Eastern and Division.
The park was built and run by the City of Kentwood. The park covers 15 acres. The park has a splash pad, restrooms, three sided picnic shelters, a large charcoal grill, soccer fields, tennis courts, basketball courts, and a sand volleyball court. The park has a few different playgrounds, a climbing wall, swings, baby swings, play structures, and climbers.
### Kelloggs Woods Park
199 Kellogg Woods Park Dr SE, Kentwood
The park has a baseball diamond, two softball fields, a soccer field, a skate park, a small climbing structure, a playground, and plenty of room to run around.
### Buck Creek Nature Preserve
Buck Creek Nature preserve covers 37\.5 acres in Wyoming, Michigan. The park contains many trails and boardwalks, public restrooms, picnic areas and much access to Buck Creek itself, presenting many fishing opportunities.
The park is located at 4269 Burlingame Avenue, Wyoming, Michigan 49519\.
|
[
"Parks\n-----",
"### Buck Creek Trail",
"The City of Grandville and the City of Wyoming teamed up to build a trail system that follows Buck Creek. The project started 30 years ago and has developed into a system of beautiful trails along the creek. The trail is currently in three segments. One from the Baldwin Street Trailhead in Jenison, Michigan to Broadway St. in Grandville. This is the newest segment. The next is down Canal St. to the Grandville segment which goes through Wedgewood Park. The third piece is the Wyoming segment which starts at Lemery Park, goes through the Buck Creek Nature preserve and finishes out at Palmer Park. Westmichigantrails.com says it takes some navigational skills to complete but is well worth the effort in the end.",
"### Wedgwood Park",
"Wedgwood Park located on Wilson Ave in Grandville, Michigan right next to the Grandville Middle school. The park features a football field with new goalposts put in spring of 2012 and has small sets of bleachers on either side. The football field is used by Grandville Rocket Football and the home for the Grandville Girls Rugby Club. The park has bathrooms, a nice playground with much room for children to run around and play a large pavilion with picnic tables, stand up charcoal grills, benches, and a beautiful bridge that connects to the Grandville Middle School. Part of Buck Creek Trail goes through the park and has many different places with benches to view the Buck Creek.",
"### Lemery Park",
"Lemery Park is located just off of Byron Center about a half mile north of 44th street (4050 Byron Center Ave. SW) The park is about 87 acres with Buck Creek and the Buck Creek Trail both running through it. The park has tennis courts, basketball courts, little league and softball fields, restrooms, picnic area, a concession stand and a walking trail. The park also has great playground equipment and space to run around. Since Buck Creek runs through it there are many great opportunities for fishing. It is a beautiful park great for activities, picnics, exercise, and just enjoy nature.",
"### Palmer Park",
"Palmer Park is located at 1275 52nd Street SW Wyoming, MI 49509\\. It is partially surrounded by Kaufman Golf Course (4807 Clyde Park). The park has baseball diamonds, biking, cross country skiing, fishing, an 18\\-hole golf course, picnicking, hiking/walking, a playground, an open shelterhouse, and restrooms.",
"### Kelloggsville Park",
"5100 Haughey SW Kellogsville Park is about 8\\.5 acres. Kent County Bike Trail runs through the park. The park has Softball fields, a great playground, tennis courts, basketball courts, restrooms, picnic area, a shelter, and charcoal grills.",
"### Veteran's Park",
"Located on 48th street between Eastern and Division.\nThe park was built and run by the City of Kentwood. The park covers 15 acres. The park has a splash pad, restrooms, three sided picnic shelters, a large charcoal grill, soccer fields, tennis courts, basketball courts, and a sand volleyball court. The park has a few different playgrounds, a climbing wall, swings, baby swings, play structures, and climbers.",
"### Kelloggs Woods Park",
"199 Kellogg Woods Park Dr SE, Kentwood\nThe park has a baseball diamond, two softball fields, a soccer field, a skate park, a small climbing structure, a playground, and plenty of room to run around.",
"### Buck Creek Nature Preserve",
"Buck Creek Nature preserve covers 37\\.5 acres in Wyoming, Michigan. The park contains many trails and boardwalks, public restrooms, picnic areas and much access to Buck Creek itself, presenting many fishing opportunities. \nThe park is located at 4269 Burlingame Avenue, Wyoming, Michigan 49519\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1930s–1950s
[thumb\|1938 radio quiz show *Whiz Kids* on [WHN Radio](/wiki/WEPN_%28AM%29 "WEPN (AM)") in New York](/wiki/File:From_NY_photos_-_1938_WHN_Radio_Show_Whiz_Kids.jpg "From NY photos - 1938 WHN Radio Show Whiz Kids.jpg")
Game shows began to appear on radio and television in the late 1930s. The first television game show, *[Spelling Bee](/wiki/Spelling_Bee_%28game_show%29 "Spelling Bee (game show)")*, as well as the first radio game show, *[Information Please](/wiki/Information_Please "Information Please")*, were both broadcast in 1938; the first major success in the game show genre was *[Dr. I.Q.](/wiki/Dr._I.Q. "Dr. I.Q.")*, a radio quiz show that began in 1939\.
[thumb\|*Note For Note*, a New Zealand game show from around 1960](/wiki/File:Note_for_Note_-_Musical_Game_Show_%28c.1960%29.jpg "Note for Note - Musical Game Show (c.1960).jpg")
*[Truth or Consequences](/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences "Truth or Consequences")* was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television; *[CBS Television Quiz](/wiki/CBS_Television_Quiz "CBS Television Quiz")* followed shortly thereafter as the first to be regularly scheduled. The first episode of each aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as television began to pervade the popular culture, game shows quickly became a fixture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay\-at\-home housewives. Higher\-stakes programs would air in [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time "Prime time"). (One particular exception in this era was *[You Bet Your Life](/wiki/You_Bet_Your_Life "You Bet Your Life")*, ostensibly a game show, but the game show concept was largely a framework for a [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show "Talk show") moderated by its host, [Groucho Marx](/wiki/Groucho_Marx "Groucho Marx").) During the late 1950s, high\-stakes games such as *[Twenty\-One](/wiki/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29 "Twenty-One (game show)")* and *[The $64,000 Question](/wiki/The_%2464%2C000_Question "The $64,000 Question")* began a rapid rise in popularity. However, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short\-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were exposed as being either biased or outright scripted in the [1950s quiz show scandals](/wiki/1950s_quiz_show_scandals "1950s quiz show scandals") and ratings declines led to most of the primetime games being canceled.
An early variant of the game show, the [panel show](/wiki/Panel_show "Panel show"), survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like *[What's My Line?](/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F "What's My Line?")*, *[I've Got a Secret](/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret "I've Got a Secret")*, and *[To Tell the Truth](/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth "To Tell the Truth")*, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them; in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were collectively dropped from television because of their perceived low budget nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television (where the lower budgets were tolerated) in the 1970s through comedy\-driven shows such as *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game "Match Game")* and *[Hollywood Squares](/wiki/Hollywood_Squares "Hollywood Squares")*. In the UK, commercial demographic pressures were not as prominent, and restrictions on game shows made in the wake of the scandals limited the style of games that could be played and the amount of money that could be awarded. Panel shows there were kept in primetime and have continued to thrive; they have transformed into showcases for the nation's top stand\-up comedians on shows such as *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You "Have I Got News for You")*, *[Would I Lie to You?](/wiki/Would_I_Lie_to_You%3F_%28British_game_show%29 "Would I Lie to You? (British game show)")*, *[Mock the Week](/wiki/Mock_the_Week "Mock the Week")*, *[QI](/wiki/QI "QI")*, and *[8 Out of 10 Cats](/wiki/8_Out_of_10_Cats "8 Out of 10 Cats")*, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick\-witted comedians has resulted in strong ratings, which, combined with low costs of production, have only spurred growth in the UK panel show phenomenon.
### 1950s–1970s
[thumb\|*Tupla tai kuitti* (1958–1988\), a [Finnish](/wiki/Finland "Finland") game show with show host Kirsti Rautiainen (*left*) and competitor Markku Kivekäs (*right*) in 1965\.](/wiki/File:Tuplataikuitti.jpg "Tuplataikuitti.jpg")
Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals. Lower\-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s; examples include *[Jeopardy!](/wiki/Jeopardy%21 "Jeopardy!")* which began in 1964 and the original version of *The Match Game* first aired in 1962\. *[Let's Make a Deal](/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal "Let's Make a Deal")* began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of *Hollywood Squares*, *[Password](/wiki/Password_%28American_game_show%29 "Password (American game show)")*, *[The Dating Game](/wiki/The_Dating_Game "The Dating Game")*, and *[The Newlywed Game](/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game "The Newlywed Game")*.
Though [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. [Color television](/wiki/Color_television "Color television") was introduced to the game show genre in the late 1960s on all three networks. The 1970s saw a renaissance of the game show as new games and massive upgrades to existing games made debuts on the major networks. *[The New Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%28American_game_show%29 "The Price Is Right (American game show)")*, an update of the 1950s\-era game show *[The Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%281956_American_game_show%29 "The Price Is Right (1956 American game show)")*, debuted in 1972 and marked CBS's return to the game show format in its [rural purge](/wiki/Rural_purge "Rural purge"). *The Match Game* became "Big Money" *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game "Match Game") 73*, which proved popular enough to prompt a spin\-off, *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud "Family Feud")*, on ABC in 1976\. *[The $10,000 Pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28game_show%29 "Pyramid (game show)")* and its numerous higher\-stakes derivatives also debuted in 1973, while the 1970s also saw the return of formerly disgraced producer and [game show host](/wiki/Game_show_host "Game show host") [Jack Barry](/wiki/Jack_Barry_%28game_show_host%29 "Jack Barry (game show host)"), who debuted *[The Joker's Wild](/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild "The Joker's Wild")* and a clean version of the previously rigged *[Tic\-Tac\-Dough](/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough "Tic-Tac-Dough")* in the 1970s. *[Wheel of Fortune](/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_%28American_game_show%29 "Wheel of Fortune (American game show)")* debuted on NBC in 1975\. The [Prime Time Access Rule](/wiki/Prime_Time_Access_Rule "Prime Time Access Rule"), which took effect in 1971, barred networks from broadcasting in the 7–8 p.m. time slot immediately preceding [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time "Prime time"), opening up time slots for [syndicated](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication "Broadcast syndication") programming. Most of the syndicated programs were "nighttime" adaptations of network daytime game shows. These game shows originally aired once a week, but by the late 1970s and early 1980s most of the games had transitioned to five days a week. Many people were amazed at this and in the late 2000s, gameshows were aired 7 times a week, twice a day.
### 1980s–1990s
Game shows were the lowest priority of television networks and were rotated out every thirteen weeks if unsuccessful. Most tapes were [wiped](/wiki/Lost_television_broadcast "Lost television broadcast") until the early 1980s. Over the course of the 1980s and early 1990s, as fewer new hits (e.g. *[Press Your Luck](/wiki/Press_Your_Luck "Press Your Luck")*, *[Sale of the Century](/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century "Sale of the Century")*, and *[Card Sharks](/wiki/Card_Sharks "Card Sharks")*) were produced, game shows lost their permanent place in the daytime lineup. ABC transitioned out of the daytime game show format in the mid\-1980s (briefly returning to the format for one season in 1990 with a *Match Game* revival). NBC's game block also lasted until 1991, but the network attempted to bring them back in 1993 before cancelling its game show block again in 1994\. CBS phased out most of its game shows, except for *The Price Is Right*, by 1993\. To the benefit of the genre, the moves of *Wheel of Fortune* and a modernized revival of *Jeopardy!* to [syndication](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication "Broadcast syndication") in 1983 and 1984, respectively, was and remains highly successful; the two are, to this day, fixtures in the prime time "access period".
During this "access" period, a contestant named Mark Anthony DiBello became and is still known to be the only person to win automobiles on two of the most popular game shows *The Wheel of Fortune* and *The Price is Right*, hosted by the longest\-tenured American game show hosts, [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak "Pat Sajak") and [Bob Barker](/wiki/Bob_Barker "Bob Barker"), respectively.
[Cable television](/wiki/Cable_television "Cable television") also allowed for the debut of game shows such as *[Supermarket Sweep](/wiki/Supermarket_Sweep "Supermarket Sweep")* and *[Debt](/wiki/Debt_%28game_show%29 "Debt (game show)")* (Lifetime), *[Trivial Pursuit](/wiki/Trivial_Pursuit_%28American_game_show%29 "Trivial Pursuit (American game show)")* and *[Family Challenge](/wiki/Family_Challenge "Family Challenge")* (Family Channel), and *[Double Dare](/wiki/Double_Dare_%28franchise%29 "Double Dare (franchise)")* (Nickelodeon). It also opened up a previously underdeveloped market for game show reruns. General interest networks such as CBN Cable Network (forerunner to [Freeform](/wiki/Freeform_%28TV_channel%29 "Freeform (TV channel)")) and [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network "USA Network") had popular blocks for game show reruns from the mid\-1980s to the mid\-'90s before that [niche market](/wiki/Niche_market "Niche market") was overtaken by [Game Show Network](/wiki/Game_Show_Network "Game Show Network") in 1994\.
In the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), game shows have had a more steady and permanent place in the television lineup and never lost popularity in the 1990s as they did in the United States, due in part to the fact that game shows were highly regulated by the [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority "Independent Broadcasting Authority") in the 1980s and that those restrictions were lifted in the 1990s, allowing for higher\-stakes games to be played.
[thumb\|The 1998 British game show *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?* went on to be licensed internationally ([Salvadoran version](/wiki/%C2%BFQui%C3%A9n_quiere_ser_millonario%3F_%28Salvadoran_game_show%29 "¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Salvadoran game show)") pictured).](/wiki/File:Milonario_El_Salvador.jpg "Milonario El Salvador.jpg")
After the popularity of game shows hit a nadir in the mid\-1990s United States (at which point *The Price Is Right* was the only game show still on daytime network television and numerous game shows designed for cable television were canceled), the British game show *[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?](/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?")* began distribution around the globe. Upon the show's American debut in 1999, it was a hit and became a regular part of ABC's primetime lineup until 2002; that show would eventually air in syndication for seventeen years afterward. Several shorter\-lived high\-stakes games were attempted around the time of the [millennium](/wiki/Millennium "Millennium"), both in the United States and the United Kingdom, such as *[Winning Lines](/wiki/Winning_Lines "Winning Lines")*, *[The Chair](/wiki/The_Chair_%28game_show%29 "The Chair (game show)")*, *[Greed](/wiki/Greed_%28game_show%29 "Greed (game show)")*, *[Paranoia](/wiki/Paranoia_%28game_show%29 "Paranoia (game show)")*, and *[Shafted](/wiki/Shafted "Shafted")*, leading to some dubbing this period as "The Million\-Dollar Game Show Craze". The boom quickly went bust, as by July 2000, almost all of the imitator million\-dollar shows were canceled (one of those exceptions was *Winning Lines*, which continued to air in the United Kingdom until 2004 even though it was canceled in the United States in early 2000\); these higher stakes contests nevertheless opened the door to [reality television](/wiki/Reality_television "Reality television") contests such as *[Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28franchise%29 "Survivor (franchise)")* and *[Big Brother](/wiki/Big_Brother_%28franchise%29 "Big Brother (franchise)")*, in which contestants win large sums of money for outlasting their peers in a given environment. Several game shows returned to daytime in syndication during this time as well, such as *Family Feud*, *Hollywood Squares*, and *Millionaire*.
### 2000s–present
*Wheel of Fortune*, *Jeopardy!* and *Family Feud* have continued in syndication. To keep pace with the prime\-time quiz shows, *Jeopardy!* doubled its question values in 2001 and lifted its winnings limit in 2003, which one year later allowed [Ken Jennings](/wiki/Ken_Jennings "Ken Jennings") to become the show's first multi\-million dollar winner; it has also increased the stakes of its tournaments and put a larger focus on contestants with strong personalities. The show has since produced four more millionaires: tournament winner [Brad Rutter](/wiki/Brad_Rutter "Brad Rutter") and recent champions [James Holzhauer](/wiki/James_Holzhauer "James Holzhauer"), [Matt Amodio](/wiki/Matt_Amodio "Matt Amodio"), and [Amy Schneider](/wiki/Amy_Schneider "Amy Schneider"). *Family Feud* revived in popularity with a change in tone under host [Steve Harvey](/wiki/Steve_Harvey "Steve Harvey") to include more [ribaldry](/wiki/Ribaldry "Ribaldry").
In 2009, actress and comedienne [Kim Coles](/wiki/Kim_Coles "Kim Coles") became the first black woman to host a prime time game show, *Pay It Off*.
The rise of digital television in the United States opened up a large market for rerun programs. [Buzzr](/wiki/Buzzr "Buzzr") was established by [Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_%28company%29 "Fremantle (company)"), owners of numerous classic U.S. game shows, as a broadcast outlet for its archived holdings in June 2015\. There was also a rise of live game shows at festivals and public venues, where the general audience could participate in the show, such as the science\-inspired *Geek Out Game Show* or the *Yuck Show*.
Since the early 2000s, several game shows were conducted in a tournament format; examples included *[History IQ](/wiki/History_IQ "History IQ")*, *[Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28American_game_show%29 "Grand Slam (American game show)")*, *[PokerFace](/wiki/PokerFace "PokerFace")* (which never aired in North America), *[Duel](/wiki/Duel_%28American_game_show%29 "Duel (American game show)")*, *[The Million Second Quiz](/wiki/The_Million_Second_Quiz "The Million Second Quiz")*, *[500 Questions](/wiki/500_Questions "500 Questions")*, *[The American Bible Challenge](/wiki/The_American_Bible_Challenge "The American Bible Challenge")*, and *[Mental Samurai](/wiki/Mental_Samurai "Mental Samurai")*. Most game shows conducted in this manner only lasted for one season.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Modern production values on a 2023 episode of the Chilean game show *¡Qué dice Chile!*, a [localised version of *Family Feud*](/wiki/International_versions_of_Family_Feud "International versions of Family Feud")](/wiki/File:Que_dice_Chile_primer_capitulo.jpg "Que dice Chile primer capitulo.jpg")
A boom in [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time "Prime time") revivals of classic daytime game shows began to emerge in the mid\-2010s. In 2016, ABC packaged the existing *[Celebrity Family Feud](/wiki/Celebrity_Family_Feud "Celebrity Family Feud")*, which had returned in 2015, with new versions of *[To Tell the Truth](/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth "To Tell the Truth"),* *[The $100,000 Pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28game_show%29 "Pyramid (game show)")*, and *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game "Match Game")* in 2016; new versions of *Press Your Luck* and *Card Sharks* would follow in 2019\. [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 "TBS (American TV channel)") launched a [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 "Cannabis (drug)")\-themed revival of *[The Joker's Wild](/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild "The Joker's Wild")*, hosted by [Snoop Dogg](/wiki/Snoop_Dogg "Snoop Dogg"), in October 2017\. This is in addition to a number of original game concepts that appeared near the same time, including *[Awake](/wiki/Awake_%28game_show%29 "Awake (game show)")*, *[Deal or No Deal](/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal "Deal or No Deal")* (which originally aired in 2005\), *[Child Support](/wiki/Child_Support_%28game_show%29 "Child Support (game show)")*, *[Hollywood Game Night](/wiki/Hollywood_Game_Night "Hollywood Game Night")*, *[1 vs. 100](/wiki/1_vs._100_%28American_game_show%29 "1 vs. 100 (American game show)")*, *[Minute to Win It](/wiki/Minute_to_Win_It "Minute to Win It")* (which originally aired in 2010\), *[The Wall](/wiki/The_Wall_%28American_game_show%29 "The Wall (American game show)")*, and a string of music\-themed games such as *[Don't Forget the Lyrics!](/wiki/Don%27t_Forget_the_Lyrics%21 "Don't Forget the Lyrics!")*, *[The Singing Bee](/wiki/The_Singing_Bee_%28American_game_show%29 "The Singing Bee (American game show)")*, and *[Beat Shazam](/wiki/Beat_Shazam "Beat Shazam")*.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1930s–1950s",
"[thumb\\|1938 radio quiz show *Whiz Kids* on [WHN Radio](/wiki/WEPN_%28AM%29 \"WEPN (AM)\") in New York](/wiki/File:From_NY_photos_-_1938_WHN_Radio_Show_Whiz_Kids.jpg \"From NY photos - 1938 WHN Radio Show Whiz Kids.jpg\")\nGame shows began to appear on radio and television in the late 1930s. The first television game show, *[Spelling Bee](/wiki/Spelling_Bee_%28game_show%29 \"Spelling Bee (game show)\")*, as well as the first radio game show, *[Information Please](/wiki/Information_Please \"Information Please\")*, were both broadcast in 1938; the first major success in the game show genre was *[Dr. I.Q.](/wiki/Dr._I.Q. \"Dr. I.Q.\")*, a radio quiz show that began in 1939\\.",
"[thumb\\|*Note For Note*, a New Zealand game show from around 1960](/wiki/File:Note_for_Note_-_Musical_Game_Show_%28c.1960%29.jpg \"Note for Note - Musical Game Show (c.1960).jpg\")\n*[Truth or Consequences](/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences \"Truth or Consequences\")* was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television; *[CBS Television Quiz](/wiki/CBS_Television_Quiz \"CBS Television Quiz\")* followed shortly thereafter as the first to be regularly scheduled. The first episode of each aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as television began to pervade the popular culture, game shows quickly became a fixture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay\\-at\\-home housewives. Higher\\-stakes programs would air in [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time \"Prime time\"). (One particular exception in this era was *[You Bet Your Life](/wiki/You_Bet_Your_Life \"You Bet Your Life\")*, ostensibly a game show, but the game show concept was largely a framework for a [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\") moderated by its host, [Groucho Marx](/wiki/Groucho_Marx \"Groucho Marx\").) During the late 1950s, high\\-stakes games such as *[Twenty\\-One](/wiki/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29 \"Twenty-One (game show)\")* and *[The $64,000 Question](/wiki/The_%2464%2C000_Question \"The $64,000 Question\")* began a rapid rise in popularity. However, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short\\-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were exposed as being either biased or outright scripted in the [1950s quiz show scandals](/wiki/1950s_quiz_show_scandals \"1950s quiz show scandals\") and ratings declines led to most of the primetime games being canceled.",
"An early variant of the game show, the [panel show](/wiki/Panel_show \"Panel show\"), survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like *[What's My Line?](/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F \"What's My Line?\")*, *[I've Got a Secret](/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret \"I've Got a Secret\")*, and *[To Tell the Truth](/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth \"To Tell the Truth\")*, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them; in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were collectively dropped from television because of their perceived low budget nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television (where the lower budgets were tolerated) in the 1970s through comedy\\-driven shows such as *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game \"Match Game\")* and *[Hollywood Squares](/wiki/Hollywood_Squares \"Hollywood Squares\")*. In the UK, commercial demographic pressures were not as prominent, and restrictions on game shows made in the wake of the scandals limited the style of games that could be played and the amount of money that could be awarded. Panel shows there were kept in primetime and have continued to thrive; they have transformed into showcases for the nation's top stand\\-up comedians on shows such as *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You \"Have I Got News for You\")*, *[Would I Lie to You?](/wiki/Would_I_Lie_to_You%3F_%28British_game_show%29 \"Would I Lie to You? (British game show)\")*, *[Mock the Week](/wiki/Mock_the_Week \"Mock the Week\")*, *[QI](/wiki/QI \"QI\")*, and *[8 Out of 10 Cats](/wiki/8_Out_of_10_Cats \"8 Out of 10 Cats\")*, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick\\-witted comedians has resulted in strong ratings, which, combined with low costs of production, have only spurred growth in the UK panel show phenomenon.",
"### 1950s–1970s",
"[thumb\\|*Tupla tai kuitti* (1958–1988\\), a [Finnish](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") game show with show host Kirsti Rautiainen (*left*) and competitor Markku Kivekäs (*right*) in 1965\\.](/wiki/File:Tuplataikuitti.jpg \"Tuplataikuitti.jpg\")\nGame shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals. Lower\\-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s; examples include *[Jeopardy!](/wiki/Jeopardy%21 \"Jeopardy!\")* which began in 1964 and the original version of *The Match Game* first aired in 1962\\. *[Let's Make a Deal](/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal \"Let's Make a Deal\")* began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of *Hollywood Squares*, *[Password](/wiki/Password_%28American_game_show%29 \"Password (American game show)\")*, *[The Dating Game](/wiki/The_Dating_Game \"The Dating Game\")*, and *[The Newlywed Game](/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game \"The Newlywed Game\")*.",
"Though [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. [Color television](/wiki/Color_television \"Color television\") was introduced to the game show genre in the late 1960s on all three networks. The 1970s saw a renaissance of the game show as new games and massive upgrades to existing games made debuts on the major networks. *[The New Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%28American_game_show%29 \"The Price Is Right (American game show)\")*, an update of the 1950s\\-era game show *[The Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%281956_American_game_show%29 \"The Price Is Right (1956 American game show)\")*, debuted in 1972 and marked CBS's return to the game show format in its [rural purge](/wiki/Rural_purge \"Rural purge\"). *The Match Game* became \"Big Money\" *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game \"Match Game\") 73*, which proved popular enough to prompt a spin\\-off, *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud \"Family Feud\")*, on ABC in 1976\\. *[The $10,000 Pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28game_show%29 \"Pyramid (game show)\")* and its numerous higher\\-stakes derivatives also debuted in 1973, while the 1970s also saw the return of formerly disgraced producer and [game show host](/wiki/Game_show_host \"Game show host\") [Jack Barry](/wiki/Jack_Barry_%28game_show_host%29 \"Jack Barry (game show host)\"), who debuted *[The Joker's Wild](/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild \"The Joker's Wild\")* and a clean version of the previously rigged *[Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough](/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough \"Tic-Tac-Dough\")* in the 1970s. *[Wheel of Fortune](/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_%28American_game_show%29 \"Wheel of Fortune (American game show)\")* debuted on NBC in 1975\\. The [Prime Time Access Rule](/wiki/Prime_Time_Access_Rule \"Prime Time Access Rule\"), which took effect in 1971, barred networks from broadcasting in the 7–8 p.m. time slot immediately preceding [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time \"Prime time\"), opening up time slots for [syndicated](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication \"Broadcast syndication\") programming. Most of the syndicated programs were \"nighttime\" adaptations of network daytime game shows. These game shows originally aired once a week, but by the late 1970s and early 1980s most of the games had transitioned to five days a week. Many people were amazed at this and in the late 2000s, gameshows were aired 7 times a week, twice a day.",
"### 1980s–1990s",
"Game shows were the lowest priority of television networks and were rotated out every thirteen weeks if unsuccessful. Most tapes were [wiped](/wiki/Lost_television_broadcast \"Lost television broadcast\") until the early 1980s. Over the course of the 1980s and early 1990s, as fewer new hits (e.g. *[Press Your Luck](/wiki/Press_Your_Luck \"Press Your Luck\")*, *[Sale of the Century](/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century \"Sale of the Century\")*, and *[Card Sharks](/wiki/Card_Sharks \"Card Sharks\")*) were produced, game shows lost their permanent place in the daytime lineup. ABC transitioned out of the daytime game show format in the mid\\-1980s (briefly returning to the format for one season in 1990 with a *Match Game* revival). NBC's game block also lasted until 1991, but the network attempted to bring them back in 1993 before cancelling its game show block again in 1994\\. CBS phased out most of its game shows, except for *The Price Is Right*, by 1993\\. To the benefit of the genre, the moves of *Wheel of Fortune* and a modernized revival of *Jeopardy!* to [syndication](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication \"Broadcast syndication\") in 1983 and 1984, respectively, was and remains highly successful; the two are, to this day, fixtures in the prime time \"access period\".",
"During this \"access\" period, a contestant named Mark Anthony DiBello became and is still known to be the only person to win automobiles on two of the most popular game shows *The Wheel of Fortune* and *The Price is Right*, hosted by the longest\\-tenured American game show hosts, [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak \"Pat Sajak\") and [Bob Barker](/wiki/Bob_Barker \"Bob Barker\"), respectively.",
"[Cable television](/wiki/Cable_television \"Cable television\") also allowed for the debut of game shows such as *[Supermarket Sweep](/wiki/Supermarket_Sweep \"Supermarket Sweep\")* and *[Debt](/wiki/Debt_%28game_show%29 \"Debt (game show)\")* (Lifetime), *[Trivial Pursuit](/wiki/Trivial_Pursuit_%28American_game_show%29 \"Trivial Pursuit (American game show)\")* and *[Family Challenge](/wiki/Family_Challenge \"Family Challenge\")* (Family Channel), and *[Double Dare](/wiki/Double_Dare_%28franchise%29 \"Double Dare (franchise)\")* (Nickelodeon). It also opened up a previously underdeveloped market for game show reruns. General interest networks such as CBN Cable Network (forerunner to [Freeform](/wiki/Freeform_%28TV_channel%29 \"Freeform (TV channel)\")) and [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\") had popular blocks for game show reruns from the mid\\-1980s to the mid\\-'90s before that [niche market](/wiki/Niche_market \"Niche market\") was overtaken by [Game Show Network](/wiki/Game_Show_Network \"Game Show Network\") in 1994\\.",
"In the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), game shows have had a more steady and permanent place in the television lineup and never lost popularity in the 1990s as they did in the United States, due in part to the fact that game shows were highly regulated by the [Independent Broadcasting Authority](/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\") in the 1980s and that those restrictions were lifted in the 1990s, allowing for higher\\-stakes games to be played.",
"[thumb\\|The 1998 British game show *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?* went on to be licensed internationally ([Salvadoran version](/wiki/%C2%BFQui%C3%A9n_quiere_ser_millonario%3F_%28Salvadoran_game_show%29 \"¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Salvadoran game show)\") pictured).](/wiki/File:Milonario_El_Salvador.jpg \"Milonario El Salvador.jpg\")\nAfter the popularity of game shows hit a nadir in the mid\\-1990s United States (at which point *The Price Is Right* was the only game show still on daytime network television and numerous game shows designed for cable television were canceled), the British game show *[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?](/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\")* began distribution around the globe. Upon the show's American debut in 1999, it was a hit and became a regular part of ABC's primetime lineup until 2002; that show would eventually air in syndication for seventeen years afterward. Several shorter\\-lived high\\-stakes games were attempted around the time of the [millennium](/wiki/Millennium \"Millennium\"), both in the United States and the United Kingdom, such as *[Winning Lines](/wiki/Winning_Lines \"Winning Lines\")*, *[The Chair](/wiki/The_Chair_%28game_show%29 \"The Chair (game show)\")*, *[Greed](/wiki/Greed_%28game_show%29 \"Greed (game show)\")*, *[Paranoia](/wiki/Paranoia_%28game_show%29 \"Paranoia (game show)\")*, and *[Shafted](/wiki/Shafted \"Shafted\")*, leading to some dubbing this period as \"The Million\\-Dollar Game Show Craze\". The boom quickly went bust, as by July 2000, almost all of the imitator million\\-dollar shows were canceled (one of those exceptions was *Winning Lines*, which continued to air in the United Kingdom until 2004 even though it was canceled in the United States in early 2000\\); these higher stakes contests nevertheless opened the door to [reality television](/wiki/Reality_television \"Reality television\") contests such as *[Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28franchise%29 \"Survivor (franchise)\")* and *[Big Brother](/wiki/Big_Brother_%28franchise%29 \"Big Brother (franchise)\")*, in which contestants win large sums of money for outlasting their peers in a given environment. Several game shows returned to daytime in syndication during this time as well, such as *Family Feud*, *Hollywood Squares*, and *Millionaire*.",
"### 2000s–present",
"*Wheel of Fortune*, *Jeopardy!* and *Family Feud* have continued in syndication. To keep pace with the prime\\-time quiz shows, *Jeopardy!* doubled its question values in 2001 and lifted its winnings limit in 2003, which one year later allowed [Ken Jennings](/wiki/Ken_Jennings \"Ken Jennings\") to become the show's first multi\\-million dollar winner; it has also increased the stakes of its tournaments and put a larger focus on contestants with strong personalities. The show has since produced four more millionaires: tournament winner [Brad Rutter](/wiki/Brad_Rutter \"Brad Rutter\") and recent champions [James Holzhauer](/wiki/James_Holzhauer \"James Holzhauer\"), [Matt Amodio](/wiki/Matt_Amodio \"Matt Amodio\"), and [Amy Schneider](/wiki/Amy_Schneider \"Amy Schneider\"). *Family Feud* revived in popularity with a change in tone under host [Steve Harvey](/wiki/Steve_Harvey \"Steve Harvey\") to include more [ribaldry](/wiki/Ribaldry \"Ribaldry\").",
"In 2009, actress and comedienne [Kim Coles](/wiki/Kim_Coles \"Kim Coles\") became the first black woman to host a prime time game show, *Pay It Off*.",
"The rise of digital television in the United States opened up a large market for rerun programs. [Buzzr](/wiki/Buzzr \"Buzzr\") was established by [Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_%28company%29 \"Fremantle (company)\"), owners of numerous classic U.S. game shows, as a broadcast outlet for its archived holdings in June 2015\\. There was also a rise of live game shows at festivals and public venues, where the general audience could participate in the show, such as the science\\-inspired *Geek Out Game Show* or the *Yuck Show*.",
"Since the early 2000s, several game shows were conducted in a tournament format; examples included *[History IQ](/wiki/History_IQ \"History IQ\")*, *[Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28American_game_show%29 \"Grand Slam (American game show)\")*, *[PokerFace](/wiki/PokerFace \"PokerFace\")* (which never aired in North America), *[Duel](/wiki/Duel_%28American_game_show%29 \"Duel (American game show)\")*, *[The Million Second Quiz](/wiki/The_Million_Second_Quiz \"The Million Second Quiz\")*, *[500 Questions](/wiki/500_Questions \"500 Questions\")*, *[The American Bible Challenge](/wiki/The_American_Bible_Challenge \"The American Bible Challenge\")*, and *[Mental Samurai](/wiki/Mental_Samurai \"Mental Samurai\")*. Most game shows conducted in this manner only lasted for one season.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|Modern production values on a 2023 episode of the Chilean game show *¡Qué dice Chile!*, a [localised version of *Family Feud*](/wiki/International_versions_of_Family_Feud \"International versions of Family Feud\")](/wiki/File:Que_dice_Chile_primer_capitulo.jpg \"Que dice Chile primer capitulo.jpg\")\nA boom in [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time \"Prime time\") revivals of classic daytime game shows began to emerge in the mid\\-2010s. In 2016, ABC packaged the existing *[Celebrity Family Feud](/wiki/Celebrity_Family_Feud \"Celebrity Family Feud\")*, which had returned in 2015, with new versions of *[To Tell the Truth](/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth \"To Tell the Truth\"),* *[The $100,000 Pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28game_show%29 \"Pyramid (game show)\")*, and *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game \"Match Game\")* in 2016; new versions of *Press Your Luck* and *Card Sharks* would follow in 2019\\. [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 \"TBS (American TV channel)\") launched a [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 \"Cannabis (drug)\")\\-themed revival of *[The Joker's Wild](/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild \"The Joker's Wild\")*, hosted by [Snoop Dogg](/wiki/Snoop_Dogg \"Snoop Dogg\"), in October 2017\\. This is in addition to a number of original game concepts that appeared near the same time, including *[Awake](/wiki/Awake_%28game_show%29 \"Awake (game show)\")*, *[Deal or No Deal](/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal \"Deal or No Deal\")* (which originally aired in 2005\\), *[Child Support](/wiki/Child_Support_%28game_show%29 \"Child Support (game show)\")*, *[Hollywood Game Night](/wiki/Hollywood_Game_Night \"Hollywood Game Night\")*, *[1 vs. 100](/wiki/1_vs._100_%28American_game_show%29 \"1 vs. 100 (American game show)\")*, *[Minute to Win It](/wiki/Minute_to_Win_It \"Minute to Win It\")* (which originally aired in 2010\\), *[The Wall](/wiki/The_Wall_%28American_game_show%29 \"The Wall (American game show)\")*, and a string of music\\-themed games such as *[Don't Forget the Lyrics!](/wiki/Don%27t_Forget_the_Lyrics%21 \"Don't Forget the Lyrics!\")*, *[The Singing Bee](/wiki/The_Singing_Bee_%28American_game_show%29 \"The Singing Bee (American game show)\")*, and *[Beat Shazam](/wiki/Beat_Shazam \"Beat Shazam\")*.",
""
] |
Bonus round
-----------
A bonus round (also known as a bonus game or an end game) usually follows a main game as a bonus to the winner of that game. In the bonus round, the stakes are higher and the game is considered to be tougher.Graham, Jefferson, "Come on Down!!! The TV Game Show Book", Abbeville Press Publishers, New York, 1988\.
The game play of a bonus round usually varies from the standard game play of the front game, and there are often borrowed or related elements of the main game in the bonus round to ensure the entire show has a unified premise. Though some end games are referred to as "bonus rounds", many are not specifically referred to as such in games but fit the same general role.
There is no one formula for the format of a bonus round. There are differences in almost every bonus round, though there are many recurring elements from show to show. The bonus round is often played for the show's top prize. It is almost always played without an opponent; two notable exceptions to this are *[Jeopardy!](/wiki/Jeopardy%21 "Jeopardy!")* and the current version of *[The Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%28American_game_show%29 "The Price Is Right (American game show)")*. On *Jeopardy!*, the final round involves all remaining contestants with a positive score wagering strategically to win the game and be invited back the next day; *Jeopardy!* attempted to replace this round with a traditional solo bonus round in 1978, but this version was not a success and the round was replaced by the original Final Jeopardy! when the show returned in 1984\. *The Price Is Right* uses a knockout tournament format, in which the six contestants to make it onstage are narrowed to two in a "Showcase Showdown;" these two winners then move on to the final Showcase round to determine the day's winner.
Until the 1960s, most game shows did not offer a bonus round. In traditional two\-player formats, the winner – if a game show's rules provided for this – became the champion and simply played a new challenger either on the next show or after the commercial break.
One of the earliest forms of bonus rounds was the Jackpot Round of the original series *[Beat the Clock](/wiki/Beat_the_Clock "Beat the Clock")*. After two rounds of performing stunts, the wife of the contestant couple would perform at a jackpot board for a prize. The contestant was shown a famous quotation or common phrase, and the words were scrambled. To win the announced bonus, the contestant had to unscramble the words within 20 seconds. The contestant received a consolation gift worth over $200 if she was unsuccessful.
Another early bonus round ended each episode of *[You Bet Your Life](/wiki/You_Bet_Your_Life "You Bet Your Life")* with the team who won the most money answering one final question for a jackpot which started at $1,000 and increased $500 each week until won.
Another early example was the Lightning Round on the word game *[Password](/wiki/Password_%28American_game_show%29 "Password (American game show)")*, starting in 1961\. The contestant who won the front game played a quick\-fire series of passwords within 60 seconds, netting $50 per correctly guessed word, for a maximum bonus prize of $250\.Schwartz, David, Steve Ryan and Fred Westbock. "The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows: 3rd Edition", Checkmark Books, Facts on File Inc., 1999, pg. xviii. {{ISBN\|0\-8160\-3847\-3}}
The bonus round came about after game show producer [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson "Mark Goodson") was first presented *Password*, contending that it was not enough to merely guess passwords during the show. "We needed something more, and that's how the Lightning Round was invited," said [Howard Felsher](/wiki/Howard_Felsher "Howard Felsher"), who produced *Password* and *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud "Family Feud")*. "From that point on every game show had to have an end round. You'd bring a show to a network and they'd say, 'What's the endgame?' as if they had thought of it themselves."Graham, p. 54\.
The end game of *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game "Match Game")*, hosted for most of its run by [Gene Rayburn](/wiki/Gene_Rayburn "Gene Rayburn"), served as the impetus for a completely new game show. The first part of *Match Game*{{'}}s "Super\-Match" bonus round, called the "Audience Match", asked contestants to guess how a studio audience responded to a question. In 1975, with then regular panelist [Richard Dawson](/wiki/Richard_Dawson "Richard Dawson") becoming restless and progressively less cooperative, Goodson decided that this line of questioning would make a good game show of its own, and the concept eventually became *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud "Family Feud")*, as whose inaugural host Dawson was hired.Graham, p. 56\.
|
[
"Bonus round\n-----------",
"A bonus round (also known as a bonus game or an end game) usually follows a main game as a bonus to the winner of that game. In the bonus round, the stakes are higher and the game is considered to be tougher.Graham, Jefferson, \"Come on Down!!! The TV Game Show Book\", Abbeville Press Publishers, New York, 1988\\.",
"The game play of a bonus round usually varies from the standard game play of the front game, and there are often borrowed or related elements of the main game in the bonus round to ensure the entire show has a unified premise. Though some end games are referred to as \"bonus rounds\", many are not specifically referred to as such in games but fit the same general role.",
"There is no one formula for the format of a bonus round. There are differences in almost every bonus round, though there are many recurring elements from show to show. The bonus round is often played for the show's top prize. It is almost always played without an opponent; two notable exceptions to this are *[Jeopardy!](/wiki/Jeopardy%21 \"Jeopardy!\")* and the current version of *[The Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%28American_game_show%29 \"The Price Is Right (American game show)\")*. On *Jeopardy!*, the final round involves all remaining contestants with a positive score wagering strategically to win the game and be invited back the next day; *Jeopardy!* attempted to replace this round with a traditional solo bonus round in 1978, but this version was not a success and the round was replaced by the original Final Jeopardy! when the show returned in 1984\\. *The Price Is Right* uses a knockout tournament format, in which the six contestants to make it onstage are narrowed to two in a \"Showcase Showdown;\" these two winners then move on to the final Showcase round to determine the day's winner.",
"Until the 1960s, most game shows did not offer a bonus round. In traditional two\\-player formats, the winner – if a game show's rules provided for this – became the champion and simply played a new challenger either on the next show or after the commercial break.",
"One of the earliest forms of bonus rounds was the Jackpot Round of the original series *[Beat the Clock](/wiki/Beat_the_Clock \"Beat the Clock\")*. After two rounds of performing stunts, the wife of the contestant couple would perform at a jackpot board for a prize. The contestant was shown a famous quotation or common phrase, and the words were scrambled. To win the announced bonus, the contestant had to unscramble the words within 20 seconds. The contestant received a consolation gift worth over $200 if she was unsuccessful.",
"Another early bonus round ended each episode of *[You Bet Your Life](/wiki/You_Bet_Your_Life \"You Bet Your Life\")* with the team who won the most money answering one final question for a jackpot which started at $1,000 and increased $500 each week until won.",
"Another early example was the Lightning Round on the word game *[Password](/wiki/Password_%28American_game_show%29 \"Password (American game show)\")*, starting in 1961\\. The contestant who won the front game played a quick\\-fire series of passwords within 60 seconds, netting $50 per correctly guessed word, for a maximum bonus prize of $250\\.Schwartz, David, Steve Ryan and Fred Westbock. \"The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows: 3rd Edition\", Checkmark Books, Facts on File Inc., 1999, pg. xviii. {{ISBN\\|0\\-8160\\-3847\\-3}}",
"The bonus round came about after game show producer [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson \"Mark Goodson\") was first presented *Password*, contending that it was not enough to merely guess passwords during the show. \"We needed something more, and that's how the Lightning Round was invited,\" said [Howard Felsher](/wiki/Howard_Felsher \"Howard Felsher\"), who produced *Password* and *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud \"Family Feud\")*. \"From that point on every game show had to have an end round. You'd bring a show to a network and they'd say, 'What's the endgame?' as if they had thought of it themselves.\"Graham, p. 54\\.",
"The end game of *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game \"Match Game\")*, hosted for most of its run by [Gene Rayburn](/wiki/Gene_Rayburn \"Gene Rayburn\"), served as the impetus for a completely new game show. The first part of *Match Game*{{'}}s \"Super\\-Match\" bonus round, called the \"Audience Match\", asked contestants to guess how a studio audience responded to a question. In 1975, with then regular panelist [Richard Dawson](/wiki/Richard_Dawson \"Richard Dawson\") becoming restless and progressively less cooperative, Goodson decided that this line of questioning would make a good game show of its own, and the concept eventually became *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud \"Family Feud\")*, as whose inaugural host Dawson was hired.Graham, p. 56\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
He studied at the [Stella Adler Studio of Acting](/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting "Stella Adler Studio of Acting") in Los Angeles.
He stars in [ThinkFilm](/wiki/ThinkFilm "ThinkFilm")'s *Gangsta Rap: The Glockumentary* along with [Clifton Powell](/wiki/Clifton_Powell "Clifton Powell") and [rapper](/wiki/Rapper "Rapper") [Too Short](/wiki/Too_Short "Too Short").[Gangsta Rap: The Glockumentary (2007\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0940592/)
He was a writer for the 2006 [Billboard Music Awards](/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards "Billboard Music Awards") as well as a [music video director](/wiki/Music_video_director "Music video director") for [MCA](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records")/[Universal Records](/wiki/Universal_Records "Universal Records"). At age 24, Maccarone sold a show to [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") called "Disco Masters" which starred Sam as a disco dancing, beer drinking superhero.
He plays Billy in [Les Claypool](/wiki/Les_Claypool "Les Claypool")'s directorial debut *[Electric Apricot: Quest for Festeroo](/wiki/Electric_Apricot:Quest_for_Festeroo "Quest for Festeroo")*.[Electric Apricot (2006\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0482499/)
In 2007, he was a guest on [The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show "The Howard Stern Show").
In 2009, he starred in a [Starbucks](/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") Via national television commercial as Roger the airline pilot.
On November 17, 2009, he appeared in an episode of *[The Forgotten](/wiki/The_Forgotten_%28TV_series%29 "The Forgotten (TV series)")* on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company").[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=QOHVfqNhvcs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOHVfqNhvcs) Sam Maccarone in an episode of The Forgotten .
He wrote and directed [Guest house](/wiki/Guest_House_%282020_film%29 "Guest House (2020 film)") in 2020
He directed [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%282022_film%29 "Blackout (2022 film)") in 2022
|
[
"Career\n------",
"He studied at the [Stella Adler Studio of Acting](/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting \"Stella Adler Studio of Acting\") in Los Angeles.",
"He stars in [ThinkFilm](/wiki/ThinkFilm \"ThinkFilm\")'s *Gangsta Rap: The Glockumentary* along with [Clifton Powell](/wiki/Clifton_Powell \"Clifton Powell\") and [rapper](/wiki/Rapper \"Rapper\") [Too Short](/wiki/Too_Short \"Too Short\").[Gangsta Rap: The Glockumentary (2007\\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0940592/)",
"He was a writer for the 2006 [Billboard Music Awards](/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards \"Billboard Music Awards\") as well as a [music video director](/wiki/Music_video_director \"Music video director\") for [MCA](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\")/[Universal Records](/wiki/Universal_Records \"Universal Records\"). At age 24, Maccarone sold a show to [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") called \"Disco Masters\" which starred Sam as a disco dancing, beer drinking superhero.",
"He plays Billy in [Les Claypool](/wiki/Les_Claypool \"Les Claypool\")'s directorial debut *[Electric Apricot: Quest for Festeroo](/wiki/Electric_Apricot:Quest_for_Festeroo \"Quest for Festeroo\")*.[Electric Apricot (2006\\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0482499/)",
"In 2007, he was a guest on [The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show \"The Howard Stern Show\").",
"In 2009, he starred in a [Starbucks](/wiki/Starbucks \"Starbucks\") Via national television commercial as Roger the airline pilot.",
"On November 17, 2009, he appeared in an episode of *[The Forgotten](/wiki/The_Forgotten_%28TV_series%29 \"The Forgotten (TV series)\")* on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\").[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=QOHVfqNhvcs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOHVfqNhvcs) Sam Maccarone in an episode of The Forgotten .",
"He wrote and directed [Guest house](/wiki/Guest_House_%282020_film%29 \"Guest House (2020 film)\") in 2020",
"He directed [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%282022_film%29 \"Blackout (2022 film)\") in 2022",
""
] |
Fictional character biography
-----------------------------
### Family
[210px\|A young Tom and Sean Cassidy meet Maeve Rourke. Art by [John Bolton](/wiki/John_Bolton_%28comics%29 "John Bolton (comics)").\|thumb\|left](/wiki/Image:Tomseanmaeve.png "Tomseanmaeve.png")
Black Tom was born in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"). He is the cousin of Sean Cassidy, the [Banshee](/wiki/Banshee_%28comics%29 "Banshee (comics)"), a member of the [X\-Men](/wiki/X-Men "X-Men"). He was also once the only friend of the [Juggernaut](/wiki/Juggernaut_%28comics%29 "Juggernaut (comics)").
His original principal power was that he could generate blasts of heat through a [wooden](/wiki/Wood "Wood") medium, such as the [shillelagh](/wiki/Shillelagh_%28club%29 "Shillelagh (club)") that he often carries. He has a rivalry with Sean, mainly because Sean won both Cassidy Keep, their estate, and the family fortune from Tom in a game of dice. They were also rivals for a woman named Maeve Rourke, whom Sean married.
While Sean was away, working for [INTERPOL](/wiki/INTERPOL "INTERPOL"), Maeve gave birth to their daughter, Theresa. Not much later, Maeve died in an [IRA](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army "Irish Republican Army") bombing. With no means to contact Sean, Tom took care of Theresa.
When Sean returned to learn of his wife's death, he was devastated. Before Tom could even tell him of the existence of his daughter, Sean lashed out at Tom with his sonic scream for not having taken better care of Maeve.
While Sean flew away in anger, Tom fell into a chasm, breaking his leg as a result of the attack, which left him with a limp. Angrily, Tom swore to make Sean pay and vowed to never tell him about his daughter, raising her himself instead.
### Supervillain
Later Tom became a criminal and came into conflict with the law and was apprehended. While serving time in prison, Tom met and befriended [Juggernaut](/wiki/Juggernaut_%28comics%29 "Juggernaut (comics)"). The two became close friends and allies, and worked together on missions. As part of his revenge scheme against Sean, Tom murdered a lawyer ally of Banshee.*X\-Men* \#99\. Marvel Comics. Black Tom and Juggernaut then took Banshee and the other X\-Men prisoner at Cassidy Keep. He was defeated in a duel by Banshee.*X\-Men* \#101\-103\. Marvel Comics. Black Tom and Juggernaut next hired [Arcade](/wiki/Arcade_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Arcade (Marvel Comics)") to kill the X\-Men.*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#122\. Marvel Comics.
Alongside Juggernaut and Theresa (now under the codename [Siryn](/wiki/Siryn "Siryn")), Tom went to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") and stole the USA's entire [vibranium](/wiki/Vibranium "Vibranium") supply. Several X\-Men and the original [Spider\-Woman](/wiki/Spider-Woman_%28Jessica_Drew%29 "Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)") subsequently liberated the vibranium and captured Black Tom and Siryn. Convinced a life of crime was too dangerous for Theresa, Black Tom exonerated her of responsibility for the theft,*Spider\-Woman* \#37\-38\. Marvel Comics. and wrote a letter to Sean explaining who she was.*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#148\. Marvel Comics. Juggernaut broke him out of prison the same day.*Spider\-Woman* \#38\. Marvel Comics.
Tom next sent the Juggernaut to abduct [Madame Web](/wiki/Madame_Web "Madame Web"), observing Juggernaut's battle with [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man") from afar.*The Amazing Spider\-Man* \#229\-230\. Marvel Comics. Black Tom was briefly endowed with half the powers of Juggernaut by the Ruby of [Cyttorak](/wiki/Cyttorak "Cyttorak"), and then teamed with Juggernaut against Spider\-Man and the X\-Men.*Marvel Team\-Up* \#150\. Marvel Comics.
Black Tom next took [Gideon](/wiki/Gideon_%28comics%29 "Gideon (comics)") and [Sunspot](/wiki/Sunspot_%28comics%29 "Sunspot (comics)") hostage on behalf of Arianna Jankos. He used an interdimensional teleporter to return the Juggernaut to Earth. He then battled Siryn and her teammates in [X\-Force](/wiki/X-Force "X-Force"). [Cable](/wiki/Cable_%28comics%29 "Cable (comics)") shot Tom, and [Deadpool](/wiki/Deadpool "Deadpool") took Tom to [Mr. Tolliver](/wiki/Genesis_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Genesis (Marvel Comics)").*X\-Force* \#1\-5\. Marvel Comics.
### Transformation
After being shot by [Cable](/wiki/Cable_%28comics%29 "Cable (comics)"), Tom was taken to [France](/wiki/France "France"), where doctors grafted a wood\-like substance onto his wounds, healing him and allowing him to channel his bio\-blasts directly through his fists. Unfortunately, due to a genetic virus the substance spread over Tom's body, and only the mutated cells of the mercenary [Deadpool](/wiki/Deadpool "Deadpool") (due to his healing factor) were able to help Tom stop the spread of the plant growth.*Deadpool* vol. 2 \#3 (1994\). Marvel Comics. Although the original plan was to capture Deadpool and copy his cells, one of Black Tom's minions managed to sever Deadpool's hand. Its attachment to the stump of Tom's intentionally severed hand was enough to save him.
The effect of Deadpool's cells did not last for long. The spreading began again, to the point where Tom was completely composed of plant matter. As a result, his powers included control and manipulation of all manner of plant life, to the point where he could make plant doppelgangers of himself, or anyone else. He was completely insane as a result.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=January 2012}}
During this time, Black Tom resurfaced as a member of the latest incarnation of the [Brotherhood of Mutants](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Mutants "Brotherhood of Mutants").*X\-Men* Vol. 2 \#161 (Nov. 2004\). Marvel Comics. Earlier, [Juggernaut](/wiki/Juggernaut_%28comics%29 "Juggernaut (comics)") had infiltrated the X\-Men for him as part of the Brotherhood's plan, though Juggernaut slowly changed during his time with the X\-Men, mostly due to the positive influence of the young boy [Sammy Paré](/wiki/Sammy_Par%C3%A9 "Sammy Paré"). Juggernaut rejoined the Brotherhood, secretly planning on turning them when the time was right. Sammy stumbled upon the group, and assuming that Juggernaut was betraying the X\-Men, started lashing out. In retaliation Tom brutally murdered the boy, causing Juggernaut to attack Cassidy, dismembering him. Due to Tom's new plantlike physiology, this did not hurt him.*X\-Men* Vol. 2 \#163 (2005\). Marvel Comics. Juggernaut managed to escape and warn the X\-Men, while Black Tom led an attack on the X\-Mansion. Besides killing the school's four\-armed cook Marilyn Hannah, their mission was a failure. In the end, [Xorn](/wiki/Xorn "Xorn") sucked Black Tom and the rest of the Brotherhood into a [black hole](/wiki/Black_hole "Black hole").*X\-Men* Vol. 2 \#164 (2005\). Marvel Comics.
### M\-Day
After [M\-Day](/wiki/Decimation_%28comics%29 "Decimation (comics)"), Black Tom woke up as a human again, losing his secondary mutation but possibly still retaining his old powers, along with his sanity. The organization [Black Air](/wiki/Black_Air "Black Air") hired Tom to attack the new incarnation of [Excalibur](/wiki/Excalibur_%28comics%29 "Excalibur (comics)"), of which Juggernaut was now a member. Though he easily defeated the others, Juggernaut confronted his former friend and convinced him to turn himself in for the death of Sammy, saying "He was a kid, Tom. An' you an' me, for all our faults, we used ta be better than that." Tom also showed remorse for killing the child, "That wasn't me, Cain, you know that. I wasn't in my right mind... You've got to understand... that mad life, before... it was like some dream."*New Excalibur* \#7\. Marvel Comics.
### *Deadpool*
Black Tom reappears in *[Deadpool](/wiki/Deadpool "Deadpool")*, where he was hired by [Black Box](/wiki/Black_Box_%28comics%29 "Black Box (comics)") to hunt Deadpool.*Deadpool* \#58 (2012\). Marvel Comics.
### X\-Men: Blue
Black Tom resurfaces with the Juggernaut attacking a luxury yacht, but they are confronted by the time\-displaced [young X\-Men](/wiki/All-New_X-Men "All-New X-Men"), with Jean knocking Black Tom out while Beast \- who has been training in magic \- creates a dimensional portal that passes through Hell before sending Juggernaut to Siberia.*X\-Men: Blue* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
### Dawn of X
Thomas is one amongst many within Homo Superior, both heroes and villains alike, who accepts the invitation to the new mutant home nation of [Krakoa](/wiki/Krakoa "Krakoa") on the grounds that all who call it home forgo any petty rivalries or their criminal ways.*House of X* \#4\. Marvel Comics. These are terms that Black Tom gratefully accepts; eventually taking a job at internal/external security through a physiological union between himself and the living isle to better articulate his powers. It is also implied that one of the reasons Black Tom is loyal to Krakoa is because they have promised to resurrect Sammy Squidboy, the kid Tom felt guilty about killing. While he is on watch, mercenaries with Reaver like bioaugmentations descend upon the mutant nation by going around their security systems using flesh samples peeled off the body of one of their own.*X\-Force* vol. 6 \#1 (Nov. 2019\). Marvel Comics. They quickly begin gunning down Krakoan citizens left and right. Tom and many of the X\-Men manage to dispose of their assailants, but not before one of them has gunned down Professor X.*X\-Force* vol. 6 \#2 (Nov. 2019\). Marvel Comics.
|
[
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------",
"### Family",
"[210px\\|A young Tom and Sean Cassidy meet Maeve Rourke. Art by [John Bolton](/wiki/John_Bolton_%28comics%29 \"John Bolton (comics)\").\\|thumb\\|left](/wiki/Image:Tomseanmaeve.png \"Tomseanmaeve.png\")\nBlack Tom was born in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\"). He is the cousin of Sean Cassidy, the [Banshee](/wiki/Banshee_%28comics%29 \"Banshee (comics)\"), a member of the [X\\-Men](/wiki/X-Men \"X-Men\"). He was also once the only friend of the [Juggernaut](/wiki/Juggernaut_%28comics%29 \"Juggernaut (comics)\").",
"His original principal power was that he could generate blasts of heat through a [wooden](/wiki/Wood \"Wood\") medium, such as the [shillelagh](/wiki/Shillelagh_%28club%29 \"Shillelagh (club)\") that he often carries. He has a rivalry with Sean, mainly because Sean won both Cassidy Keep, their estate, and the family fortune from Tom in a game of dice. They were also rivals for a woman named Maeve Rourke, whom Sean married.",
"While Sean was away, working for [INTERPOL](/wiki/INTERPOL \"INTERPOL\"), Maeve gave birth to their daughter, Theresa. Not much later, Maeve died in an [IRA](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army \"Irish Republican Army\") bombing. With no means to contact Sean, Tom took care of Theresa.",
"When Sean returned to learn of his wife's death, he was devastated. Before Tom could even tell him of the existence of his daughter, Sean lashed out at Tom with his sonic scream for not having taken better care of Maeve.",
"While Sean flew away in anger, Tom fell into a chasm, breaking his leg as a result of the attack, which left him with a limp. Angrily, Tom swore to make Sean pay and vowed to never tell him about his daughter, raising her himself instead.",
"### Supervillain",
"Later Tom became a criminal and came into conflict with the law and was apprehended. While serving time in prison, Tom met and befriended [Juggernaut](/wiki/Juggernaut_%28comics%29 \"Juggernaut (comics)\"). The two became close friends and allies, and worked together on missions. As part of his revenge scheme against Sean, Tom murdered a lawyer ally of Banshee.*X\\-Men* \\#99\\. Marvel Comics. Black Tom and Juggernaut then took Banshee and the other X\\-Men prisoner at Cassidy Keep. He was defeated in a duel by Banshee.*X\\-Men* \\#101\\-103\\. Marvel Comics. Black Tom and Juggernaut next hired [Arcade](/wiki/Arcade_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Arcade (Marvel Comics)\") to kill the X\\-Men.*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#122\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Alongside Juggernaut and Theresa (now under the codename [Siryn](/wiki/Siryn \"Siryn\")), Tom went to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") and stole the USA's entire [vibranium](/wiki/Vibranium \"Vibranium\") supply. Several X\\-Men and the original [Spider\\-Woman](/wiki/Spider-Woman_%28Jessica_Drew%29 \"Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)\") subsequently liberated the vibranium and captured Black Tom and Siryn. Convinced a life of crime was too dangerous for Theresa, Black Tom exonerated her of responsibility for the theft,*Spider\\-Woman* \\#37\\-38\\. Marvel Comics. and wrote a letter to Sean explaining who she was.*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#148\\. Marvel Comics. Juggernaut broke him out of prison the same day.*Spider\\-Woman* \\#38\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Tom next sent the Juggernaut to abduct [Madame Web](/wiki/Madame_Web \"Madame Web\"), observing Juggernaut's battle with [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\") from afar.*The Amazing Spider\\-Man* \\#229\\-230\\. Marvel Comics. Black Tom was briefly endowed with half the powers of Juggernaut by the Ruby of [Cyttorak](/wiki/Cyttorak \"Cyttorak\"), and then teamed with Juggernaut against Spider\\-Man and the X\\-Men.*Marvel Team\\-Up* \\#150\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Black Tom next took [Gideon](/wiki/Gideon_%28comics%29 \"Gideon (comics)\") and [Sunspot](/wiki/Sunspot_%28comics%29 \"Sunspot (comics)\") hostage on behalf of Arianna Jankos. He used an interdimensional teleporter to return the Juggernaut to Earth. He then battled Siryn and her teammates in [X\\-Force](/wiki/X-Force \"X-Force\"). [Cable](/wiki/Cable_%28comics%29 \"Cable (comics)\") shot Tom, and [Deadpool](/wiki/Deadpool \"Deadpool\") took Tom to [Mr. Tolliver](/wiki/Genesis_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Genesis (Marvel Comics)\").*X\\-Force* \\#1\\-5\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Transformation",
"After being shot by [Cable](/wiki/Cable_%28comics%29 \"Cable (comics)\"), Tom was taken to [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), where doctors grafted a wood\\-like substance onto his wounds, healing him and allowing him to channel his bio\\-blasts directly through his fists. Unfortunately, due to a genetic virus the substance spread over Tom's body, and only the mutated cells of the mercenary [Deadpool](/wiki/Deadpool \"Deadpool\") (due to his healing factor) were able to help Tom stop the spread of the plant growth.*Deadpool* vol. 2 \\#3 (1994\\). Marvel Comics. Although the original plan was to capture Deadpool and copy his cells, one of Black Tom's minions managed to sever Deadpool's hand. Its attachment to the stump of Tom's intentionally severed hand was enough to save him.",
"The effect of Deadpool's cells did not last for long. The spreading began again, to the point where Tom was completely composed of plant matter. As a result, his powers included control and manipulation of all manner of plant life, to the point where he could make plant doppelgangers of himself, or anyone else. He was completely insane as a result.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=January 2012}}",
"During this time, Black Tom resurfaced as a member of the latest incarnation of the [Brotherhood of Mutants](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Mutants \"Brotherhood of Mutants\").*X\\-Men* Vol. 2 \\#161 (Nov. 2004\\). Marvel Comics. Earlier, [Juggernaut](/wiki/Juggernaut_%28comics%29 \"Juggernaut (comics)\") had infiltrated the X\\-Men for him as part of the Brotherhood's plan, though Juggernaut slowly changed during his time with the X\\-Men, mostly due to the positive influence of the young boy [Sammy Paré](/wiki/Sammy_Par%C3%A9 \"Sammy Paré\"). Juggernaut rejoined the Brotherhood, secretly planning on turning them when the time was right. Sammy stumbled upon the group, and assuming that Juggernaut was betraying the X\\-Men, started lashing out. In retaliation Tom brutally murdered the boy, causing Juggernaut to attack Cassidy, dismembering him. Due to Tom's new plantlike physiology, this did not hurt him.*X\\-Men* Vol. 2 \\#163 (2005\\). Marvel Comics. Juggernaut managed to escape and warn the X\\-Men, while Black Tom led an attack on the X\\-Mansion. Besides killing the school's four\\-armed cook Marilyn Hannah, their mission was a failure. In the end, [Xorn](/wiki/Xorn \"Xorn\") sucked Black Tom and the rest of the Brotherhood into a [black hole](/wiki/Black_hole \"Black hole\").*X\\-Men* Vol. 2 \\#164 (2005\\). Marvel Comics.",
"### M\\-Day",
"After [M\\-Day](/wiki/Decimation_%28comics%29 \"Decimation (comics)\"), Black Tom woke up as a human again, losing his secondary mutation but possibly still retaining his old powers, along with his sanity. The organization [Black Air](/wiki/Black_Air \"Black Air\") hired Tom to attack the new incarnation of [Excalibur](/wiki/Excalibur_%28comics%29 \"Excalibur (comics)\"), of which Juggernaut was now a member. Though he easily defeated the others, Juggernaut confronted his former friend and convinced him to turn himself in for the death of Sammy, saying \"He was a kid, Tom. An' you an' me, for all our faults, we used ta be better than that.\" Tom also showed remorse for killing the child, \"That wasn't me, Cain, you know that. I wasn't in my right mind... You've got to understand... that mad life, before... it was like some dream.\"*New Excalibur* \\#7\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### *Deadpool*",
"Black Tom reappears in *[Deadpool](/wiki/Deadpool \"Deadpool\")*, where he was hired by [Black Box](/wiki/Black_Box_%28comics%29 \"Black Box (comics)\") to hunt Deadpool.*Deadpool* \\#58 (2012\\). Marvel Comics.",
"### X\\-Men: Blue",
"Black Tom resurfaces with the Juggernaut attacking a luxury yacht, but they are confronted by the time\\-displaced [young X\\-Men](/wiki/All-New_X-Men \"All-New X-Men\"), with Jean knocking Black Tom out while Beast \\- who has been training in magic \\- creates a dimensional portal that passes through Hell before sending Juggernaut to Siberia.*X\\-Men: Blue* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Dawn of X",
"Thomas is one amongst many within Homo Superior, both heroes and villains alike, who accepts the invitation to the new mutant home nation of [Krakoa](/wiki/Krakoa \"Krakoa\") on the grounds that all who call it home forgo any petty rivalries or their criminal ways.*House of X* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics. These are terms that Black Tom gratefully accepts; eventually taking a job at internal/external security through a physiological union between himself and the living isle to better articulate his powers. It is also implied that one of the reasons Black Tom is loyal to Krakoa is because they have promised to resurrect Sammy Squidboy, the kid Tom felt guilty about killing. While he is on watch, mercenaries with Reaver like bioaugmentations descend upon the mutant nation by going around their security systems using flesh samples peeled off the body of one of their own.*X\\-Force* vol. 6 \\#1 (Nov. 2019\\). Marvel Comics. They quickly begin gunning down Krakoan citizens left and right. Tom and many of the X\\-Men manage to dispose of their assailants, but not before one of them has gunned down Professor X.*X\\-Force* vol. 6 \\#2 (Nov. 2019\\). Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
Powers and abilities
--------------------
Originally, Black Tom was a [mutant](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Mutant (Marvel Comics)") whose principal power was the ability to generate and discharge [concussive](/wiki/Concussive "Concussive") blasts of force and heat through any wooden medium. He typically carried a [shillelagh](/wiki/Shillelagh_%28club%29 "Shillelagh (club)"), a traditional [Irish](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") wooden fighting stick, which he used as a focus for his power. He was immune to [Banshee's sonic powers](/wiki/Banshee_%28comics%29%23Powers_and_abilities "Banshee (comics)#Powers and abilities"), as the two cousins' powers cancel each other out on contact.
Black Tom is a good hand\-to\-hand combatant, and skilled with bladed weapons: he has carried a sword and battle\-axe on occasion. He is also a master of terrorist strategies and tactics.
Black Tom very briefly possessed the powers of the Juggernaut at half their full might.
Later, his [physiology](/wiki/Physiology "Physiology") and [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28biology%29 "Morphology (biology)") were radically changed, and he became a humanoid plant form capable of living in several different bodies and infecting foliage and trees to make them a part of his body.*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#410\. Marvel Comics. This made him difficult to restrain or destroy because it was nearly impossible to destroy every part of his body, as much of it could be kept underground.*Generation X* \#25 (March, 1997\). Marvel Comics. Because he could invade other plants with his life force, he could assimilate them into himself, adding the excess plant mass to his own body.*X\-Men* \#164 (Jan. 2005\). Marvel Comics.
Through this secondary mutation, Cassidy also had the ability to generate plantlike clones of himself and others, even recreating their powers as he had done through a clone of Mondo he controlled for months.*Generation X* \#1 (Nov. 1994\). Marvel Comics.
While in his plant form, he was also able to directly supplant a person's physical motor skills by latching vines/coils directly into their nervous system to hotwire their motor skills.*Generation X* \#25 (March 1997\). Marvel Comics. These specialized tendrils could also be used to [siphon](/wiki/Siphon "Siphon") off the life energy of living beings by sending them into living [body cavities](/wiki/Body_cavity "Body cavity").*Uncanny X\-Men* \#411 (Oct. 2002\). Marvel Comics. However, the process seemed to have affected his mind, and he was not in full control of himself.*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#412 (Nov. 2002\). Marvel Comics.
After M\-Day, on which most mutants lost their powers, he lost his [alterations](/wiki/Secondary_mutation "Secondary mutation") and his human form was restored, though he has since demonstrated both his bio\-blast and tree control powers.*Deadpool* vol. 2 \#59\. Marvel Comics. Thomas also learned to channel energy through his walking stick in different ways, either creating an energy barrier or increasing its bludgeoning power if need be.*X\-Men: Blue* vol. 2 \#1\. Marvel Comics.
Having come to Krakoa, the new mutant homeland for all Homo Superior, Cassidy has gained new powers and abilities reminiscent of those he lost as a result of the Decimation. Black Tom now has a deep gestalt link with the living island and can focus his mutant power through its facilities, with Krakoa's sentient landmass now serving as an extension of his own skillset, broadening his senses beyond physical and visual reach, giving him control over its topographic and geographic landscaping, such as causing earthquakes, raising stone bedding, making trees collapse and altering plants and foliage to attack adversaries.*X\-Force* vol. 6 \#1\-2 (Nov. 2019\). Marvel Comics.
|
[
"Powers and abilities\n--------------------",
"Originally, Black Tom was a [mutant](/wiki/Mutant_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Mutant (Marvel Comics)\") whose principal power was the ability to generate and discharge [concussive](/wiki/Concussive \"Concussive\") blasts of force and heat through any wooden medium. He typically carried a [shillelagh](/wiki/Shillelagh_%28club%29 \"Shillelagh (club)\"), a traditional [Irish](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") wooden fighting stick, which he used as a focus for his power. He was immune to [Banshee's sonic powers](/wiki/Banshee_%28comics%29%23Powers_and_abilities \"Banshee (comics)#Powers and abilities\"), as the two cousins' powers cancel each other out on contact.",
"Black Tom is a good hand\\-to\\-hand combatant, and skilled with bladed weapons: he has carried a sword and battle\\-axe on occasion. He is also a master of terrorist strategies and tactics.",
"Black Tom very briefly possessed the powers of the Juggernaut at half their full might.",
"Later, his [physiology](/wiki/Physiology \"Physiology\") and [morphology](/wiki/Morphology_%28biology%29 \"Morphology (biology)\") were radically changed, and he became a humanoid plant form capable of living in several different bodies and infecting foliage and trees to make them a part of his body.*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#410\\. Marvel Comics. This made him difficult to restrain or destroy because it was nearly impossible to destroy every part of his body, as much of it could be kept underground.*Generation X* \\#25 (March, 1997\\). Marvel Comics. Because he could invade other plants with his life force, he could assimilate them into himself, adding the excess plant mass to his own body.*X\\-Men* \\#164 (Jan. 2005\\). Marvel Comics.",
"Through this secondary mutation, Cassidy also had the ability to generate plantlike clones of himself and others, even recreating their powers as he had done through a clone of Mondo he controlled for months.*Generation X* \\#1 (Nov. 1994\\). Marvel Comics.",
"While in his plant form, he was also able to directly supplant a person's physical motor skills by latching vines/coils directly into their nervous system to hotwire their motor skills.*Generation X* \\#25 (March 1997\\). Marvel Comics. These specialized tendrils could also be used to [siphon](/wiki/Siphon \"Siphon\") off the life energy of living beings by sending them into living [body cavities](/wiki/Body_cavity \"Body cavity\").*Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#411 (Oct. 2002\\). Marvel Comics. However, the process seemed to have affected his mind, and he was not in full control of himself.*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#412 (Nov. 2002\\). Marvel Comics.",
"After M\\-Day, on which most mutants lost their powers, he lost his [alterations](/wiki/Secondary_mutation \"Secondary mutation\") and his human form was restored, though he has since demonstrated both his bio\\-blast and tree control powers.*Deadpool* vol. 2 \\#59\\. Marvel Comics. Thomas also learned to channel energy through his walking stick in different ways, either creating an energy barrier or increasing its bludgeoning power if need be.*X\\-Men: Blue* vol. 2 \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Having come to Krakoa, the new mutant homeland for all Homo Superior, Cassidy has gained new powers and abilities reminiscent of those he lost as a result of the Decimation. Black Tom now has a deep gestalt link with the living island and can focus his mutant power through its facilities, with Krakoa's sentient landmass now serving as an extension of his own skillset, broadening his senses beyond physical and visual reach, giving him control over its topographic and geographic landscaping, such as causing earthquakes, raising stone bedding, making trees collapse and altering plants and foliage to attack adversaries.*X\\-Force* vol. 6 \\#1\\-2 (Nov. 2019\\). Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
Work
----
[300px\|right\|thumb\|Installation view of "We The People", 2010\-2013, at National Gallery of Denmark in 2013\.](/wiki/File:Installation_view_of_We_The_People.JPG "Installation view of We The People.JPG")
Võ's [installations](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art"), which are composed of documents, photos and appropriations of works of other artists, often address the issues of identity and belonging.
The conceptual work *Vo Rosasco Rasmussen* (2002–) involves the artist's marriage to and immediate divorce from a growing list of important people in his life;"[Danh Vo](https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/danh-vo)". [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum"), New York. guggenheim.org. Retrieved 2018\-02\-09\. after each marriage, Võ retains the last name of his former spouse. His official name is now Trung Kỳ Danh Võ Rosasco Rasmussen.[Danh Vo: Hip Hip Hurra, 20 November 2010 \- 20 March 2011](http://www.smk.dk/en/visit-the-museum/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/2011/danh-vo/about-danh-vo/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013610/http://www.smk.dk/en/visit\-the\-museum/exhibitions/past\-exhibitions/2011/danh\-vo/about\-danh\-vo/ \|date\=3 December 2013 }} Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen. *Oma Totem* (2009\), a stacked sculpture of his grandmother's welcome gifts from a relief program on her arrival in Germany in the 1980s, displays her television set, washing machine, and refrigerator (adorned with her own [crucifix](/wiki/Crucifix "Crucifix")), among other items.
For *2\.02\.1861* (2009–), the artist asked his father Phung Võ to transcribe the last communication from the French Catholic [Saint Théophane Vénard](/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophane_V%C3%A9nard "Théophane Vénard") to his own father before he was decapitated in 1861 in Võ's native Vietnam; although multiple copies of the transcribed letter exist (1200 as of 2017\), the total number will remain undefined until Phung Võ's death.[Danh Vo, *2\.2\.1861*, (2009–)](http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/28837) [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum"), New York.
In *Autoerotic Asphyxiation* (2010\), Võ presents documentary pictures of young Asian men taken by Joseph Carrier, an American anthropologist and counterinsurgency specialist who worked in Vietnam for the [RAND Corporation](/wiki/RAND_Corporation "RAND Corporation") from 1962 to 1973\. While in Vietnam, Carrier privately documented the casual interactions he observed, intimate without necessarily being homoerotic, between local men; he produced a substantial photographic archive, which he subsequently bequeathed to Danh Võ.Holland Cotter (November 5, 2010\), [Danh Vo: Autoerotic Asphyxiation](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/arts/design/05galleries-copy2.html) *The New York Times*.
For his project *We the People*, created between 2010 and 2012, Võ enlisted a [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") fabricator to recast a life\-size [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty "Statue of Liberty") from 30 tons of [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper") sheets the width of just two pennies.Martha Schwendener (August 7, 2014\), [Two Parks, One Statue, Lots of Pieces Lying Around](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/08/arts/design/danh-vos-we-the-people-divided.html) *The New York Times*. Rather than assemble the approximately 300 sections,[Smith, Roberta](/wiki/Roberta_Smith "Roberta Smith") (March 14, 2013\). "[Awash in a Cultural Deluge](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/arts/design/the-hugo-boss-prize-2012-danh-vo-works-at-the-guggenheim.html)". *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. the artist shipped the giant elements to some 15 sites around the world after they rolled off the production line in China. From mid May to early December 2014 *We the People* was shown in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") under the auspices of the [Public Art Fund](/wiki/Public_Art_Fund "Public Art Fund"),"[Danh Vo: We The People – About the Exhibition](https://www.publicartfund.org/view/exhibitions/6042_danh_vo_we_the_people)". Public Art Fund. publicartfund.org. Retrieved 2018\-02\-09\. with its assembly of parts shared between [City Hall Park](/wiki/City_Hall_Park "City Hall Park") in [Lower Manhattan](/wiki/Lower_Manhattan "Lower Manhattan") and [Brooklyn Bridge Park](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park "Brooklyn Bridge Park") in the borough of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/exhibition\-in\-new\-york\-gives\-new\-perspective\-on\-statue\-of\-liberty\-1400208982\|title\=Exhibition in New York Gives New Perspective on Statue of Liberty\|first\=Kirthana\|last\=Ramisetti\|date\=May 16, 2014\|type\=preview only; subscription required \|work\=The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com}}Rosenberg, Karen (August 7, 2014\). "[Two Parks, One Statue, Lots of Pieces Lying Around: Danh Vo's 'We the People,' Divided](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/08/arts/design/danh-vos-we-the-people-divided.html)". *The New York Times*. nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018\-02\-09\. While the work was being installed in City Hall Park, a few of its pieces – replicas of the chain links found at the feet of the original Statue of Liberty – were stolen.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2014/may/20/danh\-vo\-artwork\-stolen\-in\-new\-york/\|title\=Danh Vo artwork stolen in New York \|publisher\=Phaidon \|date\=May 20, 2014}} Today, parts of *We the People* (2011\-2013\) can still be found in the permanent holdings of several museum collections in the United States and abroad, such as at the [Pérez Art Museum Miami](/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami "Pérez Art Museum Miami").{{Cite web \|title\=Danh Vō • Pérez Art Museum Miami \|url\=https://www.pamm.org/en/artist/danh\-vo/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-12 \|website\=Pérez Art Museum Miami \|language\=en\-US}}
For a 2013 show at the [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum"), Võ conceived a homage to the artist [Martin Wong](/wiki/Martin_Wong "Martin Wong"). The installation consists of nearly 4,000 frequently small artworks, artifacts and [tchotchkes](/wiki/Tchotchke "Tchotchke") that once belonged to Wong, crowded into a specially designed gallery lined with [laminated](/wiki/Laminated "Laminated") [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood") shelves. The show's title—*I am you and you are too*—appeared on Wong's business cards and stamps.
Another 2013 show at New York's [Marian Goodman Gallery](/wiki/Marian_Goodman_Gallery "Marian Goodman Gallery") focused on the personal effects of the late U.S. Secretary of Defense [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara "Robert McNamara"), the architect of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). Looking to open up a dialogue about shared and private histories, Võ displayed or modified 14 items acquired at a [Sotheby's](/wiki/Sotheby%27s "Sotheby's") auction—including the pen used to sign the [Gulf of Tonkin memo](/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident "Gulf of Tonkin incident") and a 1944 photograph by [Ansel Adams](/wiki/Ansel_Adams "Ansel Adams").Michael Slenske (March 2013\), [Don't Miss: Danh Vo at the Guggenheim and Marian Goodman](http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2013/03/conceptual-artist-danh-vo-at-the-guggenheim-and-marian-goodman/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021804/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2013/03/conceptual\-artist\-danh\-vo\-at\-the\-guggenheim\-and\-marian\-goodman/ \|date\=2014\-11\-29 }} *[W](/wiki/W_%28magazine%29 "W (magazine)")*.
In 2016, rankled by rising rents in Berlin, Võ and a group of friends – including the artists [Rirkrit Tiravanija](/wiki/Rirkrit_Tiravanija "Rirkrit Tiravanija"), [Nairy Baghramian](/wiki/Nairy_Baghramian "Nairy Baghramian"), and [Haegue Yang](/wiki/Haegue_Yang "Haegue Yang") – went in search of studio and storage space outside the city and found the {{convert\|5000\|m2\|sqft\|abbr\=on}} Güldenhof, a former pig farm in [Stechlin](/wiki/Stechlin "Stechlin"), [Brandenburg](/wiki/Brandenburg "Brandenburg") with a set of stone barns that had remained intact since the eighteenth century. Originally meant to be a collaborative compound, the property eventually fell to Võ, who eventually transformed it into his studio from 2017 to 2020\.Andrea Whittle (March 15, 2020\), [Danh Vo’s German Pastoral](https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/884kwb/danh-vos-german-pastoral) *[Garage Magazine](/wiki/Garage_Magazine "Garage Magazine")*.[Gutshof Güldenhof](https://heimbalp.com/gutshof-guldenhof) Heim Balp Architekten, Berlin
|
[
"Work\n----",
"[300px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Installation view of \"We The People\", 2010\\-2013, at National Gallery of Denmark in 2013\\.](/wiki/File:Installation_view_of_We_The_People.JPG \"Installation view of We The People.JPG\")\nVõ's [installations](/wiki/Installation_art \"Installation art\"), which are composed of documents, photos and appropriations of works of other artists, often address the issues of identity and belonging.",
"The conceptual work *Vo Rosasco Rasmussen* (2002–) involves the artist's marriage to and immediate divorce from a growing list of important people in his life;\"[Danh Vo](https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/danh-vo)\". [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum \"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\"), New York. guggenheim.org. Retrieved 2018\\-02\\-09\\. after each marriage, Võ retains the last name of his former spouse. His official name is now Trung Kỳ Danh Võ Rosasco Rasmussen.[Danh Vo: Hip Hip Hurra, 20 November 2010 \\- 20 March 2011](http://www.smk.dk/en/visit-the-museum/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/2011/danh-vo/about-danh-vo/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013610/http://www.smk.dk/en/visit\\-the\\-museum/exhibitions/past\\-exhibitions/2011/danh\\-vo/about\\-danh\\-vo/ \\|date\\=3 December 2013 }} Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen. *Oma Totem* (2009\\), a stacked sculpture of his grandmother's welcome gifts from a relief program on her arrival in Germany in the 1980s, displays her television set, washing machine, and refrigerator (adorned with her own [crucifix](/wiki/Crucifix \"Crucifix\")), among other items.",
"For *2\\.02\\.1861* (2009–), the artist asked his father Phung Võ to transcribe the last communication from the French Catholic [Saint Théophane Vénard](/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophane_V%C3%A9nard \"Théophane Vénard\") to his own father before he was decapitated in 1861 in Võ's native Vietnam; although multiple copies of the transcribed letter exist (1200 as of 2017\\), the total number will remain undefined until Phung Võ's death.[Danh Vo, *2\\.2\\.1861*, (2009–)](http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/28837) [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum \"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\"), New York.",
"In *Autoerotic Asphyxiation* (2010\\), Võ presents documentary pictures of young Asian men taken by Joseph Carrier, an American anthropologist and counterinsurgency specialist who worked in Vietnam for the [RAND Corporation](/wiki/RAND_Corporation \"RAND Corporation\") from 1962 to 1973\\. While in Vietnam, Carrier privately documented the casual interactions he observed, intimate without necessarily being homoerotic, between local men; he produced a substantial photographic archive, which he subsequently bequeathed to Danh Võ.Holland Cotter (November 5, 2010\\), [Danh Vo: Autoerotic Asphyxiation](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/arts/design/05galleries-copy2.html) *The New York Times*.",
"For his project *We the People*, created between 2010 and 2012, Võ enlisted a [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\") fabricator to recast a life\\-size [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty \"Statue of Liberty\") from 30 tons of [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") sheets the width of just two pennies.Martha Schwendener (August 7, 2014\\), [Two Parks, One Statue, Lots of Pieces Lying Around](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/08/arts/design/danh-vos-we-the-people-divided.html) *The New York Times*. Rather than assemble the approximately 300 sections,[Smith, Roberta](/wiki/Roberta_Smith \"Roberta Smith\") (March 14, 2013\\). \"[Awash in a Cultural Deluge](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/arts/design/the-hugo-boss-prize-2012-danh-vo-works-at-the-guggenheim.html)\". *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. the artist shipped the giant elements to some 15 sites around the world after they rolled off the production line in China. From mid May to early December 2014 *We the People* was shown in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") under the auspices of the [Public Art Fund](/wiki/Public_Art_Fund \"Public Art Fund\"),\"[Danh Vo: We The People – About the Exhibition](https://www.publicartfund.org/view/exhibitions/6042_danh_vo_we_the_people)\". Public Art Fund. publicartfund.org. Retrieved 2018\\-02\\-09\\. with its assembly of parts shared between [City Hall Park](/wiki/City_Hall_Park \"City Hall Park\") in [Lower Manhattan](/wiki/Lower_Manhattan \"Lower Manhattan\") and [Brooklyn Bridge Park](/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park \"Brooklyn Bridge Park\") in the borough of [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/exhibition\\-in\\-new\\-york\\-gives\\-new\\-perspective\\-on\\-statue\\-of\\-liberty\\-1400208982\\|title\\=Exhibition in New York Gives New Perspective on Statue of Liberty\\|first\\=Kirthana\\|last\\=Ramisetti\\|date\\=May 16, 2014\\|type\\=preview only; subscription required \\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com}}Rosenberg, Karen (August 7, 2014\\). \"[Two Parks, One Statue, Lots of Pieces Lying Around: Danh Vo's 'We the People,' Divided](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/08/arts/design/danh-vos-we-the-people-divided.html)\". *The New York Times*. nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018\\-02\\-09\\. While the work was being installed in City Hall Park, a few of its pieces – replicas of the chain links found at the feet of the original Statue of Liberty – were stolen.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2014/may/20/danh\\-vo\\-artwork\\-stolen\\-in\\-new\\-york/\\|title\\=Danh Vo artwork stolen in New York \\|publisher\\=Phaidon \\|date\\=May 20, 2014}} Today, parts of *We the People* (2011\\-2013\\) can still be found in the permanent holdings of several museum collections in the United States and abroad, such as at the [Pérez Art Museum Miami](/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami \"Pérez Art Museum Miami\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Danh Vō • Pérez Art Museum Miami \\|url\\=https://www.pamm.org/en/artist/danh\\-vo/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-12 \\|website\\=Pérez Art Museum Miami \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"For a 2013 show at the [Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum \"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\"), Võ conceived a homage to the artist [Martin Wong](/wiki/Martin_Wong \"Martin Wong\"). The installation consists of nearly 4,000 frequently small artworks, artifacts and [tchotchkes](/wiki/Tchotchke \"Tchotchke\") that once belonged to Wong, crowded into a specially designed gallery lined with [laminated](/wiki/Laminated \"Laminated\") [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\") shelves. The show's title—*I am you and you are too*—appeared on Wong's business cards and stamps.",
"Another 2013 show at New York's [Marian Goodman Gallery](/wiki/Marian_Goodman_Gallery \"Marian Goodman Gallery\") focused on the personal effects of the late U.S. Secretary of Defense [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara \"Robert McNamara\"), the architect of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). Looking to open up a dialogue about shared and private histories, Võ displayed or modified 14 items acquired at a [Sotheby's](/wiki/Sotheby%27s \"Sotheby's\") auction—including the pen used to sign the [Gulf of Tonkin memo](/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident \"Gulf of Tonkin incident\") and a 1944 photograph by [Ansel Adams](/wiki/Ansel_Adams \"Ansel Adams\").Michael Slenske (March 2013\\), [Don't Miss: Danh Vo at the Guggenheim and Marian Goodman](http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2013/03/conceptual-artist-danh-vo-at-the-guggenheim-and-marian-goodman/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021804/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2013/03/conceptual\\-artist\\-danh\\-vo\\-at\\-the\\-guggenheim\\-and\\-marian\\-goodman/ \\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-29 }} *[W](/wiki/W_%28magazine%29 \"W (magazine)\")*.",
"In 2016, rankled by rising rents in Berlin, Võ and a group of friends – including the artists [Rirkrit Tiravanija](/wiki/Rirkrit_Tiravanija \"Rirkrit Tiravanija\"), [Nairy Baghramian](/wiki/Nairy_Baghramian \"Nairy Baghramian\"), and [Haegue Yang](/wiki/Haegue_Yang \"Haegue Yang\") – went in search of studio and storage space outside the city and found the {{convert\\|5000\\|m2\\|sqft\\|abbr\\=on}} Güldenhof, a former pig farm in [Stechlin](/wiki/Stechlin \"Stechlin\"), [Brandenburg](/wiki/Brandenburg \"Brandenburg\") with a set of stone barns that had remained intact since the eighteenth century. Originally meant to be a collaborative compound, the property eventually fell to Võ, who eventually transformed it into his studio from 2017 to 2020\\.Andrea Whittle (March 15, 2020\\), [Danh Vo’s German Pastoral](https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/884kwb/danh-vos-german-pastoral) *[Garage Magazine](/wiki/Garage_Magazine \"Garage Magazine\")*.[Gutshof Güldenhof](https://heimbalp.com/gutshof-guldenhof) Heim Balp Architekten, Berlin",
""
] |
Plot
----
Caleb Kilgore ([Tony Todd](/wiki/Tony_Todd "Tony Todd")) is a farmer who has been obsessed with a scarecrow that killed his father (Michael Flowers Jr) years ago. Two friends looking to join a fraternity are given the initiation task of stealing the scarecrow from Caleb's field. After his father's murder, Caleb had caught the scarecrow and tied it down so that it could never escape.
When Caleb sees the friends, including a guy named Dave (Brett Erickson), moving the scarecrow, Caleb shoots the scarecrow, not knowing that Dave is beneath the scarecrow. Dave dies, and his soul is transferred into that of the scarecrow...and then the scarecrow kills Caleb.
Dave, in the form of the scarecrow, decides that he wants his old girlfriend Mary back. But Mary is dating a college student, so the scarecrow kills the student. Mary decides to get help from some friends who are in an ROTC unit in a military academy.
The ROTC guys have access to an arsenal of weapons, but that doesn't stop the scarecrow, and he kills them all. The scarecrow is willing to kill anyone who gets in the way of turning Mary into a scarecrow too so that they can be together forever.
Finally, a friend of Dave's from the academy named Karl (David Castro) inadvertently becomes a scarecrow, and fights the Dave scarecrow. The Dave scarecrow wins the fight, but then Mary blows him to pieces with a rocket\-launcher and walks away smiling, relieved that the nightmare is finally over.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Caleb Kilgore ([Tony Todd](/wiki/Tony_Todd \"Tony Todd\")) is a farmer who has been obsessed with a scarecrow that killed his father (Michael Flowers Jr) years ago. Two friends looking to join a fraternity are given the initiation task of stealing the scarecrow from Caleb's field. After his father's murder, Caleb had caught the scarecrow and tied it down so that it could never escape.",
"When Caleb sees the friends, including a guy named Dave (Brett Erickson), moving the scarecrow, Caleb shoots the scarecrow, not knowing that Dave is beneath the scarecrow. Dave dies, and his soul is transferred into that of the scarecrow...and then the scarecrow kills Caleb.",
"Dave, in the form of the scarecrow, decides that he wants his old girlfriend Mary back. But Mary is dating a college student, so the scarecrow kills the student. Mary decides to get help from some friends who are in an ROTC unit in a military academy.",
"The ROTC guys have access to an arsenal of weapons, but that doesn't stop the scarecrow, and he kills them all. The scarecrow is willing to kill anyone who gets in the way of turning Mary into a scarecrow too so that they can be together forever.",
"Finally, a friend of Dave's from the academy named Karl (David Castro) inadvertently becomes a scarecrow, and fights the Dave scarecrow. The Dave scarecrow wins the fight, but then Mary blows him to pieces with a rocket\\-launcher and walks away smiling, relieved that the nightmare is finally over.",
""
] |
History
-------
Marcie Jones started as a teenager with The Thunderbirds at Canterbury Ballroom and Preston Town Hall in Melbourne, Australia, in the early 1960s. She then went on to perform with [Normie Rowe](/wiki/Normie_Rowe "Normie Rowe")'s band The Playboys and appeared on the "Go\-Show". She issued five singles from 1965 to 1967 on the Sunshine label with some minor chart success.
### 1967\-1972: Marcie and The Cookies
In 1967, on the suggestion of [Normie Rowe](/wiki/Normie_Rowe "Normie Rowe"), she teamed up with the Cook sisters (who were already performing as "The Cookies" ) in Brisbane. **Marcie \& The Cookies** were in the mould of such U.S. acts as [The Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes "The Supremes") and [The Crystals](/wiki/The_Crystals "The Crystals"). In early 1968 they came to the attention of "The Twilights" and "The Groove's" Manager [Garry Spry](/wiki/Garry_Spry_%28manager%29 "Garry Spry (manager)"), who was so impressed by them he became their manager. Spry got them a recording contract with [EMI Music](/wiki/EMI_Music "EMI Music") and put them with his all powerful entertainment agency [A.M.B.O.](/wiki/A.M.B.O. "A.M.B.O.") Within 12 months they had become widely known for Marcie's powerful voice and the Cookies superb vocal harmonies and their synchronised stage movements as a result of their appearances on national TV shows, particularly on the pop music *[The Go!! Show](/wiki/The_Go%21%21_Show "The Go!! Show")*. They toured Australia as support act for overseas artists such as [The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees "The Monkees") on their Australian September 1968 tour.
That same year Marcie \& The Cookies were presented the "Best Female Act for 1968" award by national pop magazine Go\-Set and were awarded the "Critics Award" for the top Australian vocal act.
As a group they released only two singles. They were in demand for session work such as on the [Tony Worsley](/wiki/Tony_Worsley "Tony Worsley") \& The Blue Jays track, "Something's Got a Hold on Me". During 1969 the group toured South East Asia for three months performing in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") and the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"). The tour included performances to [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") servicemen at American bases.
After more than two years overseas Marcie decided to return home to Australia, leaving the Cook sisters to continue on as backing singers. With [Peter Williams](/wiki/Peter_Williams_%28musician%29 "Peter Williams (musician)"), they went on to form a new group called *Spirit of Progress* who recorded a couple of singles on the Decca label and were the support act also for [Cliff Richard](/wiki/Cliff_Richard "Cliff Richard") on tour.
### 1973\- present: Marcie Jones solo
On returning to Australia, Marcie Jones then resumed her solo career with a new manager and record label, Atlantic. She released an album and five singles between 1973 and 1976, the second of which, "Gonna Get Married", was her best chart success in 1974\. The single "Baby I Need Your Loving" from 1975 was produced by Del Shannon.
Marcie has continued to perform both solo and with The Cookies (under the name of Marcie Jones and The Cookies), in stage shows, clubs, concerts and tours supporting major overseas artists until the present day. In their 40\-year career they have toured with [The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees "The Monkees"), [Gene Pitney](/wiki/Gene_Pitney "Gene Pitney"), [Cliff Richard](/wiki/Cliff_Richard "Cliff Richard"), [The Shadows](/wiki/The_Shadows "The Shadows"), [Roy Orbison](/wiki/Roy_Orbison "Roy Orbison"), [Tom Jones](/wiki/Tom_Jones_%28singer%29 "Tom Jones (singer)"), [Del Shannon](/wiki/Del_Shannon "Del Shannon"), [Ray Stevens](/wiki/Ray_Stevens "Ray Stevens") and other performers. They perform a mixture of sixties and soul, ballads and rock.
More recently Marcie has embraced the country genre putting out a country CD in 1999\.
In mid\-2008, Marcie became a presenter on 100\.7 Highlands FM, a community radio station based in the Macedon Ranges in Victoria, Australia, where she co\-hosts a weekly show entitled "Blonde and Blonder".
In December 2008, Network Creative Services published the 400\-page Marcie Jones autobiography 'Runs in the Blood' ({{ISBN\|978\-0\-9580162\-9\-2}}). The book deals with Marcie's entertainment career, the Australian franchise of Koala Blue, the break\-up with Australian 'King of Pop' Normie Rowe, arriving at hospital to give birth with [Gerry Marsden](/wiki/Gerry_Marsden "Gerry Marsden") (of Merseybeat fame), having her second child born premature, and performing for the Pope.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Marcie Jones started as a teenager with The Thunderbirds at Canterbury Ballroom and Preston Town Hall in Melbourne, Australia, in the early 1960s. She then went on to perform with [Normie Rowe](/wiki/Normie_Rowe \"Normie Rowe\")'s band The Playboys and appeared on the \"Go\\-Show\". She issued five singles from 1965 to 1967 on the Sunshine label with some minor chart success.",
"### 1967\\-1972: Marcie and The Cookies",
"In 1967, on the suggestion of [Normie Rowe](/wiki/Normie_Rowe \"Normie Rowe\"), she teamed up with the Cook sisters (who were already performing as \"The Cookies\" ) in Brisbane. **Marcie \\& The Cookies** were in the mould of such U.S. acts as [The Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes \"The Supremes\") and [The Crystals](/wiki/The_Crystals \"The Crystals\"). In early 1968 they came to the attention of \"The Twilights\" and \"The Groove's\" Manager [Garry Spry](/wiki/Garry_Spry_%28manager%29 \"Garry Spry (manager)\"), who was so impressed by them he became their manager. Spry got them a recording contract with [EMI Music](/wiki/EMI_Music \"EMI Music\") and put them with his all powerful entertainment agency [A.M.B.O.](/wiki/A.M.B.O. \"A.M.B.O.\") Within 12 months they had become widely known for Marcie's powerful voice and the Cookies superb vocal harmonies and their synchronised stage movements as a result of their appearances on national TV shows, particularly on the pop music *[The Go!! Show](/wiki/The_Go%21%21_Show \"The Go!! Show\")*. They toured Australia as support act for overseas artists such as [The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees \"The Monkees\") on their Australian September 1968 tour.",
"That same year Marcie \\& The Cookies were presented the \"Best Female Act for 1968\" award by national pop magazine Go\\-Set and were awarded the \"Critics Award\" for the top Australian vocal act.",
"As a group they released only two singles. They were in demand for session work such as on the [Tony Worsley](/wiki/Tony_Worsley \"Tony Worsley\") \\& The Blue Jays track, \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\". During 1969 the group toured South East Asia for three months performing in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\") and the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"). The tour included performances to [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") servicemen at American bases.",
"After more than two years overseas Marcie decided to return home to Australia, leaving the Cook sisters to continue on as backing singers. With [Peter Williams](/wiki/Peter_Williams_%28musician%29 \"Peter Williams (musician)\"), they went on to form a new group called *Spirit of Progress* who recorded a couple of singles on the Decca label and were the support act also for [Cliff Richard](/wiki/Cliff_Richard \"Cliff Richard\") on tour.",
"### 1973\\- present: Marcie Jones solo",
"On returning to Australia, Marcie Jones then resumed her solo career with a new manager and record label, Atlantic. She released an album and five singles between 1973 and 1976, the second of which, \"Gonna Get Married\", was her best chart success in 1974\\. The single \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" from 1975 was produced by Del Shannon.",
"Marcie has continued to perform both solo and with The Cookies (under the name of Marcie Jones and The Cookies), in stage shows, clubs, concerts and tours supporting major overseas artists until the present day. In their 40\\-year career they have toured with [The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees \"The Monkees\"), [Gene Pitney](/wiki/Gene_Pitney \"Gene Pitney\"), [Cliff Richard](/wiki/Cliff_Richard \"Cliff Richard\"), [The Shadows](/wiki/The_Shadows \"The Shadows\"), [Roy Orbison](/wiki/Roy_Orbison \"Roy Orbison\"), [Tom Jones](/wiki/Tom_Jones_%28singer%29 \"Tom Jones (singer)\"), [Del Shannon](/wiki/Del_Shannon \"Del Shannon\"), [Ray Stevens](/wiki/Ray_Stevens \"Ray Stevens\") and other performers. They perform a mixture of sixties and soul, ballads and rock.",
"More recently Marcie has embraced the country genre putting out a country CD in 1999\\.",
"In mid\\-2008, Marcie became a presenter on 100\\.7 Highlands FM, a community radio station based in the Macedon Ranges in Victoria, Australia, where she co\\-hosts a weekly show entitled \"Blonde and Blonder\".",
"In December 2008, Network Creative Services published the 400\\-page Marcie Jones autobiography 'Runs in the Blood' ({{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-9580162\\-9\\-2}}). The book deals with Marcie's entertainment career, the Australian franchise of Koala Blue, the break\\-up with Australian 'King of Pop' Normie Rowe, arriving at hospital to give birth with [Gerry Marsden](/wiki/Gerry_Marsden \"Gerry Marsden\") (of Merseybeat fame), having her second child born premature, and performing for the Pope.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Phil ([Justin Kirk](/wiki/Justin_Kirk "Justin Kirk")) and Sandy Mason ([Jennifer Garner](/wiki/Jennifer_Garner "Jennifer Garner")) have moved to Palos Verdes, with their teenage twins, Medina ([Maika Monroe](/wiki/Maika_Monroe "Maika Monroe")) and Jim ([Cody Fern](/wiki/Cody_Fern "Cody Fern")). Phil and Sandy seem to think only about themselves. Sandy seems very different from Phil, who enjoys going out to parties and traveling, where Sandy likes to stay inside wrapped in a pink bath robe.
Sandy's mood swings and inability to adjust to her new surroundings make her paranoid and difficult to handle. She suspects Phil of having an affair, due to him lying about working late and the smell of Chanel perfume in his car. A short while later Phil tells Medina while running on the beach that he wishes to move away because he has found love with Ava ([Alicia Silverstone](/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone "Alicia Silverstone")), the real estate agent he bought their home from.
He asks Medina to back him when he tells Sandy about it, but Medina says nothing and runs back home. Sandy fights with Phil when he tells her he plans to leave, and says she will be moving out and Jim agrees to go with her. When confronted by Phil, Jim voices his disgust about his father's behavior. In the heat of the moment, Phil slaps Jim who in turn punches his father.
Phil moves out to live with Ava, while Sandy uses Phil's money to buy lavish furniture for the house, and purposely runs up the electric bill for fun. Medina finds some solace in surfing, which she has come to love. Jim, however, does not handle the separation well, and feeling alienated and hated by his father, turns to drugs and drinking. Medina goes to dinner with her father and Ava, meeting Ava's son Adrian ([Noah Silver](/wiki/Noah_Silver "Noah Silver")), who is soon leaving for college.
Jim decides to stay home with Sandy instead of going with Medina to the dinner. Jim progressively seems more attached to drugs throughout and lands himself in the hospital. Phil comes to see him and Jim is happy, asking to go on the trip to Paris his father was planning to take. Phil says it's more of a work trip and Ava's first time going, but next time for sure, seeing as how it might make their mother upset.
Jim is visibly put off by Phil's rejection of him. Medina spends time with Adrian and they spend the night together. When Adrian drives her home in the morning, Jim comes out and starts beating on his car. Medina sends Adrian away and Jim cries to her that he thought she had run away for good, and begs her not to leave him all alone. Medina, worried, calls her father in Paris and is caught by Sandy. Sandy is convinced that Jim is perfectly fine and that she is taking care of him, to which Medina disagrees.
She points out that her mother treats Jim more like a husband than a son. Medina decides that she and Jim need to run away together. Adrian gives her the money her father keeps hidden, and she goes home to pick up Jim, who is once again under the influence of drugs. Before they can leave, Jim says that Sandy is right, and he should burn the house down.
He lights a flare and throws it into a bush in the front yard. Medina runs inside for her mother, as Jim lights another flare and runs down the road. Jim is found by the police and taken to the hospital, where it is revealed he may have suffered a psychotic break, due to the stresses at home and a combination of drugs. Medina says that she and Jim will still go away together when he gets out.
Medina's intro from the movie plays over again, and she tells of the machines that clean the sand. She says that one found Jim passed out on the beach, and that his heart just stopped beating, because of a combination of prescription drugs he had stolen. His body is cremated, and the family gathers at the beach as a unit. Sandy runs into the water and dumps his ashes in, crying out. She hugs Medina and tells her she's sorry over and over. Medina says in a voiceover that her father would like her to come and live with him, and that her mother is getting help and would also like her to come. She says she will do neither, and she will travel without a plan, to surf and see the world, like she and Jim had said they would do.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Phil ([Justin Kirk](/wiki/Justin_Kirk \"Justin Kirk\")) and Sandy Mason ([Jennifer Garner](/wiki/Jennifer_Garner \"Jennifer Garner\")) have moved to Palos Verdes, with their teenage twins, Medina ([Maika Monroe](/wiki/Maika_Monroe \"Maika Monroe\")) and Jim ([Cody Fern](/wiki/Cody_Fern \"Cody Fern\")). Phil and Sandy seem to think only about themselves. Sandy seems very different from Phil, who enjoys going out to parties and traveling, where Sandy likes to stay inside wrapped in a pink bath robe.",
"Sandy's mood swings and inability to adjust to her new surroundings make her paranoid and difficult to handle. She suspects Phil of having an affair, due to him lying about working late and the smell of Chanel perfume in his car. A short while later Phil tells Medina while running on the beach that he wishes to move away because he has found love with Ava ([Alicia Silverstone](/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone \"Alicia Silverstone\")), the real estate agent he bought their home from.",
"He asks Medina to back him when he tells Sandy about it, but Medina says nothing and runs back home. Sandy fights with Phil when he tells her he plans to leave, and says she will be moving out and Jim agrees to go with her. When confronted by Phil, Jim voices his disgust about his father's behavior. In the heat of the moment, Phil slaps Jim who in turn punches his father.",
"Phil moves out to live with Ava, while Sandy uses Phil's money to buy lavish furniture for the house, and purposely runs up the electric bill for fun. Medina finds some solace in surfing, which she has come to love. Jim, however, does not handle the separation well, and feeling alienated and hated by his father, turns to drugs and drinking. Medina goes to dinner with her father and Ava, meeting Ava's son Adrian ([Noah Silver](/wiki/Noah_Silver \"Noah Silver\")), who is soon leaving for college.",
"Jim decides to stay home with Sandy instead of going with Medina to the dinner. Jim progressively seems more attached to drugs throughout and lands himself in the hospital. Phil comes to see him and Jim is happy, asking to go on the trip to Paris his father was planning to take. Phil says it's more of a work trip and Ava's first time going, but next time for sure, seeing as how it might make their mother upset.",
"Jim is visibly put off by Phil's rejection of him. Medina spends time with Adrian and they spend the night together. When Adrian drives her home in the morning, Jim comes out and starts beating on his car. Medina sends Adrian away and Jim cries to her that he thought she had run away for good, and begs her not to leave him all alone. Medina, worried, calls her father in Paris and is caught by Sandy. Sandy is convinced that Jim is perfectly fine and that she is taking care of him, to which Medina disagrees.",
"She points out that her mother treats Jim more like a husband than a son. Medina decides that she and Jim need to run away together. Adrian gives her the money her father keeps hidden, and she goes home to pick up Jim, who is once again under the influence of drugs. Before they can leave, Jim says that Sandy is right, and he should burn the house down.",
"He lights a flare and throws it into a bush in the front yard. Medina runs inside for her mother, as Jim lights another flare and runs down the road. Jim is found by the police and taken to the hospital, where it is revealed he may have suffered a psychotic break, due to the stresses at home and a combination of drugs. Medina says that she and Jim will still go away together when he gets out.",
"Medina's intro from the movie plays over again, and she tells of the machines that clean the sand. She says that one found Jim passed out on the beach, and that his heart just stopped beating, because of a combination of prescription drugs he had stolen. His body is cremated, and the family gathers at the beach as a unit. Sandy runs into the water and dumps his ashes in, crying out. She hugs Medina and tells her she's sorry over and over. Medina says in a voiceover that her father would like her to come and live with him, and that her mother is getting help and would also like her to come. She says she will do neither, and she will travel without a plan, to surf and see the world, like she and Jim had said they would do.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
In Ian Wallace's first full season at the helm, Dumbarton's poor financial status meant that the team was almost unchanged from the one that had dropped from the Second Division the previous season. Nevertheless, initial results were promising, but this was soon to be replaced with that well known sinking feeling as the season went on. From January, Dumbarton registered just 3 league wins, and from the end of February till the end of the season propped up the rest of the league \- easily Dumbarton's worst league performance in its history.
In the national cup competitions, however, the five\-year wait for some progress was brought to an end. In the Scottish Cup, an uninspiring win over Highland League outfit Lossiemouth presented Dumbarton with a tie against Premier Division Motherwell in the third round. After holding their opponents to a home draw, they battled fiercely in the replay only to lose by a single goal.
In the League Cup, old rivals Queen's Park were dispatched in the first round, before Dumbarton found Premier Division Aberdeen too hot to handle.
Finally, however, in the Challenge Cup, it was the same old story \- eight seasons and eight first round defeats \- Falkirk would be the victors this time.
Locally, in the Stirlingshire Cup, the format reverted to group ties, but with only one win from three ties, Dumbarton failed to reach the final.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"In Ian Wallace's first full season at the helm, Dumbarton's poor financial status meant that the team was almost unchanged from the one that had dropped from the Second Division the previous season. Nevertheless, initial results were promising, but this was soon to be replaced with that well known sinking feeling as the season went on. From January, Dumbarton registered just 3 league wins, and from the end of February till the end of the season propped up the rest of the league \\- easily Dumbarton's worst league performance in its history.",
"In the national cup competitions, however, the five\\-year wait for some progress was brought to an end. In the Scottish Cup, an uninspiring win over Highland League outfit Lossiemouth presented Dumbarton with a tie against Premier Division Motherwell in the third round. After holding their opponents to a home draw, they battled fiercely in the replay only to lose by a single goal.",
"In the League Cup, old rivals Queen's Park were dispatched in the first round, before Dumbarton found Premier Division Aberdeen too hot to handle.",
"Finally, however, in the Challenge Cup, it was the same old story \\- eight seasons and eight first round defeats \\- Falkirk would be the victors this time.",
"Locally, in the Stirlingshire Cup, the format reverted to group ties, but with only one win from three ties, Dumbarton failed to reach the final.",
""
] |
Novels
------
* *Evernight* (May 2008\)
Bianca Olivier, a daughter of two vampires, is forced to go to Evernight Academy, a school for vampires to learn how to live in the mortal world. While attending she falls in love with a human, Lucas Ross. But Lucas is hiding a dark secret that could separate them forever.
* *Stargazer* (March 2009\)
Bianca and Lucas are separated, and Bianca would do anything to be with him, even if it means to deceive the powerful vampires of Evernight. This forces her to live a life of lies, but she isn't the only one keeping secrets.
* *Hourglass* (March 2010\)
Bianca has found refuge with Black Cross, a vampire hunting group, bent on destroying her kind. Within weeks, Bianca befriends many of the hunters, but has no fun being in Black Cross and is reluctant to leave with Lucas. However, many old faces return and try to claim her as their own.
* *Afterlife* (March 2011\)
Bianca and Lucas return to Evernight, as a wraith and [vampire](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire") respectively. Lucas is facing demons, both personal and supernatural. Bianca must help him fight the demons inside him \- and face her destiny at last.
* *Balthazar* (March 2012\)
In a story filled with forbidden love and dark suspense, one of the most beloved characters in Claudia Gray’s New York Times bestselling Evernight series will captivate readers with his battle to overcome his past and follow his heart.
### *Evernight*
{{Infobox book
\| name \= Evernight
\| image \= Evernight.jpg
\| image\_size \= 200px
\| author \= \[\[Claudia Gray]]
\| country \= United States
\| language \= English
\| series \= Evernight series
\| genre \= \[\[young adult fiction\|Young adult]], \[\[Fantasy novel\|Fantasy]], \[\[Gothic fiction\|Gothic]]
\| publisher \= \[\[HarperTeen]]
\| release\_date \= May 27, 2008
\| media\_type \= Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
\| pages \= 336
\| isbn \= 978\-0\-06\-128444\-1
\| preceded\_by \=
\| followed\_by \= Stargazer
}}
*Evernight* is a 2008 fiction [young adult](/wiki/Young_adult_fiction "Young adult fiction") novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray "Claudia Gray"). It is the first novel in the Evernight series. It is followed by *Stargazer*, released March 24, 2009; *Hourglass*, released March 15, 2010; and the final installment *Afterlife*, released March 3, 2011\. Another book in the series, *Balthazar*, features one of the main characters, Balthazar. This series is recommended to people between the ages of 14 and 108\.
[School Library Journal](/wiki/School_Library_Journal "School Library Journal") wrote: “Gray’s writing hooks readers from the first page and reels them in with surprising plot twists and turns, and the open ending will keep them guessing and waiting on the edge of their seats for the next book in the series. A must\-have for fans of vampire stories by Amelia Atwater\-Rhodes, Stephenie Meyer, and the like.” regarding the initial installment of the series. [L.J. Smith](/wiki/L.J._Smith "L.J. Smith") wrote, "Once I picked Evernight up, I couldn’t put it down! I can’t wait for Claudia Gray’s next book!"{{cite web \|url \= http://www.harperteen.com/books/Afterlife\-Claudia\-Gray/?isbn\=9780061284427?AA\=index\_authorIntro\_33091\|title \= Claudia Gray Evernight reviews\|date \= March 8, 2011\|accessdate \= 2011\-06\-18}} Romantic times bookclub wrote that Evernight was a "Teenage love, ancient hatred and a Romeo and Juliet\-style feud fuel the fires in this compelling first\-person drama."{{Citation needed\|date \= January 2016}} Booklist wrote that Evernight was something that "Stephenie Meyer fans will find similar rewards in the flashes of humor; the terrifying battle between ancient, supernatural societies; and the steamy romance in which love bites aren’t just a euphemism."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.harpercollins.ca/books/Evernight/?isbn\=9780061284397 \|title\=Reviews of Claudia Gray's Evernight \| date\=May 20, 2008 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}} [Kirkus Reviews](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews "Kirkus Reviews") was critical of the book commenting "The problem is Bianca’s first\-person narration. Why does she hide her vampirism from the reader for half the book? The mysterious foreshadowing and hints about “Evernight type” students seem disingenuous at best once readers realize Bianca knew everything all along. Thin characterization, a need to state the obvious and constant iteration of Lucas's name quickly grow old." However, despite the criticism, the Kirkus had some positive feedback: "Some fun details (a modern technology class where vampires learn to use iPods), the inexorable clash between the vampires and their Black Cross hunters and the open question of what will happen next make this enjoyable enough, particularly for fans of that other vampire series who need something to read while they wait for [Breaking Dawn](/wiki/Breaking_Dawn "Breaking Dawn")" {{cite web \|url\=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book\-reviews/childrens\-books/claudia\-gray/evernight/\#review \|title\=Kirkus review of Evernight \| date\=May 15, 2008 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}} Stargazer received a rating of 3\.91 on [Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads").com.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2722413\-evernight \|title\=Rating on goodreads.com of Evernight\|date\=February 10, 2009 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-19}}
Plot
Bianca Olivier is a new student to Evernight Academy, a [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture") [boarding school](/wiki/Boarding_school "Boarding school") with "perfect" but predatory students. She knows she does not belong but she cannot escape because her parents are now teachers at the school. Bianca believes the best of her parents and trusts them about everything even when her brain tells her not to. As school progresses, Bianca befriends Lucas, Raquel, a loner like her, and Vic, Lucas's roommate. She develops enemies, like Courtney and Erich, who are what Bianca calls "The Evernight Type". At a party, she befriends a handsome, popular, but friendly guy, Balthazar More. Balthazar asks her to the Autumn Ball. There, she, Lucas and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help. Upon hearing, Courtney comes out and says "Well, it's about time you became a vampire like the rest of us." When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this. After they have been officially dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas's ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member (a group of elite vampire hunters). Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and the Black Cross think that she is a stolen baby, hiding the truth she is a vampire. Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.
### *Stargazer*
{{Infobox book
\| name \= Stargazer
\| image \= Stargazer novel.jpg
\| author \= \[\[Claudia Gray]]
\| country \= United States
\| language \= English
\| series \= Evernight series
\| genre \= \[\[Young adult fiction\|Young adult]], \[\[Fantasy novel\|Fantasy]], \[\[Gothic fiction\|Gothic]]
\| publisher \= \[\[HarperTeen]]
\| release\_date \= March 24, 2009
\| media\_type \= Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
\| pages \= 336
\| isbn \= 0\-00\-735532\-7
\| preceded\_by \= Evernight
\| followed\_by \= Hourglass
}}
*Stargazer* is a fantasy novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray "Claudia Gray") released in 2009\. It is the second part of the Evernight series, following *Evernight*. It is followed by the third book in the series, *Hourglass*.
*Stargazer* was listed as "The \# 1 [*The New York Times* Bestseller](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list "The New York Times Best Seller list")". *[Seventeen](/wiki/Seventeen_%28American_magazine%29 "Seventeen (American magazine)")* magazine praised Claudia Gray's *Stargazer* writing: “If you like *Twilight*, this book has even more drama.”.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.harperteen.com/books/Afterlife\-Claudia\-Gray/?isbn\=9780061284427?AA\=index\_authorIntro\_33091 \|title\=Claudia Gray Stargazer reviews\|date\=March 8, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}} [Kirkus Reviews](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews "Kirkus Reviews") wrote critically of the book saying "Bianca’s tendency to belabor every point, particularly the depth of her love for Lucas, makes for a dull narrative style, and three\-dimensional characters are pretty much nonexistent. Despite the predictable romantic entanglements and the constant telling, the plot races along with a search for a crazed renegade vampire, threatening ghosts, uncovered secrets and a flaming climax with a significant body count. Fans of the first volume will be satisfied; insufficient back story means no one else will know (or care) what is going on."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book\-reviews/childrens\-books/claudia\-gray\-2/stargazer\-2/ \|title\=Kirkus review of Claudia Gray's ''Stargazer'' \| date\=May 15, 2009 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-19}} *Stargazer* received a rating of 3\.96 on [Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads").com which is the highest rating of the series.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3054684\-stargazer \|title\=Rating on goodreads.com of Stargazer\|date\=March 24, 2009 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-19}}
Plot
The book returns to Bianca's story a few months later. Both she and Lucas will stop at nothing to see each other again—even if it means living a life of secrets and lies. But even as Bianca finds herself torn between two worlds, she soon discovers they aren't the only ones keeping secrets.
Evernight Academy is an exclusive boarding school for the most beautiful, dangerous students of all—vampires. Bianca, born to two vampires, has always been told her destiny is to become one of them. But Bianca fell in love with Lucas—a vampire hunter sworn to destroy her kind. They were torn apart when his true identity was revealed, forcing him to flee the school. Although they may be separated Bianca and Lucas will not give each other up. She will risk anything for the chance to see him again, even if it means coming face\-to\-face with the vampire hunters of Black Cross—or deceiving the powerful vampires of Evernight. Bianca's secrets will force her to live a life of lies. Yet Bianca is not the only one with secrets. When Evernight is attacked by an *evil force* that seems to target her, she discovers the truth she thought she knew is only the beginning. Bianca breaks into Mrs Bethany's carriage house in an attempt to discover what Lucas wanted to know; why humans are allowed at Evernight. She discovers nothing and heads back to Evernight, disappointed. She sees someone in the hall, but decides that it was just her own reflection. Orientation day sees Bianca sharing a room with Raquel, as Patrice has left Evernight for a few decades. Raquel's parents forced her to return to Evernight, despite her having told them that she was stalked by Erich. Bianca catches up with Vic, who gives her a letter from Lucas. Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station. As Bianca leaves her room to drink blood (she is the only vampire sharing with a human), she sees a blue light and thinks that there is a person on the stairs. This time, she is more curious, but is interrupted before she can investigate further. Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. The girl says she once went to Evernight, but did not get along with Mrs Bethany and ran away. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity, which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her. After Courtney finds out about Bianca and Balthazar leaving school she stakes her and then decapitates her before leaving. An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.
### *Hourglass*
{{Infobox book
\| name \= Hourglass
\| image \= Hourglass novel.jpg
\| author \= \[\[Claudia Gray]]
\| country \= United States
\| language \= English
\| series \= Evernight series
\| genre \= \[\[young adult fiction\|Young adult]], \[\[Fantasy novel\|Fantasy]], \[\[Gothic fiction\|Gothic]]
\| publisher \= \[\[HarperTeen]]
\| release\_date \= March 15, 2010
\| media\_type \= Print (\[\[Hardcover]], \[\[Paperback]])
\| pages \= 368
\| isbn \= 0\-00\-735533\-5
\| preceded\_by \= Stargazer
\| followed\_by \= Afterlife
}}
Hourglass is a fantasy novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray "Claudia Gray") released in 2010\. It is the third novel of the Evernight series, a series of four books, and is preceded by *Stargazer* and followed by *Afterlife*. The four books feature [vampires](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire"), wraiths ([ghosts](/wiki/Ghost "Ghost")), [betrayal](/wiki/Betrayal "Betrayal"), and, of course, [love](/wiki/Love "Love"). The main character, Bianca Oliver, is living with her rocky, shaky, strong, sturdy and passionate relationship with the head man, Lucas Ross. But Lucas is also a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter "Vampire hunter") group Black Cross.
ALA booklist commented that *Hourglass* was “A steamy romance in which love bites aren’t just a euphemism”, while School Library Journal wrote “Gray’s writing hooks readers from the first page and reels them in with surprising plot twists and turns.”{{cite web \|url \= http://www.harperteen.com/books/Afterlife\-Claudia\-Gray/?isbn\=9780061284427?AA\=index\_authorIntro\_33091\|title \= Claudia Gray Hourglass reviews\|date \= March 8, 2011\|accessdate \= June 18, 2011}} [Booklist](/wiki/Booklist "Booklist") reviewed the book, calling it a "heart\-pounding page\-turner".[Hourglass by Claudia Gray](http://www.booklistonline.com/Hourglass-Claudia-Gray/pid=3745583) Booklist
Plot
*Hourglass* reaches Bianca after she has already been accepted into the Black Cross. Even though things may feel weird at that moment, the changes are about to come three\-fold, and Bianca is almost powerless.
Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Raquel and the rest of Lucas's Black Cross cell are currently unaware Bianca is a vampire. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break in to the Black Cross cell wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's stepfather Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape and succeed without getting caught. After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realise that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water, and Lucas. who is also splashed, burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped. After Lucas realises there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realises that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realises that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her. She later dies and becomes a wraith. She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told she can form a body by holding objects she has bonded to in her life including her broche and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. Vic waits outside after they track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate. He will become a vampire.
### *Afterlife*
{{Infobox book
\| name \= Afterlife
\| image \= Afterlife novel.jpg
\| author \= \[\[Claudia Gray]]
\| country \= United States
\| language \= English
\| series \= Evernight series
\| genre \= \[\[Young adult fiction\|Young adult]], \[\[Fantasy novel\|Fantasy]], \[\[Gothic fiction\|Gothic]]
\| publisher \= \[\[HarperTeen]]
\| release\_date \= March 3, 2011
\| media\_type \= Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
\| pages \= 364
\| isbn \= 0\-06\-128442\-4
\| preceded\_by \= Hourglass
\| followed\_by \=
}}
*Afterlife* is a fantasy novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray "Claudia Gray") released on March 3, 2011\. It is the fourth part of the Evernight series, concluding the ongoing plot from the previous novel *Hourglass*, which began in the first novel *Evernight* and ran into the second, *Stargazer*. This book is followed by a new story in the series, "Balthazar".
*Afterlife* received a rating of 3\.88 on [Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads").com which is the lowest rating for the series.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6619499\-afterlife \|title\=Rating on goodreads.com of Afterlife\|date\=January 4, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-19}} Although [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray "Claudia Gray") has confirmed that she does not plan to write anymore Evernight books she is to write a spin off book about [Balthazar More](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Balthazar_More "List of Evernight characters#Balthazar More") focusing on his life, death and later adventures. This will be released in March 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \|title\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\|date\=June 18, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}}
Plot
Bianca, now a wraith, and Lucas, now a vampire, must return to Evernight to help control his blood lust. Bianca needs to find out what Mrs. Bethany wants with the wraiths before it is too late. Can their love survive their deaths or will they end up destroying one another? Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf. Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return, Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter, much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, for which they blame Lucas. While in the library Bianca is caught in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go on a trip to the local town and Bianca goes to accompany him. Bianca, while following Lucas until she can appear to him, is trapped by Patrice using a mirror. He frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire. At the Cafe, Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called and although no one is harmed, Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something, and so agree to help Bianca and her friends search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball. While the ball is taking place, several human students are [possessed](/wiki/Spirit_possession "Spirit possession") by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight. Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and the world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals' blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves. Bianca is caught in a powerful trap when she goes to get her coral bracelet so that she can apparate fully and feels like she has been trapped for days, before being released into a large room which was designed to contain and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca so she could become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so she possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world by creating a light to which the wraiths float towards, while taking on a more human look, no longer the mutilated beings they previously were. She was willing to leave but Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents. Bianca calls upon Christopher, revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses, killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.
|
[
"Novels\n------",
"* *Evernight* (May 2008\\)",
"Bianca Olivier, a daughter of two vampires, is forced to go to Evernight Academy, a school for vampires to learn how to live in the mortal world. While attending she falls in love with a human, Lucas Ross. But Lucas is hiding a dark secret that could separate them forever.\n* *Stargazer* (March 2009\\)",
"Bianca and Lucas are separated, and Bianca would do anything to be with him, even if it means to deceive the powerful vampires of Evernight. This forces her to live a life of lies, but she isn't the only one keeping secrets.\n* *Hourglass* (March 2010\\)",
"Bianca has found refuge with Black Cross, a vampire hunting group, bent on destroying her kind. Within weeks, Bianca befriends many of the hunters, but has no fun being in Black Cross and is reluctant to leave with Lucas. However, many old faces return and try to claim her as their own.\n* *Afterlife* (March 2011\\)",
"Bianca and Lucas return to Evernight, as a wraith and [vampire](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\") respectively. Lucas is facing demons, both personal and supernatural. Bianca must help him fight the demons inside him \\- and face her destiny at last.\n* *Balthazar* (March 2012\\)",
"In a story filled with forbidden love and dark suspense, one of the most beloved characters in Claudia Gray’s New York Times bestselling Evernight series will captivate readers with his battle to overcome his past and follow his heart.\n### *Evernight*",
"{{Infobox book\n\\| name \\= Evernight\n\\| image \\= Evernight.jpg\n\\| image\\_size \\= 200px\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Claudia Gray]]\n\\| country \\= United States\n\\| language \\= English\n\\| series \\= Evernight series\n\\| genre \\= \\[\\[young adult fiction\\|Young adult]], \\[\\[Fantasy novel\\|Fantasy]], \\[\\[Gothic fiction\\|Gothic]]\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[HarperTeen]]\n\\| release\\_date \\= May 27, 2008\n\\| media\\_type \\= Print (Hardcover, Paperback)\n\\| pages \\= 336\n\\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-06\\-128444\\-1\n\\| preceded\\_by \\= \n\\| followed\\_by \\= Stargazer\n}}",
"*Evernight* is a 2008 fiction [young adult](/wiki/Young_adult_fiction \"Young adult fiction\") novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray \"Claudia Gray\"). It is the first novel in the Evernight series. It is followed by *Stargazer*, released March 24, 2009; *Hourglass*, released March 15, 2010; and the final installment *Afterlife*, released March 3, 2011\\. Another book in the series, *Balthazar*, features one of the main characters, Balthazar. This series is recommended to people between the ages of 14 and 108\\.",
"[School Library Journal](/wiki/School_Library_Journal \"School Library Journal\") wrote: “Gray’s writing hooks readers from the first page and reels them in with surprising plot twists and turns, and the open ending will keep them guessing and waiting on the edge of their seats for the next book in the series. A must\\-have for fans of vampire stories by Amelia Atwater\\-Rhodes, Stephenie Meyer, and the like.” regarding the initial installment of the series. [L.J. Smith](/wiki/L.J._Smith \"L.J. Smith\") wrote, \"Once I picked Evernight up, I couldn’t put it down! I can’t wait for Claudia Gray’s next book!\"{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.harperteen.com/books/Afterlife\\-Claudia\\-Gray/?isbn\\=9780061284427?AA\\=index\\_authorIntro\\_33091\\|title \\= Claudia Gray Evernight reviews\\|date \\= March 8, 2011\\|accessdate \\= 2011\\-06\\-18}} Romantic times bookclub wrote that Evernight was a \"Teenage love, ancient hatred and a Romeo and Juliet\\-style feud fuel the fires in this compelling first\\-person drama.\"{{Citation needed\\|date \\= January 2016}} Booklist wrote that Evernight was something that \"Stephenie Meyer fans will find similar rewards in the flashes of humor; the terrifying battle between ancient, supernatural societies; and the steamy romance in which love bites aren’t just a euphemism.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.harpercollins.ca/books/Evernight/?isbn\\=9780061284397 \\|title\\=Reviews of Claudia Gray's Evernight \\| date\\=May 20, 2008 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}} [Kirkus Reviews](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews \"Kirkus Reviews\") was critical of the book commenting \"The problem is Bianca’s first\\-person narration. Why does she hide her vampirism from the reader for half the book? The mysterious foreshadowing and hints about “Evernight type” students seem disingenuous at best once readers realize Bianca knew everything all along. Thin characterization, a need to state the obvious and constant iteration of Lucas's name quickly grow old.\" However, despite the criticism, the Kirkus had some positive feedback: \"Some fun details (a modern technology class where vampires learn to use iPods), the inexorable clash between the vampires and their Black Cross hunters and the open question of what will happen next make this enjoyable enough, particularly for fans of that other vampire series who need something to read while they wait for [Breaking Dawn](/wiki/Breaking_Dawn \"Breaking Dawn\")\" {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book\\-reviews/childrens\\-books/claudia\\-gray/evernight/\\#review \\|title\\=Kirkus review of Evernight \\| date\\=May 15, 2008 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}} Stargazer received a rating of 3\\.91 on [Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads \"Goodreads\").com.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2722413\\-evernight \\|title\\=Rating on goodreads.com of Evernight\\|date\\=February 10, 2009 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-19}}",
"Plot\nBianca Olivier is a new student to Evernight Academy, a [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\") [boarding school](/wiki/Boarding_school \"Boarding school\") with \"perfect\" but predatory students. She knows she does not belong but she cannot escape because her parents are now teachers at the school. Bianca believes the best of her parents and trusts them about everything even when her brain tells her not to. As school progresses, Bianca befriends Lucas, Raquel, a loner like her, and Vic, Lucas's roommate. She develops enemies, like Courtney and Erich, who are what Bianca calls \"The Evernight Type\". At a party, she befriends a handsome, popular, but friendly guy, Balthazar More. Balthazar asks her to the Autumn Ball. There, she, Lucas and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help. Upon hearing, Courtney comes out and says \"Well, it's about time you became a vampire like the rest of us.\" When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this. After they have been officially dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas's ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member (a group of elite vampire hunters). Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and the Black Cross think that she is a stolen baby, hiding the truth she is a vampire. Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.",
"### *Stargazer*",
"{{Infobox book\n\\| name \\= Stargazer\n\\| image \\= Stargazer novel.jpg\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Claudia Gray]]\n\\| country \\= United States\n\\| language \\= English\n\\| series \\= Evernight series\n\\| genre \\= \\[\\[Young adult fiction\\|Young adult]], \\[\\[Fantasy novel\\|Fantasy]], \\[\\[Gothic fiction\\|Gothic]]\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[HarperTeen]]\n\\| release\\_date \\= March 24, 2009\n\\| media\\_type \\= Print (Hardcover, Paperback)\n\\| pages \\= 336\n\\| isbn \\= 0\\-00\\-735532\\-7\n\\| preceded\\_by \\= Evernight\n\\| followed\\_by \\= Hourglass\n}}",
"*Stargazer* is a fantasy novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray \"Claudia Gray\") released in 2009\\. It is the second part of the Evernight series, following *Evernight*. It is followed by the third book in the series, *Hourglass*.",
"*Stargazer* was listed as \"The \\# 1 [*The New York Times* Bestseller](/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list \"The New York Times Best Seller list\")\". *[Seventeen](/wiki/Seventeen_%28American_magazine%29 \"Seventeen (American magazine)\")* magazine praised Claudia Gray's *Stargazer* writing: “If you like *Twilight*, this book has even more drama.”.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.harperteen.com/books/Afterlife\\-Claudia\\-Gray/?isbn\\=9780061284427?AA\\=index\\_authorIntro\\_33091 \\|title\\=Claudia Gray Stargazer reviews\\|date\\=March 8, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}} [Kirkus Reviews](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews \"Kirkus Reviews\") wrote critically of the book saying \"Bianca’s tendency to belabor every point, particularly the depth of her love for Lucas, makes for a dull narrative style, and three\\-dimensional characters are pretty much nonexistent. Despite the predictable romantic entanglements and the constant telling, the plot races along with a search for a crazed renegade vampire, threatening ghosts, uncovered secrets and a flaming climax with a significant body count. Fans of the first volume will be satisfied; insufficient back story means no one else will know (or care) what is going on.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book\\-reviews/childrens\\-books/claudia\\-gray\\-2/stargazer\\-2/ \\|title\\=Kirkus review of Claudia Gray's ''Stargazer'' \\| date\\=May 15, 2009 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-19}} *Stargazer* received a rating of 3\\.96 on [Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads \"Goodreads\").com which is the highest rating of the series.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3054684\\-stargazer \\|title\\=Rating on goodreads.com of Stargazer\\|date\\=March 24, 2009 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-19}}",
"Plot\nThe book returns to Bianca's story a few months later. Both she and Lucas will stop at nothing to see each other again—even if it means living a life of secrets and lies. But even as Bianca finds herself torn between two worlds, she soon discovers they aren't the only ones keeping secrets.",
"Evernight Academy is an exclusive boarding school for the most beautiful, dangerous students of all—vampires. Bianca, born to two vampires, has always been told her destiny is to become one of them. But Bianca fell in love with Lucas—a vampire hunter sworn to destroy her kind. They were torn apart when his true identity was revealed, forcing him to flee the school. Although they may be separated Bianca and Lucas will not give each other up. She will risk anything for the chance to see him again, even if it means coming face\\-to\\-face with the vampire hunters of Black Cross—or deceiving the powerful vampires of Evernight. Bianca's secrets will force her to live a life of lies. Yet Bianca is not the only one with secrets. When Evernight is attacked by an *evil force* that seems to target her, she discovers the truth she thought she knew is only the beginning. Bianca breaks into Mrs Bethany's carriage house in an attempt to discover what Lucas wanted to know; why humans are allowed at Evernight. She discovers nothing and heads back to Evernight, disappointed. She sees someone in the hall, but decides that it was just her own reflection. Orientation day sees Bianca sharing a room with Raquel, as Patrice has left Evernight for a few decades. Raquel's parents forced her to return to Evernight, despite her having told them that she was stalked by Erich. Bianca catches up with Vic, who gives her a letter from Lucas. Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station. As Bianca leaves her room to drink blood (she is the only vampire sharing with a human), she sees a blue light and thinks that there is a person on the stairs. This time, she is more curious, but is interrupted before she can investigate further. Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. The girl says she once went to Evernight, but did not get along with Mrs Bethany and ran away. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity, which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her. After Courtney finds out about Bianca and Balthazar leaving school she stakes her and then decapitates her before leaving. An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.",
"### *Hourglass*",
"{{Infobox book\n\\| name \\= Hourglass\n\\| image \\= Hourglass novel.jpg\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Claudia Gray]]\n\\| country \\= United States\n\\| language \\= English\n\\| series \\= Evernight series\n\\| genre \\= \\[\\[young adult fiction\\|Young adult]], \\[\\[Fantasy novel\\|Fantasy]], \\[\\[Gothic fiction\\|Gothic]]\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[HarperTeen]]\n\\| release\\_date \\= March 15, 2010\n\\| media\\_type \\= Print (\\[\\[Hardcover]], \\[\\[Paperback]])\n\\| pages \\= 368\n\\| isbn \\= 0\\-00\\-735533\\-5\n\\| preceded\\_by \\= Stargazer\n\\| followed\\_by \\= Afterlife\n}}",
"Hourglass is a fantasy novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray \"Claudia Gray\") released in 2010\\. It is the third novel of the Evernight series, a series of four books, and is preceded by *Stargazer* and followed by *Afterlife*. The four books feature [vampires](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\"), wraiths ([ghosts](/wiki/Ghost \"Ghost\")), [betrayal](/wiki/Betrayal \"Betrayal\"), and, of course, [love](/wiki/Love \"Love\"). The main character, Bianca Oliver, is living with her rocky, shaky, strong, sturdy and passionate relationship with the head man, Lucas Ross. But Lucas is also a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter \"Vampire hunter\") group Black Cross.",
"ALA booklist commented that *Hourglass* was “A steamy romance in which love bites aren’t just a euphemism”, while School Library Journal wrote “Gray’s writing hooks readers from the first page and reels them in with surprising plot twists and turns.”{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.harperteen.com/books/Afterlife\\-Claudia\\-Gray/?isbn\\=9780061284427?AA\\=index\\_authorIntro\\_33091\\|title \\= Claudia Gray Hourglass reviews\\|date \\= March 8, 2011\\|accessdate \\= June 18, 2011}} [Booklist](/wiki/Booklist \"Booklist\") reviewed the book, calling it a \"heart\\-pounding page\\-turner\".[Hourglass by Claudia Gray](http://www.booklistonline.com/Hourglass-Claudia-Gray/pid=3745583) Booklist",
"Plot\n*Hourglass* reaches Bianca after she has already been accepted into the Black Cross. Even though things may feel weird at that moment, the changes are about to come three\\-fold, and Bianca is almost powerless.",
"Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Raquel and the rest of Lucas's Black Cross cell are currently unaware Bianca is a vampire. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break in to the Black Cross cell wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's stepfather Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape and succeed without getting caught. After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realise that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water, and Lucas. who is also splashed, burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped. After Lucas realises there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realises that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realises that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her. She later dies and becomes a wraith. She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told she can form a body by holding objects she has bonded to in her life including her broche and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. Vic waits outside after they track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate. He will become a vampire.",
"### *Afterlife*",
"{{Infobox book\n\\| name \\= Afterlife\n\\| image \\= Afterlife novel.jpg\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Claudia Gray]]\n\\| country \\= United States\n\\| language \\= English\n\\| series \\= Evernight series\n\\| genre \\= \\[\\[Young adult fiction\\|Young adult]], \\[\\[Fantasy novel\\|Fantasy]], \\[\\[Gothic fiction\\|Gothic]]\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[HarperTeen]]\n\\| release\\_date \\= March 3, 2011\n\\| media\\_type \\= Print (Hardcover, Paperback)\n\\| pages \\= 364\n\\| isbn \\= 0\\-06\\-128442\\-4\n\\| preceded\\_by \\= Hourglass\n\\| followed\\_by \\= \n}}",
"*Afterlife* is a fantasy novel by [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray \"Claudia Gray\") released on March 3, 2011\\. It is the fourth part of the Evernight series, concluding the ongoing plot from the previous novel *Hourglass*, which began in the first novel *Evernight* and ran into the second, *Stargazer*. This book is followed by a new story in the series, \"Balthazar\".",
"*Afterlife* received a rating of 3\\.88 on [Goodreads](/wiki/Goodreads \"Goodreads\").com which is the lowest rating for the series.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6619499\\-afterlife \\|title\\=Rating on goodreads.com of Afterlife\\|date\\=January 4, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-19}} Although [Claudia Gray](/wiki/Claudia_Gray \"Claudia Gray\") has confirmed that she does not plan to write anymore Evernight books she is to write a spin off book about [Balthazar More](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Balthazar_More \"List of Evernight characters#Balthazar More\") focusing on his life, death and later adventures. This will be released in March 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \\|title\\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\\|date\\=June 18, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}}",
"Plot\nBianca, now a wraith, and Lucas, now a vampire, must return to Evernight to help control his blood lust. Bianca needs to find out what Mrs. Bethany wants with the wraiths before it is too late. Can their love survive their deaths or will they end up destroying one another? Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf. Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return, Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter, much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, for which they blame Lucas. While in the library Bianca is caught in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go on a trip to the local town and Bianca goes to accompany him. Bianca, while following Lucas until she can appear to him, is trapped by Patrice using a mirror. He frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire. At the Cafe, Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called and although no one is harmed, Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something, and so agree to help Bianca and her friends search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball. While the ball is taking place, several human students are [possessed](/wiki/Spirit_possession \"Spirit possession\") by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight. Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and the world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals' blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves. Bianca is caught in a powerful trap when she goes to get her coral bracelet so that she can apparate fully and feels like she has been trapped for days, before being released into a large room which was designed to contain and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca so she could become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so she possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world by creating a light to which the wraiths float towards, while taking on a more human look, no longer the mutilated beings they previously were. She was willing to leave but Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents. Bianca calls upon Christopher, revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses, killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.",
""
] |
Characters
----------
The Evernight follows [protagonist](/wiki/Protagonist "Protagonist") [Bianca Olivier](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Bianca_Olivier "List of Evernight characters#Bianca Olivier") a half\-vampire, and her boyfriend [Lucas Ross](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Lucas_Ross "List of Evernight characters#Lucas Ross"), who is a member of Black Cross. Throughout the series they are joined by [Balthazar More](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Balthazar_More "List of Evernight characters#Balthazar More") a 400\-year\-old vampire; [Vic](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Vic_Woodson "List of Evernight characters#Vic Woodson") a student at Evernight and Lucas's roommate; [Raquel Vargas](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Raquel_Vargas "List of Evernight characters#Raquel Vargas"), Bianca's friend and roommate; and [Ranulf White](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Ranulf_White "List of Evernight characters#Ranulf White") a vampire and friend of Balthazar and Vic. [Mrs. Bethanty](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Mrs._Bethanty "List of Evernight characters#Mrs. Bethanty") joins them as the main [antagonist](/wiki/Antagonist "Antagonist") and headmistress of Evernight, along with [Charity More](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Charity_More "List of Evernight characters#Charity More"). Other characters to appear in all four books include [Kate Ross](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Kate_Ross "List of Evernight characters#Kate Ross") Lucas's mother and a member of Black Cross; [Dana](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Dana "List of Evernight characters#Dana") who is Lucas's best friend and a member of Black Cross who later leaves; and [Celia](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Celia_Olivier "List of Evernight characters#Celia Olivier") and [Adrian](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Adrian_Olivier "List of Evernight characters#Adrian Olivier") Olivier, Bianca's parents who had her with the help of the wraiths and gave her a sheltered life. Other students at Evernight include [Patrice Deveraux](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Patrice_Deveraux "List of Evernight characters#Patrice Deveraux") who Bianca believes is a typical Evernight student (but she is proven wrong); [Courtney](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Courtney "List of Evernight characters#Courtney") who is typical Evernight and enjoys bullying the human students; and [Erich](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Erich "List of Evernight characters#Erich"), a bully who later obsesses over Raquel and begins stalking her. Other members of Black Cross include [Mr Wantanabe](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Mr_Wantanabe "List of Evernight characters#Mr Wantanabe"), one of the oldest members who is killed in the battle with Charity; and [Eduardo](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Eduardo "List of Evernight characters#Eduardo"), who is Kate's husband and Lucas's stepfather, as well as being the leader of Lucas's cell.
### Main characters
#### Bianca Olivier
**Bianca Olivier** is the narrator in the series, which is written in from a [first\-person perspective](/wiki/First-person_narrative "First-person narrative"). It is revealed that she was born to vampires because of help from wraiths so is half vampire and half wraith. Bianca is somewhat naive at first, particularly about the dangers of vampires, and she is very shy and describes herself as geeky; she cares a lot for her schooling, as well, even if she's in a school she doesn't like. She listens to her parents and hates deceiving them, but she soon faces the fact that she must and that they weren't always honest with her. Although throughout the first book, she describes her looks as average, nothing spectacular but not ugly, she is told several times that she is beautiful, most notably by Patrice, who "wouldn't have said it unless she meant it." Not only does she not feel that she belongs at Evernight with the vampires, she doesn't want to. She almost loses herself in the crowd when she is waltzing with Balthazar, but is brought back to her senses by simply remembering Lucas. Throughout the series, however, she becomes bolder, more powerful and more independent. She is nicknamed "Binks" by Vic, who remains the only one to call her that.
##### Evernight
In *Evernight* she is revealed to be a half vampire. She falls in love with Lucas although it is revealed he is a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter "Vampire hunter") group Black Cross. He is forced away from Evernight and later Bianca runs off with him, he tells Bianca that he still loves her even though she is a vampire.
They meet up with the rest of Black Cross but later Bianca's parents turn up
##### Stargazer
In *Stargazer* she is stalked by wraiths and is nearly killed several times. She receives a letter from Lucas asking her to meet him at Amherst train station. She sneaks off campus telling everyone that there is a meteor shower so she can camp on campus. Bianca meets Charity who is Balthazar's sister. Lucas attacks Charity who runs away when the rest of Black Cross arrive which forces Bianca to spend the rest of the weekend at Black Cross HQ.
Bianca is caught by Balthazar while sneaking back who agrees not to tell Mrs. Bethany as long as she helps him find Charity. Evernight is later attacked by Charity while an attack by Black Cross is being carried out. Bianca, Raquel and Lucas leave Evernight to go to Black Cross HQ but are attacked by Charity. Charity is pushed against a tree and staked on a sharp branch. They leave and Bianca reluctantly agrees to join Black Cross.
##### Hourglass
In *Hourglass* Black Cross is attacked by Mrs. Bethany and several members of Evernight including Balthazar who is captured. Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar escape without being caught. When Bianca is feeding, Raquel and Dana walk in and although they agree not to say anything, Bianca is woken in the night by Black Cross who tie her up and begin to torture her. Lucas is also splashed with [Holy water](/wiki/Holy_water "Holy water") and burns because he has fed Bianca. Lucas and Bianca escape with the help of Dana.
When Lucas is following a rogue vampire to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan, who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money, so they go to Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") where they are attacked by wraiths. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Although she could have killed Lucas, who offered himself to her as long as she did not let him rise, she dies and becomes a wraith.
She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told that she can form a body by holding objects that she has bonded to in her life including her brooch and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Lucas, with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from a holiday, agree to assist Balthazar in killing charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema. While Bianca is solid, she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood and killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will have to become a vampire.
##### Afterlife
When Lucas rises from the dead, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, to which they blame Lucas. While in the library, Bianca is stuck in a trap set by Mrs Bethany specifically to catch wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Bianca while following Lucas until she can appear to him is trapped by Patrice using a mirror who frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire.
Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something so agree to help Bianca and her friends to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball.
Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves.
Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap and feels like she has been trapped for days before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world. Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents so Bianca knows she must help her. Bianca calls upon Christopher who is revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.
##### Balthazar
In Balthazar, Bianca appears as a minor character. Once when Balthazar and Skye are discovering Skye's true nature, Bianca turns up as a wraith to give them some advice.
#### Lucas Ross
**Lucas Ross** is the love interest of Bianca. Lucas is described by Balthazar as smart and will stand up for the people who can't stand up for themselves. He has a hot temper, explaining that he'd always settled things with his fists, but when he's hanging out with his friends, such as Bianca or Vic, he seems completely at ease with the world and enjoys every second of his life. He is very good to the people he loves but he's not good at expressing how he feels. He can be stubborn, but not as much when he's with Bianca because he'd do nearly anything for her, including offer her his blood when she's been without food for long enough to feel weak. He has a talent for twisting the facts, laying them out so that he's not inventing a lie but merely letting people believe things happened differently than they really had. He's very kind to most humans and has a good sense of humor, even when it comes to things as revolting as Bianca's bloodlust. Lucas said that if he left Black Cross and went to University, he'd study law because he wants "to put the bad guys away." Lucas is part of the infamous Black Cross vampire slayer group and was inducted by his mother, who has a strong [disdain](/wiki/Disdain "Disdain") for vampires.
##### Evernight
Lucas Ross is a new student at Evernight Academy, and he soon befriends Bianca and Vic who is his roommate. At the Autumn Ball after Balthazar asks Bianca to go with him, he and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help.
When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this.
After they have been dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and Black Cross accept her, believing that she was stolen as a baby.
Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.
##### Stargazer
Bianca receives a letter from Lucas by Vic, as Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in regular contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station.
Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do.
An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.
##### Hourglass
Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.
After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.
Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.
##### Afterlife
The novel begins when Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. While in the library Bianca is trapped in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go onto a trip to the local town to which Bianca is going to accompany him. At the cafe Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called, and although no one is harmed Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her friends agree to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the Autumn Ball. While the ball is taking place several human students are possessed by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight.
Lucas is told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves as he does not agree with the [Morality](/wiki/Morality "Morality") of it.
Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to.
A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help [murder](/wiki/Murder "Murder") Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life and back to happiness.
#### Balthazar More
**Balthazar More** is the friend of Bianca and at one point in the series her love interest. He is a vampire and has been one for over four hundred years. He is described as handsome and extremely popular amongst his peers. He always says hello to people in the hallway, whether human or vampire, deciding that it didn't make a difference. Balthazar has only taken a human life once (that is mentioned, at least) and he had never stopped tourturing himself for it. Bianca's parents adore Balthazar and Bianca had come to realize he was one of her closest friends, but felt that he deserved more than what she was giving him, wishing that he could find happiness with someone else. Bianca can talk to Balthazar about nearly anything. Bianca states that he was the only vampire who'd never lied to her, but added that he'd done most of the lying to himself. Lucas is jealous of Balthazar during Stargazer, when Balthazar and Bianca are at Evernight (and have to pretend to date in order to get off campus) and Lucas rarely gets to see her, saying that he's upset another guy gets to spend more time with her. He is the brother of Charity and her maker which is the biggest regret in his life.
\-Balthazar is nicknamed Balty by Vic, who is the only one to call him that.
##### Evernight
When attending the same party he befriends Bianca who he asks to the Autumn Ball. There, he, Lucas and Bianca get into an argument, and while Balthazar leaves them alone Bianca gives in to temptation and bites Lucas, drinking his blood.
Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, although no humans have ever been previously accepted to the school, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against the two vampires and they chase him off campus.
Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home along with Balthazar who do not understand.
##### Stargazer
Bianca goes into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her.
##### Hourglass
Mrs. Bethany stages a break into the Black Cross cell along with several members of staff and Balthazar, wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
Lucas finds a rogue vampire in the city they are staying in, but after following him to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Balthazar asks Lucas, Ranulf and Vic to assist him in killing charity. Charity pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become a vampire.
##### Afterlife
Balthazar and Ranulf assist Lucas as he rises from the dead. Balthazar insists that Lucas return to Evernight to help him conquer his bloodlust.
Balthazar assists Lucas several times throughout the year including stopping Charity invading Lucas's dreams by entering Charity's dreams and making her swear to stop. While in Charity's dreams he and Bianca see a house with smoke emitting from the chimney. He tells Bianca that it is the house of a girl he loved but thinks it best he did not visit her through dreams. Balthazar also helps Bianca agreeing to help her set free the trapped wraiths and put a stop to Mrs. Bethany's plans once and for all.
A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. There blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. Bianca offers the same cure for vampirism to Balthazar although he refuses after reflection on the possibility of becoming human once again.
##### Future
He is soon to star in his own spinoff novel entitled [Balthazar](/wiki/Evernight_%28series%29%23Future "Evernight (series)#Future") about his life, death and adventures following. It will be released in March 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \|title\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\|date\=June 18, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}}
#### Mrs. Bethany
**Charlotte Bethany** is a very old vampire who is afraid of change. She is the headmistress of Evernight Academy which is her home and life which she has continued running for many years. She worked at Black Cross and became a vampire after her husband was murdered. She did it so that she could have the power to seek revenge as her colleagues refused to help her find the men who murdered her husband and took his money. In *Afterlife*, she helps Lucas with his transformation and shows more kindness toward him than she'd ever had to anyone at the school, including Balthazar, due to the fact that she could strongly relate to what he was going through. She was later reunited with her husband who had become a wraith and to his surprise accepted him for who he was just as the roof of her cottage collapsed killing them both.
#### Vic Woodson
**Vic Woodson** is the friend of Bianca and Lucas and Lucas's roommate in Evernight. He is a human student at Evernight Academy and is allowed entry because his house is haunted by a wraith called Maxine. Vic isn't viewed as particularly bright, but as the series progresses, it's clear that he knew much more than he let on. He's described by Lucas as "oblivious and goofy" (which Lucas stated lovingly) in the beginning of the series, before they knew each other well. Vic is generally liked by everyone at Evernight as he believes that everyone is great in their own way. Vic gives nearly everyone he knows an unusual nickname and speaks in a very laidback style (ex: "...but this is beyond moody. This is Supermoody. Megamoody. X\-treme moodiness." and "I intend to where it around case del Lucas y Victor.") but as the series progresses, he uses more complicated words, astonishing nearly all his friends at least once. He later figures out that many of the students at Evernight are vampires and even though he is wary he reasons if they wanted to harm him they could have done so already (this is not revealed until Hourglass, although it seems he'd known nearly the entire series). He strikes up a friendship with Ranulf White and later becomes his roommate as well as allowing him to stay with him over the school holidays. It's clear how wealthy Vic is during Hourglass, but he tries—and succeeds—not to act stuck up or snobby. His surname is never revealed in the books (until *Hourglass/Afterlife*) although it is confirmed on Gray's official site.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.claudiagray.com/links.htm/ \|title\=Claudia Gray official website Vic Woodson surname revealed \|work\=\[\[Claudia Gray]] \|date\=June 18, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813170954/http://claudiagray.com/links.htm \|archive\-date\=August 13, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
#### Raquel Vargas
**Raquel Vargas** is the friend and roommate of Bianca and girlfriend of Dana. She is stalked by Erich in her first year until he is killed by Lucas. She was haunted by a wraith who lived in her house so she left to live in Evernight. She was also raped by the wraith and haunted in her dreams by him. She went to work for Black Cross after discovering vampires existence when Evernight was attacked by Charity as well as Black Cross. She reported Bianca to Kate Ross when she realized that Bianca was a half vampire but was later forgiven by her and left Black Cross with Dana. She agreed to help Bianca and Lucas leave Evernight after they destroyed the traps set by Mrs. Bethany for the wraiths.
#### Ranulf White
**Ranulf White** is a student at Evernight Academy. He is Vic and Balthazar's friend and later Vic's roommate. He enjoys playing chess with Vic. Ranulf does not understand modern technology and speaks in a very old fashioned manner. He joins Balthazar in trying to kill Charity after he returns from holiday with Vic. When Lucas rises for the first time, Ranulf helps him by getting him blood and through his initial bloodlust. Ranulf agrees to help Bianca to find the traps set for wraiths by Mrs. Bethany.
#### Charity More
**Charity More** is Balthazar's sister who has now become a brutal killer and part of a tribe after she was turned by Balthazar. She wants to cause pain to others and later causes a fight between Black Cross and Evernight's vampires. She kills Lucas and turns him into a vampire in *Hourglass* and in *Afterlife* continues to haunt him through his dreams which can be done by a creator although it takes a lot of energy and the vampire has to sleep for many hours to do so. Balthazar later stops her doing so by going into her dreams.
#### Kate Ross
**Kate Ross** is Lucas's mother and one of the leaders of Black Cross. She does not accept him when he becomes a vampire and also tries to kill Bianca when she finds out she is half vampire. She does not treat vampires as people and calls Lucas a monster who is no longer her son but her son should be at peace. Kate is very strict when it comes to the belief of vampirism.
### Minor characters
#### Patrice Deveraux
**Patrice Deveraux** is Bianca's roommate who appears to be one of the typical Evernight types, although Bianca realizes she is not. She appears to be very materialistic. She helps Bianca get ready for dates with Lucas. She does not appear in *Stargazer* as she is skiing with her new boyfriend, although she reappears in *Afterlife* and captures Bianca (who is now a wraith) using a mirror. She later helps Bianca by finding and destroying the traps set by Mrs. Bethany.
#### Maxine O'Connor
**Maxine** is the wraith who lives in Vic's attic. She is several years younger than Bianca and died ninety years before Bianca. She can be sarcastic and envious of Bianca for her powers, but she proves to be a friend of Bianca's, helping her tap her full potential as a wraith. She wears a night gown and often appears to Bianca asking her to come to see Christopher. Before Bianca becomes a wraith, Maxie haunts her at Evernight, insisting that she isn't "like them" (the vampires) but is "like \[her]" (a wraith). She is the first wraith Bianca meets after she dies and she is later almost killed when she is captured by Mrs. Bethany but is freed by Christopher who sacrifices himself for her. Although this is never said, Maxie appears to have feelings for Vic, who has always been kind and accepting of her, although she's scared of appearing to him or even telling him his name.
\-Maxine O'Connor is one of the names Bianca finds in the records room when she is searching for the reason Mrs. Bethamy allowed humans at Evernight Academy, although it's never truly revealed why.
#### Dana
**Dana** is a member of Black Cross and a friend to Lucas. She seems too nice to be Black Cross to Bianca and was Lucas's best friend through his childhood. She is one of the few people who accepts Lucas when he becomes a vampire. Dana is in a relationship with Raquel.
#### Courtney
**Courtney** is a student at Evernight and is another one of the Evernight type according to Bianca. She is a bully towards the human students and enjoys taunting Raquel about money. Later Bianca realizes she is a bully because she envies the human students. When Courtney finds out about Bianca and Balthazar leaving school she is staked by Charity who then decapitates her before leaving.
#### Celia Olivier
**Celia Olivier** is Bianca's mother and Adrian's wife. She tells her daughter that she's her miracle baby and gives her a very sheltered life not telling her how she was truly born. Bianca worries that now she has become a wraith her mother will not accept her. She finally does and helps Bianca help the wraiths and stop Mrs. Bethany capturing them.
#### Adrian Olivier
**Adrian Olivier** is Bianca's Father and Celia's husband. He is very protective of Bianca and fights with Lucas when he realizes he is part of Black Cross even trying to kill him. He realizes Bianca is a wraith when he is trying to capture a wraith that almost kills him, Bianca comes to help him and goes to Vic and Patrice for help. He later tells Celia that Bianca is now a wraith and helps Bianca stop Mrs. Bethany capturing wraiths.
#### Mr. Wantanabe
**Mr Wantanabe** is part of Black Cross and one of the oldest members. He is killed in the battle with Charity.
#### Eduardo
**Eduardo** is Lucas's step\-father and a leader of Black Cross. He is not accepted by Lucas. He is killed by Mrs. Bethany who snaps his neck.
#### Erich
**Erich** is a student at Evernight Academy and is the typical Evernight type according to Bianca. He stalks Raquel by stealing her possessions and scratching on her roof at the night to scare her. He eventually dies after fighting with Lucas who he at first thinks is not a threat until Lucas kills him.
#### Mr Yee
**Mr Yee** is the technology teacher at Evernight Academy. He teaches vampires about modern life devices and he also teaches Bianca and other students drivers' education
#### Skye Tierney
Skye is a human student in Evernight Academy. She first appears in the book *Afterlife*. She went to the Autumn Ball with Lucas and was later possessed by Bianca to save the rest of the students. Skye is the main character in the book Balthazar. She and Balthazar fall in love with each other. Skye's blood has the power to make vampires see their past back when they are still alive. The special qualities of her blood cause many evil vampires to come after her and endanger her life. At one point, Skye wants Balthazar to change her into a vampire, however he refuses. Balthazar describe Skye as a girl that makes his mind alive again. At the end, she and Balthazar can make it and are safe.
#### Lorenzo
Lorenzo is one of the main character in the book Balthazar. He once was a friend of Balthazar many years ago but they later broke up. Lorenzo is a cruel and brutal but powerful vampire.
#### John Redgrave
Redgrave is also a very bad vampire who appears in the last book in the series, Balthazar. He is the "captain " of Lorenzo's gang. He tries to endanger Skye's life by stalking her. At the end of the story, Redgrave is killed by Charity.
#### Constantia
Constantia is a female vampire who is also in Lorezo's gang. She is beautiful but full of cruelty. She once was in love with Balthazar but he rejected her. She is the one who made Charity rebels her brother, Balthazar years ago.
#### Jane
Balthazar's ex\-girlfriend. Jane and Charity were both captured by Lorenzo, Redgrave and Constantia. Balthazar was made to turn one of them into a vampire. At last, Balthazar chose to bite Charity but unfortunately, Jane was also killed after Balthazar made the decision.
#### Craig
Skye's ex\-boyfriend. He dumped Skye because of a Chinese girl called Britnee Fong. He and Britnee both discovered the existence of vampires and witnessed that when Charity makes the kill
|
[
"Characters\n----------",
"The Evernight follows [protagonist](/wiki/Protagonist \"Protagonist\") [Bianca Olivier](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Bianca_Olivier \"List of Evernight characters#Bianca Olivier\") a half\\-vampire, and her boyfriend [Lucas Ross](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Lucas_Ross \"List of Evernight characters#Lucas Ross\"), who is a member of Black Cross. Throughout the series they are joined by [Balthazar More](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Balthazar_More \"List of Evernight characters#Balthazar More\") a 400\\-year\\-old vampire; [Vic](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Vic_Woodson \"List of Evernight characters#Vic Woodson\") a student at Evernight and Lucas's roommate; [Raquel Vargas](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Raquel_Vargas \"List of Evernight characters#Raquel Vargas\"), Bianca's friend and roommate; and [Ranulf White](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Ranulf_White \"List of Evernight characters#Ranulf White\") a vampire and friend of Balthazar and Vic. [Mrs. Bethanty](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Mrs._Bethanty \"List of Evernight characters#Mrs. Bethanty\") joins them as the main [antagonist](/wiki/Antagonist \"Antagonist\") and headmistress of Evernight, along with [Charity More](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Charity_More \"List of Evernight characters#Charity More\"). Other characters to appear in all four books include [Kate Ross](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Kate_Ross \"List of Evernight characters#Kate Ross\") Lucas's mother and a member of Black Cross; [Dana](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Dana \"List of Evernight characters#Dana\") who is Lucas's best friend and a member of Black Cross who later leaves; and [Celia](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Celia_Olivier \"List of Evernight characters#Celia Olivier\") and [Adrian](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Adrian_Olivier \"List of Evernight characters#Adrian Olivier\") Olivier, Bianca's parents who had her with the help of the wraiths and gave her a sheltered life. Other students at Evernight include [Patrice Deveraux](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Patrice_Deveraux \"List of Evernight characters#Patrice Deveraux\") who Bianca believes is a typical Evernight student (but she is proven wrong); [Courtney](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Courtney \"List of Evernight characters#Courtney\") who is typical Evernight and enjoys bullying the human students; and [Erich](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Erich \"List of Evernight characters#Erich\"), a bully who later obsesses over Raquel and begins stalking her. Other members of Black Cross include [Mr Wantanabe](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Mr_Wantanabe \"List of Evernight characters#Mr Wantanabe\"), one of the oldest members who is killed in the battle with Charity; and [Eduardo](/wiki/List_of_Evernight_characters%23Eduardo \"List of Evernight characters#Eduardo\"), who is Kate's husband and Lucas's stepfather, as well as being the leader of Lucas's cell.",
"### Main characters",
"#### Bianca Olivier",
"**Bianca Olivier** is the narrator in the series, which is written in from a [first\\-person perspective](/wiki/First-person_narrative \"First-person narrative\"). It is revealed that she was born to vampires because of help from wraiths so is half vampire and half wraith. Bianca is somewhat naive at first, particularly about the dangers of vampires, and she is very shy and describes herself as geeky; she cares a lot for her schooling, as well, even if she's in a school she doesn't like. She listens to her parents and hates deceiving them, but she soon faces the fact that she must and that they weren't always honest with her. Although throughout the first book, she describes her looks as average, nothing spectacular but not ugly, she is told several times that she is beautiful, most notably by Patrice, who \"wouldn't have said it unless she meant it.\" Not only does she not feel that she belongs at Evernight with the vampires, she doesn't want to. She almost loses herself in the crowd when she is waltzing with Balthazar, but is brought back to her senses by simply remembering Lucas. Throughout the series, however, she becomes bolder, more powerful and more independent. She is nicknamed \"Binks\" by Vic, who remains the only one to call her that.",
"##### Evernight",
"In *Evernight* she is revealed to be a half vampire. She falls in love with Lucas although it is revealed he is a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter \"Vampire hunter\") group Black Cross. He is forced away from Evernight and later Bianca runs off with him, he tells Bianca that he still loves her even though she is a vampire.",
"They meet up with the rest of Black Cross but later Bianca's parents turn up",
"##### Stargazer",
"In *Stargazer* she is stalked by wraiths and is nearly killed several times. She receives a letter from Lucas asking her to meet him at Amherst train station. She sneaks off campus telling everyone that there is a meteor shower so she can camp on campus. Bianca meets Charity who is Balthazar's sister. Lucas attacks Charity who runs away when the rest of Black Cross arrive which forces Bianca to spend the rest of the weekend at Black Cross HQ.",
"Bianca is caught by Balthazar while sneaking back who agrees not to tell Mrs. Bethany as long as she helps him find Charity. Evernight is later attacked by Charity while an attack by Black Cross is being carried out. Bianca, Raquel and Lucas leave Evernight to go to Black Cross HQ but are attacked by Charity. Charity is pushed against a tree and staked on a sharp branch. They leave and Bianca reluctantly agrees to join Black Cross.",
"##### Hourglass",
"In *Hourglass* Black Cross is attacked by Mrs. Bethany and several members of Evernight including Balthazar who is captured. Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar escape without being caught. When Bianca is feeding, Raquel and Dana walk in and although they agree not to say anything, Bianca is woken in the night by Black Cross who tie her up and begin to torture her. Lucas is also splashed with [Holy water](/wiki/Holy_water \"Holy water\") and burns because he has fed Bianca. Lucas and Bianca escape with the help of Dana.",
"When Lucas is following a rogue vampire to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan, who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money, so they go to Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") where they are attacked by wraiths. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Although she could have killed Lucas, who offered himself to her as long as she did not let him rise, she dies and becomes a wraith.",
"She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told that she can form a body by holding objects that she has bonded to in her life including her brooch and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Lucas, with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from a holiday, agree to assist Balthazar in killing charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema. While Bianca is solid, she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood and killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will have to become a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"When Lucas rises from the dead, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, to which they blame Lucas. While in the library, Bianca is stuck in a trap set by Mrs Bethany specifically to catch wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Bianca while following Lucas until she can appear to him is trapped by Patrice using a mirror who frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire.",
"Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something so agree to help Bianca and her friends to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball.",
"Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves.",
"Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap and feels like she has been trapped for days before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world. Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents so Bianca knows she must help her. Bianca calls upon Christopher who is revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.",
"##### Balthazar",
"In Balthazar, Bianca appears as a minor character. Once when Balthazar and Skye are discovering Skye's true nature, Bianca turns up as a wraith to give them some advice.",
"#### Lucas Ross",
"**Lucas Ross** is the love interest of Bianca. Lucas is described by Balthazar as smart and will stand up for the people who can't stand up for themselves. He has a hot temper, explaining that he'd always settled things with his fists, but when he's hanging out with his friends, such as Bianca or Vic, he seems completely at ease with the world and enjoys every second of his life. He is very good to the people he loves but he's not good at expressing how he feels. He can be stubborn, but not as much when he's with Bianca because he'd do nearly anything for her, including offer her his blood when she's been without food for long enough to feel weak. He has a talent for twisting the facts, laying them out so that he's not inventing a lie but merely letting people believe things happened differently than they really had. He's very kind to most humans and has a good sense of humor, even when it comes to things as revolting as Bianca's bloodlust. Lucas said that if he left Black Cross and went to University, he'd study law because he wants \"to put the bad guys away.\" Lucas is part of the infamous Black Cross vampire slayer group and was inducted by his mother, who has a strong [disdain](/wiki/Disdain \"Disdain\") for vampires.",
"##### Evernight",
"Lucas Ross is a new student at Evernight Academy, and he soon befriends Bianca and Vic who is his roommate. At the Autumn Ball after Balthazar asks Bianca to go with him, he and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help.",
"When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this.",
"After they have been dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and Black Cross accept her, believing that she was stolen as a baby.",
"Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.",
"##### Stargazer",
"Bianca receives a letter from Lucas by Vic, as Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in regular contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station.",
"Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do.",
"An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.",
"##### Hourglass",
"Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.",
"After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.",
"Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"The novel begins when Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. While in the library Bianca is trapped in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go onto a trip to the local town to which Bianca is going to accompany him. At the cafe Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called, and although no one is harmed Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her friends agree to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the Autumn Ball. While the ball is taking place several human students are possessed by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight.",
"Lucas is told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves as he does not agree with the [Morality](/wiki/Morality \"Morality\") of it.",
"Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to.",
"A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help [murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\") Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life and back to happiness.",
"#### Balthazar More",
"**Balthazar More** is the friend of Bianca and at one point in the series her love interest. He is a vampire and has been one for over four hundred years. He is described as handsome and extremely popular amongst his peers. He always says hello to people in the hallway, whether human or vampire, deciding that it didn't make a difference. Balthazar has only taken a human life once (that is mentioned, at least) and he had never stopped tourturing himself for it. Bianca's parents adore Balthazar and Bianca had come to realize he was one of her closest friends, but felt that he deserved more than what she was giving him, wishing that he could find happiness with someone else. Bianca can talk to Balthazar about nearly anything. Bianca states that he was the only vampire who'd never lied to her, but added that he'd done most of the lying to himself. Lucas is jealous of Balthazar during Stargazer, when Balthazar and Bianca are at Evernight (and have to pretend to date in order to get off campus) and Lucas rarely gets to see her, saying that he's upset another guy gets to spend more time with her. He is the brother of Charity and her maker which is the biggest regret in his life.\n\\-Balthazar is nicknamed Balty by Vic, who is the only one to call him that.",
"##### Evernight",
"When attending the same party he befriends Bianca who he asks to the Autumn Ball. There, he, Lucas and Bianca get into an argument, and while Balthazar leaves them alone Bianca gives in to temptation and bites Lucas, drinking his blood.",
"Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, although no humans have ever been previously accepted to the school, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against the two vampires and they chase him off campus.",
"Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home along with Balthazar who do not understand.",
"##### Stargazer",
"Bianca goes into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her.",
"##### Hourglass",
"Mrs. Bethany stages a break into the Black Cross cell along with several members of staff and Balthazar, wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"Lucas finds a rogue vampire in the city they are staying in, but after following him to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Balthazar asks Lucas, Ranulf and Vic to assist him in killing charity. Charity pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"Balthazar and Ranulf assist Lucas as he rises from the dead. Balthazar insists that Lucas return to Evernight to help him conquer his bloodlust.",
"Balthazar assists Lucas several times throughout the year including stopping Charity invading Lucas's dreams by entering Charity's dreams and making her swear to stop. While in Charity's dreams he and Bianca see a house with smoke emitting from the chimney. He tells Bianca that it is the house of a girl he loved but thinks it best he did not visit her through dreams. Balthazar also helps Bianca agreeing to help her set free the trapped wraiths and put a stop to Mrs. Bethany's plans once and for all.",
"A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. There blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. Bianca offers the same cure for vampirism to Balthazar although he refuses after reflection on the possibility of becoming human once again.",
"##### Future",
"He is soon to star in his own spinoff novel entitled [Balthazar](/wiki/Evernight_%28series%29%23Future \"Evernight (series)#Future\") about his life, death and adventures following. It will be released in March 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \\|title\\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\\|date\\=June 18, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}}",
"#### Mrs. Bethany",
"**Charlotte Bethany** is a very old vampire who is afraid of change. She is the headmistress of Evernight Academy which is her home and life which she has continued running for many years. She worked at Black Cross and became a vampire after her husband was murdered. She did it so that she could have the power to seek revenge as her colleagues refused to help her find the men who murdered her husband and took his money. In *Afterlife*, she helps Lucas with his transformation and shows more kindness toward him than she'd ever had to anyone at the school, including Balthazar, due to the fact that she could strongly relate to what he was going through. She was later reunited with her husband who had become a wraith and to his surprise accepted him for who he was just as the roof of her cottage collapsed killing them both.",
"#### Vic Woodson",
"**Vic Woodson** is the friend of Bianca and Lucas and Lucas's roommate in Evernight. He is a human student at Evernight Academy and is allowed entry because his house is haunted by a wraith called Maxine. Vic isn't viewed as particularly bright, but as the series progresses, it's clear that he knew much more than he let on. He's described by Lucas as \"oblivious and goofy\" (which Lucas stated lovingly) in the beginning of the series, before they knew each other well. Vic is generally liked by everyone at Evernight as he believes that everyone is great in their own way. Vic gives nearly everyone he knows an unusual nickname and speaks in a very laidback style (ex: \"...but this is beyond moody. This is Supermoody. Megamoody. X\\-treme moodiness.\" and \"I intend to where it around case del Lucas y Victor.\") but as the series progresses, he uses more complicated words, astonishing nearly all his friends at least once. He later figures out that many of the students at Evernight are vampires and even though he is wary he reasons if they wanted to harm him they could have done so already (this is not revealed until Hourglass, although it seems he'd known nearly the entire series). He strikes up a friendship with Ranulf White and later becomes his roommate as well as allowing him to stay with him over the school holidays. It's clear how wealthy Vic is during Hourglass, but he tries—and succeeds—not to act stuck up or snobby. His surname is never revealed in the books (until *Hourglass/Afterlife*) although it is confirmed on Gray's official site.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.claudiagray.com/links.htm/ \\|title\\=Claudia Gray official website Vic Woodson surname revealed \\|work\\=\\[\\[Claudia Gray]] \\|date\\=June 18, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813170954/http://claudiagray.com/links.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=August 13, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Raquel Vargas",
"**Raquel Vargas** is the friend and roommate of Bianca and girlfriend of Dana. She is stalked by Erich in her first year until he is killed by Lucas. She was haunted by a wraith who lived in her house so she left to live in Evernight. She was also raped by the wraith and haunted in her dreams by him. She went to work for Black Cross after discovering vampires existence when Evernight was attacked by Charity as well as Black Cross. She reported Bianca to Kate Ross when she realized that Bianca was a half vampire but was later forgiven by her and left Black Cross with Dana. She agreed to help Bianca and Lucas leave Evernight after they destroyed the traps set by Mrs. Bethany for the wraiths.",
"#### Ranulf White",
"**Ranulf White** is a student at Evernight Academy. He is Vic and Balthazar's friend and later Vic's roommate. He enjoys playing chess with Vic. Ranulf does not understand modern technology and speaks in a very old fashioned manner. He joins Balthazar in trying to kill Charity after he returns from holiday with Vic. When Lucas rises for the first time, Ranulf helps him by getting him blood and through his initial bloodlust. Ranulf agrees to help Bianca to find the traps set for wraiths by Mrs. Bethany.",
"#### Charity More",
"**Charity More** is Balthazar's sister who has now become a brutal killer and part of a tribe after she was turned by Balthazar. She wants to cause pain to others and later causes a fight between Black Cross and Evernight's vampires. She kills Lucas and turns him into a vampire in *Hourglass* and in *Afterlife* continues to haunt him through his dreams which can be done by a creator although it takes a lot of energy and the vampire has to sleep for many hours to do so. Balthazar later stops her doing so by going into her dreams.",
"#### Kate Ross",
"**Kate Ross** is Lucas's mother and one of the leaders of Black Cross. She does not accept him when he becomes a vampire and also tries to kill Bianca when she finds out she is half vampire. She does not treat vampires as people and calls Lucas a monster who is no longer her son but her son should be at peace. Kate is very strict when it comes to the belief of vampirism.",
"### Minor characters",
"#### Patrice Deveraux",
"**Patrice Deveraux** is Bianca's roommate who appears to be one of the typical Evernight types, although Bianca realizes she is not. She appears to be very materialistic. She helps Bianca get ready for dates with Lucas. She does not appear in *Stargazer* as she is skiing with her new boyfriend, although she reappears in *Afterlife* and captures Bianca (who is now a wraith) using a mirror. She later helps Bianca by finding and destroying the traps set by Mrs. Bethany.",
"#### Maxine O'Connor",
"**Maxine** is the wraith who lives in Vic's attic. She is several years younger than Bianca and died ninety years before Bianca. She can be sarcastic and envious of Bianca for her powers, but she proves to be a friend of Bianca's, helping her tap her full potential as a wraith. She wears a night gown and often appears to Bianca asking her to come to see Christopher. Before Bianca becomes a wraith, Maxie haunts her at Evernight, insisting that she isn't \"like them\" (the vampires) but is \"like \\[her]\" (a wraith). She is the first wraith Bianca meets after she dies and she is later almost killed when she is captured by Mrs. Bethany but is freed by Christopher who sacrifices himself for her. Although this is never said, Maxie appears to have feelings for Vic, who has always been kind and accepting of her, although she's scared of appearing to him or even telling him his name.\n\\-Maxine O'Connor is one of the names Bianca finds in the records room when she is searching for the reason Mrs. Bethamy allowed humans at Evernight Academy, although it's never truly revealed why.",
"#### Dana",
"**Dana** is a member of Black Cross and a friend to Lucas. She seems too nice to be Black Cross to Bianca and was Lucas's best friend through his childhood. She is one of the few people who accepts Lucas when he becomes a vampire. Dana is in a relationship with Raquel.",
"#### Courtney",
"**Courtney** is a student at Evernight and is another one of the Evernight type according to Bianca. She is a bully towards the human students and enjoys taunting Raquel about money. Later Bianca realizes she is a bully because she envies the human students. When Courtney finds out about Bianca and Balthazar leaving school she is staked by Charity who then decapitates her before leaving.",
"#### Celia Olivier",
"**Celia Olivier** is Bianca's mother and Adrian's wife. She tells her daughter that she's her miracle baby and gives her a very sheltered life not telling her how she was truly born. Bianca worries that now she has become a wraith her mother will not accept her. She finally does and helps Bianca help the wraiths and stop Mrs. Bethany capturing them.",
"#### Adrian Olivier",
"**Adrian Olivier** is Bianca's Father and Celia's husband. He is very protective of Bianca and fights with Lucas when he realizes he is part of Black Cross even trying to kill him. He realizes Bianca is a wraith when he is trying to capture a wraith that almost kills him, Bianca comes to help him and goes to Vic and Patrice for help. He later tells Celia that Bianca is now a wraith and helps Bianca stop Mrs. Bethany capturing wraiths.",
"#### Mr. Wantanabe",
"**Mr Wantanabe** is part of Black Cross and one of the oldest members. He is killed in the battle with Charity.",
"#### Eduardo",
"**Eduardo** is Lucas's step\\-father and a leader of Black Cross. He is not accepted by Lucas. He is killed by Mrs. Bethany who snaps his neck.",
"#### Erich",
"**Erich** is a student at Evernight Academy and is the typical Evernight type according to Bianca. He stalks Raquel by stealing her possessions and scratching on her roof at the night to scare her. He eventually dies after fighting with Lucas who he at first thinks is not a threat until Lucas kills him.",
"#### Mr Yee",
"**Mr Yee** is the technology teacher at Evernight Academy. He teaches vampires about modern life devices and he also teaches Bianca and other students drivers' education",
"#### Skye Tierney",
"Skye is a human student in Evernight Academy. She first appears in the book *Afterlife*. She went to the Autumn Ball with Lucas and was later possessed by Bianca to save the rest of the students. Skye is the main character in the book Balthazar. She and Balthazar fall in love with each other. Skye's blood has the power to make vampires see their past back when they are still alive. The special qualities of her blood cause many evil vampires to come after her and endanger her life. At one point, Skye wants Balthazar to change her into a vampire, however he refuses. Balthazar describe Skye as a girl that makes his mind alive again. At the end, she and Balthazar can make it and are safe.",
"#### Lorenzo",
"Lorenzo is one of the main character in the book Balthazar. He once was a friend of Balthazar many years ago but they later broke up. Lorenzo is a cruel and brutal but powerful vampire.",
"#### John Redgrave",
"Redgrave is also a very bad vampire who appears in the last book in the series, Balthazar. He is the \"captain \" of Lorenzo's gang. He tries to endanger Skye's life by stalking her. At the end of the story, Redgrave is killed by Charity.",
"#### Constantia",
"Constantia is a female vampire who is also in Lorezo's gang. She is beautiful but full of cruelty. She once was in love with Balthazar but he rejected her. She is the one who made Charity rebels her brother, Balthazar years ago.",
"#### Jane",
"Balthazar's ex\\-girlfriend. Jane and Charity were both captured by Lorenzo, Redgrave and Constantia. Balthazar was made to turn one of them into a vampire. At last, Balthazar chose to bite Charity but unfortunately, Jane was also killed after Balthazar made the decision.",
"#### Craig",
"Skye's ex\\-boyfriend. He dumped Skye because of a Chinese girl called Britnee Fong. He and Britnee both discovered the existence of vampires and witnessed that when Charity makes the kill",
""
] |
### Main characters
#### Bianca Olivier
**Bianca Olivier** is the narrator in the series, which is written in from a [first\-person perspective](/wiki/First-person_narrative "First-person narrative"). It is revealed that she was born to vampires because of help from wraiths so is half vampire and half wraith. Bianca is somewhat naive at first, particularly about the dangers of vampires, and she is very shy and describes herself as geeky; she cares a lot for her schooling, as well, even if she's in a school she doesn't like. She listens to her parents and hates deceiving them, but she soon faces the fact that she must and that they weren't always honest with her. Although throughout the first book, she describes her looks as average, nothing spectacular but not ugly, she is told several times that she is beautiful, most notably by Patrice, who "wouldn't have said it unless she meant it." Not only does she not feel that she belongs at Evernight with the vampires, she doesn't want to. She almost loses herself in the crowd when she is waltzing with Balthazar, but is brought back to her senses by simply remembering Lucas. Throughout the series, however, she becomes bolder, more powerful and more independent. She is nicknamed "Binks" by Vic, who remains the only one to call her that.
##### Evernight
In *Evernight* she is revealed to be a half vampire. She falls in love with Lucas although it is revealed he is a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter "Vampire hunter") group Black Cross. He is forced away from Evernight and later Bianca runs off with him, he tells Bianca that he still loves her even though she is a vampire.
They meet up with the rest of Black Cross but later Bianca's parents turn up
##### Stargazer
In *Stargazer* she is stalked by wraiths and is nearly killed several times. She receives a letter from Lucas asking her to meet him at Amherst train station. She sneaks off campus telling everyone that there is a meteor shower so she can camp on campus. Bianca meets Charity who is Balthazar's sister. Lucas attacks Charity who runs away when the rest of Black Cross arrive which forces Bianca to spend the rest of the weekend at Black Cross HQ.
Bianca is caught by Balthazar while sneaking back who agrees not to tell Mrs. Bethany as long as she helps him find Charity. Evernight is later attacked by Charity while an attack by Black Cross is being carried out. Bianca, Raquel and Lucas leave Evernight to go to Black Cross HQ but are attacked by Charity. Charity is pushed against a tree and staked on a sharp branch. They leave and Bianca reluctantly agrees to join Black Cross.
##### Hourglass
In *Hourglass* Black Cross is attacked by Mrs. Bethany and several members of Evernight including Balthazar who is captured. Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar escape without being caught. When Bianca is feeding, Raquel and Dana walk in and although they agree not to say anything, Bianca is woken in the night by Black Cross who tie her up and begin to torture her. Lucas is also splashed with [Holy water](/wiki/Holy_water "Holy water") and burns because he has fed Bianca. Lucas and Bianca escape with the help of Dana.
When Lucas is following a rogue vampire to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan, who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money, so they go to Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") where they are attacked by wraiths. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Although she could have killed Lucas, who offered himself to her as long as she did not let him rise, she dies and becomes a wraith.
She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told that she can form a body by holding objects that she has bonded to in her life including her brooch and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Lucas, with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from a holiday, agree to assist Balthazar in killing charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema. While Bianca is solid, she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood and killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will have to become a vampire.
##### Afterlife
When Lucas rises from the dead, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, to which they blame Lucas. While in the library, Bianca is stuck in a trap set by Mrs Bethany specifically to catch wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Bianca while following Lucas until she can appear to him is trapped by Patrice using a mirror who frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire.
Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something so agree to help Bianca and her friends to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball.
Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves.
Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap and feels like she has been trapped for days before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world. Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents so Bianca knows she must help her. Bianca calls upon Christopher who is revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.
##### Balthazar
In Balthazar, Bianca appears as a minor character. Once when Balthazar and Skye are discovering Skye's true nature, Bianca turns up as a wraith to give them some advice.
#### Lucas Ross
**Lucas Ross** is the love interest of Bianca. Lucas is described by Balthazar as smart and will stand up for the people who can't stand up for themselves. He has a hot temper, explaining that he'd always settled things with his fists, but when he's hanging out with his friends, such as Bianca or Vic, he seems completely at ease with the world and enjoys every second of his life. He is very good to the people he loves but he's not good at expressing how he feels. He can be stubborn, but not as much when he's with Bianca because he'd do nearly anything for her, including offer her his blood when she's been without food for long enough to feel weak. He has a talent for twisting the facts, laying them out so that he's not inventing a lie but merely letting people believe things happened differently than they really had. He's very kind to most humans and has a good sense of humor, even when it comes to things as revolting as Bianca's bloodlust. Lucas said that if he left Black Cross and went to University, he'd study law because he wants "to put the bad guys away." Lucas is part of the infamous Black Cross vampire slayer group and was inducted by his mother, who has a strong [disdain](/wiki/Disdain "Disdain") for vampires.
##### Evernight
Lucas Ross is a new student at Evernight Academy, and he soon befriends Bianca and Vic who is his roommate. At the Autumn Ball after Balthazar asks Bianca to go with him, he and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help.
When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this.
After they have been dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and Black Cross accept her, believing that she was stolen as a baby.
Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.
##### Stargazer
Bianca receives a letter from Lucas by Vic, as Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in regular contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station.
Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do.
An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.
##### Hourglass
Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.
After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.
Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.
##### Afterlife
The novel begins when Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. While in the library Bianca is trapped in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go onto a trip to the local town to which Bianca is going to accompany him. At the cafe Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called, and although no one is harmed Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her friends agree to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the Autumn Ball. While the ball is taking place several human students are possessed by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight.
Lucas is told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves as he does not agree with the [Morality](/wiki/Morality "Morality") of it.
Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to.
A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help [murder](/wiki/Murder "Murder") Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life and back to happiness.
#### Balthazar More
**Balthazar More** is the friend of Bianca and at one point in the series her love interest. He is a vampire and has been one for over four hundred years. He is described as handsome and extremely popular amongst his peers. He always says hello to people in the hallway, whether human or vampire, deciding that it didn't make a difference. Balthazar has only taken a human life once (that is mentioned, at least) and he had never stopped tourturing himself for it. Bianca's parents adore Balthazar and Bianca had come to realize he was one of her closest friends, but felt that he deserved more than what she was giving him, wishing that he could find happiness with someone else. Bianca can talk to Balthazar about nearly anything. Bianca states that he was the only vampire who'd never lied to her, but added that he'd done most of the lying to himself. Lucas is jealous of Balthazar during Stargazer, when Balthazar and Bianca are at Evernight (and have to pretend to date in order to get off campus) and Lucas rarely gets to see her, saying that he's upset another guy gets to spend more time with her. He is the brother of Charity and her maker which is the biggest regret in his life.
\-Balthazar is nicknamed Balty by Vic, who is the only one to call him that.
##### Evernight
When attending the same party he befriends Bianca who he asks to the Autumn Ball. There, he, Lucas and Bianca get into an argument, and while Balthazar leaves them alone Bianca gives in to temptation and bites Lucas, drinking his blood.
Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, although no humans have ever been previously accepted to the school, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against the two vampires and they chase him off campus.
Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home along with Balthazar who do not understand.
##### Stargazer
Bianca goes into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her.
##### Hourglass
Mrs. Bethany stages a break into the Black Cross cell along with several members of staff and Balthazar, wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
Lucas finds a rogue vampire in the city they are staying in, but after following him to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Balthazar asks Lucas, Ranulf and Vic to assist him in killing charity. Charity pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become a vampire.
##### Afterlife
Balthazar and Ranulf assist Lucas as he rises from the dead. Balthazar insists that Lucas return to Evernight to help him conquer his bloodlust.
Balthazar assists Lucas several times throughout the year including stopping Charity invading Lucas's dreams by entering Charity's dreams and making her swear to stop. While in Charity's dreams he and Bianca see a house with smoke emitting from the chimney. He tells Bianca that it is the house of a girl he loved but thinks it best he did not visit her through dreams. Balthazar also helps Bianca agreeing to help her set free the trapped wraiths and put a stop to Mrs. Bethany's plans once and for all.
A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. There blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. Bianca offers the same cure for vampirism to Balthazar although he refuses after reflection on the possibility of becoming human once again.
##### Future
He is soon to star in his own spinoff novel entitled [Balthazar](/wiki/Evernight_%28series%29%23Future "Evernight (series)#Future") about his life, death and adventures following. It will be released in March 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \|title\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\|date\=June 18, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}}
#### Mrs. Bethany
**Charlotte Bethany** is a very old vampire who is afraid of change. She is the headmistress of Evernight Academy which is her home and life which she has continued running for many years. She worked at Black Cross and became a vampire after her husband was murdered. She did it so that she could have the power to seek revenge as her colleagues refused to help her find the men who murdered her husband and took his money. In *Afterlife*, she helps Lucas with his transformation and shows more kindness toward him than she'd ever had to anyone at the school, including Balthazar, due to the fact that she could strongly relate to what he was going through. She was later reunited with her husband who had become a wraith and to his surprise accepted him for who he was just as the roof of her cottage collapsed killing them both.
#### Vic Woodson
**Vic Woodson** is the friend of Bianca and Lucas and Lucas's roommate in Evernight. He is a human student at Evernight Academy and is allowed entry because his house is haunted by a wraith called Maxine. Vic isn't viewed as particularly bright, but as the series progresses, it's clear that he knew much more than he let on. He's described by Lucas as "oblivious and goofy" (which Lucas stated lovingly) in the beginning of the series, before they knew each other well. Vic is generally liked by everyone at Evernight as he believes that everyone is great in their own way. Vic gives nearly everyone he knows an unusual nickname and speaks in a very laidback style (ex: "...but this is beyond moody. This is Supermoody. Megamoody. X\-treme moodiness." and "I intend to where it around case del Lucas y Victor.") but as the series progresses, he uses more complicated words, astonishing nearly all his friends at least once. He later figures out that many of the students at Evernight are vampires and even though he is wary he reasons if they wanted to harm him they could have done so already (this is not revealed until Hourglass, although it seems he'd known nearly the entire series). He strikes up a friendship with Ranulf White and later becomes his roommate as well as allowing him to stay with him over the school holidays. It's clear how wealthy Vic is during Hourglass, but he tries—and succeeds—not to act stuck up or snobby. His surname is never revealed in the books (until *Hourglass/Afterlife*) although it is confirmed on Gray's official site.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.claudiagray.com/links.htm/ \|title\=Claudia Gray official website Vic Woodson surname revealed \|work\=\[\[Claudia Gray]] \|date\=June 18, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813170954/http://claudiagray.com/links.htm \|archive\-date\=August 13, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
#### Raquel Vargas
**Raquel Vargas** is the friend and roommate of Bianca and girlfriend of Dana. She is stalked by Erich in her first year until he is killed by Lucas. She was haunted by a wraith who lived in her house so she left to live in Evernight. She was also raped by the wraith and haunted in her dreams by him. She went to work for Black Cross after discovering vampires existence when Evernight was attacked by Charity as well as Black Cross. She reported Bianca to Kate Ross when she realized that Bianca was a half vampire but was later forgiven by her and left Black Cross with Dana. She agreed to help Bianca and Lucas leave Evernight after they destroyed the traps set by Mrs. Bethany for the wraiths.
#### Ranulf White
**Ranulf White** is a student at Evernight Academy. He is Vic and Balthazar's friend and later Vic's roommate. He enjoys playing chess with Vic. Ranulf does not understand modern technology and speaks in a very old fashioned manner. He joins Balthazar in trying to kill Charity after he returns from holiday with Vic. When Lucas rises for the first time, Ranulf helps him by getting him blood and through his initial bloodlust. Ranulf agrees to help Bianca to find the traps set for wraiths by Mrs. Bethany.
#### Charity More
**Charity More** is Balthazar's sister who has now become a brutal killer and part of a tribe after she was turned by Balthazar. She wants to cause pain to others and later causes a fight between Black Cross and Evernight's vampires. She kills Lucas and turns him into a vampire in *Hourglass* and in *Afterlife* continues to haunt him through his dreams which can be done by a creator although it takes a lot of energy and the vampire has to sleep for many hours to do so. Balthazar later stops her doing so by going into her dreams.
#### Kate Ross
**Kate Ross** is Lucas's mother and one of the leaders of Black Cross. She does not accept him when he becomes a vampire and also tries to kill Bianca when she finds out she is half vampire. She does not treat vampires as people and calls Lucas a monster who is no longer her son but her son should be at peace. Kate is very strict when it comes to the belief of vampirism.
|
[
"### Main characters",
"#### Bianca Olivier",
"**Bianca Olivier** is the narrator in the series, which is written in from a [first\\-person perspective](/wiki/First-person_narrative \"First-person narrative\"). It is revealed that she was born to vampires because of help from wraiths so is half vampire and half wraith. Bianca is somewhat naive at first, particularly about the dangers of vampires, and she is very shy and describes herself as geeky; she cares a lot for her schooling, as well, even if she's in a school she doesn't like. She listens to her parents and hates deceiving them, but she soon faces the fact that she must and that they weren't always honest with her. Although throughout the first book, she describes her looks as average, nothing spectacular but not ugly, she is told several times that she is beautiful, most notably by Patrice, who \"wouldn't have said it unless she meant it.\" Not only does she not feel that she belongs at Evernight with the vampires, she doesn't want to. She almost loses herself in the crowd when she is waltzing with Balthazar, but is brought back to her senses by simply remembering Lucas. Throughout the series, however, she becomes bolder, more powerful and more independent. She is nicknamed \"Binks\" by Vic, who remains the only one to call her that.",
"##### Evernight",
"In *Evernight* she is revealed to be a half vampire. She falls in love with Lucas although it is revealed he is a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter \"Vampire hunter\") group Black Cross. He is forced away from Evernight and later Bianca runs off with him, he tells Bianca that he still loves her even though she is a vampire.",
"They meet up with the rest of Black Cross but later Bianca's parents turn up",
"##### Stargazer",
"In *Stargazer* she is stalked by wraiths and is nearly killed several times. She receives a letter from Lucas asking her to meet him at Amherst train station. She sneaks off campus telling everyone that there is a meteor shower so she can camp on campus. Bianca meets Charity who is Balthazar's sister. Lucas attacks Charity who runs away when the rest of Black Cross arrive which forces Bianca to spend the rest of the weekend at Black Cross HQ.",
"Bianca is caught by Balthazar while sneaking back who agrees not to tell Mrs. Bethany as long as she helps him find Charity. Evernight is later attacked by Charity while an attack by Black Cross is being carried out. Bianca, Raquel and Lucas leave Evernight to go to Black Cross HQ but are attacked by Charity. Charity is pushed against a tree and staked on a sharp branch. They leave and Bianca reluctantly agrees to join Black Cross.",
"##### Hourglass",
"In *Hourglass* Black Cross is attacked by Mrs. Bethany and several members of Evernight including Balthazar who is captured. Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar escape without being caught. When Bianca is feeding, Raquel and Dana walk in and although they agree not to say anything, Bianca is woken in the night by Black Cross who tie her up and begin to torture her. Lucas is also splashed with [Holy water](/wiki/Holy_water \"Holy water\") and burns because he has fed Bianca. Lucas and Bianca escape with the help of Dana.",
"When Lucas is following a rogue vampire to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan, who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money, so they go to Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") where they are attacked by wraiths. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Although she could have killed Lucas, who offered himself to her as long as she did not let him rise, she dies and becomes a wraith.",
"She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told that she can form a body by holding objects that she has bonded to in her life including her brooch and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Lucas, with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from a holiday, agree to assist Balthazar in killing charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema. While Bianca is solid, she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood and killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will have to become a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"When Lucas rises from the dead, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, to which they blame Lucas. While in the library, Bianca is stuck in a trap set by Mrs Bethany specifically to catch wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Bianca while following Lucas until she can appear to him is trapped by Patrice using a mirror who frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire.",
"Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something so agree to help Bianca and her friends to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball.",
"Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves.",
"Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap and feels like she has been trapped for days before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world. Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents so Bianca knows she must help her. Bianca calls upon Christopher who is revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.",
"##### Balthazar",
"In Balthazar, Bianca appears as a minor character. Once when Balthazar and Skye are discovering Skye's true nature, Bianca turns up as a wraith to give them some advice.",
"#### Lucas Ross",
"**Lucas Ross** is the love interest of Bianca. Lucas is described by Balthazar as smart and will stand up for the people who can't stand up for themselves. He has a hot temper, explaining that he'd always settled things with his fists, but when he's hanging out with his friends, such as Bianca or Vic, he seems completely at ease with the world and enjoys every second of his life. He is very good to the people he loves but he's not good at expressing how he feels. He can be stubborn, but not as much when he's with Bianca because he'd do nearly anything for her, including offer her his blood when she's been without food for long enough to feel weak. He has a talent for twisting the facts, laying them out so that he's not inventing a lie but merely letting people believe things happened differently than they really had. He's very kind to most humans and has a good sense of humor, even when it comes to things as revolting as Bianca's bloodlust. Lucas said that if he left Black Cross and went to University, he'd study law because he wants \"to put the bad guys away.\" Lucas is part of the infamous Black Cross vampire slayer group and was inducted by his mother, who has a strong [disdain](/wiki/Disdain \"Disdain\") for vampires.",
"##### Evernight",
"Lucas Ross is a new student at Evernight Academy, and he soon befriends Bianca and Vic who is his roommate. At the Autumn Ball after Balthazar asks Bianca to go with him, he and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help.",
"When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this.",
"After they have been dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and Black Cross accept her, believing that she was stolen as a baby.",
"Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.",
"##### Stargazer",
"Bianca receives a letter from Lucas by Vic, as Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in regular contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station.",
"Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do.",
"An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.",
"##### Hourglass",
"Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.",
"After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.",
"Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"The novel begins when Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. While in the library Bianca is trapped in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go onto a trip to the local town to which Bianca is going to accompany him. At the cafe Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called, and although no one is harmed Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her friends agree to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the Autumn Ball. While the ball is taking place several human students are possessed by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight.",
"Lucas is told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves as he does not agree with the [Morality](/wiki/Morality \"Morality\") of it.",
"Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to.",
"A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help [murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\") Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life and back to happiness.",
"#### Balthazar More",
"**Balthazar More** is the friend of Bianca and at one point in the series her love interest. He is a vampire and has been one for over four hundred years. He is described as handsome and extremely popular amongst his peers. He always says hello to people in the hallway, whether human or vampire, deciding that it didn't make a difference. Balthazar has only taken a human life once (that is mentioned, at least) and he had never stopped tourturing himself for it. Bianca's parents adore Balthazar and Bianca had come to realize he was one of her closest friends, but felt that he deserved more than what she was giving him, wishing that he could find happiness with someone else. Bianca can talk to Balthazar about nearly anything. Bianca states that he was the only vampire who'd never lied to her, but added that he'd done most of the lying to himself. Lucas is jealous of Balthazar during Stargazer, when Balthazar and Bianca are at Evernight (and have to pretend to date in order to get off campus) and Lucas rarely gets to see her, saying that he's upset another guy gets to spend more time with her. He is the brother of Charity and her maker which is the biggest regret in his life.\n\\-Balthazar is nicknamed Balty by Vic, who is the only one to call him that.",
"##### Evernight",
"When attending the same party he befriends Bianca who he asks to the Autumn Ball. There, he, Lucas and Bianca get into an argument, and while Balthazar leaves them alone Bianca gives in to temptation and bites Lucas, drinking his blood.",
"Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, although no humans have ever been previously accepted to the school, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against the two vampires and they chase him off campus.",
"Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home along with Balthazar who do not understand.",
"##### Stargazer",
"Bianca goes into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her.",
"##### Hourglass",
"Mrs. Bethany stages a break into the Black Cross cell along with several members of staff and Balthazar, wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"Lucas finds a rogue vampire in the city they are staying in, but after following him to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Balthazar asks Lucas, Ranulf and Vic to assist him in killing charity. Charity pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"Balthazar and Ranulf assist Lucas as he rises from the dead. Balthazar insists that Lucas return to Evernight to help him conquer his bloodlust.",
"Balthazar assists Lucas several times throughout the year including stopping Charity invading Lucas's dreams by entering Charity's dreams and making her swear to stop. While in Charity's dreams he and Bianca see a house with smoke emitting from the chimney. He tells Bianca that it is the house of a girl he loved but thinks it best he did not visit her through dreams. Balthazar also helps Bianca agreeing to help her set free the trapped wraiths and put a stop to Mrs. Bethany's plans once and for all.",
"A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. There blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. Bianca offers the same cure for vampirism to Balthazar although he refuses after reflection on the possibility of becoming human once again.",
"##### Future",
"He is soon to star in his own spinoff novel entitled [Balthazar](/wiki/Evernight_%28series%29%23Future \"Evernight (series)#Future\") about his life, death and adventures following. It will be released in March 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \\|title\\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\\|date\\=June 18, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}}",
"#### Mrs. Bethany",
"**Charlotte Bethany** is a very old vampire who is afraid of change. She is the headmistress of Evernight Academy which is her home and life which she has continued running for many years. She worked at Black Cross and became a vampire after her husband was murdered. She did it so that she could have the power to seek revenge as her colleagues refused to help her find the men who murdered her husband and took his money. In *Afterlife*, she helps Lucas with his transformation and shows more kindness toward him than she'd ever had to anyone at the school, including Balthazar, due to the fact that she could strongly relate to what he was going through. She was later reunited with her husband who had become a wraith and to his surprise accepted him for who he was just as the roof of her cottage collapsed killing them both.",
"#### Vic Woodson",
"**Vic Woodson** is the friend of Bianca and Lucas and Lucas's roommate in Evernight. He is a human student at Evernight Academy and is allowed entry because his house is haunted by a wraith called Maxine. Vic isn't viewed as particularly bright, but as the series progresses, it's clear that he knew much more than he let on. He's described by Lucas as \"oblivious and goofy\" (which Lucas stated lovingly) in the beginning of the series, before they knew each other well. Vic is generally liked by everyone at Evernight as he believes that everyone is great in their own way. Vic gives nearly everyone he knows an unusual nickname and speaks in a very laidback style (ex: \"...but this is beyond moody. This is Supermoody. Megamoody. X\\-treme moodiness.\" and \"I intend to where it around case del Lucas y Victor.\") but as the series progresses, he uses more complicated words, astonishing nearly all his friends at least once. He later figures out that many of the students at Evernight are vampires and even though he is wary he reasons if they wanted to harm him they could have done so already (this is not revealed until Hourglass, although it seems he'd known nearly the entire series). He strikes up a friendship with Ranulf White and later becomes his roommate as well as allowing him to stay with him over the school holidays. It's clear how wealthy Vic is during Hourglass, but he tries—and succeeds—not to act stuck up or snobby. His surname is never revealed in the books (until *Hourglass/Afterlife*) although it is confirmed on Gray's official site.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.claudiagray.com/links.htm/ \\|title\\=Claudia Gray official website Vic Woodson surname revealed \\|work\\=\\[\\[Claudia Gray]] \\|date\\=June 18, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813170954/http://claudiagray.com/links.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=August 13, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"#### Raquel Vargas",
"**Raquel Vargas** is the friend and roommate of Bianca and girlfriend of Dana. She is stalked by Erich in her first year until he is killed by Lucas. She was haunted by a wraith who lived in her house so she left to live in Evernight. She was also raped by the wraith and haunted in her dreams by him. She went to work for Black Cross after discovering vampires existence when Evernight was attacked by Charity as well as Black Cross. She reported Bianca to Kate Ross when she realized that Bianca was a half vampire but was later forgiven by her and left Black Cross with Dana. She agreed to help Bianca and Lucas leave Evernight after they destroyed the traps set by Mrs. Bethany for the wraiths.",
"#### Ranulf White",
"**Ranulf White** is a student at Evernight Academy. He is Vic and Balthazar's friend and later Vic's roommate. He enjoys playing chess with Vic. Ranulf does not understand modern technology and speaks in a very old fashioned manner. He joins Balthazar in trying to kill Charity after he returns from holiday with Vic. When Lucas rises for the first time, Ranulf helps him by getting him blood and through his initial bloodlust. Ranulf agrees to help Bianca to find the traps set for wraiths by Mrs. Bethany.",
"#### Charity More",
"**Charity More** is Balthazar's sister who has now become a brutal killer and part of a tribe after she was turned by Balthazar. She wants to cause pain to others and later causes a fight between Black Cross and Evernight's vampires. She kills Lucas and turns him into a vampire in *Hourglass* and in *Afterlife* continues to haunt him through his dreams which can be done by a creator although it takes a lot of energy and the vampire has to sleep for many hours to do so. Balthazar later stops her doing so by going into her dreams.",
"#### Kate Ross",
"**Kate Ross** is Lucas's mother and one of the leaders of Black Cross. She does not accept him when he becomes a vampire and also tries to kill Bianca when she finds out she is half vampire. She does not treat vampires as people and calls Lucas a monster who is no longer her son but her son should be at peace. Kate is very strict when it comes to the belief of vampirism.",
""
] |
#### Bianca Olivier
**Bianca Olivier** is the narrator in the series, which is written in from a [first\-person perspective](/wiki/First-person_narrative "First-person narrative"). It is revealed that she was born to vampires because of help from wraiths so is half vampire and half wraith. Bianca is somewhat naive at first, particularly about the dangers of vampires, and she is very shy and describes herself as geeky; she cares a lot for her schooling, as well, even if she's in a school she doesn't like. She listens to her parents and hates deceiving them, but she soon faces the fact that she must and that they weren't always honest with her. Although throughout the first book, she describes her looks as average, nothing spectacular but not ugly, she is told several times that she is beautiful, most notably by Patrice, who "wouldn't have said it unless she meant it." Not only does she not feel that she belongs at Evernight with the vampires, she doesn't want to. She almost loses herself in the crowd when she is waltzing with Balthazar, but is brought back to her senses by simply remembering Lucas. Throughout the series, however, she becomes bolder, more powerful and more independent. She is nicknamed "Binks" by Vic, who remains the only one to call her that.
##### Evernight
In *Evernight* she is revealed to be a half vampire. She falls in love with Lucas although it is revealed he is a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter "Vampire hunter") group Black Cross. He is forced away from Evernight and later Bianca runs off with him, he tells Bianca that he still loves her even though she is a vampire.
They meet up with the rest of Black Cross but later Bianca's parents turn up
##### Stargazer
In *Stargazer* she is stalked by wraiths and is nearly killed several times. She receives a letter from Lucas asking her to meet him at Amherst train station. She sneaks off campus telling everyone that there is a meteor shower so she can camp on campus. Bianca meets Charity who is Balthazar's sister. Lucas attacks Charity who runs away when the rest of Black Cross arrive which forces Bianca to spend the rest of the weekend at Black Cross HQ.
Bianca is caught by Balthazar while sneaking back who agrees not to tell Mrs. Bethany as long as she helps him find Charity. Evernight is later attacked by Charity while an attack by Black Cross is being carried out. Bianca, Raquel and Lucas leave Evernight to go to Black Cross HQ but are attacked by Charity. Charity is pushed against a tree and staked on a sharp branch. They leave and Bianca reluctantly agrees to join Black Cross.
##### Hourglass
In *Hourglass* Black Cross is attacked by Mrs. Bethany and several members of Evernight including Balthazar who is captured. Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar escape without being caught. When Bianca is feeding, Raquel and Dana walk in and although they agree not to say anything, Bianca is woken in the night by Black Cross who tie her up and begin to torture her. Lucas is also splashed with [Holy water](/wiki/Holy_water "Holy water") and burns because he has fed Bianca. Lucas and Bianca escape with the help of Dana.
When Lucas is following a rogue vampire to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan, who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money, so they go to Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") where they are attacked by wraiths. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Although she could have killed Lucas, who offered himself to her as long as she did not let him rise, she dies and becomes a wraith.
She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told that she can form a body by holding objects that she has bonded to in her life including her brooch and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Lucas, with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from a holiday, agree to assist Balthazar in killing charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema. While Bianca is solid, she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood and killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will have to become a vampire.
##### Afterlife
When Lucas rises from the dead, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, to which they blame Lucas. While in the library, Bianca is stuck in a trap set by Mrs Bethany specifically to catch wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Bianca while following Lucas until she can appear to him is trapped by Patrice using a mirror who frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire.
Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something so agree to help Bianca and her friends to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball.
Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves.
Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap and feels like she has been trapped for days before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world. Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents so Bianca knows she must help her. Bianca calls upon Christopher who is revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.
##### Balthazar
In Balthazar, Bianca appears as a minor character. Once when Balthazar and Skye are discovering Skye's true nature, Bianca turns up as a wraith to give them some advice.
|
[
"#### Bianca Olivier",
"**Bianca Olivier** is the narrator in the series, which is written in from a [first\\-person perspective](/wiki/First-person_narrative \"First-person narrative\"). It is revealed that she was born to vampires because of help from wraiths so is half vampire and half wraith. Bianca is somewhat naive at first, particularly about the dangers of vampires, and she is very shy and describes herself as geeky; she cares a lot for her schooling, as well, even if she's in a school she doesn't like. She listens to her parents and hates deceiving them, but she soon faces the fact that she must and that they weren't always honest with her. Although throughout the first book, she describes her looks as average, nothing spectacular but not ugly, she is told several times that she is beautiful, most notably by Patrice, who \"wouldn't have said it unless she meant it.\" Not only does she not feel that she belongs at Evernight with the vampires, she doesn't want to. She almost loses herself in the crowd when she is waltzing with Balthazar, but is brought back to her senses by simply remembering Lucas. Throughout the series, however, she becomes bolder, more powerful and more independent. She is nicknamed \"Binks\" by Vic, who remains the only one to call her that.",
"##### Evernight",
"In *Evernight* she is revealed to be a half vampire. She falls in love with Lucas although it is revealed he is a member of the ancient [vampire hunting](/wiki/Vampire_hunter \"Vampire hunter\") group Black Cross. He is forced away from Evernight and later Bianca runs off with him, he tells Bianca that he still loves her even though she is a vampire.",
"They meet up with the rest of Black Cross but later Bianca's parents turn up",
"##### Stargazer",
"In *Stargazer* she is stalked by wraiths and is nearly killed several times. She receives a letter from Lucas asking her to meet him at Amherst train station. She sneaks off campus telling everyone that there is a meteor shower so she can camp on campus. Bianca meets Charity who is Balthazar's sister. Lucas attacks Charity who runs away when the rest of Black Cross arrive which forces Bianca to spend the rest of the weekend at Black Cross HQ.",
"Bianca is caught by Balthazar while sneaking back who agrees not to tell Mrs. Bethany as long as she helps him find Charity. Evernight is later attacked by Charity while an attack by Black Cross is being carried out. Bianca, Raquel and Lucas leave Evernight to go to Black Cross HQ but are attacked by Charity. Charity is pushed against a tree and staked on a sharp branch. They leave and Bianca reluctantly agrees to join Black Cross.",
"##### Hourglass",
"In *Hourglass* Black Cross is attacked by Mrs. Bethany and several members of Evernight including Balthazar who is captured. Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar escape without being caught. When Bianca is feeding, Raquel and Dana walk in and although they agree not to say anything, Bianca is woken in the night by Black Cross who tie her up and begin to torture her. Lucas is also splashed with [Holy water](/wiki/Holy_water \"Holy water\") and burns because he has fed Bianca. Lucas and Bianca escape with the help of Dana.",
"When Lucas is following a rogue vampire to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan, who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by. Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money, so they go to Vic for help. He allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") where they are attacked by wraiths. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Although she could have killed Lucas, who offered himself to her as long as she did not let him rise, she dies and becomes a wraith.",
"She is met by a wraith named Maxine who tells her that she is powerful due to her born status as a wraith. She is told that she can form a body by holding objects that she has bonded to in her life including her brooch and her coral bracelet which were both made of once living material. Lucas, with Ranulf and Vic who have returned from a holiday, agree to assist Balthazar in killing charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema. While Bianca is solid, she is injured by Charity who throws a shard of iron at her which is weakening to wraiths, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood and killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will have to become a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"When Lucas rises from the dead, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust. Bianca's parents are told that their daughter has died, to which they blame Lucas. While in the library, Bianca is stuck in a trap set by Mrs Bethany specifically to catch wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Bianca while following Lucas until she can appear to him is trapped by Patrice using a mirror who frees her but finds out everything about how she died and how Lucas became a vampire.",
"Bianca and her father are reunited and he accepts her for what she is before helping Bianca tell her mother. Her parents also realize Mrs. Bethany is up to something so agree to help Bianca and her friends to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the autumn ball.",
"Bianca goes to visit Christopher, a powerful wraith, and he tells her that she could be used as a bridge between the human world and world that wraiths inhibit before they can reach heaven. She agrees to think about it before returning to the human world. She later witnesses Lucas being told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves.",
"Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap and feels like she has been trapped for days before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to. Bianca helps the other wraiths to leave the human world. Mrs. Bethany traps Maxine who had warned her parents so Bianca knows she must help her. Bianca calls upon Christopher who is revealed to be Mrs. Bethany's husband before he was murdered, who switches place with Maxine and is destroyed as Mrs. Bethany's cottage collapses killing her too. A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. The series finishes after Bianca reflects on the rest of her eternal life as a bridge between worlds for the wraiths.",
"##### Balthazar",
"In Balthazar, Bianca appears as a minor character. Once when Balthazar and Skye are discovering Skye's true nature, Bianca turns up as a wraith to give them some advice.",
""
] |
#### Lucas Ross
**Lucas Ross** is the love interest of Bianca. Lucas is described by Balthazar as smart and will stand up for the people who can't stand up for themselves. He has a hot temper, explaining that he'd always settled things with his fists, but when he's hanging out with his friends, such as Bianca or Vic, he seems completely at ease with the world and enjoys every second of his life. He is very good to the people he loves but he's not good at expressing how he feels. He can be stubborn, but not as much when he's with Bianca because he'd do nearly anything for her, including offer her his blood when she's been without food for long enough to feel weak. He has a talent for twisting the facts, laying them out so that he's not inventing a lie but merely letting people believe things happened differently than they really had. He's very kind to most humans and has a good sense of humor, even when it comes to things as revolting as Bianca's bloodlust. Lucas said that if he left Black Cross and went to University, he'd study law because he wants "to put the bad guys away." Lucas is part of the infamous Black Cross vampire slayer group and was inducted by his mother, who has a strong [disdain](/wiki/Disdain "Disdain") for vampires.
##### Evernight
Lucas Ross is a new student at Evernight Academy, and he soon befriends Bianca and Vic who is his roommate. At the Autumn Ball after Balthazar asks Bianca to go with him, he and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help.
When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this.
After they have been dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and Black Cross accept her, believing that she was stolen as a baby.
Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.
##### Stargazer
Bianca receives a letter from Lucas by Vic, as Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in regular contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station.
Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do.
An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.
##### Hourglass
Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.
After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.
Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.
##### Afterlife
The novel begins when Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. While in the library Bianca is trapped in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go onto a trip to the local town to which Bianca is going to accompany him. At the cafe Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called, and although no one is harmed Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her friends agree to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the Autumn Ball. While the ball is taking place several human students are possessed by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight.
Lucas is told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves as he does not agree with the [Morality](/wiki/Morality "Morality") of it.
Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to.
A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help [murder](/wiki/Murder "Murder") Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life and back to happiness.
|
[
"#### Lucas Ross",
"**Lucas Ross** is the love interest of Bianca. Lucas is described by Balthazar as smart and will stand up for the people who can't stand up for themselves. He has a hot temper, explaining that he'd always settled things with his fists, but when he's hanging out with his friends, such as Bianca or Vic, he seems completely at ease with the world and enjoys every second of his life. He is very good to the people he loves but he's not good at expressing how he feels. He can be stubborn, but not as much when he's with Bianca because he'd do nearly anything for her, including offer her his blood when she's been without food for long enough to feel weak. He has a talent for twisting the facts, laying them out so that he's not inventing a lie but merely letting people believe things happened differently than they really had. He's very kind to most humans and has a good sense of humor, even when it comes to things as revolting as Bianca's bloodlust. Lucas said that if he left Black Cross and went to University, he'd study law because he wants \"to put the bad guys away.\" Lucas is part of the infamous Black Cross vampire slayer group and was inducted by his mother, who has a strong [disdain](/wiki/Disdain \"Disdain\") for vampires.",
"##### Evernight",
"Lucas Ross is a new student at Evernight Academy, and he soon befriends Bianca and Vic who is his roommate. At the Autumn Ball after Balthazar asks Bianca to go with him, he and Balthazar get into an argument, and Balthazar leaves them alone. Outside, under the gazebo, she and Lucas kiss for the first time. Bianca gives in to temptation, bites Lucas and drinks his blood. After she realizes what she did, she screams for help.",
"When Lucas awakens he is unable to remember the event. Lucas and Bianca declare their love for each other. Lucas eventually discovers Bianca is a vampire, but she is a child of two vampires and he accepts this.",
"After they have been dating for weeks, Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, but no humans have ever been accepted to the school before, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against two vampires and they chase him off campus. Bianca runs off with him, and even though he has been raised to hate all vampires, he still loves Bianca. They meet up with the rest of his team, and Black Cross accept her, believing that she was stolen as a baby.",
"Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home because they do not understand. She reluctantly goes with them. A few days later she receives a letter through Vic from Lucas telling her that he will always love her and they will meet again.",
"##### Stargazer",
"Bianca receives a letter from Lucas by Vic, as Bianca's mail is being searched for this exact reason, so they cannot keep in regular contact. The letter tells Bianca to meet Lucas in October at the Amherst train station.",
"Bianca tells everyone there is a meteor shower so that she can camp out on the grounds to watch it. Really she is going to see Lucas. She hitches a ride in the laundry truck into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. She is afraid of someone following her, and Bianca thinks she looks so lonely and innocent that she cannot refuse. They arrive at the train station and Lucas follows shortly after. He sees the girl with Bianca and thinks she is going to harm her. It turns out that Lucas had been the one following the vampire girl and she is very frightened. She attacks Lucas and wants to kill him, but Bianca stops her in time. Lucas calls for the rest of the Black Cross to come, so Bianca tells the girl to run away. She escapes before the Black Cross arrives, and Bianca and Lucas share the weekend at the Base Camp, as Black Cross does not know she is a vampire. Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do.",
"An attack on the school by Charity and her clan while an attack by Black Cross is taking place leads Bianca, Lucas and Raquel to leave the school and head to Black Cross HQ. On their way out of the school they meets Charity who they think will kill them but as they prepare to run she is pushed against a tree and staked by a sharp branch. Although Lucas wants to finish her off he cannot find anything to destroy her with so agrees to leave her. When at Black Cross HQ Raquel volunteers to join and Bianca later agrees to join.",
"##### Hourglass",
"Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.",
"After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.",
"Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"The novel begins when Lucas rises from the dead and assisted by Balthazar and Ranulf, Bianca manages to convince Lucas to return to Evernight to seek help for his bloodlust before it is too late and he is consumed by it. After his return Mrs. Bethany offers him shelter much to the annoyance of his fellow pupils. While in the library Bianca is trapped in a trap set by Mrs Bethany to trap wraiths. She is freed by intruding into Lucas's dreams. Lucas is set to go onto a trip to the local town to which Bianca is going to accompany him. At the cafe Lucas is attacked by several Black Cross members, including his mother, who leave after the police are called, and although no one is harmed Lucas is shaken up. Bianca and her friends agree to search the school for the traps set by Mrs. Bethany and to free the wraiths on the night of the Autumn Ball. While the ball is taking place several human students are possessed by wraiths who are angry and confused as to what is happening at Evernight.",
"Lucas is told by Mrs. Bethany about how vampires can be resurrected to human form although it involves the sacrifice of a wraith when the mixture of both supernaturals blood happens. Lucas disagrees and leaves as he does not agree with the [Morality](/wiki/Morality \"Morality\") of it.",
"Bianca is trapped in a powerful trap before being released into a large room which was designed to trap and weaken wraiths. Mrs. Bethany reveals that she plans on killing Bianca to become human again but her plans are stopped when Lucas and her parents arrive. Bianca cannot escape from the room so possesses Skye who allows her to.",
"A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help [murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\") Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. Their blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life and back to happiness.",
""
] |
##### Hourglass
Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.
After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.
Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.
|
[
"##### Hourglass",
"Bianca, Lucas and Raquel are now living in the New York Black Cross cell. Mrs. Bethany later stages a break into the Black Cross cell to retrieve Bianca. Several members of Black Cross are killed including Lucas's step father Eduardo whose neck is broken by Mrs. Bethany. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"After the break in by Mrs. Bethany, Bianca needs to feed so they go to a hospital to get blood for Bianca from the blood bank. They are interrupted by Raquel and Dana who realize that Bianca is a vampire as she is feeding. They both promise not to tell anyone but Bianca is woken in the night after someone told the Black Cross cell about Bianca's vampirism. She is tied up and burnt with holy water but Lucas is also splashed who burns due to him feeding Bianca. Dana helps them escape and gives them some money but tells Black Cross they escaped.",
"After Lucas realizes there is a dangerous vampire in the city they are staying in, he decides to hunt it. Lucas finds the rogue vampire but after following him to a hotel room realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Bianca and Lucas begin to run out of money and go to their friend Vic for help who allows them to stay in the basement. On Bianca's birthday Lucas takes her to the planetarium where they are attacked by wraiths. They both escape and later get jobs. While staying in Vic's house Bianca becomes increasingly weak and ill. Bianca realizes that she must kill a human and become a full vampire otherwise she will die. Lucas offers to allow Bianca to kill him but she refuses as he would not agree to rise with her.",
"Bianca appears to Lucas telling him about her becoming a wraith. Lucas, Ranulf and Vic who have returned from holiday agree to assist Balthazar in killing Charity. They track her down to a rundown cinema where they fight and kill several members of her clan. While Bianca is solid she is injured by Charity, causing her to loses her solidity. Charity, Bianca and Lucas are alone and as Bianca is powerless she pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become the one thing he despises, a vampire.",
""
] |
#### Balthazar More
**Balthazar More** is the friend of Bianca and at one point in the series her love interest. He is a vampire and has been one for over four hundred years. He is described as handsome and extremely popular amongst his peers. He always says hello to people in the hallway, whether human or vampire, deciding that it didn't make a difference. Balthazar has only taken a human life once (that is mentioned, at least) and he had never stopped tourturing himself for it. Bianca's parents adore Balthazar and Bianca had come to realize he was one of her closest friends, but felt that he deserved more than what she was giving him, wishing that he could find happiness with someone else. Bianca can talk to Balthazar about nearly anything. Bianca states that he was the only vampire who'd never lied to her, but added that he'd done most of the lying to himself. Lucas is jealous of Balthazar during Stargazer, when Balthazar and Bianca are at Evernight (and have to pretend to date in order to get off campus) and Lucas rarely gets to see her, saying that he's upset another guy gets to spend more time with her. He is the brother of Charity and her maker which is the biggest regret in his life.
\-Balthazar is nicknamed Balty by Vic, who is the only one to call him that.
##### Evernight
When attending the same party he befriends Bianca who he asks to the Autumn Ball. There, he, Lucas and Bianca get into an argument, and while Balthazar leaves them alone Bianca gives in to temptation and bites Lucas, drinking his blood.
Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, although no humans have ever been previously accepted to the school, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against the two vampires and they chase him off campus.
Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home along with Balthazar who do not understand.
##### Stargazer
Bianca goes into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her.
##### Hourglass
Mrs. Bethany stages a break into the Black Cross cell along with several members of staff and Balthazar, wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.
Lucas finds a rogue vampire in the city they are staying in, but after following him to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.
Balthazar asks Lucas, Ranulf and Vic to assist him in killing charity. Charity pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become a vampire.
##### Afterlife
Balthazar and Ranulf assist Lucas as he rises from the dead. Balthazar insists that Lucas return to Evernight to help him conquer his bloodlust.
Balthazar assists Lucas several times throughout the year including stopping Charity invading Lucas's dreams by entering Charity's dreams and making her swear to stop. While in Charity's dreams he and Bianca see a house with smoke emitting from the chimney. He tells Bianca that it is the house of a girl he loved but thinks it best he did not visit her through dreams. Balthazar also helps Bianca agreeing to help her set free the trapped wraiths and put a stop to Mrs. Bethany's plans once and for all.
A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. There blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. Bianca offers the same cure for vampirism to Balthazar although he refuses after reflection on the possibility of becoming human once again.
##### Future
He is soon to star in his own spinoff novel entitled [Balthazar](/wiki/Evernight_%28series%29%23Future "Evernight (series)#Future") about his life, death and adventures following. It will be released in March 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \|title\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\|date\=June 18, 2011 \|accessdate\=2011\-06\-18}}
|
[
"#### Balthazar More",
"**Balthazar More** is the friend of Bianca and at one point in the series her love interest. He is a vampire and has been one for over four hundred years. He is described as handsome and extremely popular amongst his peers. He always says hello to people in the hallway, whether human or vampire, deciding that it didn't make a difference. Balthazar has only taken a human life once (that is mentioned, at least) and he had never stopped tourturing himself for it. Bianca's parents adore Balthazar and Bianca had come to realize he was one of her closest friends, but felt that he deserved more than what she was giving him, wishing that he could find happiness with someone else. Bianca can talk to Balthazar about nearly anything. Bianca states that he was the only vampire who'd never lied to her, but added that he'd done most of the lying to himself. Lucas is jealous of Balthazar during Stargazer, when Balthazar and Bianca are at Evernight (and have to pretend to date in order to get off campus) and Lucas rarely gets to see her, saying that he's upset another guy gets to spend more time with her. He is the brother of Charity and her maker which is the biggest regret in his life.\n\\-Balthazar is nicknamed Balty by Vic, who is the only one to call him that.",
"##### Evernight",
"When attending the same party he befriends Bianca who he asks to the Autumn Ball. There, he, Lucas and Bianca get into an argument, and while Balthazar leaves them alone Bianca gives in to temptation and bites Lucas, drinking his blood.",
"Bianca mentions that one of Lucas' ancestors went to Evernight, although no humans have ever been previously accepted to the school, except a Black Cross member. Her parents and Balthazar realize this and attack, but Lucas holds his own against the two vampires and they chase him off campus.",
"Bianca's parents turn up and take her back home along with Balthazar who do not understand.",
"##### Stargazer",
"Bianca goes into Amherst and is walking along to find Lucas when a young vampire girl joins her in her walk. When she sneaks back, Balthazar catches her. In an attempt to reason with Balthazar and make sure he does not tell Mrs. Bethany about her visit, she mentions the vampire girl who turns out to be Balthazar's sister. Soon Bianca and Balthazar make an arrangement; they pretend to be dating so Balthazar could get her off campus, since he is a trusted student, so she could meet Lucas while in return Bianca and Lucas help Balthazar find his sister, Charity which they do. She is now part of a clan and blames Balthazar for killing her.",
"##### Hourglass",
"Mrs. Bethany stages a break into the Black Cross cell along with several members of staff and Balthazar, wanting to take Bianca back to her parents. In the attack Balthazar is captured and tied up by Black Cross who begin to torture him to find out why Mrs. Bethany attacked Black Cross. Bianca and Lucas begin orchestrating Balthazar's escape which they do so without getting caught.",
"Lucas finds a rogue vampire in the city they are staying in, but after following him to a hotel room he realizes that Charity, Balthazar's sister, is staying close by with her clan who the rogue vampire belongs to. He escapes and later he and Bianca tell Balthazar that Charity is near by.",
"Balthazar asks Lucas, Ranulf and Vic to assist him in killing charity. Charity pins down Lucas before draining his blood killing him. Charity leaves and Balthazar and Ranulf arrive who tell Bianca of Lucas's fate, he will become a vampire.",
"##### Afterlife",
"Balthazar and Ranulf assist Lucas as he rises from the dead. Balthazar insists that Lucas return to Evernight to help him conquer his bloodlust.",
"Balthazar assists Lucas several times throughout the year including stopping Charity invading Lucas's dreams by entering Charity's dreams and making her swear to stop. While in Charity's dreams he and Bianca see a house with smoke emitting from the chimney. He tells Bianca that it is the house of a girl he loved but thinks it best he did not visit her through dreams. Balthazar also helps Bianca agreeing to help her set free the trapped wraiths and put a stop to Mrs. Bethany's plans once and for all.",
"A battle ensues with the vampires who planned to help murder Bianca and her fellow wraiths and friends. Lucas is gravely wounded but Bianca drinks his blood and he drinks hers. There blood infuses and Lucas is resurrected to human life. Bianca offers the same cure for vampirism to Balthazar although he refuses after reflection on the possibility of becoming human once again.",
"##### Future",
"He is soon to star in his own spinoff novel entitled [Balthazar](/wiki/Evernight_%28series%29%23Future \"Evernight (series)#Future\") about his life, death and adventures following. It will be released in March 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://claudiagray.com/faq.htm \\|title\\=Claudia Gray Website confirms Balthazar spinoff\\|date\\=June 18, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-18}}",
""
] |
### Minor characters
#### Patrice Deveraux
**Patrice Deveraux** is Bianca's roommate who appears to be one of the typical Evernight types, although Bianca realizes she is not. She appears to be very materialistic. She helps Bianca get ready for dates with Lucas. She does not appear in *Stargazer* as she is skiing with her new boyfriend, although she reappears in *Afterlife* and captures Bianca (who is now a wraith) using a mirror. She later helps Bianca by finding and destroying the traps set by Mrs. Bethany.
#### Maxine O'Connor
**Maxine** is the wraith who lives in Vic's attic. She is several years younger than Bianca and died ninety years before Bianca. She can be sarcastic and envious of Bianca for her powers, but she proves to be a friend of Bianca's, helping her tap her full potential as a wraith. She wears a night gown and often appears to Bianca asking her to come to see Christopher. Before Bianca becomes a wraith, Maxie haunts her at Evernight, insisting that she isn't "like them" (the vampires) but is "like \[her]" (a wraith). She is the first wraith Bianca meets after she dies and she is later almost killed when she is captured by Mrs. Bethany but is freed by Christopher who sacrifices himself for her. Although this is never said, Maxie appears to have feelings for Vic, who has always been kind and accepting of her, although she's scared of appearing to him or even telling him his name.
\-Maxine O'Connor is one of the names Bianca finds in the records room when she is searching for the reason Mrs. Bethamy allowed humans at Evernight Academy, although it's never truly revealed why.
#### Dana
**Dana** is a member of Black Cross and a friend to Lucas. She seems too nice to be Black Cross to Bianca and was Lucas's best friend through his childhood. She is one of the few people who accepts Lucas when he becomes a vampire. Dana is in a relationship with Raquel.
#### Courtney
**Courtney** is a student at Evernight and is another one of the Evernight type according to Bianca. She is a bully towards the human students and enjoys taunting Raquel about money. Later Bianca realizes she is a bully because she envies the human students. When Courtney finds out about Bianca and Balthazar leaving school she is staked by Charity who then decapitates her before leaving.
#### Celia Olivier
**Celia Olivier** is Bianca's mother and Adrian's wife. She tells her daughter that she's her miracle baby and gives her a very sheltered life not telling her how she was truly born. Bianca worries that now she has become a wraith her mother will not accept her. She finally does and helps Bianca help the wraiths and stop Mrs. Bethany capturing them.
#### Adrian Olivier
**Adrian Olivier** is Bianca's Father and Celia's husband. He is very protective of Bianca and fights with Lucas when he realizes he is part of Black Cross even trying to kill him. He realizes Bianca is a wraith when he is trying to capture a wraith that almost kills him, Bianca comes to help him and goes to Vic and Patrice for help. He later tells Celia that Bianca is now a wraith and helps Bianca stop Mrs. Bethany capturing wraiths.
#### Mr. Wantanabe
**Mr Wantanabe** is part of Black Cross and one of the oldest members. He is killed in the battle with Charity.
#### Eduardo
**Eduardo** is Lucas's step\-father and a leader of Black Cross. He is not accepted by Lucas. He is killed by Mrs. Bethany who snaps his neck.
#### Erich
**Erich** is a student at Evernight Academy and is the typical Evernight type according to Bianca. He stalks Raquel by stealing her possessions and scratching on her roof at the night to scare her. He eventually dies after fighting with Lucas who he at first thinks is not a threat until Lucas kills him.
#### Mr Yee
**Mr Yee** is the technology teacher at Evernight Academy. He teaches vampires about modern life devices and he also teaches Bianca and other students drivers' education
#### Skye Tierney
Skye is a human student in Evernight Academy. She first appears in the book *Afterlife*. She went to the Autumn Ball with Lucas and was later possessed by Bianca to save the rest of the students. Skye is the main character in the book Balthazar. She and Balthazar fall in love with each other. Skye's blood has the power to make vampires see their past back when they are still alive. The special qualities of her blood cause many evil vampires to come after her and endanger her life. At one point, Skye wants Balthazar to change her into a vampire, however he refuses. Balthazar describe Skye as a girl that makes his mind alive again. At the end, she and Balthazar can make it and are safe.
#### Lorenzo
Lorenzo is one of the main character in the book Balthazar. He once was a friend of Balthazar many years ago but they later broke up. Lorenzo is a cruel and brutal but powerful vampire.
#### John Redgrave
Redgrave is also a very bad vampire who appears in the last book in the series, Balthazar. He is the "captain " of Lorenzo's gang. He tries to endanger Skye's life by stalking her. At the end of the story, Redgrave is killed by Charity.
#### Constantia
Constantia is a female vampire who is also in Lorezo's gang. She is beautiful but full of cruelty. She once was in love with Balthazar but he rejected her. She is the one who made Charity rebels her brother, Balthazar years ago.
#### Jane
Balthazar's ex\-girlfriend. Jane and Charity were both captured by Lorenzo, Redgrave and Constantia. Balthazar was made to turn one of them into a vampire. At last, Balthazar chose to bite Charity but unfortunately, Jane was also killed after Balthazar made the decision.
#### Craig
Skye's ex\-boyfriend. He dumped Skye because of a Chinese girl called Britnee Fong. He and Britnee both discovered the existence of vampires and witnessed that when Charity makes the kill
|
[
"### Minor characters",
"#### Patrice Deveraux",
"**Patrice Deveraux** is Bianca's roommate who appears to be one of the typical Evernight types, although Bianca realizes she is not. She appears to be very materialistic. She helps Bianca get ready for dates with Lucas. She does not appear in *Stargazer* as she is skiing with her new boyfriend, although she reappears in *Afterlife* and captures Bianca (who is now a wraith) using a mirror. She later helps Bianca by finding and destroying the traps set by Mrs. Bethany.",
"#### Maxine O'Connor",
"**Maxine** is the wraith who lives in Vic's attic. She is several years younger than Bianca and died ninety years before Bianca. She can be sarcastic and envious of Bianca for her powers, but she proves to be a friend of Bianca's, helping her tap her full potential as a wraith. She wears a night gown and often appears to Bianca asking her to come to see Christopher. Before Bianca becomes a wraith, Maxie haunts her at Evernight, insisting that she isn't \"like them\" (the vampires) but is \"like \\[her]\" (a wraith). She is the first wraith Bianca meets after she dies and she is later almost killed when she is captured by Mrs. Bethany but is freed by Christopher who sacrifices himself for her. Although this is never said, Maxie appears to have feelings for Vic, who has always been kind and accepting of her, although she's scared of appearing to him or even telling him his name.\n\\-Maxine O'Connor is one of the names Bianca finds in the records room when she is searching for the reason Mrs. Bethamy allowed humans at Evernight Academy, although it's never truly revealed why.",
"#### Dana",
"**Dana** is a member of Black Cross and a friend to Lucas. She seems too nice to be Black Cross to Bianca and was Lucas's best friend through his childhood. She is one of the few people who accepts Lucas when he becomes a vampire. Dana is in a relationship with Raquel.",
"#### Courtney",
"**Courtney** is a student at Evernight and is another one of the Evernight type according to Bianca. She is a bully towards the human students and enjoys taunting Raquel about money. Later Bianca realizes she is a bully because she envies the human students. When Courtney finds out about Bianca and Balthazar leaving school she is staked by Charity who then decapitates her before leaving.",
"#### Celia Olivier",
"**Celia Olivier** is Bianca's mother and Adrian's wife. She tells her daughter that she's her miracle baby and gives her a very sheltered life not telling her how she was truly born. Bianca worries that now she has become a wraith her mother will not accept her. She finally does and helps Bianca help the wraiths and stop Mrs. Bethany capturing them.",
"#### Adrian Olivier",
"**Adrian Olivier** is Bianca's Father and Celia's husband. He is very protective of Bianca and fights with Lucas when he realizes he is part of Black Cross even trying to kill him. He realizes Bianca is a wraith when he is trying to capture a wraith that almost kills him, Bianca comes to help him and goes to Vic and Patrice for help. He later tells Celia that Bianca is now a wraith and helps Bianca stop Mrs. Bethany capturing wraiths.",
"#### Mr. Wantanabe",
"**Mr Wantanabe** is part of Black Cross and one of the oldest members. He is killed in the battle with Charity.",
"#### Eduardo",
"**Eduardo** is Lucas's step\\-father and a leader of Black Cross. He is not accepted by Lucas. He is killed by Mrs. Bethany who snaps his neck.",
"#### Erich",
"**Erich** is a student at Evernight Academy and is the typical Evernight type according to Bianca. He stalks Raquel by stealing her possessions and scratching on her roof at the night to scare her. He eventually dies after fighting with Lucas who he at first thinks is not a threat until Lucas kills him.",
"#### Mr Yee",
"**Mr Yee** is the technology teacher at Evernight Academy. He teaches vampires about modern life devices and he also teaches Bianca and other students drivers' education",
"#### Skye Tierney",
"Skye is a human student in Evernight Academy. She first appears in the book *Afterlife*. She went to the Autumn Ball with Lucas and was later possessed by Bianca to save the rest of the students. Skye is the main character in the book Balthazar. She and Balthazar fall in love with each other. Skye's blood has the power to make vampires see their past back when they are still alive. The special qualities of her blood cause many evil vampires to come after her and endanger her life. At one point, Skye wants Balthazar to change her into a vampire, however he refuses. Balthazar describe Skye as a girl that makes his mind alive again. At the end, she and Balthazar can make it and are safe.",
"#### Lorenzo",
"Lorenzo is one of the main character in the book Balthazar. He once was a friend of Balthazar many years ago but they later broke up. Lorenzo is a cruel and brutal but powerful vampire.",
"#### John Redgrave",
"Redgrave is also a very bad vampire who appears in the last book in the series, Balthazar. He is the \"captain \" of Lorenzo's gang. He tries to endanger Skye's life by stalking her. At the end of the story, Redgrave is killed by Charity.",
"#### Constantia",
"Constantia is a female vampire who is also in Lorezo's gang. She is beautiful but full of cruelty. She once was in love with Balthazar but he rejected her. She is the one who made Charity rebels her brother, Balthazar years ago.",
"#### Jane",
"Balthazar's ex\\-girlfriend. Jane and Charity were both captured by Lorenzo, Redgrave and Constantia. Balthazar was made to turn one of them into a vampire. At last, Balthazar chose to bite Charity but unfortunately, Jane was also killed after Balthazar made the decision.",
"#### Craig",
"Skye's ex\\-boyfriend. He dumped Skye because of a Chinese girl called Britnee Fong. He and Britnee both discovered the existence of vampires and witnessed that when Charity makes the kill",
""
] |
History
-------
### United States
[thumb\|American antisuffragists in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:Antisuffragists.jpg "Antisuffragists.jpg")
#### 19th century
The "women's movement" began in 1848, most famously articulated by [Elizabeth Cady Stanton](/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton "Elizabeth Cady Stanton") demanding voting rights, joined by [Lucy Stone](/wiki/Lucy_Stone "Lucy Stone"), [Susan B. Anthony](/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony "Susan B. Anthony") and others who also pushed for other rights such as education, job freedom, marital and property rights, and the right to choose when or whether to become a mother.{{cite book \|last\=Faludi \|first\=Susan \|author\-link\=Susan Faludi \|title\=Backlash: the undeclared war against women \|page\=69 \|publisher\=Vintage \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-1\-4090\-4344\-7 \|date\=2010 \|chapter\=Backlashes then and now}} By the end of the century, a cultural counter movement had begun. Janet Chafetz identified in a study 32 first\-wave antifeminist movements, including those in the 19th century and early 20th century movements.{{cite journal \|last1\=Chafetz \|first1\=Janet \|last2\=Dworkin \|first2\=Anthony \|s2cid\=145056212 \|title\=In the face of threat: organized antifeminism in comparative perspective \|journal\=\[\[Gender \& Society]] \|volume\=1 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=33–60 \|doi\=10\.1177/089124387001001003 \|jstor\=190086 \|date\=March 1987}}
These countermovements were in response to some women's growing demands, which were perceived as threatening to the standard way of life. Though men were not the only antifeminists, men experienced what some have called a "crisis of masculinity"{{Cite journal \|last\=Kimmel \|first\=Michael S. \|s2cid\=145428652 \|author\-link\=Michael Kimmel \|title\=Men's responses to feminism at the turn of the century \|journal\=\[\[Gender and Society]] \|volume\=1 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=261–283 \|doi\=10\.1177/089124387001003003 \|jstor\=189564 \|date\=September 1987}} in response to traditional gender roles being challenged. Men's responses to increased feminism varied. Some men subscribed to feminist ideals, and others became decidedly antifeminist. Antifeminist men cited religious models and natural law to emphasize women's need to return to the private sphere, in order to preserve the current social order.
In the 19th century, one of the major focal points of antifeminism was opposition to [women's suffrage](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage "Women's suffrage"), which began as a grassroots movement in 1848 and spanned for 72 years.{{cite journal \|last\=Dolton \|first\=Patricia F. \|title\=The alert collector: women's suffrage movement \|journal\=\[\[Reference and User Services Quarterly]] \|volume\=54 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=31–36 \|doi\=10\.5860/rusq.54n2\.31 \|date\=2014 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Maddux \|first\=Kristy \|s2cid\=143856522 \|title\=When patriots protest: the anti\-suffrage discursive transformation of 1917 \|journal\=Rhetoric \& Public Affairs \|volume\=7 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=283–310 \|doi\=10\.1353/rap.2005\.0012 \|date\=Fall 2004}} Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In *Sex in Education: or, a Fair Chance for the Girls* (1873\), Harvard professor [Edward Clarke](/wiki/Edward_Hammond_Clarke "Edward Hammond Clarke") predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy.{{cite book \|last\=Clarke \|first\=Edward H. \|title\=Sex in education \|pages\=29, 55 \|publisher\=Wildside Press \|location\=Rockville, Md. \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8095\-0170\-0}} Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.{{cite book \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jWj5OBvTh1IC\&pg\=PA35 \|chapter\=Antifeminism \|editor\-last1\=Kimmel \|editor\-first1\=Michael \|editor\-last2\=Aronson \|editor\-first2\=Amy \|editor\-link1\=Michael Kimmel \|editor\-link2\=Amy Aronson \|title\=Men and masculinities a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia \|pages\=35–37 \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|location\=Santa Barbara, Calif. \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=978\-1\-57607\-774\-0}}
The pro\-family movement appeared in the late 19th century, by about 1870\.{{cite journal \|last\=Adams \|first\=Michele \|s2cid\=145588708 \|title\=Women's rights and wedding bells: 19th\-century pro\-family rhetoric and (re)enforcement of the gender status quo \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Family Issues]] \|volume\=28 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=501–528 \|doi\=10\.1177/0192513X06297465 \|date\=April 2007}} This movement was intended to halt the rising divorce rate and reinforce traditional family values. The National League for the Protection of the Family, formerly known as the Divorce Reform League, took over the movement in 1881\.{{cite journal \|last\=Henderson \|first\=C. R. \|title\=Reviews: ''The Report of the National League for the Protection of the Family'' \|journal\=\[\[American Journal of Sociology]] \|volume\=3 \|issue\=5 \|page\=705 \|doi\=10\.1086/210751 \|date\=March 1898 \|doi\-access\=}} [Samuel Dike](/wiki/Samuel_Warren_Dike "Samuel Warren Dike") was one of the founders of the League, and was considered an early expert on divorce. Through his efforts, the League garnered attention from pro\-family advocates. It underwent a shift from fighting against divorce to promoting marriage and traditional family. Speaking on behalf of the League in an 1887 address to the Evangelical Alliance Conference, Samuel Dike described the ideal family as having "one man and one woman, united in wedlock, together with their children". This movement built the foundation for many pro\-family arguments in contemporary antifeminism.
#### Early 20th century
Women's suffrage was achieved in the US in 1920, and early 20th\-century antifeminism was primarily focused on fighting this. Suffragists scoffed at antisuffragists. [Anna Howard Shaw](/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw "Anna Howard Shaw"), president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1904 to 1915, presumed that the antisuffragists were merely working under the influence of male forces.{{cite journal \|last\=Thurner \|first\=Manuela \|s2cid\=144309053 \|title\="Better citizens without the ballot": American antisuffrage women and their rationale during the progressive era \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Women's History]] \|volume\=5 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=33–60 \|doi\=10\.1353/jowh.2010\.0279 \|date\=Spring 1993}} Later historians tended to dismiss antisuffragists as subscribing to the model of domestic idealism, that a woman's place is in the home. This undermines and belittles the true power and numbers behind the antisuffrage movement, which was primarily led by women themselves.
Arguments employed by antisuffragists at the turn of the century had less to do with a woman's place in the home as much as it had to do with a woman's proper place in the public realm. Leaders of the movement often encouraged other women to leave the home and participate in society. What they opposed was women participating in the political sphere.
There were two reasons antisuffragists opposed women participating in the political realm. Some argued that women were already overburdened. The majority of them, however, argued that a woman's participation in the political realm would hinder her participation in social and civic duties. If they won the right to vote, women would have to align with a particular party, which would destroy their ability to be politically neutral. Antisuffragists feared this would hinder their influence with legislative authorities.
#### Mid 20th century
In 1951, two journalists published *Washington Confidential.* The novel claimed that Communist leaders used their men and women to recruit a variety of minorities in the nation's capital, such as females, colored males, and homosexual males. The popularity of the book led the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission "United States Civil Service Commission") to create a "publicity campaign to improve the image of federal employees"{{Cite journal \|last\=Storrs \|first\=Landon R.Y. \|title\=Attacking the Washington "Femmocracy": antifeminism in the Cold War Campaign against "Communists in Government" \|journal\=\[\[Feminist Studies]] \|volume\=33 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=118–152 \|doi\=10\.2307/20459124 \|jstor\=20459124 \|date\=Spring 2007 \|doi\-access\=free}} in hopes to save their federal employees from losing their jobs. This ploy failed once the journalists linked feminism to communism in their novel, and ultimately reinforced antifeminism by implying that defending the "white, Christian, heterosexual, patriarchal family" was the only way to oppose communism.
#### Late 20th century
##### Equal Rights Amendment
The [Equal Rights Amendment](/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment "Equal Rights Amendment") (ERA) is a perennially proposed amendment to the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution "United States Constitution") that would grant equal rights and opportunities to every citizen of the United States, regardless of their sex. In 1950 and 1953, ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as "the Hayden rider", making it unacceptable to ERA supporters.{{cite web \|last\=Paul \|first\=Alice \|title\=Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment (''interview with Amelia R. Fry'') (November 1972 and May 1973\) \|url\=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\=kt6f59n89c\&brand\=calisphere\&doc.view\=entire\_text \|website\=cdlib.org \|publisher\=Suffragists Oral History Project, University of California, Berkeley \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 \|archive\-date\=6 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206110547/http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\=kt6f59n89c\&brand\=calisphere\&doc.view\=entire\_text \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Freeman \|first\=Jo \|url\=http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \|title\=What's in a Name? Does it matter how the Equal Rights Amendment is worded? \|website\=jofreeman.com \|date\=June 1996 \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 \|archive\-date\=18 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118212646/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \|url\-status\=live}} The Hayden rider was included to keep special protections for women. A new section to the ERA was added, stating: "The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex." That is, women could keep their existing and future special protections that men did not have.
By 1972, the amendment was supported by both major parties and was immensely popular. However, it was defeated in Congress when it failed to get the vote of 38 legislatures by 1982\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Burris \|first\=Val \|title\=Who opposed the ERA? An analysis of the social bases of antifeminism \|journal\=\[\[Social Science Quarterly]] \|volume\=64 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=305–317 \|date\=June 1983 \|jstor\=42874034}} Supporters of an unaltered ERA rejected the Hayden rider, believing an ERA containing the rider did not provide for equality.{{cite book \|last\=Harrison \|first\=Cynthia \|title\=On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|location\=Berkeley \|pages\=31–32 \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-06121\-7 \|year\=1988 \|chapter\-url\=https://archive.org/details/onaccountofsexp00harr\_0/page/31/mode/1up?view\=theater \|chapter\-url\-access\=registration \|chapter\='Reasonable distinctions': an alternative to the ERA}}
In 1986, Jerome Himmelstein identified two main theories about the appeal of antifeminism and its role in opposition to the ERA. One theory is that it was a clash between upper\-class liberal voters and the older, more conservative lower\-class rural voters, who often serve as the center for right\-wing movements. This theory identifies particular social classes as more inherently friendly to antifeminism. Another theory holds that women who feel vulnerable and dependent upon men, are likely to oppose anything that threatens that tenuous stability. Under this view, while educated, independent career women may support feminism, housewives who lack such resources are more drawn to antifeminism. Himmelstein says both views are at least partially wrong, arguing that the primary dividing line between feminists and antifeminists is cultural, rather than stemming from differences in economic and social status.{{Cite journal \|last\=Himmelstein \|first\=Jerome \|title\=The social basis of antifeminism: Religious networks and culture \|journal\=\[\[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] \|volume\=25 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=1–15 \|doi\=10\.2307/1386059 \|jstor\=1386059 \|date\=March 1986}}
There are similarities between income between activists on both sides of the ERA debate. The most indicative factors when predicting ERA position, especially among women, were race, marital status, age, and education.{{cite journal \|last\=Marshall \|first\=Susan E. \|s2cid\=145178814 \|title\=Who speaks for American Women? The future of antifeminism \|journal\=\[\[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] \|volume\=515 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=50–62 \|doi\=10\.1177/0002716291515001005 \|jstor\=1046927 \|date\=May 1991}} ERA opposition was much higher among white, married, older, and less educated citizens. Women who opposed the ERA tended to fit characteristics consistent with the Religious Right.{{cite journal \|last1\=Brady \|first1\=David W. \|last2\=Tedin \|first2\=Kent L. \|title\=Ladies in pink: religion and political ideology in the anti\-ERA movement \|journal\=\[\[Social Science Quarterly]] \|volume\=56 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=564–575 \|date\=March 1976 \|jstor\=42860411}}
In 1983, Val Burris said that high\-income men opposed the amendment, because they would gain the least with it being passed; that those men had the most to lose, since the ratification of the ERA would mean more competition for their jobs and possibly a lowered self\-esteem. Because of the support of antifeminism from conservatives and the constant "conservative reactions to liberal social politics", such as the New Deal attacks, the attack on the ERA has been called a "right\-wing backlash". In a 2012 study, their methods include actions such as "insults proffered in emails or on the telephone, systematic denigration of feminism in the media, Internet disclosure of confidential information (e.g. addresses) on resources for battered women" and more.
##### Abortion
Anti abortion rhetoric largely has religious underpinnings, influence, and is often promoted by activists of strong religious faith.{{Citation \|last\=Munson \|first\=Ziad \|title\=Protest and Religion: The U.S. Pro\-Life Movement \|date\=2019\-05\-23 \|encyclopedia\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics \|url\=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\.001\.0001/acrefore\-9780190228637\-e\-684 \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-28 \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\.013\.684 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-022863\-7}} The anti\-abortion movement protests in the form of educational outreach, political mobilisation, street protests (largely at abortion clinics), and is often aimed at convincing pregnant women to carry their pregnancies to term.
Abortion remains one of the most controversial topics in the United States. *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* was decided in 1973, and abortion was utilized by many antifeminists to rally supporters. [Antiabortion views](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements "Anti-abortion movements") helped further several right\-wing movements, including explicit antifeminism, and helped right\-wing politicians rise to power.{{cite journal \|last\=Petchesky \|first\=Rosalind Pollack \|author\-link\=Rosalind P. Petchesky \|title\=Antiabortion, antifeminism, and the rise of the new right \|journal\=\[\[Feminist Studies]] \|volume\=7 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=206–246 \|doi\=10\.2307/3177522 \|date\=Summer 1981 \|jstor\=3177522 \|hdl\=2027/spo.0499697\.0007\.205 \|hdl\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Joffe \|first\=Carole \|s2cid\=153392612 \|title\=Abortion and antifeminism \|journal\=\[\[Politics \& Society]] \|volume\=15 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=207–211 \|doi\=10\.1177/003232928701500206 \|date\=June 1987}} Antiabortion writings and conservative commentary in the late 20th century criticized the feminist movement's embrace of the right to abortion as selfish and self\-centered, practicing it only out of convenience.
#### 21st century
[thumb\|A group of Polish [ultranationalists](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 "National Party (Poland, 1989)") protest an [International Women's Day](/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day "International Women's Day") march in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), 2010](/wiki/File:Feminazi_STOP%21.jpg "Feminazi STOP!.jpg")
Some current antifeminist practices can be traced back to the rise of the religious right in the late 1970s. [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") and *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, among others, have covered the 2014 social media trend [\#WomenAgainstFeminism](/wiki/Women_Against_Feminism "Women Against Feminism"). These antifeminists contend that feminism demonizes men ([misandry](/wiki/Misandry "Misandry")) and that women are not oppressed in 21st century Western countries.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\-28446617 \|title\=\#BBCtrending: Meet the 'Women Against Feminism' \|last1\=Brosnan \|first1\=Greg \|date\=July 24, 2014 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|access\-date\=July 24, 2014 \|archive\-date\=14 April 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414140430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\-28446617 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine \|last1\=Young \|first1\=Cathy \|url\=http://time.com/3028827/women\-against\-feminism\-gets\-it\-right/ \|title\=Stop fem\-splaining: what 'Women Against Feminism' gets right \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|publisher\=\[\[Time Inc.]] \|date\=July 24, 2014 \|access\-date\=July 24, 2014 \|url\-access\=limited \|archive\-date\=25 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925231514/http://time.com/3028827/women\-against\-feminism\-gets\-it\-right/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Kim \|first\=Eun Kyung \|url\=http://www.today.com/news/feminism\-still\-relevant\-some\-women\-saying\-they\-dont\-need\-it\-1D79996867 \|title\=Is feminism still relevant? Some women saying they don't need it \|work\=\[\[Today (U.S. TV program)\|Today]] \|publisher\=\[\[NBC]] \|date\=July 30, 2014 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2014 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016143858/https://www.today.com/news/feminism\-still\-relevant\-some\-women\-saying\-they\-dont\-need\-it\-1D79996867 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Young \|first\=Cathy \|url\=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\-young/women\-against\-feminism\-blog\-misses\-the\-mark\-cathy\-young\-1\.8909937 \|title\=Daughters of feminism strike back \|work\=\[\[Newsday]] \|publisher\=\[\[Cablevision]] \|access\-date\=August 1, 2014 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016144548/https://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\-young/women\-against\-feminism\-blog\-misses\-the\-mark\-cathy\-young\-1\.8909937 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Boesveld \|first\=Sarah \|url\=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\-all\-feminists\-how\-modern\-feminism\-has\-become\-complicated\-messy\-personal\-and\-sometimes\-alienating/ \|title\=Not all feminists: How modern feminism has become complicated, messy and sometimes alienating \|work\=\[\[National Post]] \|publisher\=\[\[Postmedia Network]] Inc. \|date\=July 25, 2014 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324205240/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\-all\-feminists\-how\-modern\-feminism\-has\-become\-complicated\-messy\-personal\-and\-sometimes\-alienating/ \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news \|last\=Durgin \|first\=Celina \|url\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\-feminists\-baffle\-feminists\-celina\-durgin \|title\=Anti\-feminists baffle feminists \|work\=\[\[National Review]] \|publisher\=National Review, Inc. \|date\=28 July 2014 \|access\-date\=1 August 2014 \|archive\-date\=8 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008095041/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\-feminists\-baffle\-feminists\-celina\-durgin \|url\-status\=live}} A meta\-analysis in 2023 published in the journal *[Psychology of Women Quarterly](/wiki/Psychology_of_Women_Quarterly "Psychology of Women Quarterly")* investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different to that of non\-feminists or men towards men and titled the phenomenon the misandry myth – "We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement."{{cite journal \|title\=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men \|date\=2024 \|last1\=Hopkins\-Doyle \|first1\=A. \|last2\=Petterson \|first2\=A. L. \|last3\=Leach \|first3\=S. \|last4\=Zibell \|first4\=H. \|last5\=Chobthamkit \|first5\=P. \|last6\=Binti Abdul Rahim \|first6\=S. \|last7\=Blake \|first7\=J. \|last8\=Bosco \|first8\=C. \|last9\=Cherrie\-Rees \|first9\=K. \|last10\=Beadle \|first10\=A. \|last11\=Cock \|first11\=V. \|last12\=Greer \|first12\=H. \|last13\=Jankowska \|first13\=A. \|last14\=Macdonald \|first14\=K. \|last15\=Scott English \|first15\=A. \|last16\=Wai Lan YEUNG \|first16\=V. \|last17\=Asano \|first17\=R. \|last18\=Beattie \|first18\=P. \|last19\=Bernardo \|first19\=A. B. I. \|last20\=Sutton \|first20\=R. M. \|display\-authors\=5 \|doi\=10\.1177/03616843231202708 \|doi\-access\=free \|journal\=Psychology of Women Quarterly \|volume\=48 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=8–37 \|issn\=1471\-6402}}
Many scholars consider the [men's rights movement](/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement "Men's rights movement") a [backlash](/wiki/Backlash_%28sociology%29 "Backlash (sociology)")Sources:
{{cite book \|last1\=Clatterbaugh \|first1\=Kenneth \|title\=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities \|date\=2007a \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-33343\-6 \|editor1\-last\=Flood \|editor1\-first\=Michael \|pages\=430–433 \|chapter\=Men's Rights \|quote\=The concept of men's rights embraces a variety of points of view that are overwhelmingly hostile to feminism or pro\-feminism. \|editor2\-last\=Gardiner \|editor2\-first\=Judith Kegan \|editor3\-last\=Pease \|editor3\-first\=Bob \|editor4\-last\=Pringle \|editor4\-first\=Keith}}
{{cite journal \|last\=Maddison \|first\=Sarah \|year\=1999 \|title\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \|url\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \|volume\=4 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=39–52 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 October 2013}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Doyle \|first1\=Ciara \|title\=Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries \|publisher\=\[\[Nova Publishers]] \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=978\-1\-59033\-900\-8 \|editor1\-last\=Herrman \|editor1\-first\=Peter \|location\=New York \|pages\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=HdLVGgJQ0mUC\&pg\=PA61 61–62] \|chapter\=The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Flood \|first1\=Michael \|author\-link1\=Michael Flood \|title\=Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities \|publisher\=\[\[SAGE Publications]] \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7619\-2369\-5 \|editor1\-last\=Kimmel \|editor1\-first\=Michael S. \|editor1\-link\=Michael Kimmel \|location\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \|page\=459 \|chapter\=Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism \|editor2\-last\=Hearn \|editor2\-first\=Jeff \|editor3\-last\=Connell \|editor3\-first\=Raewyn \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UvAZD45BMDoC\&pg\=PA459}}
{{cite web \|last1\=Finocchiaro \|first1\=Peter \|date\=29 March 2011 \|title\=Is the men's rights movement growing? \|url\=http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/scott\_adams\_mens\_rights\_movement/ \|access\-date\=10 March 2013 \|work\=\[\[Salon (website)\|Salon]]}}
{{cite book \|last\=Messner \|first\=Michael \|author\-link\=Michael Messner \|title\=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements \|publisher\=\[\[Rowman \& Littlefield]] \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8039\-5577\-6 \|location\=Lanham, Md. \|page\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=nG8MGcopgWQC\&pg\=PA41 41]}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Solinger \|first1\=Rickie \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gfem7O38h6MC\&pg\=PP130 \|title\=Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-981141\-0 \|page\=130}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Menzies \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change \|publisher\=University of British Columbia Press \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7748\-1411\-9 \|editor1\-last\=Boyd \|editor1\-first\=Susan B \|location\=Vancouver \|pages\=65–97 \|chapter\=Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's 'Rights' and Feminist 'Wrongs' in Cyberspace \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ASc568aunFoC\&pg\=PA65}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Dunphy \|first1\=Richard \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NVPQkt0bVpAC\&pg\=PA88 \|title\=Sexual Politics: An Introduction \|publisher\=Edinburgh University Press \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7486\-1247\-5 \|location\=Edinburgh \|page\=88}}
{{Cite journal \|last\=Mills \|first\=Martin \|year\=2003 \|title\=Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters \|journal\=International Journal of Inclusive Education \|volume\=7 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=57–73 \|doi\=10\.1080/13603110210143644 \|s2cid\=144875158}}* + - * + - * + - * or [countermovement](/wiki/Countermovement "Countermovement"){{cite journal \|last\=Williams \|first\=Rhys H. \|author\-link\=Rhys H. Williams (sociologist) \|year\=1995 \|title\=Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources \|journal\=Social Problems \|volume\=42 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=134–135 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.1016\.677 \|doi\=10\.2307/3097008 \|jstor\=3097008 \|quote\=Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged \[...] Men's Rights groups \[...] have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement \[...] Similarly, along with the appeal to 'equal rights for fathers' \[...] the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's 'needs' \[...] The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self\-interest alone.}} to feminism. The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and [profeminist](/wiki/Profeminist "Profeminist") ideas.{{sfn\|Clatterbaugh\|2007a}}{{r\|Messner 1998}} Men's rights activists say feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.{{cite journal \|last\=Messner \|first\=Michael A. \|author\-link\=Michael Messner \|date\=June 1998 \|title\=The limits of 'The Male Sex Role': an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse \|url\=http://www.michaelmessner.org/wp\-content/uploads/2015/10/Gender\-Society\-1998\-MESSNER\-255\-76\.pdf \|journal\=Gender \& Society \|volume\=12 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=255–276 \|doi\=10\.1177/0891243298012003002 \|jstor\=190285 \|s2cid\=143890298}}{{cite journal \|last\=Maddison \|first\=Sarah \|year\=1999 \|title\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \|url\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \|volume\=4 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=39–52 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 October 2013}}{{cite book \|last1\=Cahill \|first1\=Charlotte \|title\=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices \|publisher\=\[\[M.E. Sharpe]] \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=978\-1\-84972\-713\-6 \|editor1\-last\=Chapman \|editor1\-first\=Roger \|location\=Armonk, N.Y. \|pages\=354–356 \|chapter\=Men's movement \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vRY27FkGJAUC\&pg\=PA355}}{{cite journal \|last\=Allen \|first\=Jonathan A. \|date\=9 March 2015 \|title\=Phallic Affect \|journal\=\[\[Men and Masculinities]] \|volume\=19 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=22–41 \|doi\=10\.1177/1097184X15574338 \|s2cid\=147829870 \|quote\=The men's rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism.}} Men's rights activists believe that men are victims of feminism and "[feminizing](/wiki/Feminization_%28sociology%29 "Feminization (sociology)")" influences in society,{{cite journal \|last\=Allen \|first\=Jonathan A. \|date\=9 March 2015 \|title\=Phallic Affect \|journal\=\[\[Men and Masculinities]] \|volume\=19 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=22–41 \|doi\=10\.1177/1097184X15574338 \|s2cid\=147829870}} and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men.{{cite book \|last\=Beasley \|first\=Chris \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=f2qM2ULqDK0C\&pg\=PA180 \|title\=Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers \|publisher\=SAGE Publications \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7619\-6979\-2 \|location\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \|page\=180}}
The website [Jezebel](/wiki/Jezebel_%28website%29 "Jezebel (website)") has also reported on an increasing number of women and female celebrities rejecting feminism and instead subscribing to [humanism](/wiki/Humanism "Humanism").{{cite web \|last1\=Dries \|first1\=Kate \|title\=The many misguided reasons famous ladies say 'I'm Not a Feminist' \|url\=http://jezebel.com/the\-many\-misguided\-reasons\-famous\-ladies\-say\-im\-not\-a\-1456405014 \|website\=\[\[Jezebel (website)\|jezebel.com]] \|date\=2 November 2013 \|publisher\=\[\[Gawker Media]] \|access\-date\=14 August 2014 \|archive\-date\=21 March 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114239/https://jezebel.com/the\-many\-misguided\-reasons\-famous\-ladies\-say\-im\-not\-a\-1456405014 \|url\-status\=live}}
In response to the social media trend, modern day feminists also began to upload similar pictures to websites such as Twitter and Tumblr. Most used the same hashtag, "womenagainstfeminism", but instead made satirical and bluntly parodic comments.{{cite news \|last\=Chang \|first\=Charis \|title\=\#WomenAgainstFeminism goes viral as people explain why they don't need feminism anymore \|url\=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\-life/womenagainstfeminism\-goes\-viral\-as\-people\-explain\-why\-they\-dont\-need\-feminism\-anymore/story\-fnixwvgh\-1227010590106 \|work\=\[\[news.com.au]] \|access\-date\=August 13, 2014 \|archive\-date\=12 August 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234858/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\-life/womenagainstfeminism\-goes\-viral\-as\-people\-explain\-why\-they\-dont\-need\-feminism\-anymore/story\-fnixwvgh\-1227010590106 \|url\-status\=live}} In November 2014, *Time* magazine included "feminist" on its annual list of proposed banished words. After initially receiving the majority of votes (51%), a *Time* editor apologized for including the word in the poll and removed it from the results.{{cite magazine \|last\=Steinmetz \|first\=Katy \|title\=Which word should be banned in 2015? \|url\=http://time.com/3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/\#3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/ \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|date\=12 November 2014 \|url\-access\=limited \|access\-date\=18 November 2014 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010093600/http://time.com/3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/\#3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Rabouin \|first\=Dion \|title\=Time Magazine apologizes for including 'feminist' in 2015 word banishment poll \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/time\-magazine\-apologizes\-including\-feminist\-2015\-word\-banishment\-poll\-1724372\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \|work\=\[\[International Business Times]] \|date\=15 November 2014 \|access\-date\=18 November 2014 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016081403/https://www.ibtimes.com/time\-magazine\-apologizes\-including\-feminist\-2015\-word\-banishment\-poll\-1724372\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \|url\-status\=live}}
### Germany
In March 2019, the *{{interlanguage link\|Verein Deutsche Sprache\|de}}* ("German Language Association"), an advocacy group for German language purism, organized a petition proclaiming that billions of Euros are being wasted in Germany on "gender gaga" (gender\-neutral language and gender studies). This is money the organization believes can be better used to fund hospitals, natural science faculties and virus research institutes.{{Cite web \|last\=Debionne \|first\=Philippe \|title\=Verein macht Gender\-Studien für fehlende Finanzmittel bei Virusforschung verantwortlich \|url\=https://www.berliner\-zeitung.de/politik\-gesellschaft/verein\-macht\-gender\-studien\-fuer\-fehlende\-finanzmittel\-bei\-virusforschung\-verantwortlich\-li.79789 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|website\=Berliner Zeitung \|date\=28 March 2020 \|language\=de \|archive\-date\=30 July 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730053054/https://www.berliner\-zeitung.de/politik\-gesellschaft/verein\-macht\-gender\-studien\-fuer\-fehlende\-finanzmittel\-bei\-virusforschung\-verantwortlich\-li.79789 \|url\-status\=live}}
### Serbia
In April 2022, far\-right political party [Leviathan](/wiki/Leviathan_Movement "Leviathan Movement"), with a significant public profile of almost 300,000 Facebook followers, missed out on a seat in parliament in Serbia's 2022 election. The Leviathan party portrays migrants as criminals, and themselves as the defenders of Serbian women. The group has been praised by some in Serbia for defending 'traditional family values' and hierarchical gender roles, while opposing the empowerment of women and feminist ideologies.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-05\-10 \|title\=Extreme Entitlement: Misogyny, Anti\-Feminism in Far\-Right Recruitment \|url\=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/05/10/extreme\-entitlement\-misogyny\-anti\-feminism\-in\-far\-right\-recruitment/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|website\=Balkan Insight \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518120147/https://balkaninsight.com/2022/05/10/extreme\-entitlement\-misogyny\-anti\-feminism\-in\-far\-right\-recruitment/ \|url\-status\=live}}
### South Korea
Social improvements by women have sparked an anti\-feminist backlash, in which disgruntled young men have become vocal critics of feminism and feminist women who speak out in public. [Yoon Suk\-yeol](/wiki/Yoon_Suk-yeol "Yoon Suk-yeol") narrowly won [South Korea's 2022 presidential election](/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election "2022 South Korean presidential election"). During his run for presidency, he called for the [Ministry of Gender Equality and Family](/wiki/Ministry_of_Gender_Equality_and_Family "Ministry of Gender Equality and Family") to be abolished, and accused its officials of treating men like "potential sex criminals."{{Cite magazine \|title\=How South Korea's Next President Capitalized on Anti\-Feminist Backlash \|url\=https://time.com/6156537/south\-korea\-president\-yoon\-suk\-yeol\-sexism/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|magazine\=Time \|language\=en \|url\-access\=limited \|archive\-date\=24 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524071322/https://time.com/6156537/south\-korea\-president\-yoon\-suk\-yeol\-sexism/ \|url\-status\=live}} Yoon also said that he doesn't think systemic structural discrimination based on gender exists in South Korea. However, Korean women are near the bottom of the developed world according to several economic and social indicators.{{Cite web \|last\=Seoul \|first\=Raphael Rashid in \|date\=2022\-03\-11 \|title\='Devastated': gender equality hopes on hold as 'anti\-feminist' voted South Korea's president \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/south\-korea\-gender\-equality\-anti\-feminist\-president\-yoon\-suk\-yeol \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-02 \|website\=the Guardian \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=13 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813135207/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/south\-korea\-gender\-equality\-anti\-feminist\-president\-yoon\-suk\-yeol \|url\-status\=live}}
Despite decades of anti\-discriminatory gender policies and better education for women, there is persistent discrimination of gender in workplaces in South Korea.{{Cite journal \|last\=Hwang \|first\=Y. J \|date\=2022\-01\-02 \|title\=Borderline society and 'rebellious mourning': the case of South Korean feminist activism \|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.1080/14682761\.2021\.1874106 \|journal\=Studies in Theatre and Performance \|language\=en \|volume\=42 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=32–46 \|doi\=10\.1080/14682761\.2021\.1874106 \|issn\=1468\-2761}} The reasons for this is due to the lack of legal and inefficient enforcement of the gender\-based policies. The punishment for gender\-based crimes is weak. The culture of South Korea typically favors male dominance which influences the orginazinational structure of workplaces and boosts societal pressures for women.
Driven by public anger and media coverage, South Korea has seen a boost in actions against sex crimes since the mid 2000's. South Korean K\-WomenLink has advocated for systems to support the survivors of sexual violence whilst highlighting the deficiencies in the system. Cases with high influence of victim\-blaming, flawed procedures, moreover cases involving individuals (perpetrators) in high social positions were challenged by the organization.
There has been a hashtag, that was popular on Twitter in South Korea "\#iamafeminist" which normalized the term "feminism", in a society where it was once unacceptable. This hashtag facilitated feminist activism and played a role against misogyny, where identification as a feminist is often stigmatized.{{Cite journal \|last\=Kim \|first\=Jinsook \|date\=2017\-09\-03 \|title\=\#iamafeminist as the "mother tag": feminist identification and activism against misogyny on Twitter in South Korea \|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.1080/14680777\.2017\.1283343 \|journal\=Feminist Media Studies \|language\=en \|volume\=17 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=804–820 \|doi\=10\.1080/14680777\.2017\.1283343 \|issn\=1468\-0777}} The expression of feminist identity was utilized through this hashtag, and people started to discuss their personal experiences that were related to gender inequality. The hashtag was used for a variety of issues, where not only feminists and activists, but also ordinary individuals shared their hardships on housework, equal pay, sexual harassment, etc.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### United States",
"[thumb\\|American antisuffragists in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:Antisuffragists.jpg \"Antisuffragists.jpg\")",
"#### 19th century",
"The \"women's movement\" began in 1848, most famously articulated by [Elizabeth Cady Stanton](/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton \"Elizabeth Cady Stanton\") demanding voting rights, joined by [Lucy Stone](/wiki/Lucy_Stone \"Lucy Stone\"), [Susan B. Anthony](/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony \"Susan B. Anthony\") and others who also pushed for other rights such as education, job freedom, marital and property rights, and the right to choose when or whether to become a mother.{{cite book \\|last\\=Faludi \\|first\\=Susan \\|author\\-link\\=Susan Faludi \\|title\\=Backlash: the undeclared war against women \\|page\\=69 \\|publisher\\=Vintage \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4090\\-4344\\-7 \\|date\\=2010 \\|chapter\\=Backlashes then and now}} By the end of the century, a cultural counter movement had begun. Janet Chafetz identified in a study 32 first\\-wave antifeminist movements, including those in the 19th century and early 20th century movements.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Chafetz \\|first1\\=Janet \\|last2\\=Dworkin \\|first2\\=Anthony \\|s2cid\\=145056212 \\|title\\=In the face of threat: organized antifeminism in comparative perspective \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Gender \\& Society]] \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=33–60 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/089124387001001003 \\|jstor\\=190086 \\|date\\=March 1987}}",
"These countermovements were in response to some women's growing demands, which were perceived as threatening to the standard way of life. Though men were not the only antifeminists, men experienced what some have called a \"crisis of masculinity\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Kimmel \\|first\\=Michael S. \\|s2cid\\=145428652 \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Kimmel \\|title\\=Men's responses to feminism at the turn of the century \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Gender and Society]] \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=261–283 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/089124387001003003 \\|jstor\\=189564 \\|date\\=September 1987}} in response to traditional gender roles being challenged. Men's responses to increased feminism varied. Some men subscribed to feminist ideals, and others became decidedly antifeminist. Antifeminist men cited religious models and natural law to emphasize women's need to return to the private sphere, in order to preserve the current social order.",
"In the 19th century, one of the major focal points of antifeminism was opposition to [women's suffrage](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage \"Women's suffrage\"), which began as a grassroots movement in 1848 and spanned for 72 years.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Dolton \\|first\\=Patricia F. \\|title\\=The alert collector: women's suffrage movement \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Reference and User Services Quarterly]] \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=31–36 \\|doi\\=10\\.5860/rusq.54n2\\.31 \\|date\\=2014 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Maddux \\|first\\=Kristy \\|s2cid\\=143856522 \\|title\\=When patriots protest: the anti\\-suffrage discursive transformation of 1917 \\|journal\\=Rhetoric \\& Public Affairs \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=283–310 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/rap.2005\\.0012 \\|date\\=Fall 2004}} Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In *Sex in Education: or, a Fair Chance for the Girls* (1873\\), Harvard professor [Edward Clarke](/wiki/Edward_Hammond_Clarke \"Edward Hammond Clarke\") predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy.{{cite book \\|last\\=Clarke \\|first\\=Edward H. \\|title\\=Sex in education \\|pages\\=29, 55 \\|publisher\\=Wildside Press \\|location\\=Rockville, Md. \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8095\\-0170\\-0}} Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.{{cite book \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jWj5OBvTh1IC\\&pg\\=PA35 \\|chapter\\=Antifeminism \\|editor\\-last1\\=Kimmel \\|editor\\-first1\\=Michael \\|editor\\-last2\\=Aronson \\|editor\\-first2\\=Amy \\|editor\\-link1\\=Michael Kimmel \\|editor\\-link2\\=Amy Aronson \\|title\\=Men and masculinities a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia \\|pages\\=35–37 \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|location\\=Santa Barbara, Calif. \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57607\\-774\\-0}}",
"The pro\\-family movement appeared in the late 19th century, by about 1870\\.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Adams \\|first\\=Michele \\|s2cid\\=145588708 \\|title\\=Women's rights and wedding bells: 19th\\-century pro\\-family rhetoric and (re)enforcement of the gender status quo \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Family Issues]] \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=501–528 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0192513X06297465 \\|date\\=April 2007}} This movement was intended to halt the rising divorce rate and reinforce traditional family values. The National League for the Protection of the Family, formerly known as the Divorce Reform League, took over the movement in 1881\\.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Henderson \\|first\\=C. R. \\|title\\=Reviews: ''The Report of the National League for the Protection of the Family'' \\|journal\\=\\[\\[American Journal of Sociology]] \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=5 \\|page\\=705 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/210751 \\|date\\=March 1898 \\|doi\\-access\\=}} [Samuel Dike](/wiki/Samuel_Warren_Dike \"Samuel Warren Dike\") was one of the founders of the League, and was considered an early expert on divorce. Through his efforts, the League garnered attention from pro\\-family advocates. It underwent a shift from fighting against divorce to promoting marriage and traditional family. Speaking on behalf of the League in an 1887 address to the Evangelical Alliance Conference, Samuel Dike described the ideal family as having \"one man and one woman, united in wedlock, together with their children\". This movement built the foundation for many pro\\-family arguments in contemporary antifeminism.",
"#### Early 20th century",
"Women's suffrage was achieved in the US in 1920, and early 20th\\-century antifeminism was primarily focused on fighting this. Suffragists scoffed at antisuffragists. [Anna Howard Shaw](/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw \"Anna Howard Shaw\"), president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1904 to 1915, presumed that the antisuffragists were merely working under the influence of male forces.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Thurner \\|first\\=Manuela \\|s2cid\\=144309053 \\|title\\=\"Better citizens without the ballot\": American antisuffrage women and their rationale during the progressive era \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Women's History]] \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=33–60 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/jowh.2010\\.0279 \\|date\\=Spring 1993}} Later historians tended to dismiss antisuffragists as subscribing to the model of domestic idealism, that a woman's place is in the home. This undermines and belittles the true power and numbers behind the antisuffrage movement, which was primarily led by women themselves.",
"Arguments employed by antisuffragists at the turn of the century had less to do with a woman's place in the home as much as it had to do with a woman's proper place in the public realm. Leaders of the movement often encouraged other women to leave the home and participate in society. What they opposed was women participating in the political sphere.",
"There were two reasons antisuffragists opposed women participating in the political realm. Some argued that women were already overburdened. The majority of them, however, argued that a woman's participation in the political realm would hinder her participation in social and civic duties. If they won the right to vote, women would have to align with a particular party, which would destroy their ability to be politically neutral. Antisuffragists feared this would hinder their influence with legislative authorities.",
"#### Mid 20th century",
"In 1951, two journalists published *Washington Confidential.* The novel claimed that Communist leaders used their men and women to recruit a variety of minorities in the nation's capital, such as females, colored males, and homosexual males. The popularity of the book led the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission \"United States Civil Service Commission\") to create a \"publicity campaign to improve the image of federal employees\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Storrs \\|first\\=Landon R.Y. \\|title\\=Attacking the Washington \"Femmocracy\": antifeminism in the Cold War Campaign against \"Communists in Government\" \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Feminist Studies]] \\|volume\\=33 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=118–152 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/20459124 \\|jstor\\=20459124 \\|date\\=Spring 2007 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} in hopes to save their federal employees from losing their jobs. This ploy failed once the journalists linked feminism to communism in their novel, and ultimately reinforced antifeminism by implying that defending the \"white, Christian, heterosexual, patriarchal family\" was the only way to oppose communism.",
"#### Late 20th century",
"##### Equal Rights Amendment",
"The [Equal Rights Amendment](/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment \"Equal Rights Amendment\") (ERA) is a perennially proposed amendment to the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution \"United States Constitution\") that would grant equal rights and opportunities to every citizen of the United States, regardless of their sex. In 1950 and 1953, ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as \"the Hayden rider\", making it unacceptable to ERA supporters.{{cite web \\|last\\=Paul \\|first\\=Alice \\|title\\=Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment (''interview with Amelia R. Fry'') (November 1972 and May 1973\\) \\|url\\=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\\=kt6f59n89c\\&brand\\=calisphere\\&doc.view\\=entire\\_text \\|website\\=cdlib.org \\|publisher\\=Suffragists Oral History Project, University of California, Berkeley \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206110547/http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\\=kt6f59n89c\\&brand\\=calisphere\\&doc.view\\=entire\\_text \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Freeman \\|first\\=Jo \\|url\\=http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \\|title\\=What's in a Name? Does it matter how the Equal Rights Amendment is worded? \\|website\\=jofreeman.com \\|date\\=June 1996 \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118212646/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Hayden rider was included to keep special protections for women. A new section to the ERA was added, stating: \"The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex.\" That is, women could keep their existing and future special protections that men did not have.",
"By 1972, the amendment was supported by both major parties and was immensely popular. However, it was defeated in Congress when it failed to get the vote of 38 legislatures by 1982\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Burris \\|first\\=Val \\|title\\=Who opposed the ERA? An analysis of the social bases of antifeminism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Social Science Quarterly]] \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=305–317 \\|date\\=June 1983 \\|jstor\\=42874034}} Supporters of an unaltered ERA rejected the Hayden rider, believing an ERA containing the rider did not provide for equality.{{cite book \\|last\\=Harrison \\|first\\=Cynthia \\|title\\=On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|location\\=Berkeley \\|pages\\=31–32 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-06121\\-7 \\|year\\=1988 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/onaccountofsexp00harr\\_0/page/31/mode/1up?view\\=theater \\|chapter\\-url\\-access\\=registration \\|chapter\\='Reasonable distinctions': an alternative to the ERA}}",
"In 1986, Jerome Himmelstein identified two main theories about the appeal of antifeminism and its role in opposition to the ERA. One theory is that it was a clash between upper\\-class liberal voters and the older, more conservative lower\\-class rural voters, who often serve as the center for right\\-wing movements. This theory identifies particular social classes as more inherently friendly to antifeminism. Another theory holds that women who feel vulnerable and dependent upon men, are likely to oppose anything that threatens that tenuous stability. Under this view, while educated, independent career women may support feminism, housewives who lack such resources are more drawn to antifeminism. Himmelstein says both views are at least partially wrong, arguing that the primary dividing line between feminists and antifeminists is cultural, rather than stemming from differences in economic and social status.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Himmelstein \\|first\\=Jerome \\|title\\=The social basis of antifeminism: Religious networks and culture \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=1–15 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1386059 \\|jstor\\=1386059 \\|date\\=March 1986}}",
"There are similarities between income between activists on both sides of the ERA debate. The most indicative factors when predicting ERA position, especially among women, were race, marital status, age, and education.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Marshall \\|first\\=Susan E. \\|s2cid\\=145178814 \\|title\\=Who speaks for American Women? The future of antifeminism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] \\|volume\\=515 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=50–62 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0002716291515001005 \\|jstor\\=1046927 \\|date\\=May 1991}} ERA opposition was much higher among white, married, older, and less educated citizens. Women who opposed the ERA tended to fit characteristics consistent with the Religious Right.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Brady \\|first1\\=David W. \\|last2\\=Tedin \\|first2\\=Kent L. \\|title\\=Ladies in pink: religion and political ideology in the anti\\-ERA movement \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Social Science Quarterly]] \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=564–575 \\|date\\=March 1976 \\|jstor\\=42860411}}",
"In 1983, Val Burris said that high\\-income men opposed the amendment, because they would gain the least with it being passed; that those men had the most to lose, since the ratification of the ERA would mean more competition for their jobs and possibly a lowered self\\-esteem. Because of the support of antifeminism from conservatives and the constant \"conservative reactions to liberal social politics\", such as the New Deal attacks, the attack on the ERA has been called a \"right\\-wing backlash\". In a 2012 study, their methods include actions such as \"insults proffered in emails or on the telephone, systematic denigration of feminism in the media, Internet disclosure of confidential information (e.g. addresses) on resources for battered women\" and more.",
"##### Abortion",
"Anti abortion rhetoric largely has religious underpinnings, influence, and is often promoted by activists of strong religious faith.{{Citation \\|last\\=Munson \\|first\\=Ziad \\|title\\=Protest and Religion: The U.S. Pro\\-Life Movement \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-23 \\|encyclopedia\\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics \\|url\\=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10\\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\\.001\\.0001/acrefore\\-9780190228637\\-e\\-684 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-28 \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\\.013\\.684 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-022863\\-7}} The anti\\-abortion movement protests in the form of educational outreach, political mobilisation, street protests (largely at abortion clinics), and is often aimed at convincing pregnant women to carry their pregnancies to term.",
"Abortion remains one of the most controversial topics in the United States. *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* was decided in 1973, and abortion was utilized by many antifeminists to rally supporters. [Antiabortion views](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements \"Anti-abortion movements\") helped further several right\\-wing movements, including explicit antifeminism, and helped right\\-wing politicians rise to power.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Petchesky \\|first\\=Rosalind Pollack \\|author\\-link\\=Rosalind P. Petchesky \\|title\\=Antiabortion, antifeminism, and the rise of the new right \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Feminist Studies]] \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=206–246 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3177522 \\|date\\=Summer 1981 \\|jstor\\=3177522 \\|hdl\\=2027/spo.0499697\\.0007\\.205 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Joffe \\|first\\=Carole \\|s2cid\\=153392612 \\|title\\=Abortion and antifeminism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Politics \\& Society]] \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=207–211 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/003232928701500206 \\|date\\=June 1987}} Antiabortion writings and conservative commentary in the late 20th century criticized the feminist movement's embrace of the right to abortion as selfish and self\\-centered, practicing it only out of convenience.",
"#### 21st century",
"[thumb\\|A group of Polish [ultranationalists](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 \"National Party (Poland, 1989)\") protest an [International Women's Day](/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day \"International Women's Day\") march in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), 2010](/wiki/File:Feminazi_STOP%21.jpg \"Feminazi STOP!.jpg\")",
"Some current antifeminist practices can be traced back to the rise of the religious right in the late 1970s. [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") and *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, among others, have covered the 2014 social media trend [\\#WomenAgainstFeminism](/wiki/Women_Against_Feminism \"Women Against Feminism\"). These antifeminists contend that feminism demonizes men ([misandry](/wiki/Misandry \"Misandry\")) and that women are not oppressed in 21st century Western countries.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\\-28446617 \\|title\\=\\#BBCtrending: Meet the 'Women Against Feminism' \\|last1\\=Brosnan \\|first1\\=Greg \\|date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414140430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\\-28446617 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Young \\|first1\\=Cathy \\|url\\=http://time.com/3028827/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-gets\\-it\\-right/ \\|title\\=Stop fem\\-splaining: what 'Women Against Feminism' gets right \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Time Inc.]] \\|date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925231514/http://time.com/3028827/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-gets\\-it\\-right/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Eun Kyung \\|url\\=http://www.today.com/news/feminism\\-still\\-relevant\\-some\\-women\\-saying\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-it\\-1D79996867 \\|title\\=Is feminism still relevant? Some women saying they don't need it \\|work\\=\\[\\[Today (U.S. TV program)\\|Today]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC]] \\|date\\=July 30, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016143858/https://www.today.com/news/feminism\\-still\\-relevant\\-some\\-women\\-saying\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-it\\-1D79996867 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=Cathy \\|url\\=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\\-young/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-blog\\-misses\\-the\\-mark\\-cathy\\-young\\-1\\.8909937 \\|title\\=Daughters of feminism strike back \\|work\\=\\[\\[Newsday]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cablevision]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016144548/https://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\\-young/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-blog\\-misses\\-the\\-mark\\-cathy\\-young\\-1\\.8909937 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Boesveld \\|first\\=Sarah \\|url\\=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\\-all\\-feminists\\-how\\-modern\\-feminism\\-has\\-become\\-complicated\\-messy\\-personal\\-and\\-sometimes\\-alienating/ \\|title\\=Not all feminists: How modern feminism has become complicated, messy and sometimes alienating \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Post]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Postmedia Network]] Inc. \\|date\\=July 25, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324205240/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\\-all\\-feminists\\-how\\-modern\\-feminism\\-has\\-become\\-complicated\\-messy\\-personal\\-and\\-sometimes\\-alienating/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Durgin \\|first\\=Celina \\|url\\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\\-feminists\\-baffle\\-feminists\\-celina\\-durgin \\|title\\=Anti\\-feminists baffle feminists \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Review]] \\|publisher\\=National Review, Inc. \\|date\\=28 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008095041/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\\-feminists\\-baffle\\-feminists\\-celina\\-durgin \\|url\\-status\\=live}} A meta\\-analysis in 2023 published in the journal *[Psychology of Women Quarterly](/wiki/Psychology_of_Women_Quarterly \"Psychology of Women Quarterly\")* investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different to that of non\\-feminists or men towards men and titled the phenomenon the misandry myth – \"We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement.\"{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men \\|date\\=2024 \\|last1\\=Hopkins\\-Doyle \\|first1\\=A. \\|last2\\=Petterson \\|first2\\=A. L. \\|last3\\=Leach \\|first3\\=S. \\|last4\\=Zibell \\|first4\\=H. \\|last5\\=Chobthamkit \\|first5\\=P. \\|last6\\=Binti Abdul Rahim \\|first6\\=S. \\|last7\\=Blake \\|first7\\=J. \\|last8\\=Bosco \\|first8\\=C. \\|last9\\=Cherrie\\-Rees \\|first9\\=K. \\|last10\\=Beadle \\|first10\\=A. \\|last11\\=Cock \\|first11\\=V. \\|last12\\=Greer \\|first12\\=H. \\|last13\\=Jankowska \\|first13\\=A. \\|last14\\=Macdonald \\|first14\\=K. \\|last15\\=Scott English \\|first15\\=A. \\|last16\\=Wai Lan YEUNG \\|first16\\=V. \\|last17\\=Asano \\|first17\\=R. \\|last18\\=Beattie \\|first18\\=P. \\|last19\\=Bernardo \\|first19\\=A. B. I. \\|last20\\=Sutton \\|first20\\=R. M. \\|display\\-authors\\=5 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/03616843231202708 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|journal\\=Psychology of Women Quarterly \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=8–37 \\|issn\\=1471\\-6402}}",
"Many scholars consider the [men's rights movement](/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement \"Men's rights movement\") a [backlash](/wiki/Backlash_%28sociology%29 \"Backlash (sociology)\")Sources:",
"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Clatterbaugh \\|first1\\=Kenneth \\|title\\=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities \\|date\\=2007a \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-33343\\-6 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Flood \\|editor1\\-first\\=Michael \\|pages\\=430–433 \\|chapter\\=Men's Rights \\|quote\\=The concept of men's rights embraces a variety of points of view that are overwhelmingly hostile to feminism or pro\\-feminism. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Gardiner \\|editor2\\-first\\=Judith Kegan \\|editor3\\-last\\=Pease \\|editor3\\-first\\=Bob \\|editor4\\-last\\=Pringle \\|editor4\\-first\\=Keith}}\n {{cite journal \\|last\\=Maddison \\|first\\=Sarah \\|year\\=1999 \\|title\\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \\|url\\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=39–52 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2013}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Doyle \\|first1\\=Ciara \\|title\\=Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nova Publishers]] \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59033\\-900\\-8 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Herrman \\|editor1\\-first\\=Peter \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HdLVGgJQ0mUC\\&pg\\=PA61 61–62] \\|chapter\\=The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Flood \\|first1\\=Michael \\|author\\-link1\\=Michael Flood \\|title\\=Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SAGE Publications]] \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7619\\-2369\\-5 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Kimmel \\|editor1\\-first\\=Michael S. \\|editor1\\-link\\=Michael Kimmel \\|location\\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \\|page\\=459 \\|chapter\\=Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism \\|editor2\\-last\\=Hearn \\|editor2\\-first\\=Jeff \\|editor3\\-last\\=Connell \\|editor3\\-first\\=Raewyn \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UvAZD45BMDoC\\&pg\\=PA459}}\n {{cite web \\|last1\\=Finocchiaro \\|first1\\=Peter \\|date\\=29 March 2011 \\|title\\=Is the men's rights movement growing? \\|url\\=http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/scott\\_adams\\_mens\\_rights\\_movement/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2013 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Salon (website)\\|Salon]]}}\n {{cite book \\|last\\=Messner \\|first\\=Michael \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Messner \\|title\\=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rowman \\& Littlefield]] \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8039\\-5577\\-6 \\|location\\=Lanham, Md. \\|page\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nG8MGcopgWQC\\&pg\\=PA41 41]}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Solinger \\|first1\\=Rickie \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gfem7O38h6MC\\&pg\\=PP130 \\|title\\=Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-981141\\-0 \\|page\\=130}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Menzies \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change \\|publisher\\=University of British Columbia Press \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7748\\-1411\\-9 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Boyd \\|editor1\\-first\\=Susan B \\|location\\=Vancouver \\|pages\\=65–97 \\|chapter\\=Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's 'Rights' and Feminist 'Wrongs' in Cyberspace \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ASc568aunFoC\\&pg\\=PA65}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Dunphy \\|first1\\=Richard \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NVPQkt0bVpAC\\&pg\\=PA88 \\|title\\=Sexual Politics: An Introduction \\|publisher\\=Edinburgh University Press \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7486\\-1247\\-5 \\|location\\=Edinburgh \\|page\\=88}}\n {{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mills \\|first\\=Martin \\|year\\=2003 \\|title\\=Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters \\|journal\\=International Journal of Inclusive Education \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=57–73 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/13603110210143644 \\|s2cid\\=144875158}}* + - * + - * + - * or [countermovement](/wiki/Countermovement \"Countermovement\"){{cite journal \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Rhys H. \\|author\\-link\\=Rhys H. Williams (sociologist) \\|year\\=1995 \\|title\\=Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources \\|journal\\=Social Problems \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=134–135 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.1016\\.677 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3097008 \\|jstor\\=3097008 \\|quote\\=Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged \\[...] Men's Rights groups \\[...] have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement \\[...] Similarly, along with the appeal to 'equal rights for fathers' \\[...] the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's 'needs' \\[...] The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self\\-interest alone.}} to feminism. The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and [profeminist](/wiki/Profeminist \"Profeminist\") ideas.{{sfn\\|Clatterbaugh\\|2007a}}{{r\\|Messner 1998}} Men's rights activists say feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Messner \\|first\\=Michael A. \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Messner \\|date\\=June 1998 \\|title\\=The limits of 'The Male Sex Role': an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse \\|url\\=http://www.michaelmessner.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/10/Gender\\-Society\\-1998\\-MESSNER\\-255\\-76\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Gender \\& Society \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=255–276 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0891243298012003002 \\|jstor\\=190285 \\|s2cid\\=143890298}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Maddison \\|first\\=Sarah \\|year\\=1999 \\|title\\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \\|url\\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=39–52 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2013}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cahill \\|first1\\=Charlotte \\|title\\=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[M.E. Sharpe]] \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84972\\-713\\-6 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Chapman \\|editor1\\-first\\=Roger \\|location\\=Armonk, N.Y. \\|pages\\=354–356 \\|chapter\\=Men's movement \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vRY27FkGJAUC\\&pg\\=PA355}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Jonathan A. \\|date\\=9 March 2015 \\|title\\=Phallic Affect \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Men and Masculinities]] \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=22–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/1097184X15574338 \\|s2cid\\=147829870 \\|quote\\=The men's rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism.}} Men's rights activists believe that men are victims of feminism and \"[feminizing](/wiki/Feminization_%28sociology%29 \"Feminization (sociology)\")\" influences in society,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Jonathan A. \\|date\\=9 March 2015 \\|title\\=Phallic Affect \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Men and Masculinities]] \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=22–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/1097184X15574338 \\|s2cid\\=147829870}} and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men.{{cite book \\|last\\=Beasley \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=f2qM2ULqDK0C\\&pg\\=PA180 \\|title\\=Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers \\|publisher\\=SAGE Publications \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7619\\-6979\\-2 \\|location\\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \\|page\\=180}}",
"The website [Jezebel](/wiki/Jezebel_%28website%29 \"Jezebel (website)\") has also reported on an increasing number of women and female celebrities rejecting feminism and instead subscribing to [humanism](/wiki/Humanism \"Humanism\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dries \\|first1\\=Kate \\|title\\=The many misguided reasons famous ladies say 'I'm Not a Feminist' \\|url\\=http://jezebel.com/the\\-many\\-misguided\\-reasons\\-famous\\-ladies\\-say\\-im\\-not\\-a\\-1456405014 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Jezebel (website)\\|jezebel.com]] \\|date\\=2 November 2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gawker Media]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 March 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114239/https://jezebel.com/the\\-many\\-misguided\\-reasons\\-famous\\-ladies\\-say\\-im\\-not\\-a\\-1456405014 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In response to the social media trend, modern day feminists also began to upload similar pictures to websites such as Twitter and Tumblr. Most used the same hashtag, \"womenagainstfeminism\", but instead made satirical and bluntly parodic comments.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chang \\|first\\=Charis \\|title\\=\\#WomenAgainstFeminism goes viral as people explain why they don't need feminism anymore \\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\\-life/womenagainstfeminism\\-goes\\-viral\\-as\\-people\\-explain\\-why\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-feminism\\-anymore/story\\-fnixwvgh\\-1227010590106 \\|work\\=\\[\\[news.com.au]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234858/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\\-life/womenagainstfeminism\\-goes\\-viral\\-as\\-people\\-explain\\-why\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-feminism\\-anymore/story\\-fnixwvgh\\-1227010590106 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2014, *Time* magazine included \"feminist\" on its annual list of proposed banished words. After initially receiving the majority of votes (51%), a *Time* editor apologized for including the word in the poll and removed it from the results.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Steinmetz \\|first\\=Katy \\|title\\=Which word should be banned in 2015? \\|url\\=http://time.com/3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/\\#3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/ \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|date\\=12 November 2014 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010093600/http://time.com/3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/\\#3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Rabouin \\|first\\=Dion \\|title\\=Time Magazine apologizes for including 'feminist' in 2015 word banishment poll \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/time\\-magazine\\-apologizes\\-including\\-feminist\\-2015\\-word\\-banishment\\-poll\\-1724372\\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \\|work\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]] \\|date\\=15 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016081403/https://www.ibtimes.com/time\\-magazine\\-apologizes\\-including\\-feminist\\-2015\\-word\\-banishment\\-poll\\-1724372\\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Germany",
"In March 2019, the *{{interlanguage link\\|Verein Deutsche Sprache\\|de}}* (\"German Language Association\"), an advocacy group for German language purism, organized a petition proclaiming that billions of Euros are being wasted in Germany on \"gender gaga\" (gender\\-neutral language and gender studies). This is money the organization believes can be better used to fund hospitals, natural science faculties and virus research institutes.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Debionne \\|first\\=Philippe \\|title\\=Verein macht Gender\\-Studien für fehlende Finanzmittel bei Virusforschung verantwortlich \\|url\\=https://www.berliner\\-zeitung.de/politik\\-gesellschaft/verein\\-macht\\-gender\\-studien\\-fuer\\-fehlende\\-finanzmittel\\-bei\\-virusforschung\\-verantwortlich\\-li.79789 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=Berliner Zeitung \\|date\\=28 March 2020 \\|language\\=de \\|archive\\-date\\=30 July 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730053054/https://www.berliner\\-zeitung.de/politik\\-gesellschaft/verein\\-macht\\-gender\\-studien\\-fuer\\-fehlende\\-finanzmittel\\-bei\\-virusforschung\\-verantwortlich\\-li.79789 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Serbia",
"In April 2022, far\\-right political party [Leviathan](/wiki/Leviathan_Movement \"Leviathan Movement\"), with a significant public profile of almost 300,000 Facebook followers, missed out on a seat in parliament in Serbia's 2022 election. The Leviathan party portrays migrants as criminals, and themselves as the defenders of Serbian women. The group has been praised by some in Serbia for defending 'traditional family values' and hierarchical gender roles, while opposing the empowerment of women and feminist ideologies.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Extreme Entitlement: Misogyny, Anti\\-Feminism in Far\\-Right Recruitment \\|url\\=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/05/10/extreme\\-entitlement\\-misogyny\\-anti\\-feminism\\-in\\-far\\-right\\-recruitment/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=Balkan Insight \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518120147/https://balkaninsight.com/2022/05/10/extreme\\-entitlement\\-misogyny\\-anti\\-feminism\\-in\\-far\\-right\\-recruitment/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### South Korea",
"Social improvements by women have sparked an anti\\-feminist backlash, in which disgruntled young men have become vocal critics of feminism and feminist women who speak out in public. [Yoon Suk\\-yeol](/wiki/Yoon_Suk-yeol \"Yoon Suk-yeol\") narrowly won [South Korea's 2022 presidential election](/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election \"2022 South Korean presidential election\"). During his run for presidency, he called for the [Ministry of Gender Equality and Family](/wiki/Ministry_of_Gender_Equality_and_Family \"Ministry of Gender Equality and Family\") to be abolished, and accused its officials of treating men like \"potential sex criminals.\"{{Cite magazine \\|title\\=How South Korea's Next President Capitalized on Anti\\-Feminist Backlash \\|url\\=https://time.com/6156537/south\\-korea\\-president\\-yoon\\-suk\\-yeol\\-sexism/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|magazine\\=Time \\|language\\=en \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524071322/https://time.com/6156537/south\\-korea\\-president\\-yoon\\-suk\\-yeol\\-sexism/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Yoon also said that he doesn't think systemic structural discrimination based on gender exists in South Korea. However, Korean women are near the bottom of the developed world according to several economic and social indicators.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Seoul \\|first\\=Raphael Rashid in \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-11 \\|title\\='Devastated': gender equality hopes on hold as 'anti\\-feminist' voted South Korea's president \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/south\\-korea\\-gender\\-equality\\-anti\\-feminist\\-president\\-yoon\\-suk\\-yeol \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-02 \\|website\\=the Guardian \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813135207/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/south\\-korea\\-gender\\-equality\\-anti\\-feminist\\-president\\-yoon\\-suk\\-yeol \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Despite decades of anti\\-discriminatory gender policies and better education for women, there is persistent discrimination of gender in workplaces in South Korea.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Hwang \\|first\\=Y. J \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-02 \\|title\\=Borderline society and 'rebellious mourning': the case of South Korean feminist activism \\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.1080/14682761\\.2021\\.1874106 \\|journal\\=Studies in Theatre and Performance \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=32–46 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/14682761\\.2021\\.1874106 \\|issn\\=1468\\-2761}} The reasons for this is due to the lack of legal and inefficient enforcement of the gender\\-based policies. The punishment for gender\\-based crimes is weak. The culture of South Korea typically favors male dominance which influences the orginazinational structure of workplaces and boosts societal pressures for women.",
"Driven by public anger and media coverage, South Korea has seen a boost in actions against sex crimes since the mid 2000's. South Korean K\\-WomenLink has advocated for systems to support the survivors of sexual violence whilst highlighting the deficiencies in the system. Cases with high influence of victim\\-blaming, flawed procedures, moreover cases involving individuals (perpetrators) in high social positions were challenged by the organization.",
"There has been a hashtag, that was popular on Twitter in South Korea \"\\#iamafeminist\" which normalized the term \"feminism\", in a society where it was once unacceptable. This hashtag facilitated feminist activism and played a role against misogyny, where identification as a feminist is often stigmatized.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Jinsook \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-03 \\|title\\=\\#iamafeminist as the \"mother tag\": feminist identification and activism against misogyny on Twitter in South Korea \\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.1080/14680777\\.2017\\.1283343 \\|journal\\=Feminist Media Studies \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=17 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=804–820 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/14680777\\.2017\\.1283343 \\|issn\\=1468\\-0777}} The expression of feminist identity was utilized through this hashtag, and people started to discuss their personal experiences that were related to gender inequality. The hashtag was used for a variety of issues, where not only feminists and activists, but also ordinary individuals shared their hardships on housework, equal pay, sexual harassment, etc.",
""
] |
### United States
[thumb\|American antisuffragists in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:Antisuffragists.jpg "Antisuffragists.jpg")
#### 19th century
The "women's movement" began in 1848, most famously articulated by [Elizabeth Cady Stanton](/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton "Elizabeth Cady Stanton") demanding voting rights, joined by [Lucy Stone](/wiki/Lucy_Stone "Lucy Stone"), [Susan B. Anthony](/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony "Susan B. Anthony") and others who also pushed for other rights such as education, job freedom, marital and property rights, and the right to choose when or whether to become a mother.{{cite book \|last\=Faludi \|first\=Susan \|author\-link\=Susan Faludi \|title\=Backlash: the undeclared war against women \|page\=69 \|publisher\=Vintage \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-1\-4090\-4344\-7 \|date\=2010 \|chapter\=Backlashes then and now}} By the end of the century, a cultural counter movement had begun. Janet Chafetz identified in a study 32 first\-wave antifeminist movements, including those in the 19th century and early 20th century movements.{{cite journal \|last1\=Chafetz \|first1\=Janet \|last2\=Dworkin \|first2\=Anthony \|s2cid\=145056212 \|title\=In the face of threat: organized antifeminism in comparative perspective \|journal\=\[\[Gender \& Society]] \|volume\=1 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=33–60 \|doi\=10\.1177/089124387001001003 \|jstor\=190086 \|date\=March 1987}}
These countermovements were in response to some women's growing demands, which were perceived as threatening to the standard way of life. Though men were not the only antifeminists, men experienced what some have called a "crisis of masculinity"{{Cite journal \|last\=Kimmel \|first\=Michael S. \|s2cid\=145428652 \|author\-link\=Michael Kimmel \|title\=Men's responses to feminism at the turn of the century \|journal\=\[\[Gender and Society]] \|volume\=1 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=261–283 \|doi\=10\.1177/089124387001003003 \|jstor\=189564 \|date\=September 1987}} in response to traditional gender roles being challenged. Men's responses to increased feminism varied. Some men subscribed to feminist ideals, and others became decidedly antifeminist. Antifeminist men cited religious models and natural law to emphasize women's need to return to the private sphere, in order to preserve the current social order.
In the 19th century, one of the major focal points of antifeminism was opposition to [women's suffrage](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage "Women's suffrage"), which began as a grassroots movement in 1848 and spanned for 72 years.{{cite journal \|last\=Dolton \|first\=Patricia F. \|title\=The alert collector: women's suffrage movement \|journal\=\[\[Reference and User Services Quarterly]] \|volume\=54 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=31–36 \|doi\=10\.5860/rusq.54n2\.31 \|date\=2014 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Maddux \|first\=Kristy \|s2cid\=143856522 \|title\=When patriots protest: the anti\-suffrage discursive transformation of 1917 \|journal\=Rhetoric \& Public Affairs \|volume\=7 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=283–310 \|doi\=10\.1353/rap.2005\.0012 \|date\=Fall 2004}} Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In *Sex in Education: or, a Fair Chance for the Girls* (1873\), Harvard professor [Edward Clarke](/wiki/Edward_Hammond_Clarke "Edward Hammond Clarke") predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy.{{cite book \|last\=Clarke \|first\=Edward H. \|title\=Sex in education \|pages\=29, 55 \|publisher\=Wildside Press \|location\=Rockville, Md. \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8095\-0170\-0}} Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.{{cite book \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jWj5OBvTh1IC\&pg\=PA35 \|chapter\=Antifeminism \|editor\-last1\=Kimmel \|editor\-first1\=Michael \|editor\-last2\=Aronson \|editor\-first2\=Amy \|editor\-link1\=Michael Kimmel \|editor\-link2\=Amy Aronson \|title\=Men and masculinities a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia \|pages\=35–37 \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|location\=Santa Barbara, Calif. \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=978\-1\-57607\-774\-0}}
The pro\-family movement appeared in the late 19th century, by about 1870\.{{cite journal \|last\=Adams \|first\=Michele \|s2cid\=145588708 \|title\=Women's rights and wedding bells: 19th\-century pro\-family rhetoric and (re)enforcement of the gender status quo \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Family Issues]] \|volume\=28 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=501–528 \|doi\=10\.1177/0192513X06297465 \|date\=April 2007}} This movement was intended to halt the rising divorce rate and reinforce traditional family values. The National League for the Protection of the Family, formerly known as the Divorce Reform League, took over the movement in 1881\.{{cite journal \|last\=Henderson \|first\=C. R. \|title\=Reviews: ''The Report of the National League for the Protection of the Family'' \|journal\=\[\[American Journal of Sociology]] \|volume\=3 \|issue\=5 \|page\=705 \|doi\=10\.1086/210751 \|date\=March 1898 \|doi\-access\=}} [Samuel Dike](/wiki/Samuel_Warren_Dike "Samuel Warren Dike") was one of the founders of the League, and was considered an early expert on divorce. Through his efforts, the League garnered attention from pro\-family advocates. It underwent a shift from fighting against divorce to promoting marriage and traditional family. Speaking on behalf of the League in an 1887 address to the Evangelical Alliance Conference, Samuel Dike described the ideal family as having "one man and one woman, united in wedlock, together with their children". This movement built the foundation for many pro\-family arguments in contemporary antifeminism.
#### Early 20th century
Women's suffrage was achieved in the US in 1920, and early 20th\-century antifeminism was primarily focused on fighting this. Suffragists scoffed at antisuffragists. [Anna Howard Shaw](/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw "Anna Howard Shaw"), president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1904 to 1915, presumed that the antisuffragists were merely working under the influence of male forces.{{cite journal \|last\=Thurner \|first\=Manuela \|s2cid\=144309053 \|title\="Better citizens without the ballot": American antisuffrage women and their rationale during the progressive era \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Women's History]] \|volume\=5 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=33–60 \|doi\=10\.1353/jowh.2010\.0279 \|date\=Spring 1993}} Later historians tended to dismiss antisuffragists as subscribing to the model of domestic idealism, that a woman's place is in the home. This undermines and belittles the true power and numbers behind the antisuffrage movement, which was primarily led by women themselves.
Arguments employed by antisuffragists at the turn of the century had less to do with a woman's place in the home as much as it had to do with a woman's proper place in the public realm. Leaders of the movement often encouraged other women to leave the home and participate in society. What they opposed was women participating in the political sphere.
There were two reasons antisuffragists opposed women participating in the political realm. Some argued that women were already overburdened. The majority of them, however, argued that a woman's participation in the political realm would hinder her participation in social and civic duties. If they won the right to vote, women would have to align with a particular party, which would destroy their ability to be politically neutral. Antisuffragists feared this would hinder their influence with legislative authorities.
#### Mid 20th century
In 1951, two journalists published *Washington Confidential.* The novel claimed that Communist leaders used their men and women to recruit a variety of minorities in the nation's capital, such as females, colored males, and homosexual males. The popularity of the book led the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission "United States Civil Service Commission") to create a "publicity campaign to improve the image of federal employees"{{Cite journal \|last\=Storrs \|first\=Landon R.Y. \|title\=Attacking the Washington "Femmocracy": antifeminism in the Cold War Campaign against "Communists in Government" \|journal\=\[\[Feminist Studies]] \|volume\=33 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=118–152 \|doi\=10\.2307/20459124 \|jstor\=20459124 \|date\=Spring 2007 \|doi\-access\=free}} in hopes to save their federal employees from losing their jobs. This ploy failed once the journalists linked feminism to communism in their novel, and ultimately reinforced antifeminism by implying that defending the "white, Christian, heterosexual, patriarchal family" was the only way to oppose communism.
#### Late 20th century
##### Equal Rights Amendment
The [Equal Rights Amendment](/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment "Equal Rights Amendment") (ERA) is a perennially proposed amendment to the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution "United States Constitution") that would grant equal rights and opportunities to every citizen of the United States, regardless of their sex. In 1950 and 1953, ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as "the Hayden rider", making it unacceptable to ERA supporters.{{cite web \|last\=Paul \|first\=Alice \|title\=Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment (''interview with Amelia R. Fry'') (November 1972 and May 1973\) \|url\=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\=kt6f59n89c\&brand\=calisphere\&doc.view\=entire\_text \|website\=cdlib.org \|publisher\=Suffragists Oral History Project, University of California, Berkeley \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 \|archive\-date\=6 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206110547/http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\=kt6f59n89c\&brand\=calisphere\&doc.view\=entire\_text \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Freeman \|first\=Jo \|url\=http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \|title\=What's in a Name? Does it matter how the Equal Rights Amendment is worded? \|website\=jofreeman.com \|date\=June 1996 \|access\-date\=19 July 2016 \|archive\-date\=18 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118212646/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \|url\-status\=live}} The Hayden rider was included to keep special protections for women. A new section to the ERA was added, stating: "The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex." That is, women could keep their existing and future special protections that men did not have.
By 1972, the amendment was supported by both major parties and was immensely popular. However, it was defeated in Congress when it failed to get the vote of 38 legislatures by 1982\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Burris \|first\=Val \|title\=Who opposed the ERA? An analysis of the social bases of antifeminism \|journal\=\[\[Social Science Quarterly]] \|volume\=64 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=305–317 \|date\=June 1983 \|jstor\=42874034}} Supporters of an unaltered ERA rejected the Hayden rider, believing an ERA containing the rider did not provide for equality.{{cite book \|last\=Harrison \|first\=Cynthia \|title\=On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|location\=Berkeley \|pages\=31–32 \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-06121\-7 \|year\=1988 \|chapter\-url\=https://archive.org/details/onaccountofsexp00harr\_0/page/31/mode/1up?view\=theater \|chapter\-url\-access\=registration \|chapter\='Reasonable distinctions': an alternative to the ERA}}
In 1986, Jerome Himmelstein identified two main theories about the appeal of antifeminism and its role in opposition to the ERA. One theory is that it was a clash between upper\-class liberal voters and the older, more conservative lower\-class rural voters, who often serve as the center for right\-wing movements. This theory identifies particular social classes as more inherently friendly to antifeminism. Another theory holds that women who feel vulnerable and dependent upon men, are likely to oppose anything that threatens that tenuous stability. Under this view, while educated, independent career women may support feminism, housewives who lack such resources are more drawn to antifeminism. Himmelstein says both views are at least partially wrong, arguing that the primary dividing line between feminists and antifeminists is cultural, rather than stemming from differences in economic and social status.{{Cite journal \|last\=Himmelstein \|first\=Jerome \|title\=The social basis of antifeminism: Religious networks and culture \|journal\=\[\[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] \|volume\=25 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=1–15 \|doi\=10\.2307/1386059 \|jstor\=1386059 \|date\=March 1986}}
There are similarities between income between activists on both sides of the ERA debate. The most indicative factors when predicting ERA position, especially among women, were race, marital status, age, and education.{{cite journal \|last\=Marshall \|first\=Susan E. \|s2cid\=145178814 \|title\=Who speaks for American Women? The future of antifeminism \|journal\=\[\[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] \|volume\=515 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=50–62 \|doi\=10\.1177/0002716291515001005 \|jstor\=1046927 \|date\=May 1991}} ERA opposition was much higher among white, married, older, and less educated citizens. Women who opposed the ERA tended to fit characteristics consistent with the Religious Right.{{cite journal \|last1\=Brady \|first1\=David W. \|last2\=Tedin \|first2\=Kent L. \|title\=Ladies in pink: religion and political ideology in the anti\-ERA movement \|journal\=\[\[Social Science Quarterly]] \|volume\=56 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=564–575 \|date\=March 1976 \|jstor\=42860411}}
In 1983, Val Burris said that high\-income men opposed the amendment, because they would gain the least with it being passed; that those men had the most to lose, since the ratification of the ERA would mean more competition for their jobs and possibly a lowered self\-esteem. Because of the support of antifeminism from conservatives and the constant "conservative reactions to liberal social politics", such as the New Deal attacks, the attack on the ERA has been called a "right\-wing backlash". In a 2012 study, their methods include actions such as "insults proffered in emails or on the telephone, systematic denigration of feminism in the media, Internet disclosure of confidential information (e.g. addresses) on resources for battered women" and more.
##### Abortion
Anti abortion rhetoric largely has religious underpinnings, influence, and is often promoted by activists of strong religious faith.{{Citation \|last\=Munson \|first\=Ziad \|title\=Protest and Religion: The U.S. Pro\-Life Movement \|date\=2019\-05\-23 \|encyclopedia\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics \|url\=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\.001\.0001/acrefore\-9780190228637\-e\-684 \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-28 \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\.013\.684 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-022863\-7}} The anti\-abortion movement protests in the form of educational outreach, political mobilisation, street protests (largely at abortion clinics), and is often aimed at convincing pregnant women to carry their pregnancies to term.
Abortion remains one of the most controversial topics in the United States. *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* was decided in 1973, and abortion was utilized by many antifeminists to rally supporters. [Antiabortion views](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements "Anti-abortion movements") helped further several right\-wing movements, including explicit antifeminism, and helped right\-wing politicians rise to power.{{cite journal \|last\=Petchesky \|first\=Rosalind Pollack \|author\-link\=Rosalind P. Petchesky \|title\=Antiabortion, antifeminism, and the rise of the new right \|journal\=\[\[Feminist Studies]] \|volume\=7 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=206–246 \|doi\=10\.2307/3177522 \|date\=Summer 1981 \|jstor\=3177522 \|hdl\=2027/spo.0499697\.0007\.205 \|hdl\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Joffe \|first\=Carole \|s2cid\=153392612 \|title\=Abortion and antifeminism \|journal\=\[\[Politics \& Society]] \|volume\=15 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=207–211 \|doi\=10\.1177/003232928701500206 \|date\=June 1987}} Antiabortion writings and conservative commentary in the late 20th century criticized the feminist movement's embrace of the right to abortion as selfish and self\-centered, practicing it only out of convenience.
#### 21st century
[thumb\|A group of Polish [ultranationalists](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 "National Party (Poland, 1989)") protest an [International Women's Day](/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day "International Women's Day") march in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), 2010](/wiki/File:Feminazi_STOP%21.jpg "Feminazi STOP!.jpg")
Some current antifeminist practices can be traced back to the rise of the religious right in the late 1970s. [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") and *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, among others, have covered the 2014 social media trend [\#WomenAgainstFeminism](/wiki/Women_Against_Feminism "Women Against Feminism"). These antifeminists contend that feminism demonizes men ([misandry](/wiki/Misandry "Misandry")) and that women are not oppressed in 21st century Western countries.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\-28446617 \|title\=\#BBCtrending: Meet the 'Women Against Feminism' \|last1\=Brosnan \|first1\=Greg \|date\=July 24, 2014 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|access\-date\=July 24, 2014 \|archive\-date\=14 April 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414140430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\-28446617 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine \|last1\=Young \|first1\=Cathy \|url\=http://time.com/3028827/women\-against\-feminism\-gets\-it\-right/ \|title\=Stop fem\-splaining: what 'Women Against Feminism' gets right \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|publisher\=\[\[Time Inc.]] \|date\=July 24, 2014 \|access\-date\=July 24, 2014 \|url\-access\=limited \|archive\-date\=25 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925231514/http://time.com/3028827/women\-against\-feminism\-gets\-it\-right/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Kim \|first\=Eun Kyung \|url\=http://www.today.com/news/feminism\-still\-relevant\-some\-women\-saying\-they\-dont\-need\-it\-1D79996867 \|title\=Is feminism still relevant? Some women saying they don't need it \|work\=\[\[Today (U.S. TV program)\|Today]] \|publisher\=\[\[NBC]] \|date\=July 30, 2014 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2014 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016143858/https://www.today.com/news/feminism\-still\-relevant\-some\-women\-saying\-they\-dont\-need\-it\-1D79996867 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Young \|first\=Cathy \|url\=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\-young/women\-against\-feminism\-blog\-misses\-the\-mark\-cathy\-young\-1\.8909937 \|title\=Daughters of feminism strike back \|work\=\[\[Newsday]] \|publisher\=\[\[Cablevision]] \|access\-date\=August 1, 2014 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016144548/https://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\-young/women\-against\-feminism\-blog\-misses\-the\-mark\-cathy\-young\-1\.8909937 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Boesveld \|first\=Sarah \|url\=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\-all\-feminists\-how\-modern\-feminism\-has\-become\-complicated\-messy\-personal\-and\-sometimes\-alienating/ \|title\=Not all feminists: How modern feminism has become complicated, messy and sometimes alienating \|work\=\[\[National Post]] \|publisher\=\[\[Postmedia Network]] Inc. \|date\=July 25, 2014 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324205240/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\-all\-feminists\-how\-modern\-feminism\-has\-become\-complicated\-messy\-personal\-and\-sometimes\-alienating/ \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news \|last\=Durgin \|first\=Celina \|url\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\-feminists\-baffle\-feminists\-celina\-durgin \|title\=Anti\-feminists baffle feminists \|work\=\[\[National Review]] \|publisher\=National Review, Inc. \|date\=28 July 2014 \|access\-date\=1 August 2014 \|archive\-date\=8 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008095041/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\-feminists\-baffle\-feminists\-celina\-durgin \|url\-status\=live}} A meta\-analysis in 2023 published in the journal *[Psychology of Women Quarterly](/wiki/Psychology_of_Women_Quarterly "Psychology of Women Quarterly")* investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different to that of non\-feminists or men towards men and titled the phenomenon the misandry myth – "We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement."{{cite journal \|title\=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men \|date\=2024 \|last1\=Hopkins\-Doyle \|first1\=A. \|last2\=Petterson \|first2\=A. L. \|last3\=Leach \|first3\=S. \|last4\=Zibell \|first4\=H. \|last5\=Chobthamkit \|first5\=P. \|last6\=Binti Abdul Rahim \|first6\=S. \|last7\=Blake \|first7\=J. \|last8\=Bosco \|first8\=C. \|last9\=Cherrie\-Rees \|first9\=K. \|last10\=Beadle \|first10\=A. \|last11\=Cock \|first11\=V. \|last12\=Greer \|first12\=H. \|last13\=Jankowska \|first13\=A. \|last14\=Macdonald \|first14\=K. \|last15\=Scott English \|first15\=A. \|last16\=Wai Lan YEUNG \|first16\=V. \|last17\=Asano \|first17\=R. \|last18\=Beattie \|first18\=P. \|last19\=Bernardo \|first19\=A. B. I. \|last20\=Sutton \|first20\=R. M. \|display\-authors\=5 \|doi\=10\.1177/03616843231202708 \|doi\-access\=free \|journal\=Psychology of Women Quarterly \|volume\=48 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=8–37 \|issn\=1471\-6402}}
Many scholars consider the [men's rights movement](/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement "Men's rights movement") a [backlash](/wiki/Backlash_%28sociology%29 "Backlash (sociology)")Sources:
{{cite book \|last1\=Clatterbaugh \|first1\=Kenneth \|title\=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities \|date\=2007a \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-33343\-6 \|editor1\-last\=Flood \|editor1\-first\=Michael \|pages\=430–433 \|chapter\=Men's Rights \|quote\=The concept of men's rights embraces a variety of points of view that are overwhelmingly hostile to feminism or pro\-feminism. \|editor2\-last\=Gardiner \|editor2\-first\=Judith Kegan \|editor3\-last\=Pease \|editor3\-first\=Bob \|editor4\-last\=Pringle \|editor4\-first\=Keith}}
{{cite journal \|last\=Maddison \|first\=Sarah \|year\=1999 \|title\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \|url\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \|volume\=4 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=39–52 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 October 2013}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Doyle \|first1\=Ciara \|title\=Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries \|publisher\=\[\[Nova Publishers]] \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=978\-1\-59033\-900\-8 \|editor1\-last\=Herrman \|editor1\-first\=Peter \|location\=New York \|pages\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=HdLVGgJQ0mUC\&pg\=PA61 61–62] \|chapter\=The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Flood \|first1\=Michael \|author\-link1\=Michael Flood \|title\=Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities \|publisher\=\[\[SAGE Publications]] \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7619\-2369\-5 \|editor1\-last\=Kimmel \|editor1\-first\=Michael S. \|editor1\-link\=Michael Kimmel \|location\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \|page\=459 \|chapter\=Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism \|editor2\-last\=Hearn \|editor2\-first\=Jeff \|editor3\-last\=Connell \|editor3\-first\=Raewyn \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UvAZD45BMDoC\&pg\=PA459}}
{{cite web \|last1\=Finocchiaro \|first1\=Peter \|date\=29 March 2011 \|title\=Is the men's rights movement growing? \|url\=http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/scott\_adams\_mens\_rights\_movement/ \|access\-date\=10 March 2013 \|work\=\[\[Salon (website)\|Salon]]}}
{{cite book \|last\=Messner \|first\=Michael \|author\-link\=Michael Messner \|title\=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements \|publisher\=\[\[Rowman \& Littlefield]] \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8039\-5577\-6 \|location\=Lanham, Md. \|page\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=nG8MGcopgWQC\&pg\=PA41 41]}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Solinger \|first1\=Rickie \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gfem7O38h6MC\&pg\=PP130 \|title\=Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-981141\-0 \|page\=130}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Menzies \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change \|publisher\=University of British Columbia Press \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7748\-1411\-9 \|editor1\-last\=Boyd \|editor1\-first\=Susan B \|location\=Vancouver \|pages\=65–97 \|chapter\=Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's 'Rights' and Feminist 'Wrongs' in Cyberspace \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ASc568aunFoC\&pg\=PA65}}
{{cite book \|last1\=Dunphy \|first1\=Richard \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NVPQkt0bVpAC\&pg\=PA88 \|title\=Sexual Politics: An Introduction \|publisher\=Edinburgh University Press \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7486\-1247\-5 \|location\=Edinburgh \|page\=88}}
{{Cite journal \|last\=Mills \|first\=Martin \|year\=2003 \|title\=Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters \|journal\=International Journal of Inclusive Education \|volume\=7 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=57–73 \|doi\=10\.1080/13603110210143644 \|s2cid\=144875158}}* + - * + - * + - * or [countermovement](/wiki/Countermovement "Countermovement"){{cite journal \|last\=Williams \|first\=Rhys H. \|author\-link\=Rhys H. Williams (sociologist) \|year\=1995 \|title\=Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources \|journal\=Social Problems \|volume\=42 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=134–135 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.1016\.677 \|doi\=10\.2307/3097008 \|jstor\=3097008 \|quote\=Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged \[...] Men's Rights groups \[...] have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement \[...] Similarly, along with the appeal to 'equal rights for fathers' \[...] the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's 'needs' \[...] The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self\-interest alone.}} to feminism. The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and [profeminist](/wiki/Profeminist "Profeminist") ideas.{{sfn\|Clatterbaugh\|2007a}}{{r\|Messner 1998}} Men's rights activists say feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.{{cite journal \|last\=Messner \|first\=Michael A. \|author\-link\=Michael Messner \|date\=June 1998 \|title\=The limits of 'The Male Sex Role': an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse \|url\=http://www.michaelmessner.org/wp\-content/uploads/2015/10/Gender\-Society\-1998\-MESSNER\-255\-76\.pdf \|journal\=Gender \& Society \|volume\=12 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=255–276 \|doi\=10\.1177/0891243298012003002 \|jstor\=190285 \|s2cid\=143890298}}{{cite journal \|last\=Maddison \|first\=Sarah \|year\=1999 \|title\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \|url\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \|volume\=4 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=39–52 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\_039\.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 October 2013}}{{cite book \|last1\=Cahill \|first1\=Charlotte \|title\=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices \|publisher\=\[\[M.E. Sharpe]] \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=978\-1\-84972\-713\-6 \|editor1\-last\=Chapman \|editor1\-first\=Roger \|location\=Armonk, N.Y. \|pages\=354–356 \|chapter\=Men's movement \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vRY27FkGJAUC\&pg\=PA355}}{{cite journal \|last\=Allen \|first\=Jonathan A. \|date\=9 March 2015 \|title\=Phallic Affect \|journal\=\[\[Men and Masculinities]] \|volume\=19 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=22–41 \|doi\=10\.1177/1097184X15574338 \|s2cid\=147829870 \|quote\=The men's rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism.}} Men's rights activists believe that men are victims of feminism and "[feminizing](/wiki/Feminization_%28sociology%29 "Feminization (sociology)")" influences in society,{{cite journal \|last\=Allen \|first\=Jonathan A. \|date\=9 March 2015 \|title\=Phallic Affect \|journal\=\[\[Men and Masculinities]] \|volume\=19 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=22–41 \|doi\=10\.1177/1097184X15574338 \|s2cid\=147829870}} and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men.{{cite book \|last\=Beasley \|first\=Chris \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=f2qM2ULqDK0C\&pg\=PA180 \|title\=Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers \|publisher\=SAGE Publications \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7619\-6979\-2 \|location\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \|page\=180}}
The website [Jezebel](/wiki/Jezebel_%28website%29 "Jezebel (website)") has also reported on an increasing number of women and female celebrities rejecting feminism and instead subscribing to [humanism](/wiki/Humanism "Humanism").{{cite web \|last1\=Dries \|first1\=Kate \|title\=The many misguided reasons famous ladies say 'I'm Not a Feminist' \|url\=http://jezebel.com/the\-many\-misguided\-reasons\-famous\-ladies\-say\-im\-not\-a\-1456405014 \|website\=\[\[Jezebel (website)\|jezebel.com]] \|date\=2 November 2013 \|publisher\=\[\[Gawker Media]] \|access\-date\=14 August 2014 \|archive\-date\=21 March 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114239/https://jezebel.com/the\-many\-misguided\-reasons\-famous\-ladies\-say\-im\-not\-a\-1456405014 \|url\-status\=live}}
In response to the social media trend, modern day feminists also began to upload similar pictures to websites such as Twitter and Tumblr. Most used the same hashtag, "womenagainstfeminism", but instead made satirical and bluntly parodic comments.{{cite news \|last\=Chang \|first\=Charis \|title\=\#WomenAgainstFeminism goes viral as people explain why they don't need feminism anymore \|url\=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\-life/womenagainstfeminism\-goes\-viral\-as\-people\-explain\-why\-they\-dont\-need\-feminism\-anymore/story\-fnixwvgh\-1227010590106 \|work\=\[\[news.com.au]] \|access\-date\=August 13, 2014 \|archive\-date\=12 August 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234858/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\-life/womenagainstfeminism\-goes\-viral\-as\-people\-explain\-why\-they\-dont\-need\-feminism\-anymore/story\-fnixwvgh\-1227010590106 \|url\-status\=live}} In November 2014, *Time* magazine included "feminist" on its annual list of proposed banished words. After initially receiving the majority of votes (51%), a *Time* editor apologized for including the word in the poll and removed it from the results.{{cite magazine \|last\=Steinmetz \|first\=Katy \|title\=Which word should be banned in 2015? \|url\=http://time.com/3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/\#3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/ \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|date\=12 November 2014 \|url\-access\=limited \|access\-date\=18 November 2014 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010093600/http://time.com/3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/\#3576870/worst\-words\-poll\-2014/ \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|last\=Rabouin \|first\=Dion \|title\=Time Magazine apologizes for including 'feminist' in 2015 word banishment poll \|url\=http://www.ibtimes.com/time\-magazine\-apologizes\-including\-feminist\-2015\-word\-banishment\-poll\-1724372\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \|work\=\[\[International Business Times]] \|date\=15 November 2014 \|access\-date\=18 November 2014 \|archive\-date\=16 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016081403/https://www.ibtimes.com/time\-magazine\-apologizes\-including\-feminist\-2015\-word\-banishment\-poll\-1724372\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"### United States",
"[thumb\\|American antisuffragists in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:Antisuffragists.jpg \"Antisuffragists.jpg\")",
"#### 19th century",
"The \"women's movement\" began in 1848, most famously articulated by [Elizabeth Cady Stanton](/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton \"Elizabeth Cady Stanton\") demanding voting rights, joined by [Lucy Stone](/wiki/Lucy_Stone \"Lucy Stone\"), [Susan B. Anthony](/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony \"Susan B. Anthony\") and others who also pushed for other rights such as education, job freedom, marital and property rights, and the right to choose when or whether to become a mother.{{cite book \\|last\\=Faludi \\|first\\=Susan \\|author\\-link\\=Susan Faludi \\|title\\=Backlash: the undeclared war against women \\|page\\=69 \\|publisher\\=Vintage \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4090\\-4344\\-7 \\|date\\=2010 \\|chapter\\=Backlashes then and now}} By the end of the century, a cultural counter movement had begun. Janet Chafetz identified in a study 32 first\\-wave antifeminist movements, including those in the 19th century and early 20th century movements.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Chafetz \\|first1\\=Janet \\|last2\\=Dworkin \\|first2\\=Anthony \\|s2cid\\=145056212 \\|title\\=In the face of threat: organized antifeminism in comparative perspective \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Gender \\& Society]] \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=33–60 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/089124387001001003 \\|jstor\\=190086 \\|date\\=March 1987}}",
"These countermovements were in response to some women's growing demands, which were perceived as threatening to the standard way of life. Though men were not the only antifeminists, men experienced what some have called a \"crisis of masculinity\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Kimmel \\|first\\=Michael S. \\|s2cid\\=145428652 \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Kimmel \\|title\\=Men's responses to feminism at the turn of the century \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Gender and Society]] \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=261–283 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/089124387001003003 \\|jstor\\=189564 \\|date\\=September 1987}} in response to traditional gender roles being challenged. Men's responses to increased feminism varied. Some men subscribed to feminist ideals, and others became decidedly antifeminist. Antifeminist men cited religious models and natural law to emphasize women's need to return to the private sphere, in order to preserve the current social order.",
"In the 19th century, one of the major focal points of antifeminism was opposition to [women's suffrage](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage \"Women's suffrage\"), which began as a grassroots movement in 1848 and spanned for 72 years.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Dolton \\|first\\=Patricia F. \\|title\\=The alert collector: women's suffrage movement \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Reference and User Services Quarterly]] \\|volume\\=54 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=31–36 \\|doi\\=10\\.5860/rusq.54n2\\.31 \\|date\\=2014 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Maddux \\|first\\=Kristy \\|s2cid\\=143856522 \\|title\\=When patriots protest: the anti\\-suffrage discursive transformation of 1917 \\|journal\\=Rhetoric \\& Public Affairs \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=283–310 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/rap.2005\\.0012 \\|date\\=Fall 2004}} Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In *Sex in Education: or, a Fair Chance for the Girls* (1873\\), Harvard professor [Edward Clarke](/wiki/Edward_Hammond_Clarke \"Edward Hammond Clarke\") predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy.{{cite book \\|last\\=Clarke \\|first\\=Edward H. \\|title\\=Sex in education \\|pages\\=29, 55 \\|publisher\\=Wildside Press \\|location\\=Rockville, Md. \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8095\\-0170\\-0}} Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.{{cite book \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jWj5OBvTh1IC\\&pg\\=PA35 \\|chapter\\=Antifeminism \\|editor\\-last1\\=Kimmel \\|editor\\-first1\\=Michael \\|editor\\-last2\\=Aronson \\|editor\\-first2\\=Amy \\|editor\\-link1\\=Michael Kimmel \\|editor\\-link2\\=Amy Aronson \\|title\\=Men and masculinities a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia \\|pages\\=35–37 \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|location\\=Santa Barbara, Calif. \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57607\\-774\\-0}}",
"The pro\\-family movement appeared in the late 19th century, by about 1870\\.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Adams \\|first\\=Michele \\|s2cid\\=145588708 \\|title\\=Women's rights and wedding bells: 19th\\-century pro\\-family rhetoric and (re)enforcement of the gender status quo \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Family Issues]] \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=501–528 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0192513X06297465 \\|date\\=April 2007}} This movement was intended to halt the rising divorce rate and reinforce traditional family values. The National League for the Protection of the Family, formerly known as the Divorce Reform League, took over the movement in 1881\\.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Henderson \\|first\\=C. R. \\|title\\=Reviews: ''The Report of the National League for the Protection of the Family'' \\|journal\\=\\[\\[American Journal of Sociology]] \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=5 \\|page\\=705 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/210751 \\|date\\=March 1898 \\|doi\\-access\\=}} [Samuel Dike](/wiki/Samuel_Warren_Dike \"Samuel Warren Dike\") was one of the founders of the League, and was considered an early expert on divorce. Through his efforts, the League garnered attention from pro\\-family advocates. It underwent a shift from fighting against divorce to promoting marriage and traditional family. Speaking on behalf of the League in an 1887 address to the Evangelical Alliance Conference, Samuel Dike described the ideal family as having \"one man and one woman, united in wedlock, together with their children\". This movement built the foundation for many pro\\-family arguments in contemporary antifeminism.",
"#### Early 20th century",
"Women's suffrage was achieved in the US in 1920, and early 20th\\-century antifeminism was primarily focused on fighting this. Suffragists scoffed at antisuffragists. [Anna Howard Shaw](/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw \"Anna Howard Shaw\"), president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1904 to 1915, presumed that the antisuffragists were merely working under the influence of male forces.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Thurner \\|first\\=Manuela \\|s2cid\\=144309053 \\|title\\=\"Better citizens without the ballot\": American antisuffrage women and their rationale during the progressive era \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Women's History]] \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=33–60 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/jowh.2010\\.0279 \\|date\\=Spring 1993}} Later historians tended to dismiss antisuffragists as subscribing to the model of domestic idealism, that a woman's place is in the home. This undermines and belittles the true power and numbers behind the antisuffrage movement, which was primarily led by women themselves.",
"Arguments employed by antisuffragists at the turn of the century had less to do with a woman's place in the home as much as it had to do with a woman's proper place in the public realm. Leaders of the movement often encouraged other women to leave the home and participate in society. What they opposed was women participating in the political sphere.",
"There were two reasons antisuffragists opposed women participating in the political realm. Some argued that women were already overburdened. The majority of them, however, argued that a woman's participation in the political realm would hinder her participation in social and civic duties. If they won the right to vote, women would have to align with a particular party, which would destroy their ability to be politically neutral. Antisuffragists feared this would hinder their influence with legislative authorities.",
"#### Mid 20th century",
"In 1951, two journalists published *Washington Confidential.* The novel claimed that Communist leaders used their men and women to recruit a variety of minorities in the nation's capital, such as females, colored males, and homosexual males. The popularity of the book led the [Civil Service Commission](/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission \"United States Civil Service Commission\") to create a \"publicity campaign to improve the image of federal employees\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Storrs \\|first\\=Landon R.Y. \\|title\\=Attacking the Washington \"Femmocracy\": antifeminism in the Cold War Campaign against \"Communists in Government\" \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Feminist Studies]] \\|volume\\=33 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=118–152 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/20459124 \\|jstor\\=20459124 \\|date\\=Spring 2007 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} in hopes to save their federal employees from losing their jobs. This ploy failed once the journalists linked feminism to communism in their novel, and ultimately reinforced antifeminism by implying that defending the \"white, Christian, heterosexual, patriarchal family\" was the only way to oppose communism.",
"#### Late 20th century",
"##### Equal Rights Amendment",
"The [Equal Rights Amendment](/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment \"Equal Rights Amendment\") (ERA) is a perennially proposed amendment to the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution \"United States Constitution\") that would grant equal rights and opportunities to every citizen of the United States, regardless of their sex. In 1950 and 1953, ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as \"the Hayden rider\", making it unacceptable to ERA supporters.{{cite web \\|last\\=Paul \\|first\\=Alice \\|title\\=Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment (''interview with Amelia R. Fry'') (November 1972 and May 1973\\) \\|url\\=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\\=kt6f59n89c\\&brand\\=calisphere\\&doc.view\\=entire\\_text \\|website\\=cdlib.org \\|publisher\\=Suffragists Oral History Project, University of California, Berkeley \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206110547/http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId\\=kt6f59n89c\\&brand\\=calisphere\\&doc.view\\=entire\\_text \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Freeman \\|first\\=Jo \\|url\\=http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \\|title\\=What's in a Name? Does it matter how the Equal Rights Amendment is worded? \\|website\\=jofreeman.com \\|date\\=June 1996 \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118212646/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/eraname.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Hayden rider was included to keep special protections for women. A new section to the ERA was added, stating: \"The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex.\" That is, women could keep their existing and future special protections that men did not have.",
"By 1972, the amendment was supported by both major parties and was immensely popular. However, it was defeated in Congress when it failed to get the vote of 38 legislatures by 1982\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Burris \\|first\\=Val \\|title\\=Who opposed the ERA? An analysis of the social bases of antifeminism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Social Science Quarterly]] \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=305–317 \\|date\\=June 1983 \\|jstor\\=42874034}} Supporters of an unaltered ERA rejected the Hayden rider, believing an ERA containing the rider did not provide for equality.{{cite book \\|last\\=Harrison \\|first\\=Cynthia \\|title\\=On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|location\\=Berkeley \\|pages\\=31–32 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-06121\\-7 \\|year\\=1988 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/onaccountofsexp00harr\\_0/page/31/mode/1up?view\\=theater \\|chapter\\-url\\-access\\=registration \\|chapter\\='Reasonable distinctions': an alternative to the ERA}}",
"In 1986, Jerome Himmelstein identified two main theories about the appeal of antifeminism and its role in opposition to the ERA. One theory is that it was a clash between upper\\-class liberal voters and the older, more conservative lower\\-class rural voters, who often serve as the center for right\\-wing movements. This theory identifies particular social classes as more inherently friendly to antifeminism. Another theory holds that women who feel vulnerable and dependent upon men, are likely to oppose anything that threatens that tenuous stability. Under this view, while educated, independent career women may support feminism, housewives who lack such resources are more drawn to antifeminism. Himmelstein says both views are at least partially wrong, arguing that the primary dividing line between feminists and antifeminists is cultural, rather than stemming from differences in economic and social status.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Himmelstein \\|first\\=Jerome \\|title\\=The social basis of antifeminism: Religious networks and culture \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=1–15 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1386059 \\|jstor\\=1386059 \\|date\\=March 1986}}",
"There are similarities between income between activists on both sides of the ERA debate. The most indicative factors when predicting ERA position, especially among women, were race, marital status, age, and education.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Marshall \\|first\\=Susan E. \\|s2cid\\=145178814 \\|title\\=Who speaks for American Women? The future of antifeminism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] \\|volume\\=515 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=50–62 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0002716291515001005 \\|jstor\\=1046927 \\|date\\=May 1991}} ERA opposition was much higher among white, married, older, and less educated citizens. Women who opposed the ERA tended to fit characteristics consistent with the Religious Right.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Brady \\|first1\\=David W. \\|last2\\=Tedin \\|first2\\=Kent L. \\|title\\=Ladies in pink: religion and political ideology in the anti\\-ERA movement \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Social Science Quarterly]] \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=564–575 \\|date\\=March 1976 \\|jstor\\=42860411}}",
"In 1983, Val Burris said that high\\-income men opposed the amendment, because they would gain the least with it being passed; that those men had the most to lose, since the ratification of the ERA would mean more competition for their jobs and possibly a lowered self\\-esteem. Because of the support of antifeminism from conservatives and the constant \"conservative reactions to liberal social politics\", such as the New Deal attacks, the attack on the ERA has been called a \"right\\-wing backlash\". In a 2012 study, their methods include actions such as \"insults proffered in emails or on the telephone, systematic denigration of feminism in the media, Internet disclosure of confidential information (e.g. addresses) on resources for battered women\" and more.",
"##### Abortion",
"Anti abortion rhetoric largely has religious underpinnings, influence, and is often promoted by activists of strong religious faith.{{Citation \\|last\\=Munson \\|first\\=Ziad \\|title\\=Protest and Religion: The U.S. Pro\\-Life Movement \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-23 \\|encyclopedia\\=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics \\|url\\=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10\\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\\.001\\.0001/acrefore\\-9780190228637\\-e\\-684 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-28 \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/acrefore/9780190228637\\.013\\.684 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-022863\\-7}} The anti\\-abortion movement protests in the form of educational outreach, political mobilisation, street protests (largely at abortion clinics), and is often aimed at convincing pregnant women to carry their pregnancies to term.",
"Abortion remains one of the most controversial topics in the United States. *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* was decided in 1973, and abortion was utilized by many antifeminists to rally supporters. [Antiabortion views](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements \"Anti-abortion movements\") helped further several right\\-wing movements, including explicit antifeminism, and helped right\\-wing politicians rise to power.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Petchesky \\|first\\=Rosalind Pollack \\|author\\-link\\=Rosalind P. Petchesky \\|title\\=Antiabortion, antifeminism, and the rise of the new right \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Feminist Studies]] \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=206–246 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3177522 \\|date\\=Summer 1981 \\|jstor\\=3177522 \\|hdl\\=2027/spo.0499697\\.0007\\.205 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Joffe \\|first\\=Carole \\|s2cid\\=153392612 \\|title\\=Abortion and antifeminism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Politics \\& Society]] \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=207–211 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/003232928701500206 \\|date\\=June 1987}} Antiabortion writings and conservative commentary in the late 20th century criticized the feminist movement's embrace of the right to abortion as selfish and self\\-centered, practicing it only out of convenience.",
"#### 21st century",
"[thumb\\|A group of Polish [ultranationalists](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 \"National Party (Poland, 1989)\") protest an [International Women's Day](/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day \"International Women's Day\") march in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), 2010](/wiki/File:Feminazi_STOP%21.jpg \"Feminazi STOP!.jpg\")",
"Some current antifeminist practices can be traced back to the rise of the religious right in the late 1970s. [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") and *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, among others, have covered the 2014 social media trend [\\#WomenAgainstFeminism](/wiki/Women_Against_Feminism \"Women Against Feminism\"). These antifeminists contend that feminism demonizes men ([misandry](/wiki/Misandry \"Misandry\")) and that women are not oppressed in 21st century Western countries.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\\-28446617 \\|title\\=\\#BBCtrending: Meet the 'Women Against Feminism' \\|last1\\=Brosnan \\|first1\\=Greg \\|date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414140430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine\\-28446617 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine \\|last1\\=Young \\|first1\\=Cathy \\|url\\=http://time.com/3028827/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-gets\\-it\\-right/ \\|title\\=Stop fem\\-splaining: what 'Women Against Feminism' gets right \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Time Inc.]] \\|date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925231514/http://time.com/3028827/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-gets\\-it\\-right/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Eun Kyung \\|url\\=http://www.today.com/news/feminism\\-still\\-relevant\\-some\\-women\\-saying\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-it\\-1D79996867 \\|title\\=Is feminism still relevant? Some women saying they don't need it \\|work\\=\\[\\[Today (U.S. TV program)\\|Today]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC]] \\|date\\=July 30, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016143858/https://www.today.com/news/feminism\\-still\\-relevant\\-some\\-women\\-saying\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-it\\-1D79996867 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=Cathy \\|url\\=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\\-young/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-blog\\-misses\\-the\\-mark\\-cathy\\-young\\-1\\.8909937 \\|title\\=Daughters of feminism strike back \\|work\\=\\[\\[Newsday]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cablevision]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016144548/https://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy\\-young/women\\-against\\-feminism\\-blog\\-misses\\-the\\-mark\\-cathy\\-young\\-1\\.8909937 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Boesveld \\|first\\=Sarah \\|url\\=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\\-all\\-feminists\\-how\\-modern\\-feminism\\-has\\-become\\-complicated\\-messy\\-personal\\-and\\-sometimes\\-alienating/ \\|title\\=Not all feminists: How modern feminism has become complicated, messy and sometimes alienating \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Post]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Postmedia Network]] Inc. \\|date\\=July 25, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324205240/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not\\-all\\-feminists\\-how\\-modern\\-feminism\\-has\\-become\\-complicated\\-messy\\-personal\\-and\\-sometimes\\-alienating/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Durgin \\|first\\=Celina \\|url\\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\\-feminists\\-baffle\\-feminists\\-celina\\-durgin \\|title\\=Anti\\-feminists baffle feminists \\|work\\=\\[\\[National Review]] \\|publisher\\=National Review, Inc. \\|date\\=28 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008095041/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti\\-feminists\\-baffle\\-feminists\\-celina\\-durgin \\|url\\-status\\=live}} A meta\\-analysis in 2023 published in the journal *[Psychology of Women Quarterly](/wiki/Psychology_of_Women_Quarterly \"Psychology of Women Quarterly\")* investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different to that of non\\-feminists or men towards men and titled the phenomenon the misandry myth – \"We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement.\"{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men \\|date\\=2024 \\|last1\\=Hopkins\\-Doyle \\|first1\\=A. \\|last2\\=Petterson \\|first2\\=A. L. \\|last3\\=Leach \\|first3\\=S. \\|last4\\=Zibell \\|first4\\=H. \\|last5\\=Chobthamkit \\|first5\\=P. \\|last6\\=Binti Abdul Rahim \\|first6\\=S. \\|last7\\=Blake \\|first7\\=J. \\|last8\\=Bosco \\|first8\\=C. \\|last9\\=Cherrie\\-Rees \\|first9\\=K. \\|last10\\=Beadle \\|first10\\=A. \\|last11\\=Cock \\|first11\\=V. \\|last12\\=Greer \\|first12\\=H. \\|last13\\=Jankowska \\|first13\\=A. \\|last14\\=Macdonald \\|first14\\=K. \\|last15\\=Scott English \\|first15\\=A. \\|last16\\=Wai Lan YEUNG \\|first16\\=V. \\|last17\\=Asano \\|first17\\=R. \\|last18\\=Beattie \\|first18\\=P. \\|last19\\=Bernardo \\|first19\\=A. B. I. \\|last20\\=Sutton \\|first20\\=R. M. \\|display\\-authors\\=5 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/03616843231202708 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|journal\\=Psychology of Women Quarterly \\|volume\\=48 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=8–37 \\|issn\\=1471\\-6402}}",
"Many scholars consider the [men's rights movement](/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement \"Men's rights movement\") a [backlash](/wiki/Backlash_%28sociology%29 \"Backlash (sociology)\")Sources:",
"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Clatterbaugh \\|first1\\=Kenneth \\|title\\=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities \\|date\\=2007a \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-33343\\-6 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Flood \\|editor1\\-first\\=Michael \\|pages\\=430–433 \\|chapter\\=Men's Rights \\|quote\\=The concept of men's rights embraces a variety of points of view that are overwhelmingly hostile to feminism or pro\\-feminism. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Gardiner \\|editor2\\-first\\=Judith Kegan \\|editor3\\-last\\=Pease \\|editor3\\-first\\=Bob \\|editor4\\-last\\=Pringle \\|editor4\\-first\\=Keith}}\n {{cite journal \\|last\\=Maddison \\|first\\=Sarah \\|year\\=1999 \\|title\\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \\|url\\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=39–52 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2013}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Doyle \\|first1\\=Ciara \\|title\\=Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Nova Publishers]] \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59033\\-900\\-8 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Herrman \\|editor1\\-first\\=Peter \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HdLVGgJQ0mUC\\&pg\\=PA61 61–62] \\|chapter\\=The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Flood \\|first1\\=Michael \\|author\\-link1\\=Michael Flood \\|title\\=Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SAGE Publications]] \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7619\\-2369\\-5 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Kimmel \\|editor1\\-first\\=Michael S. \\|editor1\\-link\\=Michael Kimmel \\|location\\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \\|page\\=459 \\|chapter\\=Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism \\|editor2\\-last\\=Hearn \\|editor2\\-first\\=Jeff \\|editor3\\-last\\=Connell \\|editor3\\-first\\=Raewyn \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UvAZD45BMDoC\\&pg\\=PA459}}\n {{cite web \\|last1\\=Finocchiaro \\|first1\\=Peter \\|date\\=29 March 2011 \\|title\\=Is the men's rights movement growing? \\|url\\=http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/scott\\_adams\\_mens\\_rights\\_movement/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2013 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Salon (website)\\|Salon]]}}\n {{cite book \\|last\\=Messner \\|first\\=Michael \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Messner \\|title\\=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rowman \\& Littlefield]] \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8039\\-5577\\-6 \\|location\\=Lanham, Md. \\|page\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nG8MGcopgWQC\\&pg\\=PA41 41]}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Solinger \\|first1\\=Rickie \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gfem7O38h6MC\\&pg\\=PP130 \\|title\\=Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-981141\\-0 \\|page\\=130}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Menzies \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change \\|publisher\\=University of British Columbia Press \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7748\\-1411\\-9 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Boyd \\|editor1\\-first\\=Susan B \\|location\\=Vancouver \\|pages\\=65–97 \\|chapter\\=Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's 'Rights' and Feminist 'Wrongs' in Cyberspace \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ASc568aunFoC\\&pg\\=PA65}}\n {{cite book \\|last1\\=Dunphy \\|first1\\=Richard \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NVPQkt0bVpAC\\&pg\\=PA88 \\|title\\=Sexual Politics: An Introduction \\|publisher\\=Edinburgh University Press \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7486\\-1247\\-5 \\|location\\=Edinburgh \\|page\\=88}}\n {{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mills \\|first\\=Martin \\|year\\=2003 \\|title\\=Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters \\|journal\\=International Journal of Inclusive Education \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=57–73 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/13603110210143644 \\|s2cid\\=144875158}}* + - * + - * + - * or [countermovement](/wiki/Countermovement \"Countermovement\"){{cite journal \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\=Rhys H. \\|author\\-link\\=Rhys H. Williams (sociologist) \\|year\\=1995 \\|title\\=Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources \\|journal\\=Social Problems \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=134–135 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.1016\\.677 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3097008 \\|jstor\\=3097008 \\|quote\\=Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged \\[...] Men's Rights groups \\[...] have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement \\[...] Similarly, along with the appeal to 'equal rights for fathers' \\[...] the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's 'needs' \\[...] The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self\\-interest alone.}} to feminism. The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and [profeminist](/wiki/Profeminist \"Profeminist\") ideas.{{sfn\\|Clatterbaugh\\|2007a}}{{r\\|Messner 1998}} Men's rights activists say feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Messner \\|first\\=Michael A. \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Messner \\|date\\=June 1998 \\|title\\=The limits of 'The Male Sex Role': an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse \\|url\\=http://www.michaelmessner.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/10/Gender\\-Society\\-1998\\-MESSNER\\-255\\-76\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Gender \\& Society \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=255–276 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0891243298012003002 \\|jstor\\=190285 \\|s2cid\\=143890298}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Maddison \\|first\\=Sarah \\|year\\=1999 \\|title\\=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia \\|url\\=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=39–52 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2\\_039\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2013}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cahill \\|first1\\=Charlotte \\|title\\=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[M.E. Sharpe]] \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84972\\-713\\-6 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Chapman \\|editor1\\-first\\=Roger \\|location\\=Armonk, N.Y. \\|pages\\=354–356 \\|chapter\\=Men's movement \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vRY27FkGJAUC\\&pg\\=PA355}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Jonathan A. \\|date\\=9 March 2015 \\|title\\=Phallic Affect \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Men and Masculinities]] \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=22–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/1097184X15574338 \\|s2cid\\=147829870 \\|quote\\=The men's rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism.}} Men's rights activists believe that men are victims of feminism and \"[feminizing](/wiki/Feminization_%28sociology%29 \"Feminization (sociology)\")\" influences in society,{{cite journal \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Jonathan A. \\|date\\=9 March 2015 \\|title\\=Phallic Affect \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Men and Masculinities]] \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=22–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/1097184X15574338 \\|s2cid\\=147829870}} and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men.{{cite book \\|last\\=Beasley \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=f2qM2ULqDK0C\\&pg\\=PA180 \\|title\\=Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers \\|publisher\\=SAGE Publications \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7619\\-6979\\-2 \\|location\\=Thousand Oaks, Calif. \\|page\\=180}}",
"The website [Jezebel](/wiki/Jezebel_%28website%29 \"Jezebel (website)\") has also reported on an increasing number of women and female celebrities rejecting feminism and instead subscribing to [humanism](/wiki/Humanism \"Humanism\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dries \\|first1\\=Kate \\|title\\=The many misguided reasons famous ladies say 'I'm Not a Feminist' \\|url\\=http://jezebel.com/the\\-many\\-misguided\\-reasons\\-famous\\-ladies\\-say\\-im\\-not\\-a\\-1456405014 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Jezebel (website)\\|jezebel.com]] \\|date\\=2 November 2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gawker Media]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 March 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114239/https://jezebel.com/the\\-many\\-misguided\\-reasons\\-famous\\-ladies\\-say\\-im\\-not\\-a\\-1456405014 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In response to the social media trend, modern day feminists also began to upload similar pictures to websites such as Twitter and Tumblr. Most used the same hashtag, \"womenagainstfeminism\", but instead made satirical and bluntly parodic comments.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chang \\|first\\=Charis \\|title\\=\\#WomenAgainstFeminism goes viral as people explain why they don't need feminism anymore \\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\\-life/womenagainstfeminism\\-goes\\-viral\\-as\\-people\\-explain\\-why\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-feminism\\-anymore/story\\-fnixwvgh\\-1227010590106 \\|work\\=\\[\\[news.com.au]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234858/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real\\-life/womenagainstfeminism\\-goes\\-viral\\-as\\-people\\-explain\\-why\\-they\\-dont\\-need\\-feminism\\-anymore/story\\-fnixwvgh\\-1227010590106 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2014, *Time* magazine included \"feminist\" on its annual list of proposed banished words. After initially receiving the majority of votes (51%), a *Time* editor apologized for including the word in the poll and removed it from the results.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Steinmetz \\|first\\=Katy \\|title\\=Which word should be banned in 2015? \\|url\\=http://time.com/3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/\\#3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/ \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|date\\=12 November 2014 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010093600/http://time.com/3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/\\#3576870/worst\\-words\\-poll\\-2014/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Rabouin \\|first\\=Dion \\|title\\=Time Magazine apologizes for including 'feminist' in 2015 word banishment poll \\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.com/time\\-magazine\\-apologizes\\-including\\-feminist\\-2015\\-word\\-banishment\\-poll\\-1724372\\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \\|work\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]] \\|date\\=15 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016081403/https://www.ibtimes.com/time\\-magazine\\-apologizes\\-including\\-feminist\\-2015\\-word\\-banishment\\-poll\\-1724372\\#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
The Ha 140 was developed to meet a requirement for a twin\-engine [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane") [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft "Reconnaissance aircraft")/[torpedo bomber](/wiki/Torpedo_bomber "Torpedo bomber").
The Ha 140 had an all\-metal structure of conventional cantilever monoplane layout, with twin floats on pylons beneath its twin wing\-mounted engines. The high\-mounted wing had a straight centre section and slight [dihedral](/wiki/Dihedral_%28aeronautics%29 "Dihedral (aeronautics)") on the outer sections.
The crew consisted of a pilot and radio operator, with a gunner in a revolving [turret](/wiki/Gun_turret "Gun turret") in the nose or in a second gun position to the rear. The [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo") or bomb load was accommodated in an internal [bomb bay](/wiki/Bomb_bay "Bomb bay").
Three [prototypes](/wiki/Prototype "Prototype") were built and the design beat the competing [Heinkel He 115](/wiki/Heinkel_He_115 "Heinkel He 115"). However, by then B\&V did not have enough spare manufacturing capacity for series production and declined the order, which went to Heinkel instead.Hans Amtmann; "Blohm \& Voss Remembered", *Aeroplane Monthly*, February 1988, pp.25\-26\.
In 1940 the third prototype was modified to test the tail design and variable\-incidence wing mechanism used on the [BV 144](/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_144 "Blohm & Voss BV 144") transport.Green (1979\), p.80\.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"The Ha 140 was developed to meet a requirement for a twin\\-engine [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane \"Floatplane\") [reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft \"Reconnaissance aircraft\")/[torpedo bomber](/wiki/Torpedo_bomber \"Torpedo bomber\").",
"The Ha 140 had an all\\-metal structure of conventional cantilever monoplane layout, with twin floats on pylons beneath its twin wing\\-mounted engines. The high\\-mounted wing had a straight centre section and slight [dihedral](/wiki/Dihedral_%28aeronautics%29 \"Dihedral (aeronautics)\") on the outer sections.",
"The crew consisted of a pilot and radio operator, with a gunner in a revolving [turret](/wiki/Gun_turret \"Gun turret\") in the nose or in a second gun position to the rear. The [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\") or bomb load was accommodated in an internal [bomb bay](/wiki/Bomb_bay \"Bomb bay\").",
"Three [prototypes](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\") were built and the design beat the competing [Heinkel He 115](/wiki/Heinkel_He_115 \"Heinkel He 115\"). However, by then B\\&V did not have enough spare manufacturing capacity for series production and declined the order, which went to Heinkel instead.Hans Amtmann; \"Blohm \\& Voss Remembered\", *Aeroplane Monthly*, February 1988, pp.25\\-26\\.",
"In 1940 the third prototype was modified to test the tail design and variable\\-incidence wing mechanism used on the [BV 144](/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_144 \"Blohm & Voss BV 144\") transport.Green (1979\\), p.80\\.",
""
] |
Culture
-------
### Barrio Chino de San José
The Chinatown was officially opened on Wednesday 5 December 2012, after nearly ten months of work, with funding from the government of [China](/wiki/China "China") to promote friendship between the two countries.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\-de\-san\-jose\-inaugura\-el\-barrio\-chino/ \|title\=Municipalidad de San José inaugura el barrio chino \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813151415/http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\-de\-san\-jose\-inaugura\-el\-barrio\-chino/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-13 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\-cultura\-y\-espectaculos/artes\-general/costa\-rica\-inaugura\-su\-barrio\-chino\-el\-mas\-joven\-del\-mundo\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \|title\=Costa Rica inaugura su barrio chino, el más jóven del mundo \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915184622/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\-cultura\-y\-espectaculos/artes\-general/costa\-rica\-inaugura\-su\-barrio\-chino\-el\-mas\-joven\-del\-mundo\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \|archivedate\=2014\-09\-15 }} It is expected to become a new area of touristic interest in the city.
Works began in February 2012, but the planning and design began in 2009 as a result of political negotiations between the governments of Costa Rica and the [People’s Republic of China](/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China "People’s Republic of China"), to create a neighborhood in San Jose to represent Chinese culture.
After a little discussion about the most appropriate location and that have the least impact on traffic flow, they chose the central 9th street, popularly known as "*Paseo de los Estudiantes*" ("*Students Walkway*"). The area includes the square of the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de La Soledad (Church of Solitude) and a little music [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheater "Amphitheater").
The neighborhood is an area of about 550 meters long and 8200 meters² building, in an area of twelve city blocks between 2nd Avenue and 14th Avenue (north to south) and between 7th and 11th Street (in west to east direction). The central axis constitutes a [boulevard](/wiki/Boulevard "Boulevard") or stamped concrete [walkway](/wiki/Walkway "Walkway") in red and yellow colors (symbolizing good luck and prosperity respectively in Chinese culture), along 9th Street.
Undoubtedly, its most notable architectural work is the arched entrance, similar to others located in other cities around the world. The work was performed by employees of a Chinese company, linked to the [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") Bureau of Antiquities and is estimated to cost approximately $500,000\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\-10\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\-recibio\-arco\-de\-barrio\-chino.aspx \|title\=Municipalidad recibió arco de barrio chino \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006201551/http://www.nacion.com/2012\-10\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\-recibio\-arco\-de\-barrio\-chino.aspx \|archivedate\=2012\-10\-06 }}
The bow is made of reinforced concrete, is 10 meters high and 15 wide, with enough internal space for a firetruck to pass, in case of emergency. Although inspired by the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty"), is also integrated eight areas of concrete spheres symbolize existing [Pre\-Columbian art](/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art "Pre-Columbian art") of Costa Rica, as a way to symbolize the union of cultures.
The boulevard ends at 14th Avenue with a statue of [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius "Confucius") in human size, located on a small pedestal. Although it was initially announced that it would build a second arc at the end of the boulevard (with the support of the Chinese community in Costa Rica), this was finally dismissed for reasons that were disclosed.
The works also involved a new sewer and installation of underground electrical wiring.
Initially, the work was estimated at a cost of around CRC 600 million [colones](/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n "Costa Rican colón") (just over a million US dollars). He said that this work was done with the donation of $1 million provided by the government of China, and ¢200 million from the Municipality of San José.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nacion.com/2011\-03\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\.aspx \|title\=Barrio chino de San José llegará justo para la época de Navidad \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219033542/http://www.nacion.com/2011\-03\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\.aspx \|archivedate\=2011\-12\-19 }}
Finally, although precise figures were not provided, the total cost of the buildings is estimated between $1\.5 and $2 million, contributed mainly by the Chinese government.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/economica/costa\-rica\-inauguro\-barrio\-chino\-financiado\-por\-pekin\-100814\|title\= Costa Rica inauguró barrio chino financiado por Pekín}}
The creation of this area was controversial from the very beginning. One common criticism was the comparatively low presence of Asian property owners in that area of the city, despite the fairly significant concentration of local citizens of Asian origin. However, the Asian population remains mixed with Costa Ricans, who are the majority. This trend is expected to change over time.
Another point of contention was the creation of the neighborhood on a street popularly known as "Paseo de los Estudiantes" (Students' Walk), which begins at the emblematic Church of Our Lady of Solitude. Some conservatives questioned whether the project promoted disrespect for the character and religious traditions that have been rooted in the church for more than a century.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.revistapasosdefe.com/?p\=1206 \|title\= San José, Costa Rica: Barrio Chino afectaría entorno patrimonial y religioso}}
Furthermore, the original street name has historical significance to Costa Ricans, because it refers to students of Liceo de Costa Rica who fought against dictatorship and corruption. The name also refers to the daily transit of thousands of young people on their way to their schools for over a hundred years.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\-03\-14/Opinion/Barrio\-chino\-sin\-chinos.aspx \|title\=Barrio chino sin chinos \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901091418/http://www.nacion.com/2012\-03\-14/Opinion/Barrio\-chino\-sin\-chinos.aspx \|archivedate\=2012\-09\-01 }}
A final point of contention was the impact on the road network of the city, which was already swamped with traffic. 9th Street was an important artery of transportation to the southern end of the capital, and its absence has caused an increased traffic in the surrounding streets, especially during rush hour.
|
[
"Culture\n-------",
"### Barrio Chino de San José",
"The Chinatown was officially opened on Wednesday 5 December 2012, after nearly ten months of work, with funding from the government of [China](/wiki/China \"China\") to promote friendship between the two countries.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\\-de\\-san\\-jose\\-inaugura\\-el\\-barrio\\-chino/ \\|title\\=Municipalidad de San José inaugura el barrio chino \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813151415/http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\\-de\\-san\\-jose\\-inaugura\\-el\\-barrio\\-chino/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\\-cultura\\-y\\-espectaculos/artes\\-general/costa\\-rica\\-inaugura\\-su\\-barrio\\-chino\\-el\\-mas\\-joven\\-del\\-mundo\\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \\|title\\=Costa Rica inaugura su barrio chino, el más jóven del mundo \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915184622/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\\-cultura\\-y\\-espectaculos/artes\\-general/costa\\-rica\\-inaugura\\-su\\-barrio\\-chino\\-el\\-mas\\-joven\\-del\\-mundo\\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \\|archivedate\\=2014\\-09\\-15 }} It is expected to become a new area of touristic interest in the city.",
"Works began in February 2012, but the planning and design began in 2009 as a result of political negotiations between the governments of Costa Rica and the [People’s Republic of China](/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China \"People’s Republic of China\"), to create a neighborhood in San Jose to represent Chinese culture.",
"After a little discussion about the most appropriate location and that have the least impact on traffic flow, they chose the central 9th street, popularly known as \"*Paseo de los Estudiantes*\" (\"*Students Walkway*\"). The area includes the square of the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de La Soledad (Church of Solitude) and a little music [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheater \"Amphitheater\").",
"The neighborhood is an area of about 550 meters long and 8200 meters² building, in an area of twelve city blocks between 2nd Avenue and 14th Avenue (north to south) and between 7th and 11th Street (in west to east direction). The central axis constitutes a [boulevard](/wiki/Boulevard \"Boulevard\") or stamped concrete [walkway](/wiki/Walkway \"Walkway\") in red and yellow colors (symbolizing good luck and prosperity respectively in Chinese culture), along 9th Street.",
"Undoubtedly, its most notable architectural work is the arched entrance, similar to others located in other cities around the world. The work was performed by employees of a Chinese company, linked to the [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") Bureau of Antiquities and is estimated to cost approximately $500,000\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-10\\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\\-recibio\\-arco\\-de\\-barrio\\-chino.aspx \\|title\\=Municipalidad recibió arco de barrio chino \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006201551/http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-10\\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\\-recibio\\-arco\\-de\\-barrio\\-chino.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-10\\-06 }}\nThe bow is made of reinforced concrete, is 10 meters high and 15 wide, with enough internal space for a firetruck to pass, in case of emergency. Although inspired by the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\"), is also integrated eight areas of concrete spheres symbolize existing [Pre\\-Columbian art](/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art \"Pre-Columbian art\") of Costa Rica, as a way to symbolize the union of cultures.",
"The boulevard ends at 14th Avenue with a statue of [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\") in human size, located on a small pedestal. Although it was initially announced that it would build a second arc at the end of the boulevard (with the support of the Chinese community in Costa Rica), this was finally dismissed for reasons that were disclosed.",
"The works also involved a new sewer and installation of underground electrical wiring.",
"Initially, the work was estimated at a cost of around CRC 600 million [colones](/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n \"Costa Rican colón\") (just over a million US dollars). He said that this work was done with the donation of $1 million provided by the government of China, and ¢200 million from the Municipality of San José.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/2011\\-03\\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\\.aspx \\|title\\=Barrio chino de San José llegará justo para la época de Navidad \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219033542/http://www.nacion.com/2011\\-03\\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\\.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-12\\-19 }}",
"Finally, although precise figures were not provided, the total cost of the buildings is estimated between $1\\.5 and $2 million, contributed mainly by the Chinese government.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/economica/costa\\-rica\\-inauguro\\-barrio\\-chino\\-financiado\\-por\\-pekin\\-100814\\|title\\= Costa Rica inauguró barrio chino financiado por Pekín}}",
"The creation of this area was controversial from the very beginning. One common criticism was the comparatively low presence of Asian property owners in that area of the city, despite the fairly significant concentration of local citizens of Asian origin. However, the Asian population remains mixed with Costa Ricans, who are the majority. This trend is expected to change over time.",
"Another point of contention was the creation of the neighborhood on a street popularly known as \"Paseo de los Estudiantes\" (Students' Walk), which begins at the emblematic Church of Our Lady of Solitude. Some conservatives questioned whether the project promoted disrespect for the character and religious traditions that have been rooted in the church for more than a century.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.revistapasosdefe.com/?p\\=1206 \\|title\\= San José, Costa Rica: Barrio Chino afectaría entorno patrimonial y religioso}}",
"Furthermore, the original street name has historical significance to Costa Ricans, because it refers to students of Liceo de Costa Rica who fought against dictatorship and corruption. The name also refers to the daily transit of thousands of young people on their way to their schools for over a hundred years.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-03\\-14/Opinion/Barrio\\-chino\\-sin\\-chinos.aspx \\|title\\=Barrio chino sin chinos \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901091418/http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-03\\-14/Opinion/Barrio\\-chino\\-sin\\-chinos.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-09\\-01 }}",
"A final point of contention was the impact on the road network of the city, which was already swamped with traffic. 9th Street was an important artery of transportation to the southern end of the capital, and its absence has caused an increased traffic in the surrounding streets, especially during rush hour.",
""
] |
### Barrio Chino de San José
The Chinatown was officially opened on Wednesday 5 December 2012, after nearly ten months of work, with funding from the government of [China](/wiki/China "China") to promote friendship between the two countries.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\-de\-san\-jose\-inaugura\-el\-barrio\-chino/ \|title\=Municipalidad de San José inaugura el barrio chino \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813151415/http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\-de\-san\-jose\-inaugura\-el\-barrio\-chino/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-13 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\-cultura\-y\-espectaculos/artes\-general/costa\-rica\-inaugura\-su\-barrio\-chino\-el\-mas\-joven\-del\-mundo\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \|title\=Costa Rica inaugura su barrio chino, el más jóven del mundo \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915184622/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\-cultura\-y\-espectaculos/artes\-general/costa\-rica\-inaugura\-su\-barrio\-chino\-el\-mas\-joven\-del\-mundo\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \|archivedate\=2014\-09\-15 }} It is expected to become a new area of touristic interest in the city.
Works began in February 2012, but the planning and design began in 2009 as a result of political negotiations between the governments of Costa Rica and the [People’s Republic of China](/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China "People’s Republic of China"), to create a neighborhood in San Jose to represent Chinese culture.
After a little discussion about the most appropriate location and that have the least impact on traffic flow, they chose the central 9th street, popularly known as "*Paseo de los Estudiantes*" ("*Students Walkway*"). The area includes the square of the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de La Soledad (Church of Solitude) and a little music [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheater "Amphitheater").
The neighborhood is an area of about 550 meters long and 8200 meters² building, in an area of twelve city blocks between 2nd Avenue and 14th Avenue (north to south) and between 7th and 11th Street (in west to east direction). The central axis constitutes a [boulevard](/wiki/Boulevard "Boulevard") or stamped concrete [walkway](/wiki/Walkway "Walkway") in red and yellow colors (symbolizing good luck and prosperity respectively in Chinese culture), along 9th Street.
Undoubtedly, its most notable architectural work is the arched entrance, similar to others located in other cities around the world. The work was performed by employees of a Chinese company, linked to the [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") Bureau of Antiquities and is estimated to cost approximately $500,000\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\-10\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\-recibio\-arco\-de\-barrio\-chino.aspx \|title\=Municipalidad recibió arco de barrio chino \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006201551/http://www.nacion.com/2012\-10\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\-recibio\-arco\-de\-barrio\-chino.aspx \|archivedate\=2012\-10\-06 }}
The bow is made of reinforced concrete, is 10 meters high and 15 wide, with enough internal space for a firetruck to pass, in case of emergency. Although inspired by the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty"), is also integrated eight areas of concrete spheres symbolize existing [Pre\-Columbian art](/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art "Pre-Columbian art") of Costa Rica, as a way to symbolize the union of cultures.
The boulevard ends at 14th Avenue with a statue of [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius "Confucius") in human size, located on a small pedestal. Although it was initially announced that it would build a second arc at the end of the boulevard (with the support of the Chinese community in Costa Rica), this was finally dismissed for reasons that were disclosed.
The works also involved a new sewer and installation of underground electrical wiring.
Initially, the work was estimated at a cost of around CRC 600 million [colones](/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n "Costa Rican colón") (just over a million US dollars). He said that this work was done with the donation of $1 million provided by the government of China, and ¢200 million from the Municipality of San José.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nacion.com/2011\-03\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\.aspx \|title\=Barrio chino de San José llegará justo para la época de Navidad \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219033542/http://www.nacion.com/2011\-03\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\.aspx \|archivedate\=2011\-12\-19 }}
Finally, although precise figures were not provided, the total cost of the buildings is estimated between $1\.5 and $2 million, contributed mainly by the Chinese government.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/economica/costa\-rica\-inauguro\-barrio\-chino\-financiado\-por\-pekin\-100814\|title\= Costa Rica inauguró barrio chino financiado por Pekín}}
The creation of this area was controversial from the very beginning. One common criticism was the comparatively low presence of Asian property owners in that area of the city, despite the fairly significant concentration of local citizens of Asian origin. However, the Asian population remains mixed with Costa Ricans, who are the majority. This trend is expected to change over time.
Another point of contention was the creation of the neighborhood on a street popularly known as "Paseo de los Estudiantes" (Students' Walk), which begins at the emblematic Church of Our Lady of Solitude. Some conservatives questioned whether the project promoted disrespect for the character and religious traditions that have been rooted in the church for more than a century.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.revistapasosdefe.com/?p\=1206 \|title\= San José, Costa Rica: Barrio Chino afectaría entorno patrimonial y religioso}}
Furthermore, the original street name has historical significance to Costa Ricans, because it refers to students of Liceo de Costa Rica who fought against dictatorship and corruption. The name also refers to the daily transit of thousands of young people on their way to their schools for over a hundred years.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\-03\-14/Opinion/Barrio\-chino\-sin\-chinos.aspx \|title\=Barrio chino sin chinos \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901091418/http://www.nacion.com/2012\-03\-14/Opinion/Barrio\-chino\-sin\-chinos.aspx \|archivedate\=2012\-09\-01 }}
A final point of contention was the impact on the road network of the city, which was already swamped with traffic. 9th Street was an important artery of transportation to the southern end of the capital, and its absence has caused an increased traffic in the surrounding streets, especially during rush hour.
|
[
"### Barrio Chino de San José",
"The Chinatown was officially opened on Wednesday 5 December 2012, after nearly ten months of work, with funding from the government of [China](/wiki/China \"China\") to promote friendship between the two countries.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\\-de\\-san\\-jose\\-inaugura\\-el\\-barrio\\-chino/ \\|title\\=Municipalidad de San José inaugura el barrio chino \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813151415/http://www.crhoy.com/municipalidad\\-de\\-san\\-jose\\-inaugura\\-el\\-barrio\\-chino/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\\-cultura\\-y\\-espectaculos/artes\\-general/costa\\-rica\\-inaugura\\-su\\-barrio\\-chino\\-el\\-mas\\-joven\\-del\\-mundo\\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \\|title\\=Costa Rica inaugura su barrio chino, el más jóven del mundo \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915184622/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte\\-cultura\\-y\\-espectaculos/artes\\-general/costa\\-rica\\-inaugura\\-su\\-barrio\\-chino\\-el\\-mas\\-joven\\-del\\-mundo\\_UenOEiYovTNK5moYd6JFu1/ \\|archivedate\\=2014\\-09\\-15 }} It is expected to become a new area of touristic interest in the city.",
"Works began in February 2012, but the planning and design began in 2009 as a result of political negotiations between the governments of Costa Rica and the [People’s Republic of China](/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China \"People’s Republic of China\"), to create a neighborhood in San Jose to represent Chinese culture.",
"After a little discussion about the most appropriate location and that have the least impact on traffic flow, they chose the central 9th street, popularly known as \"*Paseo de los Estudiantes*\" (\"*Students Walkway*\"). The area includes the square of the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de La Soledad (Church of Solitude) and a little music [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheater \"Amphitheater\").",
"The neighborhood is an area of about 550 meters long and 8200 meters² building, in an area of twelve city blocks between 2nd Avenue and 14th Avenue (north to south) and between 7th and 11th Street (in west to east direction). The central axis constitutes a [boulevard](/wiki/Boulevard \"Boulevard\") or stamped concrete [walkway](/wiki/Walkway \"Walkway\") in red and yellow colors (symbolizing good luck and prosperity respectively in Chinese culture), along 9th Street.",
"Undoubtedly, its most notable architectural work is the arched entrance, similar to others located in other cities around the world. The work was performed by employees of a Chinese company, linked to the [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") Bureau of Antiquities and is estimated to cost approximately $500,000\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-10\\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\\-recibio\\-arco\\-de\\-barrio\\-chino.aspx \\|title\\=Municipalidad recibió arco de barrio chino \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006201551/http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-10\\-04/ElPais/municipalidad\\-recibio\\-arco\\-de\\-barrio\\-chino.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-10\\-06 }}\nThe bow is made of reinforced concrete, is 10 meters high and 15 wide, with enough internal space for a firetruck to pass, in case of emergency. Although inspired by the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\"), is also integrated eight areas of concrete spheres symbolize existing [Pre\\-Columbian art](/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art \"Pre-Columbian art\") of Costa Rica, as a way to symbolize the union of cultures.",
"The boulevard ends at 14th Avenue with a statue of [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\") in human size, located on a small pedestal. Although it was initially announced that it would build a second arc at the end of the boulevard (with the support of the Chinese community in Costa Rica), this was finally dismissed for reasons that were disclosed.",
"The works also involved a new sewer and installation of underground electrical wiring.",
"Initially, the work was estimated at a cost of around CRC 600 million [colones](/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n \"Costa Rican colón\") (just over a million US dollars). He said that this work was done with the donation of $1 million provided by the government of China, and ¢200 million from the Municipality of San José.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/2011\\-03\\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\\.aspx \\|title\\=Barrio chino de San José llegará justo para la época de Navidad \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219033542/http://www.nacion.com/2011\\-03\\-13/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2712759\\.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-12\\-19 }}",
"Finally, although precise figures were not provided, the total cost of the buildings is estimated between $1\\.5 and $2 million, contributed mainly by the Chinese government.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/economica/costa\\-rica\\-inauguro\\-barrio\\-chino\\-financiado\\-por\\-pekin\\-100814\\|title\\= Costa Rica inauguró barrio chino financiado por Pekín}}",
"The creation of this area was controversial from the very beginning. One common criticism was the comparatively low presence of Asian property owners in that area of the city, despite the fairly significant concentration of local citizens of Asian origin. However, the Asian population remains mixed with Costa Ricans, who are the majority. This trend is expected to change over time.",
"Another point of contention was the creation of the neighborhood on a street popularly known as \"Paseo de los Estudiantes\" (Students' Walk), which begins at the emblematic Church of Our Lady of Solitude. Some conservatives questioned whether the project promoted disrespect for the character and religious traditions that have been rooted in the church for more than a century.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.revistapasosdefe.com/?p\\=1206 \\|title\\= San José, Costa Rica: Barrio Chino afectaría entorno patrimonial y religioso}}",
"Furthermore, the original street name has historical significance to Costa Ricans, because it refers to students of Liceo de Costa Rica who fought against dictatorship and corruption. The name also refers to the daily transit of thousands of young people on their way to their schools for over a hundred years.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-03\\-14/Opinion/Barrio\\-chino\\-sin\\-chinos.aspx \\|title\\=Barrio chino sin chinos \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901091418/http://www.nacion.com/2012\\-03\\-14/Opinion/Barrio\\-chino\\-sin\\-chinos.aspx \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-09\\-01 }}",
"A final point of contention was the impact on the road network of the city, which was already swamped with traffic. 9th Street was an important artery of transportation to the southern end of the capital, and its absence has caused an increased traffic in the surrounding streets, especially during rush hour.",
""
] |
Server structure
----------------
A major part of the BOINC system is the backend server. The server can run on one or many machines to allow BOINC to scale easily to projects of any size. BOINC servers run on Linux\-based computers and use [Apache](/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server "Apache HTTP Server"), [PHP](/wiki/PHP "PHP"), and [MySQL](/wiki/MySQL "MySQL") for their web and [database](/wiki/Database "Database") systems.
Scientific computations run on participants' computers. After uploading from the user's client to a science investigator's database, the backend server validates and analyzes the results. The validation process involves running all tasks on multiple contributor PCs and comparing the results.
BOINC servers also provide these features:
* **homogeneous redundancy** (sending workunits only to computers of the same [platform](/wiki/Platform_%28computing%29 "Platform (computing)") — for example: *Win XP SP2* only)
* **workunit trickling** (sending information to the server before the workunit completes)
* **locality scheduling** (sending workunits to computers that already have the necessary files and creating work on demand)
* **work distribution based on host parameters** (workunits requiring 512 MB of RAM, for example, will only be sent to hosts having at least that much RAM[SETI@home's transition to BOINC](http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/transition.php))
The server consists of two [CGI](/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface "Common Gateway Interface") programs and (normally) five [daemons](/wiki/Daemon_%28computer_software%29 "Daemon (computer software)"), written in [C\+\+](/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++"). Computations to be performed by clients are called **workunits**. A **result** describes an instance of a workunit, even if it hasn't been completed. A project does not explicitly create results; the server creates them automatically from workunits.
The scheduler CGI program handles requests from clients, receiving completed results and sending new work to compute. The scheduler doesn't get available results directly from the database. Instead, a **feeder** daemon loads tasks from the database and keeps them in a [shared\-memory](/wiki/Shared_memory_%28interprocess_communication%29 "Shared memory (interprocess communication)") block, which the scheduler reads. The feeder periodically fills empty "slots" in the shared\-memory block after the scheduler has sent those results to a client.
When all the results from a workunit are completed and returned, the **validator** checks them. One popular method would be to compare the results against each other. The validator can have custom project\-code to do fuzzy comparison between results, or it can perform a bitwise comparison. If the validator determines that at least some of the results are valid, it marks the work unit and the valid results as valid, users who returned legitimate results are granted [credit](/wiki/BOINC_Credit_System "BOINC Credit System") for it, and a "canonical result" is chosen. If the results don't agree, or if one of the results is not reported by its deadline, the server generates an additional instance of the job, and sends it to a third host. This is repeated until a quorum of matching results is found or a limit on the number of instances is
reached.{{Cite book\|chapter\-url\=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4228395\|doi \= 10\.1109/IPDPS.2007\.370667\|s2cid \= 15164675\|chapter \= Local Scheduling for Volunteer Computing\|title \= 2007 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium\|year \= 2007\|last1 \= Anderson\|first1 \= David P.\|last2 \= McLeod\|first2 \= John\|pages \= 1–8\|isbn \= 978\-1\-4244\-0909\-9}}
Next, the **assimilator** daemon processes the canonical result using project\-specific code. For example, some projects may parse the file and store information in a database, others may just copy the file somewhere else. An assimilator may also generate more workunits based on the returned data.
The **file\_deleter** daemon deletes output files after the assimilator has processed them, and deletes input files that aren't needed anymore.
The **transitioner** daemon handles state transitions of workunits and results. It also generates results from workunits when they are first created, and when more are needed (for example, if a result turns out invalid).
|
[
"Server structure\n----------------",
"A major part of the BOINC system is the backend server. The server can run on one or many machines to allow BOINC to scale easily to projects of any size. BOINC servers run on Linux\\-based computers and use [Apache](/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server \"Apache HTTP Server\"), [PHP](/wiki/PHP \"PHP\"), and [MySQL](/wiki/MySQL \"MySQL\") for their web and [database](/wiki/Database \"Database\") systems.",
"Scientific computations run on participants' computers. After uploading from the user's client to a science investigator's database, the backend server validates and analyzes the results. The validation process involves running all tasks on multiple contributor PCs and comparing the results.",
"BOINC servers also provide these features: \n* **homogeneous redundancy** (sending workunits only to computers of the same [platform](/wiki/Platform_%28computing%29 \"Platform (computing)\") — for example: *Win XP SP2* only)\n* **workunit trickling** (sending information to the server before the workunit completes)\n* **locality scheduling** (sending workunits to computers that already have the necessary files and creating work on demand)\n* **work distribution based on host parameters** (workunits requiring 512 MB of RAM, for example, will only be sent to hosts having at least that much RAM[SETI@home's transition to BOINC](http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/transition.php))",
"The server consists of two [CGI](/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface \"Common Gateway Interface\") programs and (normally) five [daemons](/wiki/Daemon_%28computer_software%29 \"Daemon (computer software)\"), written in [C\\+\\+](/wiki/C%2B%2B \"C++\"). Computations to be performed by clients are called **workunits**. A **result** describes an instance of a workunit, even if it hasn't been completed. A project does not explicitly create results; the server creates them automatically from workunits.",
"The scheduler CGI program handles requests from clients, receiving completed results and sending new work to compute. The scheduler doesn't get available results directly from the database. Instead, a **feeder** daemon loads tasks from the database and keeps them in a [shared\\-memory](/wiki/Shared_memory_%28interprocess_communication%29 \"Shared memory (interprocess communication)\") block, which the scheduler reads. The feeder periodically fills empty \"slots\" in the shared\\-memory block after the scheduler has sent those results to a client.",
"When all the results from a workunit are completed and returned, the **validator** checks them. One popular method would be to compare the results against each other. The validator can have custom project\\-code to do fuzzy comparison between results, or it can perform a bitwise comparison. If the validator determines that at least some of the results are valid, it marks the work unit and the valid results as valid, users who returned legitimate results are granted [credit](/wiki/BOINC_Credit_System \"BOINC Credit System\") for it, and a \"canonical result\" is chosen. If the results don't agree, or if one of the results is not reported by its deadline, the server generates an additional instance of the job, and sends it to a third host. This is repeated until a quorum of matching results is found or a limit on the number of instances is\nreached.{{Cite book\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4228395\\|doi \\= 10\\.1109/IPDPS.2007\\.370667\\|s2cid \\= 15164675\\|chapter \\= Local Scheduling for Volunteer Computing\\|title \\= 2007 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium\\|year \\= 2007\\|last1 \\= Anderson\\|first1 \\= David P.\\|last2 \\= McLeod\\|first2 \\= John\\|pages \\= 1–8\\|isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-4244\\-0909\\-9}}",
"Next, the **assimilator** daemon processes the canonical result using project\\-specific code. For example, some projects may parse the file and store information in a database, others may just copy the file somewhere else. An assimilator may also generate more workunits based on the returned data.",
"The **file\\_deleter** daemon deletes output files after the assimilator has processed them, and deletes input files that aren't needed anymore.",
"The **transitioner** daemon handles state transitions of workunits and results. It also generates results from workunits when they are first created, and when more are needed (for example, if a result turns out invalid).",
""
] |
In two dimensions
-----------------
[thumb\|A counterclockwise rotation of a vector through angle {{mvar\|θ}}. The vector is initially aligned with the {{mvar\|x}}\-axis.](/wiki/File:Counterclockwise_rotation.png "Counterclockwise rotation.png")
In two dimensions, the standard rotation matrix has the following form:
R(\\theta) \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
\cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\
\sin\theta & \cos\theta \\
```
\\end{bmatrix}.
This rotates [column vectors](/wiki/Column_vector "Column vector") by means of the following [matrix multiplication](/wiki/Matrix_multiplication "Matrix multiplication"),
\\begin{bmatrix}
```
x' \\
y' \\
```
\\end{bmatrix} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
\cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\
\sin\theta & \cos\theta \\
```
\\end{bmatrix}\\begin{bmatrix}
```
x \\
y \\
```
\\end{bmatrix}.
Thus, the new coordinates {{math\|(''x''′, ''y''′)}} of a point {{math\|(''x'', ''y'')}} after rotation are
\\begin{align}
```
x' &= x \cos\theta - y \sin\theta\, \\
y' &= x \sin\theta + y \cos\theta\,
```
\\end{align}.
### Examples
For example, when the vector
```
\mathbf{\hat{x}} = \begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
\end{bmatrix}
```
is rotated by an angle {{mvar\|θ}}, its new coordinates are
\\begin{bmatrix}
```
\cos\theta \\
\sin\theta \\
```
\\end{bmatrix},
and when the vector
```
\mathbf{\hat{y}} = \begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
\end{bmatrix}
```
is rotated by an angle {{mvar\|θ}}, its new coordinates are
```
\begin{bmatrix}
-\sin\theta \\
\cos\theta \\
\end{bmatrix}.
```
### Direction
The direction of vector rotation is counterclockwise if {{mvar\|θ}} is positive (e.g. 90°), and clockwise if {{mvar\|θ}} is negative (e.g. −90°) for
```
R(\theta)
```
. Thus the clockwise rotation matrix is found as
```
R(-\theta) = \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\theta & \sin\theta \\
-\sin\theta & \cos\theta \\
\end{bmatrix}.
```
The two\-dimensional case is the only non\-trivial (i.e. not one\-dimensional) case where the rotation matrices group is commutative, so that it does not matter in which order multiple rotations are performed. An alternative convention uses rotating axes,{{cite book \|last\=Swokowski \|first\=Earl \|title\=Calculus with Analytic Geometry \|year\=1979 \|location\=Boston \|publisher\=Prindle, Weber, and Schmidt \|edition\=Second \|isbn\=0\-87150\-268\-2 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/studentsupplemen00bron \|url\-access\=registration }} and the above matrices also represent a rotation of the *axes clockwise* through an angle {{mvar\|θ}}.
### Non\-standard orientation of the coordinate system
[thumb\|A rotation through angle {{mvar\|θ}} with non\-standard axes.](/wiki/File:Clockwise_rotation.png "Clockwise rotation.png")
If a standard [right\-handed](/wiki/Orientation_%28mathematics%29 "Orientation (mathematics)") [Cartesian coordinate system](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system "Cartesian coordinate system") is used, with the {{nowrap\|{{mvar\|x}}\-axis}} to the right and the {{nowrap\|{{mvar\|y}}\-axis}} up, the rotation {{math\|''R''(''θ'')}} is counterclockwise. If a left\-handed Cartesian coordinate system is used, with {{mvar\|x}} directed to the right but {{mvar\|y}} directed down, {{math\|''R''(''θ'')}} is clockwise. Such non\-standard orientations are rarely used in mathematics but are common in [2D computer graphics](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics "2D computer graphics"), which often have the origin in the top left corner and the {{nowrap\|{{mvar\|y}}\-axis}} down the screen or page.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.w3\.org/TR/SVG/coords.html\#InitialCoordinateSystem \|title\=Scalable Vector Graphics – the initial coordinate system \|author\=W3C recommendation \|year\=2003 }}
See [below](/wiki/%23Ambiguities "#Ambiguities") for other alternative conventions which may change the sense of the rotation produced by a rotation matrix.
### Common 2D rotations
Particularly useful are the matrices
\\begin{bmatrix}
```
0 & -1 \\[3pt]
1 & 0 \\
```
\\end{bmatrix}, \\quad
\\begin{bmatrix}
```
-1 & 0 \\[3pt]
0 & -1 \\
```
\\end{bmatrix}, \\quad
\\begin{bmatrix}
```
0 & 1 \\[3pt]
-1 & 0 \\
```
\\end{bmatrix}
for 90°, 180°, and 270° counter\-clockwise rotations.
{{multiple image
\| align \= left
\| image1 \= Square permutation 1 1\.svg
\| width1 \= 150
\| image2 \= Square permutation 3 0\.svg
\| width2 \= 150
\| image3 \= Square permutation 2 1\.svg
\| width3 \= 150
\| footer \= A 180° rotation (middle) \[\[function composition\|followed by]] a positive 90° rotation (left) is equivalent to a single negative 90° (positive 270°) rotation (right). Each of these figures depicts the result of a rotation relative to an upright starting position (bottom left) and includes the matrix representation of the permutation applied by the rotation (center right), as well as other related diagrams. See \[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Permutation\_notation "Permutation notation" on Wikiversity] for details.
}}
{{clear}}
### Relationship with complex plane
Since
\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \& \-1 \\\\ 1 \& 0 \\end{bmatrix}^2 \\ \=\\ \\begin{bmatrix} \-1 \& 0 \\\\ 0 \& \-1 \\end{bmatrix} \\ \= \-I,
the matrices of the shape
\\begin{bmatrix} x \& \-y \\\\ y \& x \\end{bmatrix}
form a [ring](/wiki/Ring_%28mathematics%29 "Ring (mathematics)") [isomorphic](/wiki/Ring_isomorphism "Ring isomorphism") to the [field](/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29 "Field (mathematics)") of the [complex numbers](/wiki/Complex_number "Complex number") {{tmath\|\\C}}. Under this isomorphism, the rotation matrices correspond to [circle](/wiki/Circle "Circle") of the [unit complex numbers](/wiki/Unit_complex_number "Unit complex number"), the complex numbers of modulus {{math\|1}}.
If one identifies \\mathbb R^2 with \\mathbb C through the [linear isomorphism](/wiki/Linear_isomorphism "Linear isomorphism") (a,b)\\mapsto a\+ib, the action of a matrix of the above form on vectors of \\mathbb R^2 corresponds to the multiplication by the complex number {{math\|''x'' \+ ''iy''}}, and rotations correspond to multiplication by complex numbers of modulus {{math\|1}}.
As every rotation matrix can be written
\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos t\&\-\\sin t\\\\ \\sin t\&\\cos t\\end{pmatrix},
the above correspondence associates such a matrix with the complex number
\\cos t \+ i\\sin t\=e^{it}
(this last equality is [Euler's formula](/wiki/Euler%27s_formula "Euler's formula")).
|
[
"In two dimensions\n-----------------",
"[thumb\\|A counterclockwise rotation of a vector through angle {{mvar\\|θ}}. The vector is initially aligned with the {{mvar\\|x}}\\-axis.](/wiki/File:Counterclockwise_rotation.png \"Counterclockwise rotation.png\")",
"In two dimensions, the standard rotation matrix has the following form:\nR(\\\\theta) \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n \\cos\\theta & -\\sin\\theta \\\\\n \\sin\\theta & \\cos\\theta \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"This rotates [column vectors](/wiki/Column_vector \"Column vector\") by means of the following [matrix multiplication](/wiki/Matrix_multiplication \"Matrix multiplication\"),",
"\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n x' \\\\\n y' \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n \\cos\\theta & -\\sin\\theta \\\\\n \\sin\\theta & \\cos\\theta \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n x \\\\\n y \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"Thus, the new coordinates {{math\\|(''x''′, ''y''′)}} of a point {{math\\|(''x'', ''y'')}} after rotation are\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n x' &= x \\cos\\theta - y \\sin\\theta\\, \\\\\n y' &= x \\sin\\theta + y \\cos\\theta\\,",
"```\n\\\\end{align}.",
"### Examples",
"For example, when the vector",
"```\n \\mathbf{\\hat{x}} = \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 \\\\\n 0 \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```",
"is rotated by an angle {{mvar\\|θ}}, its new coordinates are",
"\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n \\cos\\theta \\\\\n \\sin\\theta \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix},",
"",
"and when the vector",
"```\n \\mathbf{\\hat{y}} = \\begin{bmatrix}\n 0 \\\\\n 1 \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```",
"is rotated by an angle {{mvar\\|θ}}, its new coordinates are",
"```\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n -\\sin\\theta \\\\\n \\cos\\theta \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"",
"### Direction",
"The direction of vector rotation is counterclockwise if {{mvar\\|θ}} is positive (e.g. 90°), and clockwise if {{mvar\\|θ}} is negative (e.g. −90°) for",
"```\n R(\\theta)\n```",
". Thus the clockwise rotation matrix is found as",
"```\n R(-\\theta) = \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos\\theta & \\sin\\theta \\\\\n -\\sin\\theta & \\cos\\theta \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}.\n```",
"",
"The two\\-dimensional case is the only non\\-trivial (i.e. not one\\-dimensional) case where the rotation matrices group is commutative, so that it does not matter in which order multiple rotations are performed. An alternative convention uses rotating axes,{{cite book \\|last\\=Swokowski \\|first\\=Earl \\|title\\=Calculus with Analytic Geometry \\|year\\=1979 \\|location\\=Boston \\|publisher\\=Prindle, Weber, and Schmidt \\|edition\\=Second \\|isbn\\=0\\-87150\\-268\\-2 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/studentsupplemen00bron \\|url\\-access\\=registration }} and the above matrices also represent a rotation of the *axes clockwise* through an angle {{mvar\\|θ}}.",
"### Non\\-standard orientation of the coordinate system",
"[thumb\\|A rotation through angle {{mvar\\|θ}} with non\\-standard axes.](/wiki/File:Clockwise_rotation.png \"Clockwise rotation.png\")\nIf a standard [right\\-handed](/wiki/Orientation_%28mathematics%29 \"Orientation (mathematics)\") [Cartesian coordinate system](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system \"Cartesian coordinate system\") is used, with the {{nowrap\\|{{mvar\\|x}}\\-axis}} to the right and the {{nowrap\\|{{mvar\\|y}}\\-axis}} up, the rotation {{math\\|''R''(''θ'')}} is counterclockwise. If a left\\-handed Cartesian coordinate system is used, with {{mvar\\|x}} directed to the right but {{mvar\\|y}} directed down, {{math\\|''R''(''θ'')}} is clockwise. Such non\\-standard orientations are rarely used in mathematics but are common in [2D computer graphics](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics \"2D computer graphics\"), which often have the origin in the top left corner and the {{nowrap\\|{{mvar\\|y}}\\-axis}} down the screen or page.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.w3\\.org/TR/SVG/coords.html\\#InitialCoordinateSystem \\|title\\=Scalable Vector Graphics – the initial coordinate system \\|author\\=W3C recommendation \\|year\\=2003 }}",
"See [below](/wiki/%23Ambiguities \"#Ambiguities\") for other alternative conventions which may change the sense of the rotation produced by a rotation matrix.",
"### Common 2D rotations",
"Particularly useful are the matrices\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n 0 & -1 \\\\[3pt]\n 1 & 0 \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}, \\\\quad\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n -1 & 0 \\\\[3pt]\n 0 & -1 \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}, \\\\quad\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n 0 & 1 \\\\[3pt]\n -1 & 0 \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\nfor 90°, 180°, and 270° counter\\-clockwise rotations.",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= left\n \\| image1 \\= Square permutation 1 1\\.svg\n \\| width1 \\= 150\n \\| image2 \\= Square permutation 3 0\\.svg\n \\| width2 \\= 150\n \\| image3 \\= Square permutation 2 1\\.svg\n \\| width3 \\= 150\n \\| footer \\= A 180° rotation (middle) \\[\\[function composition\\|followed by]] a positive 90° rotation (left) is equivalent to a single negative 90° (positive 270°) rotation (right). Each of these figures depicts the result of a rotation relative to an upright starting position (bottom left) and includes the matrix representation of the permutation applied by the rotation (center right), as well as other related diagrams. See \\[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Permutation\\_notation \"Permutation notation\" on Wikiversity] for details.\n}}\n{{clear}}",
"### Relationship with complex plane",
"Since\n\\\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\& \\-1 \\\\\\\\ 1 \\& 0 \\\\end{bmatrix}^2 \\\\ \\=\\\\ \\\\begin{bmatrix} \\-1 \\& 0 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\& \\-1 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\ \\= \\-I,\nthe matrices of the shape\n\\\\begin{bmatrix} x \\& \\-y \\\\\\\\ y \\& x \\\\end{bmatrix}\nform a [ring](/wiki/Ring_%28mathematics%29 \"Ring (mathematics)\") [isomorphic](/wiki/Ring_isomorphism \"Ring isomorphism\") to the [field](/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29 \"Field (mathematics)\") of the [complex numbers](/wiki/Complex_number \"Complex number\") {{tmath\\|\\\\C}}. Under this isomorphism, the rotation matrices correspond to [circle](/wiki/Circle \"Circle\") of the [unit complex numbers](/wiki/Unit_complex_number \"Unit complex number\"), the complex numbers of modulus {{math\\|1}}.",
"If one identifies \\\\mathbb R^2 with \\\\mathbb C through the [linear isomorphism](/wiki/Linear_isomorphism \"Linear isomorphism\") (a,b)\\\\mapsto a\\+ib, the action of a matrix of the above form on vectors of \\\\mathbb R^2 corresponds to the multiplication by the complex number {{math\\|''x'' \\+ ''iy''}}, and rotations correspond to multiplication by complex numbers of modulus {{math\\|1}}.",
"As every rotation matrix can be written\n\\\\begin{pmatrix}\\\\cos t\\&\\-\\\\sin t\\\\\\\\ \\\\sin t\\&\\\\cos t\\\\end{pmatrix},\nthe above correspondence associates such a matrix with the complex number\n\\\\cos t \\+ i\\\\sin t\\=e^{it}\n(this last equality is [Euler's formula](/wiki/Euler%27s_formula \"Euler's formula\")).",
""
] |
In three dimensions
-------------------
{{See also\|Rotation formalisms in three dimensions}}
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| image1 \= Cube permutation 4 5\.svg
\| width1 \= 180
\| image2 \= Cube permutation 1 1\.svg
\| width2 \= 180
\| image3 \= Cube permutation 0 4\.svg
\| width3 \= 180
\| footer \= A positive 90° rotation around the {{mvar\|y}}\-axis (left) \[\[function composition\|after]] one around the {{mvar\|z}}\-axis (middle) gives a 120° rotation around the main diagonal (right).
In the top left corner are the rotation matrices, in the bottom right corner are the corresponding permutations of the cube with the origin in its center.
}}
### Basic 3D rotations
A basic 3D rotation (also called elemental rotation) is a rotation about one of the axes of a coordinate system. The following three basic rotation matrices rotate vectors by an angle {{mvar\|θ}} about the {{mvar\|x}}\-, {{mvar\|y}}\-, or {{mvar\|z}}\-axis, in three dimensions, using the [right\-hand rule](/wiki/Right-hand_rule "Right-hand rule")—which codifies their alternating signs. Notice that the right\-hand rule only works when multiplying R \\cdot \\vec{x}. (The same matrices can also represent a clockwise rotation of the axes.Note that if instead of rotating vectors, it is the reference frame that is being rotated, the signs on the {{math\|sin ''θ''}} terms will be reversed. If reference frame A is rotated anti\-clockwise about the origin through an angle {{mvar\|θ}} to create reference frame B, then {{mvar\|Rx}} (with the signs flipped) will transform a vector described in reference frame A coordinates to reference frame B coordinates. Coordinate frame transformations in aerospace, robotics, and other fields are often performed using this interpretation of the rotation matrix.)
\\begin{alignat}{1}
R\_x(\\theta) \&\= \\begin{bmatrix}
1 \& 0 \& 0 \\\\
0 \& \\cos \\theta \& \-\\sin \\theta \\\\\[3pt]
0 \& \\sin \\theta \& \\cos \\theta \\\\\[3pt]
\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\[6pt]
R\_y(\\theta) \&\= \\begin{bmatrix}
\\cos \\theta \& 0 \& \\sin \\theta \\\\\[3pt]
0 \& 1 \& 0 \\\\\[3pt]
\-\\sin \\theta \& 0 \& \\cos \\theta \\\\
\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\[6pt]
R\_z(\\theta) \&\= \\begin{bmatrix}
\\cos \\theta \& \-\\sin \\theta \& 0 \\\\\[3pt]
\\sin \\theta \& \\cos \\theta \& 0 \\\\\[3pt]
0 \& 0 \& 1 \\\\
\\end{bmatrix}
\\end{alignat}
For [column vectors](/wiki/Column_vector "Column vector"), each of these basic vector rotations appears counterclockwise when the axis about which they occur points toward the observer, the coordinate system is right\-handed, and the angle {{mvar\|θ}} is positive. {{math\|''R''''z''}}, for instance, would rotate toward the {{nowrap\|{{math\|''y''}}\-axis}} a vector aligned with the {{nowrap\|{{math\|''x''}}\-axis}}, as can easily be checked by operating with {{math\|''R''''z''}} on the vector {{math\|(1,0,0\)}}:
R\_z(90^\\circ) \\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\\\ 0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{bmatrix} \=
\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos 90^\\circ \& \-\\sin 90^\\circ \& 0 \\\\ \\sin 90^\\circ \& \\quad\\cos 90^\\circ \& 0\\\\ 0 \& 0 \& 1\\\\ \\end{bmatrix}
\\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\\\ 0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{bmatrix} \=
\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \& \-1 \& 0 \\\\ 1 \& 0 \& 0\\\\ 0 \& 0 \& 1\\\\ \\end{bmatrix}
\\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\\\ 0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{bmatrix} \= \\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\\\ 1 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{bmatrix}
This is similar to the rotation produced by the above\-mentioned two\-dimensional rotation matrix. See [below](/wiki/%23Ambiguities "#Ambiguities") for alternative conventions which may apparently or actually invert the sense of the rotation produced by these matrices.
### General 3D rotations
Other 3D rotation matrices can be obtained from these three using [matrix multiplication](/wiki/Matrix_multiplication "Matrix multiplication"). For example, the product
\\begin{align}
```
R = R_z(\alpha) \, R_y(\beta) \, R_x(\gamma) &=
\overset\text{yaw}
{\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \alpha & -\sin \alpha & 0 \\
\sin \alpha & \cos \alpha & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix}}
\overset\text{pitch}
{\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \beta & 0 & \sin \beta \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
-\sin \beta & 0 & \cos \beta \\
\end{bmatrix}}
\overset\text{roll}
{\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \cos \gamma & -\sin \gamma \\
0 & \sin \gamma & \cos \gamma \\
\end{bmatrix}} \\
&= \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\alpha\cos\beta &
\cos\alpha\sin\beta\sin\gamma - \sin\alpha\cos\gamma &
\cos\alpha\sin\beta\cos\gamma + \sin\alpha\sin\gamma \\
\sin\alpha\cos\beta &
\sin\alpha\sin\beta\sin\gamma + \cos\alpha\cos\gamma &
\sin\alpha\sin\beta\cos\gamma - \cos\alpha\sin\gamma \\
-\sin\beta & \cos\beta\sin\gamma & \cos\beta\cos\gamma \\
\end{bmatrix}
```
\\end{align}
represents a rotation whose [yaw, pitch, and roll](/wiki/Yaw%2C_pitch%2C_and_roll "Yaw, pitch, and roll") angles are {{mvar\|α}}, {{mvar\|β}} and {{mvar\|γ}}, respectively. More formally, it is an [intrinsic rotation](/wiki/Euler_angles%23Conventions_by_intrinsic_rotations "Euler angles#Conventions by intrinsic rotations") whose [Tait–Bryan angles](/wiki/Tait%E2%80%93Bryan_angles "Tait–Bryan angles") are {{mvar\|α}}, {{mvar\|β}}, {{mvar\|γ}}, about axes {{mvar\|z}}, {{mvar\|y}}, {{mvar\|x}}, respectively.
Similarly, the product
\\begin{align} \\\\
```
R = R_z(\gamma) \, R_y(\beta) \, R_x(\alpha) &=
\overset\text{roll}
{\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \gamma & -\sin \gamma & 0 \\
\sin \gamma & \cos \gamma & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix}}
\overset\text{pitch}
{\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \beta & 0 & \sin \beta \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
-\sin \beta & 0 & \cos \beta \\
\end{bmatrix}}
\overset\text{yaw}
{\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \cos \alpha & -\sin \alpha \\
0 & \sin \alpha & \cos \alpha \\
\end{bmatrix}} \\
&= \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\beta\cos\gamma & \sin\alpha\sin\beta\cos\gamma - \cos\alpha\sin\gamma & \cos\alpha\sin\beta\cos\gamma + \sin\alpha\sin\gamma \\
\cos\beta\sin\gamma & \sin\alpha\sin\beta\sin\gamma + \cos\alpha\cos\gamma & \cos\alpha\sin\beta\sin\gamma - \sin\alpha\cos\gamma \\
-\sin\beta & \sin\alpha\cos\beta & \cos\alpha\cos\beta \\
\end{bmatrix}
```
\\end{align}
represents an extrinsic rotation whose (improper) [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles "Euler angles") are {{mvar\|α}}, {{mvar\|β}}, {{mvar\|γ}}, about axes {{mvar\|x}}, {{mvar\|y}}, {{mvar\|z}}.
These matrices produce the desired effect only if they are used to premultiply [column vectors](/wiki/Column_vector "Column vector"), and (since in general matrix multiplication is not [commutative](/wiki/Commutative "Commutative")) only if they are applied in the specified order (see [Ambiguities](/wiki/%23Ambiguities "#Ambiguities") for more details). The order of rotation operations is from right to left; the matrix adjacent to the column vector is the first to be applied, and then the one to the left.{{cite web \|title\=Rotation Matrices \|url\=http://extranet.nmrfam.wisc.edu/nmrfam\_documents/bchm800/notes/chapt4\.pdf \|access\-date\=30 November 2021}}
### Conversion from rotation matrix to axis–angle
Every rotation in three dimensions is defined by its **axis** (a vector along this axis is unchanged by the rotation), and its **angle** — the amount of rotation about that axis ([Euler rotation theorem](/wiki/Euler_rotation_theorem "Euler rotation theorem")).
There are several methods to compute the axis and angle from a rotation matrix (see also [axis–angle representation](/wiki/Axis%E2%80%93angle_representation "Axis–angle representation")). Here, we only describe the method based on the computation of the [eigenvectors](/wiki/Eigenvector "Eigenvector") and [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalue "Eigenvalue") of the rotation matrix. It is also possible to use the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)") of the rotation matrix.
#### Determining the axis
[thumb\|A rotation {{mvar\|R}} around axis {{math\|'''u'''}} can be decomposed using 3 endomorphisms {{math\|'''P'''}}, {{math\|('''I''' − '''P''')}}, and {{math\|'''Q'''}} (click to enlarge).](/wiki/File:Rotation_decomposition.png "Rotation decomposition.png")
Given a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix {{mvar\|R}}, a vector {{math\|'''u'''}} parallel to the rotation axis must satisfy
R\\mathbf{u} \= \\mathbf{u},
since the rotation of {{math\|'''u'''}} around the rotation axis must result in {{math\|'''u'''}}. The equation above may be solved for {{math\|'''u'''}} which is unique up to a scalar factor unless {{math\|''R'' {{\=}} ''I''}}.
Further, the equation may be rewritten
R\\mathbf{u} \= I \\mathbf{u} \\implies \\left(R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \= 0,
which shows that {{math\|'''u'''}} lies in the [null space](/wiki/Null_space "Null space") of {{math\|''R'' − ''I''}}.
Viewed in another way, {{math\|'''u'''}} is an [eigenvector](/wiki/Eigenvector "Eigenvector") of {{mvar\|R}} corresponding to the [eigenvalue](/wiki/Eigenvalue "Eigenvalue") {{math\|''λ'' {{\=}} 1}}. Every rotation matrix must have this eigenvalue, the other two eigenvalues being [complex conjugates](/wiki/Complex_conjugate "Complex conjugate") of each other. It follows that a general rotation matrix in three dimensions has, up to a multiplicative constant, only one real eigenvector.
One way to determine the rotation axis is by showing that:
\\begin{align}
0 \&\= R^\\mathsf{T} 0 \+ 0 \\\\
\&\= R^\\mathsf{T}\\left(R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \+ \\left(R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \\\\
\&\= \\left(R^\\mathsf{T}R \- R^\\mathsf{T} \+ R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \\\\
\&\= \\left(I \- R^\\mathsf{T} \+ R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \\\\
\&\= \\left(R \- R^\\mathsf{T}\\right) \\mathbf{u}
\\end{align}
Since {{math\|(''R'' − ''R''T)}} is a [skew\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix "Skew-symmetric matrix"), we can choose {{math\|'''u'''}} such that
\[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \= \\left(R \- R^\\mathsf{T}\\right).
The matrix–vector product becomes a [cross product](/wiki/Cross_product "Cross product") of a vector with itself, ensuring that the result is zero:
\\left(R \- R^\\mathsf{T}\\right) \\mathbf{u} \= \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \\mathbf{u} \= \\mathbf{u} \\times \\mathbf{u} \= 0\\,
Therefore, if
R \= \\begin{bmatrix} a \& b \& c \\\\ d \& e \& f \\\\ g \& h \& i \\\\ \\end{bmatrix},
then
\\mathbf{u} \= \\begin{bmatrix} h\-f \\\\ c\-g \\\\ d\-b \\\\ \\end{bmatrix}.
The magnitude of {{math\|'''u'''}} computed this way is {{math\|{{norm\|'''u'''}} {{\=}} 2 sin ''θ''}}, where {{mvar\|θ}} is the angle of rotation.
This **does not work** if {{mvar\|R}} is symmetric. Above, if {{math\|''R'' − ''R''T}} is zero, then all subsequent steps are invalid. In this case, it is necessary to diagonalize {{mvar\|R}} and find the eigenvector corresponding to an eigenvalue of 1\.
#### Determining the angle
To find the angle of a rotation, once the axis of the rotation is known, select a vector {{math\|'''v'''}} perpendicular to the axis. Then the angle of the rotation is the angle between {{math\|'''v'''}} and {{math\|''R'''''v'''}}.
A more direct method, however, is to simply calculate the [**trace**](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)"): the sum of the diagonal elements of the rotation matrix. Care should be taken to select the right sign for the angle {{mvar\|θ}} to match the chosen axis:
\\operatorname{tr} (R) \= 1 \+ 2\\cos\\theta ,
from which follows that the angle's absolute value is
\|\\theta\| \= \\arccos\\left(\\frac{\\operatorname{tr}(R) \- 1}{2}\\right).
For the rotation axis \\mathbf{n}\=(n\_1,n\_2,n\_3\), you can get the correct angle{{cite arXiv\|last\=Kuo Kan\|first\=Liang\|date\=6 October 2018\|title\=Efficient conversion from rotating matrix to rotation axis and angle by extending Rodrigues' formula\|eprint\=1810\.02999\|class\=cs.CG}} from
\\left\\{\\begin{matrix}
\\cos \\theta\&\=\&\\dfrac{\\operatorname{tr}(R) \- 1}{2}\\\\
\\sin \\theta\&\=\&\-\\dfrac{\\operatorname{tr}(K\_n R)}{2}
\\end{matrix}\\right.
where
K\_n\=\\begin{bmatrix}
0 \& \-n\_3 \& n\_2\\\\
n\_3 \& 0 \& \-n\_1\\\\
\-n\_2 \& n\_1 \& 0\\\\
\\end{bmatrix}
#### Rotation matrix from axis and angle
The matrix of a proper rotation {{mvar\|R}} by angle {{mvar\|θ}} around the axis {{math\|'''u''' {{\=}} (''ux'', ''uy'', ''uz'')}}, a unit vector with {{math\|''u''{{su\|b\=''x''\|p\=2}} \+ ''u''{{su\|b\=''y''\|p\=2}} \+ ''u''{{su\|b\=''z''\|p\=2}} {{\=}} 1}}, is given by:{{cite journal \|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Camillo J. \|last2\=Kriegman \|first2\=David J. \|title\=Minimization on the Lie Group SO(3\) and Related Manifolds \|journal\=Technical Report No. 9405 \|year\=1994 \|location\=Yale University \|url\=https://www.cis.upenn.edu/\~cjtaylor/PUBLICATIONS/pdfs/TaylorTR94b.pdf }}
{{cite journal\|first1 \= V. \| last1\= Balakrishnan\|title \= How is a vector rotated? \| journal \= Resonance \| volume \=4 \|issue \=10\|year\=1999 \| pages\=61–68\|url\=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/reso/004/10/0061\-0068}}
{{cite book\|first1\=Adam \| last1\=Morawiec\|title\=Orientations and Rotations\|year\=2004 \| doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-662\-09156\-2\|publisher\=Springer}}
{{cite journal\| first1\=A. \|last1\=Palazzolo\|title\=Formalism for the rotation matrix of rotations about an arbitrary axis \| journal\=Am. J. Phys. \| volume\=44 \| issue\=1\|pages\=63–67\| year\=1976\|doi\=10\.1119/1\.10140\|bibcode\=1976AmJPh..44\...63P}}
R \= \\begin{bmatrix}
u\_x^2 \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ \\cos \\theta \& u\_x u\_y \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \- u\_z \\sin \\theta \& u\_x u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ u\_y \\sin \\theta \\\\
u\_x u\_y \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ u\_z \\sin \\theta \& u\_y^2\\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ \\cos \\theta \& u\_y u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \- u\_x \\sin \\theta \\\\
u\_x u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \- u\_y \\sin \\theta \& u\_y u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ u\_x \\sin \\theta \& u\_z^2\\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ \\cos \\theta
\\end{bmatrix}.
A derivation of this matrix from first principles can be found in section 9\.2 here.{{Cite thesis\|url\=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace\-jspui/handle/2134/18050\|hdl\=2134/18050\|title\=Modelling CPV\|date\=January 2015\|publisher\=Loughborough University\|type\=thesis\|last1\=Cole\|first1\=Ian R.}} The basic idea to derive this matrix is dividing the problem into few known simple steps.
1. First rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis lies in one of the coordinate planes ({{mvar\|xy}}, {{mvar\|yz}} or {{mvar\|zx}})
2. Then rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis is aligned with one of the two coordinate axes for that particular coordinate plane ({{mvar\|x}}, {{mvar\|y}} or {{mvar\|z}})
3. Use one of the fundamental rotation matrices to rotate the point depending on the coordinate axis with which the rotation axis is aligned.
4. Reverse rotate the axis\-point pair such that it attains the final configuration as that was in step 2 (Undoing step 2\)
5. Reverse rotate the axis\-point pair which was done in step 1 (undoing step 1\)
This can be written more concisely as
{{cite journal\|first1\=Jon\|last1\=Mathews\|title\= Coordinate\-free rotation formalism\|journal\=Am. J. Phys. \| volume \=44 \| number\=12 \| pages\=121 \| doi\=10\.1119/1\.10264\|year\=1976\|bibcode\=1976AmJPh..44\.1210M}}
R \= (\\cos\\theta)\\,I \+ (\\sin\\theta)\\,\[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \+ (1\-\\cos\\theta)\\,(\\mathbf{u}\\otimes\\mathbf{u}),
where {{math\|\['''u''']×}} is the [cross product matrix](/wiki/Cross_product%23Conversion_to_matrix_multiplication "Cross product#Conversion to matrix multiplication") of {{math\|'''u'''}}; the expression {{math\|'''u''' ⊗ '''u'''}} is the [outer product](/wiki/Outer_product "Outer product"), and {{mvar\|I}} is the [identity matrix](/wiki/Identity_matrix "Identity matrix"). Alternatively, the matrix entries are:
R\_{jk}\=\\begin{cases}
\\cos^2\\frac{\\theta}{2}\+\\sin^2\\frac{\\theta}{2}\\left(2u\_j^2\-1\\right), \\quad \&\\text{if }j\=k\\\\
2u\_ju\_k\\sin^2\\frac{\\theta}{2}\-\\varepsilon\_{jkl}u\_l\\sin\\theta, \\quad \&\\text{if }j\\neq k
\\end{cases}
where {{mvar\|εjkl}} is the [Levi\-Civita symbol](/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol "Levi-Civita symbol") with {{math\|''ε''123 {{\=}} 1}}. This is a matrix form of [Rodrigues' rotation formula](/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula "Rodrigues' rotation formula"), (or the equivalent, differently parametrized [Euler–Rodrigues formula](/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Rodrigues_formula%23Vector_formulation "Euler–Rodrigues formula#Vector formulation")) withNote that
\\mathbf{u}\\otimes\\mathbf{u} \= \\bigl( \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times}\\bigr)^2\+{\\mathbf I}
so that, in Rodrigues' notation, equivalently,
\\mathbf{R} \= \\mathbf{I} \+ (\\sin\\theta) \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \+ (1\-\\cos\\theta)\\bigl( \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times}\\bigr)^2\.
\\mathbf{u}\\otimes\\mathbf{u} \= \\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{u}^\\mathsf{T} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
u\_x^2 \& u\_x u\_y \& u\_x u\_z \\\\\[3pt]
u\_x u\_y \& u\_y^2 \& u\_y u\_z \\\\\[3pt]
u\_x u\_z \& u\_y u\_z \& u\_z^2
\\end{bmatrix},\\qquad \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
0 \& \-u\_z \& u\_y \\\\\[3pt]
u\_z \& 0 \& \-u\_x \\\\\[3pt]
\-u\_y \& u\_x \& 0
\\end{bmatrix}.
In \\mathbb{R}^3 the rotation of a vector {{math\|'''x'''}} around the axis {{math\|'''u'''}} by an angle {{mvar\|θ}} can be written as:
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{x}\=\\mathbf{u}(\\mathbf{u}\\cdot\\mathbf{x})\+\\cos\\left(\\theta\\right)(\\mathbf{u}\\times\\mathbf{x})\\times\\mathbf{u}\+\\sin\\left(\\theta\\right)(\\mathbf{u}\\times\\mathbf{x})
or equivalently:
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{x}\= \\mathbf{x} \\cos(\\theta) \+ \\mathbf{u}(\\mathbf{x} \\cdot \\mathbf{u})(1\- \\cos(\\theta)) \- \\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{u} \\sin{\\theta}
This can also be written in [tensor notation](/wiki/Tensor "Tensor") as:{{cite journal\|first1\=T. R.\|last1\=Koehler \| first2\=S. B. \|last2\=Trickey\|title\=Euler vectors and rotations about an arbitrary axis\|year\=1978\|journal\=Am. J. Phys.\|volume\=46\|issue\=6\|page\=650\|doi\=10\.1119/1\.11223\|bibcode\=1976AmJPh..46\..650K}}
(R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{x})\_i \= (R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta))\_{ij} {\\mathbf{x}}\_{j} \\quad \\text{with} \\quad (R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta))\_{ij} \= \\delta\_{ij}\\cos(\\theta) \+ \\mathbf{u}\_i\\mathbf{u}\_j (1\- \\cos(\\theta)) \- \\sin{\\theta} \\varepsilon\_{ijk} \\mathbf{u}\_{k}
If the 3D space is right\-handed and {{math\|''θ'' \> 0}}, this rotation will be counterclockwise when {{math\|'''u'''}} points towards the observer ([Right\-hand rule](/wiki/Right-hand_rule "Right-hand rule")). Explicitly, with (\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}, \\boldsymbol{\\beta},\\mathbf u) a right\-handed orthonormal basis,
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}\= \\cos\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\alpha} \+ \\sin\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\beta}, \\quad
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\boldsymbol{\\beta}\= \- \\sin\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\alpha} \+ \\cos\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\beta}, \\quad
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{u}\=\\mathbf{u}.
Note the striking *merely apparent differences* to the *equivalent* Lie\-algebraic formulation [below](/wiki/%23Exponential_map "#Exponential map").
|
[
"In three dimensions\n-------------------",
"{{See also\\|Rotation formalisms in three dimensions}}",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| image1 \\= Cube permutation 4 5\\.svg\n \\| width1 \\= 180\n \\| image2 \\= Cube permutation 1 1\\.svg\n \\| width2 \\= 180\n \\| image3 \\= Cube permutation 0 4\\.svg\n \\| width3 \\= 180\n \\| footer \\= A positive 90° rotation around the {{mvar\\|y}}\\-axis (left) \\[\\[function composition\\|after]] one around the {{mvar\\|z}}\\-axis (middle) gives a 120° rotation around the main diagonal (right).",
"In the top left corner are the rotation matrices, in the bottom right corner are the corresponding permutations of the cube with the origin in its center.\n}}",
"### Basic 3D rotations",
"A basic 3D rotation (also called elemental rotation) is a rotation about one of the axes of a coordinate system. The following three basic rotation matrices rotate vectors by an angle {{mvar\\|θ}} about the {{mvar\\|x}}\\-, {{mvar\\|y}}\\-, or {{mvar\\|z}}\\-axis, in three dimensions, using the [right\\-hand rule](/wiki/Right-hand_rule \"Right-hand rule\")—which codifies their alternating signs. Notice that the right\\-hand rule only works when multiplying R \\\\cdot \\\\vec{x}. (The same matrices can also represent a clockwise rotation of the axes.Note that if instead of rotating vectors, it is the reference frame that is being rotated, the signs on the {{math\\|sin ''θ''}} terms will be reversed. If reference frame A is rotated anti\\-clockwise about the origin through an angle {{mvar\\|θ}} to create reference frame B, then {{mvar\\|Rx}} (with the signs flipped) will transform a vector described in reference frame A coordinates to reference frame B coordinates. Coordinate frame transformations in aerospace, robotics, and other fields are often performed using this interpretation of the rotation matrix.)",
"",
"\\\\begin{alignat}{1}\nR\\_x(\\\\theta) \\&\\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\n1 \\& 0 \\& 0 \\\\\\\\\n0 \\& \\\\cos \\\\theta \\& \\-\\\\sin \\\\theta \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n0 \\& \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& \\\\cos \\\\theta \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\nR\\_y(\\\\theta) \\&\\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\\\cos \\\\theta \\& 0 \\& \\\\sin \\\\theta \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n0 \\& 1 \\& 0 \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n\\-\\\\sin \\\\theta \\& 0 \\& \\\\cos \\\\theta \\\\\\\\\n\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\nR\\_z(\\\\theta) \\&\\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\n\\\\cos \\\\theta \\& \\-\\\\sin \\\\theta \\& 0 \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n\\\\sin \\\\theta \\& \\\\cos \\\\theta \\& 0 \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n0 \\& 0 \\& 1 \\\\\\\\\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\n\\\\end{alignat}",
"For [column vectors](/wiki/Column_vector \"Column vector\"), each of these basic vector rotations appears counterclockwise when the axis about which they occur points toward the observer, the coordinate system is right\\-handed, and the angle {{mvar\\|θ}} is positive. {{math\\|''R''''z''}}, for instance, would rotate toward the {{nowrap\\|{{math\\|''y''}}\\-axis}} a vector aligned with the {{nowrap\\|{{math\\|''x''}}\\-axis}}, as can easily be checked by operating with {{math\\|''R''''z''}} on the vector {{math\\|(1,0,0\\)}}:\n R\\_z(90^\\\\circ) \\\\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix} \\=\n\\\\begin{bmatrix} \\\\cos 90^\\\\circ \\& \\-\\\\sin 90^\\\\circ \\& 0 \\\\\\\\ \\\\sin 90^\\\\circ \\& \\\\quad\\\\cos 90^\\\\circ \\& 0\\\\\\\\ 0 \\& 0 \\& 1\\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix} \n\\\\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix} \\=\n\\\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\& \\-1 \\& 0 \\\\\\\\ 1 \\& 0 \\& 0\\\\\\\\ 0 \\& 0 \\& 1\\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix} \n\\\\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\\\\\\\ 1 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix}",
"",
"This is similar to the rotation produced by the above\\-mentioned two\\-dimensional rotation matrix. See [below](/wiki/%23Ambiguities \"#Ambiguities\") for alternative conventions which may apparently or actually invert the sense of the rotation produced by these matrices.",
"### General 3D rotations",
"Other 3D rotation matrices can be obtained from these three using [matrix multiplication](/wiki/Matrix_multiplication \"Matrix multiplication\"). For example, the product\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n R = R_z(\\alpha) \\, R_y(\\beta) \\, R_x(\\gamma) &=\n \\overset\\text{yaw}\n {\\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\alpha & -\\sin \\alpha & 0 \\\\\n \\sin \\alpha & \\cos \\alpha & 0 \\\\\n 0 & 0 & 1 \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}}\n \\overset\\text{pitch}\n {\\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\beta & 0 & \\sin \\beta \\\\\n 0 & 1 & 0 \\\\\n -\\sin \\beta & 0 & \\cos \\beta \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}}\n \\overset\\text{roll}\n {\\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n 0 & \\cos \\gamma & -\\sin \\gamma \\\\\n 0 & \\sin \\gamma & \\cos \\gamma \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}} \\\\\n &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos\\alpha\\cos\\beta &\n \\cos\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\sin\\gamma - \\sin\\alpha\\cos\\gamma &\n \\cos\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\cos\\gamma + \\sin\\alpha\\sin\\gamma \\\\\n \\sin\\alpha\\cos\\beta &\n \\sin\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\sin\\gamma + \\cos\\alpha\\cos\\gamma &\n \\sin\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\cos\\gamma - \\cos\\alpha\\sin\\gamma \\\\\n -\\sin\\beta & \\cos\\beta\\sin\\gamma & \\cos\\beta\\cos\\gamma \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"represents a rotation whose [yaw, pitch, and roll](/wiki/Yaw%2C_pitch%2C_and_roll \"Yaw, pitch, and roll\") angles are {{mvar\\|α}}, {{mvar\\|β}} and {{mvar\\|γ}}, respectively. More formally, it is an [intrinsic rotation](/wiki/Euler_angles%23Conventions_by_intrinsic_rotations \"Euler angles#Conventions by intrinsic rotations\") whose [Tait–Bryan angles](/wiki/Tait%E2%80%93Bryan_angles \"Tait–Bryan angles\") are {{mvar\\|α}}, {{mvar\\|β}}, {{mvar\\|γ}}, about axes {{mvar\\|z}}, {{mvar\\|y}}, {{mvar\\|x}}, respectively.\nSimilarly, the product\n\\\\begin{align} \\\\\\\\",
"```\n R = R_z(\\gamma) \\, R_y(\\beta) \\, R_x(\\alpha) &=\n \\overset\\text{roll}\n {\\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\gamma & -\\sin \\gamma & 0 \\\\\n \\sin \\gamma & \\cos \\gamma & 0 \\\\\n 0 & 0 & 1 \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}}\n \\overset\\text{pitch}\n {\\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\beta & 0 & \\sin \\beta \\\\\n 0 & 1 & 0 \\\\\n -\\sin \\beta & 0 & \\cos \\beta \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}}\n \\overset\\text{yaw}\n {\\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n 0 & \\cos \\alpha & -\\sin \\alpha \\\\\n 0 & \\sin \\alpha & \\cos \\alpha \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}} \\\\\n &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos\\beta\\cos\\gamma & \\sin\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\cos\\gamma - \\cos\\alpha\\sin\\gamma & \\cos\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\cos\\gamma + \\sin\\alpha\\sin\\gamma \\\\\n \\cos\\beta\\sin\\gamma & \\sin\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\sin\\gamma + \\cos\\alpha\\cos\\gamma & \\cos\\alpha\\sin\\beta\\sin\\gamma - \\sin\\alpha\\cos\\gamma \\\\\n -\\sin\\beta & \\sin\\alpha\\cos\\beta & \\cos\\alpha\\cos\\beta \\\\\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```\n\\\\end{align}\nrepresents an extrinsic rotation whose (improper) [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles \"Euler angles\") are {{mvar\\|α}}, {{mvar\\|β}}, {{mvar\\|γ}}, about axes {{mvar\\|x}}, {{mvar\\|y}}, {{mvar\\|z}}.",
"These matrices produce the desired effect only if they are used to premultiply [column vectors](/wiki/Column_vector \"Column vector\"), and (since in general matrix multiplication is not [commutative](/wiki/Commutative \"Commutative\")) only if they are applied in the specified order (see [Ambiguities](/wiki/%23Ambiguities \"#Ambiguities\") for more details). The order of rotation operations is from right to left; the matrix adjacent to the column vector is the first to be applied, and then the one to the left.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rotation Matrices \\|url\\=http://extranet.nmrfam.wisc.edu/nmrfam\\_documents/bchm800/notes/chapt4\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2021}}",
"### Conversion from rotation matrix to axis–angle",
"Every rotation in three dimensions is defined by its **axis** (a vector along this axis is unchanged by the rotation), and its **angle** — the amount of rotation about that axis ([Euler rotation theorem](/wiki/Euler_rotation_theorem \"Euler rotation theorem\")).",
"There are several methods to compute the axis and angle from a rotation matrix (see also [axis–angle representation](/wiki/Axis%E2%80%93angle_representation \"Axis–angle representation\")). Here, we only describe the method based on the computation of the [eigenvectors](/wiki/Eigenvector \"Eigenvector\") and [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalue \"Eigenvalue\") of the rotation matrix. It is also possible to use the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\") of the rotation matrix.",
"#### Determining the axis",
"[thumb\\|A rotation {{mvar\\|R}} around axis {{math\\|'''u'''}} can be decomposed using 3 endomorphisms {{math\\|'''P'''}}, {{math\\|('''I''' − '''P''')}}, and {{math\\|'''Q'''}} (click to enlarge).](/wiki/File:Rotation_decomposition.png \"Rotation decomposition.png\")",
"Given a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix {{mvar\\|R}}, a vector {{math\\|'''u'''}} parallel to the rotation axis must satisfy\nR\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\mathbf{u},\nsince the rotation of {{math\\|'''u'''}} around the rotation axis must result in {{math\\|'''u'''}}. The equation above may be solved for {{math\\|'''u'''}} which is unique up to a scalar factor unless {{math\\|''R'' {{\\=}} ''I''}}.",
"Further, the equation may be rewritten\nR\\\\mathbf{u} \\= I \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\implies \\\\left(R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\= 0,\nwhich shows that {{math\\|'''u'''}} lies in the [null space](/wiki/Null_space \"Null space\") of {{math\\|''R'' − ''I''}}.",
"Viewed in another way, {{math\\|'''u'''}} is an [eigenvector](/wiki/Eigenvector \"Eigenvector\") of {{mvar\\|R}} corresponding to the [eigenvalue](/wiki/Eigenvalue \"Eigenvalue\") {{math\\|''λ'' {{\\=}} 1}}. Every rotation matrix must have this eigenvalue, the other two eigenvalues being [complex conjugates](/wiki/Complex_conjugate \"Complex conjugate\") of each other. It follows that a general rotation matrix in three dimensions has, up to a multiplicative constant, only one real eigenvector.",
"One way to determine the rotation axis is by showing that:",
"\\\\begin{align}\n0 \\&\\= R^\\\\mathsf{T} 0 \\+ 0 \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\left(R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\+ \\\\left(R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\left(R^\\\\mathsf{T}R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T} \\+ R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\left(I \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T} \\+ R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\left(R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u}\n\\\\end{align}\nSince {{math\\|(''R'' − ''R''T)}} is a [skew\\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix \"Skew-symmetric matrix\"), we can choose {{math\\|'''u'''}} such that\n\\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\= \\\\left(R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right).\nThe matrix–vector product becomes a [cross product](/wiki/Cross_product \"Cross product\") of a vector with itself, ensuring that the result is zero:",
"\\\\left(R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\times \\\\mathbf{u} \\= 0\\\\,\nTherefore, if\nR \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} a \\& b \\& c \\\\\\\\ d \\& e \\& f \\\\\\\\ g \\& h \\& i \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix},\nthen\n\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} h\\-f \\\\\\\\ c\\-g \\\\\\\\ d\\-b \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix}.\nThe magnitude of {{math\\|'''u'''}} computed this way is {{math\\|{{norm\\|'''u'''}} {{\\=}} 2 sin ''θ''}}, where {{mvar\\|θ}} is the angle of rotation.",
"This **does not work** if {{mvar\\|R}} is symmetric. Above, if {{math\\|''R'' − ''R''T}} is zero, then all subsequent steps are invalid. In this case, it is necessary to diagonalize {{mvar\\|R}} and find the eigenvector corresponding to an eigenvalue of 1\\.",
"#### Determining the angle",
"To find the angle of a rotation, once the axis of the rotation is known, select a vector {{math\\|'''v'''}} perpendicular to the axis. Then the angle of the rotation is the angle between {{math\\|'''v'''}} and {{math\\|''R'''''v'''}}.",
"A more direct method, however, is to simply calculate the [**trace**](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\"): the sum of the diagonal elements of the rotation matrix. Care should be taken to select the right sign for the angle {{mvar\\|θ}} to match the chosen axis:\n\\\\operatorname{tr} (R) \\= 1 \\+ 2\\\\cos\\\\theta ,",
"from which follows that the angle's absolute value is\n\\|\\\\theta\\| \\= \\\\arccos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{tr}(R) \\- 1}{2}\\\\right).",
"For the rotation axis \\\\mathbf{n}\\=(n\\_1,n\\_2,n\\_3\\), you can get the correct angle{{cite arXiv\\|last\\=Kuo Kan\\|first\\=Liang\\|date\\=6 October 2018\\|title\\=Efficient conversion from rotating matrix to rotation axis and angle by extending Rodrigues' formula\\|eprint\\=1810\\.02999\\|class\\=cs.CG}} from",
"\\\\left\\\\{\\\\begin{matrix}\n\\\\cos \\\\theta\\&\\=\\&\\\\dfrac{\\\\operatorname{tr}(R) \\- 1}{2}\\\\\\\\\n\\\\sin \\\\theta\\&\\=\\&\\-\\\\dfrac{\\\\operatorname{tr}(K\\_n R)}{2}\n\\\\end{matrix}\\\\right.",
"",
"where",
"K\\_n\\=\\\\begin{bmatrix}\n0 \\& \\-n\\_3 \\& n\\_2\\\\\\\\\nn\\_3 \\& 0 \\& \\-n\\_1\\\\\\\\\n\\-n\\_2 \\& n\\_1 \\& 0\\\\\\\\\n\\\\end{bmatrix}",
"",
"#### Rotation matrix from axis and angle",
"The matrix of a proper rotation {{mvar\\|R}} by angle {{mvar\\|θ}} around the axis {{math\\|'''u''' {{\\=}} (''ux'', ''uy'', ''uz'')}}, a unit vector with {{math\\|''u''{{su\\|b\\=''x''\\|p\\=2}} \\+ ''u''{{su\\|b\\=''y''\\|p\\=2}} \\+ ''u''{{su\\|b\\=''z''\\|p\\=2}} {{\\=}} 1}}, is given by:{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Camillo J. \\|last2\\=Kriegman \\|first2\\=David J. \\|title\\=Minimization on the Lie Group SO(3\\) and Related Manifolds \\|journal\\=Technical Report No. 9405 \\|year\\=1994 \\|location\\=Yale University \\|url\\=https://www.cis.upenn.edu/\\~cjtaylor/PUBLICATIONS/pdfs/TaylorTR94b.pdf }}",
"{{cite journal\\|first1 \\= V. \\| last1\\= Balakrishnan\\|title \\= How is a vector rotated? \\| journal \\= Resonance \\| volume \\=4 \\|issue \\=10\\|year\\=1999 \\| pages\\=61–68\\|url\\=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/reso/004/10/0061\\-0068}}",
"{{cite book\\|first1\\=Adam \\| last1\\=Morawiec\\|title\\=Orientations and Rotations\\|year\\=2004 \\| doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-662\\-09156\\-2\\|publisher\\=Springer}}",
"{{cite journal\\| first1\\=A. \\|last1\\=Palazzolo\\|title\\=Formalism for the rotation matrix of rotations about an arbitrary axis \\| journal\\=Am. J. Phys. \\| volume\\=44 \\| issue\\=1\\|pages\\=63–67\\| year\\=1976\\|doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.10140\\|bibcode\\=1976AmJPh..44\\...63P}}",
"R \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} \nu\\_x^2 \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ \\\\cos \\\\theta \\& u\\_x u\\_y \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\- u\\_z \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_x u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ u\\_y \\\\sin \\\\theta \\\\\\\\ \nu\\_x u\\_y \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ u\\_z \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_y^2\\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ \\\\cos \\\\theta \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\- u\\_x \\\\sin \\\\theta \\\\\\\\ \nu\\_x u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\- u\\_y \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ u\\_x \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_z^2\\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ \\\\cos \\\\theta\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"A derivation of this matrix from first principles can be found in section 9\\.2 here.{{Cite thesis\\|url\\=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace\\-jspui/handle/2134/18050\\|hdl\\=2134/18050\\|title\\=Modelling CPV\\|date\\=January 2015\\|publisher\\=Loughborough University\\|type\\=thesis\\|last1\\=Cole\\|first1\\=Ian R.}} The basic idea to derive this matrix is dividing the problem into few known simple steps.",
"1. First rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis lies in one of the coordinate planes ({{mvar\\|xy}}, {{mvar\\|yz}} or {{mvar\\|zx}})\n2. Then rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis is aligned with one of the two coordinate axes for that particular coordinate plane ({{mvar\\|x}}, {{mvar\\|y}} or {{mvar\\|z}})\n3. Use one of the fundamental rotation matrices to rotate the point depending on the coordinate axis with which the rotation axis is aligned.\n4. Reverse rotate the axis\\-point pair such that it attains the final configuration as that was in step 2 (Undoing step 2\\)\n5. Reverse rotate the axis\\-point pair which was done in step 1 (undoing step 1\\)\nThis can be written more concisely as",
"{{cite journal\\|first1\\=Jon\\|last1\\=Mathews\\|title\\= Coordinate\\-free rotation formalism\\|journal\\=Am. J. Phys. \\| volume \\=44 \\| number\\=12 \\| pages\\=121 \\| doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.10264\\|year\\=1976\\|bibcode\\=1976AmJPh..44\\.1210M}}",
"R \\= (\\\\cos\\\\theta)\\\\,I \\+ (\\\\sin\\\\theta)\\\\,\\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\+ (1\\-\\\\cos\\\\theta)\\\\,(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\otimes\\\\mathbf{u}),\nwhere {{math\\|\\['''u''']×}} is the [cross product matrix](/wiki/Cross_product%23Conversion_to_matrix_multiplication \"Cross product#Conversion to matrix multiplication\") of {{math\\|'''u'''}}; the expression {{math\\|'''u''' ⊗ '''u'''}} is the [outer product](/wiki/Outer_product \"Outer product\"), and {{mvar\\|I}} is the [identity matrix](/wiki/Identity_matrix \"Identity matrix\"). Alternatively, the matrix entries are:\nR\\_{jk}\\=\\\\begin{cases}\n\\\\cos^2\\\\frac{\\\\theta}{2}\\+\\\\sin^2\\\\frac{\\\\theta}{2}\\\\left(2u\\_j^2\\-1\\\\right), \\\\quad \\&\\\\text{if }j\\=k\\\\\\\\\n2u\\_ju\\_k\\\\sin^2\\\\frac{\\\\theta}{2}\\-\\\\varepsilon\\_{jkl}u\\_l\\\\sin\\\\theta, \\\\quad \\&\\\\text{if }j\\\\neq k\n\\\\end{cases}\nwhere {{mvar\\|εjkl}} is the [Levi\\-Civita symbol](/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol \"Levi-Civita symbol\") with {{math\\|''ε''123 {{\\=}} 1}}. This is a matrix form of [Rodrigues' rotation formula](/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula \"Rodrigues' rotation formula\"), (or the equivalent, differently parametrized [Euler–Rodrigues formula](/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Rodrigues_formula%23Vector_formulation \"Euler–Rodrigues formula#Vector formulation\")) withNote that",
"\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\otimes\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\bigl( \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times}\\\\bigr)^2\\+{\\\\mathbf I}\nso that, in Rodrigues' notation, equivalently,\n \\\\mathbf{R} \\= \\\\mathbf{I} \\+ (\\\\sin\\\\theta) \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\+ (1\\-\\\\cos\\\\theta)\\\\bigl( \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times}\\\\bigr)^2\\.\n \\\\mathbf{u}\\\\otimes\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\mathbf{u}\\\\mathbf{u}^\\\\mathsf{T} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nu\\_x^2 \\& u\\_x u\\_y \\& u\\_x u\\_z \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\nu\\_x u\\_y \\& u\\_y^2 \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\nu\\_x u\\_z \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\& u\\_z^2\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\\\\qquad \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\n0 \\& \\-u\\_z \\& u\\_y \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\nu\\_z \\& 0 \\& \\-u\\_x \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n\\-u\\_y \\& u\\_x \\& 0\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.\nIn \\\\mathbb{R}^3 the rotation of a vector {{math\\|'''x'''}} around the axis {{math\\|'''u'''}} by an angle {{mvar\\|θ}} can be written as:\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{x}\\=\\\\mathbf{u}(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\cdot\\\\mathbf{x})\\+\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right)(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\times\\\\mathbf{x})\\\\times\\\\mathbf{u}\\+\\\\sin\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right)(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\times\\\\mathbf{x})",
"or equivalently:\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{x}\\= \\\\mathbf{x} \\\\cos(\\\\theta) \\+ \\\\mathbf{u}(\\\\mathbf{x} \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{u})(1\\- \\\\cos(\\\\theta)) \\- \\\\mathbf{x} \\\\times \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\sin{\\\\theta}",
"This can also be written in [tensor notation](/wiki/Tensor \"Tensor\") as:{{cite journal\\|first1\\=T. R.\\|last1\\=Koehler \\| first2\\=S. B. \\|last2\\=Trickey\\|title\\=Euler vectors and rotations about an arbitrary axis\\|year\\=1978\\|journal\\=Am. J. Phys.\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=6\\|page\\=650\\|doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.11223\\|bibcode\\=1976AmJPh..46\\..650K}}\n(R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{x})\\_i \\= (R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta))\\_{ij} {\\\\mathbf{x}}\\_{j} \\\\quad \\\\text{with} \\\\quad (R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta))\\_{ij} \\= \\\\delta\\_{ij}\\\\cos(\\\\theta) \\+ \\\\mathbf{u}\\_i\\\\mathbf{u}\\_j (1\\- \\\\cos(\\\\theta)) \\- \\\\sin{\\\\theta} \\\\varepsilon\\_{ijk} \\\\mathbf{u}\\_{k}",
"If the 3D space is right\\-handed and {{math\\|''θ'' \\> 0}}, this rotation will be counterclockwise when {{math\\|'''u'''}} points towards the observer ([Right\\-hand rule](/wiki/Right-hand_rule \"Right-hand rule\")). Explicitly, with (\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha}, \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta},\\\\mathbf u) a right\\-handed orthonormal basis,",
"R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha}\\= \\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha} \\+ \\\\sin\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}, \\\\quad\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}\\= \\- \\\\sin\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha} \\+ \\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}, \\\\quad\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{u}\\=\\\\mathbf{u}.",
"",
"Note the striking *merely apparent differences* to the *equivalent* Lie\\-algebraic formulation [below](/wiki/%23Exponential_map \"#Exponential map\").",
""
] |
### Conversion from rotation matrix to axis–angle
Every rotation in three dimensions is defined by its **axis** (a vector along this axis is unchanged by the rotation), and its **angle** — the amount of rotation about that axis ([Euler rotation theorem](/wiki/Euler_rotation_theorem "Euler rotation theorem")).
There are several methods to compute the axis and angle from a rotation matrix (see also [axis–angle representation](/wiki/Axis%E2%80%93angle_representation "Axis–angle representation")). Here, we only describe the method based on the computation of the [eigenvectors](/wiki/Eigenvector "Eigenvector") and [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalue "Eigenvalue") of the rotation matrix. It is also possible to use the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)") of the rotation matrix.
#### Determining the axis
[thumb\|A rotation {{mvar\|R}} around axis {{math\|'''u'''}} can be decomposed using 3 endomorphisms {{math\|'''P'''}}, {{math\|('''I''' − '''P''')}}, and {{math\|'''Q'''}} (click to enlarge).](/wiki/File:Rotation_decomposition.png "Rotation decomposition.png")
Given a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix {{mvar\|R}}, a vector {{math\|'''u'''}} parallel to the rotation axis must satisfy
R\\mathbf{u} \= \\mathbf{u},
since the rotation of {{math\|'''u'''}} around the rotation axis must result in {{math\|'''u'''}}. The equation above may be solved for {{math\|'''u'''}} which is unique up to a scalar factor unless {{math\|''R'' {{\=}} ''I''}}.
Further, the equation may be rewritten
R\\mathbf{u} \= I \\mathbf{u} \\implies \\left(R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \= 0,
which shows that {{math\|'''u'''}} lies in the [null space](/wiki/Null_space "Null space") of {{math\|''R'' − ''I''}}.
Viewed in another way, {{math\|'''u'''}} is an [eigenvector](/wiki/Eigenvector "Eigenvector") of {{mvar\|R}} corresponding to the [eigenvalue](/wiki/Eigenvalue "Eigenvalue") {{math\|''λ'' {{\=}} 1}}. Every rotation matrix must have this eigenvalue, the other two eigenvalues being [complex conjugates](/wiki/Complex_conjugate "Complex conjugate") of each other. It follows that a general rotation matrix in three dimensions has, up to a multiplicative constant, only one real eigenvector.
One way to determine the rotation axis is by showing that:
\\begin{align}
0 \&\= R^\\mathsf{T} 0 \+ 0 \\\\
\&\= R^\\mathsf{T}\\left(R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \+ \\left(R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \\\\
\&\= \\left(R^\\mathsf{T}R \- R^\\mathsf{T} \+ R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \\\\
\&\= \\left(I \- R^\\mathsf{T} \+ R \- I\\right) \\mathbf{u} \\\\
\&\= \\left(R \- R^\\mathsf{T}\\right) \\mathbf{u}
\\end{align}
Since {{math\|(''R'' − ''R''T)}} is a [skew\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix "Skew-symmetric matrix"), we can choose {{math\|'''u'''}} such that
\[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \= \\left(R \- R^\\mathsf{T}\\right).
The matrix–vector product becomes a [cross product](/wiki/Cross_product "Cross product") of a vector with itself, ensuring that the result is zero:
\\left(R \- R^\\mathsf{T}\\right) \\mathbf{u} \= \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \\mathbf{u} \= \\mathbf{u} \\times \\mathbf{u} \= 0\\,
Therefore, if
R \= \\begin{bmatrix} a \& b \& c \\\\ d \& e \& f \\\\ g \& h \& i \\\\ \\end{bmatrix},
then
\\mathbf{u} \= \\begin{bmatrix} h\-f \\\\ c\-g \\\\ d\-b \\\\ \\end{bmatrix}.
The magnitude of {{math\|'''u'''}} computed this way is {{math\|{{norm\|'''u'''}} {{\=}} 2 sin ''θ''}}, where {{mvar\|θ}} is the angle of rotation.
This **does not work** if {{mvar\|R}} is symmetric. Above, if {{math\|''R'' − ''R''T}} is zero, then all subsequent steps are invalid. In this case, it is necessary to diagonalize {{mvar\|R}} and find the eigenvector corresponding to an eigenvalue of 1\.
#### Determining the angle
To find the angle of a rotation, once the axis of the rotation is known, select a vector {{math\|'''v'''}} perpendicular to the axis. Then the angle of the rotation is the angle between {{math\|'''v'''}} and {{math\|''R'''''v'''}}.
A more direct method, however, is to simply calculate the [**trace**](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)"): the sum of the diagonal elements of the rotation matrix. Care should be taken to select the right sign for the angle {{mvar\|θ}} to match the chosen axis:
\\operatorname{tr} (R) \= 1 \+ 2\\cos\\theta ,
from which follows that the angle's absolute value is
\|\\theta\| \= \\arccos\\left(\\frac{\\operatorname{tr}(R) \- 1}{2}\\right).
For the rotation axis \\mathbf{n}\=(n\_1,n\_2,n\_3\), you can get the correct angle{{cite arXiv\|last\=Kuo Kan\|first\=Liang\|date\=6 October 2018\|title\=Efficient conversion from rotating matrix to rotation axis and angle by extending Rodrigues' formula\|eprint\=1810\.02999\|class\=cs.CG}} from
\\left\\{\\begin{matrix}
\\cos \\theta\&\=\&\\dfrac{\\operatorname{tr}(R) \- 1}{2}\\\\
\\sin \\theta\&\=\&\-\\dfrac{\\operatorname{tr}(K\_n R)}{2}
\\end{matrix}\\right.
where
K\_n\=\\begin{bmatrix}
0 \& \-n\_3 \& n\_2\\\\
n\_3 \& 0 \& \-n\_1\\\\
\-n\_2 \& n\_1 \& 0\\\\
\\end{bmatrix}
#### Rotation matrix from axis and angle
The matrix of a proper rotation {{mvar\|R}} by angle {{mvar\|θ}} around the axis {{math\|'''u''' {{\=}} (''ux'', ''uy'', ''uz'')}}, a unit vector with {{math\|''u''{{su\|b\=''x''\|p\=2}} \+ ''u''{{su\|b\=''y''\|p\=2}} \+ ''u''{{su\|b\=''z''\|p\=2}} {{\=}} 1}}, is given by:{{cite journal \|last1\=Taylor \|first1\=Camillo J. \|last2\=Kriegman \|first2\=David J. \|title\=Minimization on the Lie Group SO(3\) and Related Manifolds \|journal\=Technical Report No. 9405 \|year\=1994 \|location\=Yale University \|url\=https://www.cis.upenn.edu/\~cjtaylor/PUBLICATIONS/pdfs/TaylorTR94b.pdf }}
{{cite journal\|first1 \= V. \| last1\= Balakrishnan\|title \= How is a vector rotated? \| journal \= Resonance \| volume \=4 \|issue \=10\|year\=1999 \| pages\=61–68\|url\=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/reso/004/10/0061\-0068}}
{{cite book\|first1\=Adam \| last1\=Morawiec\|title\=Orientations and Rotations\|year\=2004 \| doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-662\-09156\-2\|publisher\=Springer}}
{{cite journal\| first1\=A. \|last1\=Palazzolo\|title\=Formalism for the rotation matrix of rotations about an arbitrary axis \| journal\=Am. J. Phys. \| volume\=44 \| issue\=1\|pages\=63–67\| year\=1976\|doi\=10\.1119/1\.10140\|bibcode\=1976AmJPh..44\...63P}}
R \= \\begin{bmatrix}
u\_x^2 \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ \\cos \\theta \& u\_x u\_y \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \- u\_z \\sin \\theta \& u\_x u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ u\_y \\sin \\theta \\\\
u\_x u\_y \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ u\_z \\sin \\theta \& u\_y^2\\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ \\cos \\theta \& u\_y u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \- u\_x \\sin \\theta \\\\
u\_x u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \- u\_y \\sin \\theta \& u\_y u\_z \\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ u\_x \\sin \\theta \& u\_z^2\\left(1\-\\cos \\theta\\right) \+ \\cos \\theta
\\end{bmatrix}.
A derivation of this matrix from first principles can be found in section 9\.2 here.{{Cite thesis\|url\=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace\-jspui/handle/2134/18050\|hdl\=2134/18050\|title\=Modelling CPV\|date\=January 2015\|publisher\=Loughborough University\|type\=thesis\|last1\=Cole\|first1\=Ian R.}} The basic idea to derive this matrix is dividing the problem into few known simple steps.
1. First rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis lies in one of the coordinate planes ({{mvar\|xy}}, {{mvar\|yz}} or {{mvar\|zx}})
2. Then rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis is aligned with one of the two coordinate axes for that particular coordinate plane ({{mvar\|x}}, {{mvar\|y}} or {{mvar\|z}})
3. Use one of the fundamental rotation matrices to rotate the point depending on the coordinate axis with which the rotation axis is aligned.
4. Reverse rotate the axis\-point pair such that it attains the final configuration as that was in step 2 (Undoing step 2\)
5. Reverse rotate the axis\-point pair which was done in step 1 (undoing step 1\)
This can be written more concisely as
{{cite journal\|first1\=Jon\|last1\=Mathews\|title\= Coordinate\-free rotation formalism\|journal\=Am. J. Phys. \| volume \=44 \| number\=12 \| pages\=121 \| doi\=10\.1119/1\.10264\|year\=1976\|bibcode\=1976AmJPh..44\.1210M}}
R \= (\\cos\\theta)\\,I \+ (\\sin\\theta)\\,\[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \+ (1\-\\cos\\theta)\\,(\\mathbf{u}\\otimes\\mathbf{u}),
where {{math\|\['''u''']×}} is the [cross product matrix](/wiki/Cross_product%23Conversion_to_matrix_multiplication "Cross product#Conversion to matrix multiplication") of {{math\|'''u'''}}; the expression {{math\|'''u''' ⊗ '''u'''}} is the [outer product](/wiki/Outer_product "Outer product"), and {{mvar\|I}} is the [identity matrix](/wiki/Identity_matrix "Identity matrix"). Alternatively, the matrix entries are:
R\_{jk}\=\\begin{cases}
\\cos^2\\frac{\\theta}{2}\+\\sin^2\\frac{\\theta}{2}\\left(2u\_j^2\-1\\right), \\quad \&\\text{if }j\=k\\\\
2u\_ju\_k\\sin^2\\frac{\\theta}{2}\-\\varepsilon\_{jkl}u\_l\\sin\\theta, \\quad \&\\text{if }j\\neq k
\\end{cases}
where {{mvar\|εjkl}} is the [Levi\-Civita symbol](/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol "Levi-Civita symbol") with {{math\|''ε''123 {{\=}} 1}}. This is a matrix form of [Rodrigues' rotation formula](/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula "Rodrigues' rotation formula"), (or the equivalent, differently parametrized [Euler–Rodrigues formula](/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Rodrigues_formula%23Vector_formulation "Euler–Rodrigues formula#Vector formulation")) withNote that
\\mathbf{u}\\otimes\\mathbf{u} \= \\bigl( \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times}\\bigr)^2\+{\\mathbf I}
so that, in Rodrigues' notation, equivalently,
\\mathbf{R} \= \\mathbf{I} \+ (\\sin\\theta) \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \+ (1\-\\cos\\theta)\\bigl( \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times}\\bigr)^2\.
\\mathbf{u}\\otimes\\mathbf{u} \= \\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{u}^\\mathsf{T} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
u\_x^2 \& u\_x u\_y \& u\_x u\_z \\\\\[3pt]
u\_x u\_y \& u\_y^2 \& u\_y u\_z \\\\\[3pt]
u\_x u\_z \& u\_y u\_z \& u\_z^2
\\end{bmatrix},\\qquad \[\\mathbf u]\_{\\times} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
0 \& \-u\_z \& u\_y \\\\\[3pt]
u\_z \& 0 \& \-u\_x \\\\\[3pt]
\-u\_y \& u\_x \& 0
\\end{bmatrix}.
In \\mathbb{R}^3 the rotation of a vector {{math\|'''x'''}} around the axis {{math\|'''u'''}} by an angle {{mvar\|θ}} can be written as:
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{x}\=\\mathbf{u}(\\mathbf{u}\\cdot\\mathbf{x})\+\\cos\\left(\\theta\\right)(\\mathbf{u}\\times\\mathbf{x})\\times\\mathbf{u}\+\\sin\\left(\\theta\\right)(\\mathbf{u}\\times\\mathbf{x})
or equivalently:
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{x}\= \\mathbf{x} \\cos(\\theta) \+ \\mathbf{u}(\\mathbf{x} \\cdot \\mathbf{u})(1\- \\cos(\\theta)) \- \\mathbf{x} \\times \\mathbf{u} \\sin{\\theta}
This can also be written in [tensor notation](/wiki/Tensor "Tensor") as:{{cite journal\|first1\=T. R.\|last1\=Koehler \| first2\=S. B. \|last2\=Trickey\|title\=Euler vectors and rotations about an arbitrary axis\|year\=1978\|journal\=Am. J. Phys.\|volume\=46\|issue\=6\|page\=650\|doi\=10\.1119/1\.11223\|bibcode\=1976AmJPh..46\..650K}}
(R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{x})\_i \= (R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta))\_{ij} {\\mathbf{x}}\_{j} \\quad \\text{with} \\quad (R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta))\_{ij} \= \\delta\_{ij}\\cos(\\theta) \+ \\mathbf{u}\_i\\mathbf{u}\_j (1\- \\cos(\\theta)) \- \\sin{\\theta} \\varepsilon\_{ijk} \\mathbf{u}\_{k}
If the 3D space is right\-handed and {{math\|''θ'' \> 0}}, this rotation will be counterclockwise when {{math\|'''u'''}} points towards the observer ([Right\-hand rule](/wiki/Right-hand_rule "Right-hand rule")). Explicitly, with (\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}, \\boldsymbol{\\beta},\\mathbf u) a right\-handed orthonormal basis,
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}\= \\cos\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\alpha} \+ \\sin\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\beta}, \\quad
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\boldsymbol{\\beta}\= \- \\sin\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\alpha} \+ \\cos\\left(\\theta\\right) \\boldsymbol{\\beta}, \\quad
R\_{\\mathbf{u}}(\\theta)\\mathbf{u}\=\\mathbf{u}.
Note the striking *merely apparent differences* to the *equivalent* Lie\-algebraic formulation [below](/wiki/%23Exponential_map "#Exponential map").
|
[
"### Conversion from rotation matrix to axis–angle",
"Every rotation in three dimensions is defined by its **axis** (a vector along this axis is unchanged by the rotation), and its **angle** — the amount of rotation about that axis ([Euler rotation theorem](/wiki/Euler_rotation_theorem \"Euler rotation theorem\")).",
"There are several methods to compute the axis and angle from a rotation matrix (see also [axis–angle representation](/wiki/Axis%E2%80%93angle_representation \"Axis–angle representation\")). Here, we only describe the method based on the computation of the [eigenvectors](/wiki/Eigenvector \"Eigenvector\") and [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalue \"Eigenvalue\") of the rotation matrix. It is also possible to use the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\") of the rotation matrix.",
"#### Determining the axis",
"[thumb\\|A rotation {{mvar\\|R}} around axis {{math\\|'''u'''}} can be decomposed using 3 endomorphisms {{math\\|'''P'''}}, {{math\\|('''I''' − '''P''')}}, and {{math\\|'''Q'''}} (click to enlarge).](/wiki/File:Rotation_decomposition.png \"Rotation decomposition.png\")",
"Given a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix {{mvar\\|R}}, a vector {{math\\|'''u'''}} parallel to the rotation axis must satisfy\nR\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\mathbf{u},\nsince the rotation of {{math\\|'''u'''}} around the rotation axis must result in {{math\\|'''u'''}}. The equation above may be solved for {{math\\|'''u'''}} which is unique up to a scalar factor unless {{math\\|''R'' {{\\=}} ''I''}}.",
"Further, the equation may be rewritten\nR\\\\mathbf{u} \\= I \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\implies \\\\left(R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\= 0,\nwhich shows that {{math\\|'''u'''}} lies in the [null space](/wiki/Null_space \"Null space\") of {{math\\|''R'' − ''I''}}.",
"Viewed in another way, {{math\\|'''u'''}} is an [eigenvector](/wiki/Eigenvector \"Eigenvector\") of {{mvar\\|R}} corresponding to the [eigenvalue](/wiki/Eigenvalue \"Eigenvalue\") {{math\\|''λ'' {{\\=}} 1}}. Every rotation matrix must have this eigenvalue, the other two eigenvalues being [complex conjugates](/wiki/Complex_conjugate \"Complex conjugate\") of each other. It follows that a general rotation matrix in three dimensions has, up to a multiplicative constant, only one real eigenvector.",
"One way to determine the rotation axis is by showing that:",
"\\\\begin{align}\n0 \\&\\= R^\\\\mathsf{T} 0 \\+ 0 \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\left(R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\+ \\\\left(R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\left(R^\\\\mathsf{T}R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T} \\+ R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\left(I \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T} \\+ R \\- I\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\left(R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u}\n\\\\end{align}\nSince {{math\\|(''R'' − ''R''T)}} is a [skew\\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix \"Skew-symmetric matrix\"), we can choose {{math\\|'''u'''}} such that\n\\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\= \\\\left(R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right).\nThe matrix–vector product becomes a [cross product](/wiki/Cross_product \"Cross product\") of a vector with itself, ensuring that the result is zero:",
"\\\\left(R \\- R^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right) \\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\times \\\\mathbf{u} \\= 0\\\\,\nTherefore, if\nR \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} a \\& b \\& c \\\\\\\\ d \\& e \\& f \\\\\\\\ g \\& h \\& i \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix},\nthen\n\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} h\\-f \\\\\\\\ c\\-g \\\\\\\\ d\\-b \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{bmatrix}.\nThe magnitude of {{math\\|'''u'''}} computed this way is {{math\\|{{norm\\|'''u'''}} {{\\=}} 2 sin ''θ''}}, where {{mvar\\|θ}} is the angle of rotation.",
"This **does not work** if {{mvar\\|R}} is symmetric. Above, if {{math\\|''R'' − ''R''T}} is zero, then all subsequent steps are invalid. In this case, it is necessary to diagonalize {{mvar\\|R}} and find the eigenvector corresponding to an eigenvalue of 1\\.",
"#### Determining the angle",
"To find the angle of a rotation, once the axis of the rotation is known, select a vector {{math\\|'''v'''}} perpendicular to the axis. Then the angle of the rotation is the angle between {{math\\|'''v'''}} and {{math\\|''R'''''v'''}}.",
"A more direct method, however, is to simply calculate the [**trace**](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\"): the sum of the diagonal elements of the rotation matrix. Care should be taken to select the right sign for the angle {{mvar\\|θ}} to match the chosen axis:\n\\\\operatorname{tr} (R) \\= 1 \\+ 2\\\\cos\\\\theta ,",
"from which follows that the angle's absolute value is\n\\|\\\\theta\\| \\= \\\\arccos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\operatorname{tr}(R) \\- 1}{2}\\\\right).",
"For the rotation axis \\\\mathbf{n}\\=(n\\_1,n\\_2,n\\_3\\), you can get the correct angle{{cite arXiv\\|last\\=Kuo Kan\\|first\\=Liang\\|date\\=6 October 2018\\|title\\=Efficient conversion from rotating matrix to rotation axis and angle by extending Rodrigues' formula\\|eprint\\=1810\\.02999\\|class\\=cs.CG}} from",
"\\\\left\\\\{\\\\begin{matrix}\n\\\\cos \\\\theta\\&\\=\\&\\\\dfrac{\\\\operatorname{tr}(R) \\- 1}{2}\\\\\\\\\n\\\\sin \\\\theta\\&\\=\\&\\-\\\\dfrac{\\\\operatorname{tr}(K\\_n R)}{2}\n\\\\end{matrix}\\\\right.",
"",
"where",
"K\\_n\\=\\\\begin{bmatrix}\n0 \\& \\-n\\_3 \\& n\\_2\\\\\\\\\nn\\_3 \\& 0 \\& \\-n\\_1\\\\\\\\\n\\-n\\_2 \\& n\\_1 \\& 0\\\\\\\\\n\\\\end{bmatrix}",
"",
"#### Rotation matrix from axis and angle",
"The matrix of a proper rotation {{mvar\\|R}} by angle {{mvar\\|θ}} around the axis {{math\\|'''u''' {{\\=}} (''ux'', ''uy'', ''uz'')}}, a unit vector with {{math\\|''u''{{su\\|b\\=''x''\\|p\\=2}} \\+ ''u''{{su\\|b\\=''y''\\|p\\=2}} \\+ ''u''{{su\\|b\\=''z''\\|p\\=2}} {{\\=}} 1}}, is given by:{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Taylor \\|first1\\=Camillo J. \\|last2\\=Kriegman \\|first2\\=David J. \\|title\\=Minimization on the Lie Group SO(3\\) and Related Manifolds \\|journal\\=Technical Report No. 9405 \\|year\\=1994 \\|location\\=Yale University \\|url\\=https://www.cis.upenn.edu/\\~cjtaylor/PUBLICATIONS/pdfs/TaylorTR94b.pdf }}",
"{{cite journal\\|first1 \\= V. \\| last1\\= Balakrishnan\\|title \\= How is a vector rotated? \\| journal \\= Resonance \\| volume \\=4 \\|issue \\=10\\|year\\=1999 \\| pages\\=61–68\\|url\\=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/reso/004/10/0061\\-0068}}",
"{{cite book\\|first1\\=Adam \\| last1\\=Morawiec\\|title\\=Orientations and Rotations\\|year\\=2004 \\| doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-662\\-09156\\-2\\|publisher\\=Springer}}",
"{{cite journal\\| first1\\=A. \\|last1\\=Palazzolo\\|title\\=Formalism for the rotation matrix of rotations about an arbitrary axis \\| journal\\=Am. J. Phys. \\| volume\\=44 \\| issue\\=1\\|pages\\=63–67\\| year\\=1976\\|doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.10140\\|bibcode\\=1976AmJPh..44\\...63P}}",
"R \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} \nu\\_x^2 \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ \\\\cos \\\\theta \\& u\\_x u\\_y \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\- u\\_z \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_x u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ u\\_y \\\\sin \\\\theta \\\\\\\\ \nu\\_x u\\_y \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ u\\_z \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_y^2\\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ \\\\cos \\\\theta \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\- u\\_x \\\\sin \\\\theta \\\\\\\\ \nu\\_x u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\- u\\_y \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ u\\_x \\\\sin \\\\theta \\& u\\_z^2\\\\left(1\\-\\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\right) \\+ \\\\cos \\\\theta\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"A derivation of this matrix from first principles can be found in section 9\\.2 here.{{Cite thesis\\|url\\=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace\\-jspui/handle/2134/18050\\|hdl\\=2134/18050\\|title\\=Modelling CPV\\|date\\=January 2015\\|publisher\\=Loughborough University\\|type\\=thesis\\|last1\\=Cole\\|first1\\=Ian R.}} The basic idea to derive this matrix is dividing the problem into few known simple steps.",
"1. First rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis lies in one of the coordinate planes ({{mvar\\|xy}}, {{mvar\\|yz}} or {{mvar\\|zx}})\n2. Then rotate the given axis and the point such that the axis is aligned with one of the two coordinate axes for that particular coordinate plane ({{mvar\\|x}}, {{mvar\\|y}} or {{mvar\\|z}})\n3. Use one of the fundamental rotation matrices to rotate the point depending on the coordinate axis with which the rotation axis is aligned.\n4. Reverse rotate the axis\\-point pair such that it attains the final configuration as that was in step 2 (Undoing step 2\\)\n5. Reverse rotate the axis\\-point pair which was done in step 1 (undoing step 1\\)\nThis can be written more concisely as",
"{{cite journal\\|first1\\=Jon\\|last1\\=Mathews\\|title\\= Coordinate\\-free rotation formalism\\|journal\\=Am. J. Phys. \\| volume \\=44 \\| number\\=12 \\| pages\\=121 \\| doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.10264\\|year\\=1976\\|bibcode\\=1976AmJPh..44\\.1210M}}",
"R \\= (\\\\cos\\\\theta)\\\\,I \\+ (\\\\sin\\\\theta)\\\\,\\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\+ (1\\-\\\\cos\\\\theta)\\\\,(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\otimes\\\\mathbf{u}),\nwhere {{math\\|\\['''u''']×}} is the [cross product matrix](/wiki/Cross_product%23Conversion_to_matrix_multiplication \"Cross product#Conversion to matrix multiplication\") of {{math\\|'''u'''}}; the expression {{math\\|'''u''' ⊗ '''u'''}} is the [outer product](/wiki/Outer_product \"Outer product\"), and {{mvar\\|I}} is the [identity matrix](/wiki/Identity_matrix \"Identity matrix\"). Alternatively, the matrix entries are:\nR\\_{jk}\\=\\\\begin{cases}\n\\\\cos^2\\\\frac{\\\\theta}{2}\\+\\\\sin^2\\\\frac{\\\\theta}{2}\\\\left(2u\\_j^2\\-1\\\\right), \\\\quad \\&\\\\text{if }j\\=k\\\\\\\\\n2u\\_ju\\_k\\\\sin^2\\\\frac{\\\\theta}{2}\\-\\\\varepsilon\\_{jkl}u\\_l\\\\sin\\\\theta, \\\\quad \\&\\\\text{if }j\\\\neq k\n\\\\end{cases}\nwhere {{mvar\\|εjkl}} is the [Levi\\-Civita symbol](/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol \"Levi-Civita symbol\") with {{math\\|''ε''123 {{\\=}} 1}}. This is a matrix form of [Rodrigues' rotation formula](/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula \"Rodrigues' rotation formula\"), (or the equivalent, differently parametrized [Euler–Rodrigues formula](/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Rodrigues_formula%23Vector_formulation \"Euler–Rodrigues formula#Vector formulation\")) withNote that",
"\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\otimes\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\bigl( \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times}\\\\bigr)^2\\+{\\\\mathbf I}\nso that, in Rodrigues' notation, equivalently,\n \\\\mathbf{R} \\= \\\\mathbf{I} \\+ (\\\\sin\\\\theta) \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\+ (1\\-\\\\cos\\\\theta)\\\\bigl( \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times}\\\\bigr)^2\\.\n \\\\mathbf{u}\\\\otimes\\\\mathbf{u} \\= \\\\mathbf{u}\\\\mathbf{u}^\\\\mathsf{T} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nu\\_x^2 \\& u\\_x u\\_y \\& u\\_x u\\_z \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\nu\\_x u\\_y \\& u\\_y^2 \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\nu\\_x u\\_z \\& u\\_y u\\_z \\& u\\_z^2\n\\\\end{bmatrix},\\\\qquad \\[\\\\mathbf u]\\_{\\\\times} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\n0 \\& \\-u\\_z \\& u\\_y \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\nu\\_z \\& 0 \\& \\-u\\_x \\\\\\\\\\[3pt]\n\\-u\\_y \\& u\\_x \\& 0\n\\\\end{bmatrix}.\nIn \\\\mathbb{R}^3 the rotation of a vector {{math\\|'''x'''}} around the axis {{math\\|'''u'''}} by an angle {{mvar\\|θ}} can be written as:\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{x}\\=\\\\mathbf{u}(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\cdot\\\\mathbf{x})\\+\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right)(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\times\\\\mathbf{x})\\\\times\\\\mathbf{u}\\+\\\\sin\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right)(\\\\mathbf{u}\\\\times\\\\mathbf{x})",
"or equivalently:\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{x}\\= \\\\mathbf{x} \\\\cos(\\\\theta) \\+ \\\\mathbf{u}(\\\\mathbf{x} \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{u})(1\\- \\\\cos(\\\\theta)) \\- \\\\mathbf{x} \\\\times \\\\mathbf{u} \\\\sin{\\\\theta}",
"This can also be written in [tensor notation](/wiki/Tensor \"Tensor\") as:{{cite journal\\|first1\\=T. R.\\|last1\\=Koehler \\| first2\\=S. B. \\|last2\\=Trickey\\|title\\=Euler vectors and rotations about an arbitrary axis\\|year\\=1978\\|journal\\=Am. J. Phys.\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=6\\|page\\=650\\|doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.11223\\|bibcode\\=1976AmJPh..46\\..650K}}\n(R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{x})\\_i \\= (R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta))\\_{ij} {\\\\mathbf{x}}\\_{j} \\\\quad \\\\text{with} \\\\quad (R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta))\\_{ij} \\= \\\\delta\\_{ij}\\\\cos(\\\\theta) \\+ \\\\mathbf{u}\\_i\\\\mathbf{u}\\_j (1\\- \\\\cos(\\\\theta)) \\- \\\\sin{\\\\theta} \\\\varepsilon\\_{ijk} \\\\mathbf{u}\\_{k}",
"If the 3D space is right\\-handed and {{math\\|''θ'' \\> 0}}, this rotation will be counterclockwise when {{math\\|'''u'''}} points towards the observer ([Right\\-hand rule](/wiki/Right-hand_rule \"Right-hand rule\")). Explicitly, with (\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha}, \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta},\\\\mathbf u) a right\\-handed orthonormal basis,",
"R\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha}\\= \\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha} \\+ \\\\sin\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}, \\\\quad\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}\\= \\- \\\\sin\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\alpha} \\+ \\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\theta\\\\right) \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}, \\\\quad\nR\\_{\\\\mathbf{u}}(\\\\theta)\\\\mathbf{u}\\=\\\\mathbf{u}.",
"",
"Note the striking *merely apparent differences* to the *equivalent* Lie\\-algebraic formulation [below](/wiki/%23Exponential_map \"#Exponential map\").",
""
] |
Decompositions
--------------
### Independent planes
Consider the {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix
Q \= \\begin{bmatrix} 0\.36 \& 0\.48 \& \-0\.80 \\\\ \-0\.80 \& 0\.60 \& 0\.00 \\\\ 0\.48 \& 0\.64 \& 0\.60 \\end{bmatrix} .
If {{math\|''Q''}} acts in a certain direction, {{math\|'''v'''}}, purely as a scaling by a factor {{mvar\|λ}}, then we have
Q \\mathbf{v} \= \\lambda \\mathbf{v},
so that
\\mathbf{0} \= (\\lambda I \- Q) \\mathbf{v} .
Thus {{mvar\|λ}} is a root of the [characteristic polynomial](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial "Characteristic polynomial") for {{mvar\|Q}},
\\begin{align}
```
0 &{}= \det (\lambda I - Q) \\
&{}= \lambda^3 - \tfrac{39}{25} \lambda^2 + \tfrac{39}{25} \lambda - 1 \\
&{}= (\lambda-1) \left(\lambda^2 - \tfrac{14}{25} \lambda + 1\right).
```
\\end{align}
Two features are noteworthy. First, one of the roots (or [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalue "Eigenvalue")) is 1, which tells us that some direction is unaffected by the matrix. For rotations in three dimensions, this is the *axis* of the rotation (a concept that has no meaning in any other dimension). Second, the other two roots are a pair of complex conjugates, whose product is 1 (the constant term of the quadratic), and whose sum is {{math\|2 cos ''θ''}} (the negated linear term). This factorization is of interest for {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices because the same thing occurs for all of them. (As special cases, for a null rotation the "complex conjugates" are both 1, and for a 180° rotation they are both −1\.) Furthermore, a similar factorization holds for any {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix. If the dimension, {{mvar\|n}}, is odd, there will be a "dangling" eigenvalue of 1; and for any dimension the rest of the polynomial factors into quadratic terms like the one here (with the two special cases noted). We are guaranteed that the characteristic polynomial will have degree {{mvar\|n}} and thus {{mvar\|n}} eigenvalues. And since a rotation matrix commutes with its transpose, it is a [normal matrix](/wiki/Normal_matrix "Normal matrix"), so can be diagonalized. We conclude that every rotation matrix, when expressed in a suitable coordinate system, partitions into independent rotations of two\-dimensional subspaces, at most {{math\|{{sfrac\|''n''\|2}}}} of them.
The sum of the entries on the main diagonal of a matrix is called the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)"); it does not change if we reorient the coordinate system, and always equals the sum of the eigenvalues. This has the convenient implication for {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} and {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices that the trace reveals the [angle of rotation](/wiki/Angle_of_rotation "Angle of rotation"), {{mvar\|θ}}, in the two\-dimensional space (or subspace). For a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} matrix the trace is {{math\|2 cos ''θ''}}, and for a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} matrix it is {{math\|1 \+ 2 cos ''θ''}}. In the three\-dimensional case, the subspace consists of all vectors perpendicular to the rotation axis (the invariant direction, with eigenvalue 1\). Thus we can extract from any {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix a rotation axis and an angle, and these completely determine the rotation.
### Sequential angles
The constraints on a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix imply that it must have the form
Q \= \\begin{bmatrix} a \& \-b \\\\ b \& a \\end{bmatrix}
with {{math\|''a''2 \+ ''b''2 {{\=}} 1}}. Therefore, we may set {{math\|''a'' {{\=}} cos ''θ''}} and {{math\|''b'' {{\=}} sin ''θ''}}, for some angle {{mvar\|θ}}. To solve for {{mvar\|θ}} it is not enough to look at {{mvar\|a}} alone or {{mvar\|b}} alone; we must consider both together to place the angle in the correct [quadrant](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system%23Cartesian_coordinates_in_two_dimensions "Cartesian coordinate system#Cartesian coordinates in two dimensions"), using a [two\-argument arctangent](/wiki/Atan2 "Atan2") function.
Now consider the first column of a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix,
\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\b\\\\c\\end{bmatrix} .
Although {{math\|''a''2 \+ ''b''2}} will probably not equal 1, but some value {{math\|''r''2 \< 1}}, we can use a slight variation of the previous computation to find a so\-called [Givens rotation](/wiki/Givens_rotation "Givens rotation") that transforms the column to
\\begin{bmatrix}r\\\\0\\\\c\\end{bmatrix} ,
zeroing {{mvar\|b}}. This acts on the subspace spanned by the {{mvar\|x}}\- and {{mvar\|y}}\-axes. We can then repeat the process for the {{mvar\|xz}}\-subspace to zero {{mvar\|c}}. Acting on the full matrix, these two rotations produce the schematic form
Q\_{xz}Q\_{xy}Q \= \\begin{bmatrix}1\&0\&0\\\\0\&\\ast\&\\ast\\\\0\&\\ast\&\\ast\\end{bmatrix} .
Shifting attention to the second column, a Givens rotation of the {{mvar\|yz}}\-subspace can now zero the {{mvar\|z}} value. This brings the full matrix to the form
Q\_{yz}Q\_{xz}Q\_{xy}Q \= \\begin{bmatrix}1\&0\&0\\\\0\&1\&0\\\\0\&0\&1\\end{bmatrix} ,
which is an identity matrix. Thus we have decomposed {{mvar\|Q}} as
Q \= Q\_{xy}^{\-1}Q\_{xz}^{\-1}Q\_{yz}^{\-1} .
An {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix will have {{math\|(''n'' − 1\) \+ (''n'' − 2\) \+ ⋯ \+ 2 \+ 1}}, or
\\sum\_{k\=1}^{n\-1} k \= \\frac{1}{2}n(n \- 1\)
entries below the diagonal to zero. We can zero them by extending the same idea of stepping through the columns with a series of rotations in a fixed sequence of planes. We conclude that the set of {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices, each of which has {{math\|''n''2}} entries, can be parameterized by {{math\|{{sfrac\|1\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\)}} angles.
| {{math\|''xzx''w}} | {{math\|''xzy''w}} | {{math\|''xyx''w}} | {{math\|''xyz''w}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{math\|''yxy''w}} | {{math\|''yxz''w}} | {{math\|''yzy''w}} | {{math\|''yzx''w}} |
| {{math\|''zyz''w}} | {{math\|''zyx''w}} | {{math\|''zxz''w}} | {{math\|''zxy''w}} |
| {{math\|''xzx''b}} | {{math\|''yzx''b}} | {{math\|''xyx''b}} | {{math\|''zyx''b}} |
| {{math\|''yxy''b}} | {{math\|''zxy''b}} | {{math\|''yzy''b}} | {{math\|''xzy''b}} |
| {{math\|''zyz''b}} | {{math\|''xyz''b}} | {{math\|''zxz''b}} | {{math\|''yxz''b}} |
In three dimensions this restates in matrix form an observation made by [Euler](/wiki/Leonhard_Euler "Leonhard Euler"), so mathematicians call the ordered sequence of three angles [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles "Euler angles"). However, the situation is somewhat more complicated than we have so far indicated. Despite the small dimension, we actually have considerable freedom in the sequence of axis pairs we use; and we also have some freedom in the choice of angles. Thus we find many different conventions employed when three\-dimensional rotations are parameterized for physics, or medicine, or chemistry, or other disciplines. When we include the option of world axes or body axes, 24 different sequences are possible. And while some disciplines call any sequence Euler angles, others give different names (Cardano, Tait–Bryan, [roll\-pitch\-yaw](/wiki/Roll-pitch-yaw "Roll-pitch-yaw")) to different sequences.
One reason for the large number of options is that, as noted previously, rotations in three dimensions (and higher) do not commute. If we reverse a given sequence of rotations, we get a different outcome. This also implies that we cannot compose two rotations by adding their corresponding angles. Thus Euler angles are not [vectors](/wiki/Vector_space "Vector space"), despite a similarity in appearance as a triplet of numbers.
### Nested dimensions
A {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix such as
Q\_{3 \\times 3} \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
\cos \theta & -\sin \theta & {\color{CadetBlue}0} \\
\sin \theta & \cos \theta & {\color{CadetBlue}0} \\
{\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\color{CadetBlue}1}
```
\\end{bmatrix}
suggests a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix,
Q\_{2 \\times 2} \=
```
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\
\sin \theta & \cos \theta
\end{bmatrix},
```
is embedded in the upper left corner:
Q\_{3 \\times 3} \= \\left\[ \\begin{matrix} Q\_{2 \\times 2} \& \\mathbf{0} \\\\ \\mathbf{0}^\\mathsf{T} \& 1 \\end{matrix} \\right].
This is no illusion; not just one, but many, copies of {{mvar\|n}}\-dimensional rotations are found within {{math\|(''n'' \+ 1\)}}\-dimensional rotations, as [subgroups](/wiki/Subgroup "Subgroup"). Each embedding leaves one direction fixed, which in the case of {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} matrices is the rotation axis. For example, we have
\\begin{align}
```
Q_{\mathbf{x}}(\theta) &= \begin{bmatrix}
{\color{CadetBlue}1} & {\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\color{CadetBlue}0} \\
{\color{CadetBlue}0} & \cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\
{\color{CadetBlue}0} & \sin \theta & \cos \theta
\end{bmatrix}, \\[8px]
Q_{\mathbf{y}}(\theta) &= \begin{bmatrix}
\cos \theta & {\color{CadetBlue}0} & \sin \theta \\
{\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\color{CadetBlue}1} & {\color{CadetBlue}0} \\
-\sin \theta & {\color{CadetBlue}0} & \cos \theta
\end{bmatrix}, \\[8px]
Q_{\mathbf{z}}(\theta) &= \begin{bmatrix}
\cos \theta & -\sin \theta & {\color{CadetBlue}0} \\
\sin \theta & \cos \theta & {\color{CadetBlue}0} \\
{\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\color{CadetBlue}1}
\end{bmatrix},
```
\\end{align}
fixing the {{mvar\|x}}\-axis, the {{mvar\|y}}\-axis, and the {{mvar\|z}}\-axis, respectively. The rotation axis need not be a coordinate axis; if {{math\|'''u''' {{\=}} (''x'',''y'',''z'')}} is a unit vector in the desired direction, then
\\begin{align}
```
Q_\mathbf{u}(\theta)
&= \begin{bmatrix}
0 & -z & y \\
z & 0 & -x \\
-y & x & 0
\end{bmatrix} \sin\theta + \left(I - \mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}^\mathsf{T}\right) \cos\theta + \mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}^\mathsf{T} \\[8px]
&= \begin{bmatrix}
\left(1 - x^2\right) c_\theta + x^2 &
-z s_\theta - x y c_\theta + x y &
y s_\theta - x z c_\theta + x z \\
z s_\theta - x y c_\theta + x y &
\left(1 - y^2\right) c_\theta + y^2 &
-x s_\theta - y z c_\theta + y z \\
-y s_\theta - x z c_\theta + x z &
x s_\theta - y z c_\theta + y z &
\left(1 - z^2\right) c_\theta + z^2
\end{bmatrix} \\[8px]
&= \begin{bmatrix}
x^2 (1 - c_\theta) + c_\theta &
x y (1 - c_\theta) - z s_\theta &
x z (1 - c_\theta) + y s_\theta \\
x y (1 - c_\theta) + z s_\theta &
y^2 (1 - c_\theta) + c_\theta &
y z (1 - c_\theta) - x s_\theta \\
x z (1 - c_\theta) - y s_\theta &
y z (1 - c_\theta) + x s_\theta &
z^2 (1 - c_\theta) + c_\theta
\end{bmatrix},
```
\\end{align}
where {{math\|''cθ'' {{\=}} cos ''θ''}}, {{math\|''sθ'' {{\=}} sin ''θ''}}, is a rotation by angle {{mvar\|θ}} leaving axis {{math\|'''u'''}} fixed.
A direction in {{math\|(''n'' \+ 1\)}}\-dimensional space will be a unit magnitude vector, which we may consider a point on a generalized sphere, {{math\|''S''''n''}}. Thus it is natural to describe the rotation group {{math\|SO(''n'' \+ 1\)}} as combining {{math\|SO(''n'')}} and {{math\|''S''''n''}}. A suitable formalism is the [fiber bundle](/wiki/Fiber_bundle "Fiber bundle"),
SO(n) \\hookrightarrow SO(n \+ 1\) \\to S^n ,
where for every direction in the base space, {{math\|''S''''n''}}, the fiber over it in the total space, {{math\|SO(''n'' \+ 1\)}}, is a copy of the fiber space, {{math\|SO(''n'')}}, namely the rotations that keep that direction fixed.
Thus we can build an {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix by starting with a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} matrix, aiming its fixed axis on {{math\|''S''2}} (the ordinary sphere in three\-dimensional space), aiming the resulting rotation on {{math\|''S''3}}, and so on up through {{math\|''S''''n''−1}}. A point on {{math\|''S''''n''}} can be selected using {{mvar\|n}} numbers, so we again have {{math\|{{sfrac\|1\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\)}} numbers to describe any {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix.
In fact, we can view the sequential angle decomposition, discussed previously, as reversing this process. The composition of {{math\|''n'' − 1}} Givens rotations brings the first column (and row) to {{nowrap\|(1, 0, ..., 0\)}}, so that the remainder of the matrix is a rotation matrix of dimension one less, embedded so as to leave {{nowrap\|(1, 0, ..., 0\)}} fixed.
### Skew parameters via Cayley's formula
{{main\|Cayley transform\|Skew\-symmetric matrix}}
When an {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix {{mvar\|Q}}, does not include a −1 eigenvalue, thus none of the planar rotations which it comprises are 180° rotations, then {{math\|''Q'' \+ ''I''}} is an [invertible matrix](/wiki/Invertible_matrix "Invertible matrix"). Most rotation matrices fit this description, and for them it can be shown that {{math\|(''Q'' − ''I'')(''Q'' \+ ''I'')−1}} is a [skew\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix "Skew-symmetric matrix"), {{mvar\|A}}. Thus {{math\|''A''T {{\=}} −''A''}}; and since the diagonal is necessarily zero, and since the upper triangle determines the lower one, {{mvar\|A}} contains {{math\|{{sfrac\|1\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\)}} independent numbers.
Conveniently, {{math\|''I'' − ''A''}} is invertible whenever {{mvar\|A}} is skew\-symmetric; thus we can recover the original matrix using the *[Cayley transform](/wiki/Cayley_transform "Cayley transform")*,
A \\mapsto (I\+A)(I\-A)^{\-1} ,
which maps any skew\-symmetric matrix {{mvar\|A}} to a rotation matrix. In fact, aside from the noted exceptions, we can produce any rotation matrix in this way. Although in practical applications we can hardly afford to ignore 180° rotations, the Cayley transform is still a potentially useful tool, giving a parameterization of most rotation matrices without trigonometric functions.
In three dimensions, for example, we have {{Harv\|Cayley\|1846}}
\\begin{align}
```
&\begin{bmatrix}
0 & -z & y \\
z & 0 & -x \\
-y & x & 0
\end{bmatrix} \mapsto \\[3pt]
\quad \frac{1}{1 + x^2 + y^2 + z^2}
&\begin{bmatrix}
1 + x^2 - y^2 - z^2 & 2xy - 2z & 2y + 2xz \\
2xy + 2z & 1 - x^2 + y^2 - z^2 & 2yz - 2x \\
2xz - 2y & 2x + 2yz & 1 - x^2 - y^2 + z^2
\end{bmatrix} .
```
\\end{align}
If we condense the skew entries into a vector, {{math\|(''x'',''y'',''z'')}}, then we produce a 90° rotation around the {{mvar\|x}}\-axis for (1, 0, 0\), around the {{mvar\|y}}\-axis for (0, 1, 0\), and around the {{mvar\|z}}\-axis for (0, 0, 1\). The 180° rotations are just out of reach; for, in the limit as {{math\|''x'' → ∞}}, {{math\|(''x'', 0, 0\)}} does approach a 180° rotation around the {{mvar\|x}} axis, and similarly for other directions.
### Decomposition into shears
For the 2D case, a rotation matrix can be decomposed into three [shear matrices](/wiki/Shear_matrix "Shear matrix") ({{Harvnb\|Paeth\|1986}}):
\\begin{align}
```
R(\theta)
&{}=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -\tan \frac{\theta}{2}\\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0\\
\sin \theta & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -\tan \frac{\theta}{2}\\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
```
\\end{align}
This is useful, for instance, in computer graphics, since shears can be implemented with fewer multiplication instructions than rotating a bitmap directly. On modern computers, this may not matter, but it can be relevant for very old or low\-end microprocessors.
A rotation can also be written as two shears and [scaling](/wiki/Scaling_%28geometry%29 "Scaling (geometry)") ({{Harvnb\|Daubechies\|Sweldens\|1998}}):
\\begin{align}
```
R(\theta)
&{}=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0\\
\tan\theta & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -\sin\theta\cos\theta\\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\theta & 0\\
0 & \frac{1}{\cos\theta}
\end{bmatrix}
```
\\end{align}
|
[
"Decompositions\n--------------",
"### Independent planes",
"Consider the {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix\n Q \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0\\.36 \\& 0\\.48 \\& \\-0\\.80 \\\\\\\\ \\-0\\.80 \\& 0\\.60 \\& 0\\.00 \\\\\\\\ 0\\.48 \\& 0\\.64 \\& 0\\.60 \\\\end{bmatrix} . \nIf {{math\\|''Q''}} acts in a certain direction, {{math\\|'''v'''}}, purely as a scaling by a factor {{mvar\\|λ}}, then we have\n Q \\\\mathbf{v} \\= \\\\lambda \\\\mathbf{v}, \nso that\n \\\\mathbf{0} \\= (\\\\lambda I \\- Q) \\\\mathbf{v} . \nThus {{mvar\\|λ}} is a root of the [characteristic polynomial](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial \"Characteristic polynomial\") for {{mvar\\|Q}},\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n0 &{}= \\det (\\lambda I - Q) \\\\\n &{}= \\lambda^3 - \\tfrac{39}{25} \\lambda^2 + \\tfrac{39}{25} \\lambda - 1 \\\\\n &{}= (\\lambda-1) \\left(\\lambda^2 - \\tfrac{14}{25} \\lambda + 1\\right).",
"```\n\\\\end{align}\nTwo features are noteworthy. First, one of the roots (or [eigenvalues](/wiki/Eigenvalue \"Eigenvalue\")) is 1, which tells us that some direction is unaffected by the matrix. For rotations in three dimensions, this is the *axis* of the rotation (a concept that has no meaning in any other dimension). Second, the other two roots are a pair of complex conjugates, whose product is 1 (the constant term of the quadratic), and whose sum is {{math\\|2 cos ''θ''}} (the negated linear term). This factorization is of interest for {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices because the same thing occurs for all of them. (As special cases, for a null rotation the \"complex conjugates\" are both 1, and for a 180° rotation they are both −1\\.) Furthermore, a similar factorization holds for any {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix. If the dimension, {{mvar\\|n}}, is odd, there will be a \"dangling\" eigenvalue of 1; and for any dimension the rest of the polynomial factors into quadratic terms like the one here (with the two special cases noted). We are guaranteed that the characteristic polynomial will have degree {{mvar\\|n}} and thus {{mvar\\|n}} eigenvalues. And since a rotation matrix commutes with its transpose, it is a [normal matrix](/wiki/Normal_matrix \"Normal matrix\"), so can be diagonalized. We conclude that every rotation matrix, when expressed in a suitable coordinate system, partitions into independent rotations of two\\-dimensional subspaces, at most {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|''n''\\|2}}}} of them.",
"The sum of the entries on the main diagonal of a matrix is called the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\"); it does not change if we reorient the coordinate system, and always equals the sum of the eigenvalues. This has the convenient implication for {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} and {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices that the trace reveals the [angle of rotation](/wiki/Angle_of_rotation \"Angle of rotation\"), {{mvar\\|θ}}, in the two\\-dimensional space (or subspace). For a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} matrix the trace is {{math\\|2 cos ''θ''}}, and for a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} matrix it is {{math\\|1 \\+ 2 cos ''θ''}}. In the three\\-dimensional case, the subspace consists of all vectors perpendicular to the rotation axis (the invariant direction, with eigenvalue 1\\). Thus we can extract from any {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix a rotation axis and an angle, and these completely determine the rotation.",
"### Sequential angles",
"The constraints on a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix imply that it must have the form\nQ \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} a \\& \\-b \\\\\\\\ b \\& a \\\\end{bmatrix}\nwith {{math\\|''a''2 \\+ ''b''2 {{\\=}} 1}}. Therefore, we may set {{math\\|''a'' {{\\=}} cos ''θ''}} and {{math\\|''b'' {{\\=}} sin ''θ''}}, for some angle {{mvar\\|θ}}. To solve for {{mvar\\|θ}} it is not enough to look at {{mvar\\|a}} alone or {{mvar\\|b}} alone; we must consider both together to place the angle in the correct [quadrant](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system%23Cartesian_coordinates_in_two_dimensions \"Cartesian coordinate system#Cartesian coordinates in two dimensions\"), using a [two\\-argument arctangent](/wiki/Atan2 \"Atan2\") function.",
"Now consider the first column of a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix,\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\\\\\b\\\\\\\\c\\\\end{bmatrix} . \nAlthough {{math\\|''a''2 \\+ ''b''2}} will probably not equal 1, but some value {{math\\|''r''2 \\< 1}}, we can use a slight variation of the previous computation to find a so\\-called [Givens rotation](/wiki/Givens_rotation \"Givens rotation\") that transforms the column to\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}r\\\\\\\\0\\\\\\\\c\\\\end{bmatrix} , \nzeroing {{mvar\\|b}}. This acts on the subspace spanned by the {{mvar\\|x}}\\- and {{mvar\\|y}}\\-axes. We can then repeat the process for the {{mvar\\|xz}}\\-subspace to zero {{mvar\\|c}}. Acting on the full matrix, these two rotations produce the schematic form\nQ\\_{xz}Q\\_{xy}Q \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\&0\\&0\\\\\\\\0\\&\\\\ast\\&\\\\ast\\\\\\\\0\\&\\\\ast\\&\\\\ast\\\\end{bmatrix} . \nShifting attention to the second column, a Givens rotation of the {{mvar\\|yz}}\\-subspace can now zero the {{mvar\\|z}} value. This brings the full matrix to the form\nQ\\_{yz}Q\\_{xz}Q\\_{xy}Q \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\&0\\&0\\\\\\\\0\\&1\\&0\\\\\\\\0\\&0\\&1\\\\end{bmatrix} , \nwhich is an identity matrix. Thus we have decomposed {{mvar\\|Q}} as\nQ \\= Q\\_{xy}^{\\-1}Q\\_{xz}^{\\-1}Q\\_{yz}^{\\-1} .",
"An {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix will have {{math\\|(''n'' − 1\\) \\+ (''n'' − 2\\) \\+ ⋯ \\+ 2 \\+ 1}}, or\n\\\\sum\\_{k\\=1}^{n\\-1} k \\= \\\\frac{1}{2}n(n \\- 1\\) \nentries below the diagonal to zero. We can zero them by extending the same idea of stepping through the columns with a series of rotations in a fixed sequence of planes. We conclude that the set of {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices, each of which has {{math\\|''n''2}} entries, can be parameterized by {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|1\\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\\)}} angles.",
"",
"| {{math\\|''xzx''w}} | {{math\\|''xzy''w}} | {{math\\|''xyx''w}} | {{math\\|''xyz''w}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{math\\|''yxy''w}} | {{math\\|''yxz''w}} | {{math\\|''yzy''w}} | {{math\\|''yzx''w}} |\n| {{math\\|''zyz''w}} | {{math\\|''zyx''w}} | {{math\\|''zxz''w}} | {{math\\|''zxy''w}} |\n| {{math\\|''xzx''b}} | {{math\\|''yzx''b}} | {{math\\|''xyx''b}} | {{math\\|''zyx''b}} |\n| {{math\\|''yxy''b}} | {{math\\|''zxy''b}} | {{math\\|''yzy''b}} | {{math\\|''xzy''b}} |\n| {{math\\|''zyz''b}} | {{math\\|''xyz''b}} | {{math\\|''zxz''b}} | {{math\\|''yxz''b}} |",
"In three dimensions this restates in matrix form an observation made by [Euler](/wiki/Leonhard_Euler \"Leonhard Euler\"), so mathematicians call the ordered sequence of three angles [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles \"Euler angles\"). However, the situation is somewhat more complicated than we have so far indicated. Despite the small dimension, we actually have considerable freedom in the sequence of axis pairs we use; and we also have some freedom in the choice of angles. Thus we find many different conventions employed when three\\-dimensional rotations are parameterized for physics, or medicine, or chemistry, or other disciplines. When we include the option of world axes or body axes, 24 different sequences are possible. And while some disciplines call any sequence Euler angles, others give different names (Cardano, Tait–Bryan, [roll\\-pitch\\-yaw](/wiki/Roll-pitch-yaw \"Roll-pitch-yaw\")) to different sequences.",
"One reason for the large number of options is that, as noted previously, rotations in three dimensions (and higher) do not commute. If we reverse a given sequence of rotations, we get a different outcome. This also implies that we cannot compose two rotations by adding their corresponding angles. Thus Euler angles are not [vectors](/wiki/Vector_space \"Vector space\"), despite a similarity in appearance as a triplet of numbers.",
"### Nested dimensions",
"A {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix such as\nQ\\_{3 \\\\times 3} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n \\cos \\theta & -\\sin \\theta & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} \\\\\n \\sin \\theta & \\cos \\theta & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} \\\\\n {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\\color{CadetBlue}1}",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}",
"suggests a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix,\nQ\\_{2 \\\\times 2} \\=",
"```\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\theta & -\\sin \\theta \\\\ \n \\sin \\theta & \\cos \\theta\n \\end{bmatrix},",
"```",
"",
"is embedded in the upper left corner:\nQ\\_{3 \\\\times 3} \\= \\\\left\\[ \\\\begin{matrix} Q\\_{2 \\\\times 2} \\& \\\\mathbf{0} \\\\\\\\ \\\\mathbf{0}^\\\\mathsf{T} \\& 1 \\\\end{matrix} \\\\right].",
"This is no illusion; not just one, but many, copies of {{mvar\\|n}}\\-dimensional rotations are found within {{math\\|(''n'' \\+ 1\\)}}\\-dimensional rotations, as [subgroups](/wiki/Subgroup \"Subgroup\"). Each embedding leaves one direction fixed, which in the case of {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} matrices is the rotation axis. For example, we have\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n Q_{\\mathbf{x}}(\\theta) &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n {\\color{CadetBlue}1} & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} \\\\\n {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & \\cos \\theta & -\\sin \\theta \\\\\n {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & \\sin \\theta & \\cos \\theta\n \\end{bmatrix}, \\\\[8px]\n Q_{\\mathbf{y}}(\\theta) &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\theta & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & \\sin \\theta \\\\\n {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\\color{CadetBlue}1} & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} \\\\\n -\\sin \\theta & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & \\cos \\theta\n \\end{bmatrix}, \\\\[8px]\n Q_{\\mathbf{z}}(\\theta) &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos \\theta & -\\sin \\theta & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} \\\\\n \\sin \\theta & \\cos \\theta & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} \\\\\n {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\\color{CadetBlue}0} & {\\color{CadetBlue}1}\n \\end{bmatrix},",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"fixing the {{mvar\\|x}}\\-axis, the {{mvar\\|y}}\\-axis, and the {{mvar\\|z}}\\-axis, respectively. The rotation axis need not be a coordinate axis; if {{math\\|'''u''' {{\\=}} (''x'',''y'',''z'')}} is a unit vector in the desired direction, then\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n Q_\\mathbf{u}(\\theta)\n &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n 0 & -z & y \\\\\n z & 0 & -x \\\\\n -y & x & 0\n \\end{bmatrix} \\sin\\theta + \\left(I - \\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{u}^\\mathsf{T}\\right) \\cos\\theta + \\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{u}^\\mathsf{T} \\\\[8px]\n &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\left(1 - x^2\\right) c_\\theta + x^2 &\n -z s_\\theta - x y c_\\theta + x y &\n y s_\\theta - x z c_\\theta + x z \\\\\n z s_\\theta - x y c_\\theta + x y &\n \\left(1 - y^2\\right) c_\\theta + y^2 &\n -x s_\\theta - y z c_\\theta + y z \\\\\n -y s_\\theta - x z c_\\theta + x z &\n x s_\\theta - y z c_\\theta + y z &\n \\left(1 - z^2\\right) c_\\theta + z^2\n \\end{bmatrix} \\\\[8px]\n &= \\begin{bmatrix}\n x^2 (1 - c_\\theta) + c_\\theta &\n x y (1 - c_\\theta) - z s_\\theta &\n x z (1 - c_\\theta) + y s_\\theta \\\\\n x y (1 - c_\\theta) + z s_\\theta &\n y^2 (1 - c_\\theta) + c_\\theta &\n y z (1 - c_\\theta) - x s_\\theta \\\\\n x z (1 - c_\\theta) - y s_\\theta &\n y z (1 - c_\\theta) + x s_\\theta &\n z^2 (1 - c_\\theta) + c_\\theta\n \\end{bmatrix},",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"where {{math\\|''cθ'' {{\\=}} cos ''θ''}}, {{math\\|''sθ'' {{\\=}} sin ''θ''}}, is a rotation by angle {{mvar\\|θ}} leaving axis {{math\\|'''u'''}} fixed.",
"A direction in {{math\\|(''n'' \\+ 1\\)}}\\-dimensional space will be a unit magnitude vector, which we may consider a point on a generalized sphere, {{math\\|''S''''n''}}. Thus it is natural to describe the rotation group {{math\\|SO(''n'' \\+ 1\\)}} as combining {{math\\|SO(''n'')}} and {{math\\|''S''''n''}}. A suitable formalism is the [fiber bundle](/wiki/Fiber_bundle \"Fiber bundle\"),\nSO(n) \\\\hookrightarrow SO(n \\+ 1\\) \\\\to S^n ,",
"where for every direction in the base space, {{math\\|''S''''n''}}, the fiber over it in the total space, {{math\\|SO(''n'' \\+ 1\\)}}, is a copy of the fiber space, {{math\\|SO(''n'')}}, namely the rotations that keep that direction fixed.",
"Thus we can build an {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix by starting with a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} matrix, aiming its fixed axis on {{math\\|''S''2}} (the ordinary sphere in three\\-dimensional space), aiming the resulting rotation on {{math\\|''S''3}}, and so on up through {{math\\|''S''''n''−1}}. A point on {{math\\|''S''''n''}} can be selected using {{mvar\\|n}} numbers, so we again have {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|1\\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\\)}} numbers to describe any {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix.",
"In fact, we can view the sequential angle decomposition, discussed previously, as reversing this process. The composition of {{math\\|''n'' − 1}} Givens rotations brings the first column (and row) to {{nowrap\\|(1, 0, ..., 0\\)}}, so that the remainder of the matrix is a rotation matrix of dimension one less, embedded so as to leave {{nowrap\\|(1, 0, ..., 0\\)}} fixed.",
"### Skew parameters via Cayley's formula",
"{{main\\|Cayley transform\\|Skew\\-symmetric matrix}}\nWhen an {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix {{mvar\\|Q}}, does not include a −1 eigenvalue, thus none of the planar rotations which it comprises are 180° rotations, then {{math\\|''Q'' \\+ ''I''}} is an [invertible matrix](/wiki/Invertible_matrix \"Invertible matrix\"). Most rotation matrices fit this description, and for them it can be shown that {{math\\|(''Q'' − ''I'')(''Q'' \\+ ''I'')−1}} is a [skew\\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix \"Skew-symmetric matrix\"), {{mvar\\|A}}. Thus {{math\\|''A''T {{\\=}} −''A''}}; and since the diagonal is necessarily zero, and since the upper triangle determines the lower one, {{mvar\\|A}} contains {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|1\\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\\)}} independent numbers.",
"Conveniently, {{math\\|''I'' − ''A''}} is invertible whenever {{mvar\\|A}} is skew\\-symmetric; thus we can recover the original matrix using the *[Cayley transform](/wiki/Cayley_transform \"Cayley transform\")*,\n A \\\\mapsto (I\\+A)(I\\-A)^{\\-1} , \nwhich maps any skew\\-symmetric matrix {{mvar\\|A}} to a rotation matrix. In fact, aside from the noted exceptions, we can produce any rotation matrix in this way. Although in practical applications we can hardly afford to ignore 180° rotations, the Cayley transform is still a potentially useful tool, giving a parameterization of most rotation matrices without trigonometric functions.",
"In three dimensions, for example, we have {{Harv\\|Cayley\\|1846}}\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n &\\begin{bmatrix}\n 0 & -z & y \\\\\n z & 0 & -x \\\\\n -y & x & 0\n \\end{bmatrix} \\mapsto \\\\[3pt]\n \\quad \\frac{1}{1 + x^2 + y^2 + z^2}\n &\\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 + x^2 - y^2 - z^2 & 2xy - 2z & 2y + 2xz \\\\\n 2xy + 2z & 1 - x^2 + y^2 - z^2 & 2yz - 2x \\\\\n 2xz - 2y & 2x + 2yz & 1 - x^2 - y^2 + z^2\n \\end{bmatrix} .",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"If we condense the skew entries into a vector, {{math\\|(''x'',''y'',''z'')}}, then we produce a 90° rotation around the {{mvar\\|x}}\\-axis for (1, 0, 0\\), around the {{mvar\\|y}}\\-axis for (0, 1, 0\\), and around the {{mvar\\|z}}\\-axis for (0, 0, 1\\). The 180° rotations are just out of reach; for, in the limit as {{math\\|''x'' → ∞}}, {{math\\|(''x'', 0, 0\\)}} does approach a 180° rotation around the {{mvar\\|x}} axis, and similarly for other directions.",
"### Decomposition into shears",
"For the 2D case, a rotation matrix can be decomposed into three [shear matrices](/wiki/Shear_matrix \"Shear matrix\") ({{Harvnb\\|Paeth\\|1986}}):",
"\\\\begin{align}",
"```\nR(\\theta)\n&{}= \n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & -\\tan \\frac{\\theta}{2}\\\\\n 0 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix}\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 0\\\\\n \\sin \\theta & 1 \n \\end{bmatrix}\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & -\\tan \\frac{\\theta}{2}\\\\\n 0 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"This is useful, for instance, in computer graphics, since shears can be implemented with fewer multiplication instructions than rotating a bitmap directly. On modern computers, this may not matter, but it can be relevant for very old or low\\-end microprocessors.",
"A rotation can also be written as two shears and [scaling](/wiki/Scaling_%28geometry%29 \"Scaling (geometry)\") ({{Harvnb\\|Daubechies\\|Sweldens\\|1998}}):",
"\\\\begin{align}",
"```\nR(\\theta)\n&{}= \n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 0\\\\\n \\tan\\theta & 1\n \\end{bmatrix}\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & -\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta\\\\\n 0 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix}\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos\\theta & 0\\\\\n 0 & \\frac{1}{\\cos\\theta}\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
""
] |
### Sequential angles
The constraints on a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix imply that it must have the form
Q \= \\begin{bmatrix} a \& \-b \\\\ b \& a \\end{bmatrix}
with {{math\|''a''2 \+ ''b''2 {{\=}} 1}}. Therefore, we may set {{math\|''a'' {{\=}} cos ''θ''}} and {{math\|''b'' {{\=}} sin ''θ''}}, for some angle {{mvar\|θ}}. To solve for {{mvar\|θ}} it is not enough to look at {{mvar\|a}} alone or {{mvar\|b}} alone; we must consider both together to place the angle in the correct [quadrant](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system%23Cartesian_coordinates_in_two_dimensions "Cartesian coordinate system#Cartesian coordinates in two dimensions"), using a [two\-argument arctangent](/wiki/Atan2 "Atan2") function.
Now consider the first column of a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix,
\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\b\\\\c\\end{bmatrix} .
Although {{math\|''a''2 \+ ''b''2}} will probably not equal 1, but some value {{math\|''r''2 \< 1}}, we can use a slight variation of the previous computation to find a so\-called [Givens rotation](/wiki/Givens_rotation "Givens rotation") that transforms the column to
\\begin{bmatrix}r\\\\0\\\\c\\end{bmatrix} ,
zeroing {{mvar\|b}}. This acts on the subspace spanned by the {{mvar\|x}}\- and {{mvar\|y}}\-axes. We can then repeat the process for the {{mvar\|xz}}\-subspace to zero {{mvar\|c}}. Acting on the full matrix, these two rotations produce the schematic form
Q\_{xz}Q\_{xy}Q \= \\begin{bmatrix}1\&0\&0\\\\0\&\\ast\&\\ast\\\\0\&\\ast\&\\ast\\end{bmatrix} .
Shifting attention to the second column, a Givens rotation of the {{mvar\|yz}}\-subspace can now zero the {{mvar\|z}} value. This brings the full matrix to the form
Q\_{yz}Q\_{xz}Q\_{xy}Q \= \\begin{bmatrix}1\&0\&0\\\\0\&1\&0\\\\0\&0\&1\\end{bmatrix} ,
which is an identity matrix. Thus we have decomposed {{mvar\|Q}} as
Q \= Q\_{xy}^{\-1}Q\_{xz}^{\-1}Q\_{yz}^{\-1} .
An {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix will have {{math\|(''n'' − 1\) \+ (''n'' − 2\) \+ ⋯ \+ 2 \+ 1}}, or
\\sum\_{k\=1}^{n\-1} k \= \\frac{1}{2}n(n \- 1\)
entries below the diagonal to zero. We can zero them by extending the same idea of stepping through the columns with a series of rotations in a fixed sequence of planes. We conclude that the set of {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices, each of which has {{math\|''n''2}} entries, can be parameterized by {{math\|{{sfrac\|1\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\)}} angles.
| {{math\|''xzx''w}} | {{math\|''xzy''w}} | {{math\|''xyx''w}} | {{math\|''xyz''w}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{math\|''yxy''w}} | {{math\|''yxz''w}} | {{math\|''yzy''w}} | {{math\|''yzx''w}} |
| {{math\|''zyz''w}} | {{math\|''zyx''w}} | {{math\|''zxz''w}} | {{math\|''zxy''w}} |
| {{math\|''xzx''b}} | {{math\|''yzx''b}} | {{math\|''xyx''b}} | {{math\|''zyx''b}} |
| {{math\|''yxy''b}} | {{math\|''zxy''b}} | {{math\|''yzy''b}} | {{math\|''xzy''b}} |
| {{math\|''zyz''b}} | {{math\|''xyz''b}} | {{math\|''zxz''b}} | {{math\|''yxz''b}} |
In three dimensions this restates in matrix form an observation made by [Euler](/wiki/Leonhard_Euler "Leonhard Euler"), so mathematicians call the ordered sequence of three angles [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles "Euler angles"). However, the situation is somewhat more complicated than we have so far indicated. Despite the small dimension, we actually have considerable freedom in the sequence of axis pairs we use; and we also have some freedom in the choice of angles. Thus we find many different conventions employed when three\-dimensional rotations are parameterized for physics, or medicine, or chemistry, or other disciplines. When we include the option of world axes or body axes, 24 different sequences are possible. And while some disciplines call any sequence Euler angles, others give different names (Cardano, Tait–Bryan, [roll\-pitch\-yaw](/wiki/Roll-pitch-yaw "Roll-pitch-yaw")) to different sequences.
One reason for the large number of options is that, as noted previously, rotations in three dimensions (and higher) do not commute. If we reverse a given sequence of rotations, we get a different outcome. This also implies that we cannot compose two rotations by adding their corresponding angles. Thus Euler angles are not [vectors](/wiki/Vector_space "Vector space"), despite a similarity in appearance as a triplet of numbers.
|
[
"### Sequential angles",
"The constraints on a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix imply that it must have the form\nQ \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} a \\& \\-b \\\\\\\\ b \\& a \\\\end{bmatrix}\nwith {{math\\|''a''2 \\+ ''b''2 {{\\=}} 1}}. Therefore, we may set {{math\\|''a'' {{\\=}} cos ''θ''}} and {{math\\|''b'' {{\\=}} sin ''θ''}}, for some angle {{mvar\\|θ}}. To solve for {{mvar\\|θ}} it is not enough to look at {{mvar\\|a}} alone or {{mvar\\|b}} alone; we must consider both together to place the angle in the correct [quadrant](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system%23Cartesian_coordinates_in_two_dimensions \"Cartesian coordinate system#Cartesian coordinates in two dimensions\"), using a [two\\-argument arctangent](/wiki/Atan2 \"Atan2\") function.",
"Now consider the first column of a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix,\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\\\\\b\\\\\\\\c\\\\end{bmatrix} . \nAlthough {{math\\|''a''2 \\+ ''b''2}} will probably not equal 1, but some value {{math\\|''r''2 \\< 1}}, we can use a slight variation of the previous computation to find a so\\-called [Givens rotation](/wiki/Givens_rotation \"Givens rotation\") that transforms the column to\n\\\\begin{bmatrix}r\\\\\\\\0\\\\\\\\c\\\\end{bmatrix} , \nzeroing {{mvar\\|b}}. This acts on the subspace spanned by the {{mvar\\|x}}\\- and {{mvar\\|y}}\\-axes. We can then repeat the process for the {{mvar\\|xz}}\\-subspace to zero {{mvar\\|c}}. Acting on the full matrix, these two rotations produce the schematic form\nQ\\_{xz}Q\\_{xy}Q \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\&0\\&0\\\\\\\\0\\&\\\\ast\\&\\\\ast\\\\\\\\0\\&\\\\ast\\&\\\\ast\\\\end{bmatrix} . \nShifting attention to the second column, a Givens rotation of the {{mvar\\|yz}}\\-subspace can now zero the {{mvar\\|z}} value. This brings the full matrix to the form\nQ\\_{yz}Q\\_{xz}Q\\_{xy}Q \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\&0\\&0\\\\\\\\0\\&1\\&0\\\\\\\\0\\&0\\&1\\\\end{bmatrix} , \nwhich is an identity matrix. Thus we have decomposed {{mvar\\|Q}} as\nQ \\= Q\\_{xy}^{\\-1}Q\\_{xz}^{\\-1}Q\\_{yz}^{\\-1} .",
"An {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrix will have {{math\\|(''n'' − 1\\) \\+ (''n'' − 2\\) \\+ ⋯ \\+ 2 \\+ 1}}, or\n\\\\sum\\_{k\\=1}^{n\\-1} k \\= \\\\frac{1}{2}n(n \\- 1\\) \nentries below the diagonal to zero. We can zero them by extending the same idea of stepping through the columns with a series of rotations in a fixed sequence of planes. We conclude that the set of {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices, each of which has {{math\\|''n''2}} entries, can be parameterized by {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|1\\|2}}''n''(''n'' − 1\\)}} angles.",
"",
"| {{math\\|''xzx''w}} | {{math\\|''xzy''w}} | {{math\\|''xyx''w}} | {{math\\|''xyz''w}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{math\\|''yxy''w}} | {{math\\|''yxz''w}} | {{math\\|''yzy''w}} | {{math\\|''yzx''w}} |\n| {{math\\|''zyz''w}} | {{math\\|''zyx''w}} | {{math\\|''zxz''w}} | {{math\\|''zxy''w}} |\n| {{math\\|''xzx''b}} | {{math\\|''yzx''b}} | {{math\\|''xyx''b}} | {{math\\|''zyx''b}} |\n| {{math\\|''yxy''b}} | {{math\\|''zxy''b}} | {{math\\|''yzy''b}} | {{math\\|''xzy''b}} |\n| {{math\\|''zyz''b}} | {{math\\|''xyz''b}} | {{math\\|''zxz''b}} | {{math\\|''yxz''b}} |",
"In three dimensions this restates in matrix form an observation made by [Euler](/wiki/Leonhard_Euler \"Leonhard Euler\"), so mathematicians call the ordered sequence of three angles [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles \"Euler angles\"). However, the situation is somewhat more complicated than we have so far indicated. Despite the small dimension, we actually have considerable freedom in the sequence of axis pairs we use; and we also have some freedom in the choice of angles. Thus we find many different conventions employed when three\\-dimensional rotations are parameterized for physics, or medicine, or chemistry, or other disciplines. When we include the option of world axes or body axes, 24 different sequences are possible. And while some disciplines call any sequence Euler angles, others give different names (Cardano, Tait–Bryan, [roll\\-pitch\\-yaw](/wiki/Roll-pitch-yaw \"Roll-pitch-yaw\")) to different sequences.",
"One reason for the large number of options is that, as noted previously, rotations in three dimensions (and higher) do not commute. If we reverse a given sequence of rotations, we get a different outcome. This also implies that we cannot compose two rotations by adding their corresponding angles. Thus Euler angles are not [vectors](/wiki/Vector_space \"Vector space\"), despite a similarity in appearance as a triplet of numbers.",
""
] |
Group theory
------------
Below follow some basic facts about the role of the collection of *all* rotation matrices of a fixed dimension (here mostly 3\) in mathematics and particularly in physics where [rotational symmetry](/wiki/Rotational_symmetry "Rotational symmetry") is a *requirement* of every truly fundamental law (due to the assumption of **isotropy of space**), and where the same symmetry, when present, is a *simplifying property* of many problems of less fundamental nature. Examples abound in [classical mechanics](/wiki/Classical_mechanics "Classical mechanics") and [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics "Quantum mechanics"). Knowledge of the part of the solutions pertaining to this symmetry applies (with qualifications) to *all* such problems and it can be factored out of a specific problem at hand, thus reducing its complexity. A prime example – in mathematics and physics – would be the theory of [spherical harmonics](/wiki/Spherical_harmonics "Spherical harmonics"). Their role in the group theory of the rotation groups is that of being a [representation space](/wiki/Representation_space "Representation space") for the entire set of finite\-dimensional [irreducible representations](/wiki/Irreducible_representation "Irreducible representation") of the rotation group SO(3\). For this topic, see [Rotation group SO(3\) § Spherical harmonics](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Spherical_harmonics "Rotation group SO(3)#Spherical harmonics").
The main articles listed in each subsection are referred to for more detail.
### Lie group
{{main\|Special orthogonal group\|Rotation group SO(3\)}}
The {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices for each {{mvar\|n}} form a [group](/wiki/Group_%28mathematics%29 "Group (mathematics)"), the [special orthogonal group](/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group "Special orthogonal group"), {{math\|SO(''n'')}}. This [algebraic structure](/wiki/Algebraic_structure "Algebraic structure") is coupled with a [topological structure](/wiki/Topological_structure "Topological structure") inherited from \\operatorname{GL}\_n(\\R) in such a way that the operations of multiplication and taking the inverse are [analytic functions](/wiki/Analytic_function "Analytic function") of the matrix entries. Thus {{math\|SO(''n'')}} is for each {{mvar\|n}} a [Lie group](/wiki/Lie_group "Lie group"). It is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space "Compact space") and [connected](/wiki/Connected_space "Connected space"), but not [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected "Simply connected"). It is also a [semi\-simple group](/wiki/Semi-simple_group "Semi-simple group"), in fact a [simple group](/wiki/Simple_group "Simple group") with the exception SO(4\).{{Harvtxt\|Baker\|2003}}; {{Harvtxt\|Fulton\|Harris\|1991}} The relevance of this is that all theorems and all machinery from the theory of [analytic manifolds](/wiki/Analytic_manifold "Analytic manifold") (analytic manifolds are in particular [smooth manifolds](/wiki/Smooth_manifold "Smooth manifold")) apply and the well\-developed representation theory of compact semi\-simple groups is ready for use.
### Lie algebra
{{main\|Rotation group SO(3\)\#Lie algebra}}
The Lie algebra {{math\|'''so'''(''n'')}} of {{math\|SO(''n'')}} is given by
\\mathfrak{so}(n) \= \\mathfrak{o}(n) \= \\left\\{X \\in M\_n(\\mathbb{R}) \\mid X \= \-X^\\mathsf{T} \\right\\},
and is the space of skew\-symmetric matrices of dimension {{math\|''n''}}, see [classical group](/wiki/Classical_group "Classical group"), where {{math\|'''o'''(''n'')}} is the Lie algebra of {{math\|O(''n'')}}, the [orthogonal group](/wiki/Orthogonal_group "Orthogonal group"). For reference, the most common basis for {{math\|'''so'''(3\)}} is
```
L_{\mathbf{x}} = \begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\0&0&-1\\0&1&0\end{bmatrix} , \quad
L_{\mathbf{y}} = \begin{bmatrix}0&0&1\\0&0&0\\-1&0&0\end{bmatrix} , \quad
L_{\mathbf{z}} = \begin{bmatrix}0&-1&0\\1&0&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}.
```
### Exponential map
{{main\|Rotation group SO(3\)\#Exponential map\|Matrix exponential}}
Connecting the Lie algebra to the Lie group is the [exponential map](/wiki/Exponential_map_%28Lie_theory%29 "Exponential map (Lie theory)"), which is defined using the standard [matrix exponential](/wiki/Matrix_exponential "Matrix exponential") series for {{mvar\|eA}}{{Harv\|Wedderburn\|1934\|loc\=§8\.02}} For any [skew\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix "Skew-symmetric matrix") {{mvar\|A}}, {{math\|exp(''A'')}} is always a rotation matrix.Note that this exponential map of skew\-symmetric matrices to rotation matrices is quite different from the Cayley transform discussed earlier, differing to the third order,
e^{2A} \- \\frac{I\+A}{I\-A}\=\- \\tfrac{2}{3} A^3 \+\\mathrm{O} \\left(A^4\\right) .
Conversely, a [skew\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix "Skew-symmetric matrix") {{mvar\|A}} specifying a rotation matrix through the Cayley map specifies the *same* rotation matrix through the map {{math\|exp(2 artanh ''A'')}}.
An important practical example is the {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} case. In [rotation group SO(3\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29 "Rotation group SO(3)"), it is shown that one can identify every {{math\|''A'' ∈ '''so'''(3\)}} with an Euler vector {{math\|1\='''ω''' \= ''θ'''''u'''}}, where {{math\|1\='''u''' \= (''x'', ''y'', ''z'')}} is a unit magnitude vector.
By the properties of the identification \\mathbf{su}(2\) \\cong \\mathbb{R}^3, {{math\|'''u'''}} is in the null space of {{mvar\|A}}. Thus, {{math\|'''u'''}} is left invariant by {{math\|exp(''A'')}} and is hence a rotation axis.
According to [Rodrigues' rotation formula on matrix form](/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula%23Matrix_notation "Rodrigues' rotation formula#Matrix notation"), one obtains,
\\begin{align}
```
\exp( A ) &= \exp\bigl(\theta(\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{L})\bigr) \\
&= \exp \left( \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -z \theta & y \theta \\ z \theta & 0&-x \theta \\ -y \theta & x \theta & 0 \end{bmatrix} \right) \\
&= I + \sin \theta \ \mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{L} + (1-\cos \theta)(\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{L} )^2 ,
```
\\end{align}
where
\\mathbf{u}\\cdot\\mathbf{L} \= \\begin{bmatrix} 0 \& \-z \& y \\\\ z \& 0\&\-x \\\\ \-y \& x \& 0 \\end{bmatrix} .
This is the matrix for a rotation around axis {{math\|'''u'''}} by the angle {{mvar\|θ}}. For full detail, see [exponential map SO(3\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Exponential_map "Rotation group SO(3)#Exponential map").
### Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula
{{main\|Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula\|Rotation group SO(3\)\#Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula}}
The BCH formula provides an explicit expression for {{math\|1\=''Z'' \= log(''e''''X''''e''''Y'')}} in terms of a series expansion of nested commutators of {{mvar\|X}} and {{mvar\|Y}}.{{Harvnb\|Hall\|2004\|loc\=Ch. 3}}; {{Harvnb\|Varadarajan\|1984\|loc\=§2\.15}} This general expansion unfolds asFor a detailed derivation, see [Derivative of the exponential map](/wiki/Derivative_of_the_exponential_map "Derivative of the exponential map"). Issues of convergence of this series to the right element of the Lie algebra are here swept under the carpet. Convergence is guaranteed when {{math\|{{norm\|''X''}} \+ {{norm\|''Y''}} \< log 2}} and {{math\|{{norm\|''Z''}} \< log 2}}. If these conditions are not fulfilled, the series may still converge. A solution always exists since {{math\|exp}} is onto{{clarify\|date\=June 2017}} in the cases under consideration.
Z \= C(X, Y) \= X \+ Y \+ \\tfrac{1}{2} \[X, Y] \+ \\tfrac{1}{12} \\bigl\[X,\[X,Y]\\bigr] \- \\tfrac{1}{12} \\bigl\[Y,\[X,Y]\\bigr] \+ \\cdots .
In the {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} case, the general infinite expansion has a compact form,{{Harv\|Engø\|2001}}
Z \= \\alpha X \+ \\beta Y \+ \\gamma\[X, Y],
for suitable trigonometric function coefficients, detailed in the [Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula for SO(3\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Baker%E2%80%93Campbell%E2%80%93Hausdorff_formula "Rotation group SO(3)#Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula").
As a group identity, the above holds for *all faithful representations*, including the doublet (spinor representation), which is simpler. The same explicit formula thus follows straightforwardly through Pauli matrices; see the [{{nowrap\|2 × 2}} derivation for SU(2\)](/wiki/Pauli_matrices%23Exponential_of_a_Pauli_vector "Pauli matrices#Exponential of a Pauli vector"). For the general {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} case, one might use Ref.{{Cite journal \| doi \= 10\.3842/SIGMA.2014\.084\|last1 \= Curtright\|last2 \= Fairlie\|last3 \= Zachos \|first1 \= T L \|first2 \= D B \|first3 \= C K\|author\-link\=Thomas Curtright\|author\-link2\=David Fairlie\|author\-link3\=Cosmas Zachos\|year \= 2014\|title \= A compact formula for rotations as spin matrix polynomials\| journal \=SIGMA\| volume\=10\| page\=084\|arxiv \= 1402\.3541\|bibcode \= 2014SIGMA..10\..084C\|s2cid \= 18776942}}
### Spin group
{{main\|Spin group\|Rotation group SO(3\)\#Connection between SO(3\) and SU(2\)}}
The Lie group of {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices, {{math\|SO(''n'')}}, is not [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected_space "Simply connected space"), so Lie theory tells us it is a homomorphic image of a [universal covering group](/wiki/Universal_covering_group "Universal covering group"). Often the covering group, which in this case is called the [spin group](/wiki/Spin_group "Spin group") denoted by {{math\|Spin(''n'')}}, is simpler and more natural to work with.{{Harvnb \|Baker\|2003\|loc\=Ch. 5}}; {{Harvnb\|Fulton\|Harris\|1991\|pp\=299–315}}
In the case of planar rotations, SO(2\) is topologically a [circle](/wiki/Circle "Circle"), {{math\|''S''1}}. Its universal covering group, Spin(2\), is isomorphic to the [real line](/wiki/Real_line "Real line"), {{math\|'''R'''}}, under addition. Whenever angles of arbitrary magnitude are used one is taking advantage of the convenience of the universal cover. Every {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix is produced by a countable infinity of angles, separated by integer multiples of 2{{pi}}. Correspondingly, the [fundamental group](/wiki/Fundamental_group "Fundamental group") of {{math\|SO(2\)}} is isomorphic to the integers, {{math\|'''Z'''}}.
In the case of spatial rotations, [SO(3\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29 "Rotation group SO(3)") is topologically equivalent to three\-dimensional [real projective space](/wiki/Real_projective_space "Real projective space"), {{math\|'''RP'''3}}. Its universal covering group, Spin(3\), is isomorphic to the {{nowrap\|3\-sphere}}, {{math\|''S''3}}. Every {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix is produced by two opposite points on the sphere. Correspondingly, the [fundamental group](/wiki/Fundamental_group "Fundamental group") of SO(3\) is isomorphic to the two\-element group, {{math\|'''Z'''2}}.
We can also describe Spin(3\) as isomorphic to [quaternions](/wiki/Quaternion "Quaternion") of unit norm under multiplication, or to certain {{nowrap\|4 × 4}} real matrices, or to {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} complex [special unitary matrices](/wiki/Special_unitary_group "Special unitary group"), namely SU(2\). The covering maps for the first and the last case are given by
\\mathbb{H} \\supset \\{q \\in \\mathbb{H}: \\\|q\\\| \= 1\\} \\ni w \+ \\mathbf{i}x \+ \\mathbf{j}y \+ \\mathbf{k}z \\mapsto
```
\begin{bmatrix}
1 - 2 y^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 x y - 2 z w & 2 x z + 2 y w \\
2 x y + 2 z w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 y z - 2 x w \\
2 x z - 2 y w & 2 y z + 2 x w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 y^2
\end{bmatrix} \in \mathrm{SO}(3),
```
and
\\mathrm{SU}(2\) \\ni \\begin{bmatrix}
```
\alpha & \beta \\
-\overline{\beta} & \overline{\alpha}
\end{bmatrix} \mapsto
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{1}{2}\left(\alpha^2 - \beta^2 + \overline{\alpha^2} - \overline{\beta^2}\right) &
\frac{i}{2}\left(-\alpha^2 - \beta^2 + \overline{\alpha^2} + \overline{\beta^2}\right) &
-\alpha\beta - \overline{\alpha}\overline{\beta} \\
\frac{i}{2}\left(\alpha^2 - \beta^2 - \overline{\alpha^2} + \overline{\beta^2}\right) &
\frac{i}{2}\left(\alpha^2 + \beta^2 + \overline{\alpha^2} + \overline{\beta^2}\right) &
-i\left(+\alpha\beta - \overline{\alpha}\overline{\beta}\right) \\
\alpha\overline{\beta} + \overline{\alpha}\beta &
i\left(-\alpha\overline{\beta} + \overline{\alpha}\beta\right) &
\alpha\overline{\alpha} - \beta\overline{\beta}
\end{bmatrix} \in \mathrm{SO}(3).
```
For a detailed account of the {{nowrap\|SU(2\)\-covering}} and the quaternionic covering, see [spin group SO(3\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Connection_between_SO%283%29_and_SU%282%29 "Rotation group SO(3)#Connection between SO(3) and SU(2)").
Many features of these cases are the same for higher dimensions. The coverings are all two\-to\-one, with {{math\|SO(''n'')}}, {{math\|''n'' \> 2}}, having fundamental group {{math\|'''Z'''2}}. The natural setting for these groups is within a [Clifford algebra](/wiki/Clifford_algebra "Clifford algebra"). One type of action of the rotations is produced by a kind of "sandwich", denoted by {{math\|''qvq''∗}}. More importantly in applications to physics, the corresponding spin representation of the Lie algebra sits inside the Clifford algebra. It can be exponentiated in the usual way to give rise to a {{nowrap\|2\-valued}} representation, also known as [projective representation](/wiki/Projective_representation "Projective representation") of the rotation group. This is the case with SO(3\) and SU(2\), where the {{nowrap\|2\-valued}} representation can be viewed as an "inverse" of the covering map. By properties of covering maps, the inverse can be chosen ono\-to\-one as a local section, but not globally.
### Infinitesimal rotations
{{main\|Infinitesimal rotation matrix}}
The matrices in the Lie algebra are not themselves rotations; the skew\-symmetric matrices are derivatives, proportional differences of rotations. An actual "differential rotation", or *infinitesimal rotation matrix* has the form
I \+ A \\, d\\theta ,
where {{math\|''dθ''}} is vanishingly small and {{math\|''A'' ∈ '''so'''(n)}}, for instance with {{math\|1\=''A'' \= ''L''''x''}},
dL\_{x} \= \\begin{bmatrix} 1 \& 0 \& 0 \\\\ 0 \& 1 \& \-d\\theta \\\\ 0 \& d\\theta \& 1 \\end{bmatrix}.
The computation rules are as usual except that infinitesimals of second order are routinely dropped. With these rules, these matrices do not satisfy all the same properties as ordinary finite rotation matrices under the usual treatment of infinitesimals.{{Harv\|Goldstein\|Poole\|Safko\|2002\|loc\=§4\.8}} It turns out that *the order in which infinitesimal rotations are applied is irrelevant*. To see this exemplified, consult [infinitesimal rotations SO(3\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Infinitesimal_rotations "Rotation group SO(3)#Infinitesimal rotations").
|
[
"Group theory\n------------",
"Below follow some basic facts about the role of the collection of *all* rotation matrices of a fixed dimension (here mostly 3\\) in mathematics and particularly in physics where [rotational symmetry](/wiki/Rotational_symmetry \"Rotational symmetry\") is a *requirement* of every truly fundamental law (due to the assumption of **isotropy of space**), and where the same symmetry, when present, is a *simplifying property* of many problems of less fundamental nature. Examples abound in [classical mechanics](/wiki/Classical_mechanics \"Classical mechanics\") and [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics \"Quantum mechanics\"). Knowledge of the part of the solutions pertaining to this symmetry applies (with qualifications) to *all* such problems and it can be factored out of a specific problem at hand, thus reducing its complexity. A prime example – in mathematics and physics – would be the theory of [spherical harmonics](/wiki/Spherical_harmonics \"Spherical harmonics\"). Their role in the group theory of the rotation groups is that of being a [representation space](/wiki/Representation_space \"Representation space\") for the entire set of finite\\-dimensional [irreducible representations](/wiki/Irreducible_representation \"Irreducible representation\") of the rotation group SO(3\\). For this topic, see [Rotation group SO(3\\) § Spherical harmonics](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Spherical_harmonics \"Rotation group SO(3)#Spherical harmonics\").",
"The main articles listed in each subsection are referred to for more detail.",
"### Lie group",
"{{main\\|Special orthogonal group\\|Rotation group SO(3\\)}}\nThe {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices for each {{mvar\\|n}} form a [group](/wiki/Group_%28mathematics%29 \"Group (mathematics)\"), the [special orthogonal group](/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group \"Special orthogonal group\"), {{math\\|SO(''n'')}}. This [algebraic structure](/wiki/Algebraic_structure \"Algebraic structure\") is coupled with a [topological structure](/wiki/Topological_structure \"Topological structure\") inherited from \\\\operatorname{GL}\\_n(\\\\R) in such a way that the operations of multiplication and taking the inverse are [analytic functions](/wiki/Analytic_function \"Analytic function\") of the matrix entries. Thus {{math\\|SO(''n'')}} is for each {{mvar\\|n}} a [Lie group](/wiki/Lie_group \"Lie group\"). It is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space \"Compact space\") and [connected](/wiki/Connected_space \"Connected space\"), but not [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected \"Simply connected\"). It is also a [semi\\-simple group](/wiki/Semi-simple_group \"Semi-simple group\"), in fact a [simple group](/wiki/Simple_group \"Simple group\") with the exception SO(4\\).{{Harvtxt\\|Baker\\|2003}}; {{Harvtxt\\|Fulton\\|Harris\\|1991}} The relevance of this is that all theorems and all machinery from the theory of [analytic manifolds](/wiki/Analytic_manifold \"Analytic manifold\") (analytic manifolds are in particular [smooth manifolds](/wiki/Smooth_manifold \"Smooth manifold\")) apply and the well\\-developed representation theory of compact semi\\-simple groups is ready for use.",
"### Lie algebra",
"{{main\\|Rotation group SO(3\\)\\#Lie algebra}}\nThe Lie algebra {{math\\|'''so'''(''n'')}} of {{math\\|SO(''n'')}} is given by\n\\\\mathfrak{so}(n) \\= \\\\mathfrak{o}(n) \\= \\\\left\\\\{X \\\\in M\\_n(\\\\mathbb{R}) \\\\mid X \\= \\-X^\\\\mathsf{T} \\\\right\\\\},\nand is the space of skew\\-symmetric matrices of dimension {{math\\|''n''}}, see [classical group](/wiki/Classical_group \"Classical group\"), where {{math\\|'''o'''(''n'')}} is the Lie algebra of {{math\\|O(''n'')}}, the [orthogonal group](/wiki/Orthogonal_group \"Orthogonal group\"). For reference, the most common basis for {{math\\|'''so'''(3\\)}} is",
"```\nL_{\\mathbf{x}} = \\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\\\0&0&-1\\\\0&1&0\\end{bmatrix} , \\quad\nL_{\\mathbf{y}} = \\begin{bmatrix}0&0&1\\\\0&0&0\\\\-1&0&0\\end{bmatrix} , \\quad\nL_{\\mathbf{z}} = \\begin{bmatrix}0&-1&0\\\\1&0&0\\\\0&0&0\\end{bmatrix}.",
"```",
"",
"### Exponential map",
"{{main\\|Rotation group SO(3\\)\\#Exponential map\\|Matrix exponential}}\nConnecting the Lie algebra to the Lie group is the [exponential map](/wiki/Exponential_map_%28Lie_theory%29 \"Exponential map (Lie theory)\"), which is defined using the standard [matrix exponential](/wiki/Matrix_exponential \"Matrix exponential\") series for {{mvar\\|eA}}{{Harv\\|Wedderburn\\|1934\\|loc\\=§8\\.02}} For any [skew\\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix \"Skew-symmetric matrix\") {{mvar\\|A}}, {{math\\|exp(''A'')}} is always a rotation matrix.Note that this exponential map of skew\\-symmetric matrices to rotation matrices is quite different from the Cayley transform discussed earlier, differing to the third order,\ne^{2A} \\- \\\\frac{I\\+A}{I\\-A}\\=\\- \\\\tfrac{2}{3} A^3 \\+\\\\mathrm{O} \\\\left(A^4\\\\right) . \nConversely, a [skew\\-symmetric matrix](/wiki/Skew-symmetric_matrix \"Skew-symmetric matrix\") {{mvar\\|A}} specifying a rotation matrix through the Cayley map specifies the *same* rotation matrix through the map {{math\\|exp(2 artanh ''A'')}}.",
"An important practical example is the {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} case. In [rotation group SO(3\\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29 \"Rotation group SO(3)\"), it is shown that one can identify every {{math\\|''A'' ∈ '''so'''(3\\)}} with an Euler vector {{math\\|1\\='''ω''' \\= ''θ'''''u'''}}, where {{math\\|1\\='''u''' \\= (''x'', ''y'', ''z'')}} is a unit magnitude vector.",
"By the properties of the identification \\\\mathbf{su}(2\\) \\\\cong \\\\mathbb{R}^3, {{math\\|'''u'''}} is in the null space of {{mvar\\|A}}. Thus, {{math\\|'''u'''}} is left invariant by {{math\\|exp(''A'')}} and is hence a rotation axis.",
"According to [Rodrigues' rotation formula on matrix form](/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula%23Matrix_notation \"Rodrigues' rotation formula#Matrix notation\"), one obtains,",
"\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n\\exp( A ) &= \\exp\\bigl(\\theta(\\mathbf{u}\\cdot\\mathbf{L})\\bigr) \\\\\n &= \\exp \\left( \\begin{bmatrix} 0 & -z \\theta & y \\theta \\\\ z \\theta & 0&-x \\theta \\\\ -y \\theta & x \\theta & 0 \\end{bmatrix} \\right) \\\\\n &= I + \\sin \\theta \\ \\mathbf{u}\\cdot\\mathbf{L} + (1-\\cos \\theta)(\\mathbf{u}\\cdot\\mathbf{L} )^2 ,",
"```\n\\\\end{align}\nwhere\n \\\\mathbf{u}\\\\cdot\\\\mathbf{L} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\& \\-z \\& y \\\\\\\\ z \\& 0\\&\\-x \\\\\\\\ \\-y \\& x \\& 0 \\\\end{bmatrix} .",
"This is the matrix for a rotation around axis {{math\\|'''u'''}} by the angle {{mvar\\|θ}}. For full detail, see [exponential map SO(3\\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Exponential_map \"Rotation group SO(3)#Exponential map\").",
"### Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula",
"{{main\\|Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula\\|Rotation group SO(3\\)\\#Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula}}\nThe BCH formula provides an explicit expression for {{math\\|1\\=''Z'' \\= log(''e''''X''''e''''Y'')}} in terms of a series expansion of nested commutators of {{mvar\\|X}} and {{mvar\\|Y}}.{{Harvnb\\|Hall\\|2004\\|loc\\=Ch. 3}}; {{Harvnb\\|Varadarajan\\|1984\\|loc\\=§2\\.15}} This general expansion unfolds asFor a detailed derivation, see [Derivative of the exponential map](/wiki/Derivative_of_the_exponential_map \"Derivative of the exponential map\"). Issues of convergence of this series to the right element of the Lie algebra are here swept under the carpet. Convergence is guaranteed when {{math\\|{{norm\\|''X''}} \\+ {{norm\\|''Y''}} \\< log 2}} and {{math\\|{{norm\\|''Z''}} \\< log 2}}. If these conditions are not fulfilled, the series may still converge. A solution always exists since {{math\\|exp}} is onto{{clarify\\|date\\=June 2017}} in the cases under consideration.\n Z \\= C(X, Y) \\= X \\+ Y \\+ \\\\tfrac{1}{2} \\[X, Y] \\+ \\\\tfrac{1}{12} \\\\bigl\\[X,\\[X,Y]\\\\bigr] \\- \\\\tfrac{1}{12} \\\\bigl\\[Y,\\[X,Y]\\\\bigr] \\+ \\\\cdots .",
"In the {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} case, the general infinite expansion has a compact form,{{Harv\\|Engø\\|2001}}\nZ \\= \\\\alpha X \\+ \\\\beta Y \\+ \\\\gamma\\[X, Y],\nfor suitable trigonometric function coefficients, detailed in the [Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula for SO(3\\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Baker%E2%80%93Campbell%E2%80%93Hausdorff_formula \"Rotation group SO(3)#Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula\").",
"As a group identity, the above holds for *all faithful representations*, including the doublet (spinor representation), which is simpler. The same explicit formula thus follows straightforwardly through Pauli matrices; see the [{{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} derivation for SU(2\\)](/wiki/Pauli_matrices%23Exponential_of_a_Pauli_vector \"Pauli matrices#Exponential of a Pauli vector\"). For the general {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} case, one might use Ref.{{Cite journal \\| doi \\= 10\\.3842/SIGMA.2014\\.084\\|last1 \\= Curtright\\|last2 \\= Fairlie\\|last3 \\= Zachos \\|first1 \\= T L \\|first2 \\= D B \\|first3 \\= C K\\|author\\-link\\=Thomas Curtright\\|author\\-link2\\=David Fairlie\\|author\\-link3\\=Cosmas Zachos\\|year \\= 2014\\|title \\= A compact formula for rotations as spin matrix polynomials\\| journal \\=SIGMA\\| volume\\=10\\| page\\=084\\|arxiv \\= 1402\\.3541\\|bibcode \\= 2014SIGMA..10\\..084C\\|s2cid \\= 18776942}}",
"### Spin group",
"{{main\\|Spin group\\|Rotation group SO(3\\)\\#Connection between SO(3\\) and SU(2\\)}}\nThe Lie group of {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} rotation matrices, {{math\\|SO(''n'')}}, is not [simply connected](/wiki/Simply_connected_space \"Simply connected space\"), so Lie theory tells us it is a homomorphic image of a [universal covering group](/wiki/Universal_covering_group \"Universal covering group\"). Often the covering group, which in this case is called the [spin group](/wiki/Spin_group \"Spin group\") denoted by {{math\\|Spin(''n'')}}, is simpler and more natural to work with.{{Harvnb \\|Baker\\|2003\\|loc\\=Ch. 5}}; {{Harvnb\\|Fulton\\|Harris\\|1991\\|pp\\=299–315}}",
"In the case of planar rotations, SO(2\\) is topologically a [circle](/wiki/Circle \"Circle\"), {{math\\|''S''1}}. Its universal covering group, Spin(2\\), is isomorphic to the [real line](/wiki/Real_line \"Real line\"), {{math\\|'''R'''}}, under addition. Whenever angles of arbitrary magnitude are used one is taking advantage of the convenience of the universal cover. Every {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix is produced by a countable infinity of angles, separated by integer multiples of 2{{pi}}. Correspondingly, the [fundamental group](/wiki/Fundamental_group \"Fundamental group\") of {{math\\|SO(2\\)}} is isomorphic to the integers, {{math\\|'''Z'''}}.",
"In the case of spatial rotations, [SO(3\\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29 \"Rotation group SO(3)\") is topologically equivalent to three\\-dimensional [real projective space](/wiki/Real_projective_space \"Real projective space\"), {{math\\|'''RP'''3}}. Its universal covering group, Spin(3\\), is isomorphic to the {{nowrap\\|3\\-sphere}}, {{math\\|''S''3}}. Every {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix is produced by two opposite points on the sphere. Correspondingly, the [fundamental group](/wiki/Fundamental_group \"Fundamental group\") of SO(3\\) is isomorphic to the two\\-element group, {{math\\|'''Z'''2}}.",
"We can also describe Spin(3\\) as isomorphic to [quaternions](/wiki/Quaternion \"Quaternion\") of unit norm under multiplication, or to certain {{nowrap\\|4 × 4}} real matrices, or to {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} complex [special unitary matrices](/wiki/Special_unitary_group \"Special unitary group\"), namely SU(2\\). The covering maps for the first and the last case are given by\n \\\\mathbb{H} \\\\supset \\\\{q \\\\in \\\\mathbb{H}: \\\\\\|q\\\\\\| \\= 1\\\\} \\\\ni w \\+ \\\\mathbf{i}x \\+ \\\\mathbf{j}y \\+ \\\\mathbf{k}z \\\\mapsto",
"```\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 - 2 y^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 x y - 2 z w & 2 x z + 2 y w \\\\\n 2 x y + 2 z w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 y z - 2 x w \\\\\n 2 x z - 2 y w & 2 y z + 2 x w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 y^2\n \\end{bmatrix} \\in \\mathrm{SO}(3),",
"```",
"and\n\\\\mathrm{SU}(2\\) \\\\ni \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n \\alpha & \\beta \\\\\n -\\overline{\\beta} & \\overline{\\alpha}\n \\end{bmatrix} \\mapsto \n \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\frac{1}{2}\\left(\\alpha^2 - \\beta^2 + \\overline{\\alpha^2} - \\overline{\\beta^2}\\right) &\n \\frac{i}{2}\\left(-\\alpha^2 - \\beta^2 + \\overline{\\alpha^2} + \\overline{\\beta^2}\\right) &\n -\\alpha\\beta - \\overline{\\alpha}\\overline{\\beta} \\\\\n \\frac{i}{2}\\left(\\alpha^2 - \\beta^2 - \\overline{\\alpha^2} + \\overline{\\beta^2}\\right) &\n \\frac{i}{2}\\left(\\alpha^2 + \\beta^2 + \\overline{\\alpha^2} + \\overline{\\beta^2}\\right) &\n -i\\left(+\\alpha\\beta - \\overline{\\alpha}\\overline{\\beta}\\right) \\\\\n \\alpha\\overline{\\beta} + \\overline{\\alpha}\\beta &\n i\\left(-\\alpha\\overline{\\beta} + \\overline{\\alpha}\\beta\\right) &\n \\alpha\\overline{\\alpha} - \\beta\\overline{\\beta}\n \\end{bmatrix} \\in \\mathrm{SO}(3).",
"```",
"",
"For a detailed account of the {{nowrap\\|SU(2\\)\\-covering}} and the quaternionic covering, see [spin group SO(3\\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Connection_between_SO%283%29_and_SU%282%29 \"Rotation group SO(3)#Connection between SO(3) and SU(2)\").",
"Many features of these cases are the same for higher dimensions. The coverings are all two\\-to\\-one, with {{math\\|SO(''n'')}}, {{math\\|''n'' \\> 2}}, having fundamental group {{math\\|'''Z'''2}}. The natural setting for these groups is within a [Clifford algebra](/wiki/Clifford_algebra \"Clifford algebra\"). One type of action of the rotations is produced by a kind of \"sandwich\", denoted by {{math\\|''qvq''∗}}. More importantly in applications to physics, the corresponding spin representation of the Lie algebra sits inside the Clifford algebra. It can be exponentiated in the usual way to give rise to a {{nowrap\\|2\\-valued}} representation, also known as [projective representation](/wiki/Projective_representation \"Projective representation\") of the rotation group. This is the case with SO(3\\) and SU(2\\), where the {{nowrap\\|2\\-valued}} representation can be viewed as an \"inverse\" of the covering map. By properties of covering maps, the inverse can be chosen ono\\-to\\-one as a local section, but not globally.",
"### Infinitesimal rotations",
"{{main\\|Infinitesimal rotation matrix}}\nThe matrices in the Lie algebra are not themselves rotations; the skew\\-symmetric matrices are derivatives, proportional differences of rotations. An actual \"differential rotation\", or *infinitesimal rotation matrix* has the form\n I \\+ A \\\\, d\\\\theta ,\nwhere {{math\\|''dθ''}} is vanishingly small and {{math\\|''A'' ∈ '''so'''(n)}}, for instance with {{math\\|1\\=''A'' \\= ''L''''x''}},\n dL\\_{x} \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\& 0 \\& 0 \\\\\\\\ 0 \\& 1 \\& \\-d\\\\theta \\\\\\\\ 0 \\& d\\\\theta \\& 1 \\\\end{bmatrix}.",
"The computation rules are as usual except that infinitesimals of second order are routinely dropped. With these rules, these matrices do not satisfy all the same properties as ordinary finite rotation matrices under the usual treatment of infinitesimals.{{Harv\\|Goldstein\\|Poole\\|Safko\\|2002\\|loc\\=§4\\.8}} It turns out that *the order in which infinitesimal rotations are applied is irrelevant*. To see this exemplified, consult [infinitesimal rotations SO(3\\)](/wiki/Rotation_group_SO%283%29%23Infinitesimal_rotations \"Rotation group SO(3)#Infinitesimal rotations\").",
""
] |
Conversions
-----------
{{see also\|Rotation formalisms in three dimensions\#Conversion formulae between formalisms}}
We have seen the existence of several decompositions that apply in any dimension, namely independent planes, sequential angles, and nested dimensions. In all these cases we can either decompose a matrix or construct one. We have also given special attention to {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices, and these warrant further attention, in both directions {{Harv\|Stuelpnagel\|1964}}.
### Quaternion
{{Main\|Quaternions and spatial rotation}}
Given the unit quaternion {{math\|'''q''' {{\=}} ''w'' \+ ''x'''''i''' \+ ''y'''''j''' \+ ''z'''''k'''}}, the equivalent pre\-multiplied (to be used with column vectors) {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix is {{cite conference \|last1\=Shoemake \|first1\=Ken \|title\=Computer Graphics: SIGGRAPH '85 Conference Proceedings \|conference\=SIGGRAPH '85, 22–26 July 1985, San Francisco \|chapter\=Animating rotation with quaternion curves \|year\=1985 \|volume\=19 \|number\=3 \|pages\=245–254 \|doi\=10\.1145/325334\.325242 \|doi\-access\=free \|url\=https://archive.org/details/siggraph85confer0000sigg/page/n2/ \|publisher\=Association for Computing Machinery \|isbn\=0897911660 }}
Q \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
1 - 2 y^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 x y - 2 z w & 2 x z + 2 y w \\
2 x y + 2 z w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 y z - 2 x w \\
2 x z - 2 y w & 2 y z + 2 x w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 y^2
\end{bmatrix}
```
.
Now every [quaternion](/wiki/Quaternion "Quaternion") component appears multiplied by two in a term of degree two, and if all such terms are zero what is left is an identity matrix. This leads to an efficient, robust conversion from any quaternion – whether unit or non\-unit – to a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix. Given:
\\begin{align}
```
n &= w \times w + x \times x + y \times y + z \times z \\
s &= \begin{cases}
0 &\text{if } n = 0 \\
\frac{2}{n} &\text{otherwise}
\end{cases} \\
```
\\end{align}
we can calculate
Q \= \\begin{bmatrix}
```
1 - s(yy + zz) & s(xy - wz) & s(xz + wy) \\
s(xy + wz) & 1 - s(xx + zz) & s(yz - wx) \\
s(xz - wy) & s(yz + wx) & 1 - s(xx + yy)
```
\\end{bmatrix}
Freed from the demand for a unit quaternion, we find that nonzero quaternions act as [homogeneous coordinates](/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates "Homogeneous coordinates") for {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices. The Cayley transform, discussed earlier, is obtained by scaling the quaternion so that its {{mvar\|w}} component is 1\. For a 180° rotation around any axis, {{mvar\|w}} will be zero, which explains the Cayley limitation.
The sum of the entries along the main diagonal (the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)")), plus one, equals {{math\|4 − 4(''x''2 \+ ''y''2 \+ ''z''2)}}, which is {{math\|4''w''2}}. Thus we can write the trace itself as {{math\|2''w''2 \+ 2''w''2 − 1}}; and from the previous version of the matrix we see that the diagonal entries themselves have the same form: {{math\|2''x''2 \+ 2''w''2 − 1}}, {{math\|2''y''2 \+ 2''w''2 − 1}}, and {{math\|2''z''2 \+ 2''w''2 − 1}}. So we can easily compare the magnitudes of all four quaternion components using the matrix diagonal. We can, in fact, obtain all four magnitudes using sums and square roots, and choose consistent signs using the skew\-symmetric part of the off\-diagonal entries:
\\begin{align}
```
t &= \operatorname{tr} Q = Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} + Q_{zz} \quad (\text{the trace of }Q) \\
r &= \sqrt{1 + t} \\
w &= \tfrac{1}{2} r \\
x &= \operatorname{sgn}\left(Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\right)\left|\tfrac12 \sqrt{1 + Q_{xx} - Q_{yy} - Q_{zz}}\right| \\
y &= \operatorname{sgn}\left(Q_{xz} - Q_{zx}\right)\left|\tfrac12 \sqrt{1 - Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} - Q_{zz}}\right| \\
z &= \operatorname{sgn}\left(Q_{yx} - Q_{xy}\right)\left|\tfrac12 \sqrt{1 - Q_{xx} - Q_{yy} + Q_{zz}}\right|
```
\\end{align}
Alternatively, use a single square root and division
\\begin{align}
```
t &= \operatorname{tr} Q = Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} + Q_{zz} \\
r &= \sqrt{1 + t} \\
s &= \tfrac{1}{2r} \\
w &= \tfrac{1}{2} r \\
x &= \left(Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\right)s \\
y &= \left(Q_{xz} - Q_{zx}\right)s \\
z &= \left(Q_{yx} - Q_{xy}\right)s
```
\\end{align}
This is numerically stable so long as the trace, {{mvar\|t}}, is not negative; otherwise, we risk dividing by (nearly) zero. In that case, suppose {{mvar\|Qxx}} is the largest diagonal entry, so {{mvar\|x}} will have the largest magnitude (the other cases are derived by cyclic permutation); then the following is safe.
\\begin{align}
```
r &= \sqrt{1 + Q_{xx} - Q_{yy} - Q_{zz}} \\
s &= \tfrac{1}{2r} \\
w &= \left(Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\right)s \\
x &= \tfrac12 r \\
y &= \left(Q_{xy} + Q_{yx}\right)s \\
z &= \left(Q_{zx} + Q_{xz}\right)s
```
\\end{align}
If the matrix contains significant error, such as accumulated numerical error, we may construct a symmetric {{nowrap\|4 × 4}} matrix,
K \= \\frac13 \\begin{bmatrix}
```
Q_{xx}-Q_{yy}-Q_{zz} & Q_{yx}+Q_{xy} & Q_{zx}+Q_{xz} & Q_{zy}-Q_{yz} \\
Q_{yx}+Q_{xy} & Q_{yy}-Q_{xx}-Q_{zz} & Q_{zy}+Q_{yz} & Q_{xz}-Q_{zx} \\
Q_{zx}+Q_{xz} & Q_{zy}+Q_{yz} & Q_{zz}-Q_{xx}-Q_{yy} & Q_{yx}-Q_{xy} \\
Q_{zy}-Q_{yz} & Q_{xz}-Q_{zx} & Q_{yx}-Q_{xy} & Q_{xx}+Q_{yy}+Q_{zz}
\end{bmatrix} ,
```
and find the [eigenvector](/wiki/Eigenvector "Eigenvector"), {{math\|(''x'', ''y'', ''z'', ''w'')}}, of its largest magnitude eigenvalue. (If {{mvar\|Q}} is truly a rotation matrix, that value will be 1\.) The quaternion so obtained will correspond to the rotation matrix closest to the given matrix {{Harv\|Bar\-Itzhack\|2000}} (Note: formulation of the cited article is post\-multiplied, works with row vectors).
### Polar decomposition
If the {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} matrix {{mvar\|M}} is nonsingular, its columns are linearly independent vectors; thus the [Gram–Schmidt process](/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process "Gram–Schmidt process") can adjust them to be an orthonormal basis. Stated in terms of [numerical linear algebra](/wiki/Numerical_linear_algebra "Numerical linear algebra"), we convert {{mvar\|M}} to an orthogonal matrix, {{mvar\|Q}}, using [QR decomposition](/wiki/QR_decomposition "QR decomposition"). However, we often prefer a {{mvar\|Q}} closest to {{mvar\|M}}, which this method does not accomplish. For that, the tool we want is the [polar decomposition](/wiki/Polar_decomposition "Polar decomposition") ({{Harvnb\|Fan\|Hoffman\|1955}}; {{Harvnb\|Higham\|1989}}).
To measure closeness, we may use any [matrix norm](/wiki/Matrix_norm "Matrix norm") invariant under orthogonal transformations. A convenient choice is the [Frobenius norm](/wiki/Frobenius_norm "Frobenius norm"), {{math\|{{norm\|''Q'' − ''M''}}F}}, squared, which is the sum of the squares of the element differences. Writing this in terms of the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)"), {{math\|Tr}}, our goal is,
Find {{mvar\|Q}} minimizing {{math\|Tr( (''Q'' − ''M'')T(''Q'' − ''M'') )}}, subject to {{math\|''Q''T''Q'' {{\=}} ''I''}}.
Though written in matrix terms, the [objective function](/wiki/Objective_function "Objective function") is just a quadratic polynomial. We can minimize it in the usual way, by finding where its derivative is zero. For a {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} matrix, the orthogonality constraint implies six scalar equalities that the entries of {{mvar\|Q}} must satisfy. To incorporate the constraint(s), we may employ a standard technique, [Lagrange multipliers](/wiki/Lagrange_multipliers "Lagrange multipliers"), assembled as a symmetric matrix, {{mvar\|Y}}. Thus our method is:
Differentiate {{math\|Tr( (''Q'' − ''M'')T(''Q'' − ''M'') \+ (''Q''T''Q'' − ''I'')''Y'' )}} with respect to (the entries of) {{mvar\|Q}}, and equate to zero.
Consider a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} example. Including constraints, we seek to minimize
\\begin{align}
```
&\left(Q_{xx} - M_{xx}\right)^2 + \left(Q_{xy} - M_{xy}\right)^2 + \left(Q_{yx} - M_{yx}\right)^2 + \left(Q_{yy} - M_{yy}\right)^2 \\
&\quad {}+ \left(Q_{xx}^2 + Q_{yx}^2 - 1\right)Y_{xx} + \left(Q_{xy}^2 + Q_{yy}^2 - 1\right)Y_{yy} + 2\left(Q_{xx} Q_{xy} + Q_{yx} Q_{yy}\right)Y_{xy} .
```
\\end{align}
Taking the derivative with respect to {{mvar\|Qxx}}, {{mvar\|Qxy}}, {{mvar\|Qyx}}, {{mvar\|Qyy}} in turn, we assemble a matrix.
2\\begin{bmatrix}
```
Q_{xx} - M_{xx} + Q_{xx} Y_{xx} + Q_{xy} Y_{xy} & Q_{xy} - M_{xy} + Q_{xx} Y_{xy} + Q_{xy} Y_{yy} \\
Q_{yx} - M_{yx} + Q_{yx} Y_{xx} + Q_{yy} Y_{xy} & Q_{yy} - M_{yy} + Q_{yx} Y_{xy} + Q_{yy} Y_{yy}
```
\\end{bmatrix}
In general, we obtain the equation
0 \= 2(Q \- M) \+ 2QY ,
so that
M \= Q(I \+ Y) \= QS ,
where {{mvar\|Q}} is orthogonal and {{mvar\|S}} is symmetric. To ensure a minimum, the {{mvar\|Y}} matrix (and hence {{mvar\|S}}) must be positive definite. Linear algebra calls {{mvar\|QS}} the [polar decomposition](/wiki/Polar_decomposition "Polar decomposition") of {{mvar\|M}}, with {{mvar\|S}} the positive square root of {{math\|''S''2 {{\=}} ''M''T''M''}}.
S^2 \= \\left(Q^\\mathsf{T} M\\right)^\\mathsf{T} \\left(Q^\\mathsf{T} M\\right) \= M^\\mathsf{T} Q Q^\\mathsf{T} M \= M^\\mathsf{T} M
When {{mvar\|M}} is [non\-singular](/wiki/Non-singular_matrix "Non-singular matrix"), the {{mvar\|Q}} and {{mvar\|S}} factors of the polar decomposition are uniquely determined. However, the determinant of {{mvar\|S}} is positive because {{mvar\|S}} is positive definite, so {{mvar\|Q}} inherits the sign of the determinant of {{mvar\|M}}. That is, {{mvar\|Q}} is only guaranteed to be orthogonal, not a rotation matrix. This is unavoidable; an {{mvar\|M}} with negative determinant has no uniquely defined closest rotation matrix.
### Axis and angle
{{Main\|Axis–angle representation}}
To efficiently construct a rotation matrix {{mvar\|Q}} from an angle {{mvar\|θ}} and a unit axis {{math\|'''u'''}}, we can take advantage of symmetry and skew\-symmetry within the entries. If {{mvar\|x}}, {{mvar\|y}}, and {{mvar\|z}} are the components of the unit vector representing the axis, and
\\begin{align}
c \&\= \\cos \\theta\\\\
s \&\= \\sin \\theta\\\\
C \&\= 1\-c
\\end{align}
then
Q(\\theta) \= \\begin{bmatrix}
xxC\+c \& xyC\-zs \& xzC\+ys\\\\
yxC\+zs \& yyC\+c \& yzC\-xs\\\\
zxC\-ys \& zyC\+xs \& zzC\+c
\\end{bmatrix}
Determining an axis and angle, like determining a quaternion, is only possible up to the sign; that is, {{math\|('''u''', ''θ'')}} and {{math\|(−'''u''', −''θ'')}} correspond to the same rotation matrix, just like {{math\|''q''}} and {{math\|−''q''}}. Additionally, axis–angle extraction presents additional difficulties. The angle can be restricted to be from 0° to 180°, but angles are formally ambiguous by multiples of 360°. When the angle is zero, the axis is undefined. When the angle is 180°, the matrix becomes symmetric, which has implications in extracting the axis. Near multiples of 180°, care is needed to avoid numerical problems: in extracting the angle, a [two\-argument arctangent](/wiki/Atan2 "Atan2") with {{math\|\[\[atan2]](sin ''θ'', cos ''θ'')}} equal to {{mvar\|θ}} avoids the insensitivity of arccos; and in computing the axis magnitude in order to force unit magnitude, a brute\-force approach can lose accuracy through underflow {{Harv\|Moler\|Morrison\|1983}}.
A partial approach is as follows:
\\begin{align}
```
x &= Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\\
y &= Q_{xz} - Q_{zx}\\
z &= Q_{yx} - Q_{xy}\\
r &= \sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}\\
t &= Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} + Q_{zz}\\
\theta &= \operatorname{atan2}(r,t-1)\end{align}
```
The {{mvar\|x}}\-, {{mvar\|y}}\-, and {{mvar\|z}}\-components of the axis would then be divided by {{mvar\|r}}. A fully robust approach will use a different algorithm when {{mvar\|t}}, the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 "Trace (linear algebra)") of the matrix {{mvar\|Q}}, is negative, as with quaternion extraction. When {{mvar\|r}} is zero because the angle is zero, an axis must be provided from some source other than the matrix.
### Euler angles
Complexity of conversion escalates with [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles "Euler angles") (used here in the broad sense). The first difficulty is to establish which of the twenty\-four variations of Cartesian axis order we will use. Suppose the three angles are {{math\|''θ''1}}, {{math\|''θ''2}}, {{math\|''θ''3}}; physics and chemistry may interpret these as
Q(\\theta\_1,\\theta\_2,\\theta\_3\)\= Q\_{\\mathbf{z}}(\\theta\_1\) Q\_{\\mathbf{y}}(\\theta\_2\) Q\_{\\mathbf{z}}(\\theta\_3\) ,
while aircraft dynamics may use
Q(\\theta\_1,\\theta\_2,\\theta\_3\)\= Q\_{\\mathbf{z}}(\\theta\_3\) Q\_{\\mathbf{y}}(\\theta\_2\) Q\_{\\mathbf{x}}(\\theta\_1\) .
One systematic approach begins with choosing the rightmost axis. Among all [permutations](/wiki/Permutation "Permutation") of {{math\|(''x'',''y'',''z'')}}, only two place that axis first; one is an even permutation and the other odd. Choosing parity thus establishes the middle axis. That leaves two choices for the left\-most axis, either duplicating the first or not. These three choices gives us {{nowrap\|3 × 2 × 2 {{\=}} 12}} variations; we double that to 24 by choosing static or rotating axes.
This is enough to construct a matrix from angles, but triples differing in many ways can give the same rotation matrix. For example, suppose we use the {{math\|'''zyz'''}} convention above; then we have the following equivalent pairs:
{\| style\="text\-align:right"
\| (90°,\|\|45°,\|\|−105°) \|\| ≡ \|\| (−270°,\|\|−315°,\|\|255°) \|\| *multiples of 360°*
\|\-
\| (72°,\|\|0°,\|\|0°) \|\| ≡ \|\| (40°,\|\|0°,\|\|32°) \|\| *singular alignment*
\|\-
\| (45°,\|\|60°,\|\|−30°) \|\| ≡ \|\| (−135°,\|\|−60°,\|\|150°) \|\| *bistable flip*
\|}
Angles for any order can be found using a concise common routine ({{Harvnb\|Herter\|Lott\|1993}}; {{Harvnb\|Shoemake\|1994}}).
The problem of singular alignment, the mathematical analog of physical [gimbal lock](/wiki/Gimbal_lock "Gimbal lock"), occurs when the middle rotation aligns the axes of the first and last rotations. It afflicts every axis order at either even or odd multiples of 90°. These singularities are not characteristic of the rotation matrix as such, and only occur with the usage of Euler angles.
The singularities are avoided when considering and manipulating the rotation matrix as orthonormal row vectors (in 3D applications often named the right\-vector, up\-vector and out\-vector) instead of as angles. The singularities are also avoided when working with quaternions.
### Vector to vector formulation
In some instances it is interesting to describe a rotation by specifying how a vector is mapped into another through the shortest path (smallest angle). In \\mathbb{R}^3 this completely describes the associated rotation matrix. In general, given {{math\|''x'', ''y'' ∈ \\mathbb{S}''n''}}, the matrix
R:\=I\+y x^\\mathsf{T}\-x y^\\mathsf{T}\+\\frac{1}{1\+\\langle x,y\\rangle}\\left(yx^\\mathsf{T}\-xy^\\mathsf{T}\\right)^2
belongs to {{math\|SO(''n'' \+ 1\)}} and maps {{mvar\|x}} to {{mvar\|y}}.{{cite journal \|last1\=Cid \|first1\=Jose Ángel \|last2\=Tojo \|first2\=F. Adrián F. \|title\=A Lipschitz condition along a transversal foliation implies local uniqueness for ODEs \|journal\=Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations \|year\=2018 \|volume\=13 \|issue\=13 \|pages\=1–14 \|doi\=10\.14232/ejqtde.2018\.1\.13 \|arxiv\=1801\.01724 \|url\=http://www.math.u\-szeged.hu/ejqtde/periodica.html?periodica\=1\¶mtipus\_ertek\=publication\¶m\_ertek\=6497\|doi\-access\=free }}
|
[
"Conversions\n-----------",
"{{see also\\|Rotation formalisms in three dimensions\\#Conversion formulae between formalisms}}\nWe have seen the existence of several decompositions that apply in any dimension, namely independent planes, sequential angles, and nested dimensions. In all these cases we can either decompose a matrix or construct one. We have also given special attention to {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices, and these warrant further attention, in both directions {{Harv\\|Stuelpnagel\\|1964}}.",
"### Quaternion",
"{{Main\\|Quaternions and spatial rotation}}",
"Given the unit quaternion {{math\\|'''q''' {{\\=}} ''w'' \\+ ''x'''''i''' \\+ ''y'''''j''' \\+ ''z'''''k'''}}, the equivalent pre\\-multiplied (to be used with column vectors) {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix is {{cite conference \\|last1\\=Shoemake \\|first1\\=Ken \\|title\\=Computer Graphics: SIGGRAPH '85 Conference Proceedings \\|conference\\=SIGGRAPH '85, 22–26 July 1985, San Francisco \\|chapter\\=Animating rotation with quaternion curves \\|year\\=1985 \\|volume\\=19 \\|number\\=3 \\|pages\\=245–254 \\|doi\\=10\\.1145/325334\\.325242 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/siggraph85confer0000sigg/page/n2/ \\|publisher\\=Association for Computing Machinery \\|isbn\\=0897911660 }}\n Q \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n 1 - 2 y^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 x y - 2 z w & 2 x z + 2 y w \\\\\n 2 x y + 2 z w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 z^2 & 2 y z - 2 x w \\\\\n 2 x z - 2 y w & 2 y z + 2 x w & 1 - 2 x^2 - 2 y^2\n \\end{bmatrix}",
"```\n.",
"Now every [quaternion](/wiki/Quaternion \"Quaternion\") component appears multiplied by two in a term of degree two, and if all such terms are zero what is left is an identity matrix. This leads to an efficient, robust conversion from any quaternion – whether unit or non\\-unit – to a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrix. Given:\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n n &= w \\times w + x \\times x + y \\times y + z \\times z \\\\\n s &= \\begin{cases}\n 0 &\\text{if } n = 0 \\\\\n \\frac{2}{n} &\\text{otherwise}\n \\end{cases} \\\\",
"```\n\\\\end{align}\nwe can calculate\nQ \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n 1 - s(yy + zz) & s(xy - wz) & s(xz + wy) \\\\\n s(xy + wz) & 1 - s(xx + zz) & s(yz - wx) \\\\\n s(xz - wy) & s(yz + wx) & 1 - s(xx + yy)",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}",
"Freed from the demand for a unit quaternion, we find that nonzero quaternions act as [homogeneous coordinates](/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates \"Homogeneous coordinates\") for {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices. The Cayley transform, discussed earlier, is obtained by scaling the quaternion so that its {{mvar\\|w}} component is 1\\. For a 180° rotation around any axis, {{mvar\\|w}} will be zero, which explains the Cayley limitation.",
"The sum of the entries along the main diagonal (the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\")), plus one, equals {{math\\|4 − 4(''x''2 \\+ ''y''2 \\+ ''z''2)}}, which is {{math\\|4''w''2}}. Thus we can write the trace itself as {{math\\|2''w''2 \\+ 2''w''2 − 1}}; and from the previous version of the matrix we see that the diagonal entries themselves have the same form: {{math\\|2''x''2 \\+ 2''w''2 − 1}}, {{math\\|2''y''2 \\+ 2''w''2 − 1}}, and {{math\\|2''z''2 \\+ 2''w''2 − 1}}. So we can easily compare the magnitudes of all four quaternion components using the matrix diagonal. We can, in fact, obtain all four magnitudes using sums and square roots, and choose consistent signs using the skew\\-symmetric part of the off\\-diagonal entries:\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n t &= \\operatorname{tr} Q = Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} + Q_{zz} \\quad (\\text{the trace of }Q) \\\\\n r &= \\sqrt{1 + t} \\\\\n w &= \\tfrac{1}{2} r \\\\\n x &= \\operatorname{sgn}\\left(Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\\right)\\left|\\tfrac12 \\sqrt{1 + Q_{xx} - Q_{yy} - Q_{zz}}\\right| \\\\\n y &= \\operatorname{sgn}\\left(Q_{xz} - Q_{zx}\\right)\\left|\\tfrac12 \\sqrt{1 - Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} - Q_{zz}}\\right| \\\\\n z &= \\operatorname{sgn}\\left(Q_{yx} - Q_{xy}\\right)\\left|\\tfrac12 \\sqrt{1 - Q_{xx} - Q_{yy} + Q_{zz}}\\right|",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"Alternatively, use a single square root and division\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n t &= \\operatorname{tr} Q = Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} + Q_{zz} \\\\\n r &= \\sqrt{1 + t} \\\\\n s &= \\tfrac{1}{2r} \\\\\n w &= \\tfrac{1}{2} r \\\\\n x &= \\left(Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\\right)s \\\\\n y &= \\left(Q_{xz} - Q_{zx}\\right)s \\\\\n z &= \\left(Q_{yx} - Q_{xy}\\right)s",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"This is numerically stable so long as the trace, {{mvar\\|t}}, is not negative; otherwise, we risk dividing by (nearly) zero. In that case, suppose {{mvar\\|Qxx}} is the largest diagonal entry, so {{mvar\\|x}} will have the largest magnitude (the other cases are derived by cyclic permutation); then the following is safe.\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n r &= \\sqrt{1 + Q_{xx} - Q_{yy} - Q_{zz}} \\\\\n s &= \\tfrac{1}{2r} \\\\\n w &= \\left(Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\\right)s \\\\\n x &= \\tfrac12 r \\\\\n y &= \\left(Q_{xy} + Q_{yx}\\right)s \\\\\n z &= \\left(Q_{zx} + Q_{xz}\\right)s",
"```\n\\\\end{align}",
"If the matrix contains significant error, such as accumulated numerical error, we may construct a symmetric {{nowrap\\|4 × 4}} matrix,\n K \\= \\\\frac13 \\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n Q_{xx}-Q_{yy}-Q_{zz} & Q_{yx}+Q_{xy} & Q_{zx}+Q_{xz} & Q_{zy}-Q_{yz} \\\\\n Q_{yx}+Q_{xy} & Q_{yy}-Q_{xx}-Q_{zz} & Q_{zy}+Q_{yz} & Q_{xz}-Q_{zx} \\\\\n Q_{zx}+Q_{xz} & Q_{zy}+Q_{yz} & Q_{zz}-Q_{xx}-Q_{yy} & Q_{yx}-Q_{xy} \\\\\n Q_{zy}-Q_{yz} & Q_{xz}-Q_{zx} & Q_{yx}-Q_{xy} & Q_{xx}+Q_{yy}+Q_{zz} \n\\end{bmatrix} ,\n```",
"and find the [eigenvector](/wiki/Eigenvector \"Eigenvector\"), {{math\\|(''x'', ''y'', ''z'', ''w'')}}, of its largest magnitude eigenvalue. (If {{mvar\\|Q}} is truly a rotation matrix, that value will be 1\\.) The quaternion so obtained will correspond to the rotation matrix closest to the given matrix {{Harv\\|Bar\\-Itzhack\\|2000}} (Note: formulation of the cited article is post\\-multiplied, works with row vectors).",
"### Polar decomposition",
"If the {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} matrix {{mvar\\|M}} is nonsingular, its columns are linearly independent vectors; thus the [Gram–Schmidt process](/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process \"Gram–Schmidt process\") can adjust them to be an orthonormal basis. Stated in terms of [numerical linear algebra](/wiki/Numerical_linear_algebra \"Numerical linear algebra\"), we convert {{mvar\\|M}} to an orthogonal matrix, {{mvar\\|Q}}, using [QR decomposition](/wiki/QR_decomposition \"QR decomposition\"). However, we often prefer a {{mvar\\|Q}} closest to {{mvar\\|M}}, which this method does not accomplish. For that, the tool we want is the [polar decomposition](/wiki/Polar_decomposition \"Polar decomposition\") ({{Harvnb\\|Fan\\|Hoffman\\|1955}}; {{Harvnb\\|Higham\\|1989}}).",
"To measure closeness, we may use any [matrix norm](/wiki/Matrix_norm \"Matrix norm\") invariant under orthogonal transformations. A convenient choice is the [Frobenius norm](/wiki/Frobenius_norm \"Frobenius norm\"), {{math\\|{{norm\\|''Q'' − ''M''}}F}}, squared, which is the sum of the squares of the element differences. Writing this in terms of the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\"), {{math\\|Tr}}, our goal is,\n Find {{mvar\\|Q}} minimizing {{math\\|Tr( (''Q'' − ''M'')T(''Q'' − ''M'') )}}, subject to {{math\\|''Q''T''Q'' {{\\=}} ''I''}}.",
"Though written in matrix terms, the [objective function](/wiki/Objective_function \"Objective function\") is just a quadratic polynomial. We can minimize it in the usual way, by finding where its derivative is zero. For a {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} matrix, the orthogonality constraint implies six scalar equalities that the entries of {{mvar\\|Q}} must satisfy. To incorporate the constraint(s), we may employ a standard technique, [Lagrange multipliers](/wiki/Lagrange_multipliers \"Lagrange multipliers\"), assembled as a symmetric matrix, {{mvar\\|Y}}. Thus our method is:\n Differentiate {{math\\|Tr( (''Q'' − ''M'')T(''Q'' − ''M'') \\+ (''Q''T''Q'' − ''I'')''Y'' )}} with respect to (the entries of) {{mvar\\|Q}}, and equate to zero.",
"",
"Consider a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} example. Including constraints, we seek to minimize\n\\\\begin{align}",
"```\n&\\left(Q_{xx} - M_{xx}\\right)^2 + \\left(Q_{xy} - M_{xy}\\right)^2 + \\left(Q_{yx} - M_{yx}\\right)^2 + \\left(Q_{yy} - M_{yy}\\right)^2 \\\\\n&\\quad {}+ \\left(Q_{xx}^2 + Q_{yx}^2 - 1\\right)Y_{xx} + \\left(Q_{xy}^2 + Q_{yy}^2 - 1\\right)Y_{yy} + 2\\left(Q_{xx} Q_{xy} + Q_{yx} Q_{yy}\\right)Y_{xy} .",
"```\n\\\\end{align}\nTaking the derivative with respect to {{mvar\\|Qxx}}, {{mvar\\|Qxy}}, {{mvar\\|Qyx}}, {{mvar\\|Qyy}} in turn, we assemble a matrix.\n2\\\\begin{bmatrix}",
"```\n Q_{xx} - M_{xx} + Q_{xx} Y_{xx} + Q_{xy} Y_{xy} & Q_{xy} - M_{xy} + Q_{xx} Y_{xy} + Q_{xy} Y_{yy} \\\\\n Q_{yx} - M_{yx} + Q_{yx} Y_{xx} + Q_{yy} Y_{xy} & Q_{yy} - M_{yy} + Q_{yx} Y_{xy} + Q_{yy} Y_{yy}",
"```\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\nIn general, we obtain the equation\n 0 \\= 2(Q \\- M) \\+ 2QY , \nso that\n M \\= Q(I \\+ Y) \\= QS , \nwhere {{mvar\\|Q}} is orthogonal and {{mvar\\|S}} is symmetric. To ensure a minimum, the {{mvar\\|Y}} matrix (and hence {{mvar\\|S}}) must be positive definite. Linear algebra calls {{mvar\\|QS}} the [polar decomposition](/wiki/Polar_decomposition \"Polar decomposition\") of {{mvar\\|M}}, with {{mvar\\|S}} the positive square root of {{math\\|''S''2 {{\\=}} ''M''T''M''}}.\n S^2 \\= \\\\left(Q^\\\\mathsf{T} M\\\\right)^\\\\mathsf{T} \\\\left(Q^\\\\mathsf{T} M\\\\right) \\= M^\\\\mathsf{T} Q Q^\\\\mathsf{T} M \\= M^\\\\mathsf{T} M",
"When {{mvar\\|M}} is [non\\-singular](/wiki/Non-singular_matrix \"Non-singular matrix\"), the {{mvar\\|Q}} and {{mvar\\|S}} factors of the polar decomposition are uniquely determined. However, the determinant of {{mvar\\|S}} is positive because {{mvar\\|S}} is positive definite, so {{mvar\\|Q}} inherits the sign of the determinant of {{mvar\\|M}}. That is, {{mvar\\|Q}} is only guaranteed to be orthogonal, not a rotation matrix. This is unavoidable; an {{mvar\\|M}} with negative determinant has no uniquely defined closest rotation matrix.",
"### Axis and angle",
"{{Main\\|Axis–angle representation}}\nTo efficiently construct a rotation matrix {{mvar\\|Q}} from an angle {{mvar\\|θ}} and a unit axis {{math\\|'''u'''}}, we can take advantage of symmetry and skew\\-symmetry within the entries. If {{mvar\\|x}}, {{mvar\\|y}}, and {{mvar\\|z}} are the components of the unit vector representing the axis, and",
"\\\\begin{align}\nc \\&\\= \\\\cos \\\\theta\\\\\\\\\ns \\&\\= \\\\sin \\\\theta\\\\\\\\\nC \\&\\= 1\\-c\n\\\\end{align}\nthen",
"Q(\\\\theta) \\= \\\\begin{bmatrix}\nxxC\\+c \\& xyC\\-zs \\& xzC\\+ys\\\\\\\\\nyxC\\+zs \\& yyC\\+c \\& yzC\\-xs\\\\\\\\\nzxC\\-ys \\& zyC\\+xs \\& zzC\\+c\n\\\\end{bmatrix}\nDetermining an axis and angle, like determining a quaternion, is only possible up to the sign; that is, {{math\\|('''u''', ''θ'')}} and {{math\\|(−'''u''', −''θ'')}} correspond to the same rotation matrix, just like {{math\\|''q''}} and {{math\\|−''q''}}. Additionally, axis–angle extraction presents additional difficulties. The angle can be restricted to be from 0° to 180°, but angles are formally ambiguous by multiples of 360°. When the angle is zero, the axis is undefined. When the angle is 180°, the matrix becomes symmetric, which has implications in extracting the axis. Near multiples of 180°, care is needed to avoid numerical problems: in extracting the angle, a [two\\-argument arctangent](/wiki/Atan2 \"Atan2\") with {{math\\|\\[\\[atan2]](sin ''θ'', cos ''θ'')}} equal to {{mvar\\|θ}} avoids the insensitivity of arccos; and in computing the axis magnitude in order to force unit magnitude, a brute\\-force approach can lose accuracy through underflow {{Harv\\|Moler\\|Morrison\\|1983}}.",
"A partial approach is as follows:",
"\\\\begin{align}",
"```\nx &= Q_{zy} - Q_{yz}\\\\\ny &= Q_{xz} - Q_{zx}\\\\\nz &= Q_{yx} - Q_{xy}\\\\\nr &= \\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}\\\\\nt &= Q_{xx} + Q_{yy} + Q_{zz}\\\\\n\\theta &= \\operatorname{atan2}(r,t-1)\\end{align}\n```",
"The {{mvar\\|x}}\\-, {{mvar\\|y}}\\-, and {{mvar\\|z}}\\-components of the axis would then be divided by {{mvar\\|r}}. A fully robust approach will use a different algorithm when {{mvar\\|t}}, the [trace](/wiki/Trace_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Trace (linear algebra)\") of the matrix {{mvar\\|Q}}, is negative, as with quaternion extraction. When {{mvar\\|r}} is zero because the angle is zero, an axis must be provided from some source other than the matrix.",
"### Euler angles",
"Complexity of conversion escalates with [Euler angles](/wiki/Euler_angles \"Euler angles\") (used here in the broad sense). The first difficulty is to establish which of the twenty\\-four variations of Cartesian axis order we will use. Suppose the three angles are {{math\\|''θ''1}}, {{math\\|''θ''2}}, {{math\\|''θ''3}}; physics and chemistry may interpret these as\n Q(\\\\theta\\_1,\\\\theta\\_2,\\\\theta\\_3\\)\\= Q\\_{\\\\mathbf{z}}(\\\\theta\\_1\\) Q\\_{\\\\mathbf{y}}(\\\\theta\\_2\\) Q\\_{\\\\mathbf{z}}(\\\\theta\\_3\\) , \nwhile aircraft dynamics may use\n Q(\\\\theta\\_1,\\\\theta\\_2,\\\\theta\\_3\\)\\= Q\\_{\\\\mathbf{z}}(\\\\theta\\_3\\) Q\\_{\\\\mathbf{y}}(\\\\theta\\_2\\) Q\\_{\\\\mathbf{x}}(\\\\theta\\_1\\) . \nOne systematic approach begins with choosing the rightmost axis. Among all [permutations](/wiki/Permutation \"Permutation\") of {{math\\|(''x'',''y'',''z'')}}, only two place that axis first; one is an even permutation and the other odd. Choosing parity thus establishes the middle axis. That leaves two choices for the left\\-most axis, either duplicating the first or not. These three choices gives us {{nowrap\\|3 × 2 × 2 {{\\=}} 12}} variations; we double that to 24 by choosing static or rotating axes.",
"This is enough to construct a matrix from angles, but triples differing in many ways can give the same rotation matrix. For example, suppose we use the {{math\\|'''zyz'''}} convention above; then we have the following equivalent pairs:\n{\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:right\"\n\\| (90°,\\|\\|45°,\\|\\|−105°) \\|\\| ≡ \\|\\| (−270°,\\|\\|−315°,\\|\\|255°) \\|\\| *multiples of 360°*\n\\|\\-\n\\| (72°,\\|\\|0°,\\|\\|0°) \\|\\| ≡ \\|\\| (40°,\\|\\|0°,\\|\\|32°) \\|\\| *singular alignment*\n\\|\\-\n\\| (45°,\\|\\|60°,\\|\\|−30°) \\|\\| ≡ \\|\\| (−135°,\\|\\|−60°,\\|\\|150°) \\|\\| *bistable flip*\n\\|}\nAngles for any order can be found using a concise common routine ({{Harvnb\\|Herter\\|Lott\\|1993}}; {{Harvnb\\|Shoemake\\|1994}}).",
"The problem of singular alignment, the mathematical analog of physical [gimbal lock](/wiki/Gimbal_lock \"Gimbal lock\"), occurs when the middle rotation aligns the axes of the first and last rotations. It afflicts every axis order at either even or odd multiples of 90°. These singularities are not characteristic of the rotation matrix as such, and only occur with the usage of Euler angles.",
"The singularities are avoided when considering and manipulating the rotation matrix as orthonormal row vectors (in 3D applications often named the right\\-vector, up\\-vector and out\\-vector) instead of as angles. The singularities are also avoided when working with quaternions.",
"### Vector to vector formulation",
"In some instances it is interesting to describe a rotation by specifying how a vector is mapped into another through the shortest path (smallest angle). In \\\\mathbb{R}^3 this completely describes the associated rotation matrix. In general, given {{math\\|''x'', ''y'' ∈ \\\\mathbb{S}''n''}}, the matrix\nR:\\=I\\+y x^\\\\mathsf{T}\\-x y^\\\\mathsf{T}\\+\\\\frac{1}{1\\+\\\\langle x,y\\\\rangle}\\\\left(yx^\\\\mathsf{T}\\-xy^\\\\mathsf{T}\\\\right)^2\nbelongs to {{math\\|SO(''n'' \\+ 1\\)}} and maps {{mvar\\|x}} to {{mvar\\|y}}.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Cid \\|first1\\=Jose Ángel \\|last2\\=Tojo \\|first2\\=F. Adrián F. \\|title\\=A Lipschitz condition along a transversal foliation implies local uniqueness for ODEs \\|journal\\=Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations \\|year\\=2018 \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=13 \\|pages\\=1–14 \\|doi\\=10\\.14232/ejqtde.2018\\.1\\.13 \\|arxiv\\=1801\\.01724 \\|url\\=http://www.math.u\\-szeged.hu/ejqtde/periodica.html?periodica\\=1\\¶mtipus\\_ertek\\=publication\\¶m\\_ertek\\=6497\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
""
] |
Uniform random rotation matrices
--------------------------------
We sometimes need to generate a uniformly distributed random rotation matrix. It seems intuitively clear in two dimensions that this means the rotation angle is uniformly distributed between 0 and 2{{pi}}. That intuition is correct, but does not carry over to higher dimensions. For example, if we decompose {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices in axis–angle form, the angle should *not* be uniformly distributed; the probability that (the magnitude of) the angle is at most {{mvar\|θ}} should be {{math\|{{sfrac\|1\|π}}(''θ'' − sin ''θ'')}}, for {{math\|0 ≤ ''θ'' ≤ π}}.
Since {{math\|SO(''n'')}} is a connected and locally compact Lie group, we have a simple standard criterion for uniformity, namely that the distribution be unchanged when composed with any arbitrary rotation (a Lie group "translation"). This definition corresponds to what is called *[Haar measure](/wiki/Haar_measure "Haar measure")*. {{Harvtxt\|León\|Massé\|Rivest\|2006}} show how to use the Cayley transform to generate and test matrices according to this criterion.
We can also generate a uniform distribution in any dimension using the *subgroup algorithm* of {{Harvtxt\|Diaconis\|Shahshahani\|1987}}. This recursively exploits the nested dimensions group structure of {{math\|SO(''n'')}}, as follows. Generate a uniform angle and construct a {{nowrap\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix. To step from {{math\|''n''}} to {{math\|''n'' \+ 1}}, generate a vector {{math\|'''v'''}} uniformly distributed on the {{mvar\|n}}\-sphere {{math\|''S''''n''}}, embed the {{math\|''n'' × ''n''}} matrix in the next larger size with last column {{nowrap\|(0, ..., 0, 1\)}}, and rotate the larger matrix so the last column becomes {{math\|'''v'''}}.
As usual, we have special alternatives for the {{nowrap\|3 × 3}} case. Each of these methods begins with three independent random scalars uniformly distributed on the unit interval. {{Harvtxt\|Arvo\|1992}} takes advantage of the odd dimension to change a [Householder reflection](/wiki/Householder_reflection "Householder reflection") to a rotation by negation, and uses that to aim the axis of a uniform planar rotation.
Another method uses unit quaternions. Multiplication of rotation matrices is homomorphic to multiplication of quaternions, and multiplication by a unit quaternion rotates the unit sphere. Since the homomorphism is a local [isometry](/wiki/Isometry "Isometry"), we immediately conclude that to produce a uniform distribution on SO(3\) we may use a uniform distribution on {{math\|''S''3}}. In practice: create a four\-element vector where each element is a sampling of a normal distribution. Normalize its length and you have a uniformly sampled random unit quaternion which represents a uniformly sampled random rotation. Note that the aforementioned only applies to rotations in dimension 3\. For a generalised idea of quaternions, one should look into [Rotors](/wiki/Geometric_algebra%23Rotations "Geometric algebra#Rotations").
Euler angles can also be used, though not with each angle uniformly distributed ({{Harvnb\|Murnaghan\|1962}}; {{Harvnb\|Miles\|1965}}).
For the axis–angle form, the axis is uniformly distributed over the unit sphere of directions, {{math\|''S''2}}, while the angle has the nonuniform distribution over {{nowrap\|\[0,{{pi}}]}} noted previously {{Harv\|Miles\|1965}}.
|
[
"Uniform random rotation matrices\n--------------------------------",
"We sometimes need to generate a uniformly distributed random rotation matrix. It seems intuitively clear in two dimensions that this means the rotation angle is uniformly distributed between 0 and 2{{pi}}. That intuition is correct, but does not carry over to higher dimensions. For example, if we decompose {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} rotation matrices in axis–angle form, the angle should *not* be uniformly distributed; the probability that (the magnitude of) the angle is at most {{mvar\\|θ}} should be {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|1\\|π}}(''θ'' − sin ''θ'')}}, for {{math\\|0 ≤ ''θ'' ≤ π}}.",
"Since {{math\\|SO(''n'')}} is a connected and locally compact Lie group, we have a simple standard criterion for uniformity, namely that the distribution be unchanged when composed with any arbitrary rotation (a Lie group \"translation\"). This definition corresponds to what is called *[Haar measure](/wiki/Haar_measure \"Haar measure\")*. {{Harvtxt\\|León\\|Massé\\|Rivest\\|2006}} show how to use the Cayley transform to generate and test matrices according to this criterion.",
"We can also generate a uniform distribution in any dimension using the *subgroup algorithm* of {{Harvtxt\\|Diaconis\\|Shahshahani\\|1987}}. This recursively exploits the nested dimensions group structure of {{math\\|SO(''n'')}}, as follows. Generate a uniform angle and construct a {{nowrap\\|2 × 2}} rotation matrix. To step from {{math\\|''n''}} to {{math\\|''n'' \\+ 1}}, generate a vector {{math\\|'''v'''}} uniformly distributed on the {{mvar\\|n}}\\-sphere {{math\\|''S''''n''}}, embed the {{math\\|''n'' × ''n''}} matrix in the next larger size with last column {{nowrap\\|(0, ..., 0, 1\\)}}, and rotate the larger matrix so the last column becomes {{math\\|'''v'''}}.",
"As usual, we have special alternatives for the {{nowrap\\|3 × 3}} case. Each of these methods begins with three independent random scalars uniformly distributed on the unit interval. {{Harvtxt\\|Arvo\\|1992}} takes advantage of the odd dimension to change a [Householder reflection](/wiki/Householder_reflection \"Householder reflection\") to a rotation by negation, and uses that to aim the axis of a uniform planar rotation.",
"Another method uses unit quaternions. Multiplication of rotation matrices is homomorphic to multiplication of quaternions, and multiplication by a unit quaternion rotates the unit sphere. Since the homomorphism is a local [isometry](/wiki/Isometry \"Isometry\"), we immediately conclude that to produce a uniform distribution on SO(3\\) we may use a uniform distribution on {{math\\|''S''3}}. In practice: create a four\\-element vector where each element is a sampling of a normal distribution. Normalize its length and you have a uniformly sampled random unit quaternion which represents a uniformly sampled random rotation. Note that the aforementioned only applies to rotations in dimension 3\\. For a generalised idea of quaternions, one should look into [Rotors](/wiki/Geometric_algebra%23Rotations \"Geometric algebra#Rotations\").",
"Euler angles can also be used, though not with each angle uniformly distributed ({{Harvnb\\|Murnaghan\\|1962}}; {{Harvnb\\|Miles\\|1965}}).",
"For the axis–angle form, the axis is uniformly distributed over the unit sphere of directions, {{math\\|''S''2}}, while the angle has the nonuniform distribution over {{nowrap\\|\\[0,{{pi}}]}} noted previously {{Harv\\|Miles\\|1965}}.",
""
] |
Life
----
Maria was the only daughter of Duke [Soběslav I of Bohemia](/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_I%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia "Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia") and his wife [Adelaide of Hungary](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Hungary_%28d._1140%29 "Adelaide of Hungary (d. 1140)"), a granddaughter of King [Géza I of Hungary](/wiki/G%C3%A9za_I_of_Hungary "Géza I of Hungary"). To strengthen the ties between the [Bohemian](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia "Duchy of Bohemia") and [German](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany "Kingdom of Germany") nobility, her father married her off to the [Babenberg](/wiki/House_of_Babenberg "House of Babenberg") margrave Leopold IV of Austria on 28 September 1138\.{{sfn\|Lyon\|2013\|p\=242}} The bride was in her early teens, and the groom was in his early 30s. The Bohemian\-Austrian alliance was confirmed, when Leopold's younger sister [Gertrude](/wiki/Gertrude_of_Babenberg%2C_Duchess_of_Bohemia "Gertrude of Babenberg, Duchess of Bohemia") married Soběslav's nephew, Duke [Vladislaus II of Bohemia](/wiki/Vladislaus_II%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia "Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia"), two years later.
In 1139, one year after Maria's marriage, the [Hohenstaufen](/wiki/Hohenstaufen "Hohenstaufen") king [Conrad III of Germany](/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany "Conrad III of Germany"), having deposed the [Welf](/wiki/House_of_Welf "House of Welf") duke [Henry the Proud](/wiki/Henry_X%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria "Henry X, Duke of Bavaria"), enfeoffed the [Duchy of Bavaria](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria "Duchy of Bavaria") to the Babenberg dynasty, ruling the [Margraviate of Austria](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria "Margraviate of Austria") since 976\. Margrave Leopold was Conrad's half\-brother by their mother [Agnes of Waiblingen](/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen "Agnes of Waiblingen"); the king may also had helped to arrange the dynastical ties with the Bohemian Přemyslids. Leopold took over the rule in Bavaria, he nevertheless had to face the claims raised by Henry's younger brother [Welf VI](/wiki/Welf_VI "Welf VI").
Maria's first marriage lasted three years, ending with Leopold's unexpected death at [Niederaltaich Abbey](/wiki/Niederaltaich_Abbey "Niederaltaich Abbey") in 1141\. As the marriage produced no heirs for Leopold, Austria and Bavaria were inherited by his elder brother, Duke [Henry II](/wiki/Henry_II%2C_Duke_of_Austria "Henry II, Duke of Austria").
One year later, she remarried to Margrave Herman III, who had been [Margrave of Baden](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden "Margraviate of Baden") since 1130\. Maria was his second wife. Herman participated in the [Second Crusade](/wiki/Second_Crusade "Second Crusade") and in 1151 he was vested with the [March of Verona](/wiki/March_of_Verona "March of Verona") by King Conrad III. He remained a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen dynasty during the [Italian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Holy_Roman_Empire%29 "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)") campaigns of Conrad's successor [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor").
Maria had the following children with Hermann:
* (?) [Gertrude of Baden](/wiki/Gertrude_of_Baden "Gertrude of Baden") (d. before 1225\), who married in 1180 Count Albrecht of [Dagsburg](/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg "County of Dagsburg") (d. 1211\).
Hermann died 16 January 1160\. Maria disappeared from then although she may have been alive in 1172\. She is buried at [Backnang Abbey](/wiki/Backnang_Abbey "Backnang Abbey").
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Maria was the only daughter of Duke [Soběslav I of Bohemia](/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_I%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia \"Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia\") and his wife [Adelaide of Hungary](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Hungary_%28d._1140%29 \"Adelaide of Hungary (d. 1140)\"), a granddaughter of King [Géza I of Hungary](/wiki/G%C3%A9za_I_of_Hungary \"Géza I of Hungary\"). To strengthen the ties between the [Bohemian](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia \"Duchy of Bohemia\") and [German](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany \"Kingdom of Germany\") nobility, her father married her off to the [Babenberg](/wiki/House_of_Babenberg \"House of Babenberg\") margrave Leopold IV of Austria on 28 September 1138\\.{{sfn\\|Lyon\\|2013\\|p\\=242}} The bride was in her early teens, and the groom was in his early 30s. The Bohemian\\-Austrian alliance was confirmed, when Leopold's younger sister [Gertrude](/wiki/Gertrude_of_Babenberg%2C_Duchess_of_Bohemia \"Gertrude of Babenberg, Duchess of Bohemia\") married Soběslav's nephew, Duke [Vladislaus II of Bohemia](/wiki/Vladislaus_II%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia \"Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia\"), two years later.",
"In 1139, one year after Maria's marriage, the [Hohenstaufen](/wiki/Hohenstaufen \"Hohenstaufen\") king [Conrad III of Germany](/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany \"Conrad III of Germany\"), having deposed the [Welf](/wiki/House_of_Welf \"House of Welf\") duke [Henry the Proud](/wiki/Henry_X%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria \"Henry X, Duke of Bavaria\"), enfeoffed the [Duchy of Bavaria](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria \"Duchy of Bavaria\") to the Babenberg dynasty, ruling the [Margraviate of Austria](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria \"Margraviate of Austria\") since 976\\. Margrave Leopold was Conrad's half\\-brother by their mother [Agnes of Waiblingen](/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen \"Agnes of Waiblingen\"); the king may also had helped to arrange the dynastical ties with the Bohemian Přemyslids. Leopold took over the rule in Bavaria, he nevertheless had to face the claims raised by Henry's younger brother [Welf VI](/wiki/Welf_VI \"Welf VI\").",
"Maria's first marriage lasted three years, ending with Leopold's unexpected death at [Niederaltaich Abbey](/wiki/Niederaltaich_Abbey \"Niederaltaich Abbey\") in 1141\\. As the marriage produced no heirs for Leopold, Austria and Bavaria were inherited by his elder brother, Duke [Henry II](/wiki/Henry_II%2C_Duke_of_Austria \"Henry II, Duke of Austria\").",
"One year later, she remarried to Margrave Herman III, who had been [Margrave of Baden](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden \"Margraviate of Baden\") since 1130\\. Maria was his second wife. Herman participated in the [Second Crusade](/wiki/Second_Crusade \"Second Crusade\") and in 1151 he was vested with the [March of Verona](/wiki/March_of_Verona \"March of Verona\") by King Conrad III. He remained a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen dynasty during the [Italian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Holy_Roman_Empire%29 \"Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)\") campaigns of Conrad's successor [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor\").",
"Maria had the following children with Hermann:\n* (?) [Gertrude of Baden](/wiki/Gertrude_of_Baden \"Gertrude of Baden\") (d. before 1225\\), who married in 1180 Count Albrecht of [Dagsburg](/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg \"County of Dagsburg\") (d. 1211\\).",
"Hermann died 16 January 1160\\. Maria disappeared from then although she may have been alive in 1172\\. She is buried at [Backnang Abbey](/wiki/Backnang_Abbey \"Backnang Abbey\").",
""
] |
Debate
------
{{See also\|Constitutional debate in Canada}}
Amending the Canadian constitution is a topic of great debate in Canada. There seems to be general agreement among provincial governments that some parts of the constitution need to be amended to deal with long\-standing demands from many provinces. There are demands by western provinces for a greater share of power at the federal level, and demands from Quebec for greater protection for its status as a [distinct society](/wiki/Distinct_society "Distinct society"). Quebec, in particular, has not formally agreed to the *Constitution Act, 1982*, although this does not affect the legal applicability of the *Act*.
Nevertheless, agreement on details of amendments has been elusive. Further complicating attempts to amend the constitution is the complexity of the procedure for doing so, which in most cases requires approval from both the federal government and two\-thirds of the provincial governments representing at least 50 per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments.
There have been several amendments to the constitution since it was patriated in 1982 including amendments dealing with provincial schooling in Newfoundland and Quebec and the changing of the name of Newfoundland to Newfoundland and Labrador (see below).
Although the amending formula has not been formally altered, the Canadian government under Prime Minister [Jean Chrétien](/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien "Jean Chrétien") after the [1995 Quebec referendum](/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum "1995 Quebec referendum") recognized regional [vetoes](/wiki/Veto "Veto") over proposed amendments, held by the provinces of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), Quebec and [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia"), and by the regions the [Prairies](/wiki/Canadian_Prairies "Canadian Prairies") ([Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan") and [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba")) and the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Canada "Atlantic Canada") (New Brunswick, [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island).{{cite web\|title\=Gomery Inquiry: Jean Chrétien: a former PM testifies\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/groupaction/chretien\_statement.html\#top\|publisher\=CBC News\|date \= 8 February 2005\|accessdate\=18 March 2012}}
### Failed attempts
{{main\|Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution}}
The 1987 [Meech Lake Accord](/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord "Meech Lake Accord"), a package of constitutional amendments, intended to address Quebec's objections to the *Constitution Act, 1982*, failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The [Charlottetown Accord](/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord "Charlottetown Accord") was defeated in a national referendum in 1992\.
### Notwithstanding clause
Various provisions of the Canadian Constitution are subject to the *notwithstanding clause*, which is [Section Thirty\-three of the *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms*](/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms "Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"). This section authorizes federal and provincial parliaments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7–15 for up to five years, subject to renewal. The federal parliament has never invoked it, although provincial parliaments have done so.Heather Scoffield, "Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships," Canadian Press, 13 September 2010
The notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely between 1982 and 1985 by the [Parliament of Quebec](/wiki/Parliament_of_Quebec "Parliament of Quebec"), which did not support the enactment of the *Charter* but is subject to it nonetheless. The parliaments of [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan") and [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta") have also previously invoked the notwithstanding clause, to end a [strike](/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action") and to protect an exclusively [heterosexual definition](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada "Same-sex marriage in Canada") of marriage, respectively.[*Marriage Act*](http://www.canlii.org/ab/laws/sta/m-5/20060217/whole.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113082005/http://www.canlii.org/ab/laws/sta/m\-5/20060217/whole.html \|date\=13 January 2007 }}, R.S.A. 2000, c. M\-5\. Accessed URL on 10 March 2006\. (Alberta's use of the notwithstanding clause was ultimately of no force or effect, since the definition of marriage is solely a federal jurisdiction and same\-sex marriage was legalized nationwide with the *[Civil Marriage Act](/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act "Civil Marriage Act")*.)McKnight, Peter. "Notwithstanding what?" *[The Vancouver Sun](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun "The Vancouver Sun")*, 21 January 2006, pg. C.4\. The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once{{vague\|date\=May 2021}} that invoked the notwithstanding clause, but the legislation was never proclaimed in force.Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, [The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter](http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp194-e.htm#Section) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115221734/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp194\-e.htm\#Section \|date\=15 November 2006 }}, prepared by David Johansen, 1989, as revised May 2005\. Retrieved 7 August 2006\. In 2018, Ontario's provincial government threatened to invoke the notwithstanding clause after legislation changing the size of Toronto's city council in the middle of a municipal election campaign period was ruled unconstitutional by the [Ontario Superior Court of Justice](/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court_of_Justice "Ontario Superior Court of Justice"). The threat was dropped after the [Ontario Court of Appeal](/wiki/Ontario_Court_of_Appeal "Ontario Court of Appeal") overturned the lower court decision, ruling that the change was "unfair" but still constitutional.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/author/shannon\-kari/the\-charter\-under\-assault\-16654/\|title \= The Charter under assault}}
### Supreme Court of Canada in the amending formula
There has been a debate among legal scholars as to whether the [Supreme Court of Canada](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada "Supreme Court of Canada") is entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada was not created by the constitution, rather the power to create a "Court of General Appeal for Canada" was granted to Parliament by s. 101 of the *British North America Act, 1867*. Parliament proceeded to create the Supreme Court of Canada under the authority of s. 101 in 1875 by passing the *[Supreme Court Act](/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act "Supreme Court Act")*, which was an ordinary piece of legislation with no constitutional significance at the time.
The Supreme Court of Canada was mentioned for the first time in a constitutional document by the *Constitution Act, 1982*. The Supreme Court is referred to twice. First, s. 41 lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring unanimous consent. S. 41(d) includes the "composition of the Supreme Court of Canada" in this list. Second, s. 42(1\) lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring the general amendment procedure. S. 42(1\)(d) includes "subject to s. 41(d), the Supreme Court of Canada" in this list. Sections 41 and 42 of the *Constitution Act, 1982*, thus appear to include the Supreme Court of Canada in the Constitution of Canada. However, this conclusion is questionable because the "Constitution of Canada" is expressly defined in s. 52(2\) as a set of 30 instruments that does not include the *Supreme Court Act*. Some scholars, including Peter Hogg, have suggested that the references to the Supreme Court of Canada in sections 41 and 42 are ineffective. They argue that these references are "anticipatory" and will become effective only if Parliament adds the *Supreme Court Act* to the list in s. 52(2\). Other scholars, including Professor Cheffins, have argued that the *Supreme Court Act* is implied as entrenched into s. 52(2\) because of sections 41 and 42\. S. 52(2\) uses the words "includes ..." to introduce the list of thirty instruments, suggesting that the provision does not contain an exhaustive list. The Supreme Court itself has confirmed in [New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)](/wiki/New_Brunswick_Broadcasting_Co._v._Nova_Scotia_%28Speaker_of_the_House_of_Assembly%29 "New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)"), \[1993] 1 S.C.R. 319 that s. 52(2\) is not exhaustive, but has not yet ruled on whether the *Supreme Court Act* is included in the Constitution of Canada.
In [*Reference re* Supreme Court Act*, ss. 5 and 6*](/wiki/Reference_re_Supreme_Court_Act%2C_ss._5_and_6 "Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6") 2014 SCC 21, a majority of the Supreme Court ruled that clauses concerning the appointment of Justices from Quebec are entrenched.{{Cite web\|url\=http://scc\-csc.lexum.com/scc\-csc/scc\-csc/en/item/13544/index.do\|title\=Supreme Court of Canada \- SCC Case Information \- Search\|date\=January 2001}}
### Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
There was debate about whether the *[Succession to the Throne Act, 2013](/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act%2C_2013 "Succession to the Throne Act, 2013")*, a federal statute, was a constitutional amendment that should have been passed under the constitutional amending formula requiring unanimous provincial consent. The Canadian Parliament passed the act to give its assent to the [Succession to the Crown Bill](/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_2013 "Succession to the Crown Act 2013") (then still under debate in the [Parliament of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom")), which aimed to remove male preference in the line of succession to Britain's throne, consistent with the [Perth Agreement](/wiki/Perth_Agreement "Perth Agreement") of the [Commonwealth realms](/wiki/Commonwealth_realms "Commonwealth realms"). Two professors of law from the Université Laval, Geneviève Motard and Patrick Taillon, began a lawsuit in the Quebec courts, arguing that the amendment should have been enacted using the unanimous amending formula under section 41\. The Superior Court of Quebec and the Quebec Court of Appeal both rejected the claim, holding that, according to the *[Statute of Westminster, 1931](/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster%2C_1931 "Statute of Westminster, 1931")*, a constitutional amendment is not required to match Canada's rules of succession to those of the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[*Motard c Canada (Procureur général)*, 2016 QCCS 588 (CanLII).](https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qccs/doc/2016/2016qccs588/2016qccs588.html)[*Motard v. Attorney General of Canada*, 2019 QCCA 1826 (CanLII).](https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qcca/doc/2019/2019qcca1826/2019qcca1826.html) The Supreme Court of Canada denied leave to appeal.[*Geneviève Motard, et al. v. Procureur général du Canada*, 2020 CanLII 29392 (SCC).](https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc-l/doc/2020/2020canlii29392/2020canlii29392.html)
|
[
"Debate\n------",
"{{See also\\|Constitutional debate in Canada}}",
"Amending the Canadian constitution is a topic of great debate in Canada. There seems to be general agreement among provincial governments that some parts of the constitution need to be amended to deal with long\\-standing demands from many provinces. There are demands by western provinces for a greater share of power at the federal level, and demands from Quebec for greater protection for its status as a [distinct society](/wiki/Distinct_society \"Distinct society\"). Quebec, in particular, has not formally agreed to the *Constitution Act, 1982*, although this does not affect the legal applicability of the *Act*.",
"Nevertheless, agreement on details of amendments has been elusive. Further complicating attempts to amend the constitution is the complexity of the procedure for doing so, which in most cases requires approval from both the federal government and two\\-thirds of the provincial governments representing at least 50 per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments.",
"There have been several amendments to the constitution since it was patriated in 1982 including amendments dealing with provincial schooling in Newfoundland and Quebec and the changing of the name of Newfoundland to Newfoundland and Labrador (see below).",
"Although the amending formula has not been formally altered, the Canadian government under Prime Minister [Jean Chrétien](/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien \"Jean Chrétien\") after the [1995 Quebec referendum](/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum \"1995 Quebec referendum\") recognized regional [vetoes](/wiki/Veto \"Veto\") over proposed amendments, held by the provinces of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), Quebec and [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"), and by the regions the [Prairies](/wiki/Canadian_Prairies \"Canadian Prairies\") ([Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") and [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\")) and the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Canada \"Atlantic Canada\") (New Brunswick, [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island).{{cite web\\|title\\=Gomery Inquiry: Jean Chrétien: a former PM testifies\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/groupaction/chretien\\_statement.html\\#top\\|publisher\\=CBC News\\|date \\= 8 February 2005\\|accessdate\\=18 March 2012}}",
"### Failed attempts",
"{{main\\|Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution}}\nThe 1987 [Meech Lake Accord](/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord \"Meech Lake Accord\"), a package of constitutional amendments, intended to address Quebec's objections to the *Constitution Act, 1982*, failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The [Charlottetown Accord](/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord \"Charlottetown Accord\") was defeated in a national referendum in 1992\\.",
"### Notwithstanding clause",
"Various provisions of the Canadian Constitution are subject to the *notwithstanding clause*, which is [Section Thirty\\-three of the *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms*](/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms \"Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"). This section authorizes federal and provincial parliaments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7–15 for up to five years, subject to renewal. The federal parliament has never invoked it, although provincial parliaments have done so.Heather Scoffield, \"Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships,\" Canadian Press, 13 September 2010",
"The notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely between 1982 and 1985 by the [Parliament of Quebec](/wiki/Parliament_of_Quebec \"Parliament of Quebec\"), which did not support the enactment of the *Charter* but is subject to it nonetheless. The parliaments of [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") and [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") have also previously invoked the notwithstanding clause, to end a [strike](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\") and to protect an exclusively [heterosexual definition](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada \"Same-sex marriage in Canada\") of marriage, respectively.[*Marriage Act*](http://www.canlii.org/ab/laws/sta/m-5/20060217/whole.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113082005/http://www.canlii.org/ab/laws/sta/m\\-5/20060217/whole.html \\|date\\=13 January 2007 }}, R.S.A. 2000, c. M\\-5\\. Accessed URL on 10 March 2006\\. (Alberta's use of the notwithstanding clause was ultimately of no force or effect, since the definition of marriage is solely a federal jurisdiction and same\\-sex marriage was legalized nationwide with the *[Civil Marriage Act](/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act \"Civil Marriage Act\")*.)McKnight, Peter. \"Notwithstanding what?\" *[The Vancouver Sun](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun \"The Vancouver Sun\")*, 21 January 2006, pg. C.4\\. The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once{{vague\\|date\\=May 2021}} that invoked the notwithstanding clause, but the legislation was never proclaimed in force.Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, [The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter](http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp194-e.htm#Section) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115221734/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp194\\-e.htm\\#Section \\|date\\=15 November 2006 }}, prepared by David Johansen, 1989, as revised May 2005\\. Retrieved 7 August 2006\\. In 2018, Ontario's provincial government threatened to invoke the notwithstanding clause after legislation changing the size of Toronto's city council in the middle of a municipal election campaign period was ruled unconstitutional by the [Ontario Superior Court of Justice](/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court_of_Justice \"Ontario Superior Court of Justice\"). The threat was dropped after the [Ontario Court of Appeal](/wiki/Ontario_Court_of_Appeal \"Ontario Court of Appeal\") overturned the lower court decision, ruling that the change was \"unfair\" but still constitutional.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/author/shannon\\-kari/the\\-charter\\-under\\-assault\\-16654/\\|title \\= The Charter under assault}}",
"### Supreme Court of Canada in the amending formula",
"There has been a debate among legal scholars as to whether the [Supreme Court of Canada](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada \"Supreme Court of Canada\") is entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada was not created by the constitution, rather the power to create a \"Court of General Appeal for Canada\" was granted to Parliament by s. 101 of the *British North America Act, 1867*. Parliament proceeded to create the Supreme Court of Canada under the authority of s. 101 in 1875 by passing the *[Supreme Court Act](/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act \"Supreme Court Act\")*, which was an ordinary piece of legislation with no constitutional significance at the time.",
"The Supreme Court of Canada was mentioned for the first time in a constitutional document by the *Constitution Act, 1982*. The Supreme Court is referred to twice. First, s. 41 lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring unanimous consent. S. 41(d) includes the \"composition of the Supreme Court of Canada\" in this list. Second, s. 42(1\\) lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring the general amendment procedure. S. 42(1\\)(d) includes \"subject to s. 41(d), the Supreme Court of Canada\" in this list. Sections 41 and 42 of the *Constitution Act, 1982*, thus appear to include the Supreme Court of Canada in the Constitution of Canada. However, this conclusion is questionable because the \"Constitution of Canada\" is expressly defined in s. 52(2\\) as a set of 30 instruments that does not include the *Supreme Court Act*. Some scholars, including Peter Hogg, have suggested that the references to the Supreme Court of Canada in sections 41 and 42 are ineffective. They argue that these references are \"anticipatory\" and will become effective only if Parliament adds the *Supreme Court Act* to the list in s. 52(2\\). Other scholars, including Professor Cheffins, have argued that the *Supreme Court Act* is implied as entrenched into s. 52(2\\) because of sections 41 and 42\\. S. 52(2\\) uses the words \"includes ...\" to introduce the list of thirty instruments, suggesting that the provision does not contain an exhaustive list. The Supreme Court itself has confirmed in [New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)](/wiki/New_Brunswick_Broadcasting_Co._v._Nova_Scotia_%28Speaker_of_the_House_of_Assembly%29 \"New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)\"), \\[1993] 1 S.C.R. 319 that s. 52(2\\) is not exhaustive, but has not yet ruled on whether the *Supreme Court Act* is included in the Constitution of Canada.",
"In [*Reference re* Supreme Court Act*, ss. 5 and 6*](/wiki/Reference_re_Supreme_Court_Act%2C_ss._5_and_6 \"Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6\") 2014 SCC 21, a majority of the Supreme Court ruled that clauses concerning the appointment of Justices from Quebec are entrenched.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://scc\\-csc.lexum.com/scc\\-csc/scc\\-csc/en/item/13544/index.do\\|title\\=Supreme Court of Canada \\- SCC Case Information \\- Search\\|date\\=January 2001}}",
"### Succession to the Throne Act, 2013",
"There was debate about whether the *[Succession to the Throne Act, 2013](/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act%2C_2013 \"Succession to the Throne Act, 2013\")*, a federal statute, was a constitutional amendment that should have been passed under the constitutional amending formula requiring unanimous provincial consent. The Canadian Parliament passed the act to give its assent to the [Succession to the Crown Bill](/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_2013 \"Succession to the Crown Act 2013\") (then still under debate in the [Parliament of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\")), which aimed to remove male preference in the line of succession to Britain's throne, consistent with the [Perth Agreement](/wiki/Perth_Agreement \"Perth Agreement\") of the [Commonwealth realms](/wiki/Commonwealth_realms \"Commonwealth realms\"). Two professors of law from the Université Laval, Geneviève Motard and Patrick Taillon, began a lawsuit in the Quebec courts, arguing that the amendment should have been enacted using the unanimous amending formula under section 41\\. The Superior Court of Quebec and the Quebec Court of Appeal both rejected the claim, holding that, according to the *[Statute of Westminster, 1931](/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster%2C_1931 \"Statute of Westminster, 1931\")*, a constitutional amendment is not required to match Canada's rules of succession to those of the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").[*Motard c Canada (Procureur général)*, 2016 QCCS 588 (CanLII).](https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qccs/doc/2016/2016qccs588/2016qccs588.html)[*Motard v. Attorney General of Canada*, 2019 QCCA 1826 (CanLII).](https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qcca/doc/2019/2019qcca1826/2019qcca1826.html) The Supreme Court of Canada denied leave to appeal.[*Geneviève Motard, et al. v. Procureur général du Canada*, 2020 CanLII 29392 (SCC).](https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc-l/doc/2020/2020canlii29392/2020canlii29392.html)",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Wayside cross](/wiki/File:Wegekreuz_in_Wrzesnica_-_Powiat_slawienski.jpg "Wegekreuz in Wrzesnica - Powiat slawienski.jpg")
Little is known about the history of the extended cluster village – the centre near the church was called *Dreieck* before 1945 (due to its triangular shape). In *Freetzer Heide* there is an overgrown hill surrounded by a ditch, which was called the castle before 1945 and indicates an early castle complex.
The village has belonged to the Rügenwalde administrative area since old times. In 1652, the towns of [Darłowo](/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo "Darłowo") (*Rügenwalde*), Sławno (*Schlawe*) and [Słupsk](/wiki/S%C5%82upsk "Słupsk") (*Stolp*) held a convention here to protest against the Swedish tax levy in the disputes between Brandenburg and Sweden.
Around 1780, Freetz was a village with 19 farmers, 1 free schoolmaster, 4 landowners (including 1 miller and 1 blacksmith), 3 Büdner, 1 schoolhouse and 1 shepherd's croft with a total of 32 fireplaces (households).*Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königlich\-Preußischen Herzogtums Vor\- und Hinterpommern* (Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann, editor.). II. Teil, 2\. Band, 1784, [p. 852, No. 7](https://books.google.com/books?id=uwk_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA852) . (German) In 1818, 289 inhabitants lived here, whose number rose to 1023 by 1885 and was still 900 in 1939\.
Until 1945 Freetz belonged to the registry office district of [Noskowo](/wiki/Noskowo "Noskowo") (*Notzkow*) and to the District court area of Sławno (*Schlawe*). The village was in the district of Sławno ("Schlawe i. Pom.") in the administrative district of [Koszalin](/wiki/Koszalin "Koszalin") (*Köslin*) in the Prussian province of Pomerania.
In March 1945, Red Army troops occupied the village. There were arbitrary shootings and the deportation of numerous inhabitants. Freetz was then placed under Polish administration and renamed Wrześnica. The inhabitants were expelled. The last German inhabitants left the village in 1947\.[Sołectwo WRZEŚNICA](http://gminaslawno.pl/cms/4802) on the website <http://gminaslawno.pl> (Polish; retrieved 2023\-09\-15\)
The village is now part of Gmina Sławno in the Powiat Sławieński of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (until 1998 Słupsk Voivodeship).
The village has several shops, a post office, a library, a dentist and a cemetery. The marked Sławno cycle path runs through the village.[Wrześnica – gmina: Sławno, powiat: sławieński](https://pomorzezachodnie.travel/Miejscowosc/a,2997/Wrze%C5%9Bnica) on the website pomorzezachodnie.travel (Polish; retrieved 2023\-09\-15\)
Before 1648 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania, 1648\-1945 Prussia and Germany. For the general history of the region, see *[History of Pomerania](/wiki/History_of_Pomerania "History of Pomerania")*.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Wayside cross](/wiki/File:Wegekreuz_in_Wrzesnica_-_Powiat_slawienski.jpg \"Wegekreuz in Wrzesnica - Powiat slawienski.jpg\")\nLittle is known about the history of the extended cluster village – the centre near the church was called *Dreieck* before 1945 (due to its triangular shape). In *Freetzer Heide* there is an overgrown hill surrounded by a ditch, which was called the castle before 1945 and indicates an early castle complex.",
"The village has belonged to the Rügenwalde administrative area since old times. In 1652, the towns of [Darłowo](/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo \"Darłowo\") (*Rügenwalde*), Sławno (*Schlawe*) and [Słupsk](/wiki/S%C5%82upsk \"Słupsk\") (*Stolp*) held a convention here to protest against the Swedish tax levy in the disputes between Brandenburg and Sweden.",
"Around 1780, Freetz was a village with 19 farmers, 1 free schoolmaster, 4 landowners (including 1 miller and 1 blacksmith), 3 Büdner, 1 schoolhouse and 1 shepherd's croft with a total of 32 fireplaces (households).*Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königlich\\-Preußischen Herzogtums Vor\\- und Hinterpommern* (Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann, editor.). II. Teil, 2\\. Band, 1784, [p. 852, No. 7](https://books.google.com/books?id=uwk_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA852) . (German) In 1818, 289 inhabitants lived here, whose number rose to 1023 by 1885 and was still 900 in 1939\\.",
"Until 1945 Freetz belonged to the registry office district of [Noskowo](/wiki/Noskowo \"Noskowo\") (*Notzkow*) and to the District court area of Sławno (*Schlawe*). The village was in the district of Sławno (\"Schlawe i. Pom.\") in the administrative district of [Koszalin](/wiki/Koszalin \"Koszalin\") (*Köslin*) in the Prussian province of Pomerania.",
"In March 1945, Red Army troops occupied the village. There were arbitrary shootings and the deportation of numerous inhabitants. Freetz was then placed under Polish administration and renamed Wrześnica. The inhabitants were expelled. The last German inhabitants left the village in 1947\\.[Sołectwo WRZEŚNICA](http://gminaslawno.pl/cms/4802) on the website <http://gminaslawno.pl> (Polish; retrieved 2023\\-09\\-15\\)",
"The village is now part of Gmina Sławno in the Powiat Sławieński of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (until 1998 Słupsk Voivodeship).",
"The village has several shops, a post office, a library, a dentist and a cemetery. The marked Sławno cycle path runs through the village.[Wrześnica – gmina: Sławno, powiat: sławieński](https://pomorzezachodnie.travel/Miejscowosc/a,2997/Wrze%C5%9Bnica) on the website pomorzezachodnie.travel (Polish; retrieved 2023\\-09\\-15\\)",
"Before 1648 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania, 1648\\-1945 Prussia and Germany. For the general history of the region, see *[History of Pomerania](/wiki/History_of_Pomerania \"History of Pomerania\")*.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was Director of the [Drama](/wiki/Drama "Drama") School of the [Autonomous University of Nuevo León](/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n "Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León"). Through this position, he developed a friendship with TV host [Horacio Alvarado Ortiz](/wiki/Horacio_Alvarado_Ortiz "Horacio Alvarado Ortiz") which later helped him start his career in mass media.
In 1961, [XHX\-TV](/wiki/XHX-TV "XHX-TV") bought the licensing rights to make the Mexican version of [Bozo the Clown](/wiki/Bozo_the_Clown "Bozo the Clown"), and José Marroquín was invited to play the role of Bozo. After much deliberation, José Marroquín accepted. The show aired in Mexico on December 18, 1961\. During this show, the segment *Aventuritas* (little adventures) was started, a segment that would later evolve *Aventuritas de Pipo*.
He continued playing Bozo the Clown until his license expired in 1963\. The network decided not renew the license, on [budget](/wiki/Budget "Budget") concerns. At this time, José Marroquín and other executives at the network, decided to create a new character and concept. Creative Artists Francisco Castillo and Carlos Vazquez were supervised by Marroquín to develop this new concept.
On January 20, 1964, the show and the clown "Pipo" were born. His costume consisted of orange hair, oversized shoes, and a round, red nose. It was first aired in front of a live audience. It was an instant hit, and it became a tradition for children in [Monterrey](/wiki/Monterrey "Monterrey") to tune into *Pipo* every afternoon.
José Marroquín later created other characters for the show, most notably *Profesor Pilocho* (played by Carlos Torres), intended to be Pipo's guidance.
The *Aventuritas de Pipo* segment was also very popular. On every show *Pipo* and *Profesor Pilocho* would have an adventure somewhere, always stepping against *Los malitos* ("the meanies").
The show aired for 34 years on [XEFB\-TV](/wiki/XEFB-TV "XEFB-TV") until February 6, 1998, when Jose Marroquin failed to show up on the set. When associates and friends arrived to Marroquin's home later that day they found he had died in his sleep.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was Director of the [Drama](/wiki/Drama \"Drama\") School of the [Autonomous University of Nuevo León](/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n \"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León\"). Through this position, he developed a friendship with TV host [Horacio Alvarado Ortiz](/wiki/Horacio_Alvarado_Ortiz \"Horacio Alvarado Ortiz\") which later helped him start his career in mass media.",
"In 1961, [XHX\\-TV](/wiki/XHX-TV \"XHX-TV\") bought the licensing rights to make the Mexican version of [Bozo the Clown](/wiki/Bozo_the_Clown \"Bozo the Clown\"), and José Marroquín was invited to play the role of Bozo. After much deliberation, José Marroquín accepted. The show aired in Mexico on December 18, 1961\\. During this show, the segment *Aventuritas* (little adventures) was started, a segment that would later evolve *Aventuritas de Pipo*.",
"He continued playing Bozo the Clown until his license expired in 1963\\. The network decided not renew the license, on [budget](/wiki/Budget \"Budget\") concerns. At this time, José Marroquín and other executives at the network, decided to create a new character and concept. Creative Artists Francisco Castillo and Carlos Vazquez were supervised by Marroquín to develop this new concept.",
"On January 20, 1964, the show and the clown \"Pipo\" were born. His costume consisted of orange hair, oversized shoes, and a round, red nose. It was first aired in front of a live audience. It was an instant hit, and it became a tradition for children in [Monterrey](/wiki/Monterrey \"Monterrey\") to tune into *Pipo* every afternoon.",
"José Marroquín later created other characters for the show, most notably *Profesor Pilocho* (played by Carlos Torres), intended to be Pipo's guidance.",
"The *Aventuritas de Pipo* segment was also very popular. On every show *Pipo* and *Profesor Pilocho* would have an adventure somewhere, always stepping against *Los malitos* (\"the meanies\").",
"The show aired for 34 years on [XEFB\\-TV](/wiki/XEFB-TV \"XEFB-TV\") until February 6, 1998, when Jose Marroquin failed to show up on the set. When associates and friends arrived to Marroquin's home later that day they found he had died in his sleep.",
""
] |
Games in the series
-------------------
This is the major system development in the main series (as well as information about the season series and MLB Power Pros series). Some minor developments, such as player abilities, are not included.
### *Pawapuro '94*
Released on February 24, 1994, for the Super Famicom, the game is licensed by Nippon Professional Baseball and the Japanese Professional Baseball Players Association, though [Meiji Jingu Stadium](/wiki/Meiji_Jingu_Stadium "Meiji Jingu Stadium") and [Hanshin Koshien Stadium](/wiki/Hanshin_Koshien_Stadium "Hanshin Koshien Stadium") are listed under fictional names. Success mode is not included in the first two installments. Commentary is provided by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation radio commentator Abe Noriyuki.
### *Pawapuro 2*
Released on February 24, 1995, for the Super Famicom, this is the first game in the series to feature a full Pennant mode and save game functionality.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/projectbook/pawapuro\_mingol/2\|title\=【ゲームの企画書】『パワプロ』×『みんなのGOLF』開発者が初対談。初代『パワプロ』企画書も公開！ コントローラで我々はスポーツの何を楽しんでいるのか？\|date\=June 8, 2017\|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}} Hanshin Koshien Stadium is fully licensed, but Meiji Jingu Stadium remains under a fictional name. Commentary is provided by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation radio commentator Motoharu Ōta.
### *Pawapuro 3*
Released on February 29, 1996, for the Super Famicom. Success mode, which later becomes a core feature of the *Power Pros* series, is introduced in this game.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/projectbook/pawapuro\_mingol/3\|title\=【ゲームの企画書】『パワプロ』×『みんなのGOLF』開発者が初対談。初代『パワプロ』企画書も公開！コントローラで我々はスポーツの何を楽しんでいるのか？\|date\=June 8, 2017\|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}} Commentary is again provided by Abe Noriyuki, who remained in this role until *Power Pros 8*.
### *Pawapuro 4*
Released on March 14, 1997, for the [Nintendo 64](/wiki/Nintendo_64 "Nintendo 64"). With the hardware upgrade, the game's graphics (polygon\-based stadiums) and controls saw significant improvements. Success mode introduces original characters, some of whom continue to appear in later installments.
### *Pawapuro 5*
Released on March 26, 1998, for the Nintendo 64, it became the best\-selling game for the Nintendo 64 in Japan during that month.{{cite news\|title\=What Japan Wants\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/04/23/what\-japan\-wants\|access\-date\=April 1, 2018\|work\=IGN\|date\=April 22, 1998}}
### *Pawapuro 6*
Also known as *Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 6*, it was released on March 25, 1999, for the Nintendo 64\.
### *Pawapuro 7*
The first game in the series released on the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), and the first with fully polygon\-based graphics. [IGN](/wiki/IGN "IGN") found the game fun but criticized its "horrible" graphics and lack of power on the new console.{{cite news\|last1\=Nix\|first1\=Marc\|title\=Jikkyou Powerful Pro Yakyuu 7: Hands\-On\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/24/jikkyou\-powerful\-pro\-yakyuu\-7\-hands\-on\|access\-date\=April 1, 2018\|work\=IGN\|date\=March 23, 2000}} Initially scheduled for release on March 4, 2000,{{cite news\|title\=Another PS2 Launch Title Gets Pushed Back\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/02/05/another\-ps2\-launch\-title\-gets\-pushed\-back\|access\-date\=April 1, 2018\|work\=IGN\|date\=February 4, 2000}} it was later delayed to July 6\.
### *Pawapuro 8*
This installment features the first vocalized opening in the series, "Little Soldier" by [Chihiro Yonekura](/wiki/Chihiro_Yonekura "Chihiro Yonekura"). The opening animations were produced by [Kyoto Animation](/wiki/Kyoto_Animation "Kyoto Animation"), which primarily worked on animation post\-production at that time. Kyoto Animation continued to produce the openings for the series until *Pawapuro 11*, after which they shifted focus to projects like the anime adaptation of *[Air](/wiki/Air_%28visual_novel%29 "Air (visual novel)")* by [Visual Arts/Key](/wiki/Key_%28company%29 "Key (company)"). The production of game openings was then passed to [Production I.G](/wiki/Production_I.G "Production I.G") from *Pawapuro 12* onward.
### *Pawapuro 9*
Released on both [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2") and [GameCube](/wiki/GameCube "GameCube"), this was the first game in the series available on multiple platforms.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.konami.jp/gs/game/pawa/9\_ps2/index.html\|title\=実況パワフルプロ野球９ ＰＳ２版\|website\=www.konami.jp\|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.konami.jp/gs/game/pawa/9\_gc/index.html\|title\=実況パワフルプロ野球９ ＧＣ版\|website\=www.konami.jp\|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}} This title also introduced [cel shading](/wiki/Cel_shading "Cel shading") graphics, a significant visual change.{{cite news\|title\=Jikkyou Powerful Pro Baseball 9\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/06/04/jikkyou\-powerful\-pro\-baseball\-9\|access\-date\=April 1, 2018\|work\=IGN\|date\=June 4, 2002}}
### *Pawapuro 10*
This installment was the first to allow players to create entire teams rather than just individual players in Success Mode. Online multiplayer was introduced for the first time in the main series, and was also the only title that enabled cross\-platform play. Additionally, *MyLife Mode* made its debut, allowing players to control an actual Japan League player rather than an original character, although created players from Success Mode were still playable.
### *Pawapuro 11*
Created to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the *Power Pros* series, this game introduced audio endings in Success Mode, produced by Kyoto Animation. Other new features included the ability to break bats and perform safety bunts.{{cite web\|url\=https://ign.com/articles/2004/07/21/gaming\-life\-in\-japan\-169\|title\=Gaming Life in Japan\|date\=July 21, 2004\|access\-date\=June 20, 2018}}
### *Pawapuro 12*
This installment introduced a modified player password system, making passwords incompatible with previous Nintendo\-based games, but passwords from *Pawapuro 12* to *14* could still be used on the Portable 1 and Portable 2 versions on Sony platforms. The game also introduced a Cheering Songs Editor, which allowed players to create and transfer cheering songs using passwords between Sony platform games.
### *Jikkyō Powerful Major League*
This game marked the first time the series featured [MLB](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") instead of [NPB](/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball "Nippon Professional Baseball"). It also included the license for the [2009 World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic "2009 World Baseball Classic").
### *Pawapuro 13*
With Nintendo's [GameCube](/wiki/GameCube "GameCube") production discontinued by this point, this installment was released only on the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"). It introduced significant system changes, such as an online mode, where players could now control only one player on the team, rather than the entire team. Scenario Mode, a long\-standing feature of the series, was removed.
### *Pawapuro 14/Wii*
The Wii platform replaced the GameCube for this installment. The game supported motion controls on the Wii version and online multiplayer, where players controlled three players at a time. In Success Mode, players could lead a high school team to compete in the [Summer Koshien](/wiki/National_High_School_Baseball_Championship "National High School Baseball Championship") tournament. The mode also featured current Japanese NPB players as members of the National Team.
### *Jikkyō Powerful Major League 2 (MLB Power Pros)*
This title marked the official debut of the series in North America, featuring several Japanese players who had transitioned to Major League Baseball.
### *Pawapuro 2009/NEXT*
Released for the 15th anniversary of the series, *Pawapuro 2009/NEXT* reintroduced numbered versions for the first time since *Pawapuro '94*. Different versions of the game featured unique content based on the specific console and control features.
### *Power Pros 2010*
Released on July 15, 2010, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3") and [PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable "PlayStation Portable"), this was the first game in the series to support [high\-definition video](/wiki/High-definition_video "High-definition video") at [1080p](/wiki/1080p "1080p") resolution and true 5\.1 surround sound ([LPCM](/wiki/LPCM "LPCM")). The *MyLife Mode* was omitted from the PlayStation 3 version.
### *Power Pros 2011*
Released on July 14, 2011, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3") and PlayStation Portable. Unlike the previous version, the two platforms had the same content.
### *Power Pros 2012*
Released on July 19, 2012, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3"), PlayStation Portable, and [PlayStation Vita](/wiki/PlayStation_Vita "PlayStation Vita"), this installment introduced significant gameplay mechanics, including the PawaSta Mode, available only on PlayStation 3 and Vita versions.
### *Power Pros 2013*
Released on October 24, 2013, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3"), PlayStation Portable, and PlayStation Vita. Unlike *Power Pros 2012*, this game was also compatible with the [PlayStation TV](/wiki/PlayStation_TV "PlayStation TV") microconsole.
### *Power Pros 2014*
Released on October 23, 2014, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3") and PlayStation Vita to commemorate the series' 20th anniversary, this was the first installment in the main series to feature active Japanese MLB players as "OB players" (retired players).
### *Power Pros 2016*
Released on April 28, 2016, for the PlayStation 3, [PlayStation 4](/wiki/PlayStation_4 "PlayStation 4"), and PlayStation Vita to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Success Mode, the game introduced many gameplay elements from the *[Professional Baseball Spirits](/wiki/Professional_Baseball_Spirits "Professional Baseball Spirits")* series. The game was later updated with 2017 season rosters, allowing players to choose between 2016 and 2017 rosters. Two new modes, "PawaFes" and "Challenge", were also introduced.
### *Power Pros 2018*
Released on April 28, 2018, for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, *Power Pros 2018* was the first game in the series to support [PlayStation VR](/wiki/PlayStation_VR "PlayStation VR") and [PlayStation 4 Pro](/wiki/PlayStation_4_Pro "PlayStation 4 Pro"), along with [high\-dynamic\-range video](/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video "High-dynamic-range video") (HDR) and [2160p](/wiki/2160p "2160p") resolution. The game included a new mode, "Live Scenario", adapted from *Professional Baseball Spirits 2015*. A 2019 season pack was later added as an update.
### *Power Pros (Nintendo Switch)*
Released on June 27, 2019, for the [Nintendo Switch](/wiki/Nintendo_Switch "Nintendo Switch"), this installment of the series featured a Success Mode that was a remake of scenarios from *Power Pros 9*.
### *eBaseball Powerful Pro Baseball 2020*
Released on July 9, 2020, for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch, this game marked the first entry in the series to incorporate Konami's *eBASEBALL* branding into its official title.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.konami.com/pawa/2020/\|title\=パワプロ 2020｜eBASEBALLパワフルプロ野球2020公式サイト｜KONAMI}}
### eBaseball Powerful Pro Baseball 2022
Released on April 21, 2022, for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch, this installment's Success Mode (called "Rivals") featured selected events from *Power Pros 9*, *Power Pros 13*, and *Power Pros 2011*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.konami.com/pawa/2022/\|title\=パワプロ2022｜eBASEBALLパワフルプロ野球2022公式サイト｜KONAMI}}
### WBSC eBaseball: Power Pros
Released on February 8, 2023 for Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4, this game was a collaboration between Konami and the [World Baseball Softball Confederation](/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation "World Baseball Softball Confederation") (WBSC). It was the first game in the series to feature English text since *MLB Power Pros* and also included Japanese voiceovers in the English release.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.konami.com/games/corporate/en/news/release/20220720/\|title\=and Konami Digital Entertainment Sign New Esports Partnership}}{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-10\-31 \|title\=Konami trademarks eBASEBALL: Power Pros in Japan \|url\=https://www.gematsu.com/2022/10/konami\-trademarks\-ebaseball\-power\-pros\-in\-japan \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-23 \|website\=Gematsu \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-02\-08 \|title\=WBSC eBaseball: Power Pros announced for Switch, out today worldwide \|url\=https://nintendoeverything.com/wbsc\-ebaseball\-power\-pros\-announced\-for\-switch\-out\-today\-worldwide/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-08 \|website\=Nintendo Everything \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-02\-08 \|title\=WBSC eBASEBALL: Power Pros announced for PS4, Switch; now available \|url\=https://www.gematsu.com/2023/02/wbsc\-ebaseball\-power\-pros\-announced\-for\-ps4\-switch\-now\-available \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-09 \|website\=Gematsu \|language\=en\-US}}
### Powerful Pro Baseball 2024 \- 2025
*Powerful Pro Baseball 2024 \- 2025* is a baseball simulation video game in the *Power Pros* series, developed by Konami and Power Pros Production for the [Nintendo Switch](/wiki/Nintendo_Switch "Nintendo Switch") and [PlayStation 4](/wiki/PlayStation_4 "PlayStation 4"), released on July 18, 2024\.{{Cite web \|last\=Sal \|first\=Romano \|date\=April 9, 2024 \|title\=Powerful Pro Baseball 2024\-2025 launches July 18 in Japan \|url\=https://www.gematsu.com/2024/04/powerful\-pro\-baseball\-2024\-2025\-launches\-july\-18\-in\-japan \|website\=Gematsu}} Released in celebration of the series' 30th anniversary and the 20th anniversary of the *[Professional Baseball Spirits](/wiki/Professional_Baseball_Spirits "Professional Baseball Spirits")* series, this installment features [Shohei Ohtani](/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani "Shohei Ohtani") as the ambassador. For the first time, the game title is written in two\-year increments, and the "eBASEBALL" branding has been removed, though it remains part of the overall brand identity.
|
[
"Games in the series\n-------------------",
"This is the major system development in the main series (as well as information about the season series and MLB Power Pros series). Some minor developments, such as player abilities, are not included.",
"### *Pawapuro '94*",
"Released on February 24, 1994, for the Super Famicom, the game is licensed by Nippon Professional Baseball and the Japanese Professional Baseball Players Association, though [Meiji Jingu Stadium](/wiki/Meiji_Jingu_Stadium \"Meiji Jingu Stadium\") and [Hanshin Koshien Stadium](/wiki/Hanshin_Koshien_Stadium \"Hanshin Koshien Stadium\") are listed under fictional names. Success mode is not included in the first two installments. Commentary is provided by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation radio commentator Abe Noriyuki.",
"### *Pawapuro 2*",
"Released on February 24, 1995, for the Super Famicom, this is the first game in the series to feature a full Pennant mode and save game functionality.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/projectbook/pawapuro\\_mingol/2\\|title\\=【ゲームの企画書】『パワプロ』×『みんなのGOLF』開発者が初対談。初代『パワプロ』企画書も公開！ コントローラで我々はスポーツの何を楽しんでいるのか？\\|date\\=June 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}} Hanshin Koshien Stadium is fully licensed, but Meiji Jingu Stadium remains under a fictional name. Commentary is provided by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation radio commentator Motoharu Ōta.",
"### *Pawapuro 3*",
"Released on February 29, 1996, for the Super Famicom. Success mode, which later becomes a core feature of the *Power Pros* series, is introduced in this game.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/projectbook/pawapuro\\_mingol/3\\|title\\=【ゲームの企画書】『パワプロ』×『みんなのGOLF』開発者が初対談。初代『パワプロ』企画書も公開！コントローラで我々はスポーツの何を楽しんでいるのか？\\|date\\=June 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}} Commentary is again provided by Abe Noriyuki, who remained in this role until *Power Pros 8*.",
"### *Pawapuro 4*",
"Released on March 14, 1997, for the [Nintendo 64](/wiki/Nintendo_64 \"Nintendo 64\"). With the hardware upgrade, the game's graphics (polygon\\-based stadiums) and controls saw significant improvements. Success mode introduces original characters, some of whom continue to appear in later installments.",
"### *Pawapuro 5*",
"Released on March 26, 1998, for the Nintendo 64, it became the best\\-selling game for the Nintendo 64 in Japan during that month.{{cite news\\|title\\=What Japan Wants\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/04/23/what\\-japan\\-wants\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2018\\|work\\=IGN\\|date\\=April 22, 1998}}",
"### *Pawapuro 6*",
"Also known as *Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 6*, it was released on March 25, 1999, for the Nintendo 64\\.",
"### *Pawapuro 7*",
"The first game in the series released on the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), and the first with fully polygon\\-based graphics. [IGN](/wiki/IGN \"IGN\") found the game fun but criticized its \"horrible\" graphics and lack of power on the new console.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Nix\\|first1\\=Marc\\|title\\=Jikkyou Powerful Pro Yakyuu 7: Hands\\-On\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/24/jikkyou\\-powerful\\-pro\\-yakyuu\\-7\\-hands\\-on\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2018\\|work\\=IGN\\|date\\=March 23, 2000}} Initially scheduled for release on March 4, 2000,{{cite news\\|title\\=Another PS2 Launch Title Gets Pushed Back\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/02/05/another\\-ps2\\-launch\\-title\\-gets\\-pushed\\-back\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2018\\|work\\=IGN\\|date\\=February 4, 2000}} it was later delayed to July 6\\.",
"### *Pawapuro 8*",
"This installment features the first vocalized opening in the series, \"Little Soldier\" by [Chihiro Yonekura](/wiki/Chihiro_Yonekura \"Chihiro Yonekura\"). The opening animations were produced by [Kyoto Animation](/wiki/Kyoto_Animation \"Kyoto Animation\"), which primarily worked on animation post\\-production at that time. Kyoto Animation continued to produce the openings for the series until *Pawapuro 11*, after which they shifted focus to projects like the anime adaptation of *[Air](/wiki/Air_%28visual_novel%29 \"Air (visual novel)\")* by [Visual Arts/Key](/wiki/Key_%28company%29 \"Key (company)\"). The production of game openings was then passed to [Production I.G](/wiki/Production_I.G \"Production I.G\") from *Pawapuro 12* onward.",
"### *Pawapuro 9*",
"Released on both [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\") and [GameCube](/wiki/GameCube \"GameCube\"), this was the first game in the series available on multiple platforms.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.konami.jp/gs/game/pawa/9\\_ps2/index.html\\|title\\=実況パワフルプロ野球９ ＰＳ２版\\|website\\=www.konami.jp\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.konami.jp/gs/game/pawa/9\\_gc/index.html\\|title\\=実況パワフルプロ野球９ ＧＣ版\\|website\\=www.konami.jp\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}} This title also introduced [cel shading](/wiki/Cel_shading \"Cel shading\") graphics, a significant visual change.{{cite news\\|title\\=Jikkyou Powerful Pro Baseball 9\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/06/04/jikkyou\\-powerful\\-pro\\-baseball\\-9\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2018\\|work\\=IGN\\|date\\=June 4, 2002}}",
"### *Pawapuro 10*",
"This installment was the first to allow players to create entire teams rather than just individual players in Success Mode. Online multiplayer was introduced for the first time in the main series, and was also the only title that enabled cross\\-platform play. Additionally, *MyLife Mode* made its debut, allowing players to control an actual Japan League player rather than an original character, although created players from Success Mode were still playable.",
"### *Pawapuro 11*",
"Created to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the *Power Pros* series, this game introduced audio endings in Success Mode, produced by Kyoto Animation. Other new features included the ability to break bats and perform safety bunts.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ign.com/articles/2004/07/21/gaming\\-life\\-in\\-japan\\-169\\|title\\=Gaming Life in Japan\\|date\\=July 21, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2018}}",
"### *Pawapuro 12*",
"This installment introduced a modified player password system, making passwords incompatible with previous Nintendo\\-based games, but passwords from *Pawapuro 12* to *14* could still be used on the Portable 1 and Portable 2 versions on Sony platforms. The game also introduced a Cheering Songs Editor, which allowed players to create and transfer cheering songs using passwords between Sony platform games.",
"### *Jikkyō Powerful Major League*",
"This game marked the first time the series featured [MLB](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") instead of [NPB](/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball \"Nippon Professional Baseball\"). It also included the license for the [2009 World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic \"2009 World Baseball Classic\").",
"### *Pawapuro 13*",
"With Nintendo's [GameCube](/wiki/GameCube \"GameCube\") production discontinued by this point, this installment was released only on the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"). It introduced significant system changes, such as an online mode, where players could now control only one player on the team, rather than the entire team. Scenario Mode, a long\\-standing feature of the series, was removed.",
"### *Pawapuro 14/Wii*",
"The Wii platform replaced the GameCube for this installment. The game supported motion controls on the Wii version and online multiplayer, where players controlled three players at a time. In Success Mode, players could lead a high school team to compete in the [Summer Koshien](/wiki/National_High_School_Baseball_Championship \"National High School Baseball Championship\") tournament. The mode also featured current Japanese NPB players as members of the National Team.",
"### *Jikkyō Powerful Major League 2 (MLB Power Pros)*",
"This title marked the official debut of the series in North America, featuring several Japanese players who had transitioned to Major League Baseball.",
"### *Pawapuro 2009/NEXT*",
"Released for the 15th anniversary of the series, *Pawapuro 2009/NEXT* reintroduced numbered versions for the first time since *Pawapuro '94*. Different versions of the game featured unique content based on the specific console and control features.",
"### *Power Pros 2010*",
"Released on July 15, 2010, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\") and [PlayStation Portable](/wiki/PlayStation_Portable \"PlayStation Portable\"), this was the first game in the series to support [high\\-definition video](/wiki/High-definition_video \"High-definition video\") at [1080p](/wiki/1080p \"1080p\") resolution and true 5\\.1 surround sound ([LPCM](/wiki/LPCM \"LPCM\")). The *MyLife Mode* was omitted from the PlayStation 3 version.",
"### *Power Pros 2011*",
"Released on July 14, 2011, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\") and PlayStation Portable. Unlike the previous version, the two platforms had the same content.",
"### *Power Pros 2012*",
"Released on July 19, 2012, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\"), PlayStation Portable, and [PlayStation Vita](/wiki/PlayStation_Vita \"PlayStation Vita\"), this installment introduced significant gameplay mechanics, including the PawaSta Mode, available only on PlayStation 3 and Vita versions.",
"### *Power Pros 2013*",
"Released on October 24, 2013, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\"), PlayStation Portable, and PlayStation Vita. Unlike *Power Pros 2012*, this game was also compatible with the [PlayStation TV](/wiki/PlayStation_TV \"PlayStation TV\") microconsole.",
"### *Power Pros 2014*",
"Released on October 23, 2014, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\") and PlayStation Vita to commemorate the series' 20th anniversary, this was the first installment in the main series to feature active Japanese MLB players as \"OB players\" (retired players).",
"### *Power Pros 2016*",
"Released on April 28, 2016, for the PlayStation 3, [PlayStation 4](/wiki/PlayStation_4 \"PlayStation 4\"), and PlayStation Vita to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Success Mode, the game introduced many gameplay elements from the *[Professional Baseball Spirits](/wiki/Professional_Baseball_Spirits \"Professional Baseball Spirits\")* series. The game was later updated with 2017 season rosters, allowing players to choose between 2016 and 2017 rosters. Two new modes, \"PawaFes\" and \"Challenge\", were also introduced.",
"### *Power Pros 2018*",
"Released on April 28, 2018, for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, *Power Pros 2018* was the first game in the series to support [PlayStation VR](/wiki/PlayStation_VR \"PlayStation VR\") and [PlayStation 4 Pro](/wiki/PlayStation_4_Pro \"PlayStation 4 Pro\"), along with [high\\-dynamic\\-range video](/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video \"High-dynamic-range video\") (HDR) and [2160p](/wiki/2160p \"2160p\") resolution. The game included a new mode, \"Live Scenario\", adapted from *Professional Baseball Spirits 2015*. A 2019 season pack was later added as an update.",
"### *Power Pros (Nintendo Switch)*",
"Released on June 27, 2019, for the [Nintendo Switch](/wiki/Nintendo_Switch \"Nintendo Switch\"), this installment of the series featured a Success Mode that was a remake of scenarios from *Power Pros 9*.",
"### *eBaseball Powerful Pro Baseball 2020*",
"Released on July 9, 2020, for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch, this game marked the first entry in the series to incorporate Konami's *eBASEBALL* branding into its official title.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.konami.com/pawa/2020/\\|title\\=パワプロ 2020｜eBASEBALLパワフルプロ野球2020公式サイト｜KONAMI}}",
"### eBaseball Powerful Pro Baseball 2022",
"Released on April 21, 2022, for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch, this installment's Success Mode (called \"Rivals\") featured selected events from *Power Pros 9*, *Power Pros 13*, and *Power Pros 2011*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.konami.com/pawa/2022/\\|title\\=パワプロ2022｜eBASEBALLパワフルプロ野球2022公式サイト｜KONAMI}}",
"### WBSC eBaseball: Power Pros",
"Released on February 8, 2023 for Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4, this game was a collaboration between Konami and the [World Baseball Softball Confederation](/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation \"World Baseball Softball Confederation\") (WBSC). It was the first game in the series to feature English text since *MLB Power Pros* and also included Japanese voiceovers in the English release.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.konami.com/games/corporate/en/news/release/20220720/\\|title\\=and Konami Digital Entertainment Sign New Esports Partnership}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-31 \\|title\\=Konami trademarks eBASEBALL: Power Pros in Japan \\|url\\=https://www.gematsu.com/2022/10/konami\\-trademarks\\-ebaseball\\-power\\-pros\\-in\\-japan \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-23 \\|website\\=Gematsu \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-08 \\|title\\=WBSC eBaseball: Power Pros announced for Switch, out today worldwide \\|url\\=https://nintendoeverything.com/wbsc\\-ebaseball\\-power\\-pros\\-announced\\-for\\-switch\\-out\\-today\\-worldwide/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Nintendo Everything \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-08 \\|title\\=WBSC eBASEBALL: Power Pros announced for PS4, Switch; now available \\|url\\=https://www.gematsu.com/2023/02/wbsc\\-ebaseball\\-power\\-pros\\-announced\\-for\\-ps4\\-switch\\-now\\-available \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-09 \\|website\\=Gematsu \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Powerful Pro Baseball 2024 \\- 2025",
"*Powerful Pro Baseball 2024 \\- 2025* is a baseball simulation video game in the *Power Pros* series, developed by Konami and Power Pros Production for the [Nintendo Switch](/wiki/Nintendo_Switch \"Nintendo Switch\") and [PlayStation 4](/wiki/PlayStation_4 \"PlayStation 4\"), released on July 18, 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sal \\|first\\=Romano \\|date\\=April 9, 2024 \\|title\\=Powerful Pro Baseball 2024\\-2025 launches July 18 in Japan \\|url\\=https://www.gematsu.com/2024/04/powerful\\-pro\\-baseball\\-2024\\-2025\\-launches\\-july\\-18\\-in\\-japan \\|website\\=Gematsu}} Released in celebration of the series' 30th anniversary and the 20th anniversary of the *[Professional Baseball Spirits](/wiki/Professional_Baseball_Spirits \"Professional Baseball Spirits\")* series, this installment features [Shohei Ohtani](/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani \"Shohei Ohtani\") as the ambassador. For the first time, the game title is written in two\\-year increments, and the \"eBASEBALL\" branding has been removed, though it remains part of the overall brand identity.",
""
] |
The Success Mode
----------------
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=June 2023}}
The Success Mode is the game's most notable feature, blending [role\-playing game](/wiki/Role-playing_game "Role-playing game") and [life simulation game](/wiki/Life_simulation_game "Life simulation game") elements with [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball"). The main objective is to train a generic Pawapurokun to become a professional baseball player. Pawapurokun starts with low stats but often surpasses the real professional players included in the game. Typically, Pawapurokun begins as an amateur (high school, college, or company player) and must become a professional within a set period (usually three years). Success Mode takes about two hours to complete, but creating a good player requires significant skill and luck, giving the game near\-infinite replay value. Various random events affect the player's growth. For example, getting a girlfriend allows the players to regain motivation easily and receive gifts (which significantly boost the player's stats) on their birthday. The level of stress and the number of Pawapurokuns lost in Success Mode can be substantial, as players may spend hours training a Pawapurokun, only to have him severely injured in a car accident, ending his chances of becoming a top player. "All A's" Pawapurokuns (those with maximum stats) are highly sought after, as players can transfer Pawapurokuns between memory cards using a password, but passwords differ between Sony and Nintendo, preventing transfers between platforms like PS2/PSP and GC/Wii/NDS/GBA. Since Success Mode is the most popular part of the *Pawapuro* series, there is no ability\-editing mode (except in the American installment *MLB Power Pros*), which is common in other sports games. The plot and storyline of Success Mode greatly impact the game's popularity, as many players prefer to replay older *Pawapuro* games with strong Success Modes rather than buy newer installments with updated data and gameplay but weaker Success Modes.
In *Pawapuro 14*, players can become a coach instead of Pawapurokun, leading a high school team to the [Koshien](/wiki/High_school_baseball_in_Japan "High school baseball in Japan") championship. This offers an alternate way to create many Pawapurokuns simultaneously. The mode does not require skill in pitching, catching, or batting but emphasizes planning and tactics, similar to other sports\-management games. *Pawapuro 14 Kettei\-ban* was the first to allow enhancing current NPB players and placing them as original players.
The main background of Pawapurokun in various installments are below:
* 3: Reserve player (in NPB team)
* 4: Reserve player (in NPB team)
* 5: High School Student
* 6: University player
* 7: Reserve player (in NPB team)
* 8: Fantasy Story (High School/University/Company player can be chosen)
* 9: High School Student
* 10: An NPB fictional team Reserve
* 11: University Team/Japan National Team (as amateur player)
* 12: Student in baseball academy/Company amateur player/Dropout in baseball academy
* Major League: Player in independent league
* 13: High School Student (World High School Championship is added in *Kettei\-ban*)
* 14: Reserve of Vulcans, an NPB fictional league team.
* MLBPP: University Student
* 15: Company amateur player
* MLBPP08: An AA/AAA player
For managers:
* 10: Playing\-owner of the professional\-Success All Stars (*Kettei\-ban* only)
* 14: High School Team, Japan National Team (*Kettei\-ban* only)
* 15: High School Team
The storylines and events in the series are often connected to both sequels and prequels, though not always in chronological order. For example, *7* is a sequel to the events in *9*, and *10* is a sequel to *13*, but *11* and *12* are parallel stories branching from *13* and have no connection to *10*. The only constant character is Yabe Akio, an original outfielder who has appeared in every main series installment since *4* and always serves as Pawapuro\-kun's first partner. He appears in the openings of *7*, *8*, and *9* wearing a [Nippon\-Ham Fighters](/wiki/Nippon-Ham_Fighters "Nippon-Ham Fighters") (now Hokkaido Nippon\-Ham Fighters) uniform.
In early installments before *10*, major characters were placed on different real NPB teams. After installment *10*, four original teams (Powerfuls, Keysers, Cathands, and Yanks) were created in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") and [Central League](/wiki/Central_League "Central League") to accommodate original characters, with minor characters remaining on real teams as opponents. Two additional teams, Vulcans and Busters, were added in *14* to form the fictional "Revolutional League" with the previous four teams. According to the storyline in *14*, the league competed in the Japan Series in its fourth year. Despite the fictional teams, major NPB regulations are followed, including the playoff system introduced in 2007\. The Pennant span is shorter to keep gameplay under three hours, except in certain modes in *9*, *10*, 99', *11*, *13*, and *14*. Players are generally not required to play all innings unless involved in key moments, like being captain in the final stages of Success Mode.
Due to potential copyright conflicts with MLB (especially before the release of the MLB series after *Pawapuro 12*), the American League system in the NPB series is called the UBL (possibly "USA Baseball League"). It consists of three levels: Single Star, Double Stars, and the top\-tier Regular League, akin to the AA, [AAA](/wiki/AAA_%28baseball%29 "AAA (baseball)"), and [MLB](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") system. This naming was used in installments *13* and *14*, even after the MLB series was released, to maintain continuity with the NPB storylines, as some players are set in the UBL. Currently, the MLB series' Success Modes do not feature MLB players as playable characters, though AAA players appear in *MLB Power Pros 2008*.
Notably, several female players have appeared in the series, with at least four advancing through Koshien and turning professional (though one is not seen after release). Since the 7th installment, the opening sequences often provide clues to the Success Mode storyline, especially in the 9th and 10th installments, where professional players make brief cameos and Success Mode characters take center stage.
Sub\-series often feature independent scenarios or omit Success Mode entirely. The most famous is the 99' installment, which introduced "Mekkou\-Tou" mode. This mode involves consecutive battles with all original teams from past Success Modes (across the main series, *[Power Pro Kun Pocket](/wiki/Power_Pro_Kun_Pocket "Power Pro Kun Pocket")* series, and even future installments), and it remains a legendary mode that has not been revived in later series.
*Power Pro Kun Pocket* series, in contrast to the main series, incorporates many fantasy elements. Since the second installment, two Success Modes are featured in each game. The standard mode often involves high school or professional baseball (with fantasy elements mixed in), while the second, called "Inner Success" mode, places *Power Pro Kun* in various worlds, including the [Medieval Ages](/wiki/Medieval_Ages "Medieval Ages"), ancient times, and the future. Fantasy elements are rare in the main series, though Konami introduced them in *8*, where the (optional) final battle is against android players infused with the data of legendary players.
|
[
"The Success Mode\n----------------",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=June 2023}}\nThe Success Mode is the game's most notable feature, blending [role\\-playing game](/wiki/Role-playing_game \"Role-playing game\") and [life simulation game](/wiki/Life_simulation_game \"Life simulation game\") elements with [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\"). The main objective is to train a generic Pawapurokun to become a professional baseball player. Pawapurokun starts with low stats but often surpasses the real professional players included in the game. Typically, Pawapurokun begins as an amateur (high school, college, or company player) and must become a professional within a set period (usually three years). Success Mode takes about two hours to complete, but creating a good player requires significant skill and luck, giving the game near\\-infinite replay value. Various random events affect the player's growth. For example, getting a girlfriend allows the players to regain motivation easily and receive gifts (which significantly boost the player's stats) on their birthday. The level of stress and the number of Pawapurokuns lost in Success Mode can be substantial, as players may spend hours training a Pawapurokun, only to have him severely injured in a car accident, ending his chances of becoming a top player. \"All A's\" Pawapurokuns (those with maximum stats) are highly sought after, as players can transfer Pawapurokuns between memory cards using a password, but passwords differ between Sony and Nintendo, preventing transfers between platforms like PS2/PSP and GC/Wii/NDS/GBA. Since Success Mode is the most popular part of the *Pawapuro* series, there is no ability\\-editing mode (except in the American installment *MLB Power Pros*), which is common in other sports games. The plot and storyline of Success Mode greatly impact the game's popularity, as many players prefer to replay older *Pawapuro* games with strong Success Modes rather than buy newer installments with updated data and gameplay but weaker Success Modes.",
"In *Pawapuro 14*, players can become a coach instead of Pawapurokun, leading a high school team to the [Koshien](/wiki/High_school_baseball_in_Japan \"High school baseball in Japan\") championship. This offers an alternate way to create many Pawapurokuns simultaneously. The mode does not require skill in pitching, catching, or batting but emphasizes planning and tactics, similar to other sports\\-management games. *Pawapuro 14 Kettei\\-ban* was the first to allow enhancing current NPB players and placing them as original players.",
"The main background of Pawapurokun in various installments are below:\n* 3: Reserve player (in NPB team)\n* 4: Reserve player (in NPB team)\n* 5: High School Student\n* 6: University player\n* 7: Reserve player (in NPB team)\n* 8: Fantasy Story (High School/University/Company player can be chosen)\n* 9: High School Student\n* 10: An NPB fictional team Reserve\n* 11: University Team/Japan National Team (as amateur player)\n* 12: Student in baseball academy/Company amateur player/Dropout in baseball academy\n* Major League: Player in independent league\n* 13: High School Student (World High School Championship is added in *Kettei\\-ban*)\n* 14: Reserve of Vulcans, an NPB fictional league team.\n* MLBPP: University Student\n* 15: Company amateur player\n* MLBPP08: An AA/AAA player",
"For managers:\n* 10: Playing\\-owner of the professional\\-Success All Stars (*Kettei\\-ban* only)\n* 14: High School Team, Japan National Team (*Kettei\\-ban* only)\n* 15: High School Team",
"The storylines and events in the series are often connected to both sequels and prequels, though not always in chronological order. For example, *7* is a sequel to the events in *9*, and *10* is a sequel to *13*, but *11* and *12* are parallel stories branching from *13* and have no connection to *10*. The only constant character is Yabe Akio, an original outfielder who has appeared in every main series installment since *4* and always serves as Pawapuro\\-kun's first partner. He appears in the openings of *7*, *8*, and *9* wearing a [Nippon\\-Ham Fighters](/wiki/Nippon-Ham_Fighters \"Nippon-Ham Fighters\") (now Hokkaido Nippon\\-Ham Fighters) uniform.",
"In early installments before *10*, major characters were placed on different real NPB teams. After installment *10*, four original teams (Powerfuls, Keysers, Cathands, and Yanks) were created in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") and [Central League](/wiki/Central_League \"Central League\") to accommodate original characters, with minor characters remaining on real teams as opponents. Two additional teams, Vulcans and Busters, were added in *14* to form the fictional \"Revolutional League\" with the previous four teams. According to the storyline in *14*, the league competed in the Japan Series in its fourth year. Despite the fictional teams, major NPB regulations are followed, including the playoff system introduced in 2007\\. The Pennant span is shorter to keep gameplay under three hours, except in certain modes in *9*, *10*, 99', *11*, *13*, and *14*. Players are generally not required to play all innings unless involved in key moments, like being captain in the final stages of Success Mode.",
"Due to potential copyright conflicts with MLB (especially before the release of the MLB series after *Pawapuro 12*), the American League system in the NPB series is called the UBL (possibly \"USA Baseball League\"). It consists of three levels: Single Star, Double Stars, and the top\\-tier Regular League, akin to the AA, [AAA](/wiki/AAA_%28baseball%29 \"AAA (baseball)\"), and [MLB](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") system. This naming was used in installments *13* and *14*, even after the MLB series was released, to maintain continuity with the NPB storylines, as some players are set in the UBL. Currently, the MLB series' Success Modes do not feature MLB players as playable characters, though AAA players appear in *MLB Power Pros 2008*.",
"Notably, several female players have appeared in the series, with at least four advancing through Koshien and turning professional (though one is not seen after release). Since the 7th installment, the opening sequences often provide clues to the Success Mode storyline, especially in the 9th and 10th installments, where professional players make brief cameos and Success Mode characters take center stage.",
"Sub\\-series often feature independent scenarios or omit Success Mode entirely. The most famous is the 99' installment, which introduced \"Mekkou\\-Tou\" mode. This mode involves consecutive battles with all original teams from past Success Modes (across the main series, *[Power Pro Kun Pocket](/wiki/Power_Pro_Kun_Pocket \"Power Pro Kun Pocket\")* series, and even future installments), and it remains a legendary mode that has not been revived in later series.",
"*Power Pro Kun Pocket* series, in contrast to the main series, incorporates many fantasy elements. Since the second installment, two Success Modes are featured in each game. The standard mode often involves high school or professional baseball (with fantasy elements mixed in), while the second, called \"Inner Success\" mode, places *Power Pro Kun* in various worlds, including the [Medieval Ages](/wiki/Medieval_Ages \"Medieval Ages\"), ancient times, and the future. Fantasy elements are rare in the main series, though Konami introduced them in *8*, where the (optional) final battle is against android players infused with the data of legendary players.",
""
] |
Competition history
-------------------
The B190, which replaced the highly successful [B189](/wiki/Benetton_B189 "Benetton B189"), utilized the *[Ford HBA4](/wiki/Cosworth%23HB "Cosworth#HB")* [V8 engine](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine"). As [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company")'s official team in F1, Benetton were given the latest engine while customer teams had to make do with the older [Ford DFR](/wiki/Cosworth_DFR "Cosworth DFR") which Benetton had first used in {{f1\|1988}}. Through the season, [Nelson Piquet](/wiki/Nelson_Piquet "Nelson Piquet") and [Alessandro Nannini](/wiki/Alessandro_Nannini "Alessandro Nannini") successfully kept the B190 apace with other front runners including the [V10](/wiki/V10_engine "V10 engine") McLaren\-[Honda](/wiki/Honda_F1 "Honda F1")'s and [Williams](/wiki/WilliamsF1 "WilliamsF1")\-[Renault](/wiki/Renault_F1 "Renault F1")'s, and Ferrari's [V12](/wiki/V12_engine "V12 engine") with its [Semi\-automatic transmission](/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission "Semi-automatic transmission"), despite the power advantage the multi\-cylinder engines had over the Ford V8\. Indeed, at some races, the Ford\-powered Benetton's were as fast in a straight line as the more powerful multi\-cylinder engines, the lower weight of the V8 allowing the team to use less downforce which also reduced tyre wear.
The Ford *HBA4* V8 engine produced approximately {{Convert\|650\|bhp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} in 1990\. This compared to {{Convert\|690\|bhp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} for the Honda V10, {{Convert\|680\|bhp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} for the Ferrari V12 and {{Convert\|660\|bhp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} for the Renault V10 (the old Ford DFR engine was rated at only {{Convert\|620\|bhp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}}). What the *HBA4* lacked in power to the multi\-cylinder engines was generally made up by being smaller and lighter than its main competitors, giving it a lower centre of gravity (weight distribution) which offered a significant handling benefit. The Ford V8 had less frictional losses and therefore thermal discharge than its rivals, meaning less plumbing and smaller radiators could be used, significantly increasing the aerodynamic efficiency of the B190 and improving its co\-efficient of drag, which explains the very competitive straight line speed of the B190 in 1990\.
After placing third in the [Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/1990_Spanish_Grand_Prix "1990 Spanish Grand Prix"), the popular, chain\-smoking Italian Nannini was seriously injured in a helicopter crash near his home in [Siena](/wiki/Siena "Siena"), Italy. The crash severed his right forearm, putting a premature end to a promising Formula One career (doctors were able to re\-attach the limb using [Micro\-surgery](/wiki/Micro-surgery "Micro-surgery") and Nannini has since regained partial use of it). On Piquet's recommendation, he was replaced by [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazilian_people "Brazilian people") driver [Roberto Moreno](/wiki/Roberto_Moreno "Roberto Moreno") for the last two Grand Prix races.
Piquet won the final two races of the season, including a 1–2 finish for Piquet and Moreno at the controversial [Japanese Grand Prix](/wiki/1990_Japanese_Grand_Prix "1990 Japanese Grand Prix"). During the [season's last race](/wiki/1990_Australian_Grand_Prix "1990 Australian Grand Prix") in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Street_Circuit "Adelaide Street Circuit"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") (the 500th World Championship Grand Prix held since it all began in {{f1\|1950}}), Piquet won after holding off former Williams teammate [Nigel Mansell](/wiki/Nigel_Mansell "Nigel Mansell") who was racing in a [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari_641 "Ferrari 641"). During the race morning warm up in Australia, Piquet's B190 was the fastest car on the 900\-metre\-long [Brabham Straight](/wiki/Jack_Brabham "Jack Brabham") at {{Convert\|287\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr\=on}} (although this was significantly slower than the {{Convert\|320\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr\=on}} seen from the turbo powered cars of 1985–1988, the Piquet's fastest race lap time, the second fastest of the race behind only Mansell, was comfortably under the lap record for Adelaide that had been set in [1987](/wiki/1987_Australian_Grand_Prix "1987 Australian Grand Prix") by [Gerhard Berger](/wiki/Gerhard_Berger "Gerhard Berger") in a {{Convert\|900\|bhp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari_F1/87 "Ferrari F1/87")).
The 18 points gained from the last two races saw Piquet move to third in the Drivers' Championship, behind the year's champion [Ayrton Senna](/wiki/Ayrton_Senna "Ayrton Senna") (McLaren) and runner\-up [Alain Prost](/wiki/Alain_Prost "Alain Prost") (Ferrari), and the team was awarded third place in the Constructors' Championship, again behind McLaren and Ferrari.
|
[
"Competition history\n-------------------",
"The B190, which replaced the highly successful [B189](/wiki/Benetton_B189 \"Benetton B189\"), utilized the *[Ford HBA4](/wiki/Cosworth%23HB \"Cosworth#HB\")* [V8 engine](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\"). As [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\")'s official team in F1, Benetton were given the latest engine while customer teams had to make do with the older [Ford DFR](/wiki/Cosworth_DFR \"Cosworth DFR\") which Benetton had first used in {{f1\\|1988}}. Through the season, [Nelson Piquet](/wiki/Nelson_Piquet \"Nelson Piquet\") and [Alessandro Nannini](/wiki/Alessandro_Nannini \"Alessandro Nannini\") successfully kept the B190 apace with other front runners including the [V10](/wiki/V10_engine \"V10 engine\") McLaren\\-[Honda](/wiki/Honda_F1 \"Honda F1\")'s and [Williams](/wiki/WilliamsF1 \"WilliamsF1\")\\-[Renault](/wiki/Renault_F1 \"Renault F1\")'s, and Ferrari's [V12](/wiki/V12_engine \"V12 engine\") with its [Semi\\-automatic transmission](/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission \"Semi-automatic transmission\"), despite the power advantage the multi\\-cylinder engines had over the Ford V8\\. Indeed, at some races, the Ford\\-powered Benetton's were as fast in a straight line as the more powerful multi\\-cylinder engines, the lower weight of the V8 allowing the team to use less downforce which also reduced tyre wear.",
"The Ford *HBA4* V8 engine produced approximately {{Convert\\|650\\|bhp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} in 1990\\. This compared to {{Convert\\|690\\|bhp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} for the Honda V10, {{Convert\\|680\\|bhp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} for the Ferrari V12 and {{Convert\\|660\\|bhp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} for the Renault V10 (the old Ford DFR engine was rated at only {{Convert\\|620\\|bhp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}). What the *HBA4* lacked in power to the multi\\-cylinder engines was generally made up by being smaller and lighter than its main competitors, giving it a lower centre of gravity (weight distribution) which offered a significant handling benefit. The Ford V8 had less frictional losses and therefore thermal discharge than its rivals, meaning less plumbing and smaller radiators could be used, significantly increasing the aerodynamic efficiency of the B190 and improving its co\\-efficient of drag, which explains the very competitive straight line speed of the B190 in 1990\\.",
"After placing third in the [Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/1990_Spanish_Grand_Prix \"1990 Spanish Grand Prix\"), the popular, chain\\-smoking Italian Nannini was seriously injured in a helicopter crash near his home in [Siena](/wiki/Siena \"Siena\"), Italy. The crash severed his right forearm, putting a premature end to a promising Formula One career (doctors were able to re\\-attach the limb using [Micro\\-surgery](/wiki/Micro-surgery \"Micro-surgery\") and Nannini has since regained partial use of it). On Piquet's recommendation, he was replaced by [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazilian_people \"Brazilian people\") driver [Roberto Moreno](/wiki/Roberto_Moreno \"Roberto Moreno\") for the last two Grand Prix races.",
"Piquet won the final two races of the season, including a 1–2 finish for Piquet and Moreno at the controversial [Japanese Grand Prix](/wiki/1990_Japanese_Grand_Prix \"1990 Japanese Grand Prix\"). During the [season's last race](/wiki/1990_Australian_Grand_Prix \"1990 Australian Grand Prix\") in [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_Street_Circuit \"Adelaide Street Circuit\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") (the 500th World Championship Grand Prix held since it all began in {{f1\\|1950}}), Piquet won after holding off former Williams teammate [Nigel Mansell](/wiki/Nigel_Mansell \"Nigel Mansell\") who was racing in a [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari_641 \"Ferrari 641\"). During the race morning warm up in Australia, Piquet's B190 was the fastest car on the 900\\-metre\\-long [Brabham Straight](/wiki/Jack_Brabham \"Jack Brabham\") at {{Convert\\|287\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (although this was significantly slower than the {{Convert\\|320\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} seen from the turbo powered cars of 1985–1988, the Piquet's fastest race lap time, the second fastest of the race behind only Mansell, was comfortably under the lap record for Adelaide that had been set in [1987](/wiki/1987_Australian_Grand_Prix \"1987 Australian Grand Prix\") by [Gerhard Berger](/wiki/Gerhard_Berger \"Gerhard Berger\") in a {{Convert\\|900\\|bhp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} [Ferrari](/wiki/Ferrari_F1/87 \"Ferrari F1/87\")).",
"The 18 points gained from the last two races saw Piquet move to third in the Drivers' Championship, behind the year's champion [Ayrton Senna](/wiki/Ayrton_Senna \"Ayrton Senna\") (McLaren) and runner\\-up [Alain Prost](/wiki/Alain_Prost \"Alain Prost\") (Ferrari), and the team was awarded third place in the Constructors' Championship, again behind McLaren and Ferrari.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In [Ancient Russia](/wiki/Ancient_Russia "Ancient Russia"), a simple Russian man named Emelya the Fool. The son of a blind blacksmith, the peasant Emelya goes fishing and catches a pike, and accidentally pulls out the Magic Pike from the ice hole with a bucket, which is being sought by the underwater tsar *Vodovik* (Waterman).
Arriving home, Emelya finds out that the Magic Pike is talking, and she is ready to fulfill any three of his wishes in exchange for his release. Emelya spends his first wish by accident, declaring that he wants to see the city, but does not want to get up from the [Russian stove](/wiki/Russian_stove "Russian stove").
The Magic Pike forces the stove to leave the hut and head to the city.
Before reaching there, Emelya stops and spends her second wish, wishing for summer to come in the middle of winter, which the pike fulfills.
Soon, robbers attack Emelya, but not finding anything valuable on him, they want to take possession of his pike.
After the chase, Emelya throws the pike into the river, but he himself is caught and hanged upside down from a tree.
Then the Magic Pike, who turned into a girl named [Vasilisa](/wiki/Category:Vasilisa_the_Wise "Vasilisa the Wise") the Beautiful, and frees him. Emelya takes her scales and begins to come up with a third wish.
And in the end he decides to marry Princess Anfisa, the daughter of [Tsar](/wiki/Tsar "Tsar") Feofan.
Princess Anfisa, in turn, wants to marry the English ambassador [Lord](/wiki/Lord "Lord") Rothman.
When the lord shows Tsar Feofan and the princess a mechanical organ (actually powered by a dwarf sitting inside), the tsar says that they have a better thing — a self\-playing accordion.
The lord asks to show it to him, and then Emelya volunteers to get it and asks for marriage with Anfisa as a reward.
With the help of Vasilisa, Emelya finds the owner of the button accordion \- the cat [Bayun](/wiki/Category:Bayun "Bayun"), who uses a musical instrument to put people to sleep and eat them.
But the magic accordion has no effect on Emelya, and the cat eventually voluntarily goes with Emelya to the palace.
Not wanting to marry a simple peasant, Anfisa turns to the ghost of her mother \- Queen Agrippina, and she advises her to ask Emelya to get a self\-assembled tablecloth.
Vasilisa takes Emelya, with whom she falls in love, to the owners of the tablecloth \- two man drinking and man eating, who, after using the magic object for a long time, became very fat and therefore cannot leave the Stone City.
Emelya, hearing their words that they are tired of such a life, and that they want someone to take the tablecloth from them, comes out to them and tries to take the magic object, but man drinking and man eating throw a coconut at him, and he loses consciousness.
Then Vasilisa asks them for spring water, they see their reflection in it, they feel ashamed, and they allow Vasilisa to take the tablecloth.
At the last moment they change their minds, but Vasilisa manages to leave the Stone City with the tablecloth and Emelya.
Emelya brings the tablecloth to the city, which further earns the Tsar’s respect.
But Agrippina gives Anfisa advice to agree to the wedding on the condition that Emelya will bring her mother’s blessing from the Other World.
On the way, Emelya and Vasilisa visit his father, after which Emelya makes her last wish \- to restore her father’s sight.
He returns the scales to Vasilisa and frees her, but she still continues on her way with him.
In the next world, Emelya learns that Vasilisa is Koshchei’s daughter.
He summons Agrippina, punished by eternal hunger, and despite refusing to give Emela a blessing, teases her with food, and she eventually gives it, and the tsar and Anfisa see it reflected on a tray.
Koshchei releases Emelya and Vasilisa, but as a result Emelya forgets everyone he saw in the next world, including Vasilisa. Vasilisa turns into a pike again, and Emelya returns to the city.
Anfisa finds out that Emelya accomplished feats with the help of witchcraft, and he is sentenced to execution.
But Vasilisa, who again escaped from the Sea Tsar Waterman and took on human form, offers Anfisa her service in exchange for Emelya’s life.
Anfisa agrees and releases Emelya. Her first wish is to make herself a queen, her second is to prepare a wedding with the English king, and to appoint Lord Rothman as a dishwasher.
Emelya returns to her father, who has sheltered a thin man drinking and man eating. He accidentally remembers Vasilisa and realizes that he loves her, not the princess. The four of them come to the city and demand her release. Anfisa thinks about how to get rid of them, and in the end she makes a wish to become a sorceress herself. She turns into a pike, but learns that her new power is useless since she can only grant others' wishes. As a result, Waterman comes through the well and takes Anfisa, mistaking her for Vasilisa. She resists, but in the end, having learned that she is dealing with the tsar, she resigns herself to her fate. Feofan becomes tsar again, and Emelya and Vasilisa go on a journey.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.kinoafisha.info/movies/8365203/ \|title\=''По щучьему велению'' / ''Wish of the Fairy Fish'', 2023 \|website\=www.kinoafisha.info \|language\=Russian}}
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In [Ancient Russia](/wiki/Ancient_Russia \"Ancient Russia\"), a simple Russian man named Emelya the Fool. The son of a blind blacksmith, the peasant Emelya goes fishing and catches a pike, and accidentally pulls out the Magic Pike from the ice hole with a bucket, which is being sought by the underwater tsar *Vodovik* (Waterman).\nArriving home, Emelya finds out that the Magic Pike is talking, and she is ready to fulfill any three of his wishes in exchange for his release. Emelya spends his first wish by accident, declaring that he wants to see the city, but does not want to get up from the [Russian stove](/wiki/Russian_stove \"Russian stove\").\nThe Magic Pike forces the stove to leave the hut and head to the city.\nBefore reaching there, Emelya stops and spends her second wish, wishing for summer to come in the middle of winter, which the pike fulfills.\nSoon, robbers attack Emelya, but not finding anything valuable on him, they want to take possession of his pike.\nAfter the chase, Emelya throws the pike into the river, but he himself is caught and hanged upside down from a tree.\nThen the Magic Pike, who turned into a girl named [Vasilisa](/wiki/Category:Vasilisa_the_Wise \"Vasilisa the Wise\") the Beautiful, and frees him. Emelya takes her scales and begins to come up with a third wish.\nAnd in the end he decides to marry Princess Anfisa, the daughter of [Tsar](/wiki/Tsar \"Tsar\") Feofan.",
"Princess Anfisa, in turn, wants to marry the English ambassador [Lord](/wiki/Lord \"Lord\") Rothman.\nWhen the lord shows Tsar Feofan and the princess a mechanical organ (actually powered by a dwarf sitting inside), the tsar says that they have a better thing — a self\\-playing accordion.\nThe lord asks to show it to him, and then Emelya volunteers to get it and asks for marriage with Anfisa as a reward.\nWith the help of Vasilisa, Emelya finds the owner of the button accordion \\- the cat [Bayun](/wiki/Category:Bayun \"Bayun\"), who uses a musical instrument to put people to sleep and eat them.\nBut the magic accordion has no effect on Emelya, and the cat eventually voluntarily goes with Emelya to the palace.",
"Not wanting to marry a simple peasant, Anfisa turns to the ghost of her mother \\- Queen Agrippina, and she advises her to ask Emelya to get a self\\-assembled tablecloth.\nVasilisa takes Emelya, with whom she falls in love, to the owners of the tablecloth \\- two man drinking and man eating, who, after using the magic object for a long time, became very fat and therefore cannot leave the Stone City.\nEmelya, hearing their words that they are tired of such a life, and that they want someone to take the tablecloth from them, comes out to them and tries to take the magic object, but man drinking and man eating throw a coconut at him, and he loses consciousness.\nThen Vasilisa asks them for spring water, they see their reflection in it, they feel ashamed, and they allow Vasilisa to take the tablecloth.\nAt the last moment they change their minds, but Vasilisa manages to leave the Stone City with the tablecloth and Emelya.",
"Emelya brings the tablecloth to the city, which further earns the Tsar’s respect.\nBut Agrippina gives Anfisa advice to agree to the wedding on the condition that Emelya will bring her mother’s blessing from the Other World.\nOn the way, Emelya and Vasilisa visit his father, after which Emelya makes her last wish \\- to restore her father’s sight.\nHe returns the scales to Vasilisa and frees her, but she still continues on her way with him.",
"In the next world, Emelya learns that Vasilisa is Koshchei’s daughter. \nHe summons Agrippina, punished by eternal hunger, and despite refusing to give Emela a blessing, teases her with food, and she eventually gives it, and the tsar and Anfisa see it reflected on a tray.\nKoshchei releases Emelya and Vasilisa, but as a result Emelya forgets everyone he saw in the next world, including Vasilisa. Vasilisa turns into a pike again, and Emelya returns to the city.\nAnfisa finds out that Emelya accomplished feats with the help of witchcraft, and he is sentenced to execution. \nBut Vasilisa, who again escaped from the Sea Tsar Waterman and took on human form, offers Anfisa her service in exchange for Emelya’s life. \nAnfisa agrees and releases Emelya. Her first wish is to make herself a queen, her second is to prepare a wedding with the English king, and to appoint Lord Rothman as a dishwasher.",
"Emelya returns to her father, who has sheltered a thin man drinking and man eating. He accidentally remembers Vasilisa and realizes that he loves her, not the princess. The four of them come to the city and demand her release. Anfisa thinks about how to get rid of them, and in the end she makes a wish to become a sorceress herself. She turns into a pike, but learns that her new power is useless since she can only grant others' wishes. As a result, Waterman comes through the well and takes Anfisa, mistaking her for Vasilisa. She resists, but in the end, having learned that she is dealing with the tsar, she resigns herself to her fate. Feofan becomes tsar again, and Emelya and Vasilisa go on a journey.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.kinoafisha.info/movies/8365203/ \\|title\\=''По щучьему велению'' / ''Wish of the Fairy Fish'', 2023 \\|website\\=www.kinoafisha.info \\|language\\=Russian}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Many almshouses are European [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") institutions though some are secular.{{cite web\|title\=Photography » Ancestral Deeds \- Research \& Transcription Services\|url\=http://www.ancestraldeeds.co.uk/index.php?p\=1\_23\|website\=www.ancestraldeeds.co.uk\|access\-date\=15 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919040506/http://www.ancestraldeeds.co.uk/index.php?p\=1\_23\|archive\-date\=19 September 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} Almshouses provide [subsidised accommodation](/wiki/Subsidized_housing "Subsidized housing"), often integrated with [social care resources](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") such as wardens.
### England
[thumb\|right\|Detail from a document connected with the foundation of [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England "Henry VII of England")'s chantry and almshouses at Westminster. The King sits in the [Star Chamber](/wiki/Star_Chamber "Star Chamber") and receives the Archbishop of Canterbury [William Warham](/wiki/William_Warham "William Warham"), the Bishop of Winchester [Richard Foxe](/wiki/Richard_Foxe "Richard Foxe"), clergymen from [Westminster Abbey](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey "Westminster Abbey") and [St. Paul's Cathedral](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral "St. Paul's Cathedral"), and the [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London "Lord Mayor of London")](/wiki/File:Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg "Royal Charity Performance.jpg")
Almshouses were established from the 10th century in Britain, to provide a place of residence for poor, old, and distressed people. They were sometimes called bede\-houses, and the residents were [bedesmen](/wiki/Bedesmen "Bedesmen") or bedeswomen. *Bede* is the [Anglo\-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons "Anglo-Saxons") word for prayer, and the almsmen and women were obliged to pray for the founder of the charity.*The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge* (1847\) Vol III, London, Charles Knight, p.76\. The first recorded almshouse was founded in [York](/wiki/York "York") by [King Athelstan](/wiki/Athelstan_of_England "Athelstan of England"); the oldest still in existence is the [Hospital of St. Cross](/wiki/Hospital_of_St_Cross "Hospital of St Cross") in [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester "Winchester"), dating to about 1132\. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), the majority of European [hospitals](/wiki/Hospital "Hospital") functioned as almshouses. Many of the medieval almshouses in England were established with the aim of benefiting the soul of the founder or their family, and they usually incorporated a chapel. As a result, most were regarded as [chantries](/wiki/Chantries "Chantries") and were dissolved during the [Reformation](/wiki/Reformation "Reformation") under the [Abolition of Chantries Acts of 1545 and 1547](/wiki/Chantry%23Abolition_of_Chantries_Acts%2C_1545_and_1547 "Chantry#Abolition of Chantries Acts, 1545 and 1547").
The legal basis for civil almshouses and [workhouses](/wiki/Workhouses "Workhouses") in England was the [Act for the Relief of the Poor](/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1597 "Poor Relief Act 1597"). These institutions underwent various population, program,{{clarify\|date\=August 2022}} and name changes, but by 1900, the elderly made up 85 percent of the residents of these institutions.{{cite book \| title \= A New History of Social Welfare \| edition \= 6th \| year \= 2008 \| first \= Phyllis J. \| last \= Day \| isbn \= 978\-0205624157 \| location \= Boston, Massachusetts, USA \| publisher \= Pearson}}
Almshouses generally have charitable status and aim to support the continued independence of their residents. There is an important delineation between almshouses and other forms of [sheltered housing](/wiki/Sheltered_housing "Sheltered housing") in that almshouse residents generally have no security of tenure, being solely dependent upon the goodwill of the administering trustees.
Some 2,600 almshouses continue to be operated in the UK, providing 30,000 dwellings for 36,000 people.
### Netherlands
Almshouses were first founded in Holland in the Middle Ages.{{cite book \| title \= The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572\-1620 \| first \= Charles H. \| last \= Parker \| publisher \= Cambridge University Press \| location \= Cambridge, UK \| year \= 1998 \| isbn \= 0\-521\-62305\-7 \| pages \= 49–52 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=VThbvcYls\-AC\&pg\=PA49}} Usually founded by rich [citizens](/wiki/Laity "Laity") or [guilds](/wiki/Guild "Guild"), these almshouses "constituted a well\-organized system of relief".
A number of {{lang\|nl\|\[\[hofje]]s}} are still functioning as accommodation for elderly people. Most residents are women.
### Norway
In 1269 or 1270, an almshouse was established in [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger "Stavanger"), the first known in [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway").{{cite web\|title\=Diplomatarium Norvegicum Volum 10 No.4\|url\=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom\_vise\_tekst.prl?b\=8953\&s\=n\&str\=\|website\=www.dokpro.uio.no\|access\-date\=15 September 2016}}
### United States
The English tradition of almshouses was introduced to the [Commonwealth of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania") by its founder, [William Penn](/wiki/William_Penn "William Penn"). The [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") legislature created almshouses in Anne Arundel County, financed by property taxes on landowners throughout the state. [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") also had a long tradition of almshouses. In the United States, aid tended to be limited to the elderly and disabled, and children had to sleep in the same rooms as adults.
The first almshouse in United States history was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1622\. The original Boston Almshouse was burned down in 1682 and was rebuilt away from the heart of Boston nearly a decade later.{{Cite web \|title\=Guide to the Almshouse Records \|url\=https://www.cityofboston.gov/Images\_Documents/Guide%20to%20the%20Almshouse%20records\_tcm3\-30021\.pdf}}
In 1884, the statistical analysis of the Massachusetts almshouses showed four in the city of Boston and 225 almshouses throughout the state. These almshouses housed nearly 7,000 people. Of these residents, 700 were believed to have a mental illness. Half of these almshouses did not house children.{{Cite web \|title\=The Management of Almshouses in New England \|url\=http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id\=2530\&page\=all}}
Upon entering the almshouses in Connecticut, patients were whipped ten times.{{Cite book \|last\=Nielsen \|first\=Kim \|url\= \|title\=A Disability History of the United States \|publisher\=Beacon Press \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-080702204\-7 \|location\=Boston, Massachusetts \|pages\=38 \|author\-link\=Kim E. Nielsen}} There were similar institutions developed from 1725 to 1773 in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and New York. At the Pennsylvania Hospital, some "lunatics" were chained to a cellar wall or made to wear a primitive [straitjacket](/wiki/Straitjacket "Straitjacket").{{sfn\|Nielsen\|2012\|pages\=37\-39}}
Before the American Civil War, local officials regulated almshouses and did not ensure the people inside them were being cared for in the proper way or given the time they needed for help. It was not until the 1860s that more progressive states such as New York began to create boards that regulated, inspected, and reported on almshouses.
The Newark almshouse opened in September 1878 as a branch of the Syracuse State School. It was located on 104 acres of land within the town of Newark, New Jersey, and held around 853 patients. The nine dormitory buildings that housed the patients were able to hold anywhere from 45 to 130 people. There was also a small hospital within the almshouse that could hold up to 30 patients. There were not many employees, only about 110, to take care of the hundreds of young women admitted to the almshouse. Patients were committed to the Newark State School by superintendents of the poor as well as judges who declared them insane or feeble\-minded in court.{{Cite book \|last\=Hurd \|first\=Henry \|title\=The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada \|last2\=Dreary \|first2\=William \|last3\=Dewey \|first3\=Richard \|last4\=Pilgrim \|first4\=Charles \|last5\=Blumer \|first5\=G. \|last6\=Burgess \|first6\=T. \|publisher\=The Johns Hopkins Press \|year\=1916 \|location\=Baltimore, MD \|pages\=250–251}}
Many of the patients of the New York Custodial Asylum for Feeble\-Minded Women were falsely considered to be mentally ill. Mary Lake was the daughter of a young woman who had been sentenced to 10 years in a state prison. Mary and her other siblings were split up and put into almshouses. She was committed to the almshouse in Newark as feeble\-minded. It was not until years later that she was pronounced not mentally ill and was able to leave the almshouse.{{Cite news \|date\=October 26, 1901 \|title\=Detained for 15 Years as 'Feeble\-Minded' \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/26/101084326\.pdf}}
Throughout the 19th century almshouses were a last resort for those who were poor, disabled, and elderly. Residents experienced mistreatment, destitution, and inhumanity. As almshouses continued into the 19th century, activists such as [Dorothea Dix](/wiki/Dorothea_Dix "Dorothea Dix") fought for institutional reform. Dix sought to remove children, the mentally ill, and the developmentally disabled from all almshouses and increase the number of institutions, hospitals, and asylums for them to reside in. As her movement gained momentum, she played a vital role in the establishment and expansion of over 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill.{{Cite journal \|last\=Parry \|first\=Manon S. \|year\=2006 \|title\=Dorothea Dix (1802–1887\) \|journal\=Am J Public Health \|volume\=96 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=624–625 \|doi\=10\.2105/ajph.2005\.079152 \|pmc\=1470530}} Her efforts removed specific groups from almshouses, leaving the elderly to remain.
One of the biggest problems with almshouses is that they were rarely self\-sustaining. They were costly to run, and the capacity of the inmates to pay for their own keep by working at the farm, or working at the almshouse itself, was greatly overestimated. There were not enough staff, facilities were not kept up, and the poor kept coming.{{Cite web \|last\=Spellen \|first\=Suzanne (aka Montrose Morris) \|date\=20 March 2012 \|title\=Walkabout: Alms for the Poor, Part 2 \|url\=https://www.brownstoner.com/history/walkabout\-alms\-for\-the\-poor\-part\-2/ \|access\-date\=10 December 2017 \|website\=Brownstoner \|publisher\=Brownstoner LLC \|language\=en\-US}} By the end of the 1800s, almshouses began to be replaced by asylums and institutions.{{Cite book \|last\=Bern\-Klug \|first\=Mercedes \|title\=Transforming Palliative Care in Nursing Homes: The Social Work Role \|publisher\=Columbia University Press \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-13224\-4 \|editor\-last\=Bern\-Klug \|editor\-first\=Mercedes \|location\=New York, New York, USA \|page\=87 \|chapter\=Trends in the Characteristics of Nursing Homes and Residents \|access\-date\=10 December 2017 \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lCCtAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA86}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Many almshouses are European [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") institutions though some are secular.{{cite web\\|title\\=Photography » Ancestral Deeds \\- Research \\& Transcription Services\\|url\\=http://www.ancestraldeeds.co.uk/index.php?p\\=1\\_23\\|website\\=www.ancestraldeeds.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919040506/http://www.ancestraldeeds.co.uk/index.php?p\\=1\\_23\\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Almshouses provide [subsidised accommodation](/wiki/Subsidized_housing \"Subsidized housing\"), often integrated with [social care resources](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") such as wardens.",
"### England",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Detail from a document connected with the foundation of [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England \"Henry VII of England\")'s chantry and almshouses at Westminster. The King sits in the [Star Chamber](/wiki/Star_Chamber \"Star Chamber\") and receives the Archbishop of Canterbury [William Warham](/wiki/William_Warham \"William Warham\"), the Bishop of Winchester [Richard Foxe](/wiki/Richard_Foxe \"Richard Foxe\"), clergymen from [Westminster Abbey](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey \"Westminster Abbey\") and [St. Paul's Cathedral](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral \"St. Paul's Cathedral\"), and the [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\")](/wiki/File:Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg \"Royal Charity Performance.jpg\")\nAlmshouses were established from the 10th century in Britain, to provide a place of residence for poor, old, and distressed people. They were sometimes called bede\\-houses, and the residents were [bedesmen](/wiki/Bedesmen \"Bedesmen\") or bedeswomen. *Bede* is the [Anglo\\-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons \"Anglo-Saxons\") word for prayer, and the almsmen and women were obliged to pray for the founder of the charity.*The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge* (1847\\) Vol III, London, Charles Knight, p.76\\. The first recorded almshouse was founded in [York](/wiki/York \"York\") by [King Athelstan](/wiki/Athelstan_of_England \"Athelstan of England\"); the oldest still in existence is the [Hospital of St. Cross](/wiki/Hospital_of_St_Cross \"Hospital of St Cross\") in [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester \"Winchester\"), dating to about 1132\\. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), the majority of European [hospitals](/wiki/Hospital \"Hospital\") functioned as almshouses. Many of the medieval almshouses in England were established with the aim of benefiting the soul of the founder or their family, and they usually incorporated a chapel. As a result, most were regarded as [chantries](/wiki/Chantries \"Chantries\") and were dissolved during the [Reformation](/wiki/Reformation \"Reformation\") under the [Abolition of Chantries Acts of 1545 and 1547](/wiki/Chantry%23Abolition_of_Chantries_Acts%2C_1545_and_1547 \"Chantry#Abolition of Chantries Acts, 1545 and 1547\").",
"The legal basis for civil almshouses and [workhouses](/wiki/Workhouses \"Workhouses\") in England was the [Act for the Relief of the Poor](/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1597 \"Poor Relief Act 1597\"). These institutions underwent various population, program,{{clarify\\|date\\=August 2022}} and name changes, but by 1900, the elderly made up 85 percent of the residents of these institutions.{{cite book \\| title \\= A New History of Social Welfare \\| edition \\= 6th \\| year \\= 2008 \\| first \\= Phyllis J. \\| last \\= Day \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0205624157 \\| location \\= Boston, Massachusetts, USA \\| publisher \\= Pearson}}",
"Almshouses generally have charitable status and aim to support the continued independence of their residents. There is an important delineation between almshouses and other forms of [sheltered housing](/wiki/Sheltered_housing \"Sheltered housing\") in that almshouse residents generally have no security of tenure, being solely dependent upon the goodwill of the administering trustees.",
"Some 2,600 almshouses continue to be operated in the UK, providing 30,000 dwellings for 36,000 people.",
"### Netherlands",
"Almshouses were first founded in Holland in the Middle Ages.{{cite book \\| title \\= The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572\\-1620 \\| first \\= Charles H. \\| last \\= Parker \\| publisher \\= Cambridge University Press \\| location \\= Cambridge, UK \\| year \\= 1998 \\| isbn \\= 0\\-521\\-62305\\-7 \\| pages \\= 49–52 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VThbvcYls\\-AC\\&pg\\=PA49}} Usually founded by rich [citizens](/wiki/Laity \"Laity\") or [guilds](/wiki/Guild \"Guild\"), these almshouses \"constituted a well\\-organized system of relief\".",
"A number of {{lang\\|nl\\|\\[\\[hofje]]s}} are still functioning as accommodation for elderly people. Most residents are women.",
"### Norway",
"In 1269 or 1270, an almshouse was established in [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger \"Stavanger\"), the first known in [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Diplomatarium Norvegicum Volum 10 No.4\\|url\\=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom\\_vise\\_tekst.prl?b\\=8953\\&s\\=n\\&str\\=\\|website\\=www.dokpro.uio.no\\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2016}}",
"### United States",
"The English tradition of almshouses was introduced to the [Commonwealth of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania \"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania\") by its founder, [William Penn](/wiki/William_Penn \"William Penn\"). The [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\") legislature created almshouses in Anne Arundel County, financed by property taxes on landowners throughout the state. [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") also had a long tradition of almshouses. In the United States, aid tended to be limited to the elderly and disabled, and children had to sleep in the same rooms as adults.",
"The first almshouse in United States history was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1622\\. The original Boston Almshouse was burned down in 1682 and was rebuilt away from the heart of Boston nearly a decade later.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Guide to the Almshouse Records \\|url\\=https://www.cityofboston.gov/Images\\_Documents/Guide%20to%20the%20Almshouse%20records\\_tcm3\\-30021\\.pdf}}",
"In 1884, the statistical analysis of the Massachusetts almshouses showed four in the city of Boston and 225 almshouses throughout the state. These almshouses housed nearly 7,000 people. Of these residents, 700 were believed to have a mental illness. Half of these almshouses did not house children.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Management of Almshouses in New England \\|url\\=http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id\\=2530\\&page\\=all}}",
"Upon entering the almshouses in Connecticut, patients were whipped ten times.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Nielsen \\|first\\=Kim \\|url\\= \\|title\\=A Disability History of the United States \\|publisher\\=Beacon Press \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-080702204\\-7 \\|location\\=Boston, Massachusetts \\|pages\\=38 \\|author\\-link\\=Kim E. Nielsen}} There were similar institutions developed from 1725 to 1773 in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and New York. At the Pennsylvania Hospital, some \"lunatics\" were chained to a cellar wall or made to wear a primitive [straitjacket](/wiki/Straitjacket \"Straitjacket\").{{sfn\\|Nielsen\\|2012\\|pages\\=37\\-39}}\nBefore the American Civil War, local officials regulated almshouses and did not ensure the people inside them were being cared for in the proper way or given the time they needed for help. It was not until the 1860s that more progressive states such as New York began to create boards that regulated, inspected, and reported on almshouses.",
"The Newark almshouse opened in September 1878 as a branch of the Syracuse State School. It was located on 104 acres of land within the town of Newark, New Jersey, and held around 853 patients. The nine dormitory buildings that housed the patients were able to hold anywhere from 45 to 130 people. There was also a small hospital within the almshouse that could hold up to 30 patients. There were not many employees, only about 110, to take care of the hundreds of young women admitted to the almshouse. Patients were committed to the Newark State School by superintendents of the poor as well as judges who declared them insane or feeble\\-minded in court.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hurd \\|first\\=Henry \\|title\\=The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada \\|last2\\=Dreary \\|first2\\=William \\|last3\\=Dewey \\|first3\\=Richard \\|last4\\=Pilgrim \\|first4\\=Charles \\|last5\\=Blumer \\|first5\\=G. \\|last6\\=Burgess \\|first6\\=T. \\|publisher\\=The Johns Hopkins Press \\|year\\=1916 \\|location\\=Baltimore, MD \\|pages\\=250–251}}",
"Many of the patients of the New York Custodial Asylum for Feeble\\-Minded Women were falsely considered to be mentally ill. Mary Lake was the daughter of a young woman who had been sentenced to 10 years in a state prison. Mary and her other siblings were split up and put into almshouses. She was committed to the almshouse in Newark as feeble\\-minded. It was not until years later that she was pronounced not mentally ill and was able to leave the almshouse.{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 26, 1901 \\|title\\=Detained for 15 Years as 'Feeble\\-Minded' \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/26/101084326\\.pdf}}",
"Throughout the 19th century almshouses were a last resort for those who were poor, disabled, and elderly. Residents experienced mistreatment, destitution, and inhumanity. As almshouses continued into the 19th century, activists such as [Dorothea Dix](/wiki/Dorothea_Dix \"Dorothea Dix\") fought for institutional reform. Dix sought to remove children, the mentally ill, and the developmentally disabled from all almshouses and increase the number of institutions, hospitals, and asylums for them to reside in. As her movement gained momentum, she played a vital role in the establishment and expansion of over 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Parry \\|first\\=Manon S. \\|year\\=2006 \\|title\\=Dorothea Dix (1802–1887\\) \\|journal\\=Am J Public Health \\|volume\\=96 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=624–625 \\|doi\\=10\\.2105/ajph.2005\\.079152 \\|pmc\\=1470530}} Her efforts removed specific groups from almshouses, leaving the elderly to remain.",
"One of the biggest problems with almshouses is that they were rarely self\\-sustaining. They were costly to run, and the capacity of the inmates to pay for their own keep by working at the farm, or working at the almshouse itself, was greatly overestimated. There were not enough staff, facilities were not kept up, and the poor kept coming.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Spellen \\|first\\=Suzanne (aka Montrose Morris) \\|date\\=20 March 2012 \\|title\\=Walkabout: Alms for the Poor, Part 2 \\|url\\=https://www.brownstoner.com/history/walkabout\\-alms\\-for\\-the\\-poor\\-part\\-2/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2017 \\|website\\=Brownstoner \\|publisher\\=Brownstoner LLC \\|language\\=en\\-US}} By the end of the 1800s, almshouses began to be replaced by asylums and institutions.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bern\\-Klug \\|first\\=Mercedes \\|title\\=Transforming Palliative Care in Nursing Homes: The Social Work Role \\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-13224\\-4 \\|editor\\-last\\=Bern\\-Klug \\|editor\\-first\\=Mercedes \\|location\\=New York, New York, USA \\|page\\=87 \\|chapter\\=Trends in the Characteristics of Nursing Homes and Residents \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2017 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lCCtAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA86}}",
""
] |
Career
------
The first female African\-American on\-air reporter at [KVUE](/wiki/KVUE_%28Texas%29 "KVUE (Texas)")\-TV, her general assignment beat took her to the streets of Austin covering live breaking news, politics, education, health, and human\-interest stories.
Neville's first job after graduation was in New Orleans as a reporter/anchor for [WWL](/wiki/WWL-TV "WWL-TV"). In 1988 she moved back to Texas for a one\-year stint as a reporter for Houston's [KHOU\-TV](/wiki/KHOU "KHOU"). Neville returned to New Orleans as an anchor/reporter for [WVUE](/wiki/WVUE-DT "WVUE-DT").
In 1991 she landed the host spot on *Extreme Close\-Up*, a one\-on\-one celebrity interview show that she co\-produced for [E!](/wiki/E%21 "E!") Entertainment TV. During three years with the program she logged over 200 interviews with Hollywood stars ranging from [Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith "Will Smith"), [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise "Tom Cruise") and [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone "Sharon Stone"), to music icons such as [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie"), [Whitney Houston](/wiki/Whitney_Houston "Whitney Houston") and [Sade](/wiki/Sade_%28singer%29 "Sade (singer)"), becoming the nation's first high\-profile black female entertainment reporter. During this period she also covered live entertainment events for the network and occasionally filled in as a guest host on their signature show *[Talk Soup](/wiki/Talk_Soup "Talk Soup")* (hosted by [Greg Kinnear](/wiki/Greg_Kinnear "Greg Kinnear")). In 1994 she beat out over 1,000 hopefuls to launch and anchor *[Extra](/wiki/Extra_%28American_TV_program%29 "Extra (American TV program)")* for Warner Brothers studios, becoming the first African\-American woman to host a nationally syndicated entertainment news magazine program. Neville remained with *Extra* until 1996 when the program was revamped. In 1997, she teamed up with L.A. sportscaster [Fred Roggin](/wiki/Fred_Roggin "Fred Roggin") to host *The Arthel \& Fred Show*, a syndicated daytime entertainment news program that lasted only one season. A year later, Neville left Los Angeles for New York and became a senior correspondent on the Fox Network's syndicated news magazine *Fox Files*, and at [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") as an anchor, correspondent, host of *Celebrity Spotlight*, and weekly contributor on *[The O'Reilly Factor](/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor "The O'Reilly Factor")*.
Neville co\-hosted the [Miss Teen USA 1993](/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1993 "Miss Teen USA 1993") pageant with [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark "Dick Clark"), and the [Miss Universe 1994](/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994 "Miss Universe 1994") pageant in [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") with *[Entertainment Tonight](/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight "Entertainment Tonight")*{{'s}} [Bob Goen](/wiki/Bob_Goen "Bob Goen"). She has also appeared on *[Days of Our Lives](/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives "Days of Our Lives")*, *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 "Monk (TV series)")*, *[Girlfriends](/wiki/Girlfriends_%282000_TV_series%29 "Girlfriends (2000 TV series)")*, *[Moesha](/wiki/Moesha "Moesha")*, *[Cybill](/wiki/Cybill "Cybill")*, *[Living Single](/wiki/Living_Single "Living Single")*, and *[The Fresh Prince of Bel Air](/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel_Air "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air")*.
In 2002 Neville joined [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") to become the host of *[TalkBack Live](/wiki/TalkBack_Live "TalkBack Live") with Arthel Neville*, becoming the first African\-American woman to host her own signature show on the news network. The hybrid format show presented news of the day and featured live interaction with audience members and guests, in\-studio, via satellite, phone, and internet. While at CNN, she also anchored morning and daytime news, and co\-anchored weekend news with [Anderson Cooper](/wiki/Anderson_Cooper "Anderson Cooper") from CNN's [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") and [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") bureaus.
In 2003 Neville was recognized by the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") for her outstanding contribution to broadcast journalism. She received the [Texas Exes](/wiki/Texas_Exes "Texas Exes")' Outstanding Young Texas Ex Award, which is bestowed upon four University of Texas alumnae under the age of 45 who have reached a level of excellence in their respective fields.
Later, Neville co\-hosted Fox's nationally syndicated morning show *[Good Day Live](/wiki/Good_Day_L.A.%23Good_Day_Live "Good Day L.A.#Good Day Live")* with [Steve Edwards](/wiki/Steve_Edwards_%28talk_show_host%29 "Steve Edwards (talk show host)") and [Debbie Matenopoulos](/wiki/Debbie_Matenopoulos "Debbie Matenopoulos"), hosted *Celebrity Hobbies* on the [DIY Network](/wiki/Magnolia_Network "Magnolia Network"),[Arthel Neville's DIY show](http://www.diynetwork.com/diy/press/article/0,,DIY_13703_3447578,00.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312011852/http://www.diynetwork.com/diy/press/article/0%2C%2CDIY\_13703\_3447578%2C00\.html \|date\=March 12, 2007 }} and served as a correspondent for the 2005 revival of the syndicated news magazine *[A Current Affair](/wiki/A_Current_Affair_%28American_TV_program%29 "A Current Affair (American TV program)")*. On that show, she garnered much acclaim for her coverage of [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") in her hometown of New Orleans. In March 2006, she joined the Fox News–produced syndicated news magazine *[Geraldo at Large](/wiki/Geraldo_at_Large "Geraldo at Large")* as the West Coast bureau chief and correspondent.[Geraldo@Large](http://www.geraldoatlarge.com/blog.php?where_param=blog_id&blog_id=278&PHPSESSID=2cbc5a02e7b3ac49b2989ca0cf47c553) She also served as guest co\-host on *[The View](/wiki/The_View_%28talk_show%29 "The View (talk show)")* in the fall of 2006\.
On August 1, 2008, Neville became the lead anchor for the Fox 5 Morning News, a four\-hour weekday newscast on [KSWB\-TV](/wiki/KSWB-TV "KSWB-TV") in San Diego.[Neville To Join San Diego's KWSB on 1 Aug 8](http://sdradio.net/2008/06/10/kathleen-bade-and-arthel-neville-join-kswb-tv/print/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809171951/http://sdradio.net/2008/06/10/kathleen\-bade\-and\-arthel\-neville\-join\-kswb\-tv/print/ \|date\=August 9, 2008 }} Within a year, she made an impact on the San Diego community as evidenced by her nomination by *[San Diego Magazine](/wiki/San_Diego_Magazine "San Diego Magazine")* for their 2009 Woman of the Year Award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb\-arthel\-woman\-of\-year\-nomination,0,7057643\.story \|title\=Arthel Neville nominated for '2009 Woman of the Year' \- KSWB \|publisher\=Fox5sandiego.com \|date\=2009\-05\-28 \|access\-date\=2011\-09\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531144723/http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb\-arthel\-woman\-of\-year\-nomination%2C0%2C7057643\.story \|archive\-date\=2009\-05\-31 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In addition to her anchoring duties for Fox and KSWB\-TV, Neville was a recurring guest on [HLN](/wiki/HLN_%28TV_network%29 "HLN (TV network)") *[Showbiz Tonight](/wiki/Showbiz_Tonight "Showbiz Tonight")*. In May 2009, Neville's show *Conversations with Arthel Neville*, a one\-on\-one celebrity interview show produced through her company, began airing on [My Channel](/wiki/MyTV_%28British_and_Irish_TV_channel%29 "MyTV (British and Irish TV channel)") on Sky TV ([British Sky Broadcasting](/wiki/Sky_UK "Sky UK")), Fox's sister network in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") to 9 million homes in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and the Channel Islands, as well as parts of Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, and Italy.
In June 2010, Neville returned to [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") as a news anchor on *[America's Newsroom](/wiki/America%27s_Newsroom "America's Newsroom")*, *[America's News Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_News_Headquarters "America's News Headquarters")*, and *[Happening Now](/wiki/Happening_Now "Happening Now")*, a contributor on *[The O'Reilly Factor](/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor "The O'Reilly Factor")* and *[Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld](/wiki/Red_Eye_%28talk_show%29 "Red Eye (talk show)")*, and fill\-in anchor on *[America Live with Megyn Kelly](/wiki/America_Live_with_Megyn_Kelly "America Live with Megyn Kelly")*.[San Diego's Arthel Neville returning to Fox News](http://www.mediaite.com/tv/fox-san-diegos-arthel-neville-returning-to-fox-news-channel/). Medialite.com. June 1, 2010\. She also served as a correspondent from New Orleans for the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina for *[Studio B with Shepard Smith](/wiki/America_Reports "America Reports")* and *[Fox Report](/wiki/Fox_Report "Fox Report")*.{{cite web\|author\=kevin on August 23, 2010 2:23 PM \|url\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/generalities/katrina\_anniversary\_coverage\_update\_171496\.asp \|title\=Katrina Anniversary Coverage Update \- TVNewser \|publisher\=Mediabistro.com \|date\=2010\-08\-23 \|access\-date\=2011\-09\-29}}
Neville is currently the weekend anchor at [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") with Saturday and Sunday midday, afternoon and evening newscasts of "[Fox News Live](/wiki/Fox_News_Live "Fox News Live")," formerly known as *[America's News Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_News_Headquarters "America's News Headquarters")*.
On October 28, 2016, Neville was honored at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") as a [Texas Exes](/wiki/Texas_Exes "Texas Exes") 2016 Distinguished Alum.[10/28/16 ORANGE TOWER HONORS DISTINGUISHED ALUMNI](http://tower.utexas.edu/2016/10/28/orange-tower-honors-distinguished-alumni/). utexas.edu. October 28, 2016\.
In 2017, Neville was awarded the [Moody College of Communication](/wiki/Moody_College_of_Communication "Moody College of Communication")'s [DeWitt Carter Reddick](/wiki/DeWitt_Carter_Reddick "DeWitt Carter Reddick") journalism award as their first African American female honoree. Past recipients have included [Walter Cronkite](/wiki/Walter_Cronkite "Walter Cronkite"), [Bill Moyers](/wiki/Bill_Moyers "Bill Moyers"), [Dan Rather](/wiki/Dan_Rather "Dan Rather") and [Ted Turner](/wiki/Ted_Turner "Ted Turner").[12/18/17 Integrity, Honesty and Trust: Alumna and broadcast legend Arthel Neville receives 2017 Reddick Award](https://moody.utexas.edu/news/integrity-honesty-and-trust/)
Also in 2017, Neville started projects outside of and in addition to her news career. She launched her accessories line Arthel Neville Design, featuring handbags adorned with her quotes promoting female empowerment.[5/26/17 Arthel Neville's Women's Empowerment Accessory Line Is Chic And Meaningful](http://www.bustle.com/p/arthel-nevilles-womens-empowerment-accessory-line-is-chic-meaningful-60693/). bustle.com. May 26, 2017\.
Neville also was announced as the host of the show "Sing Like A Star" by [Tegna, Inc.](/wiki/Tegna%2C_Inc. "Tegna, Inc.") The interactive, weekly cross\-platform singing competition is filmed in Neville's hometown of [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") in conjunction with [WWL\-TV](/wiki/WWL-TV "WWL-TV") and debuted September 16, 2017\.[8/17/17 TEGNA Announces "Sing Like a Star," New Singing Competition Premiering September 16](http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170817005659/en/TEGNA-Announces-%E2%80%9CSing-Star%E2%80%9D-New-Singing-Competition). businesswire.com August 17, 2017\.
On May 18, 2018, Neville was the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony at her alma mater, the [Moody College of Communication](/wiki/Moody_College_of_Communication "Moody College of Communication") at The [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin").[3/19/18 Seeking Accuracy: Broadcast journalist Arthel Neville to deliver spring commencement address May 18](https://moody.utexas.edu/news/seeking-accuracy). moody.utexas.edu. March 19, 2018\.
On March 5, 2021, *[America's News Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_News_Headquarters "America's News Headquarters"),* Neville's weekend newscast with co\-anchor [Eric Shawn](/wiki/Eric_Shawn "Eric Shawn") was announced as renamed as "[Fox News Live](/wiki/Fox_News_Live "Fox News Live")."[3/5/21 Fox News revamps weekend breaking news show](https://thehill.com/homenews/media/541865-fox-news-revamps-weekend-breaking-news-show). [The Hill](/wiki/The_Hill_%28newspaper%29 "The Hill (newspaper)") March 5, 2021\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"The first female African\\-American on\\-air reporter at [KVUE](/wiki/KVUE_%28Texas%29 \"KVUE (Texas)\")\\-TV, her general assignment beat took her to the streets of Austin covering live breaking news, politics, education, health, and human\\-interest stories.",
"Neville's first job after graduation was in New Orleans as a reporter/anchor for [WWL](/wiki/WWL-TV \"WWL-TV\"). In 1988 she moved back to Texas for a one\\-year stint as a reporter for Houston's [KHOU\\-TV](/wiki/KHOU \"KHOU\"). Neville returned to New Orleans as an anchor/reporter for [WVUE](/wiki/WVUE-DT \"WVUE-DT\").",
"In 1991 she landed the host spot on *Extreme Close\\-Up*, a one\\-on\\-one celebrity interview show that she co\\-produced for [E!](/wiki/E%21 \"E!\") Entertainment TV. During three years with the program she logged over 200 interviews with Hollywood stars ranging from [Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith \"Will Smith\"), [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise \"Tom Cruise\") and [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone \"Sharon Stone\"), to music icons such as [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\"), [Whitney Houston](/wiki/Whitney_Houston \"Whitney Houston\") and [Sade](/wiki/Sade_%28singer%29 \"Sade (singer)\"), becoming the nation's first high\\-profile black female entertainment reporter. During this period she also covered live entertainment events for the network and occasionally filled in as a guest host on their signature show *[Talk Soup](/wiki/Talk_Soup \"Talk Soup\")* (hosted by [Greg Kinnear](/wiki/Greg_Kinnear \"Greg Kinnear\")). In 1994 she beat out over 1,000 hopefuls to launch and anchor *[Extra](/wiki/Extra_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Extra (American TV program)\")* for Warner Brothers studios, becoming the first African\\-American woman to host a nationally syndicated entertainment news magazine program. Neville remained with *Extra* until 1996 when the program was revamped. In 1997, she teamed up with L.A. sportscaster [Fred Roggin](/wiki/Fred_Roggin \"Fred Roggin\") to host *The Arthel \\& Fred Show*, a syndicated daytime entertainment news program that lasted only one season. A year later, Neville left Los Angeles for New York and became a senior correspondent on the Fox Network's syndicated news magazine *Fox Files*, and at [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\") as an anchor, correspondent, host of *Celebrity Spotlight*, and weekly contributor on *[The O'Reilly Factor](/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor \"The O'Reilly Factor\")*.",
"Neville co\\-hosted the [Miss Teen USA 1993](/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1993 \"Miss Teen USA 1993\") pageant with [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark \"Dick Clark\"), and the [Miss Universe 1994](/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994 \"Miss Universe 1994\") pageant in [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") with *[Entertainment Tonight](/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight \"Entertainment Tonight\")*{{'s}} [Bob Goen](/wiki/Bob_Goen \"Bob Goen\"). She has also appeared on *[Days of Our Lives](/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives \"Days of Our Lives\")*, *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 \"Monk (TV series)\")*, *[Girlfriends](/wiki/Girlfriends_%282000_TV_series%29 \"Girlfriends (2000 TV series)\")*, *[Moesha](/wiki/Moesha \"Moesha\")*, *[Cybill](/wiki/Cybill \"Cybill\")*, *[Living Single](/wiki/Living_Single \"Living Single\")*, and *[The Fresh Prince of Bel Air](/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel_Air \"The Fresh Prince of Bel Air\")*.",
"In 2002 Neville joined [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") to become the host of *[TalkBack Live](/wiki/TalkBack_Live \"TalkBack Live\") with Arthel Neville*, becoming the first African\\-American woman to host her own signature show on the news network. The hybrid format show presented news of the day and featured live interaction with audience members and guests, in\\-studio, via satellite, phone, and internet. While at CNN, she also anchored morning and daytime news, and co\\-anchored weekend news with [Anderson Cooper](/wiki/Anderson_Cooper \"Anderson Cooper\") from CNN's [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") and [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") bureaus.",
"In 2003 Neville was recognized by the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") for her outstanding contribution to broadcast journalism. She received the [Texas Exes](/wiki/Texas_Exes \"Texas Exes\")' Outstanding Young Texas Ex Award, which is bestowed upon four University of Texas alumnae under the age of 45 who have reached a level of excellence in their respective fields.",
"Later, Neville co\\-hosted Fox's nationally syndicated morning show *[Good Day Live](/wiki/Good_Day_L.A.%23Good_Day_Live \"Good Day L.A.#Good Day Live\")* with [Steve Edwards](/wiki/Steve_Edwards_%28talk_show_host%29 \"Steve Edwards (talk show host)\") and [Debbie Matenopoulos](/wiki/Debbie_Matenopoulos \"Debbie Matenopoulos\"), hosted *Celebrity Hobbies* on the [DIY Network](/wiki/Magnolia_Network \"Magnolia Network\"),[Arthel Neville's DIY show](http://www.diynetwork.com/diy/press/article/0,,DIY_13703_3447578,00.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312011852/http://www.diynetwork.com/diy/press/article/0%2C%2CDIY\\_13703\\_3447578%2C00\\.html \\|date\\=March 12, 2007 }} and served as a correspondent for the 2005 revival of the syndicated news magazine *[A Current Affair](/wiki/A_Current_Affair_%28American_TV_program%29 \"A Current Affair (American TV program)\")*. On that show, she garnered much acclaim for her coverage of [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\") in her hometown of New Orleans. In March 2006, she joined the Fox News–produced syndicated news magazine *[Geraldo at Large](/wiki/Geraldo_at_Large \"Geraldo at Large\")* as the West Coast bureau chief and correspondent.[Geraldo@Large](http://www.geraldoatlarge.com/blog.php?where_param=blog_id&blog_id=278&PHPSESSID=2cbc5a02e7b3ac49b2989ca0cf47c553) She also served as guest co\\-host on *[The View](/wiki/The_View_%28talk_show%29 \"The View (talk show)\")* in the fall of 2006\\.",
"On August 1, 2008, Neville became the lead anchor for the Fox 5 Morning News, a four\\-hour weekday newscast on [KSWB\\-TV](/wiki/KSWB-TV \"KSWB-TV\") in San Diego.[Neville To Join San Diego's KWSB on 1 Aug 8](http://sdradio.net/2008/06/10/kathleen-bade-and-arthel-neville-join-kswb-tv/print/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809171951/http://sdradio.net/2008/06/10/kathleen\\-bade\\-and\\-arthel\\-neville\\-join\\-kswb\\-tv/print/ \\|date\\=August 9, 2008 }} Within a year, she made an impact on the San Diego community as evidenced by her nomination by *[San Diego Magazine](/wiki/San_Diego_Magazine \"San Diego Magazine\")* for their 2009 Woman of the Year Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb\\-arthel\\-woman\\-of\\-year\\-nomination,0,7057643\\.story \\|title\\=Arthel Neville nominated for '2009 Woman of the Year' \\- KSWB \\|publisher\\=Fox5sandiego.com \\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531144723/http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb\\-arthel\\-woman\\-of\\-year\\-nomination%2C0%2C7057643\\.story \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In addition to her anchoring duties for Fox and KSWB\\-TV, Neville was a recurring guest on [HLN](/wiki/HLN_%28TV_network%29 \"HLN (TV network)\") *[Showbiz Tonight](/wiki/Showbiz_Tonight \"Showbiz Tonight\")*. In May 2009, Neville's show *Conversations with Arthel Neville*, a one\\-on\\-one celebrity interview show produced through her company, began airing on [My Channel](/wiki/MyTV_%28British_and_Irish_TV_channel%29 \"MyTV (British and Irish TV channel)\") on Sky TV ([British Sky Broadcasting](/wiki/Sky_UK \"Sky UK\")), Fox's sister network in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") to 9 million homes in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and the Channel Islands, as well as parts of Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, and Italy.",
"In June 2010, Neville returned to [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\") as a news anchor on *[America's Newsroom](/wiki/America%27s_Newsroom \"America's Newsroom\")*, *[America's News Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_News_Headquarters \"America's News Headquarters\")*, and *[Happening Now](/wiki/Happening_Now \"Happening Now\")*, a contributor on *[The O'Reilly Factor](/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor \"The O'Reilly Factor\")* and *[Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld](/wiki/Red_Eye_%28talk_show%29 \"Red Eye (talk show)\")*, and fill\\-in anchor on *[America Live with Megyn Kelly](/wiki/America_Live_with_Megyn_Kelly \"America Live with Megyn Kelly\")*.[San Diego's Arthel Neville returning to Fox News](http://www.mediaite.com/tv/fox-san-diegos-arthel-neville-returning-to-fox-news-channel/). Medialite.com. June 1, 2010\\. She also served as a correspondent from New Orleans for the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina for *[Studio B with Shepard Smith](/wiki/America_Reports \"America Reports\")* and *[Fox Report](/wiki/Fox_Report \"Fox Report\")*.{{cite web\\|author\\=kevin on August 23, 2010 2:23 PM \\|url\\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/generalities/katrina\\_anniversary\\_coverage\\_update\\_171496\\.asp \\|title\\=Katrina Anniversary Coverage Update \\- TVNewser \\|publisher\\=Mediabistro.com \\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-29}}",
"Neville is currently the weekend anchor at [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\") with Saturday and Sunday midday, afternoon and evening newscasts of \"[Fox News Live](/wiki/Fox_News_Live \"Fox News Live\"),\" formerly known as *[America's News Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_News_Headquarters \"America's News Headquarters\")*.",
"On October 28, 2016, Neville was honored at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") as a [Texas Exes](/wiki/Texas_Exes \"Texas Exes\") 2016 Distinguished Alum.[10/28/16 ORANGE TOWER HONORS DISTINGUISHED ALUMNI](http://tower.utexas.edu/2016/10/28/orange-tower-honors-distinguished-alumni/). utexas.edu. October 28, 2016\\.",
"In 2017, Neville was awarded the [Moody College of Communication](/wiki/Moody_College_of_Communication \"Moody College of Communication\")'s [DeWitt Carter Reddick](/wiki/DeWitt_Carter_Reddick \"DeWitt Carter Reddick\") journalism award as their first African American female honoree. Past recipients have included [Walter Cronkite](/wiki/Walter_Cronkite \"Walter Cronkite\"), [Bill Moyers](/wiki/Bill_Moyers \"Bill Moyers\"), [Dan Rather](/wiki/Dan_Rather \"Dan Rather\") and [Ted Turner](/wiki/Ted_Turner \"Ted Turner\").[12/18/17 Integrity, Honesty and Trust: Alumna and broadcast legend Arthel Neville receives 2017 Reddick Award](https://moody.utexas.edu/news/integrity-honesty-and-trust/)",
"Also in 2017, Neville started projects outside of and in addition to her news career. She launched her accessories line Arthel Neville Design, featuring handbags adorned with her quotes promoting female empowerment.[5/26/17 Arthel Neville's Women's Empowerment Accessory Line Is Chic And Meaningful](http://www.bustle.com/p/arthel-nevilles-womens-empowerment-accessory-line-is-chic-meaningful-60693/). bustle.com. May 26, 2017\\.",
"Neville also was announced as the host of the show \"Sing Like A Star\" by [Tegna, Inc.](/wiki/Tegna%2C_Inc. \"Tegna, Inc.\") The interactive, weekly cross\\-platform singing competition is filmed in Neville's hometown of [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") in conjunction with [WWL\\-TV](/wiki/WWL-TV \"WWL-TV\") and debuted September 16, 2017\\.[8/17/17 TEGNA Announces \"Sing Like a Star,\" New Singing Competition Premiering September 16](http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170817005659/en/TEGNA-Announces-%E2%80%9CSing-Star%E2%80%9D-New-Singing-Competition). businesswire.com August 17, 2017\\.",
"On May 18, 2018, Neville was the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony at her alma mater, the [Moody College of Communication](/wiki/Moody_College_of_Communication \"Moody College of Communication\") at The [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\").[3/19/18 Seeking Accuracy: Broadcast journalist Arthel Neville to deliver spring commencement address May 18](https://moody.utexas.edu/news/seeking-accuracy). moody.utexas.edu. March 19, 2018\\.",
"On March 5, 2021, *[America's News Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_News_Headquarters \"America's News Headquarters\"),* Neville's weekend newscast with co\\-anchor [Eric Shawn](/wiki/Eric_Shawn \"Eric Shawn\") was announced as renamed as \"[Fox News Live](/wiki/Fox_News_Live \"Fox News Live\").\"[3/5/21 Fox News revamps weekend breaking news show](https://thehill.com/homenews/media/541865-fox-news-revamps-weekend-breaking-news-show). [The Hill](/wiki/The_Hill_%28newspaper%29 \"The Hill (newspaper)\") March 5, 2021\\.",
""
] |
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